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= Lemon Tree ( film ) = Lemon Tree ( Arabic : شجرة ليمون ; Hebrew : עץ לימון - Etz Limon ) is a 2008 Israeli drama film directed by Eran Riklis and co @-@ directed by his cousin Ira Riklis . It stars Hiam Abbass , Ali Suliman , Danny Leshman , Rona Lipaz @-@ Michael , Tarik Kopty , Amos Lavi , Lana Zreik and Amnon Wolf . The film describes the legal efforts of a Palestinian widow to stop the Israeli Defense Minister , her next door neighbor , from destroying the lemon trees in her family farm . At the same time , she develops a human bond with the minister 's wife . It was released in Israel on 27 March 2008 , and it received a tepid response from Israeli audiences . It was released internationally through IFC Films on 17 April 2009 . From there , the film has achieved critical success and it has received nominations for several awards such as ' Best Actress ' and ' Best Screenwriter ' at the European Film Awards . = = Plot = = The Israeli Defense Minister Israel Navon ( Doron Tavory ) moves to a house on the border between Israel and the West Bank , with the building sitting on the Israeli side just next to the dividing line . The Israeli Secret Service views the neighboring lemon grove of Salma Zidane ( Hiam Abbass ) , a Palestinian widow whose family has cared for the area for generations , as a threat to the Minister and his wife . The security forces soon set up a guard post and a barbed wire fence around the grove . They then obtain an order to uproot the lemon trees . Salma feels isolated given that her son has moved to Washington , D.C. and her daughters are now married . The local village elder Abu Kamal ( Makram Khoury ) advises her to give in , but Salma decides to work with the young lawyer Ziad Daud ( Ali Suliman ) . They take their case all the way to the Supreme Court . Mira Navon ( Rona Lipaz @-@ Michael ) , the minister 's wife , sympathizes with Salma . The court case receives notable media attention , and Mira gives a news interview that her husband regrets . Mira believes that the Israeli military overreacted , and she also shares Salma 's sense of personal loneliness . Although they never speak , a complex human bond develops between the two women . As the Palestinian cause is dismissed , Mira decides to leave her husband and a concrete wall is built between Salma 's land and the Defense Minister 's house . A final camera shot reveals the lemon trees have been cut down . = = Production = = = = = Production details = = = Director Eran Riklis covered personal relationships between Arabs and Middle Eastern Jews in his previous films The Syrian Bride and Cup Final . The former film , which also starred Hiam Abbass , achieved widespread success in Israel as well as with international audiences after its 2004 release . This boosted Riklis 's expectations for the future . The plot of Lemon Tree was based on a real life incident . Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz moved to the border within Israel and the occupied territories and security forces began cutting down the Lemon trees beside his house , arguing that it could be used by terrorists as a hiding place . The Palestinian family who owned the trees sued the minister and took the case all the way to the Israeli Supreme Court . They lost , and their trees had to be cut down . Riklis watched a news blurb about the case online . He then developed the story further in a fictional setting . Riklis explicitly designed the protagonist 's part for actress Hiam Abbass . The characters in the film speak Arabic and Hebrew . Riklis ' personal company , Eran Riklis Production , filmed the movie . It was shot in the cities of Kalkilya and Ramallah and the Jalazone refugee camp as well on location at and around the Supreme Court of Israel building in Sha 'arey Mishpat Street , Jerusalem . Salon.com film critic Andrew O 'Hehir has commented that " Riklis forges into areas other Israeli filmmakers won 't venture " . = = = Subject material = = = Riklis designed the film to be essentially apolitical , focusing on character development rather than exploring the issues of the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict . He has said that he created a ' fairy tale quality ' to the film in which the audience can sympathize with all of the people featured in it . He stated that " I wanted to populate this film with a lot of faces and give each character their own moment of grace , even when , on the surface , it 's one of the ' bad guys , ' so to speak ... This film does address the ugly side of occupation perhaps , yet no blood is spilled . " A fictional representation of the Israeli @-@ West bank barrier punctuates the film throughout . Critic Andrew O 'Hehir of Salon.com has argued that Riklis " depicts all versions of Middle Eastern authority with a cheerful , agnostic cynicism " , portraying the Palestinian government as " corrupt and obsessed with status and protocol " and the Israeli government as " hypocritical and mindlessly bureaucratic . " V.A. Musetto of The New York Post argued that the movie expresses Riklis ' opposition to Israeli policies of confiscation of Palestinian land . Critic Hugh Hart of San Francisco Chronicle thought that the movie displayed a natural sympathy towards its protagonist . Mark Jenkins of NPR commented that some of the ironic moments in the film depicted Palestinian resistance to Israelis as " more concerned with preserving machismo than with producing results " . The New York Times wrote that Although “ Lemon Tree ” doesn ’ t overtly take sides in the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict , it portrays the Israelis , who wield more military power , as abusive and arrogant in the way that any country with superior weapons and armies inevitably appears . The security guards on Navon ’ s property behave like strutting goons — only too eager to turn their guns on the first thing that moves — or clowns , like the watchtower guard nicknamed Quickie , who dozes off while on duty . Riklis tried not to make the film explicitly feminist , with the female characters portrayed more sympathetically than the male ones . However , he has said that it can be interpreted that way by viewers . NPR 's Mark Jenkins has stated that the film 's bittersweet ending depicted the difficult status of women in Palestine as well as Palestinian @-@ Israeli relations . Chris Cabin of the AMC Network criticized the film as being too " fem @-@ centric " and as having a uniformly negative treatment of its male characters . = = Reception = = The film was released within Israel on 27 March 2008 , and it was released internationally through IFC Films on 17 April 2009 . The film has been very well received internationally . Rotten Tomatoes calculated a critical score of 91 and describes the consensus as : " A positive and personal Israeli film that offers an understated and thought @-@ provoking vision of the West Bank troubles . " It also earned an average critical score of 73 , a generally favorable response , on Metacritic . The New York Times named it a ' Critics Pick ' of 2009 . Andrew O 'Hehir of Salon praised the film and called its production a sign " of hope in the impenetrable impasse of the contemporary Middle East " . Benjamin Secher of The Daily Telegraph labeled it " absorbing , sensitive , beautifully @-@ shot " and drew favorable comparisons with Erin Brockovich . Mark Jenkins of National Public Radio stated that it featured " subtle performances by its striking stars " and served as a parable about border issues . AMC 's Chris Cabin criticized the movie , arguing that its director " seems not to have the faintest idea of how to properly approach the subject " , because the film is , in Cabin 's view , " unabashedly pro @-@ Palestine " . = = = Box office = = = According to Box Office Mojo , the film has brought in a total of $ 6 @,@ 628 @,@ 437 worldwide . In the United States , it brought in $ 569 @,@ 672 in its seventeen week run . It premiered on April 17 , 2009 . The film performed poorly with Israeli audiences despite the positive reaction in other areas . Riklis has said that Israelis have the " false impression " that the film is pro @-@ Palestinian and polemical . The Palestinian reaction has been very positive , according to Riklis . He expected a far more positive reception in Israel given the success of his previous film , The Syrian Bride , in 2004 . The film did receive praise from Hannah Brown of The Jerusalem Post , who stated that " it 's hard to ask for more " and " you will leave the theater craving a glass of the lemonade Salma prepares so lovingly in several scenes " . Ha 'aretz also praised the movie before its release . = = = Awards = = = In the Berlin Film Festival , Riklis won a ' Panorama Audience Award ' . In the Asia Pacific Screen Awards , Abbass won for ' Best Performance by an Actress ' and Riklis won , along with collaborator Suha Arraf , for ' Best Screenplay ' . Arraf and Riklis were nominated for ' Best Screenwriter ' at the European Film Awards , and Abbass was nominated for ' Best Actress ' . In the Israeli Film Academy , Abbass won for ' Best Actress ' . The film 's Miguel Markin was nominated for ' Best Art Direction ' , Rona Doron for ' Best Costume Design ' , Tova Asher for ' Best Editing ' , Habib Shadah for ' Best Music ' , Gil Toren and As Milo for ' Best Sound ' , and Riklis for ' Best Director ' .
= Caroline of Ansbach = Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg @-@ Ansbach ( 1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737 ) , commonly known as Caroline of Ansbach , was Queen of Great Britain as the wife of King George II . Her father , Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg @-@ Ansbach , belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state , the Principality of Ansbach . Caroline was orphaned at a young age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians , King Frederick I and Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia . At the Prussian court , her previously limited education was widened , and she adopted the liberal outlook possessed by Sophia Charlotte , who became her good friend and whose views influenced Caroline all her life . As a young woman , Caroline was much sought @-@ after as a bride . After rejecting the suit of the nominal King of Spain , Archduke Charles of Austria , she married George Augustus , the third @-@ in @-@ line to the British throne and heir apparent to the Electorate of Hanover . They had eight children , seven of whom grew to adulthood . Caroline moved permanently to Britain in 1714 when her husband became Prince of Wales . As Princess of Wales , she joined her husband in rallying political opposition to his father King George I. In 1717 , her husband was expelled from court after a family row . Caroline came to be associated with Robert Walpole , an opposition politician who was a former government minister . Walpole rejoined the government in 1720 , and Caroline 's husband and King George I reconciled publicly , on Walpole 's advice . Over the next few years , Walpole rose to become the leading minister . Caroline succeeded as queen and electress consort in 1727 , when her husband became King George II . Her eldest son , Frederick , became Prince of Wales . He was a focus for the opposition , like his father before him , and Caroline 's relationship with him was strained . As princess and as queen , Caroline was known for her political influence , which she exercised through and for Walpole . Her tenure included four regencies during her husband 's stays in Hanover , and she is credited with strengthening the Hanoverian dynasty 's place in Britain during a period of political instability . Caroline was widely mourned following her death in 1737 , not only by the public but also by the King , who refused to remarry . = = Early life = = Caroline was born on 1 March 1683 at Ansbach , the daughter of John Frederick , Margrave of Brandenburg @-@ Ansbach , and his second wife , Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe @-@ Eisenach . Her father was the ruler of one of the smallest German states ; he died of smallpox at the age of 32 , when Caroline was three years old . Caroline and her only full sibling , her younger brother Margrave William Frederick , left Ansbach with their mother , who returned to her native Eisenach . In 1692 , Caroline 's widowed mother was pushed into an unhappy marriage with the Elector of Saxony , and she and her two children moved to the Saxon court at Dresden . Eleonore Erdmuthe was widowed again two years later , after her unfaithful husband contracted smallpox from his mistress . Eleonore remained in Saxony for another two years , until her death in 1696 . The orphaned Caroline and William Frederick returned to Ansbach to stay with their elder half @-@ brother , Margrave George Frederick II . George Frederick was a youth with little interest in parenting a girl , and so Caroline soon moved to Lützenburg outside Berlin , where she entered into the care of her new guardians , Frederick , Elector of Brandenburg , and his wife , Sophia Charlotte , who had been a friend of Eleonore Erdmuthe . = = = Education = = = Frederick and Sophia Charlotte became king and queen of Prussia in 1701 . The queen was the daughter of Dowager Electress Sophia of Hanover , and the sister of George , Elector of Hanover . She was renowned for her intelligence and strong character , and her uncensored and liberal court attracted a great many scholars , including philosopher Gottfried Leibniz . Caroline was exposed to a lively intellectual environment quite different from anything she had experienced previously . Before she began her education under Sophia Charlotte 's care , Caroline had received little formal education ; her handwriting remained poor throughout her life . With her lively mind , Caroline developed into a scholar of considerable ability . She and Sophia Charlotte developed a strong relationship in which Caroline was treated as a surrogate daughter ; the queen once declared Berlin was " a desert " without Caroline whenever she left temporarily for Ansbach . = = Marriage = = An intelligent and attractive woman , Caroline was much sought @-@ after as a bride . Dowager Electress Sophia called her " the most agreeable Princess in Germany " . She was considered for the hand of Archduke Charles of Austria , who was a candidate for the throne of Spain and later became Holy Roman Emperor . Charles made official overtures to her in 1703 , and the match was encouraged by King Frederick of Prussia . After some consideration , Caroline refused in 1704 , as she would not convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism . Early in the following year , Queen Sophia Charlotte died on a visit to her native Hanover . Caroline was devastated , writing to Leibniz , " The calamity has overwhelmed me with grief and sickness , and it is only the hope that I may soon follow her that consoles me . " In June 1705 , Queen Sophia Charlotte 's nephew , George Augustus , the electoral prince of Hanover , visited the Ansbach court , supposedly incognito , to inspect Caroline , as his father the Elector did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he himself had . The nephew of three childless uncles , George Augustus was under pressure to marry and father an heir to prevent endangering the Hanoverian succession . He had heard reports of Caroline 's " incomparable beauty and mental attributes " . He immediately took a liking to her " good character " and the British envoy reported that George Augustus " would not think of anybody else after her " . For her part , Caroline was not fooled by the prince 's disguise , and found her suitor attractive . He was the heir apparent of his father 's Electorate of Hanover and third @-@ in @-@ line to the British throne of his distant cousin Queen Anne , after his grandmother Dowager Electress Sophia and his father the Elector . On 22 August 1705 , Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding to George Augustus ; they were married that evening in the palace chapel at Herrenhausen . By May of the following year , Caroline was pregnant , and her first child Prince Frederick was born on 20 January 1707 . A few months after the birth , in July , Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox followed by pneumonia . Her baby was kept away from her , but George Augustus remained at her side devotedly , and caught and survived the infection himself . Over the next seven years , Caroline had three more children , Anne , Amelia , and Caroline , all of whom were born in Hanover . George Augustus and Caroline had a successful and loving marriage , though he continued to keep mistresses , as was customary for the time . Caroline was well aware of his infidelities , as they were well known and he told her about them . His two best @-@ known mistresses were Henrietta Howard , later Countess of Suffolk , and , from 1735 , Amalie von Wallmoden , Countess of Yarmouth . Howard was one of Caroline 's Women of the Bedchamber and became Mistress of the Robes when her husband inherited a peerage in 1731 ; she retired in 1734 . In contrast with her mother @-@ in @-@ law and husband , Caroline was known for her marital fidelity ; she never made any embarrassing scenes nor did she take lovers . She preferred her husband 's mistresses to be ladies @-@ in @-@ waiting , as that way she believed she could keep a closer eye on them . The succession of her husband 's family to the British throne was still insecure , as Queen Anne 's half @-@ brother James Stuart contested the Hanoverian claim , and Queen Anne and Caroline 's grandmother @-@ in @-@ law Dowager Electress Sophia had fallen out . Anne refused permission for any of the Hanoverians to visit Britain in her lifetime . Caroline wrote to Leibniz , " I accept the comparison which you draw , though all too flattering , between me and Queen Elizabeth as a good omen . Like Elizabeth , the Electress 's rights are denied her by a jealous sister [ Queen Anne ] , and she will never be sure of the English crown until her accession to the throne . " In June 1714 , Dowager Electress Sophia died in Caroline 's arms at the age of 84 , and Caroline 's father @-@ in @-@ law became heir presumptive to Queen Anne . Just weeks later , Anne died and the Elector of Hanover was proclaimed as her successor , becoming George I of Great Britain . = = Princess of Wales = = George Augustus sailed to England in September 1714 , and Caroline and two of her daughters followed in October . Her journey across the North Sea from The Hague to Margate was the only sea voyage she took in her life . Their young son , Prince Frederick , remained in Hanover for the rest of George I 's reign to be brought up by private tutors . On the accession of George I in 1714 , Caroline 's husband automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay . Shortly afterwards , he was invested as Prince of Wales , whereupon she became Princess of Wales . Caroline was the first woman to receive the title at the same time as her husband received his . She was the first Princess of Wales for over two hundred years , the last one being Catherine of Aragon . As George I had repudiated his wife Sophia Dorothea of Celle in 1694 prior to his becoming King of Great Britain , there was no queen consort , and Caroline was the highest @-@ ranking woman in the kingdom . George Augustus and Caroline made a concerted effort to " anglicise " by acquiring knowledge of England 's language , people , politics and customs . Two separate courts developed with strong contrasts ; the old king 's had German courtiers and government ministers , while the Wales 's court attracted English nobles out of favour with the King , and was considerably more popular with the British people . George Augustus and Caroline gradually became centres of the political opposition to the King . Two years after their arrival in England , Caroline suffered a stillbirth , which her friend the Countess of Bückeburg blamed on the incompetence of English doctors , but the following year she had another son , Prince George William . At the baptism in November 1717 , her husband fell out with his father over the choice of godparents , leading to the couple 's placement under house arrest at St. James 's Palace prior to their banishment from court . Caroline was originally allowed to stay with their children , but refused as she believed her place was with her husband . She and her husband moved into Leicester House , while their children remained in the care of the King . Caroline fell sick with worry , and fainted during a secret visit to her children made without the King 's approval . By January , the King had relented and allowed Caroline unrestricted access . In February , Prince George William fell ill , and the King allowed both George Augustus and Caroline to see him at Kensington Palace without any conditions . When the baby died , a post @-@ mortem was conducted to prove that the cause of death was disease ( a polyp on the heart ) rather than the separation from his mother . Further tragedy occurred in 1718 , when Caroline miscarried at Richmond Lodge , her country residence . Over the next few years , Caroline had three more children : William , Mary and Louise . Leicester House became a frequent meeting place for the ministry 's political opponents . Caroline struck up a friendship with politician Sir Robert Walpole , a former minister in the Whig government who led a disgruntled faction of the party . In April 1720 , Walpole 's wing of the Whig party reconciled with the governing wing , and Walpole and Caroline helped to effect a reconciliation between the King and her husband for the sake of public unity . Caroline wanted to regain her three eldest daughters , who remained in the care of the King , and thought the reconciliation would lead to their return , but negotiations came to nothing . George Augustus came to believe that Walpole had tricked him into the reconciliation as part of a scheme to gain power . The prince was isolated politically when Walpole 's Whigs joined the government , and Leicester House played host to literary figures and wits , such as John Arbuthnot and Jonathan Swift , rather than politicians . Arbuthnot told Swift that Caroline had enjoyed his Gulliver 's Travels , particularly the tale of the crown prince who wore one high @-@ heel and one low @-@ heel in a country where the King and his party wore low heels , and the opposition wore high ones : a barely veiled reference to the political leanings of the Prince of Wales . Caroline 's intellect far outstripped her husband 's , and she read avidly . She established an extensive library at St. James 's Palace . As a young woman , she corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz , the intellectual colossus who was courtier and factotum to the House of Hanover . She later facilitated the Leibniz @-@ Clarke correspondence , arguably the most important philosophy of physics discussion of the 18th century . She helped to popularise the practice of variolation ( an early type of immunisation ) , which had been witnessed by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Charles Maitland in Constantinople . At the direction of Caroline , six condemned prisoners were offered the chance to undergo variolation instead of execution : they all survived , as did six orphan children given the same treatment as a further test . Convinced of its medical value , Caroline had her children Amelia , Caroline and Frederick inoculated against smallpox in the same manner . In praising her support for smallpox inoculation , Voltaire wrote of her , " I must say that despite all her titles and crowns , this princess was born to encourage the arts and the well @-@ being of mankind ; even on the throne she is a benevolent philosopher ; and she has never lost an opportunity to learn or to manifest her generosity . " = = Queen and regent = = Caroline became queen consort on the death of her father @-@ in @-@ law in 1727 , and she was crowned alongside her husband at Westminster Abbey on 11 October that year . She was the first queen consort to be crowned since Anne of Denmark in 1603 . Though George II denounced Walpole as a " rogue and rascal " over the terms of the reconciliation with his father , Caroline advised her husband to retain Walpole as the leading minister . Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George II had little choice but to accept him or risk ministerial instability . Walpole secured a civil list payment of £ 100 @,@ 000 a year for Caroline , and she was given both Somerset House and Richmond Lodge . Courtier Lord Hervey called Walpole " the Queen 's minister " in recognition of their close relationship . For the next ten years , Caroline had immense influence . She persuaded the King to adopt policies at the behest of Walpole , and persuaded Walpole against taking inflammatory actions . Caroline had absorbed the liberal opinions of her mentor , Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia , and supported clemency for the Jacobites ( supporters of the rival Stuart claim to the throne ) , freedom of the press , and freedom of speech in Parliament . Over the next few years , she and her husband fought a constant battle against their eldest son , Frederick , Prince of Wales , who had been left behind in Germany when they came to England . He joined the family in 1728 , by which time he was an adult , had mistresses and debts , and was fond of gambling and practical jokes . He opposed his father 's political beliefs , and complained of his lack of influence in government . The Regency Act 1728 made Caroline rather than Frederick regent when her husband was in Hanover for five months from May 1729 . During her regency , a diplomatic incident with Portugal ( where a British ship had been seized on the Tagus ) was defused , and the negotiation of the Treaty of Seville between Britain and Spain was concluded . From May 1732 , she was regent for four months while George II was again away in Hanover . An investigation into the penal system uncovered widespread abuses , including cruel treatment and conspiracy in the escape of wealthy convicts . Caroline pressed Walpole for reform , largely unsuccessfully . In March 1733 , Walpole introduced an unpopular excise bill to parliament , which the Queen supported , but it gathered such strong opposition that it was eventually dropped . Caroline 's entire life in Britain was spent in the South @-@ East of England in or around London . As queen , she continued to surround herself with artists , writers and intellectuals . She collected jewellery , especially cameos and intaglios , acquired important portraits and miniatures , and enjoyed the visual arts . She commissioned works such as terracotta busts of the kings and queens of England from Michael Rysbrack , and supervised a more naturalistic design of the royal gardens by William Kent and Charles Bridgeman . In 1728 , she rediscovered sets of sketches by Leonardo da Vinci and Hans Holbein that had been hidden in a drawer since the reign of William III . Caroline 's eldest daughter Anne married William IV of Orange in 1734 , and moved with her husband to the Netherlands . Caroline wrote to her daughter of her " indescribable " sadness at the parting . Anne soon felt homesick , and travelled back to England when her husband went on campaign . Eventually , her husband and father commanded her to return to Holland . = = Final years = = In mid @-@ 1735 , Frederick , Prince of Wales , was further dismayed when Caroline , rather than himself , again acted as regent while the King was absent in Hanover . The King and Queen arranged Frederick 's marriage , in 1736 , to Princess Augusta of Saxe @-@ Gotha . Shortly after the wedding , George went to Hanover , and Caroline resumed her role as " Protector of the Realm " . As regent , Caroline considered the reprieve of Captain John Porteous , who had been convicted of murder in Edinburgh . Before she could act , a mob stormed the jail where he was held and killed him . Caroline was appalled . The King 's absences abroad were leading to unpopularity , and in late 1736 he made plans to return , but his ship was caught in poor weather , and it was rumoured that he had been lost at sea . Caroline was devastated , and disgusted by the insensitivity of her son , who hosted a grand dinner while the gale was blowing . During her regency , the Prince of Wales attempted to start a number of quarrels with his mother , whom he saw as a useful proxy to irritate the King . George eventually returned in January 1737 . Frederick applied to Parliament unsuccessfully for an increased financial allowance that had hitherto been denied him by the King , and public disagreement over the money drove a further wedge between parents and son . On the advice of Walpole , Frederick 's allowance was raised in an attempt to mitigate further conflict , but by less than he had asked . In June 1737 , Frederick informed his parents that Augusta was pregnant , and due to give birth in October . In fact , Augusta 's due date was earlier and a peculiar episode followed in July in which the prince , on discovering that his wife had gone into labour , sneaked her out of Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the night , to ensure that the King and Queen could not be present at the birth . George and Caroline were horrified . Traditionally , royal births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to guard against supposititious children , and Augusta had been forced by her husband to ride in a rattling carriage for an hour and a half while heavily pregnant and in pain . With a party including two of her daughters and Lord Hervey , the Queen raced over to St. James 's Palace , where Frederick had taken Augusta . Caroline was relieved to discover that Augusta had given birth to a " poor , ugly little she @-@ mouse " rather than a " large , fat , healthy boy " as the pitiful nature of the baby made a supposititious child unlikely . The circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother and son . According to Lord Hervey , she once remarked after seeing Frederick , " Look , there he goes — that wretch ! — that villain ! — I wish the ground would open this moment and sink the monster to the lowest hole in hell ! " In the final years of her life , Caroline was troubled by gout in her feet , but more seriously she had suffered an umbilical hernia at the birth of her final child in 1724 . On 9 November 1737 , she felt an intense pain and , after struggling through a formal reception , took to her bed . Her womb had ruptured . Over the next few days she was bled , purged , and operated on , without anaesthetic , but there was no improvement in her condition . The King refused Frederick permission to see his mother , a decision with which she complied ; she sent her son a message of forgiveness through Walpole . She asked her husband to remarry after her death , which he rejected saying he would take only mistresses ; she replied " Ah , mon Dieu , cela n 'empêche pas " ( " My God , that doesn 't prevent it " ) . On 17 November , her strangulated bowel burst . She died on 20 November 1737 at St. James 's Palace . She was buried in Westminster Abbey on 17 December . Frederick was not invited to the funeral . George Frideric Handel composed an anthem for the occasion , The Ways of Zion Do Mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline . The King arranged for a pair of matching coffins with removable sides , so that when he followed her to the grave ( 23 years later ) , they could lie together again . = = Legacy = = Caroline was widely mourned . The Protestants lauded her moral example , and even the Jacobites acknowledged her compassion , and her intervention on the side of mercy for their compatriots . During her lifetime her refusal to convert when offered the hand of Archduke Charles was used to portray her as a strong adherent to Protestantism . For example , John Gay wrote of Caroline in A Letter to A Lady ( 1714 ) : The pomp of titles easy faith might shake , She scorn 'd an empire for religion 's sake : For this , on earth , the British crown is giv 'n , And an immortal crown decreed in heav 'n . She was widely seen by both the public and the court as having great influence over her husband . A satirical verse of the period went : You may strut , dapper George , but ' twill all be in vain , We all know ' tis Queen Caroline , not you , that reign – You govern no more than Don Philip of Spain . Then if you would have us fall down and adore you , Lock up your fat spouse , as your dad did before you . The memoirs of the eighteenth century , particularly those of John , Lord Hervey , fed perceptions that Caroline and Walpole governed her husband . Peter Quennell wrote that Hervey was the " chronicler of this remarkable coalition " and that she was Hervey 's " heroine " . Using such sources , biographers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries credit her with aiding the establishment of the House of Hanover in Britain , in the face of Jacobite opposition . R. L. Arkell wrote " by her acumen and geniality , [ Caroline ] ensured the dynasty 's rooting itself in England " , and W. H. Wilkins said her " gracious and dignified personality , her lofty ideals and pure life did much to counteract the unpopularity of her husband and father @-@ in @-@ law , and redeem the early Georgian era from utter grossness . " Although modern historians tend to believe that Hervey , Wilkins and Arkell have overestimated her importance , it is nevertheless probable that Caroline of Ansbach was one of the most influential consorts in British history . = = Titles , styles , honours and arms = = = = = Titles and styles = = = 1683 – 1705 : Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline of Brandenburg @-@ Ansbach 1705 – 1714 : Her Serene Highness The Electoral Princess of Hanover 1714 – 1727 : Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales 1727 – 1737 : Her Majesty The Queen = = = Honours = = = Caroline County in the British Colony of Virginia was named in her honour when it was formed in 1727 . = = = Arms = = = The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are impaled with those of her father , John Frederick , Margrave of Brandenburg @-@ Ansbach . The arms of her father were quarterly of fifteen , 1st , per fess gules and argent , within a bordure counter @-@ changed of the same ( for Magdeburg ) ; 2nd , argent , an eagle displayed sable , crowned or ; 3rd , or , a griffin segreant gules , crowned ; 4th and 5th , argent , a griffin segreant gules ; 6th , or , a griffin segreant sable ; 7th , argent , an eagle displayed sable ( for Crossen ) ; 8th , per pale argent and gules within a bordure counter @-@ changed of the same ( for Halberstadt ) ; 9th , argent , an eagle displayed sable ; 10th , or , a lion rampant sable , crowned , within a bordure goboné argent and gules ( for Nuremberg ) ; 11th , gules , two keys in saltire or ( for Minden ) ; 12th , quarterly argent and sable ( for Hohenzollern ) ; 13th , the field gules , the figure argent ; 14th , per fess gules and argent ; 15th , plain field of gules ( for right of regalia ) ; overall an inescutcheon , argent , an eagle displayed gules ( for Brandenburg ) . = = Issue = = Caroline 's ten pregnancies resulted in eight live births , of whom one died in infancy , and seven lived to adulthood . = = Ancestry = =
= HMS Empress ( 1914 ) = HMS Empress was a seaplane carrier of the Royal Navy ( RN ) that served during World War I. Converted from the Cross @-@ Channel packet ship Empress , the ship 's aircraft conducted aerial reconnaissance , observation and bombing missions in the North Sea and Eastern Mediterranean . During the last year of the war , she conducted anti @-@ submarine patrols in the Mediterranean . Empress was returned to her owners in 1919 and was then sold to a French company in 1923 . She was scrapped in 1933 . = = Description = = Empress had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 41 feet ( 12 @.@ 5 m ) , and a draught of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 540 long tons ( 2 @,@ 580 t ) and was rated at 1 @,@ 694 gross register tons ( GRT ) . Each of the ship 's three sets of direct @-@ drive steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . The ship 's six boilers generated enough steam to produce 8 @,@ 800 shaft horsepower ( 6 @,@ 600 kW ) from the turbines . The ship had a designed speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , but she made a speed of 22 @.@ 26 knots ( 41 @.@ 23 km / h ; 25 @.@ 62 mph ) during her sea trials with 8 @,@ 872 shaft horsepower ( 6 @,@ 616 kW ) . Empress carried 425 tonnes ( 418 long tons ) of coal , enough to give her a range of 1 @,@ 355 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 509 km ; 1 @,@ 559 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . = = Service = = Built as a fast packet for the South East and Chatham Railway Co . , Empress was requisitioned for service during World War I by the Admiralty on 11 August 1914 , and was commissioned on 25 August . During that month , the ship transported equipment for the Eastchurch Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service to Ostend , Belgium . Beginning on 30 August , she was converted by Chatham Dockyard to carry and operate three seaplanes . One aircraft was stowed forward and two aft , housed in canvas hangars , and handled with newly fitted cargo booms . During her career with the RN , the ship operated Fairey Hamble Baby , Short Admiralty Type 74 , Short Type 184 , Sopwith Schneider and Baby floatplanes . Two or three quick @-@ firing ( QF ) two @-@ pounder guns also were fitted at this time . Upon completion of the modifications on 30 September , Empress was assigned to the Harwich Force along with Engadine and Riviera . On Christmas Day 1914 , nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing Zeppelin airships . Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack , but they inflicted little damage . Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered , but the crews of the other three ditched safely and were recovered by a British submarine and the Dutch trawler Marta van Hattem . From 9 May to 18 July 1915 , the ship was modified by Cunard at Liverpool with a permanent , four @-@ aircraft , hangar in the rear superstructure and a pair of cranes were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out of the water . The 2 @-@ pounders were apparently removed during this refit and four QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns , each with 130 rounds , and two Vickers QF 3 @-@ pounder anti @-@ aircraft guns , each with 65 rounds , were fitted . Empress was transferred afterwards to Queenstown for the rest of the year , before moving to the Mediterranean . She arrived there in January 1916 and was assigned to the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron with the carriers Raven II , Anne , and Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree . The squadron was under the command of the General Officer Commanding , Egypt and its primary duty was watch and to attack Turkish positions and movements in southern Palestine and the Sinai in early 1916 . In April , Empress was detached from the squadron to support operations off the Aegean coast of Bulgaria , where her aircraft observed for several naval bombardments . After a refit at Genoa , the ship rejoined the squadron and supported operations off the Syrian and Palestinian coasts until November . In January 1918 , she was assigned anti @-@ submarine duties , first at Port Said and later at Gibraltar . She was returned to her owners in November 1919 and was sold to the Société Anoynyme de Gérance et d 'Armament of France in 1923 . On 12 January 1926 , Empress collided with the British schooner John Gibson in the English Channel and sank her . Empress was scrapped in France in 1933 .
= The Boat Race 1926 = The 78th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1926 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by five lengths in a time of 19 minutes 29 seconds in the largest winning margin since 1912 . It was Cambridge 's third consecutive victory and took the overall record in the event to 40 – 37 in Oxford 's favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1925 race as Oxford became waterlogged , with Oxford leading overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 36 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were H. R. Baker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) , G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , and A. V. Douglas ( who took part in the 1922 and 1925 races ) . Cambridge were coached by William Dudley Ward ( who had rowed in 1897 , 1899 and 1900 races ) , Francis Escombe , David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) , and H. W. Willis . For the eighteenth and final year the umpire was Old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . He would be replaced in the following year 's race by Charles Burnell . Cambridge opted to arrive a fortnight later than usual at the Thames , and forewent their typical practice at Ely . According to former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater , the Light Blues " showed great promise " only to be struck by measles , forcing a late replacement in the boat . Oxford , while " not so pleasing in appearance " were considered to be favourites for the race . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 10 @.@ 5 lb ( 80 @.@ 8 kg ) , 6 @.@ 75 pounds ( 3 @.@ 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Four of the Cambridge crew had taken part in the Boat Race previously , including W. F. Smith , G. H. Ambler , and cox J. A. Brown , all of whom were participating in their third consecutive event . The crew also included E. C. Hamilton @-@ Russell who had won three finals at the 1925 Henley Royal Regatta . Oxford saw three rowers return to the boat in J. D. W. Thomson , E. C. T. Edwards and C. E. Pitman . Cambridge 's Australian number six J. B. Bell was the only non @-@ British participant registered in the race . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In conditions described by Drinkwater as " excellent " with " smooth water but only a moderate tide " , Pitman started the race at 12 : 27 pm . Although Oxford marginally out @-@ rated their opponents , the crews were level after the first minute . As the crews passed the Mile Post , the Dark Blues held a small lead which they had extended to around half a length by Harrods Furniture Depository . Cambridge made a push and reduced the deficit to a quarter @-@ length by the time the boats passed below Hammersmith Bridge . Following a series of spurts around the outside of the bend in the river , Cambridge gained to draw level by the HMS Stork . The Dark Blues ' rhythm faltered and their number five missed a stroke as they passed Chiswick Eyot , allowing Cambridge to move away to take a clear lead . Two lengths ahead by Chiswick Steps , the Light Blues increased their stroke rate and pulled further away to win by five lengths , the largest winning margin since the 1912 race , in a time of 19 minutes and 29 seconds . It was their third consecutive victory and their seventh in eight races .
= Burn the Bastards = " Burn the Bastards " is a 1988 song by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu ( The JAMs ) , from their second , and final before changing names , album Who Killed The JAMs ? . The " bastards " of the title are copies of The JAMs first album , 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) , which Drummond and Cauty burnt on a bonfire in a Swedish field after a copyright dispute with the Swedish pop group ABBA . The song ( which is based upon Sly and the Family Stone 's " Dance to the Music " ) was released as a single , along with a separate single of remixes titled " Burn the Beat " . Both singles were credited to The KLF , marking a change of name and with it a change of musical genre , from The JAMs ' sample @-@ fuelled political hip @-@ hop to The KLF 's upbeat and uptempo house music . = = Conception = = = = = Background = = = Early in 1987 , Jimmy Cauty and Bill Drummond formed a musical outfit , The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu ( The JAMs ) , later to also be known as The Timelords and , more famously , The KLF . The JAMs deliberately invited controversy by spending a year producing incendiary electronic music that was built around plagiarised samples of other artists , underpinned by beatbox rhythms and political raps . The song " Burn the Bastards " , which was the duo 's final single in this mould , was inspired in part by the legal backlash of their provocative output . Their debut album , 1987 ( What the Fuck Is Going On ? ) , had been investigated by the Mechanical @-@ Copyright Protection Society , who in August 1987 ordered The JAMs to recall and destroy all unsold copies of 1987 , for its illegal use of extensive samples from ABBA 's " Dancing Queen " . The JAMs journeyed to Sweden — with their unsold LPs and an NME journalist in tow — in an attempt to negotiate with ABBA . When this failed , The JAMs made a bonfire in the Swedish countryside and burnt the LPs . Back in the UK , they continued with their plagiaristic productions , which culminated with a second LP , Who Killed The JAMs ? . Its sleeve depicts the 1987 bonfire , and it contains " Burn the Bastards " , a sample @-@ heavy celebration of the fire set to house music . Ritualistic burnings became a recurring aspect of Drummond and Cauty 's work , including the burning of a 60 @-@ ft ( 18 @-@ m ) wicker man during the 1991 summer solstice ( The Rites of Mu ) , and , as the K Foundation in 1995 , their burning of £ 1 million . = = = Release = = = On 5 March 1988 , Drummond and Cauty released The KLF 's debut single " Burn the Beat " , an instrumental house music version of " Burn the Bastards " , on their own KLF Communications label . The single also featured instrumental remixes of other tracks from Who Killed The JAMs ? . All 5 @,@ 000 pressed copies of the single — catalogue number JAMS 26T — were exported . On 18 April 1988 , another single , " Burn the Bastards " , was released in the UK , to fill the hitherto overlooked catalogue number KLF 002 . This single , also by The KLF , featured the LP version of " Burn the Bastards " alongside another instrumental version , " Burn the Beat ( Club Mix ) " . The single releases marked a change in direction of Drummond and Cauty 's music , to an upbeat and uptempo house music tone . Indeed , the record label of " Burn the Bastards " stated , " This is a transition record " . Neither " Burn the Bastards " nor " Burn the Beat " entered the UK Singles Chart , although the release peaked at number 15 in the UK Indie Singles Chart . = = Composition = = " Burn the Bastards " is a celebratory house music song based upon Sly Stone 's " Dance to the Music " : a trumpet break and drum line are sampled , and the lyrical structure of that song is also mirrored . Whereas " Dance to the Music " vocally introduces the instruments used , so " Burn the Bastards " has Drummond sing of The JAMs ' methods , such as " All we need is a beatbox , for people who only need a beat " . The choral line " Dance to the music " is modified to " JAMs have a party " . Referring to the fate of the 1987 LPs , Drummond sings " Build a fire , stoke it good , throw them on , and watch the bastards burn " , accompanied by a stark , ring modulated chorus , " Mu Mu ! " . A later portion of the lyrics alludes to New Year 's Eve 1987 : " Five to twelve , almost gone . 1987 , what the fuck have we done ? " . A driving 4 / 4 rhythm and a sampled Roland TB @-@ 303 loop provide acid house overtones . These elements are brought further to the fore in " Burn the Beat " , which dispenses with Drummond 's vocals . Most of The KLF 's work was highly self @-@ referential : lyrics were usually enigmatic narratives of The KLF 's real and fictional exploits , and vocal samples were re @-@ used in a variety of musical contexts . The signatory " Mu Mu ! " refrain , which first appeared on this song , recurred throughout the duo 's music , including " What Time Is Love ? ( Live at Trancentral ) " ( 1990 ) , " Last Train to Trancentral ( Live from the Lost Continent ) " and " America : What Time Is Love ? " ( 1991 ) , and " Fuck the Millennium " ( 1997 ) . The song also contains samples of " Bad " by Michael Jackson . = = Reviews = = Announcing a change of name in January 1988 , Bill Drummond had said " We might put out a couple of 12 " records under the name The K.L.F. , these will be rap free just pure dance music , so don 't expect to see them reviewed in the music papers " . As predicted , " Burn the Beat " and " Burn the Bastards " attracted little attention from the music press . Reviewing Who Killed The JAMs ? , Sounds described " Burn the Bastards " as " a JAMs manifesto " which " assumes a sinister edge alongside the pile of blazing copies of 1987 pictured on the sleeve " , citing the track as evidence that The JAMs were " defiant , outspoken , still a wily step ahead " . = = Formats and track listings = = " Burn the Beat " was originally a KLF Communications 12 " limited to 5 @,@ 000 copies exported from the UK . In 1989 , it was released in the US by TVT Records . " Burn the Bastards " was released by KLF Communications for a UK audience . Key l - " Burn the Bastards " ( LP edit ) ( 4 : 07 ) L - " Burn the Bastards " ( LP version ) ( 6 : 28 ) J - " Burn the Bastards ( JAMs Have A Party Mix ) " ( 4 : 11 ) C - " Burn the Beat ( Club Mix ) " ( 4 : 51 ) M - " Burn the Beat ( Mu Mu Mix ) " ( 4 : 43 ) P - " The Porpoise Song " ( 5 : 43 ) PR - " The Porpoise Song ( Instrumental Remix ) " ( 5 : 09 ) G - " Prestwich Prophet 's Grin ( Instrumental Remix ) " ( 4 : 14 )
= Skagen = Skagen ( IPA / ˈskæɡən / , Danish pronunciation : [ ˈsɡ ̊ æːɪn ] ) , is Denmark 's northernmost town and the area surrounding it . Occasionally known in English as The Scaw , it is situated on the east coast of the Skagen Odde peninsula in the far north of Jutland , it is part of Frederikshavn Municipality in Region Nordjylland . It is located 41 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Frederikshavn and 108 kilometres ( 67 mi ) northeast of Aalborg . With its well @-@ developed harbour , Skagen is Denmark 's main fishing port and also has a thriving tourist industry , attracting some 2 million people annually . Originally the name was applied to the peninsula but it now usually refers to the town itself . The settlement began in the Middle Ages as a fishing village , renowned for its herring industry . Thanks to its seascapes , fishermen and evening light , towards the end of the 19th century it became popular with a group of Impressionist artists now known as the Skagen Painters . In 1879 , the Skagen Fisherman 's Association was established with the purpose of facilitating the local fishing industry through the Skagensbanen railway , which opened as a narrow @-@ gauged railway in 1890 . The modern port of Skagen opened on 20 November 1907 , and with the railway connections to Frederikshavn and the rest of Denmark , tourism began to develop . In the early 1910s , Christian X and Queen Alexandrine often visited Skagen and brought friends from other European monarchies . They built the summer residence Klitgården , completed in 1914 . Between the 1930s and 1950s the town grew rapidly , with the population more than doubling from 4 @,@ 048 in 1930 to 9 @,@ 009 in 1955 . Skagen reached a peak population of 14 @,@ 050 in 1980 , after which it gradually declined . As of 1 January 2014 it has a population of 8 @,@ 198 . Thanks to the artistic community which still remains in Skagen , the local arts and crafts trade remains important to the income of the town with its numerous crafts shops and galleries . Chains such as the international jeweller Skagen Designs have branches in the town , and given the abundance of fresh fish coming in at the port of Skagen , seafood forms a staple in Skagen 's restaurants . St Lawrence 's Church was built just outside the village at the end of the 14th century , but after it was buried in drifting sand it was replaced by Skagen Church in 1841 designed by Christian Frederik Hansen . It was redeveloped in 1909 – 10 by Ulrik Plesner who also designed a number of other buildings in Skagen , including Klitgården and the railway station . Several landmarks in the town are closely associated with the Skagen Painters who used to frequent them , including Brøndums Hotel , Skagens Museum , Michael and Anna Ancher 's House , and Drachmann 's House . Skagen 's first school was the Latinskole , a grammar school , which was in operation from 1549 until 1739 . By the end of the 19th century , three schools had been established in Skagen , and in 1921 , Skagen 's Skipper School was opened to train navigators for both fishing boats and merchant ships , and in 1955 , the public school Ankermedets skole was opened on Skagavej . The primary gymnasium of the town , Skagen Kultur- og Fritidscenter , opened in 1972 , and was later expanded with an aquatic centre and a number of smaller training facilities . Skagen 's Sportscenter was completed in 1974 , primary to accommodate badminton and tennis . The local football club , Skagen Idræts Klub , was founded in 1946 and plays in Jyllandsserien , one of the lower divisions in Danish football . The Hvide Klit Golf Club is located some 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of the town . Skagen station is the most northerly railway station in mainland Denmark and is the terminus of the Skagensbanen . Nordjyske Jernbaner operates the local train service between Skagen and Frederikshavn with onward national connections by DSB . From Frederikshavn , there are ferries to Gothenburg and Oslo . Aalborg Airport with flights to destinations across Europe is located some 100 km ( 62 mi ) southwest of Skagen . As in other Danish cities , cycling is popular . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Skagen was mentioned as far back as the first century AD by Pliny the Elder : " Promenturium Cimbrorum excurrens in maria longe paeninsulam efficit quae Tastris appellatur " ( Book IV , 97 ) " The promontory of the Cimbri running far out into the seas makes a peninsula , which is called Tastris . " This is the only time the name Tastris is mentioned but Skagen itself , first documented as Skaffuen in 1284 , simply means narrow promontory . The first building in the area , dating from the 12th century , was in Højen on the west side of the peninsula . It belonged to Tronder , a shepherd who also became Skagen 's first fisherman . Around 1340 , Vesterby , on the east coast ( to the south west of today 's harbour ) , developed into the main village . Further to the south west , St Lawrence 's Church was built at the end of the 14th century . In 1413 , Erik of Pommern granted Skagen the status of market town with the result that for a time it became Vendsyssel 's largest community with up to 2 @,@ 000 inhabitants . In 1549 a grammar school was opened ( closing again in 1739 ) , and in 1561 Skagen 's first lighthouse was constructed . In 1568 , some 350 fishing boats and merchant ships were wrecked off the coast of Skagen . In the 1590s , successive storms led not only to numerous drownings but to flooding , destroying many of the houses . In 1591 , 22 died in a flood and in 1593 , 14 houses were washed away . In 1595 , 25 farms in the area were covered in drifting sand . As a result , new housing was built in Østerby to the north east , away from the rapidly accumulating sand . = = = 17th – 19th centuries = = = In the 17th century , fishing suffered from a decline in herring stocks . Shortly after the beginning of the Torstensson War , the Swedish army arrived in Skagen in January 1644 , plundering the town . Skagen 's White Lighthouse with adjoining accommodation for the keeper was built in 1747 . In 1775 , accumulations of drifting sand made it difficult to access St Lawrence 's Church , finally leading to its closure and partial demolition in 1795 . Its remaining artefacts were sold by auction in 1810 . St Lawrence 's was replaced by Skagen Church , completed in 1841 and redesigned in the local style by Ulrik Plesner in 1910 . On a single day in 1825 , 23 ships were left stranded off the coast . In 1833 , Martinus Rørbye became the first artist to paint the fishermen and landscapes of Skagen , almost half a century before the arrival of the Skagen Painters . Skagen Church was inaugurated in 1841 , and the first guest house in the town opened in 1844 . In 1858 , the grey lighthouse was inaugurated . The same year , bye @-@ laws were established specifying building requirements including the completion of tiled roofs within five years . Skagen was struck by the cholera epidemic of 1853 . Hans Christian Andersen visited the town in 1859 . During his stay at Brøndums Hotel , the future painter Anna Ancher , daughter of the inn @-@ keeper , was born . In 1871 , the author Holger Drachmann and the painters Fritz Thaulow and Karl Madsen arrived in Skagen , the first of the colony of artists which became known as the Skagen Painters . They were followed by Carl Locher in 1872 , Michael Ancher in 1874 and Peder Severin Krøyer in 1882 . In 1879 , the Skagen Fisherman 's Association was established with the purpose of facilitating the local fishing industry through the railway . In 1890 , the Skagensbanen narrow @-@ gauge railway from Frederikshavn finally arrived in Skagen , connecting the town to the rest of Denmark . The tracks were widened in 1916 to avoid the need to transfer cargoes of fish in Frederikshavn . Many of the town 's typical yellow @-@ plastered houses with red roofs which grew up along Sankt Laurentii Vej from 1890 to 1930 were designed by Ulrik Plesner . He was also the architect behind many other buildings in the town , including the railway station , Brøndums Hotel and Skagen Museum . Skagen Missionshus was opened in 1896 . = = = 20th century = = = In 1904 @-@ 7 , the fishing harbour was built with inner and outer sections under the patronage of hydraulic engineer Palle Bruun . It was inaugurated on 20 November 1907 , and later additions were made for cold storage and the fish processing industry . The distinctive warehouses next to the harbour were designed by Thorvald Bindesbøll . In the early 1910s , Christian X and Queen Alexandrine often visited Skagen in the royal yacht Kongeskibet Dannebrog . Occasionally they arrived by train and brought friends from other European monarchies and stayed at the Brøndums and Grenen hotels . They grew fond of the place , befriending many of the artists in Skagen . Christian X bought up land in the vicinity and built the summer residence Klitgården as a gift for his wife . Designed by Ulrik Plesner , with furniture provided by Marie Krøyer , the villa was inaugurated on 11 April 1914 , with the town celebrating the royal opening with many flags . Klitgården was further embellished inside by local artists . It passed to Prince Knud and Princess Caroline Mathilde , and after Caroline 's death in 1995 , it was converted into a villa retreat for scholars in 2000 . Composer Carl Nielsen also frequented Skagen in his youth , and he purchased a plot of land on Vestre Strandvej at Vesterby in 1918 with his sculptor wife Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen , using one of the two small half @-@ timbered houses there as a residence and studio . They named it " Finis Terrae " , meaning " end of the world " . The Nielsen family owned the property until 1957 when they sold it to Frode Jensen , a machinery manufacturer . In the 1930s , development of the town as a tourist attraction led to the opening of new hotels . In 1931 , the residents of Skagen and their famous friends campaigned for a monument to be established on the square in the town , commemorating the fishermen and lifeboatmen of Jutland . Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen was commissioned to erect a 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) bronze statue of a lifeboatman in garb , holding a lifeline . The monument was showcased at the Free Exhibition Hall in Copenhagen in the spring of 1931 , before fundraising enabled it to be brought by sea to Skagen on 10 November 1932 . In October 1938 , lightning struck the Skagens Badehotel , affecting the wing with the salons and music rooms . During World War II , the hotel was taken over by the Germans , until it was demolished in 1943 . Further facilities were developed in the 1950s . From the 1960s , housing estates were constructed to the north , forming a built @-@ up area extending to Højen . Anna and Michael Ancher 's house was opened as a museum ( 1967 ) and the new town hall was completed in 1969 . The Skagen Festival was founded in 1971 , making it the oldest music festival in the country . The primary genre is folk music . In 1977 , Drachmanns House was broken into and four paintings were stolen , and then in 1980 , a painting by Christian Krohg was stolen from Skagens Museum . Several fires and industrial incidents occurred in the 1980s . In 1981 , an oil slick affected the coastline of Skagen municipality , and in 1985 a pipe bomb exploded at Ankermedet School . Skagen ice factory was affected by a chemical incident in 1989 . A new shrimp factory opened in the industrial area in 1991 , while the local cinema was closed in 1993 . There was a major fire on the Hulsig Heath dunes in 1996 . = = Skagen Painters = = The Skagen Painters were a group of Scandinavian artists who visited the area every summer from the late 1870s until the turn of the century . They were attracted by the scenery , the fishermen and the quality of light which encouraged them to paint en plein air following the example of the French Impressionists while sometimes adopting the Realist approach of the Barbizon School . They broke away from the rigid traditions of the Danish and Swedish art academies , preferring the modern trends they had experienced in Paris . The group was reputed to have adopted a bohemian lifestyle . It encompassed not only painters , but also writers , and other influential people . While only a few were full @-@ time residents of the area , they were often joined by family and friends , especially during the summer months . The group initially revolved around Michael Ancher and his wife to be Anna , the only member of the group who was a native of Skagen . P.S. Krøyer , who arrived in 1882 , was perhaps the most colourful member of the group . His painting Hip , Hip , Hurrah ! shows several of the artists celebrating around a table out in the garden . The painters included the Swedes Oscar Björck and Johan Krouthén , the Norwegians Christian Krohg and Eilif Peterssen , and the Danes Karl Madsen , Laurits Tuxen , Marie Triepcke Krøyer Alfvén , Carl Locher , Viggo Johansen and Thorvald Niss . The group also included the writers Holger Drachmann , Georg Brandes and Henrik Pontoppidan and the Swedish composer Hugo Alfvén . They often gathered in Brøndums Hotel whose dining room now forms part of Skagens Museum . In 1890 , the railway to Skagen not only led to the expansion of the village but also brought in considerable numbers of tourists . It was largely responsible for breaking up the regular summer meetings of the artists ' colony as they could no longer find suitable accommodation and venues for their meetings . However , some of them purchased homes in Skagen : P.S. Krøyer in 1894 , Laurits Tuxen in 1901 , Holger Drachmann in 1903 . Anna and Michael Ancher , Krøyer and Tuxen continued to paint in Skagen until well into the 20th century and were occasionally joined by their earlier friends . Other painters , sometimes referred to as the younger group of Skagen painters , continued to visit the area . They included Jørgen Aabye , Tupsy and Gad Frederik Clement , Ella Heide , Frederik Lange and Johannes Wilhjelm , some of whom settled in the area until the 1930s or even later . Skagens Museum 's has a large collection of works from all the recognized artists who painted in Skagen . = = Geography = = Skagen is Denmark 's northernmost town , located 41 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Frederikshavn , 108 kilometres ( 67 mi ) northeast of Aalborg , and 226 kilometres ( 140 mi ) northeast of Aarhus by road . It takes its name from the peninsula which projects into the waters between the North Sea and the straits of Denmark . The oldest areas lie along the south coast . Gammel Skagen ( Old Skagen ) , also known as Højen , is located next to Nordstrand on the western side . Vesterby and Østerby are notable for their little fishermen 's cottages and narrow streets . Danish national road 40 to Frederikshavn passes through Skagen . The Skagen Odde peninsula is bordered by Ålbæk Bay ( Ålbæk Bugt ) to the east on the Kattegat and Tannis Bay ( Tannis Bugt ) to the west on the Skagerrak . The area is picturesque , and distinguished by its low , yellow houses with red tile roofs nestled into the beach areas . The wild landscape was largely formed by a severe process of desertification in the 18th and 19th centuries . Problems with moving dunes and desertification were subsequently brought under control in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries by establishing large plantations of grasses , bushes and fir trees . Two significant migratory dunes remain in the area , one of which is the enormous Råbjerg Mile . = = Climate = = Being surrounded by the sea in three directions , Skagen has a cool oceanic climate with a lack of temperature extremes . Its maritime and moderated characteristics is shared with the rest of the country . Skagen is Denmark 's sunniest town with an average of 233 hours of sunshine in the holiday month of July , higher than the 222 hours recorded for Bornholm 's Østerlars . = = Demographics = = The population of Skagen has mostly grown steadily , reaching a peak of 14 @,@ 050 people in 1980 , but has shown a marked decline in the 21st century . In 1672 Skagen had a population of 1 @,@ 004 , but by 1781 this had declined to 650 . The 1801 population of 834 began to grow significantly in subsequent decades , reaching 1 @,@ 052 people in 1824 and jumping to 1 @,@ 632 by 1840 . By 1850 , however , it had dropped to 1 @,@ 400 , after which is again began to grow steadily . Major growth occurred in the 1870s and 1880s , with the population growing from 1 @,@ 615 in 1870 to 1 @,@ 954 in 1880 and 2 @,@ 323 inhabitants in 1890 . Several of the new inhabitants were artists , who significantly altered the ethnic composition of Skagen , as they brought their friends and families from abroad to join the colony at Skagen . Noticeable change occurred between 1901 and 1906 , when the population grew from 2 @,@ 438 to 2 @,@ 936 , and again in the late 1910s , growing from 3 @,@ 212 in 1916 to 3 @,@ 854 in 1921 . Major growth began to take place in the 1930s and 1940s in Skagen which grew from 4 @,@ 048 inhabitants in 1930 to 5 @,@ 358 in 1940 . Skagen 's population more than doubled between 1930 and 1955 when it reached a population of 9 @,@ 009 . By 1960 , Skagen had 10 @,@ 213 inhabitants , growing to 11 @,@ 253 in 1965 . Following a municipal merger in 1971 , the population jumped from 11 @,@ 749 to 13 @,@ 513 . Thereafter the population grew very steadily , reaching a peak of 14 @,@ 050 in 1980 . There has since been a steady decline , with 13 @,@ 724 people recorded in 1990 , 13 @,@ 298 in 1994 , and 12 @,@ 691 in 2000 . In the 2000s , the permanent population of Skagen has shown a marked decline , falling from 12 @,@ 213 in 2003 to just 8 @,@ 220 inhabitants as of 1 January 2013 . = = Economy = = For generations , Skagen 's economy has been based on its fishing industry which continues to prosper today , facilitated by its fishing harbour , the largest in Denmark . Skagen also has the country 's main herring processing facility and the world 's largest fish oil factory . The town 's evolving fishing industry led to considerable growth in the local population which reached some 11 @,@ 500 in the 1960s . A fish auction is held at dawn in the harbour , and between May and October the harbour also attracts yachting enthusiasts . Tourism has now become the town 's main industry . Initially attracted by its associations with the Skagen Painters , well @-@ to @-@ do visitors sought to benefit from its special light , colour and its fishermen . Their interest led to new hotels , summer houses and expensive villas . The old fishing village was transformed into a miniature city with fine streets lined with boutiques . From the 1960s , it became increasingly fashionable for the upper @-@ classes to spend their summers in Skagen . Galleries selling local art and reproductions of Skagen 's most iconic paintings have spread across the town , making it one of the places in Denmark with most galleries . Thanks to the town 's growing reputation , sailing enthusiasts from Norway , Sweden and Denmark are now also among its frequent visitors . The quality brand name of Skagen has spread far afield , resulting in the establishment of the successful American watch company Skagen Designs which " set out to create a design driven company centred around the welcoming spirit of the city " . Currently a new tourist initiative " The Top of Denmark " targets Skagen as a year @-@ round attraction , not just a summer resort . The harbour is also being adapted to accommodate large international cruise ships . A new 450 @-@ meter berth will be completed by 2015 while the existing 170 @-@ meter berth will be extended to 200 meters . Skagen now attracts some 2 million visitors a year to its hotels , restaurants , shops and galleries , making tourism a major source of income and employment . An annual attraction is the Skagen Festival , Denmark 's oldest music festival , which is held the first weekend of July at various venues in Skagen and the harbour area . The largest campsite in the Skagen area is Grenen Camping , situated about 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) northeast of the centre , adjacent to the beach . Until 2007 , Skagen was a municipality in its own right with a substantial local administration . With the reforms of 2007 , it became part of Frederikshavn Municipality with a resulting loss in administrative jobs . The Bank of Skagen was established in 1862 , and in 1865 a telegraph station was established in the town . The pharmacy opened in 1904 , a hospital in 1916 , and telephone services were automated in 1956 . Ankermedet School was established in 1955 . Recently , Skagen has seen developments in the offshore sector with an initiative to assist the Norwegian market through the establishment of Skagen Offshorepark in 2012 . On the shipbuilding front , Karstensens Skibsværft continues to prosper with orders for trawlers from Norway . Currently the harbour is being enlarged in order to accommodate larger vessels , especially cruise ships . From 2015 the enlarged harbour is expected to attract up to 40 large cruise ships per year compared to about a dozen smaller ships at present . The new harbour should provide new jobs increasing the workforce in the harbour from 2 @,@ 000 today to some 2 @,@ 600 on completion . Karstens Skibsværft , Danish Yacht , and the herring processing firm , Skagerrak Pelgic , are reported to be the most successful companies in Skagen but the town is also home to FF Skagen , the world 's top producer of fish meal and fish oil . = = = Shops and restaurants = = = Thanks to Skagen 's reputation as an artistic community , the local arts and crafts trade is also an important source of income and employment . Artwork and handicrafts are sold in galleries such as the Galerie Skagen on Trondsvej . Sankt Laurentii Vej , one of the main streets away from the harbour area in Skagen , is a known for its glass and pottery shops ; of particular note are Skagen Glasvaerksted , which produces some of " Jutland 's finest glass pieces " , and Skagen Potteri . In addition to its arts and crafts stores , the town has a wide range of shops , including jewellery , clothes and shoes , handbags , souvenirs , flowers and gardening equipment . There are also a variety of food stores with butchers , bakers , a cheese shop , fishmongers , and several restaurants and cafés . Skagen has a 1 @,@ 000 square metres ( 11 @,@ 000 sq ft ) branch of the EuroSpar supermarket , opened in 1998 . Skagen Cementstøberi A / S is a local cement firm which produces concrete , paving stones , tiles , granite and other items . Given the abundance of fresh fish coming it at the port of Skagen , seafood forms a staple of cuisine in Skagen . Of particular note is the Skagen Fiske Restaurant , one of the most renowned seafood restaurants in Jutland which was established in 1907 at the side of the harbour . It serves shrimp , herring , grilled fillets of sole with lemon sauce and Norwegian lobster . Ruth 's Gourmet in Ruth 's Hotel on Hans Ruth Vej is also of note and has been cited to be one of the top five restaurants in Denmark outside of Copenhagen , serving French cuisine under head chef Michel Michaud . Ruths Hotel was originally built by Emma and Hans Christian Ruth in 1904 as a bath and guest house . It was purchased by J. Philip @-@ Sørensen in 2003 . The Restaurant Pakhuset , the restaurant of the Brøndums Hotel , and Jakobs Café are also popular ; Jakobs Café is a music venue and bar at night . True foodies are also bound to visit the famous butcher Slagter Munch who is known for their sausages and for their ham : Skagen Skinken . = = Landmarks = = = = = Northern headland and lighthouses = = = At the headland at Grenen , the northernmost point of Denmark , the North Sea and the Baltic Sea meet . Because of their different densities , a clear dividing line can be seen . As a result of turbulent seas , beachings and shipwrecks were common . These frequent losses combined with the town 's strategic location as the gateway to the Baltic led to Skagen being the site of one of Denmark 's earliest lighthouses , Vippefyr , a lever light constructed in 1627 . A faithful copy has now been constructed on the site of the original . The White Lighthouse ( det Hvide fyr ) just north of the town is Denmark 's oldest brick @-@ built lighthouse . With a height of 21 m ( 69 ft ) , it was designed by Philip de Lange and lit for the first time in 1747 . In 1858 , it was replaced by the Grey Lighthouse ( det Grå fyr ) 2 km further north . Restored in 1960 , the White Lighthouse now houses art exhibitions . = = = Churches = = = The old village church from the 14th century is now known as The Sand @-@ Covered Church as only its tower can still be seen . Sand began drifting in from Råbjerg Mile around 1600 , the area surrounding the church becoming affected by the desertification which destroyed the fields . In 1775 , the church door had to be dug free for the congregation to be able to attend the service , and for the following 20 years , the Skageners struggled to keep the church free from sand , without being allowed to close it down . In 1795 the church was closed by royal decree and the body of the church demolished . A new church was built in 1841 to the design of Christian Frederik Hansen . The design was adapted in 1909 – 10 by Ulrik Plesner who also designed a number of other buildings in Skagen . Plesner collaborated with Thorvald Bindesbøll on the interior . Anne L. Hansen created interior decorations and a new colour scheme in 1989 . A highlight of the year is the celebration of Midsummer Eve or St. John 's Evening ( Sankt Hans Aften ) on the beach with blazing bonfire and song . = = = Museums = = = = = = = Skagens Museum = = = = Towards the end of the 19th century , Skagen became the summer venue of a group of artists who were attracted by the way of life in the fishing village and by the opportunities for painting the fishermen and surrounding landscapes . Skagens Museum was founded on 20 October 1908 in the dining room at Brøndums Hotel . Among the founders were artists Michael Ancher , P.S. Krøyer and Laurits Tuxen , who were elected to form the first board of governors together with Victor Christian Klæbel , the local pharmacist , and Degn Brøndum , who was the proprietor of Brøndums Hotel and brother of Anna Ancher . In 1982 , the exhibition rooms were extended with an annex designed by the Royal Surveyor , architect Jacob Blegvad . Blegvad also planned the later extension to the museum that was inaugurated in 1989 . Today Skagens Museum has more than 1 @,@ 900 works of art at its disposal . = = = = Michael and Anna Ancher 's House = = = = The former residence of the two painters dates from 1884 and was expanded with a studio designed by Ulrik Plesner in 1913 . Their only child , Helga Ancher , who died in 1964 , left the property to a foundation for conversion into a museum . Opened to the public in 1967 , the house contains much of the original furniture , preserving the atmosphere of the artists ' home . Together with the adjacent 18th @-@ century Saxild House ( Saxilds Gaard ) , it displays many of the Anchers ' paintings as well as those of their artist friends . Saxild House frequently hosts exhibitions , mainly of works belonging to Helga Ancher 's foundation . = = = = Drachmann 's House = = = = Drachmann 's House on Hans Baghs Vej in the west of the town is a large property built in 1829 . Now a museum , it is dedicated to the writer and marine painter Holger Drachmann who lived in the house from 1902 until his death in a sanatorium in Hornbæk in January 1908 . Drachmann had regularly visited Skagen from 1871 . Drachmann 's House , first opened to the public on 4 June 1911 , offers a collection not only of his own oil paintings and sketchbooks , but also of paintings from the colony 's other artists including Krøyer , Tuxen and the Anchers . An annex contains a photographic exhibition about Drachmann . Every year , the house hosts a " Drachmann evening " in which enthusiasts gather together to hear readings , oral presentations and music related to the writer 's life and works . = = = = Teddy Bear Museum = = = = In central Skagen there is a teddy bear museum , Skagen Bamsemuseum . The teddy bears on display belong to the private collection of the owner Jonna Thygesen . It is the only teddy bear museum in Scandinavia . Opened in 1998 , the collection contains about a thousand bears of all kinds , some of historic value . The museum also has a sculptured garden , an ice café and a teddy bear shop . Special events are arranged at Easter and Christmas . = = = = Skagen Odde Nature Centre = = = = The Skagen Odde Nature Centre located close to the northern tip of the peninsula is a museum specially built to allow visitors to see , hear and understand more about the area 's sand , water , wind and light . Each of the pavilions presents one of these elements in a special atmosphere . Designed by Jørn Utzon , it is the most northerly building on Skagen Odde . = = = = Skagen Town and Regional Museum = = = = Skagen Town and Regional Museum ( Skagen By- og Egnsmuseum ) , an open @-@ air museum , was opened by the local population in 1927 . In 1938 it was moved to the sand dunes of Vesterby . The museum brings together examples of fishermen 's cottages and the homes of less fortunate inhabitants of Skagen in the middle of the 19th century . There is an old life @-@ saving station , a smithy , an old Dutch windmill , pictures of ships in distress and related nautical artefacts as well as a collection of items illustrating the town 's history over various periods . = = Education = = Skagen 's first school was the Latinskole , a grammar school , which was in operation from 1549 until 1739 . By the end of the 19th century , three schools had been established in Skagen : one in Vesterby , another in Østerby and a third in Højen . As a result of evolving legislation , a new public primary school ( Borgerskolen ) designed by A. Haunstrup was completed in 1901 . A gymnasium was added in 1909 but in 1924 it was converted into classrooms to accommodate the growing number of pupils . A secondary school ( Realskolen ) was opened in 1904 behind the former local authority building on Sct . Laurentii vej . The secondary school was later moved next to the primary school and in 1948 the buildings were extended . An additional two @-@ storey wing was completed in 1969 . In 1921 , Skagen 's Skipper School was opened to train navigators for both fishing boats and merchant ships . It is now the only remaining skipper school in Denmark with some 100 students from the whole of Scandinavia and 15 staff . In 2012 , the school moved into new premises close to the Kattegat . In 1955 , the folkschool Ankermedets skole was opened on Skagavej , initially with 483 pupils and 16 classes . It has been extended several times over the years , most recently when a new wing was added in 2003 . The private school Brovandeskolen , a so @-@ called free school , opened in 1977 for parents wishing to offer their children a new pedagogical approach . A primary goal is active cooperation between pupils , teachers and parents . = = Sport = = Skagen 's sports centre dates from 1974 when its large hall was completed . A smaller hall with bedrooms was built in 1999 . The centre has facilities for badminton , basketball , handball , hockey and tennis in addition to its football fields . Overnight accommodation is also available . Skagen Idræts Klub , the local football club founded in 1946 , plays in Jyllandsserien , one of the lower divisions in Denmark 's football system . Skagen also has a badminton club and a tennis club , The Hvide Klit Golf Club is located some 17 km ( 11 mi ) south of the town on the road to Ålbæk . In season , it is popular with tourists . = = Transport = = = = = Railway = = = The Skagen Line connects Skagen with Frederikshavn Station in Frederikshavn to the south . Nordjyske Jernbaner operates a frequent train service between Skagen and Frederikshavn with onward connections by DSB to the rest of Denmark . Skagen Station , the most northerly railway station in mainland Denmark , is the principal station of the town . Skagen 's first station , opened in 1890 , was designed by Thomas Arboe . The current building , completed in 1919 , is the work of the architect Ulrik Plesner . The western part of Skagen is also served by the Frederikshavnsvej railway halt . = = = Bus = = = In the summer , there are buses from Skagen to Blokhus via Hirtshals . = = = Ferry = = = From Frederikshavn , there are ferries to Gothenburg and Oslo . From Hirtshals , there are ferries to Stavanger , Bergen , Larvik and Langesund . = = = Airport = = = Aalborg Airport with flights to destinations across Europe is located some 100 km ( 62 mi ) southwest of Skagen . It can be reached by rail and metro . = = = Road = = = Skagen lies along Danish national road 40 , also known as Frederikshavnsvej , which connects the town to Frederikshavn , via Ålbæk to the southeast . The stretch of the road between Skagen and Ålbæk was asphalted in 1932 . Hirtshals on the western side of the peninsula can be reached by taking Road 597 from Ålbæk . The Bøjlevejen road is the main skirt road around the town to the north , along which lies the Skagen Odde Nature Centre . In the peak season during the summer months , Skagen can become congested with traffic . Free parking facilities are provided for short periods , and there is also a metered car park near the train station . As in other Danish cities , cycling is popular , and Skagen Cykeludlejning , to the west of the train station , and Pedersen on Kappelborgvej rent out bikes to tourists . There are a number of interesting marked cycle routes in and around Skagen . These include circuits for mountain bikes . = = Notable people = = Among those born in Skagen are : Anna Ancher ( 1859 – 1935 ) , the only member of the Skagen painters actually born in Skagen Palle Bruun ( 1873 – 1910 ) , the hydraulic engineer who designed Skagen 's fishing harbour Degn Brøndum ( 1856 – 1932 ) , proprietor of Brøndums Hotel frequented by many of the Skagen painters Amalie Claussen ( 1859 – 1950 ) , artistic photographer Kamilla Rytter Juhl ( born 1983 ) , badminton player Viggo Jensen ( 1921 – 2005 ) , footballer Mariann Gajhede Knudsen ( born 1984 ) , footballer Lars Kruse ( 1828 – 1894 ) , fisherman and heroic lifesaver David Nielsen ( born 1976 ) , footballer Ulrik Plesner ( 1861 – 1933 ) , the architect who gave Skagen its distinctive look All the painters , writers and other members of the artists ' colony also have close associations with Skagen . = = Twin towns = = Qingdao , China Seinäjoki , Finland Sisimiut , Greenland Chendering , Malaysia Farsund , Norway Kristinehamn , Sweden
= St. Vrain massacre = The St. Vrain massacre was an incident in the Black Hawk War . It occurred near present @-@ day Pearl City , Illinois , in Kellogg 's Grove , on May 24 , 1832 . The massacre was most likely committed by Ho @-@ Chunk warriors who were unaffiliated with Black Hawk 's band of warriors . It is also unlikely that the group of Ho @-@ Chunk had the sanction of their nation . Killed in the massacre were United States Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain and three of his companions . Some accounts reported that St. Vrain 's body was mutilated . St. Vrain and his party were attacked while en route from Dixon 's Ferry , Illinois ( now Dixon ) to Galena , Illinois . St. Vrain had been ordered by General Henry Atkinson to deliver dispatches to Fort Armstrong . Colonel Henry Dodge 's men interred the remains of St. Vrain and his companions after the massacre . = = Prelude = = United States Indian Agent Felix St. Vrain was traveling with several companions which included , John Fowler , William Hale , and Aaron Hawley . Those men , along with St. Vrain , were all reportedly killed in the attack ; also traveling with St. Vrain was Thomas Kenney , Aquilla Floyd , and Alexander Higginbotham . The Native Americans that attacked the group were not part of Black Hawk 's band of warriors but they were en route to join that group when the massacre occurred . Older histories described the group as a band of Sac warriors while modern sources indicate that the band were associated with the Ho @-@ Chunk nation . Black Hawk asserted that the group was Ho @-@ Chunk and unaffiliated with his band in his autobiography . In fact , most Ho @-@ Chunk sided with the United States during the Black Hawk War . The warriors that attacked St. Vrain 's party acted with no authority or oversight from the Ho @-@ Chunk nation . As the war began to be defined along racial terms most white settlers in the region did not notice the distinction . This led to unwarranted fear of all Native Americans in the area , even those friendly to the settlers ' cause . One example of this appeared in an article published in the New Galenian on May 30 , 1832 . While the article described the events of the massacre it also went on to associate the murders of St. Vrain and his companions with the Sauk and Fox of Keokuk 's band . " It is supposed by many , that these Indians belong to Ke @-@ o @-@ kucks band We know nothing about it . Although Ke @-@ o @-@ kuck 's band is supposed to be friendly , and are supplied with corn at the public expense , we acknowledge we have but little confidence in them . " -New Galenian , May 30 , 1832 Keokuk and his band were not near the scene when the murders occurred and had actually volunteered to assist white settlers against Black Hawk and his band of warriors . = = Massacre = = The St. Vrain massacre occurred near present @-@ day Pearl City , Illinois , in an area known as Kellogg 's Grove . Felix St. Vrain , a U.S. Indian Agent to the Sauk and Fox tribes , was in Dixon 's Ferry , Illinois , under the command of General Henry Atkinson prior to the massacre . A group composed of Aaron Hawley , John Fowler , Thomas Kenney and Alexander Higginbotham had been purchasing cattle in Sangamon County , Illinois when news of trouble with Black Hawk 's band reached them . They immediately decided to return to northern Illinois to protect their homes . On May 22 , 1832 the men left Dixon 's Ferry for Galena , Illinois . At Buffalo Grove they discovered the body of William Durley , who had been killed in the Buffalo Grove massacre . The men immediately returned to Dixon 's Ferry to report their find and remained in the town overnight . The following day General Atkinson returned to Dixon 's Ferry on with dispatches destined for Fort Armstrong . Atkinson ordered St. Vrain to travel with the Hawley party and deliver the dispatches to the fort . The men traveled north from Dixon 's Ferry and back to Buffalo Grove , where they interred the remains of Durley . They then traveled another ten miles toward Fort Hamilton before camping for the night . The next morning , May 24 , they set out again , but stopped for breakfast after about three miles . As they finished eating , about 30 warriors approached . The men retreated , but four were shot and killed . Slain with St. Vrain were John Fowler , William Hale , and Aaron Hawley . An account of the massacre from Gen. George W. Jones , who was St. Vrain 's brother @-@ in @-@ law and the man who identified his body , said the warriors had scalped the dead men , but also cut off the hands , head , and feet of St. Vrain and removed his heart . They reportedly passed around pieces of the heart for the braves to eat . At least one source indicated that the mutilation began before St. Vrain was dead . Three men , Thomas Kenney , Aquilla Floyd , and Alexander Higginbotham , managed to escape . They eluded the warriors and arrived safely in Galena , Illinois three days later . It is said that Aaron Hawley was initially able to retreat from the scene , but apparently was later killed as he fled . = = ' The Little Bear ' incident = = Frank Stevens in his 1903 history of the war , The Black Hawk War stated the attacker were Sauk and led by The Little Bear , a chief who had purportedly adopted Felix St. Vrain as a " blood brother . " Noting The Little Bear 's presence , St. Vrain allegedly had assured his companions that there was nothing to fear . The same claims were included in an 1887 book by Nehemiah Matson , Memories of Shaubena . Matson 's narrative described St. Vrain 's allegedly pleading for his life with The Little Bear . Perry A. Armstrong 's 1887 history dismissed the idea that The Little Bear had adopted Felix St. Vrain . Armstrong wrote that The Little Bear had never existed as a Sauk or Fox chief and said it was preposterous to think that a Sauk chief would have adopted St. Vrain as a brother . Matson , Stevens and John H. Kinzie , whom Armstrong 's information was in part based on , all identified St. Vrain 's assailants as Sac . They were more likely Ho @-@ Chunk . = = Aftermath = = According to the New Galenian the three men who evaded the band that attacked the St. Vrain party , Floyd , Higgenbotham and Kenney , arrived in Galena at 7 a.m. on May 26 , 1832 . They provided their own description of events which the newspaper account detailed . However , at least one source indicated that Floyd was a victim of the massacre and his remains are interred in the cemetery with the other victims of the massacre at a public park within Kellogg 's Grove near present @-@ day Kent , Illinois . Following the massacre a detachment led by Colonel Henry Dodge buried the bodies of St. Vrain and some of the other victims . Though Dodge and his men recovered the remains of St. Vrain , Hale and Fowler , the body of Aaron Hawley was never recovered .
= Italian cruiser Partenope = Partenope was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s , the lead ship of her class , which included seven other vessels . The ship was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ; she was laid down in June 1888 , was launched in December 1889 , and was completed in September 1890 . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small @-@ caliber guns . Partenope spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . In 1906 – 08 , she was converted into a minelayer , losing her torpedo tubes . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War of 1911 – 12 , she provided gunfire support to Italian forces in Libya . She was used to lay a series of minefields in the Adriatic Sea after Italy entered World War I in 1915 . In March 1918 , Partenope was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine UC @-@ 67 off Bizerte . = = Design = = Partenope was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 240 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 @.@ 0 ft ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 @.@ 4 ft ) . She displaced 821 metric tons ( 808 long tons ; 905 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Partenope 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ 884 to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 896 to 3 @,@ 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 – 121 . Partenope was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.α She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her five 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . = = Service history = = Partenope was laid down on 8 June 1888 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) , and was launched on 23 December 1889 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 11 September 1890 . Throughout the first decade of her career , Partenope primarily served with the main Italian fleet in the 2nd Division , which was usually kept in reserve . The reserve ships were typically only kept in service for three months of the year for annual training maneuvers , while the 1st Division was on active status for nine months per year . In 1893 , Partenope was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Italian fleet , along with the ironclad Enrico Dandolo and the protected cruiser Vesuvio . By 1895 , the 2nd Division consisted of the ironclads Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria , along with Partenope . Partenope joined the ironclads Re Umberto , Sardegna , Ruggiero di Lauria , and Andrea Doria and the cruisers Stromboli and Etruria for a visit to Spithead in the United Kingdom in July 1895 . All of the ships , save Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria , joined an international naval demonstration in late 1895 off Crete during a period of tension between Greece and the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the Greco @-@ Turkish War . By 1899 , the division consisted of the ironclads Affondatore , Castelfidardo , and Sicilia and her sister ship Urania in addition to Partenope . During 1901 , Partenope was joined by the ironclads Dandolo , Andrea Doria , and Francesco Morosini , the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto , and three torpedo boats . By 1904 , the Italian fleet had expanded enough to increase the 1st Division to the 1st Squadron ; this unit spent seven months in commission for training and five in reserve . Partenope was transferred to the new unit , along with her sister Minerva . The 1st Squadron included six battleships , four other cruisers , and nine destroyers . Between 1906 and 1908 , the ship was modernized and converted into a minelayer . She received new oil @-@ fired boilers and had her armament reduced to two 3 in ( 76 mm ) guns , four 57 mm guns and two 37 mm guns . Partenope 's speed was reduced to 17 @.@ 05 knots ( 31 @.@ 58 km / h ; 19 @.@ 62 mph ) on 2 @,@ 481 ihp ( 1 @,@ 850 kW ) . The ship was now equipped to carry sixty naval mines , with a bank of thirty mines on a platform on each side of the ship . At the start of the Italo @-@ Turkish War in September 1911 , Partenope was attached to the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron of the Italian fleet . By this time , she was being used as a minelayer . On 9 November , she , the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto , the protected cruiser Liguria , and the torpedo boat Cigno provided critical gunfire support that broke a series of Ottoman attacks on the city of Tripoli . A month later , Partenope , Liguria , and the torpedo boats Dardo and Euro conducted a series of bombardments on the ports of Zuwarah , Misrata , and Argub . Partenope then returned to Tripoli , where she continued providing gunfire support to the defending Italian garrison there . She and the ironclads Sardegna and Re Umberto bombarded the oasis at Taguira , though no Turkish forces were present . The Italians then sent a garrison to protect the oasis . Italy had declared neutrality at the start of World War I , but by July 1915 , the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers . Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the Italian naval chief of staff , believed that the threat from Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and naval mines in the narrow waters of the Adriatic was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way . Instead , Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the main fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS boats , conducted raids on Austro @-@ Hungarian ships and installations . Partenope was initially used to lay a series of defensive minefields , along with her sister Minerva and the cruiser Goito , in support of this strategy . On 24 March 1918 , the German U @-@ boat UC @-@ 67 torpedoed and sank Partenope north of Bizerte , Tunisia , at coordinates 37 ° 53 ′ N 10 ° 10 ′ E.
= HMS Tabard ( P342 ) = HMS Tabard was a British submarine of the third group of the T class . She was built by Scotts , Greenock , and launched on 21 November 1945 . So far she has been the only boat of the Royal Navy to bear the name Tabard , after the item of clothing . Having been launched after the war , she was selected , along with a number of boats of her class , to try out new streamlining techniques based on the German Type XXIII submarine . In May 1963 , she was involved in a collision with HMAS Queenborough , and on 10 February 1964 she underwent exercises with HMAS Melbourne and HMAS Voyager in the hours before their collision . When she returned to the UK , she became the static training submarine at the shore establishment HMS Dolphin , until 1974 when she was sold and broken up . = = Design and description = = Tabard had been originally ordered from Vickers Armstrong , Barrow , but the orders were switched to Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , Greenock . Ordered as P. 342 , she was named Tabard in May 1943 after the Tabard , the official dress of a herald , and she is the only boat of the Royal Navy to bear the name . She was laid down on 6 September 1944 , and launched on 21 November 1945 before being completed on 25 June 1946 . It was one of fourteen boats ordered under the 1942 Programme , and was one of the five which were completed . Unlike some of the earlier boats of its class , it was not equipped with a 4 inch gun with a full shield , rather than a standard open gun mounting . Further aft , she had an Oerlikon 20 mm cannon mounting which was modified for boats by having holes cut in the pedestal for drainage . Being from the third group , she has an all – welded hull , which increased her diving depth to 350 feet ( 110 m ) . Following post war tests by the British Navy on German Type XXIII submarines , it was decided by the Admiralty to modify eight T @-@ class submarines to enlarge the batteries , increase the power of the motors and streamline the hulls . In 1950 , Tarbard 's pressure hull was cut at the after end of the engine room and the submarine was lengthened by 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) . This gave enough room to add an additional battery compartment and a second pair of electric motors . The propulsion system was changed from direct to diesel – electric transmission . Along with HMS Trump , Tabard was one of two boats which were further modified by incorporating their bridge into a streamlined fin . Other streamlining adjustments were made to the hull with all external fittings removed , including the external torpedo tubes and gun . The periscopes , radar masts , snort mast and wireless mast were all incorporated into the new bridge fin . = = Service = = Tabard was commissioned after the end of the Second World War , initially being sent for Mediterranean duties . In March 1949 , she was one of a number of ships to take part in Operation Two Step , a training exercise which combined the bulk of the Home Fleet with the Mediterranean Fleet to make up the biggest concentration of British ships since Operation Torch in November 1942 . On 17 January 1950 , along with HMS Chequers carrying Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , she escorted HMS Surprise carrying Admiral Sir Arthur Power to meet with Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia for talks at Jeddah . While being refitted in Malta during June 1950 , she was damaged by electrical cables being installed by a disgruntled workman . Reports in the British media arose a little over a month later , mistakenly attributing the damage to HMS Teredo . On 18 December 1950 , she rescued Roi Wilson , later captain of the Old Royal Naval College , after he and his observer James Hawker had downed their Fairey Firefly . In 1960 , Tabard along with Taciturn and Trump , joined the 4th Submarine Squadron in Sydney , Australia . She underwent a refit at Cockatoo Island in Sydney between 9 January 1961 and 26 March 1962 , becoming the submarine to be refitted there . There , they operated with units of the Far East Fleet , the Royal Australian Navy , and the Royal New Zealand Navy . In April 1963 she collided with a wharf when docking in Brisbane , damaging her ASDIC sonar equipment . On 8 May , Tabard was involved in a further minor collision with Royal Australian Navy frigate HMAS Queenborough , following a week of anti @-@ submarine training exercises . Tabard was at periscope depth when Queenborough passed above her , bending the submarine 's fin and the frigate 's keel and port propeller . Both vessels were able to safely return to Sydney , where they docked at naval base HMAS Kuttabul for repairs . On 10 February 1964 , she participated in anti – submarine exercises with the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne and the destroyer HMAS Voyager , finishing at 1800 hours that day . Less than three hours later , Voyager sailed under Melbourne 's bow and was cut in two and sunk , killing 82 of her crew in what was to become known as the Voyager Incident . Later that year in June , she participated in the NEWS EX anti – submarine exercise in the Hauraki Gulf off the coast of New Zealand . She underwent a second refit at Cockatoo Island between 9 October 1964 and 10 December 1965 , due to the extensive repairs required to her fin , casings and salt water systems . Following the establishment of the 1st Australian Submarine Squadron in 1967 , the 4th Submarine Squadron returned to the UK , however Tabard along with Trump remained behind on loan to the Royal Australian Navy . Tabard returned to the United Kingdom in March 1968 . She was permanently moored as a static training submarine at the HMS Dolphin shore @-@ establishment from 1969 until 1974 , when she was replaced by HMS Alliance . Tabard was the last T @-@ class boat in service with Royal Navy , albeit non @-@ operationally . She was finally sold for scrap on 2 January 1974 , arriving at the breakers on 14 March 1974 . During her service , she spent two years in the Mediterranean and eight years in Australia , covering 253 @,@ 349 miles .
= Towel Power = Towel Power is a term used by the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) to describe the waving of rally towels by their fans . The tradition started in the 1982 Campbell Conference Finals when Vancouver played the Chicago Blackhawks . During game two of the series , head coach Roger Neilson waved a white towel on the end of a hockey stick in a mock surrender after being upset with the officiating . Neilson was ejected and the Canucks lost 4 – 1 . When Vancouver returned home from Chicago for the following game fans supported both Neilson and the Canucks by waving towels first at the airport when the team arrived and then during the next game . The Canucks won the next three games and advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals where they were defeated by the New York Islanders . As part of the tradition , the Canucks hand out towels prior to playoff games for fans to help support the team . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Late in the 1981 – 82 season the Vancouver Canucks played a game against the Quebec Nordiques in Quebec City . During the game Canucks ' enforcer , Tiger Williams was punched by a fan . In response Canucks ' head coach Harry Neale went into the crowd to " get the fan " and a few players followed suit . For his actions NHL President John Ziegler suspended Neale for eight games . Neale 's suspension began with four games remaining in the season and assistant coach Roger Neilson took over the head coaching duties for Neale . Vancouver finished the year with a 30 – 33 – 17 record , second in the Smythe Division and qualified them for the playoffs . Neale 's suspension then carried over for the first four games . Despite the losing record the Canucks finished the year with an eight @-@ game unbeaten streak , which continued into their first round match @-@ up with the Calgary Flames . Vancouver swept the Flames in three straight games advancing to the second round where they faced the Los Angeles Kings . With Canucks ' General Manager Jake Milford retiring and Neale set to replace him , Neale told Milford to keep Neilson as head coach for the remainder of the playoffs , believing the team had bonded under his guidance . With Neilson remaining as head coach , the Canucks eliminated the Kings in five games and advanced to the Campbell Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks . = = = Incident = = = Vancouver won the first game of the series in Chicago 2 – 1 in double overtime , but fell behind in game two 3 – 1 . During the game the Canucks felt that referee Bob Myers was making questionable calls against them . A series of events in the third period ignited tempers . First , Vancouver had a goal disallowed . Soon after , there was a perceived non @-@ call against Chicago , followed by a fourth consecutive penalty called against the Canucks . Denis Savard scored on the power play to put the Black Hawks up 4 – 1 . This enraged the Canucks ' bench . Assistant coach Ron Smith yelled out " We give up , we surrender , we give up . " Williams suggested to Neilson that he throw sticks onto the ice in protest . Neilson noted that he had done that before , and he had a better idea . He proceeded to take a white towel and place it on the end of a hockey stick holding it up in a mock surrender . Some of the Canucks ' players followed suit . Neilson was ejected from the game along with two players . Vancouver goaltender , Richard Brodeur later noted that although they lost the game the atmosphere in the dressing room was so positive it was as if they had won . = = = Aftermath = = = Neilson was fined $ 1 @,@ 000 and the franchise was fined $ 10 @,@ 000 as a result of the incident . Myers later called Nielson 's action " bush league " . While NHL executive vice @-@ president Brian O 'Neill stated that the mock surrender " disgraced the championship series , " Canucks ' captain , Stan Smyl , noted that several players were " surprised " by Nielson 's action because the coach had always been " respectful " , and it was an " extreme way for him to react " . When the Canucks returned home , they were greeted by fans at the airport waving towels in support of the team . During game three , fans waved towels to show support for the Canucks . Former professional football player , wrestler , and five time world belly flop champion Butts Giraud got permission from the team to start selling towels with the phrase " Canucks Take no Survivors " . He initially had 5 @,@ 000 of them made at $ 1 apiece and sold 1 @,@ 000 of them right away , proceeds going to charity . Giraud would sell 30 @,@ 000 towels personally , the proceeds for charity amounted to $ 23 @,@ 000 . Vancouver won game three 4 – 3 to take the lead in the series . For game four there were more fans waving towels as the Canucks won again 5 – 3 . Vancouver won game five in Chicago and advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , where they were swept by the New York Islanders . To continue the tradition , the organization produces 20 @,@ 500 white towels with the Canucks logo for each playoff game . Following his first playoff game in 2007 Vancouver forward Alex Burrows stated " It looks like the fans are really into the game and the atmosphere out there is something else , people are really passionate instead of just sitting and no one moving or anything like some places . It just creates movement and it seems like there is more enthusiasm and intensity in the building . " As part of their 40th season celebration the Canucks organization commissioned a permanent statue of Nielson . Standing over 11 feet tall and weighing over 800 pounds the bronze statue depicts Nielson 's mock surrender which started towel power . The first use of rally towels in professional sports was the Pittsburgh Steelers football team 's Terrible Towel , in 1975 . Minnesota Twins first used Homer Hanky towels in 1987 . In recent years , other NHL hockey teams have used rally towels at home games , including Anaheim Ducks Fowl Towels .
= The Boat Race 1976 = The 122nd Boat Race , an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames , took place on 20 March 1976 and was won by Oxford by six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in 16 minutes 58 seconds , the fastest time in the history of the race . The race was umpired by former Cambridge rower Farn Carpmael . It was the first race in the event for which an official weigh @-@ in was held , and featured the heaviest rower ever in Steve Plunkett . Oxford 's Isis won the 12th running of the reserve race against Cambridge 's Goldie , in a record time of 17 minutes 37 seconds . In the 31st Women 's Boat Race , Oxford defeated Cambridge . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a " hotly contested point of honour " between the two universities . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1975 race by five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , and led overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 52 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The umpire for the race was Farn Carpmael , who had rowed for Cambridge in 1930 and 1931 races . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . By invitation from the Oxford boat club president Graham Innes , Oxford were coached by former Blue Dan Topolski while Cambridge were led by Czechoslovakian former international rower Bohumil Janoušek ( more commonly known as Bob Janousek ) . Preparations during the week before the race were underwhelming for both crews . Oxford 's performance against a University of London crew was described by Jim Railton of The Times as " abysmal " while Cambridge " disgraced themselves " in a subsequent two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ length defeat by their own reserve crew , Goldie . Both crews had faced the " Lubrication Laboratory " crew from Imperial College London , a " hotbed of rowing " , in the lead @-@ up to the official race , but changes in personnel and differences in conditions and race lengths did not demonstrate a clear favourite . The day before the race , British bookmaking company Ladbrokes announced that they would sponsor the race from the following year . From 1977 , each boat club would be awarded £ 10 @,@ 000 and would compete for The Ladbroke Cup . = = Crews = = For the first time in the history of the event , an official weigh @-@ in was held , organised by The Sunday Times and weighing machine manufacturers W & T Avery Ltd . Oxford 's crew was the heaviest of all time , at an average of just under 14 st 1 lb ( 89 @.@ 0 kg ) per rower , 4 @.@ 5 pounds ( 2 @.@ 0 kg ) more than their opposition , and the first time in the race history , a crew weighed more than an average of 14 st ( 88 @.@ 7 kg ) . The Dark Blue crew also included Steve Plunkett who , at 16 st 5 lb ( 103 @.@ 6 kg ) was the heaviest rower in the history of the race . The Cambridge crew were inexperienced , their only Blue being the Cambridge University Boat Club president Henry Clay who had rowed in the 1975 race . In contrast , Oxford welcomed back five of their 1975 crew including cox Ashton Calvert , and also included two from the victorious 1975 Isis crew . Two non @-@ British rowers participated , Americans Dick Cashin ( of Harvard ) for Cambridge and Ken Brown ( of Cornell ) for Oxford . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Leading from the outset , and in calm river conditions , Oxford were a length ahead within a minute . Four lengths up by the Mile Post , which they reached in a record 3 minutes 35 seconds , the Dark Blues reduced their rating . Further milestone records were broken at Hammersmith Bridge , Chiswick Steps and Barnes Bridge . Oxford reduced their rating but still extended their lead to six lengths by the finishing post , in a record @-@ breaking time of 16 minutes 58 seconds , 37 seconds quicker than their 1974 colleagues who had previously held the record . Although Cambridge also beat the existing record , they finished a distant 22 seconds and six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths behind . = = Reaction = = Oxford coach Topolski said of his successful crew : " they got three [ lengths ] up , then they really sat on it and cruised . The enjoyed the row . It 's a natural thing when the other crew is so far behind . " He was critical of the Cambridge crew : " They didn 't really have a lot of talent . " The official winning distance caused controversy . A discrepancy between the official margin ( six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths ) and those reported in various British newspapers , including The Sunday Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Times resulted in a delay in bookmakers paying out on winning bets .
= News ( band ) = NEWS ( ニュース , Nyūsu ) , is a four @-@ member Japanese boy band consisting of Keiichiro Koyama , Takahisa Masuda , Shigeaki Kato and Yuya Tegoshi . The group 's name is an acronym based on the cardinal directions ( North , East , West , South ) and the members locations . Formed in 2003 by Johnny Kitagawa as a nine @-@ member group under the label Johnny 's Entertainment , NEWS released a promotional single " NEWS Nippon " ( NEWS ニッポン , NEWS Japan ) , which was used for the World Cup of Volleyball Championships . In 2004 , Takahiro Moriuchi left the group and the remaining eight members released their debut single , " Kibō : Yell " ( 希望 ~ Yell ~ , Hope ~ Yell ~ ) , which debuted atop the Oricon charts . In 2006 , the group released their fifth consecutive number @-@ one single , " Sayaendō / Hadashi no Cinderella Boy " ( サヤエンドウ / 裸足のシンデレラボーイ , Peas / Barefoot Cinderella Boy ) , as a six @-@ member group due to the controversy surrounding then @-@ members Hiroki Uchi and Hironori Kusano . After a brief hiatus , they released their seventh number @-@ one single , " Hoshi o Mezashite " ( 星をめざして , lit . Aim for the Stars ) . In 2008 , they performed at the Tokyo Dome for the first time , and released their tenth single , " Happy Birthday , " which made NEWS the second Japanese group after label @-@ mates KinKi Kids to have ten consecutive number @-@ one singles since their debut . NEWS became a quartet following the departures of Ryo Nishikido and Tomohisa Yamashita from the group in 2011 . = = History = = = = = 2003 – 2006 : Debut and departure of members = = = Formed in September 2003 , NEWS released a promotional single , " NEWS Nippon " ( NEWS ニッポン , NEWS Japan ) , which was used as the theme song for the World Cup of Volleyball Championships . Before holding their first concert , NEWSnow Concert : NEWS ' Concert ( NEWSnowCONCERT 〜ニュースのコンサート〜 ) , Takahiro Moriuchi left the group . NEWS later released their debut single , " Kibō : Yell " , which topped the Oricon chart . Their next two singles , " Akaku Moyuru Taiyō " ( 紅く燃ゆる太陽 , Burning Red Sun ) ( 2004 ) and Cherish ( チェリッシュ , Cherisshu ) ( 2005 ) , both debuted atop the charts , as did NEWS ' first album , Touch , which sold 164 @,@ 016 copies in its first week . In July 2005 , Uchi Hiroki was scrutinized for athena was the underage drinker and was suspended indefinitely from both NEWS and Kanjani8 , another group he was a part of . Despite having lost a member , NEWS released their fourth single , " Teppen " ( てっぺん , Top ) , which like its predecessors debut at number @-@ one . In January 2006 , NEWS was reduced to six members when Hironori Kusano was suspended indefinitely for the same charge as Uchi . NEWS released their fifth single , " Sayaendō / Hadashi no Cinderella Boy " ( サヤエンドウ / 裸足のシンデレラボーイ , Peas / Barefoot Cinderella Boy ) ( March 2006 ) , which was their fifth consecutive number @-@ one single . On May 1 , 2006 , after NEWS finished their " NEWS Spring Tour " , the group went on hiatus . = = = 2007 – 2010 : NEWS ' 6 @-@ Member Comeback = = = On December 30 , 2006 , it was announced that NEWS would make their return at Johnny 's Concert Countdown 2006 @-@ 2007 as a six @-@ member group , since Hiroki Uchi and Hironori Kusano had been demoted to trainees . To mark their return , NEWS embarked on a tour and released their sixth single " Hoshi wo Mezashite " ( 星をめざして , Aim For the Stars ) . " Hoshi wo Mezashite " became their sixth number @-@ one single , which went on to be used as the theme song for the Japanese version of Happy Feet . On November 7 , NEWS simultaneously released their seventh single , " Weeeek " and their second album , Pacific . Both releases debut atop of their respective charts with " Weeeek " selling 263 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and Pacific selling 196 @,@ 000 copies in their first week . This marked the tenth in Oricon history that an artist had both their single and album debut atop the charts simultaneously . To further support their album , NEWS went on a nationwide tour , NEWS Concert Tour Pacific 2007 @-@ 2008 , from December 15 , 2007 to January 27 , 2008 . Because tickets were in such high demand , two more dates were added to the concert , which resulted in NEWS performing at the Tokyo Dome for the first time . In February 2008 NEWS released their eighth number @-@ one single , " Taiyō no Namida " ( 太陽のナミダ , Tears of the Sun ) , which was used as the theme song for the movie Kurosagi , starring Tomohisa Yamashita . NEWS released two more number @-@ one singles , " Summer Time " ( May 2008 ) and " Happy Birthday " ( October 2008 ) , before releasing their third studio album Color ( November 2008 ) . The release of " Happy Birthday " made NEWS the second group , after the KinKi Kids , to have ten consecutive number @-@ one singles since their debut . Color debuted at the number @-@ one position on the charts , giving NEWS their third consecutive album . NEWS released their new single , " Koi no ABO " ( 恋のABO , Love 's ABO ) on April 29 , 2009 . It became their 11th number @-@ one single . Their 12th number @-@ one single titled " Sakura Girl " was released on March 31 , 2010 . At the “ LIVE ! LIVE ! LIVE ! NEWS DOME PARTY 2010 “ concert at Tokyo Dome , it was announced that NEWS would be releasing their 13th single , “ Fighting Man , ” on November 3 , which they did . NEWS has not had any group activities since the Music Station Super Live in December 2010 . = = = 2011 : Becoming a quartet = = = On October 7 , 2011 , it was announced that both Ryo Nishikido and Tomohisa Yamashita left the group . The official press release from Johnnys & Associates explained that Nishikido was leaving because scheduling conflicts made it difficult for him to be active in both NEWS and Kanjani8 , while Yamashita was leaving to concentrate on solo projects . Nishikido will continue his activities with Kanjani8 but not NEWS . NEWS will continue as a four @-@ member group with Keiichiro Koyama , Takahisa Masuda , Shigeaki Kato and Yuya Tegoshi . = = = 2012 : NEWS ' 4 @-@ Member Comeback = = = On April 15 , 2012 , a countdown appeared on the JE site , revealing the four current member 's outlines , suggesting a comeback . NEWS were officially back . On Apr 16th , Johnny 's special site for NEWS restarted its countdown , which hit " 0 : 00 : 00 " on Apr 18th ( 12mn , JST ) . The time coincide with NEWS ' member Keiichiro Koyama radio program " K @-@ chan NEWS " to start its broadcast . Koyama 's special guest were co @-@ members Tegoshi Yuya , Takahisa Masuda , and Kato Shigeaki . The four members kept the fans in suspense by talking nonsensical stuff before finally making an official announcement . As reported earlier , Keiichiro Koyama said something about a new single and Best of Album . Now , aside from the NEWS ' new single and Best of Album , the Johnny 's talents also had a concert tour . Moreover , in order to show their love for the fans who have waited for them for more than a year , fans could participate in their Best of Album . Fans voted for their " Top Four Favorite NEWS songs " on Johnny 's Entertainment site starting Apr 18th at 12nn , JST . On May 7 , JE side has announced the new album titled " NEWS BEST " and will be released on June 13 . The album came in a regular edition and a limited edition version . Both version included a CD containing all 15 of the group 's A @-@ side singles . The regular edition included an extra CD with the group 's top 15 non @-@ single songs as voted by netizens . The limited edition will included an extra CD with previously unreleased solo songs . On July 18 , NEWS released " Chankapana " , their first single as a quartet . The single is available in 5 different version and a limited box set collection of all versions . The musicvideo for " Chankapana " premiered on TV on July 9 . The single sold 121 @,@ 097 on its first day and went on to become number one on Oricon Weekly Singles Chart . = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = = = = Compilations = = = = = = Singles = = = = = = DVD Singles = = = = = = DVDs = = =
= Port of Skagen = The Port of Skagen , also Skagen Harbour , ( Danish : Skagen Havn ) is located in Skagen , northern Denmark . The country 's leading fishing port consists of an industrial harbour that supports the area 's fishing industry as well as facilities for cruise ships . It also has a shipyard and fish @-@ processing facilities . The harbour 's marina is open to visitors during the summer months . The fishing harbour was built between 1904 and 1907 , with inner and outer sections established under the supervision of hydraulic engineer Palle Bruun . The official inauguration was on 20 November 1907 . The distinctive warehouses next to the harbour were designed by Thorvald Bindesbøll , and opened in May 1908 . In 1932 , on the occasion of the harbour 's 25th anniversary , Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen 's statue of the fisherman and lifeboatman was unveiled . The harbour was expanded to the east between 1935 and 1938 , and in the 1950s an 11 million krone ( kr ) expansion took place to the west , increasing the off @-@ shore area by 70 @,@ 000 square metres ( 750 @,@ 000 sq ft ) and the on @-@ shore area by 90 @,@ 000 square metres ( 970 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . Between 1964 and 1979 the harbour was further expanded towards the east in a 35 million kr project to facilitate growth at the port , doubling the size of the harbour and providing new facilities for auctioning the catches from the 400 fishing boats registered in Skagen . The Skagen Port Authority is responsible for the harbour 's administration . FF Skagen , one of three companies supporting the Danish fish meal industry , has its processing plant on Skagen wharf . The harbour is being adapted to accommodate large international cruise ships . A new 450 m ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) berth to be completed by 2015 will also provide facilities for oil bunkering and enhanced facilities for the fishing industry . = = Description = = The Port of Skagen is situated in Ålbæk Bugt ( Ålbæk Bay ) . The harbour covers a total area of 1 @,@ 015 @,@ 000 m2 ( 10 @,@ 930 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , consisting of 645 @,@ 000 m2 ( 6 @,@ 940 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of land and 370 @,@ 000 m2 ( 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of water . The quays and moorings have a total length of 5 @.@ 5 km ( 3 @.@ 4 mi ) , of which 970 m ( 3 @,@ 180 ft ) have a depth of 9 m ( 30 ft ) . The harbour consists of three main basins ( docks with water levels controlled by flood gates ) : Ydre Forhavnsbassin , Vesthavn and Østhavn . The Vesthavn consists of Indre Forhavnsbassin , Bundgarnsbassin , Auktionsbassin , Mellembassin and Vestre Bassin , while the Østhavn consists of Østbassin I and Østbassin II . Skagen Lystbådehavn ( Skagen 's pleasure boat harbour ) administers the area between Gamle Pier and Pier 2 in the Mellembassin . The harbour can accommodate ships up to 130 metres ( 430 ft ) long and 20 metres ( 66 ft ) wide with a draft of 7 metres ( 23 ft ) . Ships less than 90 metres ( 300 ft ) long can moor at Quay 4 with a draft of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) . The largest vessel to have visited Skagen Harbour is the cruise ship Silver Cloud with a length of 156 metres ( 512 ft ) , which moored on Quay 4 in 2010 and 2011 . The Lystbådehavn ( marina ) between Piers 1 and 2 is open to visiting pleasure boats from 1 April to 30 September . While the Port of Skagen supervises the marina during the summer months , the facilities are used for berthing fishing boats in the off @-@ season . Frederikshavn Municipality is the official administrator . Facilities on Pier 1 include a diesel fuelling station at the end the pier and a barbecue . There is also a service building with toilets , showers , washing machines and dryers . Wifi internet access is available throughout the marina . = = History = = = = = Early history and background = = = After years of discussion between Skagen 's fishermen and the authorities , a commission was finally established in the 1880s , leading to an early proposal for a harbour by Customs Inspector Holm that was not accepted . Under pressure from the fishermen , the Minister of the Interior called on an engineer by the name of Berg to prepare a new proposal in 1888 . This finally led to parliamentary approval on 23 April 1903 , followed by a call for tenders on 26 January 1904 . On the basis of a bid from Gunnarson & Søn og Elzelingen , work was initiated in February 1904 on Skagen 's Sønderstand ( south shore ) just outside the town . The work was supervised by the hydraulic engineer Palle Bruun who had reported on harbours in the Faroe Islands . The design consisted of two breakwaters some 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) apart that stretched out to sea . With their outer extensions providing an entrance some 60 m ( 200 ft ) wide , the harbour covered an area of almost 160 @,@ 000 m2 ( 1 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . The basin was divided by two cross piers , creating an outer harbour and an inner harbour with an entrance 40 m ( 130 ft ) wide . A harbour @-@ master 's house , fish warehouse and a customs office were built in parallel . On 19 November 1907 , King Frederik VIII ceremonially opened the port in the presence of the Skagen Painters , who had decorated the facilities with flags . Carl Locher had designed an impressive gateway of honour . In May 1908 , four fish warehouses on the quayside designed by Thorvald Bindesbøll were opened . In 1932 , on the occasion of the harbour 's 25th anniversary , Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen 's statue of the fisherman and lifeboatman was unveiled . In 1935 , Johannes Friis @-@ Skotte , Minister for Transport , announced that the government were funding a 900 @,@ 000 kr project to expand the harbour towards the east , involving a 100 metres ( 330 ft ) by 200 metres ( 660 ft ) basin with a depth of 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) , designed to facilitate fisherman during the process of unloading . As a result , between 1935 and 1938 the harbour was expanded towards the east , and a new auction room was added in 1938 , 100 metres ( 330 ft ) in length and 12 metres ( 39 ft ) wide , with skylights and seven phone booths . = = = Post @-@ war developments = = = In 1943 , the Rigsdag approved 7 million kr proposals to further expand the harbour towards the west . However , due to the German occupation during the war the project was postponed and it wasn 't until 1952 that construction began , rising to a budget of 11 million kr . The off @-@ shore area of the port was expanded by 70 @,@ 000 square metres ( 750 @,@ 000 sq ft ) and the on @-@ shore area was enlarged by 90 @,@ 000 square metres ( 970 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , with some 12 metres ( 39 ft ) of quay . Between 1964 and 1979 the harbour was further expanded towards the east in a 35 million kr project to facilitate growth at the port , doubling the size of the harbour and providing new facilities for auctioning the catches from the 400 fishing boats registered in Skagen . The off @-@ shore area was enlarged by 14 hectares and the on @-@ shore area with 120 hectares . A new auction room was erected between the fisheries inspection building and the auction office . In 1985 , the Auktionsbassin ( the Auction Basin ) of the port was deepened by some 7 metres ( 23 ft ) , as was the Vesthavnen ( West Harbour ) in the early 1990s . In 2001 , the Port of Skagen acquired autonomously governed harbour status , after the government sold off several of the national harbours . Under ownership of the municipality , a 12 @.@ 5 million kr investment was put into deepening the Østbassin 2 ( East Basin 2 ) and building a new 300 metres ( 980 ft ) quay to a depth of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) in its outer part . In 2007 , a new dry dock measuring 135 m ( 443 ft ) by 25 m ( 82 ft ) was built for Karstensen 's wharf . Additional facilities for fish processing , including a refrigeration plant , were completed in 2008 . = = Fishing = = The Port of Skagen is Denmark 's largest fishing port and the first in Europe for landings of pelagic fish , primarily herring . Founded in 1960 , FF Skagen is one of three companies supporting the Danish fish @-@ meal industry ; its processing plant is located on Skagen wharf . As of 2011 , statistics from the Danish Fisheries Directorate list Skagen Harbour as the leading fishing port in Denmark in terms of both the quantity of catches and their value . Statistics for 2013 from NaturErhvervstyrelsen showed a year @-@ on @-@ year increase in fishing takings of 10 percent for a total value of DKK 3 @.@ 4 billion ( c . US $ 621 million ) . Harbour director Willy Bent Hansen reported that the Port of Skagen now represented over 25 percent of all fish landed in Denmark . In late April 2014 , the 86 @-@ meter @-@ long supertrawler " Gitte Henning " landed a record 3 @,@ 281 tons of whiting in Skagen after returning from its maiden voyage , apparently the largest catch ever in Denmark . = = Recent developments = = The harbour is currently being adapted to accommodate large international cruise ships . A new 450 m ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) berth will be completed by 2015 , while the existing 170 m ( 560 ft ) berth will be extended to 200 m ( 660 ft ) . On the shipbuilding front , Karstensens Skibsværft continues to prosper with orders for trawlers from Norway . There are also plans for establishing oil @-@ bunkering facilities for large vessels on the outer section of the new port . In July 2014 , Berlingske reported that from 2015 the enlarged harbour was expected to attract up to 40 large cruise ships per year compared to only a dozen smaller ships at present . The larger vessels will carry up to 3 @,@ 500 passengers . Port of Skagen was covering the cost of the work which amounted to DKK 226 million ( US $ 41 million ) . The new harbour would provide new jobs increasing the workforce from some 2 @,@ 000 today to 2 @,@ 600 on completion . Karstens Skibsværft , Danish Yacht , and the herring processing firm , Skagerrak Pelgic , were reported to be the most successful companies in Skagen but the town was also home to FF Skagen , the world 's top producer of fish meal and fish oil .
= Hôtel Ritz Paris = The Hôtel Ritz is a grand palatial hotel in the heart of Paris , in the 1st arrondissement . It overlooks the octagonal border of the Place Vendôme at number 15 . The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of " The Leading Hotels of the World " . The Ritz reopened on 6 June 2016 after a major four @-@ year , multimillion @-@ dollar renovation . The hotel , which today has 159 rooms , was founded by the Swiss hotelier , César Ritz , in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898 . The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of an 18th @-@ century town house , overlooking one of Paris 's central squares . It was reportedly the first hotel in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite , a telephone and electricity for each room . It quickly established a reputation for luxury , with clients including royalty , politicians , writers , film stars and singers . Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel , including Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years . One of the bars of the hotel , Bar Hemingway , is devoted to Hemingway and the L 'Espadon is a world @-@ renowned restaurant , attracting aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the adjacent Ritz @-@ Escoffier School . The grandest suite of the hotel , called the Imperial , has been listed by the French government as a national monument in its own right . During the Second World War , the hotel was taken over by the occupying Germans as the local headquarters of the Luftwaffe . After the death of Ritz 's son Charles , in 1976 , the last members of the Ritz family to own the hotel sold it in 1979 to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al @-@ Fayed . In August 1997 , Diana , Princess of Wales and Al @-@ Fayed 's son , Dodi , dined in the hotel 's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash . The hotel is being entirely renovated in order to receive the ' Palace distinction ' which is a title bestowed by the French ministry of economy , industry and employment . It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and is now after four years finally accepting reservations beginning June 2016 . Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury , the hotel has featured in many notable works of fiction including novels ( F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Tender Is The Night and Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises ) , a play ( Noël Coward 's play Semi @-@ Monde ) , and films ( Billy Wilder 's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon and William Wyler 's 1966 comedy How to Steal a Million ) . = = Background and history = = The site was purchased in 1705 by Antoine @-@ François Bitaut de Vaillé , and a private residence was constructed , which was occupied by several noble families and later became the Hôtel de Gramont . The façade was designed by the royal architect Jules Hardouin Mansart . In 1854 it was acquired by the Péreire brothers , who made it the head office of their Crédit Mobilier financial institution . In 1888 , the Swiss hotelier César Ritz and the French chef Auguste Escoffier opened a restaurant in Baden @-@ Baden , and the two were then invited to London by Richard D 'Oyly Carte to become the first manager and chef of the Savoy Hotel , positions they held from 1889 until 1897 . The Savoy under Ritz was an immediate success , attracting a distinguished and moneyed clientele , headed by the Prince of Wales . In 1897 , Ritz and Escoffier were both dismissed from the Savoy , when Ritz was implicated in the disappearance of over £ 3400 worth of wine and spirits . Before their dismissal , customers at the Savoy had reportedly urged them to open a hotel in Paris . Aided by Alexandre Marnier @-@ Lapostolle , Ritz purchased the palace and transformed the former Hôtel de Lazun building into a 210 @-@ room hotel . He stated that his purpose for the hotel was to provide his rich clientele with " all the refinement that a prince could desire in his own home . " He engaged the architect Charles Mewès to update the original 1705 structure . Ritz 's innovative standards of hygiene demanded a bathroom for every suite , the maximum possible amount of sunlight , and the minimum of curtains and other hangings . At the same time he furnished the hotel with all the old @-@ fashioned appeal of an English or French gentleman 's house , in order to make clients feel at home . The hotel opened its doors on 1 June 1898 to a " glittering reception " . Together with the culinary talents of his junior partner Escoffier , Ritz made the hotel synonymous with opulence , service , and fine dining , as embodied in the term " ritzy . " It immediately became fashionable with Parisian socialites , hosting many prestigious personalities over the years , such as Marcel Proust , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Ernest Hemingway , King Edward VII , and the couturier Coco Chanel , who made the Ritz her home for more than thirty years . Many of the suites in the hotel are named after their famous patrons . Hemingway once said , " When in Paris the only reason not to stay at the Ritz is if you can 't afford it " . Hemingway , who stayed at the hotel many times after World War II , was there when he learned his wife wanted a divorce . He reacted to the news by throwing her photo into a Ritz toilet and then shooting the photo and the toilet with his pistol . In 1904 and 1908 , the Ritz garden café was painted by the Swiss artist , Pierre @-@ Georges Jeanniot . Proust wrote parts of Remembrance of Things Past here from around 1909 . The building was extended in 1910 , and César Ritz died in 1918 , succeeded by his son , Charles Ritz . Queen Marie of Romania stayed at the Ritz Hotel with her two eldest daughters , Elisabeth ( of Greece ) and Maria ( of Yugoslavia ) in 1919 while campaigning for Greater Romania at the Paris Peace Conference . Many other prominent royal figures and heads of state slept and dined at the hotel over the years . Edward VII reportedly once got stuck in a too @-@ narrow bathtub with his lover at the hotel . August Escoffier died in 1935 . In summer 1940 , the Luftwaffe , the air forces of Nazi Germany during the Second World War , set up their headquarters at the Ritz , with their chief Hermann Göring . After the death of Charles Ritz in 1976 , the hotel went into a period of slow decline . As it lost its luster , its clientele diminished , and for the first time in its existence it began to lose money . It was rescued , however , in 1979 by an Egyptian businessman , Mohamed Al @-@ Fayed , who purchased the hotel for $ 20 million and installed a new managing director , Frank Klein . Klein in turn put Guy Legay , the former chef of the three @-@ star Ledoyen , in charge of the kitchen . Al @-@ Fayed renovated it completely over several years without stopping its operation ; this was achieved by annexing two town houses , joined by an arcade with many of Paris 's leading boutiques . The renovation of the hotel was headed by the architect Bernard Gaucherel from 1980 to 1987 . The entire ten @-@ year renovation cost a total of $ 250 million . The restaurants were given a new look , and a swimming pool , health club , and spas were created in the basement . The Little Bar was renamed the Hemingway Bar . In 1988 the Ritz @-@ Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in honour of Auguste Escoffier . On 31 August 1997 , Diana , Princess of Wales and Al @-@ Fayed 's son Dodi Al @-@ Fayed , and their chauffeur Henri Paul , dined in the Imperial Suite of the hotel before leaving the hotel with bodyguard Trevor Rees @-@ Jones , only to have a fatal car accident in the Pont de l 'Alma underpass . In the 21st century , the Ritz remains possibly the most prestigious and luxurious hotel in the world and the finest and most expensive in Paris . It is referred to by some as the best hotel in Europe and one of the world 's most famous hotels . It is one of " The Leading Hotels of the World " . On August 1 , 2012 , the Ritz closed its doors for the first time in its history for an extensive restoration . It was scheduled to reopen in late 2015 , but this date was later changed to March 2016 . At 07 : 00 local time on 19 January 2016 , a major fire broke out in the roof of the building . Fifteen fire engines and 60 firefighters attended . The Ritz reopened on 6 June 2016 after a major four @-@ year , multimillion @-@ dollar renovation . = = Architecture = = The palace and the square are masterpieces of classical architecture from the end of the reign of Louis XIV . The façade was designed by the royal architect Mansart in the late 17th century before the plot was bought and construction began in 1705 . The Hôtel Ritz comprises the Vendôme and the Cambon buildings with rooms overlooking the Place Vendôme , and , on the opposite side , the hotel 's garden . The Ritz was reportedly the first hotel in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite , a telephone and electricity for each room . The Hôtel Ritz Paris is 4 floors high , including the mansard roof , and as of 2011 offers 159 rooms , a two @-@ Michelin @-@ starred restaurant , two bars and a casual dining restaurant . = = = Rooms and suites = = = In the 1970s a travel publication Holiday wrote , " practically every royal head of state has snoozed under down quilts on the finest linen sheets , beneath fifteen @-@ foot @-@ high ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) ceilings in rooms looking out , through huge double windows , on the elegant Place Vendôme . " Frommer 's , which calls the Ritz " Europe 's greatest hotel " , describes the furnishings as follows , " the public salons are furnished with museum @-@ calibre antiques . Each guest room is uniquely decorated , most with Louis XIV or Louis XV reproductions ; all have fine rugs , marble fireplaces , tapestries , brass beds , and more . Ever since Edward VII got stuck in a too @-@ narrow bathtub with his lover , the tubs at the Ritz have been deep and big . " The bathrooms contain unique golden swan taps , and peach @-@ coloured towels and robes , believed to be more flattering than white to a woman 's complexion . The Ritz is reputedly the most expensive hotel in Paris , employing a staff of over 600 , the rooms as of May 2011 started at € 850 a night . Suites start at € 3 @,@ 600 and up to € 13 @,@ 900 a night for the most lavish ones ( Suite Impériale being the most expensive ) . These finest suites are known as the " Prestige suites " , ten in total , which according to the Ritz are " a world for aesthetes where 18th century panelling echoes allegorical ceilings , old masters and priceless antique furniture . Each suite is unique and each seems to still breathe the spirit of the illustrious guests who once stayed there . " The Vendôme Suite is one of the most spacious of the hotel , containing Louis XIV furnishings , with a red and ivory theme and grand windows overlooking the square . The César Ritz Suite overlooks the square and contains Louis XV furniture and a portrait of Ritz himself . The room is decorated in shades of green and light yellow with a canopied bed in one room and silk floral pattern in the second . The doors of the sitting room of the suite are edged in gold leaf . The Elton John Suite , decorated in strawberry pink and cream , contains two bedrooms , a thick pink carpet and attic windows . John reportedly hired the entire floor for his 42nd birthday . The Windsor Suite contains tapestries and gilded mouldings and portraits of the Duke ( Edward VIII ) and Duchess of Windsor . They are decorated with Louis XVI furniture and colours such as almond green , salmon and pearl grey . The master bedroom is decorated in pearl grey in a shade which the Ritz calls " Wallis blue " , a favourite of Wallis , Duchess of Windsor . The 1 @,@ 670 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 155 m2 ) Coco Chanel Suite where Coco Chanel lived for some 35 years consists of two bedrooms and a living room and features Coromandel lacquers , Chinese furniture , baroque mirrors and oversized sofas with quilting created by Grande Mademoiselle . The suite is said to be " equipped with the most sophisticated technology including fax , Jacuzzi , steam @-@ bath shower , and ultra @-@ modern walk @-@ in closets . " = = = = Imperial Suite = = = = The Imperial Suite ( Suite Impériale ) is the finest suite of the hotel , and is listed as a National Monument of France in its own right . The Imperial Suite is located on the first floor and consists of two bedrooms , a grand salon , and a dining room . The suite features 6 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 20 ft ) ceilings , great chandeliers and windows overlooking the Place Vendôme , a massive long gold framed Baroque mirror between the windows , red and gold upholstery and a four @-@ poster bed said to be identical to that in Marie Antoinette 's bedroom in the Palace of Versailles . The other bedroom is in the style of Louis XVI , with a baldachin bed and columns . The suite is lavishly decorated in French art , bas @-@ reliefs and 18th @-@ century panelling which is protected under the suite 's historic monument status . The bathroom is a former boudoir overlooking the Vendôme garden , with 18th @-@ century panelling and a Jacuzzi bath and steam @-@ bath shower and has its own plasma television and cosmetics fridge , juxtaposing old French tradition with the modernity of the 21st century . As well as facilities such as a DVD player , high @-@ speed internet , and fax , the suite features a Porsche Design kitchenette with CHROMA knives near the salon and has its own small personal wine cellar filled with a variety of French wines . Over the years the suite has hosted some of the world 's most prestigious guests from the Shah of Iran to George H. W. Bush . The suite was Hermann Göring 's choice of residence during the Second World War and was where Diana , Princess of Wales and Dodi Al @-@ Fayed ate their last meal . The World Travel Awards of 2007 selected the Imperial Suite as " Europe 's Leading Suite " . = = = Restaurant and bars = = = = = = = L 'Espadon = = = = Although there was necessarily a hotel restaurant from the inception of the Ritz , the current hotel restaurant , L 'Espadon ( The Swordfish ) was established in 1956 by Charles Ritz . He was a keen fishing enthusiast so named the restaurant after a fish . The restaurant is inspired by the legendary first chef of the hotel , Auguste Escoffier , serving " traditional French culinary style with contemporary overtones " . The cuisine is by the award @-@ winning chef Michel Roth , the ninth head chef of the hotel ; the restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide . The head chef was formerly Guy Legay , cited as one of Paris 's greatest chefs , who had served from at least 1986 to beyond 1999 . In 1999 , Esquire magazine wrote , " the dining room , L 'Espadon , down the long corridor of mirrors and display cases , has a glittering Regency formality that seems to swirl around you , and it 's easy enough to imagine Hemingway sitting down with Dietrich to a dish of chef Guy Legay 's buttery scrambled eggs ... " The restaurant decor is described as " opulent with trompe l ’ oeil ceilings , swagged drapes , and views into the garden . " The courtyard garden is rich in greenery and contains several statues and a fountain . The hotel hires five or so florists to provide fresh flowers . = = = = Bars = = = = The hotel has several bars , namely the Ritz Bar , Bar Vendôme , Bar Hemingway and the Pool Bar . The Ritz Bar , just inside the Rue Cambon entrance on the left , gained a reputation over the years for its glamorous cocktail parties and the extravagant concoctions of Frank Meier , head barman from 1921 until his death in 1947 . One of his best @-@ known cocktails was the potent " Rainbow " , consisting of anisette , mint , yellow chartreuse , cherry brandy , kümmel , green chartreuse and cognac . The Ritz Bar is designed in the Victorian style with red @-@ velvet armchairs and bar furnishings , a marble fireplace and historic portraits . The Ritz Bar may have been the world 's first hotel bar . Bar Hemingway was the favourite bar of Ernest Hemingway and is said by some to be the birthplace of the Bloody Mary cocktail which was invented for him . However , the fact that it is the actual birthplace is contested , given that Fernand Petiot claimed to have invented the drink in 1921 while working at Harry 's New York Bar , a frequent Paris hangout for Hemingway and other American expatriates , rather than in the bar in the Ritz itself . The bar has been restored to its original appearance , with rich wood panelling and leather upholstery and has 25 original photographs on the walls taken by the author of places and people that inspired him . Bar Vendôme is very popular with high class Parisians for afternoon tea and contains rich wood furnishings and a grand piano . During the summer months the doors are opened out onto the garden and terrace . = = = Ritz @-@ Escoffier School = = = The Ritz @-@ Escoffier School of French Gastronomy was established in 1988 in honour of Georges @-@ Auguste Escoffier . The ethos of the school is based on Escoffier 's words , " Good cuisine is the foundation of true happiness . " This school is accessed through an entrance in the back of the hotel and offers a four @-@ hour themes workshop which includes petit fours , carving fruit and vegetables , truffles and pairing food and wine . As of 2009 it costs € 135 for a four @-@ hour course or € 920 for a two @-@ day introductory course . = = = Ritz Health Club = = = The Ritz Health Club contains a grand swimming pool , the largest in all of the Parisian hotel palaces at 1 @,@ 700 square metres ( 18 @,@ 000 sq ft ) and billed by the Ritz as " the finest indoor pool in Paris " . The pool is inspired by the baths of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome and features reliefs on the ceilings and jet streams and underwater sounds in the pool . The health club offers a range of health treatments , from reflexology to Swedish massage and shiatsu . = = In fiction = = Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury , the hotel has featured in many notable works of fiction . = = = Novels and plays = = = Many novels of the Lost Generation feature scenes in the Ritz , such as F. Scott Fitzgerald 's Tender Is The Night and Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises . Noël Coward 's play Semi @-@ Monde is perhaps the most notable work covering the hotel in detail , following the escapades of an extravagant , promiscuous fictional Paris elite between 1924 and 1926 . In the Bret Easton Ellis novel Glamorama , a group of supermodels turned terrorists plant a home @-@ made bomb in the Ritz , resulting in its destruction . In The Da Vinci Code , the protagonist , Robert Langdon , stays at the hotel while in Paris , as do Andrea Sachs and Miranda Priestly in Lauren Weisberger 's The Devil Wears Prada . The final chapter of Ian Fleming 's James Bond novel From Russia , with Love is set at the hotel . The villain , Rosa Klebb , stays in room 602 and engages in a battle with Bond which results in her death . In Julian Fellowes ' novel Snobs ( 2004 ) , those attending Earl Broughton 's pre @-@ marriage bachelor party are accommodated at the Ritz . = = = Cinema = = = The hotel has featured in several films , three of which starred Audrey Hepburn . In Stanley Donen 's 1957 film Funny Face , Kay Thompson dances in the Ritz 's entry driveway and in front of the hotel , accompanied by a group of dancers dressed as Ritz bellhops during the Bonjour , Paris ! number . In Billy Wilder 's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon , Hepburn initiates her romance with Gary Cooper in his suite in the hotel and much of the film is set there . The hotel is again seen in the 1966 movie How to Steal a Million , with a romantic scene between Hepburn and Peter O 'Toole in the hotel 's bar in which Hepburn wears an iconic Givenchy black lace eyemask and matching cocktail dress . In the Indian film Jhoom Barabar Jhoom , Abhishek Bachchan meets his fictional love ( played by Lara Dutta ) at Hotel Ritz .
= I syng of a mayden = " I syng of a mayden " ( sometimes titled " As Dewe in Aprille " ) is a Middle English lyric poem or carol of the 15th century celebrating the Annunciation and the Virgin Birth of Jesus . It has been described as one of the most admired short vernacular English poems of the late Middle Ages . Written by an anonymous hand , the text is now only to be found in the Sloane Manuscript 2593 , a collection of medieval lyrics now held in the British Library , although contemporary sources suggest it was well known in its day . Originally intended to be sung , no evidence of the work 's musical setting survives , and since its rediscovery and popularisation it has formed the basis for a number of modern choral and vocal works . = = Analysis = = The work has been described by Laura Saetveit Miles , a Yale University researcher of medieval manuscripts , as " one of the most admired fifteenth @-@ century Middle English lyrics [ which ] offers , within a deceptively simple form , an extremely delicate and haunting presentation of Mary ( the ' mayden / þat is makeles ' ) and her conception of Christ ( ' here sone ' ) " . Primarily , the text celebrates the Annunciation of Mary as described in Luke 1 : 26 , but also widely references concepts from the Old Testament . Michael Steffes of University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point notes that " ' I syng of a mayden ' is a very quiet and very beautiful meditation on the inward aspects of the Annunciation , on the immediate consequences of Mary 's acceptance of Gabriel 's message . " The concept of the choice of Mary is an important subtlety in the text . Derek Pearsall writes : A brain and a subtle ear has gone into the making of this poem ... celebrating the mystery of Christ 's conception . Dew falling on grass , flower and spray ( traditional imagery , deriving from OT texts such as Psalms 72 : 6 ) suggests ease , grace and delicacy generally ( not progressive stages of insemination ) . The emphasis on Mary 's freedom of choice , at the moment of the annunciation , is theologically strictly proper . According to Miles , despite a celebratory opening , " Mary 's physical stillness as proof of her virginity remains the poet 's priority . " As a result , the poet repeats the phrase " He cam also stylle " in three of the five verses . " Stylle " had several implications – the stillness of the conception of Mary and of the birth of Jesus Christ . The poem is written from a first person point of view , and contains five quatrains . Below is the text in both its original Middle English , with spelling intact , and a modern translation . = = Origin = = The manuscript in which the poem is found , ( Sloane 2593 , ff.10v @-@ 11 ) is held by the British Library , who date the work to c.1400 and speculate that the lyrics may have belonged to a wandering minstrel ; other poems included in the manuscript include " I have a gentil cok " , " Adam lay i @-@ bowndyn " and two riddle songs – " A minstrel 's begging song " and " I have a yong suster " . The Chaucer scholar Joseph Glaser notes that 2593 contains the only surviving copies of several " indispensable " poems . These include the aforementioned poem " Adam lay i @-@ bowndyn " , " A Babe is born al of a may " , " Benedicamus Domino " and " Lullay , myn lykyng " . In 1836 , Thomas Wright suggested that , although his fellow antiquarian Joseph Ritson had dated the manuscript from the reign of Henry V of England ( 1387 – 1422 ) , he personally felt that although " its greatest antiquity must be included within the fifteenth century " , some lyrics contained within may be of an earlier origin . Wright speculated , on the basis of the dialect of Middle English , that the lyrics probably originated in Warwickshire , and suggested that a number of the songs were intended for use in mystery plays . More recent analysis of the manuscript places the dialect as being of East Anglian original and more specifically Norfolk ; two further carol MS from the county contain duplicates from Sloane 2593 . However , " I syng of a mayden " is a unique instance of this lyric . Although the Sloane Manuscript is the only surviving textual source , the bibliographer and Shakespearean scholar W. W. Greg proposed that the poem 's similarity to a much earlier 13th @-@ century poem held at Trinity College , Cambridge ( MS. B. 13 . 49 ) was unlikely to be accidental . Alan J. Fletcher , a specialist in Latin liturgical drama and the late Middle Ages , noted in 1978 that a set of contemporary sermons compiled by a writer called Selk ( Bodleian MS Barlow 24 ) quote the final phrases of the poem in such a way to suggest the poem was more widely disseminated and known in its time : Mayde , Wyff and Moder whas neure but ye Wel may swych a ladye Goddys modyr be . = = Musical setting = = As most explicitly noted by the first quatrain , the poem was originally intended to be sung . Indeed , as noted by Stephen Medcalf , Emeritus professor at Sussex University , the text itself seems to imply melody and verse . However , due to the oral tradition of the time , the original melody of the song was not notated and over the course of time was forgotten . Since the rediscovery of the text , many composers have set the text to music , amongst them diverse choral or vocal interpretations by Martin Shaw , Patrick Hadley , Roger Quilter , John Gerrish , Gustav Holst , Arnold Bax Peter Warlock , R.R. Terry , Lennox Berkeley , Benjamin Britten ( " As Dewe in Aprille " in his Ceremony of Carols ) , Ronald Corp ( 1975 ) , Philip Lawson a setting published by Walton Music , John Adams ( as the chorus " I Sing of a Maiden " in his opera @-@ oratorio El Niño ) , and Bob Chilcott ( in his " Salisbury Vespers " ) . The work is also regularly performed by the Mediaeval Baebes .
= So Excited = " So Excited " is a song recorded by American singer @-@ songwriter Janet Jackson featuring guest vocals from rapper Khia . It was released in August 2006 on Virgin Records as the second single from Jackson 's ninth studio album , 20 Y.O .. The song was written by Jackson , Jermaine Dupri , James Phillips , Johntá Austin , James Harris III , Terry Lewis and Khia Chambers , with Herbie Hancock , Michael Beinhorn and Bill Laswell also receiving songwriting credits for sampling Hancock 's 1983 song " Rockit " . Production for " So Excited " was handled by Dupri , LRoc , Jam , Lewis and Jackson . " So Excited " is musically a hip hop and dance song which lyrically expresses submission from a woman to her lover . It received mixed reviews from music critics , with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing . " So Excited " performed poorly on the US Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 90 , but managed to become Jackson 's seventeenth number @-@ one dance hit in the country . It also was successful in Europe , reaching the top ten and the top thirty in seçected regions . The music video for the song was directed by Joseph Kahn . It depicts Jackson 's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine . After the rapper was given a diminished role in the music video , she criticized Jackson online . Jackson performed the song on Today , the 2006 Billboard Music Awards , and the 2008 Rock Witchu Tour . = = Background and composition = = In 2005 , Jackson started working on her ninth studio album , 20 Y.O. , with her then partner , record producer Jermaine Dupri , who was commissioned as the executive producer . The discussion between the producers turned to how Jackson was feeling at the time her third studio album Control ( 1986 ) was recorded . " I started asking questions like , ' What was the feeling of life when you were 20 ? ' I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that " , Dupri commented . Jackson wanted to maintain a R & B sound from her most recent albums , but with an emphasis on dance music . " So Excited " was written by Jackson , Jermaine Dupri , James Phillips , Johntá Austin , James Harris III , Terry Lewis and Khia Chambers , and was produced by Dupri , LRoc , Jam , Lewis and Jackson . The song is a hip hop and dance track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock 's 1983 song " Rockit " , with Hancock , Michael Beinhorn and Bill Laswell also receiving writing credits . In " So Excited " , Jackson promises submission for her lover , singing , " I 'll open my spot for you / Anytime you want me to " . = = Critical reception = = " So Excited " received mixed reviews from music critics . Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine criticized 20 Y.O. , but enjoyed the track , calling it a " sticky ear @-@ candy " song . He further commented that the " sexed @-@ up " number carries a " throwaway contribution from Khia to , if not ultimate satisfaction , [ gives the listener ] at least a half @-@ decent orgasm " . Miles Marshall Lewis from The Village Voice was also positive , saying that Dupri " girds ' So Excited ' with ' Rockit ' scratches , coaching guest @-@ rapper Khia to sound like Da Brat on the naughty hook . Serviceable enough , it 's surprisingly the highlight " of the album . Spence D. from IGN felt that " So Excited " was like a " glorious slice of radio ready ' 80s churban soul " wrapped up and delivered for a current audience . Glenn Gamboa , writer for Newsday , commented that " So Excited " was a " good indicator of what to expect from the current incarnation of Jackson . It 's streetwise , lighthearted and easily digestible " . Sasha Frere @-@ Jones , writer from The New Yorker was enthusiastic with the song , calling it a " loud dance tune that is reminiscent of the songs on Control " , although she criticized some lyrics . For Don Baiocchi from Blogcritics , the song was not " the flawless dance floor anthem " her fans were hoping for . Chuck Taylor from Billboard called it disappointing , and felt it was bland and lacked innovation . Similarly , Evan Serpick , writing for Rolling Stone , stated , " Almost all of the tunes here ( particularly ' So Excited ' ) try to replicate Jackson 's early work , with diminishing returns " . = = Chart performance = = " So Excited " debuted at its peak of number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 , on the issue dated October 5 , 2006 . It debuted on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs at number 75 , eventually peaking at number 34 , becoming her 39th top forty single on the chart . Nevertheless , on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , " So Excited " became Jackson 's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number @-@ one hit on the chart . It was well received in Europe . The song debuted at its peak of number 14 in Belgium 's Flanders region . In Wallonia , it reached number five . In Finland , " So Excited " debuted at its peak of number nine , remaining in the chart for two issues . In Italy , it reached number 28 , while peaking at number 13 in Spain . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " So Excited " was directed by Joseph Kahn , with choreography done by Gil Duldulao ; it premiered on September 13 , 2006 on BET 's Access Granted . A group called X1FX handled VFX visual effects for the video . In the video , Jackson 's clothes disappear through a complex dance routine with her female dancers . Also , occasional skeleton people appear in a X @-@ ray effect , and on the 2 minute mark , Jackson is seen inside a yellow sports car eating a strawberry . The video received positive reviews from critics , who considered it a departure from the video for her previous single , but some scenes were criticized . They were also surprised with Jackson naked in the video , after her Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy in 2004 . After Khia was given a diminished role in the music video , she went to her MySpace account to say she was not pleased with her scenes being displayed in a TV during the music video , and criticized Jackson . Despite that , Khia said years later that the situation was calmed down , and wrote a song with Jackson in mind . However , she did not regret the feedback she gave the singer , stating , " I don 't say anything that I don 't mean . I meant every word that I said . People mix the truth with hate , but no I didn 't appreciate her putting me on the television . A lot of people blew that out of proportion like , ' Oh my god , Khia 's hating on Janet , ' but she called me and we were okay . It 's just me voicing the situation to my fans " . = = Live performances = = On September 9 , 2006 , Jackson went to France to perform " So Excited " at NRJ 's Back to School concert , along with past single " Nasty " . While on The Oprah Winfrey Show , she was interviewed and performed both tracks again , with this being the first time a performance of " So Excited " was broadcast on television . The show aired on September 25 . On December 4 , 2006 , Jackson opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of past song " The Pleasure Principle " and " So Excited " , with " Control " serving as an introduction to the number . She was accompanied by white , black and red @-@ clad dancers . The song was included on the setlist for the Rock Witchu Tour in 2008 and the Unbreakable World Tour . She was dressed in a gold and black glam hip hop @-@ inspired track suit , and one gold glove . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Janet Jackson – vocals , songwriter , producer Jermaine Dupri – songwriter , producer , mixing , additional vocals James Phillips – songwriter , producer Johnta Austin – songwriter James Harris III – songwriter , producer , additional music Terry Lewis – songwriter , producer , additional music Khia Chambers – vocals , songwriter Herbie Hancock – songwriter Michael Beinhorn – songwriter Bill Laswell – songwriter Phil Tan – mixing Ian Cross – recording at Flyte Tyme Studios , Santa Barbara , California John Horesco IV – engineering at Flyte Tyme Studios , Santa Barbara , California Josh Houghkirk – engineer , mixing assistant Credits adapted from 20 Y.O. album liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) = Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) is the second solo album by English musician Brian Eno . Produced by Eno , it was originally released by Island Records in November 1974 . Unlike his previous album Here Come the Warm Jets , Eno used a core band of five instrumentalists ( keyboards , guitars , bass , drums and percussion ) and used fewer guest musicians . Also participating was guitarist and co @-@ writer Phil Manzanera , who had played with Eno in Roxy Music . To help guide production of the album , Eno and Peter Schmidt developed instruction cards called Oblique Strategies to use through the creative process of the album . Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) is a loose concept album with topics ranging from espionage to the Chinese Communist revolution . The album 's music has an upbeat and bouncy sound but with dark lyrical themes . The album did not chart in the United Kingdom or United States , but received greater attention from the rock press . It was re @-@ issued in a remastered version in 2004 by Virgin Records . The album has received critical attention , with varying opinions on its style and quality compared to Here Come the Warm Jets . = = Production = = The album was inspired by a series of postcards of a Chinese revolutionary opera , titled Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy . Eno described his understanding of the title as referring to " the dichotomy between the archaic and the progressive . Half Taking Tiger Mountain – that Middle Ages physical feel of storming a military position – and half ( By Strategy ) – that very , very 20th @-@ century mental concept of a tactical interaction of systems . " To further explore the possibilities of the studio setting , Eno and his friend Peter Schmidt developed instruction cards , called Oblique Strategies . During recording of the album , he would allow the cards to dictate the next unconsidered action in the recording process . Describing the words on the album as an expression of " idiot glee " , Eno and Schmidt eventually expanded the Oblique Strategies set to over 100 " worthwhile dilemmas " , which would be used in nearly all his future recordings and productions . Schmidt also designed the album cover , which consists of four prints from an edition of fifteen hundred of his unique lithographs , as well as Polaroids of Eno , credited on the album sleeve to Lorenz Zatecky . Phil Manzanera , Eno 's former bandmate in Roxy Music , spoke positively about the recording experience . Manzanera described the recording of the album as : ... just doing anything we felt like doing at the time . The engineer we used , Rhett Davies , also did Diamond Head and 801 Live and Quiet Sun , so it was like family . There was a lot of experimenting and a lot of hours spent with Brian Eno , me , and Rhett in the control room doing all the things that eventually evolved into those cards , the Oblique Strategies , and it was just a lot of fun . Unlike his previous album Here Come the Warm Jets , Eno worked with a core group of musicians on Taking Tiger Mountain . The group consisted of Manzanera of Roxy Music , Brian Turrington and Freddie Smith of The Winkies and former Soft Machine vocalist Robert Wyatt . During the same period , Eno was producing Robert Calvert 's album Lucky Leif and the Longships , and the majority of the players on Taking Tiger Mountain were also involved in that project . Several guest musicians also played on select songs on the album , including Andy Mackay of Roxy Music and the Portsmouth Sinfonia , an orchestra in which Eno had once played clarinet . The orchestra 's philosophy allowed anybody to join as long as that person had no experience with the instrument to be played in the orchestra . For guest drummer Phil Collins , Eno called in a favour from Collins ' group Genesis . After Eno had helped with the production of Genesis ' album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway , Genesis front man Peter Gabriel asked how they could reciprocate . Eno looked at Collins , stating that he needed a drummer , and Collins played drums on " Mother Whale Eyeless " . = = Style = = The sound of Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) has been described as more upbeat and bouncy than Eno 's previous solo album while the lyrics have darker themes and subject matter . The lyrics of the album have been described as " remarkably literate and often humorous " with " quick @-@ fire rhymes , oddball couplets , abrupt demands and ruthless statements " . To create the lyrics , Eno later played these backing tracks , singing nonsense syllables to himself , then forming them into actual words , phrases and meanings . This lyric @-@ writing method was used for all his more vocal @-@ based recordings of the 1970s . References to China appear in the album 's songs , including in " Burning Airlines Give You So Much More " , " China My China " and " Taking Tiger Mountain " . Steve Huey of AllMusic described these combined themes as a loose concept album that is " often inscrutable , but still playful – about espionage , the Chinese Communist revolution , and dream associations . " On the political theme within the lyrics and album title , Eno explained that he is " not Maoist or anything like that ; if anything I 'm anti @-@ Maoist " . The album addresses several different esoteric topics . " Burning Airlines Give You So Much More " is inspired by a 1974 crash near Paris of a Turkish Airlines DC @-@ 10 , one of the worst air crashes in history . " The Fat Lady of Limbourg " , described by Eno as a " Burroughs @-@ type song " about an asylum in Limbourg , Belgium where the residents of it outnumber the population of the town . " The Great Pretender " describes the rape of a suburban housewife by a crazed machine . " Third Uncle " has been referred to as an early predecessor of punk music . = = Release = = Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) was released in November 1974 in a gatefold sleeve . No singles were released from the album and it failed to chart in either the United Kingdom or the United States . ( " Burning Airlines " was listed on a US Island singles list without a specified B side , but copies have not yet been seen . ) In 2004 , Taking Tiger Mountain was reissued by Virgin Records in remastered digipak form . = = Reception = = Like Eno 's previous album Here Come the Warm Jets , Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) received a mostly very positive reception from critics . Writing for the Village Voice , Robert Christgau gave the album a rating of A – , writing " Every cut on this clear , consistent , elusive album affords distinct present pleasure . Admittedly , when they 're over they 're over — you don 't flash on them the way you do on " Cindy Tells Me " and " Baby 's on Fire " . But that 's just his way of being modest . " Wayne Robbins of Creem lauded Eno for the way he " grafts seemingly disparate elements in any way that might be useful to his flow " . Robbins explained , " It sounds like it might be pretentious ; it 's not , because Eno is comfortable with those pretensions " ; he concluded that " a man who can write songs like ' Burning Airlines Give You So Much More ' has seen the future , and the future is a sonic Disney named Eno , who makes music you can live with " . Circus magazine described the album as " Sick ! Sick ! Sick ! But , oh @-@ h @-@ h , it feels so good ! [ ... ] guaranteed to be put on the ' Most Wanted ' list by psychopaths everywhere [ ... ] [ Eno ] takes you on a dada @-@ ists tour @-@ de @-@ force , lampooning and integrating every type of music conceivable " . Critic Ed Naha , writing in Crawdaddy ! , gave the album a negative review , writing " Much of the Wonderlandish magic found on Eno 's first LP is lost on this rocky terrain , being replaced by a dull , repetitive aura that is annoying as all hell . " In 1975 Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) was voted one of the best albums of the year in the Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1975 . Recent assessments of the album have been mostly positive , with AllMusic and Blender giving the album five stars , their highest ratings . AllMusic 's Steve Huey compared the album to Here Come the Warm Jets , writing " not quite as enthusiastic as Here Come the Warm Jets , Taking Tiger Mountain is made accessible through Eno 's mastery of pop song structure " . Douglas Wolk of Blender had rated it more highly than Here Come the Warm Jets , calling it " more immediately likeable " . Select gave the album a four out of five rating , calling it " excellent " and described the songs " Mother Whale Eyeless " , " Put A Straw Under Baby " and " Third Uncle " as highlights . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Brian Eno , except where noted . Early vinyl copies end with the sound of chirping crickets locked into the inner groove . = = Personnel = =
= The Deep End ( TV series ) = The Deep End is an American television series created by David Hemingson and produced by 20th Century Fox Television for the ABC television network . Starring Mehcad Brooks , Matt Long , Tina Majorino , Clancy Brown , and Billy Zane , the show follows five first @-@ year associate attorneys from diverse backgrounds as they learn how to cope with the challenges of working at one of the most prestigious law firms in Los Angeles . Hemingson based the series on his work experience as an attorney . To cut production costs , the show was filmed in Las Colinas , a real estate development in Irving , Texas ; ABC scheduled a six @-@ episode run , and the series premiered as a midseason replacement on January 21 , 2010 . The show was described as a cross between L.A. Law and Grey 's Anatomy , but it was criticized for its lack of originality and for reusing ideas from similar shows . Critics said the show was so poor it was a failure after its first episode . The series was canceled in May 2010 . = = Plot = = Five recent law school graduates from different backgrounds begin working together as first @-@ year associates at Sterling , Huddle , Oppenheim & Craft , a prestigious Los Angeles law firm ; they are thrown in the deep end and are forced to deal with court cases that conflict with their personal beliefs and ethics . The " Prince of Darkness " , Cliff Huddle , is initially their boss , but things start to change when firm partner Hart Sterling returns after a long hiatus spent taking care of his sick wife . Even though the firm 's partners make things difficult for them , the five attorneys quickly bond under pressure as they learn to make tough ethical decisions . = = Production = = The Deep End was created by David Hemingson , co @-@ executive producer of How I Met Your Mother . Before he became a writer and a producer , Hemingson was formerly an associate in a law firm . The Deep End is based on Hemingson 's early work experience as an attorney . Due to the cost of filming on location in Los Angeles where the story takes place , the show was filmed on a soundstage in the planned community of Las Colinas in Irving , Texas . Despite the change in location , references to local Los Angeles landmarks were still made on the show . 20th Century Fox Television produced the show for ABC . The show was described as L.A. Law meets Grey 's Anatomy . Hemingson said the show contains " the back @-@ stabbing of The Devil Wears Prada and the sun @-@ drenched bed @-@ hopping of Entourage " . Texas Film Commission head Bob Hudgins estimated production costs at about $ 20 million . ABC scheduled six episodes of The Deep End for Thursday nights . = = Cast and characters = = Matt Long as Dylan Hewitt , an earnest , idealistic and innocent young man . Hewitt is the hero of the story , an Ivy League graduate who believes in justice . Hewitt is attracted to Katie Campbell , the firm 's paralegal . Long 's performance has been described as an " older version " of Jack McCallister , a character Long played from 2004 – 2005 on the television series Jack & Bobby . Norbert Leo Butz as Rowdy Kaise , the firm 's associate and chief talent scout ; He acts as a mentor to the new recruits . Kaiser has an arrogant personality and makes empty promises . Kaiser loves corn liquor and cashmere wool . Ben Lawson as Liam Priory , a first @-@ year associate from Australia who is " too @-@ cool " and possesses an uncircumcised penis . Priory has a self @-@ described " impulse @-@ control problem " when it comes to dealing with women , as he has sex with almost every woman in the law firm , except Adelaide " Addy " Fisher . Priory made his appearance in the first episode with his pants down to his ankles . Tina Majorino as Adelaide " Addy " Fisher , a meek and insecure first @-@ year associate . Fisher comes from a large family in the Midwest . She graduated top in her class at Case Western Reserve University and has " great legal instincts and a natural ' flair ' for the law " . She likes to bake . Hemingson created the character of Fisher as a CWRU alumna because one of the most intelligent people he knows attended that school . Clancy Brown as Hart Sterling , the firm 's managing partner ; Sterling inherited the title through his family . Sterling believes that the law is a calling that can be used to enhance society and the world ; he also believes the firm should do good , including pro bono work . Billy Zane as Clifford " Cliff " Huddle , the firm 's other managing partner . Known as the " Prince of Darkness " , Huddle is " cold " and " ruthless " , and is considered the villain of the show . Although he is married to Susan Oppenheim , the firm 's litigation partner , he has an affair with the firm 's paralegal . Brimming with contempt , he thinks law is a way to make money , and does not care about the broader consequences . Huddle asserts that the firm should be run " as a business , not as a soup kitchen " . He also frequently clashes with Sterling due to their diametrically opposed convictions about the law . Mehcad Brooks as Malcolm Bennet , an outsider and first @-@ year associate . Regarding the show and the topics it covers , Brooks says , " It definitely plucks at your heartstrings . But its quick @-@ witted , glib , slightly arrogant , and very inspirational . It 's some of the funniest stuff I ever read in my whole life . " Leah Pipes as Elizabeth " Beth " Branford , a wealthy , blond , first @-@ year associate . Although she seems self @-@ assured , she is secretly vulnerable and thinks money can buy a career . Nicole Ari Parker as Susan Oppenheim , the firm 's head litigation partner and the wife of Clifford " Cliff " Huddle . Together , Oppenheim and Huddle are antagonists against Sterling . Oppenheim chooses to go to jail rather than miss a motion – filing dateline . Recurring cast Rachelle Lefevre as Katie Campbell David Giuntoli as Jason Carpenter = = Reception = = The show premiered on January 21 , 2010 as a 2009 – 2010 midseason replacement for FlashForward , attracting 7 million viewers and receiving a low 1 @.@ 7 rating in the category of Adults 18 @-@ 49 . The series received a negative critical response , averaging 40 / 100 on Metacritic , based on 23 reviews with one positive , 14 mixed , and eight negatives . Critics said that the show lacked originality and appeared similar to shows like L.A. Law , The Practice , Boston Legal , Damages , Eli Stone and The Good Wife . The show premiered in the time slot before Grey 's Anatomy and Private Practice , leading the Washington Post to say that The Deep End resembled the two other shows " closely enough to warrant a paternity test " . Toni Fitzgerald of Media Life Magazine said that even though The Deep End received a great deal of publicity , the show " sank in its first outing " . Tom Maurstad of the Dallas Morning News observed that it was noticeable that the show was shot in Las Colinas , not in its setting of Los Angeles . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said the show consisted of a " bunch of attractive people in suits saying the same lines " . Glenn Garvin of The Miami Herald described the show as " a dreadful attempt to duplicate Grey 's Anatomy in a law office " . Mark Peikert of the New York Press said that the show was " sailing in shallow waters " . Attorneys criticized the show as unrealistic due to numerous violations of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct by the fictional attorneys on the show . The show was also criticized for its depiction of young associates performing tedious legal research with hard copy books in a law library ; a firm the size and caliber of Sterling , Huddle , Oppenheim , & Craft would have a subscription to online databases like Westlaw or LexisNexis . ABC canceled the show in May 2010 . = = Episodes = =
= Lexus = Lexus ( レクサス , Rekusasu ) is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota . The Lexus marque is marketed in over 70 countries and territories worldwide , has become Japan 's largest @-@ selling make of premium cars , and has ranked among the ten largest Japanese global brands in market value . Lexus is headquartered in Nagoya , Japan . Operational centers are located in Brussels , Belgium , and the U.S. in Torrance , California . Lexus originated from a corporate project to develop a new premium sedan , code @-@ named F1 , which began in 1983 and culminated in the launch of the Lexus LS in 1989 . Subsequently , the division added sedan , coupé , convertible , and SUV models . Until 2005 Lexus did not exist as a brand in its home market and all vehicles marketed internationally as Lexus from 1989 @-@ 2005 were released in Japan under the Toyota marque and an equivalent model name . In 2005 , a hybrid version of the RX crossover debuted , and additional hybrid models later joined the division 's lineup . In 2007 , Lexus launched its own F marque performance division with the debut of the IS F sport sedan , followed by the LFA supercar in 2009 . From the start of production , Lexus vehicles have been produced in Japan , with manufacturing centered in the Chūbu and Kyūshū regions , and in particular at Toyota 's Tahara , Aichi , Chūbu and Miyata , Fukuoka , Kyūshū plants . Assembly of the first Lexus built outside the country , the Ontario , Canada – produced RX 330 , began in 2003 . Following a corporate reorganization from 2001 to 2005 , Lexus operates its own design , engineering , and manufacturing centers . Since the 2000s ( decade ) , Lexus has increased sales outside its largest market , the United States . The division inaugurated dealerships in Japan 's domestic market in 2005 , becoming the first Japanese premium car marque to launch in its country of origin . The brand was introduced in Southeast Asia , Latin America , Europe , and other regions . The division 's lineup also reflects regional differences for model and powertrain configurations . = = History = = = = = 1980s : The F1 project = = = In 1983 , Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda issued a challenge to build the world 's best car . The project , code @-@ named F1 ( “ Flagship One ” ) developed the Lexus LS 400 to expand Toyota ’ s product line in the premium segment . The F1 project followed the Toyota Supra sports car and the premium Toyota Mark II models . Both the Supra and Mark II were rear @-@ wheel drive cars with a powerful 7M @-@ GE or 7M @-@ GTE inline @-@ six engine . The largest sedan Toyota built at the time was the limited @-@ production , 1960s @-@ vintage Toyota Century , a domestic , hand @-@ built limousine , and V8 @-@ powered model , followed by the inline @-@ six @-@ engined Toyota Crown premium sedan . The Century was conservatively styled for the Japanese market , and along with the Crown not slated for export , after a complete restyle in 1982 . The F1 designers targeted their new sedan at international markets and began development on a new V8 engine . Japanese manufacturers exported more expensive models in the 1980s due to voluntary export restraints , negotiated by the Japanese government and U.S. trade representatives , that restricting mainstream car sales . In 1986 , Honda launched its Acura marque in the U.S. , influencing Toyota 's plans for a luxury division ; the initial Acura model was an export version of the Honda Legend , itself launched in Japan in 1985 as a rival to the Toyota Crown , Nissan Cedric / Gloria , and Mazda Luce . In 1987 , Nissan unveiled its plans for a premium brand , Infiniti , and revised its Nissan President sedan in standard wheelbase form for export as the Infiniti Q45 , which it launched in 1990 . In 1988 , Mazda began selling the Luce as the Mazda 929 in North America , and later began plans to develop an upscale marque , to be called Amati , but its plans did not come to fruition . Toyota researchers visited the U.S. in May 1985 to conduct focus groups and market research on luxury consumers . During that time , several F1 designers rented a home in Laguna Beach , California to observe the lifestyles and tastes of American upper class consumers . Meanwhile , F1 engineering teams conducted prototype testing on locations ranging from the German autobahn to U.S. roads . Toyota ’ s market research concluded that a separate brand and sales channel were needed to present its new sedan , and plans were made to develop a new network of dealerships in the U.S. market . = = = = Brand development = = = = In 1986 , Toyota ’ s longtime advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi formed a specialized unit , Team One , to handle marketing for the new brand . Image consulting firm Lippincott & Margulies was hired to develop a list of 219 prospective names ; Vectre , Verone , Chaparel , Calibre and Alexis were chosen as top candidates . While Alexis quickly became the front runner , concerns were raised that the name applied to people more than cars ( being associated with the Alexis Carrington character on the popular 1980s primetime drama Dynasty ) , and as a result the first letter was removed and the " i " replaced with a " u " to morph the name to Lexus . The etymology of the Lexus name has been attributed to the combination of the words " luxury " and " elegance , " and another theory claims it is an acronym for " luxury exports to the U.S. " According to Team One interviews , the brand name has no specific meaning and simply denotes a luxurious and technological image . Just prior to the release of the first vehicles , database service LexisNexis obtained a temporary injunction forbidding the name Lexus from being used as they stated it might cause confusion . The injunction threatened to delay the division 's launch and marketing efforts . The U.S. appeals court lifted the injunction , deciding that there was little likelihood of confusion between the two products . The original Lexus slogan , developed after Team One representatives visited Lexus designers in Japan and noted an obsessive attention to detail , became " The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection . " The Lexus logo was developed by Molly Designs and Hunter Communications . The final design for the Lexus logo featured a stylized “ L ” within an oval , and according to Toyota , was rendered using a mathematical formula . The first teaser ads featuring the Lexus name and logo , designed by Team One , appeared at the Chicago , Los Angeles , and New York auto shows in 1988 . = = = = Launch = = = = The F1 project was completed in 1989 , involving 60 designers , 24 engineering teams , 1 @,@ 400 engineers , 2 @,@ 300 technicians , 220 support workers , approximately 450 prototypes , and over US $ 1 billion in costs . The resulting car , the Lexus LS 400 , had a design that shared no major elements with previous Toyota vehicles , with a new 4 @.@ 0 L V8 gasoline engine and rear @-@ wheel drive . The car debuted in January 1989 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit , and went on sale the following September at a network of 81 new Lexus dealerships in the U.S. The LS 400 was sold along with the smaller ES 250 , a rebadged Toyota Camry . The launch of Lexus was accompanied by a multimillion @-@ dollar advertising campaign . The LS 400 was praised for its quietness , well @-@ appointed and ergonomic interior , engine performance , build quality , aerodynamics , fuel economy , and value , although it was criticized by some automobile columnists for derivative styling and a suspension regarded as too compromising of handling for ride comfort . In some markets , it was priced against mid @-@ size six @-@ cylinder Mercedes @-@ Benz and BMW models , and was rated by Car and Driver magazine as better than the higher priced Mercedes @-@ Benz 420 SEL and BMW 735i in terms of ride , handling , and performance . The LS 400 also won motoring awards from automotive publications including Automobile Magazine and Wheels Magazine . Lexus quickly established customer loyalty and its debut was generally regarded as a shock to existing luxury marques . BMW 's and Mercedes @-@ Benz 's U.S. sales figures dropped 29 % and 19 % , respectively , with BMW executives accusing Lexus of dumping in that market , while 35 % of Lexus buyers traded in a Lincoln or Cadillac . In December 1989 , Lexus initiated a voluntary recall of all 8 @,@ 000 LS 400s that were sold based upon two customer complaints over defective wiring and an overheated brake light . A 20 @-@ day operation to replace the parts on affected vehicles included technicians to pick up , repair , and return cars to customers free of charge , and also flying in personnel and renting garage space for owners in remote locations . This response was covered in media publications and helped establish the marque 's early reputation for customer service . By the end of 1989 , a total of 16 @,@ 392 LS 400 and ES 250 sedans were sold in the four months following the U.S. launch . Although sales had begun at a slower pace than expected , the final tally matched the division 's target of 16 @,@ 000 units for that year . Following initial models , plans called for the addition of a sports coupe along with a redesigned ES sedan . = = = 1990s : Growth and expansion = = = In 1990 , during its first full year of sales , Lexus sold 63 @,@ 594 LS 400 and ES 250 sedans in the U.S. , the vast majority being the LS model . That year , Lexus also began limited exports to the United Kingdom , Switzerland , Canada , and Australia . In 1991 , Lexus launched its first sports coupe , the SC 400 , which shared the LS 400 ’ s V8 engine and rear @-@ wheel drive design . This was followed by the second generation ES 300 sedan , which succeeded the ES 250 and became Lexus ' top seller . At the conclusion of 1991 , Lexus had become the top @-@ selling premium car import in the U.S. , with sales reaching a total of 71 @,@ 206 vehicles . That year , Lexus ranked highest in J.D. Power and Associates ' studies on initial vehicle quality , customer satisfaction , and sales satisfaction for the first time . The marque also began increasing U.S. model prices past those of comparable American premium makes , but still below high @-@ end European models ; by 1992 , the LS 400 's base price had risen 18 % . In 1993 , Lexus launched the mid @-@ size GS 300 sports sedan , based on the Toyota Aristo using the Toyota " S " platform from the Toyota Crown , which had sold for two years prior in Japan . The GS 300 was priced below the LS 400 in the marque 's lineup . That same year , Lexus also became one of the first marques to debut a certified pre @-@ owned program , with the aim of improving trade @-@ in model values . In 1994 , the marque introduced the second generation LS 400 . In May 1995 , sales were threatened by the U.S. government 's proposal of 100 % tariffs on upscale Japanese cars in response to the widening U.S.-Japan trade deficit . SUVs were exempt from the proposed sanctions . Normal sales operations resumed by late 1995 when the Japanese auto manufacturers collectively agreed to greater American investments , and the tariffs were not enacted . In 1996 , Lexus debuted its first sport utility vehicle , the LX 450 , followed by the third generation ES 300 sedan . The marque 's plans for developing an SUV model had accelerated during the U.S.-Japan tariff discussions of 1995 . In 1998 , Lexus added the first luxury @-@ branded crossover SUV , the RX 300 , and the second generation GS 300 and GS 400 sedans . The RX crossover targeted suburban buyers who desired an upmarket SUV but did not need the LX 's off @-@ road capability ; it was particularly successful , becoming the marque 's top @-@ selling model ahead of the ES 300 . The same year , Lexus made its debut in South America 's most populous country when it launched sales in Brazil . In 1999 , Lexus recorded its one @-@ millionth vehicle sold in the U.S. market , and was ranked as the top @-@ selling premium car maker in the U.S. overall . = = = 2000s : Global reorganization = = = In 2000 , Lexus introduced the IS line , a series of entry @-@ level sport sedans . In 2001 , the first convertible was introduced , as well as the SC 430 , a redesigned ES 300 , and the third generation LS 430 . The GX 470 mid @-@ size SUV debuted in 2002 , followed by the second generation RX 330 in 2003 . The following year , Lexus recorded its two @-@ millionth U.S. vehicle sale , and the first luxury @-@ branded production hybrid SUV , the RX 400h . This vehicle used Toyota 's Hybrid Synergy Drive system that combined gasoline and electric motors . In 2005 , Lexus completed an organizational separation from parent company Toyota , with dedicated design , engineering , training , and manufacturing centers working exclusively for the division . This effort coincided with Lexus ' launch in its home market of Japan and an expanded global launch of the brand in markets such as China . Executives aimed to increase Lexus sales outside of its largest market in the U.S. To accompany this expansion , next generation Lexus vehicles were redesigned as " global models " for international release . In the European market , where Lexus had long faced struggling sales owing to low brand recognition , few dedicated dealerships , and 1990s import quotas , the marque announced plans to introduce hybrid and diesel powertrains , increase the number of Lexus dealerships , and expand operations in emerging markets such as Russia . Lexus ' arrival in the Japanese market in July 2005 marked the first introduction of a Japanese premium car marque in the domestic market . New generation LS , IS , ES , GS , and RX models subsequently became available in Japan along with the SC 430 , ending domestic sales of Toyota @-@ branded models under the Celsior , Altezza , Windom , Aristo , Harrier , and Soarer nameplates , respectively . The Altezza and Aristo were previously exclusive to Japanese Toyota retail sales channels called Toyota Vista Store , the Windom was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store , the Celsior and Harrier were exclusive to Toyopet Store , and the Soarer was previously available at both Toyota Store and Toyopet Store locations . Lexus models sold in Japan featured higher specifications and a price premium compared with their discontinued Toyota counterparts . Sales for the first half @-@ year were slower than expected , affected by the contraction of the domestic auto market and price increases , but improved in subsequent months with an expanded lineup . Through the mid @-@ 2000s , Lexus experienced sales successes in South Korea and Taiwan , becoming the top @-@ selling import make in both markets in 2005 ; the marque also sold well in the Middle East , where it ranked first or second among rivals in multiple countries , and in Australia , where Lexus reached third in luxury car sales in 2006 . Division executives in 2006 announced an expansion goal from 68 countries to 76 worldwide by 2010 . By the end of the decade , this expansion resulted in official launches in Malaysia and South Africa in 2006 , Indonesia in 2007 , Chile in 2008 , and the Philippines in 2009 . = = = = Hybrids and F models = = = = In 2006 , Lexus began sales of the GS 450h , a V6 hybrid performance sedan , and launched the fourth generation LS line , comprising both standard- and long @-@ wheelbase V8 ( LS 460 and LS 460 L ) and hybrid ( LS 600h and LS 600h L ) versions . The fifth generation ES 350 also debuted in the same year . The LS 600h L subsequently went on sale as the most expensive sedan ever produced in Japan . By the end of 2006 , Lexus ' annual sales had reached 475 @,@ 000 vehicles worldwide . In January 2007 , Lexus announced a new F marque performance division , which would produce racing @-@ inspired versions of its performance models . The IS F , made its debut at the 2007 North American International Auto Show , accompanied by a concept car , the LF @-@ A. In October 2007 , Lexus entered the Specialty Equipment Market Association show in the U.S. for the first time with the IS F , and announced its F @-@ Sport performance trim level and factory @-@ sanctioned accessory line . Increased emphasis on sporty models was an effort to target rivals from Mercedes @-@ Benz 's AMG and BMW 's M divisions . Models such as the SC 400 and GS 400 had received favorable reactions from sport luxury buyers , most Lexus models had been characterized as favoring comfort over sporty road feel and handling , compared with European rivals . By the end of 2007 , Lexus annual worldwide sales had surpassed 500 @,@ 000 vehicles , and the marque ranked as the top @-@ selling premium import in China for the first time . The largest sales markets in order of size for 2007 were the U.S. , Japan , the UK , China , Canada , and Russia . In 2008 , amidst the late @-@ 2000s recession and a weakened world car market , global sales fell 16 % to 435 @,@ 000 , with declines in markets such as the U.S. and Europe where deliveries fell by 21 % and 27 @.@ 5 % , respectively . In 2009 , the marque launched the HS 250h , a dedicated hybrid sedan for North America and Japan , the RX 450h , the second generation hybrid SUV replacing the earlier RX 400h , and later that year debuted the US $ 375 @,@ 000 production LFA exotic coupe . In late 2009 , citing higher sales of hybrid models over their petrol counterparts , Lexus announced plans to become a hybrid @-@ only marque in Europe . By the end of the decade , Lexus ranked as the fourth @-@ largest premium car make in the world by volume , and was the number @-@ one @-@ selling premium car marque in the U.S. for ten consecutive years . = = = 2010s : Recent developments = = = In 2010 , Lexus underwent a gradual sales recovery in North America and Asia as the marque focused on adding hybrids and new model derivatives . Sales in the U.S. held steady despite the 2009 – 2010 Toyota vehicle recalls , several of which included Lexus models . The ES 350 and certain IS models were affected by a recall for potentially jamming floor mats , while parent company Toyota bore the brunt of negative publicity amid investigations over its series of product recalls and problem rates per @-@ vehicle . The redesigned GX 460 was also voluntarily recalled in April 2010 for a software update , one week after Consumer Reports issued a recommendation not to buy the SUV , citing a possible rollover risk following the slow stability control response to a high @-@ speed emergency turn . Although the publication knew of no reported incidents , the GX 460 received updated stability control software . In late 2010 and early 2011 , Lexus began sales of the CT 200h , a compact four @-@ door hybrid hatchback designed for Europe , in multiple markets . Sales of lower @-@ displacement regional models were also expanded , beginning with the ES 240 in China followed by the RX 270 ; Japan , Russia , and Taiwan were among markets which received model variants intended for reduced emissions or import taxes . In March 2011 , the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused severe disruption to Lexus ' Japan @-@ based production lines , hindering the marque 's near @-@ term sales prospects . Lexus ' U.S. executives stated that due to vehicle shortages amidst close competition from BMW , Mercedes @-@ Benz , and Audi , the marque would not remain the country 's top @-@ selling premium car brand . Cumulative sales results for 2011 indicated a 14 % sales drop in the U.S. market , along with sales increases of 40 % and 27 % in Europe and Japan respectively , for a global sales total of 410 @,@ 000 units . Lexus ' streak of eleven consecutive years as the best @-@ selling luxury marque in the U.S. ended that year , with the title going to BMW followed by Mercedes @-@ Benz . For 2011 while 45 percent of Lexus sales in the United States relied upon the RX luxury crossover SUV , rival Mercedes @-@ Benz 's best @-@ selling offering was the E @-@ Class mid @-@ luxury sedan which commands considerably higher prices . Subsequently , Toyota chairman Akio Toyoda vowed to restore passion to the marque and further increase its organizational independence , admitting that " ... back then we did not regard Lexus as a brand , but as a distribution channel " . As a result of Toyoda 's organizational changes , Lexus senior managers report directly to the chairman for the first time in the marque 's history . In January 2012 , the marque began sales of the fourth generation GS line , including GS 350 and GS 450h variants , as well as a lower @-@ displacement GS 250 model for select markets . In April 2012 , the sixth generation ES line , include ES 350 and ES 300h variants , debuted at the New York International Auto Show . In April 2014 , Lexus unveiled the five @-@ seater NX crossover . The vehicle features a very first for a Lexus vehicle : a turbocharger . Its nomenclature is denoted as the 200t . In August 2014 , Toyota announced it would be cutting its Lexus spare parts prices in China by up to 35 % . The company admitted the move was in response to a probe foreshadowed earlier in the month by China 's National Development and Reform Commission of Lexus spare parts policies , as part of an industry @-@ wide investigation into what the Chinese regulator considers exorbitantly high prices being charged by automakers for spare parts and after @-@ sales servicing . In March 2016 , Lexus announced that it will be producing a new flagship vehicle : the two @-@ door LC 500 . The vehicle will be produced for late 2017 in a V8 version putting out 467 horsepower . The LC 500h , a V6 hybrid variant , could potentially become available in late 2017 or early 2018 . = = Corporate affairs = = = = = Management = = = Lexus International , headed by managing officer Tokuo Fukuichi , coordinates the worldwide operations of Toyota 's luxury division . Other executives at Lexus ' global headquarters , located in Nagoya , Aichi , include Mark Templin , executive vice president of Lexus International , and managers of the marque 's Japan Sales & Marketing and global Product & Marketing Planning divisions . While organizationally separate from its parent company , Lexus International reports directly to Toyota chief executive officer Akio Toyoda . In the U.S. , Lexus operations are headed by Jeffrey Bracken , group vice president and general manager of the U.S. Lexus division , located in Southern California . In Europe , Lexus operations are headed by Alain Uyttenhoven , vice president of Lexus Europe , located in Brussels . Companion design facilities are located in Southern California and central Japan , with the head design studio devoted entirely to Lexus models in Toyota City , Aichi . = = = Regional operations = = = Lexus sales operations vary in structure by region . In many markets , such as the U.S. , the dealership network is a distinct organization from corporate headquarters , with separately owned and operated Lexus showrooms . By contrast , in Japan all 143 dealerships in the country are owned and operated by Lexus . Several markets have a designated , third party regional distributor ; for example , in the United Arab Emirates , sales operations are managed by Al @-@ Futtaim Motors LLC , and in Costa Rica , Lexus vehicles are sold via regional distributor Purdy Motors S.A. Other officially sanctioned regional distributors have sold Lexus models prior to the launch of , or in absence of , a dedicated dealership network . = = = Sales = = = Global sales of Lexus vehicles reached an all @-@ time high in 2007 , with a total of 518 @,@ 000 . Sales decreased in subsequent years due to the effects of the 2008 recession and the Japanese tsunami of 2011 . Following this , sales recovered and reached a new high of 523 @,@ 000 in 2013 . In 2014 , the Lexus brand set a new global sales record after selling 582 @,@ 000 vehicles . This made Lexus the fourth best selling luxury brand in the world , trailing only BMW , Audi and Mercedes @-@ Benz . Global sales of Lexus vehicles increased by 12 % in 2015 to reach another annual sales record with 652 @,@ 00 units sold world @-@ wide . Global cumulative sales of Lexus brand hybrid electric cars reached the 500 thousand mark in November 2012 . The 1 million sales milestone was achieved in March 2016 . The Lexus RX 400h / RX 450h ranks as the top selling Lexus hybrid with 335 @,@ 000 units delivered worldwide as of March 2016 , followed by the Lexus CT 200h with 267 @,@ 000 units . = = = Financial performance = = = Financial data of Lexus operations are not disclosed publicly . However , automotive analysts estimate that the Lexus division contributes a disproportionate share of Toyota 's profits , relative to its limited production and sales volume . Interviews with retired division officials indicate that depending on sales volume , vehicle product development cycles , and exchange rates , Lexus sales have accounted for as much as half of Toyota 's annual U.S. profit in certain years . Division executives have employed pricing strategies aimed at sustaining profit margins rather than sales volume , with historically fewer price incentives than rival brands . In 2006 , Lexus entered Interbrand 's list of the Top 100 Global Brands for the first time , with an estimated brand value of approximately US $ 3 billion annually . In 2009 , Interbrand ranked Lexus as Japan 's seventh largest brand , between Panasonic and Nissan , based on revenue , earnings , and market value . = = Automobiles = = = = = Vehicle lineup = = = The global Lexus lineup features sedans of different size classes , including the compact IS and HS models , mid @-@ size ES and GS models , and the full @-@ size LS . Convertibles include the IS C models . Sport @-@ utility vehicles range in size from the compact NX and RX crossover , to the mid @-@ size GX and the full @-@ size LX . Hybrid models include the CT hatchback , HS sedan , and variants of the GS , LS , and RX . The F marque line produces a variant of the IS sedan and the LFA coupe . = = = F marque = = = Lexus produces its highest @-@ performance models under its F marque division . The name refers to Flagship and Fuji Speedway in Japan , whose first corner , 27R , inspired the shape of the " F " emblem . F marque models are developed by the Lexus Vehicle Performance Development Division . The first F marque model , the IS F , went on sale in 2007 , followed by the LFA in 2009 . A related F @-@ Sport performance trim level and factory @-@ sanctioned accessory line is available for standard Lexus models such as the IS 250 and IS 350 . F @-@ Sport succeeded an earlier in @-@ house tuning effort , the TRD @-@ based L @-@ Tuned , which had offered performance packages on the IS and GS sedans in the early 2000s ( decade ) . The latest editions to the performance F marque include the Lexus RC F and Lexus GS F. = = = Model nomenclature = = = Lexus production models are named alphanumerically using two @-@ letter designations followed by three digits . The first letter indicates relative status in the Lexus model range ( ranking ) , and the second letter refers to car body style or type ( e.g. LS for ' luxury sedan ' ) . The three digits indicate engine displacement in liters multiplied by a factor of one hundred ( e.g. 350 for a 3 @.@ 5 L engine ) . A space is used between the letters and numbers . The same letter may be used differently depending on the model ; ' S ' can refer to ' sedan ' or ' sport ' ( e.g. in LS and SC ) , while ' X ' refers to ' luxury utility vehicle ' or SUV . On hybrids , the three digits refer to the combined gasoline @-@ electric output . For certain models , a lower case letter placed after the alphanumeric designation indicates powerplant type ( ' h ' for hybrid , ' d ' for diesel , ' t ' for turbocharged ) , while capital letter ( s ) placed at the end indicates a class subtype ( e.g. ' L ' for long @-@ wheelbase , ' C ' for coupe , ' AWD ' for all @-@ wheel drive ) . On F marque models , the two @-@ letter designation and the letter ' F ' are used with no numbers or hyphens ( e.g. IS F ) . = = Design and technology = = Lexus design has traditionally placed an emphasis on targeting specific vehicle development standards . Since the marque 's inception , design targets have ranged from aerodynamics and ride quality to interior ergonomics . The backronym " IDEAL " ( " Impressive , Dynamic , Elegant , Advanced , and Lasting " ) is used in the development process . Each vehicle is designed according to approximately 500 specific product standards , known as " Lexus Musts , " on criteria such as leather seat stitching . Design elements from the marque 's concept vehicle line , the LF series ( including the 2003 LF @-@ S and 2004 LF @-@ C ) , have been incorporated in production models . Vehicle cabins have incorporated electroluminescent Optitron gauges , SmartAccess , a smart key entry and startup system , and multimedia features . Beginning with the 2010 RX and HS models , the Remote Touch system , featuring a computer mouse @-@ like controller with haptic feedback , was introduced ; other models have featured touchscreen controls ( through the 2009 model year ) as a navigation screen interface . 2014 saw the introduction of the next version of Lexus ’ remote @-@ touch innovations — the Remote Touch Interface Touchpad in the new RC Coupe . In 1989 , Lexus became among the first premium car marques to equip models with premium audio systems , in partnership with stereo firm Nakamichi . Since 2001 , optional surround sound systems are offered via high @-@ end audio purveyor Mark Levinson . For reduced cabin noise , the first LS 400 introduced sandwich steel plating , and later models added acoustic glass . In 2006 , the LS 460 debuted the first ceiling air diffusers and infrared body temperature sensors in a car . Telematics services include G @-@ Book with G @-@ Link in Asia and Lexus Enform in North America . In 2006 , Lexus incorporated the first production eight @-@ speed automatic transmission in an automobile with the LS 460 , and the gearbox was later adapted for the GS 460 and IS F models . Continuously variable transmissions , regenerative brakes , and electric motors have been used on all Lexus hybrid models . In 2007 , Lexus executives signaled intentions to equip further models with hybrid powertrains , catering to demands for a decrease in both carbon pollution and oil reliance . Hybrid models have been differentiated by separate badging and lighting technology ; in 2008 , the LS 600h L became the first production vehicle to use LED headlamps . Safety features on Lexus models range from stability and handling programs ( Vehicle Stability Control and Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management ) to backup cameras , swivel headlights , and sonar warning systems . The Lexus Pre @-@ Collision System ( PCS ) integrates multiple safety systems . In 2007 , Lexus introduced the first car safety systems with infrared and pedestrian detection capabilities , lane keep assist , a Driver Monitoring System with facial recognition monitoring of driver attentiveness , and rear pre @-@ collision whiplash protection , as part of the LS 460 PCS . As a safety precaution , Lexus GPS navigation systems in many regions feature a motion lockout when the vehicle reaches a set speed ; to prevent distraction , navigation inputs are limited , while voice input and certain buttons are still accessible . This safety feature has attracted criticism because passengers cannot use certain functions when the vehicle is in motion . Pre @-@ 2007 models came with a hidden manufacturer override option , and updated European models allow operation in motion . Production models in development have included convertibles , crossovers , and dedicated hybrids . Under the F marque , Lexus plans to produce high @-@ performance vehicles with its first expressions being the IS F and the LFA . Lexus officials have also discussed standard production model usage of varying platforms . The LS uses a dedicated platform , while the entry @-@ level Lexus ES had been criticized for being too similar to the Toyota Camry , with which it shared platforms until its sixth generation , in both styling and powertrain design . The Nürburgring test track in Germany has also seen Lexus prototype testing . = = = L @-@ finesse = = = Lexus introduced a new design language known as " L @-@ finesse " in the mid @-@ 2000s with its LF series concepts and the 2006 Lexus GS . L @-@ finesse is represented by three Japanese kanji characters which translate as " Intriguing Elegance , Incisive Simplicity , and Seamless Anticipation " . Design characteristics , including a fastback profile , lower @-@ set grille , and the use of both convex and concave surfaces , are derived from Japanese cultural motifs ( e.g. the phrase kirikaeshi in arrowhead shapes ) . While earlier Lexus models were criticized for reserved and derivative styling , and often mistaken for understated domestic market cars , automotive design analyses described L @-@ finesse as adding a distinctive nature and embrace of Japanese design identity . Opinions varied for L @-@ finesse 's debut on the GS ; Sports Car International 's analysis praised the vehicle 's in @-@ person appearance ; Automobile Magazine criticized the daring of its forward styling , and compared subsequent rival models for design similarities . In 2012 , the arrival of the redesigned fourth generation Lexus GS featured the introduction of a spindle @-@ shaped grille design , intended to be used on all forthcoming Lexus models . L @-@ finesse exhibitions were presented at Milan 's Salone del Mobile from 2005 through 2009 . = = Production = = = = = Assembly plants = = = The first Lexus vehicles were manufactured in Toyota 's Tahara plant , a highly sophisticated , computerized manufacturing plant in Japan . Lexus production techniques include methods and standards of quality control that differ from Toyota models . At the Tahara plant , separate assembly lines were developed for Lexus vehicles , along with new molds and specialized manufacturing equipment . Welding processes , body panel fit tolerances , and paint quality requirements are more stringent . Lexus plant workers , typically veteran technicians , are identified via repeated performance evaluations and ranked according to skill grade , with limited applicants accepted . The highest level takumi ( Japanese for " artisan " ) engineers are responsible for maintaining production standards at key points in the assembly process , such as testing engine performance . Production vehicles are given visual inspections for flaws , individually test @-@ driven at high speeds , and subjected to vibration tests . Through the 2000s ( decade ) , most Lexus sedan and SUV production has occurred in Japan at the Tahara plant in Aichi and Miyata plant in Fukuoka . In addition to the Tahara factory , Lexus vehicles have been produced at the Miyata plant ( Toyota Motor Kyushu , Inc . ) in Miyawaka , Fukuoka , Higashi Fuji plant ( Kanto Auto Works , Ltd . ) in Susono , Shizuoka , and Sanage plant ( Toyota Boshoku Corp. ; Araco ) in Toyota City , Aichi . Front @-@ wheel drive cars , such as the ES and HS , are produced in the Fukuoka Prefecture . The Kokura plant in Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , which opened in 2008 , is a dedicated hybrid production site for Lexus models such as the gasoline @-@ electric RX . The North American – market RX 350 ( since the 2004 model year ) is produced at the Cambridge plant ( Toyota Canada , Inc . ) in the city of Cambridge , in Ontario , Canada , which is the first Lexus production site located outside Japan . In late 2015 , Lexus started to assemble North American @-@ spec ES 350 sedans at the Georgetown plant ( TMMK , Inc . ) . = = = Quality rankings = = = In the 2000s ( decade ) , Consumer Reports named Lexus among the top five most reliable brands in its Annual Car Reliability Surveys of over one million vehicles across the U.S. = = Service = = Lexus has become known for efforts to project an upscale image , particularly with service provided after the sale . The waiting areas in service departments are replete with amenities , ranging from refreshment bars to indoor putting greens . Dealerships typically offer complimentary loaner cars or " courtesy cars " and free car washes , and some have added on @-@ site cafes and designer boutiques . Service bays are lined with large picture windows for owners to watch the servicing of their vehicle . In 2005 , Lexus also began reserving parking lots at major sporting arenas , entertainment events , and shopping malls , with the only requirement for free entry being the ownership of a Lexus vehicle . An online owner publication , Lexus Magazine , features automotive and lifestyle articles and is published online monthly and on a mobile site . Since 2002 , Lexus has scored consecutive top ratings in the Auto Express and 76 @,@ 000 @-@ respondent Top Gear customer satisfaction surveys in the UK . Lexus has also repeatedly topped the 79 @,@ 000 @-@ respondent J.D. Power Customer Service Index and Luxury Institute , New York surveys in the U.S. As a result of service satisfaction levels , the marque has one of the highest customer loyalty rates in the industry . To improve customer service , employees are instructed to follow the " Lexus Covenant , " the marque 's founding promise ( which states that " Lexus will treat each customer as we would a guest in our home " ) , and some dealerships have incorporated training at upscale establishments such as Nordstrom department stores and Ritz @-@ Carlton hotels . = = Motorsport = = Lexus first entered the motorsport arena in 1999 when its racing unit , Team Lexus , fielded two GS 400 race vehicles in the Motorola Cup North American Street Stock Championship touring car series . In its 1999 inaugural season , Team Lexus achieved its first victory with its sixth race at Road Atlanta . Led by Sports Car Club of America and International Motor Sports Association driver Chuck Goldsborough , based in Baltimore , Maryland , Team Lexus capitalized on the debut of the first generation Lexus IS by entering three IS 300s in the third race of the 2001 Grand @-@ Am Cup season at Phoenix , Arizona . Team Lexus won its first IS 300 victory that year at the Virginia International Raceway . In 2002 , Team Lexus ' competitive efforts in the Grand @-@ Am Cup ST1 ( Street Tuner ) class achieved victories in the Drivers ' and Team Championships , as well as a sweep of the top three finishes at Circuit Mont @-@ Tremblant in Quebec , Canada . After the release of the Lexus brand in the Japanese domestic market in 2005 , Lexus sanctioned the entry of four SC 430 coupes in the Super GT series of the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship in the GT500 class . In the first race of the 2006 series , an SC 430 took the chequered flag , and drivers André Lotterer and Juichi Wakisaka raced the SC 430 to capture the GT500 championship for that year . In 2007 , another SC 430 won the GT500 opening round race . In 2006 , Lexus raced a hybrid vehicle for the first time , entering a GS 450h performance hybrid sedan in partnership with Sigma Advanced Racing Development at the 24 Hours of Tokachi race in Hokkaido , Japan . Lexus Canada also entered the GS 450h in 2007 's Targa Newfoundland event . In 2009 , Lexus Super GT Team SC 430 and IS 350 racers won the GT500 and GT300 championships , respectively . Lexus ' participation in endurance racing further includes the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona , sanctioned by the Grand American Road Racing Association . After entering the Rolex Sports Car Series in 2004 , Lexus has won over 15 Rolex Series event races . In 2005 , Lexus was runner @-@ up , and in 2006 , it won the championship . Although Toyota has won this race in the past , it was the first time that its luxury arm emerged as the winner . In 2007 , six Lexus @-@ powered Daytona prototypes were entered in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona event at the Daytona International Speedway . Lexus was a repeat winner of the event , with a Lexus @-@ Riley prototype driven by Scott Pruett , Juan Pablo Montoya , and Salvador Durán of Chip Ganassi Racing finishing first ; Lexus @-@ Riley prototypes also took three of the top ten spots . In 2008 , Lexus won its third consecutive win at Daytona . For the 2010 season , Lexus departed from the Rolex Sports Car Series , and Ganassi Racing switched to BMW / Dinan engines . The LF @-@ A prototype also competed on the Nürburgring since 2008 in VLN endurance races and in the 24 Hours Nürburgring , also with the IS F. On May 14 , 2011 , a CT 200h tuned up by Gazoo Racing competed in the Adenauer ADAC Rundstrecken @-@ Trophy , a six @-@ hour endurance race . = = Marketing = = From its inception , Lexus has been advertised to luxury consumers using specific marketing strategies , with a consistent motif used for the marque 's advertisements . Beginning in 1989 , television ads were narrated by actor James Sloyan ( the voice of " Mr. Lexus " until 2009 ) , and accompanied by vehicles that performed unusual stunts onscreen . The first decade of Lexus commercials ( 1989 – 99 ) consisted primarily of disjunctive verbal descriptions , such as " relentless , " " pursuit , " and " perfection , " while vehicles were used to claim superiority in precision , idling , and interior quiet and comfort on camera . Examples included the champagne glass " Balance " ( 1989 ) and rolling " Ball Bearing " ( 1992 ) . In the 2000s ( decade ) , commercials included descriptions of features , or a narration of the events onscreen , and were often targeted at the marque 's German competitors . An annual " December to Remember " campaign featured scenes of family members surprising loved ones with the gift of a new Lexus . The marque returned to the champagne glass theme in a 2006 LS 460 spot showing the sedan maneuvering between two stacks of glasses using its self @-@ parking system , and in a 2010 LFA spot showing its engine sound shattering a glass via resonance frequency . Industry observers have attributed Lexus ' early marketing successes to higher levels of perceived quality and lower prices than competitors , which have enabled the marque to attract customers upgrading from mass @-@ market cars . A reputation for dependability , bolstered by reliability surveys , also became a primary factor in attracting new customers from rival premium makes . Lexus has since grown to command higher price premiums than rival Japanese makes , with new models further increasing in price and reaching the over @-@ US $ 100 @,@ 000 ultra @-@ luxury category long dominated by rival European marques . Automotive analysts have also noted Lexus ' relative newcomer status as a marketing challenge for the brand , although some have debated the requirement of a long history . European rivals have marketed their decades of heritage and pedigree , whereas Lexus ' reputation rests primarily upon its perceived quality and shared history with parent company Toyota . Several analysts have stated that Lexus will have to develop its own heritage over time by highlighting technological innovations and producing substantial products . Lexus ' marketing efforts have extended to sporting and charity event sponsorships , including the U.S. Open tennis Grand Slam event from 2005 to 2009 , and the United States Golf Association 's U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , U.S. Senior Open , and U.S. Amateur tournaments since 2007 . Lexus has organized an annual Champions for Charity golf series in the U.S. since 1989 . Endorsement contracts have also been signed with professional athletes Andy Roddick , Annika Sörenstam , and Peter Jacobsen .
= Whale Whores = " Whale Whores " is the eleventh episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 192nd overall episode of the series , it aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 28 , 2009 . In the episode , Stan joins an anti @-@ whaling crew in order to save dolphins and whales from Japanese whalers . The episode was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Trey Parker , and was rated TV @-@ MA LV in the United States . " Whale Whores " addressed the topic of Japanese whaling , condemning both the whalers themselves and the activists who fight against them . The episode is particularly critical of the reality television series Whale Wars and its star Paul Watson , an environmental activist who is prominently featured in " Whale Whores " . In a response to the episode , Paul Watson said he was not offended by the portrayal , and was glad the show brought the issue of illegal whaling to a large audience . The episode also featured references to the show Deadliest Catch and a rendition of the Lady Gaga song " Poker Face " sung by Eric Cartman on the game Rock Band . A downloadable version of the song was released for the game in March . " Whale Whores " was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray along with the rest of the thirteenth season on March 16 , 2010 . The episode was nominated for a Genesis Award , but lost to the Family Guy episode " Dog Gone " . = = Plot = = The Marsh family is spending Stan 's ninth birthday at a public aquarium in Denver . As the Marshes enjoy interacting with the trained bottlenose dolphins , Japanese armed with spears suddenly storm the dolphinarium and kill all the dolphins . The Japanese perform similar attacks at several other aquariums , and at an NFL game , where they kill members of the Miami Dolphins football team . Stan asks his friends Kyle , Cartman , and Kenny to help him take on the cause of saving the dolphins and whales from the Japanese . Kyle declines , feeling they can 't change Japan 's views on the issue . Cartman and Kenny are much more interested in playing the video game Rock Band , professing they " don 't give two shits about stupid @-@ ass whales " . Eventually , Butters informs Stan about the television show Whale Wars , stating that they can take volunteers to help them . Seeing this as his chance , Stan takes Butters ' advice and joins host Paul Watson and his crew aboard the Sea Shepherd , but is underwhelmed by their method of throwing " stinky butter " at Japanese whalers in an effort to deter them . After the Japanese whalers kill Watson with a harpoon , Stan destroys their ship by igniting their fuel barrels with a flare gun . Stan becomes the new captain and leads a more successful campaign in impeding the Japanese whaling effort by employing more aggressive methods . The crew ends up getting interviewed by Larry King , who describes Paul Watson as an " incompetent media whore " and questions Stan on his intentions of increasing ratings with violence . Stan dismisses the charge and contends he is only interested in saving the whales , not ratings . Wanting to be on television , Cartman and Kenny join the ship 's crew under false pretenses of wanting to save the whales . After a brief run @-@ in with Captain Sig Hansen and his crew from the show Deadliest Catch , Japanese pilots launch kamikaze attacks on the Sea Shepherd . The suicidal planes kill the Whale Wars crew except for Stan , Cartman and Kenny . The trio are captured and brought to Japan , where Emperor Akihito tells them retaliation for the bombing of Hiroshima is the primary motive for Japan 's whaling efforts . He shows them a doctored photograph — given to Japan by the United States after the bombing — of the Enola Gay piloted by a dolphin and a killer whale . According to him , Japan was so grateful the Americans gave the Japanese these photos they declared peace . Knowing the picture is a fake , Stan decides to reveal the truth about the bombing , but Cartman reminds him that the Japanese seek to drive the entire species of the perpetrators to extinction . Claiming the U.S. government has authorized him to show the " original " photo , Stan presents Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and other Japanese officials with a new doctored photo showing a cow and chicken in the Enola Gay ( created by Kyle , who Stan managed to phone beforehand ) . The Japanese become infuriated , now believing cows and chickens had modified the original photo to frame the innocent whales and dolphins . The Japanese agree to cease their whaling efforts and start slaughtering cows and chickens , storming farms full of the animals . The episode ends as Randy congratulates Stan for making the Japanese " normal , like us . " = = Theme = = " Whale Whores " addresses the controversies surrounding Japanese whaling , which had been a subject of considerable media attention around the time the South Park episode first aired . The episode is equally condemning of all sides involved in the matter , including the Japanese whalers themselves and the activists who fight against them . By having the Japanese attack the dolphins at the Denver Aquarium in the middle of a dolphin riding demonstration , it has been suggested the episode highlights the link between visiting dolphins at marine parks and the reality of how aquatic wildlife are captured and slaughtered . " Whale Whores " is critical of the practice of whaling , as it displays primitive characteristics of the whalers . In the final scene , the show also draws parallel between Japanese whaling industry and generally accepted meat and poultry industries . However , the episode prominently features and mocks the animal rights and environmental activist Paul Watson and his Animal Planet reality series , Whale Wars . Watson has received wide criticism for his method of disrupting whale hunts by at times attacking and sinking Japanese and Norwegian whaling ships . " Whale Whores " presents Watson and his show in a way that mocks his attempts to garner media attention by simply lying rather than doing anything productive . The episode mocks Whale Wars and its attempts to present mundane ship @-@ board activities as dramatic television . This is particularly illustrated in newspaper headlines after Stan takes over Watson 's ship : " New Captain Turns Vegan Pussies Into Real Pirates " and " Whale Wars Gets Better : Things Actually Happen ! " Watson himself is also portrayed in a physically unflattering way , with his stomach too fat to be entirely covered by his shirt . " Whale Whores " also refers to the criticisms that Watson bends the truth in order to further his popularity . This is particularly reflected through the fictional interview with Larry King , who calls Watson " an unorganized , incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause . " The fact that Whale Wars gets better ratings after Stan takes over and employs more violent tactics is a satire of the tendency in Whale Wars , and television in general , to exploit violence for money and viewership . = = Cultural references = = The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are identified as the cause of Japanese whaling . The two Japanese cities were destroyed by atomic weapons during the final stages of World War II under orders by U.S. President Harry Truman , which killed about 220 @,@ 000 people . In " Whale Whores " , the Japanese are presented with a doctored picture of the Enola Gay , the B @-@ 29 Superfortress bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima . The picture shows a dolphin and a whale piloting the plane to bomb the city . The Miami Dolphins , a National Football League professional football team , are killed along with real dolphins by the whalers in " Whale Whores " . Near the end of the episode , Stan and the crew of the MY Steve Irwin encounter fishing ship captain Sig Hansen and his crew from the Discovery Channel reality series , Deadliest Catch . The scene with Paul Watson 's crew throwing " stinky butter " at the whalers refers to Watson and his crew 's practice of throwing stink bombs containing butyric acid , an acid found in rancid butter and cheese , at Japanese whaling vessels , including the factory vessel , the Nisshin Maru . An Entertainment Weekly magazine cover is shown with the headline , " We ’ re STILL Remembering Michael Jackson " , a reference to the extremely large amount of media coverage surrounding the then @-@ recent death of pop singer Michael Jackson . During one scene , Stan frightens off a group of Japanese whalers by uncovering a large statue of Godzilla , the famous Japanese movie monster . During the episode Kyle , Kenny and Cartman are shown performing Lady Gaga 's song " Poker Face " on the video game Rock Band . On March 16 , 2010 , Rock Band developer Harmonix released this version of the song ( along with the original version ) as downloadable content for the game . = = Reception = = " Whale Whores " received generally mixed reviews . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the criticism of the save @-@ the @-@ whales conservationists as a " delightfully savage ridicule " . Brian Jacks of MTV complimented the show 's focus on whale conservation , writing , " Leave it to the hard @-@ hitting folks at South Park to do more for conservationism than fifteen cable reality shows put together . " Josh Modell of The A.V. Club 's said the episode was unfunny and mocked a television series that was " culturally insignificant " and not particularly well @-@ known . Modell wrote , " The show 's star , Paul Watson , seems to have really pissed off South Park 's creators Parker and Stone [ ... ] Fine , but could you make me laugh a few times while you beat me over the head with information about a guy that I couldn 't care less about ? " Ramsey Isler of IGN called " Whale Whores " an entertaining episode , but said the episode could have provided more meaningful satire and did not explain the whaling issue very well , especially considering the show 's target audience was probably unfamiliar with it . Isler praised some of the individual jokes revolving around the Japanese attacks , and called Cartman 's " Poker Face " rendition a classic South Park moment , but dismissed the Enola Gay twist as " stupid " . Carlos Delgado of iF Magazine said " South Park swung and missed " with " Whale Whores " . Delgado said many of the jokes were random and " weird " , particularly the Enola Gay twist and the Japanese kamikaze attacks . Paul Watson said he was not offended by his portrayal in the episode , and was glad " Whale Whores " brought the issue of dolphin and whale slaughter to a large audience , as well as the role of the Japanese in the deaths . Watson said , " It 's a tough situation we are in . We can 't hurt the whalers and we have to stay within the boundaries of the law in opposing illegal whaling operations . If that makes us pussies , so be it . It 's better than being portrayed as killers . " Watson said the episode failed to portray that his actions have hurt Japanese profits from whaling , but that the episode demonstrated how successful Whale Wars and the Sea Shepherd has been . In February 2010 , " Whale Whores " was nominated for a Genesis Award in the television comedy category . The Genesis Awards pay tribute to news and entertainment media for outstanding work that raise public understanding of animal issues . " Whale Whores " ultimately lost to the Family Guy episode " Dog Gone " . = = Home release = = " Whale Whores " , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's thirteenth season , were released on a three @-@ disc DVD set and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set in the United States on March 16 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and a special mini @-@ feature Inside Xbox : A Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes Tour of South Park Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson .
= The Aftermath ( 30 Rock ) = " The Aftermath " is the second episode of the first season of the American situation comedy 30 Rock , which first aired on October 17 , 2006 on CTV in Canada . It aired on October 18 , 2006 on the NBC network in the United States , its country of origin , and October 18 , 2007 in the United Kingdom . The episode was written by Tina Fey and was directed by Adam Bernstein . Guest stars in this episode include Katrina Bowden , Tom Broecker , Teddy Coluca , Rachel Dratch , Adrienne Frost , Maulik Pancholy , Keith Powell , Lonny Ross , Kevin Scanlon and Sorab Wadia . The episode focuses on the reaction of the crew to the casting of Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , and the subsequent changes made to The Girlie Show . This becomes evident when Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) changes the title of the show to TGS with Tracy Jordan , much to Jenna Maroney 's ( Jane Krakowski ) dismay . Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) struggles to keep the cast and crew happy , so together with Tracy , she throws a party on a yacht . = = Plot = = Liz becomes furious when Jack decides that Tracy should be the number one priority on The Girlie Show . Jenna fears that Tracy will begin to overshadow her , but Tracy is quite pleased with his new job on the show . Liz and Jenna become more aggravated when Jack decides to change the name of The Girlie Show to TGS with Tracy Jordan , without consulting either of them . Jack has Tracy and Jenna appear in a promotion for the show , in which Tracy angers Jenna by forgetting her name and by not letting her speak . After the promotion , Liz tries to re @-@ assure Jenna by telling her that nobody on the show likes Tracy and that the only reason that he is on the show is because of Jack . Liz finds out that Jenna 's microphone was still on , and everyone in the studio heard her say terrible things about Jack and Tracy . Liz attempts to make amends by talking to Tracy during a rehearsal , during which she makes negative remarks about Jenna and the other members of her staff . Liz is notified by Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) that her chat with Tracy was aired over the studio 's monitors , which meant that everyone heard and saw her making the comments . Liz 's staff show their displeasure by throwing food and other objects at her . Liz and Tracy discuss an idea to get everyone together to try and smooth things over , and Tracy decides to invite Liz and the staff to a party aboard a yacht . Tracy gets along well with everyone at the party , including Jenna , and things appear to be going very well . Liz soon discovers that the yacht does not belong to Tracy , and the yacht 's real owner shows up with the NYPD . The following day Liz learns that Jack paid the newspapers to keep Tracy out of the press but left a photo of Jenna passing out on the yacht in their pages , which Jenna sees as exciting and flattering . = = Production = = Rachel Dratch , longtime comedy partner and fellow Saturday Night Live alumna of Fey , was originally cast to portray Jenna . Dratch played the role in the show 's original pilot , but in August 2006 , Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch 's replacement . Executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that while Dratch would not be playing a series regular , she would appear in various episodes in a different role . In the previous episode , Dratch played Greta Johansen , the The Girlie Show 's cat wrangler , while in this episode , she played Maria the maid , who was found by Liz in a closet on the yacht . = = Reception = = According to the Nielsen ratings system , " The Aftermath " was viewed by 5 @.@ 71 million viewers upon its original broadcast in the United States . It also achieved a 2 @.@ 3 / 7 in the key 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that it was watched by 2 @.@ 4 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. , and 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was 2 @.@ 42 million viewers less than the pilot . In the United Kingdom , the episode attracted 500 @,@ 000 viewers and a 4 % share of the viewing audience at the time of the broadcast , which was deemed " disappointing " by Media Guardian . This was 200 @,@ 000 viewers down from the pilot , which attracted 700 @,@ 000 viewers and a 6 % share of the viewing audience at the time of the broadcast . Robert Canning of IGN felt that the episode was more cohesive than the pilot , but still suffered from " two generic main characters and predictable storytelling " . He praised characters Liz and Jack , saying they " continued to provide laughs " , but said Jenna and Tracy " only continued to frustrate " . Canning called Baldwin the best part of 30 Rock , and found that the series had " laid essential groundwork for a successful situation comedy " . Robert Abele of LA Weekly felt that the characters of Morgan and Krakowski were undeveloped , describing them as " self @-@ obsessed , newly thrown @-@ together co @-@ leads " . Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle felt that " The Aftermath " was only " minorly more funny " than the pilot . He praised Baldwin and Morgan , but said that the rest of the episode was " weak " . Goodman felt that Fey could " fix " 30 Rock by showing more of Baldwin , and less of Krakowski . Phil Horst of The Pitt News praised the individual scenes between Fey and either Baldwin or Morgan , but criticized Fey for not writing an effective scene in which she did not appear . Horst saw Jenna 's screentime as a waste of time , and thought that Krakowski did not " have the comedic skills to keep up with the rest of the cast " . He went on to say that Dratch would have taken the character in " a completely different direction " , giving 30 Rock the variety it lacked .
= Operation Retribution ( 1941 ) = Operation Retribution ( German : Unternehmen Strafgericht ) also known as Operation Punishment , was the codename used for the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade , the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , in the first days of the German @-@ led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia . The operation commenced on 6 April and concluded on 7 or 8 April , resulting in the paralysis of Yugoslav civilian and military command and control , widespread destruction largely in the centre of the city , and significant civilian casualties . The bombing of Belgrade was preceded by the commencement of the ground invasion a few hours earlier , and also coincided with air attacks on a large number of Royal Yugoslav Air Force airfields and other strategic targets across Yugoslavia . The invasion resulted in the surrender of Yugoslav forces on 17 April . = = Background = = After the 1938 Anschluss ( union ) of Germany with Austria , Yugoslavia shared a border with the Third Reich and came under increasing pressure as her neighbours fell into line with the Axis powers . In April 1939 , Yugoslavia gained a second frontier with the Kingdom of Italy when that country invaded Albania . Between September and November 1940 , Hungary joined the Tripartite Pact , Italy invaded Greece , and Romania also joined the Pact . From that time , Yugoslavia was almost surrounded by Axis powers or their client states , and her neutral stance toward the war was under tremendous pressure . On 14 February 1941 , Adolf Hitler invited the Yugoslav Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković and his foreign minister Aleksandar Cincar @-@ Marković to Berchtesgaden and requested that Yugoslavia also join the Pact . Two weeks later , Bulgaria joined the Pact . The next day , German troops entered Bulgaria from Romania , closing the ring around Yugoslavia . Further pressure was applied by Hitler on 4 March 1941 , when the Yugoslav Regent , Prince Paul , visited Berchtesgaden , but Prince Paul delayed a decision . On 6 March , the Royal Yugoslav Air Force ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije , VVKJ ) was secretly mobilised , and on the following day , British troops began landing in Greece to bolster the defences of their Balkan ally against the Italians . The VVKJ began dispersing to auxiliary airfields on 12 March , and this dispersal was completed by 20 March . Hitler , wanting to secure the southern flank of his impending invasion of the Soviet Union , demanded that Yugoslavia sign the Pact , and the Yugoslav government eventually complied on 25 March 1941 . Two days later a military coup d 'état was carried out by a group of VVKJ and Yugoslav Royal Guard officers , led by VVKJ commander Brigadier General Borivoje Mirković . Prince Paul was deposed and replaced by the 17 @-@ year @-@ old King Peter II who was declared to be of age . On the same day as the Yugoslav coup d 'état , Hitler issued Directive 25 , which stated that the coup had changed the political situation in the Balkans . He ordered that " even if Yugoslavia at first should give declarations of loyalty , she must be considered as a foe and therefore must be destroyed as quickly as possible . " After the coup , German reconnaissance aircraft frequently violated Yugoslav airspace , and VVKJ fighter aircraft were on constant alert . The German incursions showed that the Yugoslav ground observation post network and supporting radio communications were inadequate . = = Bombing = = Hitler decided that Belgrade would be bombed in " retribution " for the coup against the government that had signed the Pact . In order to carry out Hitler 's orders , on 27 and 28 March 1941 Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring transferred about 500 fighter and bomber aircraft from France and northern Germany . The commander of Luftflotte IV , Generaloberst ( General ) Alexander Löhr , allocated these aircraft to attack the Yugoslav capital in waves by day and night . Löhr issued his orders for the bombing on 31 March , but the decision to bomb Belgrade was not confirmed by Hitler until 5 April . Although Hitler ordered the general destruction of Belgrade , Löhr replaced these general directions with specific military objectives at the last minute . On 3 April , Major Vladimir Kren of the VVKJ defected to the Germans , flying a Potez 25 aircraft to Graz in the Third Reich , and handing over the locations of many of the dispersal airfields as well as codes used by the VVKJ , which had to be quickly changed . On the afternoon of 5 May , a British colonel visited Mirković at the VVKJ base at Zemun and confirmed that the attack on Belgrade would commence at 06 : 30 the following morning . = = = 6 April = = = The German ground forces crossed the border at 05 : 15 on 6 April , and the Reich Minister of Propaganda Reichsleiter Joseph Goebbels announced the declaration of war at 06 : 00 . Yugoslav anti @-@ aircraft defences caused a false alarm when they reported the approach of an air raid from the direction of Romania at 03 : 00 , but listening posts on the Romanian border had actually heard the aircraft engines of the Romanian @-@ based Fliegerführer Arad warming up well before they took off . The VVKJ 's 51st Fighter Group at Zemun had been alerted before dawn , and when reports began to be received about Luftwaffe attacks on VVKJ airfields , the first patrol was sent into the air . At first , no aircraft could be seen approaching Belgrade . The first wave closed on Belgrade at 06 : 45 , and consisted of 74 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka divebombers and 160 Heinkel He 111 medium bombers and Dornier Do 17 light bombers between 8 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 400 – 3 @,@ 000 m ) . They were escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters at 11 @,@ 000 – 12 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 400 – 3 @,@ 700 m ) and 100 Messerschmitt Bf 109E fighters at 15 @,@ 000 feet ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . The whole of the Yugoslav 6th Fighter Brigade , consisting of the 51st Fighter Group at Zemun and the 32nd Fighter Group at Prnjavor , totalling 29 Messerschmitt Bf 109Es and 5 Rogožarski IK @-@ 3s , were scrambled to intercept the Germans . The Yugoslavs were quickly engaged by escorting Messerschmitt Bf 109Es from Jagdgeschwader 77 ( JG 77 ) . Just as the first wave was departing , Hawker Hurricane Mk1s of the 52nd Group of the 2nd Fighter Brigade based at Knić arrived over Belgrade and engaged some divebombers , claiming one Stuka shot down . During the first attack , the Yugoslavs claimed fifteen German aircraft shot down , lost five of their own , with more than six badly damaged . The pilots of JG 77 claimed ten Yugoslav machines shot down and another six destroyed on the ground . On his return to base , the commander of the 51st Fighter Group was relieved of his command for failure to take action . The second wave arrived over Belgrade about 10 : 00 , consisting of 57 Junkers Ju 87 divebombers and 30 Messerschmitt Bf 109E fighters . They were met by 15 of the remaining fighters from the 6th Fighter Brigade . This time the Yugoslavs claimed two divebombers forced down , and one Bf 109E shot down . A patrol of Bf 109Es from the Yugoslav 31st Fighter Group based at Kragujevac , acting without orders of their group commander , followed the Germans as they returned to their bases and claimed two divebombers shot down for the loss of both Yugoslav aircraft . Two further attacks were made on Belgrade by the Germans on the first day of the invasion . The third wave struck at 14 : 00 , consisting of 94 twin @-@ engined bombers flying from airfields near Vienna , escorted by 60 fighters . This attack was confronted by eighteen fighters of the 6th Fighter Regiment , who claimed four German aircraft shot down . The fourth attack of the day approached Belgrade at 16 : 00 , comprising 97 divebombers and 60 fighters . The German groups attacking Belgrade claimed a total of nineteen Yugoslav Bf 109E fighters and four unidentified aircraft destroyed on 6 April . Actual Yugoslav aircraft losses on the first day were ten shot down and fifteen damaged . The Yugoslavs claimed they had shot down twenty @-@ two German aircraft and forced two more to land . The Germans lost significantly less aircraft than claimed by the Yugoslavs , a total of twelve aircraft ; two Do 17Z light bombers , five Bf 110 heavy fighters , four Ju 87 divebombers , and one Bf 109E fighter . One Luftwaffe pilot who claimed his first victory over Belgrade on 6 April was Oberleutnant Gerhard Koall of JG 54 , who went on to be credited with 37 victories and was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross in 1944 . = = = 7 April = = = In total , bombers and dive @-@ bombers dropped 215 – 360 long tons ( 241 – 403 short tons ) of bombs and incendiaries on the capital . The weak Royal Yugoslav Air Force and inadequate anti @-@ aircraft defences of Belgrade briefly attempted to meet the overwhelming Luftwaffe assault , but were eliminated as threats during the first wave of the attack . Sources vary regarding the success achieved by the defenders . A US Army study first published in 1953 states that the Luftwaffe lost two fighter aircraft , and shot down 20 Yugoslav aircraft and destroyed 44 on the ground , whereas other sources state that the Yugoslavs shot down 40 German aircraft over the two @-@ day air battle . Dive @-@ bombers in subsequent waves were able to operate at rooftop altitude . According to historian Stevan K. Pavlowitch , the bombing of Belgrade lasted for three days . Other sources state the air battle over Belgrade lasted just two days owing to poor flying weather on 8 April . The most important cultural institution that was destroyed was the National Library of Serbia , which was hit by bombs and gutted by fire . Hundreds of thousands of volumes , rare books , maps , and medieval manuscripts were destroyed . Also hit was the Belgrade Zoo , which housed a number of animals . " Out of the nightmare of smoke and fire , " wrote Winston Churchill , " came the maddened animals released from their shattered cages . " = = British retaliation = = No. 37 Squadron of the Royal Air Force conducted two bombing raids on Sofia , the capital of Bulgaria , in retaliation for the bombing of Belgrade . Operating Vickers Wellington bombers flying from an airfield in Greece , the squadron conducted raids on 6 – 7 April and 12 – 13 April , dropping a total of 30 long tons ( 34 short tons ) of high @-@ explosive bombs on railway targets and nearby residential areas . These raids were carried out despite the fact that Britain was not at war with Bulgaria until 12 December 1941 . = = Aftermath = = The bombing of Belgrade paralysed communications between the Yugoslav military and its headquarters , and contributed decisively to the rapid collapse of Yugoslav resistance . Civilian casualties were significant , but sources vary widely from 1 @,@ 500 to 17 @,@ 000 killed . According to the journalist William Stevenson , around 24 @,@ 000 corpses were recovered from the ruins , and many were never found . The official casualty figure released soon after the bombing was 2 @,@ 271 killed . Other sources mention 5 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 fatalities , with later Yugoslav estimates ranging even higher . In contrast , Professor Jozo Tomasevich writes that the higher estimates were downgraded following " careful postwar investigations " , and indicates that a figure between 3 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 000 is more realistic . Following the Yugoslav capitulation , Luftwaffe engineers conducted a bomb damage assessment in Belgrade . The report stated that 218 @.@ 5 metric tons ( 215 @.@ 0 long tons ; 240 @.@ 9 short tons ) of bombs were dropped , with 10 – 14 percent being incendiaries . It listed all the targets of the bombing , which included : the royal palace , the war ministry , military headquarters , the central post office , the telegraph office , passenger and goods railway stations , power stations and barracks . It also mentioned that seven aerial mines were dropped , and that areas in the centre and northwest of the city had been destroyed , comprising 20 – 25 percent of its total area . Some aspects of the bombing remain unexplained , particularly the use of the aerial mines . In contrast , Pavlowitch states that almost 50 percent of housing in Belgrade was destroyed . After the invasion , the Germans forced 3 @,@ 500 – 4 @,@ 000 Jews to collect rubble that was caused by the bombing . Löhr was captured by the Yugoslav Partisans on 9 May 1945 , escaped , and was recaptured on 13 May . He was intensively interrogated , after which he was tried before a Yugoslav military court on a number of war crimes charges , one of which related to his command of Luftflotte IV during Operation Retribution . He was convicted , sentenced to death and executed . = = = Books = = = = = = Journals = = = = = = Papers = = =
= 2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football team = The 2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously " Alabama " , " UA " , " Bama " or " The Tide " ) represented the University of Alabama in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 117th overall and 78th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and its 20th within the SEC Western Division . The team was led by head coach Nick Saban , in his fifth year , and played their home games at Bryant – Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . They finished the season with a record of twelve wins and one loss ( 12 – 1 overall , 7 – 1 in the SEC ) and as consensus national champions . After the completion of the 2010 season , the Crimson Tide signed a highly rated recruiting class in February 2011 and completed spring practice the following April . With seventeen returning starters from the previous season , Alabama entered their 2011 campaign ranked as the number two team in the nation and as a favorite to win the Western Division and compete for the SEC championship . However , Alabama lost to the LSU Tigers in their regular season matchup , and as a result did not qualify for the 2011 SEC Championship Game . Despite not winning their conference championship , when the final Bowl Championship Series rankings were released , Alabama had the number two ranking to qualify for the 2012 BCS National Championship Game . In the rematch against LSU , the Crimson Tide defeated the Tigers 21 – 0 to capture their second BCS Championship in three years . At the conclusion of the season , the Alabama defense led the nation in every major statistical category , and was the first to do so since the 1986 season . Additionally , several players were recognized for the individual accomplishments on the field . Barrett Jones won both the Wuerffel Trophy and the Outland Trophy ; and Trent Richardson won the Doak Walker Award , was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy and was named the SEC Offensive Player of the Year . Also , seven players were named to various All @-@ America Teams with Dont 'a Hightower being a consensus selection and Mark Barron , Jones and Richardson each being unanimous selections . In April 2012 , eight members of the 2011 squad were selected in the NFL Draft , with an additional six signed as undrafted free agents to various teams . = = Before the season = = After winning the BCS National Championship in 2009 , Alabama fell short of preseason expectations in 2010 and finished with a record of nine wins and three losses at the conclusion of the regular season . However , they finished with a 49 – 7 victory in the 2011 Capital One Bowl against Michigan State , and secured Alabama 's third straight ten @-@ win season and their third bowl win in four seasons . In February 2011 , Alabama signed the No. 1 recruiting class according to Rivals and the No. 7 recruiting class according to Scout . Spring practice began on March 21 and concluded with the annual A @-@ Day game on April 16 . Televised live by ESPNU , the Crimson team of offensive starters defeated the White team of defensive starters by a final score of 14 – 10 before 92 @,@ 310 fans in Bryant – Denny Stadium . For their performances , Barrett Jones earned the Dwight Stephenson Lineman of the A @-@ Day Game Award and Trent Richardson earned the Dixie Howell Memorial Most Valuable Player of the A @-@ Day Game Award . In the weeks after the conclusion of spring practice , a pair of tragedies occurred that directly impacted the team . On April 27 , 2011 , an EF4 rated tornado devastated Tuscaloosa . As a result of the storm , long snapper Carson Tinker suffered a broken wrist with his girlfriend being one of the 43 fatalities attributed to the storm in Tuscaloosa . On May 12 , 2011 , offensive lineman Aaron Douglas was found dead in Fernandina Beach , Florida . The cause of death was subsequently ruled accidental as a result of multiple drug toxicity . After transferring to Alabama from Arizona Western College , Douglas struggled with off @-@ field issues including a DUI charge following a December 2010 arrest . He started his career as a freshman All @-@ America at Tennessee , before the Volunteers ' new head coach Derek Dooley granted him a release from the program in Spring 2010 . By August , Alabama had a combined 31 players on 12 different preseason award watch lists . These included Mark Barron , Dont ’ a Hightower , Dre Kirkpatrick , Robert Lester and Courtney Upshaw for the Chuck Bednarik Award ; Duron Carter , Darius Hanks and Marquis Maze for the Fred Biletnikoff Award ; Hightower , Nico Johnson and Upshaw for the Butkus Award ; Lester and Trent Richardson for the Walter Camp Award ; Hightower , Barrett Jones , Upshaw and William Vlachos for the Lombardi Award ; Michael Williams for the John Mackey Award ; Richardson for the Maxwell Award ; Barron , Hightower , Kirkpatrick , Lester and Upshaw for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy ; Jones and Vlachos for the Outland Trophy ; Vlachos for the Rimington Trophy ; Barron , Kirkpatrick and Lester for the Jim Thorpe Award ; and Richardson for the Doak Walker Award . Between the conclusion of the 2010 season and the beginning of summer practice in August 2011 , seven players transferred from the Crimson Tide . Those who transferred included Robby Green ( California University of Pennsylvania ) , B.J. Scott ( South Alabama ) , Demetrius Goode ( North Alabama ) , Petey Smith ( Holmes Community College ) , Brandon Moore ( East Mississippi Community College ) , Corey Grant ( Auburn ) and Keiwone Malone ( Memphis ) . = = Personnel = = = = = Coaching staff = = = Alabama head coach Nick Saban entered his fifth year as the Crimson Tide 's head coach for the 2011 season . During his previous four years with Alabama , he led the Crimson Tide to an overall record of 38 wins , 11 losses ( 38 – 11 ) and the 2009 national championship . In the weeks after the Capitol One Bowl victory , several changes were made to the Alabama coaching staff . Defensive line coach Bo Davis resigned his position to serve as the defensive tackles coach for Texas , and the next day Chris Rumph was hired from Clemson , to replace him as the defensive line coach . On January 12 , assistant head coach and offensive line coach Joe Pendry announced his retirement , and the following day former Miami interim head coach Jeff Stoutland was hired to replace him as offensive line coach . On January 21 , wide receivers coach and recruiting coordinator Curt Cignetti resigned his position to accept the head coaching job at Indiana University of Pennsylvania , and on February 7 , Mike Groh was hired a his replacement as wide receivers coach and recruiting coordinator . = = = Returning starters = = = Alabama had 17 returning starters from the previous season , including ten on defense and seven on offense . The most notable departures from the previous year were defensive end Marcell Dareus , left tackle James Carpenter , tight end Preston Dial , quarterback Greg McElroy , wide receiver Julio Jones and running back Mark Ingram , Jr . = = = Depth chart = = = Starters and backups . = = = Recruiting class = = = Alabama 's recruiting class included eleven players from the " ESPN 150 " : No. 3 Cyrus Kouandjio ( OT ) ; No. 19 Ha 'Sean Clinton @-@ Dix ( S ) ; No. 22 Xzavier Dickson ( DE ) ; No. 38 Trey DePriest ( OLB ) ; No. 41 Bradley Sylve ( WR ) ; No. 53 Jeoffrey Pagan ( DE ) ; No. 75 Marvin Shinn ( WR ) ; No. 79 Demetrius Hart ( RB ) ; No. 82 Malcolm Faciane ( TE ) ; No. 137 Danny Woodson , Jr . ( WR ) ; and No. 140 Brent Calloway ( ATH ) . Alabama signed the No. 1 recruiting class according to Rivals and the No. 7 recruiting class according to Scout . The football program received 14 letters of intent on National Signing Day , February 2 , 2011 . Prior to National Signing Day , three high school players and three junior college transfers of the 2011 recruiting class enrolled for the spring semester in order to participate in spring practice . These early enrollments included : nose guard Quinton Dial , offensive lineman Aaron Douglas and nose tackle Jesse Williams from junior college and linebacker Trey DePriest , quarterback Phillip Ely safety Vinnie Sunseri from high school . = = Schedule = = The 2011 schedule was officially released on October 19 , 2010 . In accordance with conference rules , Alabama faced all five Western Division opponents : Arkansas , Auburn , LSU , Mississippi State , and Ole Miss . They also faced three Eastern Division opponents : official SEC rival Tennessee , Florida , and Vanderbilt . Alabama did not play SEC opponents Georgia , Kentucky or South Carolina . The contest against Vanderbilt served as the 2010 homecoming game . Alabama played four non @-@ conference games . The game against Penn State was originally scheduled to be played as part of the 2004 season , however the series was moved back to this season at the request of Alabama due to fallout from NCAA sanctions being levied on the program . The non @-@ conference schedule also included games against Kent State of the Mid @-@ American Conference , North Texas of the Sun Belt Conference and Georgia Southern of the Southern Conference . Alabama had one bye week after the Tennessee game and prior to the first LSU game . On December 4 , 2011 , the final Bowl Championship Series standings were unveiled with a rematch between No. 1 LSU and No. 2 Alabama in the BCS National Championship Game . The Sagarin computer ratings calculated Alabama 's 2011 strength of schedule to be the fifteenth most difficult out of the 246 Division I teams . The Cosgrove Computer Rankings calculated it as the twenty @-@ ninth most difficult out of the 120 Division I FBS teams in its rankings . In addition to the weekly television coverage , radio coverage for all games was broadcast statewide on The Crimson Tide Sports Network ( CTSN ) . The radio announcers for the 2011 season were Eli Gold with play @-@ by @-@ play , Phil Savage with color commentary , and Chris Stewart with sideline reports . Source : Rolltide.com : 2011 Alabama football schedule = = Game notes = = = = = Kent State = = = The Crimson Tide opened the 2011 season at home against Nick Saban 's alma mater , the Kent State Golden Flashes of the Mid @-@ American Conference . In the meeting that was the first all @-@ time against the Golden Flashes , the Crimson Tide won 48 – 7 . After holding the Golden Flashes to a three @-@ and @-@ out on the opening possession , Trent Richardson scored the Crimson Tide 's first touchdown on a one @-@ yard run to give Alabama a 7 – 0 lead . After holding Kent State again to a three @-@ and @-@ out , Alabama responded with a four @-@ play , 74 @-@ yard touchdown drive that featured a 48 @-@ yard Eddie Lacy reception and a 24 @-@ yard Marquis Maze touchdown reception from AJ McCarron to take a 14 – 0 lead . The Tide scored their final points of the first quarter on a one @-@ yard Richardson run to take a 21 – 0 lead into the second quarter . After only scoring on a 36 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal in the second quarter , Alabama led 24 – 0 at the half . On the second Crimson Tide possession of the third quarter , Phillip Sims threw an interception to Norman Wolfe that was returned to the Alabama three @-@ yard line . Two plays later , Kent State scored their only points of the game when Spencer Keith connected with Justin Thompson for a three @-@ yard touchdown reception to cut the lead to 24 – 7 . The Crimson Tide responded with touchdowns on the next two consecutive drives . Richardson and Lacy both scored on one @-@ yard runs to extend Alabama 's lead to 38 – 7 entering the fourth quarter . In the fourth , the Tide scored their final touchdown of the afternoon on a 49 @-@ yard Jalston Fowler run and their final points on a 32 @-@ yard Shelley field goal to make the final score 48 – 7 . For the game , Alabama 's defense was dominant in allowing − 9 yards rushing and 90 yards of total offense against Kent State in the contest . On offense , the Crimson Tide had 482 total yards with three different running backs scoring touchdowns and Maze totaling 118 yards receiving on eight catches with one touchdown . = = = Penn State = = = In what was the second consecutive meeting between the Crimson Tide and the Penn State Nittany Lions , and first at Happy Valley since 1989 , Alabama won 27 – 11 . Penn State took the opening possession down the field and recorded a 43 @-@ yard field goal by Evan Lewis to take an early 3 – 0 lead by using all 3 of their timeouts . Alabama took a 7 – 3 lead later in the first quarter after AJ McCarron connected with Michael Williams for a five @-@ yard touchdown reception to cap an 11 @-@ play , 69 @-@ yard drive . A 22 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley kick extended the Crimson Tide lead to 10 – 3 early in the second quarter . Then after trading punts , Dre Kirkpatrick forced Andrew Szczerba to fumble the ball that was recovered by Alabama 's DeQuan Menzie . Ten plays later , the Crimson Tide led 17 – 3 after a three @-@ yard Trent Richardson touchdown run . In the third quarter Shelley connected on an 18 @-@ yard field goal and Richardson scored his second rushing touchdown of the game midway through the fourth on a 13 @-@ yard run to give Alabama a 27 – 3 lead . The final points of the game came late in the fourth when Silas Redd scored on a one @-@ yard touchdown for the Nittany Lions , and Rob Bolden converted the two @-@ point conversion to bring the final score to 27 – 11 . Trent Richardson ran for 111 yards and two touchdowns while Eddie Lacy ran for 85 . AJ McCarron threw for 163 yards and a touchdown . For his seven tackles , interception and fumble recovery , Mark Barron was named SEC Defensive Player of the Week . The 107 @,@ 846 fans in attendance were the most to ever see an Alabama squad compete on the gridiron , and the victory improved their all @-@ time record against the Nittany Lions to 10 – 5 . The outcome was also noted as the final career loss for Joe Paterno as the Nittany Lions ' head coach . = = = North Texas = = = In their meeting against the North Texas Mean Green , Alabama outgained their opponent 586 to 169 yards of total offense in Alabama 's 41 – 0 victory . After a 26 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal gave the Crimson Tide a 3 – 0 lead , Trent Richardson scored their first touchdown of the evening on Alabama 's second offensive possession to give them a 10 – 0 lead at the end of the first period . The Crimson Tide extended their lead to 20 – 0 by halftime after a 43 @-@ yard Eddie Lacy touchdown run and a 37 @-@ yard Shelley field goal in the second quarter . North Texas opened the second half with a nine @-@ play , 54 @-@ yard drive to set up a 42 @-@ yard Zach Olen field goal attempt . However , the kick was blocked by Robert Lester to preserve the shutout . Alabama extended their lead to 27 – 0 by the fourth quarter after Richardson scored his second touchdown of the evening on a 58 @-@ yard run . After Shelley missed a 42 @-@ yard field goal on the first play of the fourth quarter , Richardson scored again with a 71 @-@ yard touchdown run on Alabama 's next offensive possession to extend their lead to 34 – 0 . Lacy scored the final points of the game midway through the fourth with his second touchdown of the evening on a 67 @-@ yard run to give Alabama the 41 – 0 victory . Trent Richardson ran for a career @-@ high 167 yards and three touchdowns and Eddie Lacy ran for 161 yards and two touchdowns and became the first pair of running backs to each run for 150 yards in a game . The shutout was the Crimson Tide 's first since they defeated Chattanooga 45 – 0 in 2009 and improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Mean Green to 4 – 0 . = = = Arkansas = = = After three consecutive victories to start the season , the Crimson Tide opened conference play against the Arkansas Razorbacks , and defeated them 38 – 14 at Bryant – Denny Stadium . Alabama scored first with a trick play on their opening possession . After driving to the Arkansas 37 @-@ yard line , Cade Foster lined up for a 54 @-@ yard field goal attempt . Alabama quarterback AJ McCarron received the snap as the holder , and proceeded to throw a 37 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Michael Williams to give the Crimson Tide a 7 – 0 lead . The Razorbacks tied the game at 7 – 7 late in the first quarter when Tyler Wilson threw a ten @-@ yard touchdown pass to Dennis Johnson . After an Arkansas goal line stand , Jeremy Shelley connected on a 20 @-@ yard field goal to give Alabama a 10 – 7 lead . On the ensuing Arkansas possession , the Crimson Tide scored when DeQuan Menzie intercepted a Wilson pass and returned it 25 @-@ yards for a touchdown to give Alabama a 17 – 7 lead at the half . After holding Arkansas scoreless on their first possession of the third quarter , Alabama 's Marquis Maze returned a Dylan Breeding punt 83 @-@ yards for a touchdown and a 24 – 7 Crimson Tide lead . On Alabama 's next possession , Trent Richardson caught a screen pass from McCarron and ran it 61 @-@ yards for a touchdown and extended the Alabama lead to 31 – 7 . The Razorbacks scored on the following possession when Wilson threw his second touchdown pass of the afternoon after he connected on a 19 @-@ yard pass to Cobi Hamilton . Eddie Lacy then scored the final points of the game late in the third on a four @-@ yard touchdown run to give the Crimson Tide the 38 – 14 victory . The Alabama defense only allowed 17 rushing and 226 of total offense to the Razorbacks in the victory . For his 235 all @-@ purpose yards and touchdown reception , Trent Richardson was named the SEC Offensive Player of the Week . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Razorbacks to 12 – 8 ( 15 – 7 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . = = = Florida = = = In what was the first meeting as opposing head coaches between Nick Saban and his former assistant coach from both LSU and the Miami Dolphins , Will Muschamp , the Crimson Tide defeated the Florida Gators , 38 – 10 at The Swamp . After receiving the opening kickoff , Florida scored their only touchdown of the game on their first offensive play from scrimmage . The Gators took an early 7 – 0 lead when John Brantley threw a 65 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Andre Debose . Alabama responded on the following drive with Jeremy Shelley connecting on a 32 @-@ yard field goal to cut the Florida lead to 7 – 3 . The Gators responded with what turned out to be their final points of the game when Caleb Sturgis connected on a 21 @-@ yard field goal . Alabama 's Marquis Maze then returned the ensuing kickoff 70 @-@ yards to the Florida 29 @-@ yard line and the Crimson Tide tied the game at 10 – 10 seven plays later on a five @-@ yard Trent Richardson touchdown run . Alabama extended their lead to 24 – 10 at halftime with a pair of second @-@ quarter touchdowns . Courtney Upshaw scored a defensive touchdown early in the quarter after he intercepted a Brantley pass and returned it 45 @-@ yards for the score . AJ McCarron scored later in the quarter on a one @-@ yard quarterback sneak to cap a ten @-@ play , 61 @-@ yard drive . Late in the quarter , the Gators did have a scoring opportunity by driving to the Alabama 13 @-@ yard line . However , the Alabama defense sacked Brantley on consecutive snaps for a loss of 22 @-@ yards and knocked Brantley out of the game with an injury . Sturgis then missed a 52 @-@ yard field goal attempt and Alabama led 24 – 10 at the half . After a scoreless third quarter , a pair of fourth @-@ quarter touchdowns gave Alabama the 38 – 10 victory . Richardson scored his second touchdown of the game with 12 : 25 remaining on a 36 @-@ yard run and Eddie Lacy scored the final points of the game on a 20 @-@ yard run . For the game , Alabama 's defense was dominant in only allowing 222 total yards of offense , with the 15 rushing yards being the fewest ever allowed against Florida in their all @-@ time series . Trent Richardson established a new career high for rushing yards in game with his 181 yards on 29 attempts . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Gators to 22 – 14 ( 23 – 14 without the NCAA vacation of the 2005 victory ) . = = = Vanderbilt = = = For the 91st homecoming football game in Alabama history , the Crimson Tide defeated the Vanderbilt Commodores 34 – 0 who made their first visit to Bryant – Denny Stadium since the 2006 season . After a three @-@ and @-@ out on their opening drive , Alabama scored their first touchdown of the evening on a six @-@ yard AJ McCarron touchdown pass to Brad Smelley to complete a ten @-@ play , 77 @-@ yard drive . On the following drive Vanderbilt had an opportunity to cut into the lead , but Carey Spear missed a 47 @-@ yard field goal to keep the Alabama lead at 7 – 0 . Spear missed a second field goal later in the second quarter from 38 @-@ yards , and the Crimson Tide responded with their second touchdown drive of the game . McCarron threw his second touchdown pass of the game to DeAndrew White on a five @-@ yard reception to give Alabama a 14 – 0 halftime lead . In the third quarter , Trent Richardson scored first on a one @-@ yard touchdown run followed by a 39 @-@ yard McCarron touchdown pass to White on consecutive possessions . Following an unsuccessful extra point by Jeremy Shelley , Alabama led 27 – 0 entering the fourth quarter . Early in the fourth , DeMarcus Milliner intercepted a Jordan Rodgers pass and returned it 37 @-@ yards to the Commodores ' 20 @-@ yard line . Three plays later , McCarron threw a 17 @-@ yard touchdown pass , his fourth of the day , to Darius Hanks to make the final score 34 – 0 . For the game , Trent Richardson ran for 107 yards to extend his streak of consecutive games rushing for at least 100 yards to five games . The defense was dominant in completing their second shutout of the season and only allowing Vanderbilt 190 yards of total offense . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time homecoming record to 77 – 13 – 1 and their record against the Commodores to 59 – 19 – 4 ( 61 – 18 – 4 without the NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . = = = Ole Miss = = = After Ole Miss took an early 7 – 0 lead , the Crimson Tide scored 52 unanswered points in their 52 – 7 victory over the Rebels at Vaught – Hemingway Stadium . The Rebels scored their only points of the game on their first possession . Jeff Scott scored on a one @-@ yard touchdown run to cap a 5 @-@ play , 72 @-@ yard drive to give Ole Miss their only lead of the game at 7 – 0 . Alabama responded on the following drive with the first of four Trent Richardson touchdowns of the evening on an eight @-@ yard run to tie the game at 7 – 7 . The Crimson Tide added ten points in the second quarter to take a 17 – 7 halftime lead . Richardson scored on a seven @-@ yard touchdown and after Cade Foster missed a 53 @-@ yard field goal attempt , Jeremy Shelley connected for 24 @-@ yard field goal . In the third quarter , Alabama put the game away with four touchdowns . After five consecutive AJ McCarron passes gained 65 @-@ yards , Richardson gained the final eight en rout to his third touchdown of the evening . On the next Alabama possession , Richardson gained 16 @-@ yards and then scored a touchdown on a 76 @-@ yard run , the longest of his career , for a 31 – 7 lead . On the first play ensuing Rebels possession , Courtney Upshaw forced a Randall Mackey fumble that was recovered by Ed Stinson at the Ole Miss 15 @-@ yard line . Two plays later , the Crimson Tide led 38 – 7 after Jalston Fowler scored on an eight @-@ yard touchdown run . The final points of the quarter came on a ten @-@ yard McCarron touchdown pass to Brandon Gibson , and the final points of the game came in the fourth quarter on a 69 @-@ yard Fowler touchdown run to make the final score 52 – 7 . Alabama 's defense again had a strong performance in only allowing the Rebels 141 total yards of offense ( 28 rushing , 113 passing ) . Richardson set a new career high with his 183 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns . For his performance , Richardson was named the SEC Offensive Player of the Week . The 52 total points were the most Alabama had scored in a SEC game since defeating Vanderbilt 59 – 28 in 1990 . The victory was their eighth straight over Ole Miss and improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Rebels 45 – 9 – 2 ( 49 – 8 – 2 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . = = = Tennessee = = = In the 2011 edition of the Third Saturday in October , Alabama entered the game as a 30 @-@ point favorite over the rival Tennessee Volunteers . At Bryant – Denny , the Volunteers were looking for the upset after tying the game 6 – 6 at halftime ; however 31 unanswered points resulted in a 37 – 6 Crimson Tide victory to extend their overall record to 8 – 0 . The first half was dominated by both defenses with each only allowing a pair of field goals . Mike Palardy connected from 40 and 52 @-@ yards for Tennessee and Jeremy Shelley connected from 26 and 29 @-@ yards for Alabama . After holding the Volunteers to a three @-@ and @-@ out to open the second half , the Alabama offensive responded with their first of three third @-@ quarter touchdowns with a two @-@ yard AJ McCarron touchdown run . On the following Tennessee drive , the Alabama defense stopped quarterback Matt Simms on a fourth @-@ and @-@ one to give the Crimson Tide offense the ball on the Volunteers ' 39 @-@ yard line . On the next play , McCarron threw a 39 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Kenny Bell to extend the Alabama lead to 20 – 6 . Trent Richardson then scored his first touchdown of the game on the following Alabama possession on a 12 @-@ yard run to cap a six @-@ play , 63 @-@ yard drive . Cade Foster scored early in the fourth quarter with his 45 @-@ yard field goal , and after a Dont 'a Hightower interception , Richardson scored his second touchdown of the day on a one @-@ yard run to make the final score 37 – 6 . In the game , Marquis Maze had 106 yards receiving on five catches and McCarron set a new career high with 284 yards passing . For his defensive performance , Hightower was named both the Lott IMPACT Player of the Week and the SEC Defensive Player of the Week . The victory was Alabama 's fifth consecutive over Tennessee and improved their all @-@ time record against the Volunteers to 48 – 38 – 7 ( 49 – 37 – 8 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . = = = LSU = = = Coming off their bye and in what was hyped as the latest " Game of the Century " in college football , the LSU Tigers defeated the Crimson Tide 9 – 6 in overtime . After a scoreless first quarter that saw the Crimson Tide miss two field goals , and another blocked early in the second quarter , Alabama took a 3 – 0 lead midway through the second on a 34 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal . LSU responded on their following possession by driving to the Alabama two @-@ yard line and kicking a 19 @-@ yard Drew Alleman field goal as time expired to tie the game at 3 – 3 at halftime . Just as the first half was dominated by both defenses , the second was no different with both Alabama and LSU only managing a pair of field goals . Alabama 's came in the third on a 46 @-@ yard Cade Foster score and LSU 's came in the fourth on a 30 @-@ yard Alleman score . In the overtime period , Foster missed a 52 @-@ yard field goal attempt and Alleman connected on a 25 @-@ yard attempt to give the Tigers the 9 – 6 victory . Both defenses held each offense to less than 300 yards of total offense with each having a pair of interceptions . With the loss , Alabama dropped to 4 – 8 all @-@ time in overtime games and brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Tigers to 45 – 25 – 5 . = = = Mississippi State = = = A week after their loss to LSU , Alabama traveled to Starkville and defeated their long @-@ time rival , the Mississippi State Bulldogs 24 – 7 . After a pair of missed field goals , one from 19 @-@ yard by Cade Foster and the second from 31 @-@ yards by Jeremy Shelley , Alabama scored their first points in the second quarter . Eddie Lacy capped a five @-@ play , 52 @-@ yard drive with a two @-@ yard touchdown run to give the Crimson Tide a 7 – 0 lead . Later in the quarter Derek DePasquale missed a 41 @-@ yard field goal attempt for the Bulldogs , but on the ensuing Alabama possession Cameron Lawrence intercepted an AJ McCarron pass and returned it to the Alabama four @-@ yard line . However , the Alabama defense held the Bulldogs to only a field goal attempt which was then missed from 29 @-@ yards by Brian Egan to preserve a 7 – 0 halftime lead for the Crimson Tide . Alabama extended their lead to 10 – 0 after Shelley connected on a 24 @-@ yard field goal early in the third quarter . Early in the fourth , Trent Richardson scored on a two @-@ yard run for a 17 – 0 Crimson Tide lead . However , on the ensuing kickoff was returned 68 @-@ yards to the Alabama 22 @-@ yard line by John Fulton , and four plays later the Bulldogs cut the score to 17 – 7 after Tyler Russell threw a 12 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Chris Smith . The Crimson Tide then closed the game with an eleven @-@ play , 73 @-@ yard drive , all on the ground , with Lacy scoring his second touchdown of the night from 32 yards out to give Alabama the 24 – 7 victory . The 127 rushing yards gained by Richardson was his seventh 100 @-@ yard rushing game of the season . The victory improved Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Bulldogs to 74 – 18 – 3 ( 76 – 17 – 3 without NCAA vacations and forfeits ) . = = = Georgia Southern = = = Against the triple option attack of the Georgia Southern Eagles , ranked No. 3 in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , the Alabama defense gave up the most total yards , rushing yards and points of the season in their 45 – 21 victory at Bryant – Denny Stadium . After receiving the opening kickoff , the Crimson Tide drove to the Eagles ' 14 @-@ yard line where Jeremy Shelley connected on a 32 @-@ yard field goal for a 3 – 0 lead . On their opening possession , Georgia Southern had a nine @-@ play , 49 @-@ yard drive to set up a 42 @-@ yard field goal attempt . However , the Adrian Mora attempt was blocked by Dont 'a Hightower and returned by Dre Kirkpatrick 55 @-@ yards for a touchdown and a 10 – 0 Crimson Tide lead . In the second quarter , AJ McCarron threw a four @-@ yard touchdown pass to Trent Richardson to complete a ten @-@ play , 71 @-@ yard drive for a 17 – 0 lead . However , the Eagles responded on their next offensive play when Dominique Swope scored on an 82 @-@ yard touchdown run to cut the Alabama lead to 17 – 7 . Both teams then traded touchdowns when Richardson scored on a one @-@ yard run for Alabama and Jaybo Shaw threw a 39 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jonathan Bryant for Georgia Southern . After Cade Foster missed a 47 @-@ yard field goal attempt late , Alabama led 24 – 14 at halftime . After forcing a punt to open the second half , Alabama scored a touchdown on its opening possession with a 34 @-@ yard touchdown reception by Brad Smelley from McCarron . However on the ensuing kickoff , Laron Scott returned it 95 @-@ yards for a touchdown to cut the lead again to 31 – 21 . Alabama responded on the following drive with Richardson accounting for 46 yards of it on seven carries with a one @-@ yard touchdown run for a 38 – 21 Alabama lead . In the fourth quarter , Alabama stopped the Eagles at the Crimson Tide eight @-@ yard line after an incomplete Shaw pass on fourth down . From there the Alabama offense began a 15 @-@ play , 92 @-@ yard drive that took 8 : 36 to complete with McCarron throwing a four @-@ yard touchdown pass to Smelley for the final points in their 45 – 21 win . For the game , Richardson had 175 yards on the ground with a pair of rushing touchdowns and one receiving . His one @-@ yard touchdown run in the third quarter gave Richardson the Alabama single @-@ season rushing touchdown record breaking the previous mark of 19 set by Shaun Alexander in 1999 . = = = Auburn = = = After the loss against the Auburn Tigers the previous year , in which the Crimson Tide surrendered a 24 @-@ point lead , for nearly a year reminders of the defeat and the phrase " never again " were utilized by the team as even greater motivation to win in an already heated rivalry . With a potential berth in the 2012 BCS National Championship Game on the line , the Alabama defense did not allow an offensive touchdown in their 42 – 14 victory on The Plains . After trading a pair of three @-@ and @-@ outs to open the game , Alabama scored their first points of the game when AJ McCarron threw a 41 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Kenny Bell for a 7 – 0 lead . Following a ten @-@ yard Steven Clark punt on the ensuing Auburn possession , Alabama got the ball on the Tigers ' 35 @-@ yard line . On the next play , McCarron threw a 35 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brad Smelley for a 14 – 0 lead . On the first play of Alabama 's fourth offensive possession , Corey Lemonier forced a McCarron fumble that was recovered for a touchdown by Kenneth Carter to cut the Crimson Tide lead to 14 – 7 at the end of the first quarter . A pair of long drives in the second quarter resulted in a five @-@ yard Trent Richardson touchdown reception and a 30 @-@ yard Jeremy Shelley field goal to give Alabama a 24 – 7 halftime lead . On the opening kickoff of the second half , Onterio McCalebb scored a touchdown on an 83 @-@ yard return to cut the Alabama lead to 24 – 14 . Alabama responded on their next possession with a 28 @-@ yard Shelley field goal for a 27 – 14 lead entering the fourth quarter . On the third play of the fourth quarter , Auburn 's Clint Moseley threw an interception to DeMarcus Milliner that was returned 35 @-@ yards for a touchdown and after a successful two @-@ point conversion , Alabama led 35 – 14 . After getting the ball back on downs late in the quarter , Jalston Fowler scored on a 15 @-@ yard touchdown run , to cap a drive that included a 57 @-@ yard Richardson run , and made the final score 42 – 14 . In the game , Richardson set a new career high with his 203 rushing yards and tied Mark Ingram , Jr. for the most 100 @-@ yard rushing games in a season with nine . The defense held Auburn to 140 total yards of offense , with only 78 yards on the ground , and zero offensive touchdowns in the victory . The victory brought Alabama 's all @-@ time record against the Tigers to 41 – 34 – 1 . = = = LSU = = = On December 4 , 2011 , the final Bowl Championship Series standings were unveiled with a rematch between No. 1 LSU and No. 2 Alabama in the BCS National Championship Game . In the game , the Crimson Tide defeated the Tigers 21 – 0 to clinch their second BCS Championship in three years . The first points of the game were set up after Marquis Maze returned a Brad Wing punt 49 @-@ yards to the LSU 26 @-@ yard line in the first quarter . Five plays later , Jeremy Shelley connected on a 23 @-@ yard field goal to give Alabama a 3 – 0 lead . After his first attempt was blocked by the Tigers ' Michael Brockers , Shelley connected on second @-@ quarter field goals of 34 and 41 yards to give the Crimson Tide a 9 – 0 halftime lead . Shelley extended the Crimson Tide lead to 12 – 0 after he converted a 35 @-@ yard field goal on Alabama 's first possession of the second half . He then missed a 41 @-@ yard field goal attempt wide right before he connected on a 44 @-@ yard attempt to give the Crimson Tide a 15 – 0 lead at the end of the third quarter . Midway through the fourth quarter , the LSU offense crossed the 50 @-@ yard line for the first time of the game only to be pushed back to the 50 after Dont 'a Hightower sacked Jordan Jefferson on a fourth down play to give possession back to Alabama . On that possession , the Crimson Tide scored the only touchdown of the game on a 34 @-@ yard Trent Richardson run to make the final score 21 – 0 . In the game , Alabama outgained LSU in total offense 384 to 92 yards , and the shutout was the first ever completed in a BCS game since the advent of the BCS in 1998 . Jeremy Shelley established the all @-@ time bowl record with seven field goal attempts and tied the all @-@ time bowl record with five made . For their performances , Courtney Upshaw was named the defensive player of the game and AJ McCarron was named the offensive player of the game . McCarron became the first sophomore QB to lead a team to a BCS National Title . = = Rankings = = Entering the 2011 season , the Crimson Tide was ranked No. 2 in the AP and Coaches ' Preseason Polls . Alabama dropped no further than to No. 3 in any of the rankings through week nine when they were ranked No. 2 for their November 5 game against LSU . After their 9 – 6 loss against the Tigers , Alabama dropped to No. 4 in all but the BCS standing where they dropped to No. 3 . The Crimson Tide regained their No. 2 ranking in all of the polls after Oklahoma State was upset by Iowa State , and retained the No. 2 position through the end of the regular season to qualify for the BCS National Championship Game . After their victory over LSU in the BCS National Championship Game , Alabama was selected No. 1 in both the AP and Coaches ' Polls . Source : ESPN.com : 2011 NCAA Football Rankings = = After the season = = Following the victory against LSU for the national championship , the team arrived at the Tuscaloosa Regional Airport on the afternoon of January 10 . Several hundred fans were there to greet them upon their arrival . On January 21 , a public national championship celebration at Bryant – Denny Stadium was attended by approximately 32 @,@ 000 spectators . Speakers at the event included head coach Nick Saban and university president Robert Witt . All of the championship trophies were available for public viewing . As part of the A @-@ Day celebrations on April 14 , the 2011 team captains Trent Richardson , Dont 'a Hightower and Mark Barron were honored at the Walk of Fame ceremony at the base of Denny Chimes . On April 19 , the team made their trip to the White House , where President Barack Obama offered congratulatory remarks for their championship season and recognized the team for their community service given in Tuscaloosa after the April 2011 tornadoes . = = = Final statistics = = = After their victory over LSU in the BCS National Championship Game , Alabama 's final team statistics were released . On the defensive side of the ball , of the 120 FBS teams , the Crimson Tide was ranked at the top of all major defensive categories in conference and nationally . They ranked first in total defense ( 183 @.@ 62 yards per game ) , scoring defense ( 8 @.@ 15 points per game ) , passing defense ( 111 @.@ 46 yards per game ) and rushing defense ( 72 @.@ 15 yards per game ) . It marked the first time that a single defense ranked first in all four major , team defensive categories since the 1986 Oklahoma squad . Individually , Dont ’ a Hightower led the team with 85 total tackles , 45 of which were assisted , and Mark Barron was the leader with 43 solo tackles . Courtney Upshaw was tied for sixteenth nationally , fourth in conference and first on the team with 9 @.@ 5 quarterback sacks . Upshaw was also eighteenth nationally , second in conference and first on the team with 18 tackles for loss . DeMarcus Milliner led the team with three of Alabama ’ s thirteen total interceptions of the season . On offense , of the 120 FBS teams , Alabama ranked sixteenth in rushing offense ( 214 @.@ 46 yards per game ) , twentieth in scoring offense ( 34 @.@ 85 points per game ) , 31st in total offense ( 429 @.@ 62 yards per game ) and 69th in passing offense ( 215 @.@ 15 yards per game ) . In conference , they ranked first in rushing offense , second in total offense , third in scoring offense and fourth in passing offense . Individually , Trent Richardson led the SEC and the team offensively with 1 @,@ 679 total yards rushing , an average of 129 @.@ 15 rushing yards per game , an average of 160 @.@ 23 all @-@ purpose yards per game , 21 rushing touchdowns and an average of 11 @.@ 08 points per game . AJ McCarron led the team in passing offense and completed 219 of 328 passes for 2 @,@ 634 passing yards and 16 touchdowns . Marquis Maze led the team with 56 receptions for 627 yards , and Brad Smelley led the team with four touchdown receptions . = = = Awards = = = Following the SEC Championship Game , multiple Alabama players were recognized for their on @-@ field performances with a variety of awards and recognitions . At the team awards banquet on December 4 , Mark Barron , Dont 'a Hightower and Trent Richardson were each named the permanent captains of the 2011 squad . At that time Richardson was also named the 2011 most valuable player with Barron , Hightower and Courtney Upshaw named defensive players of the year and AJ McCarron and Marquis Maze named the offensive players of the year . = = = = Conference = = = = The SEC recognized several players for their individual performances with various awards . Trent Richardson was named the AP Offensive Player of the Year . In addition to Richardson , Mark Barron , Barrett Jones , Courtney Upshaw and William Vlachos were named to the AP All @-@ SEC First Team . Josh Chapman , Dont 'a Hightower and Dre Kirkpatrick were named to the AP All @-@ SEC Second Team . Barron , Hightower , Jones , Richardson , Upshaw and Vlachos were named to the Coaches ' All @-@ SEC First Team . Chapman , Kirkpatrick , Marquis Maze ( as both a wide receiver and return specialist ) and Chance Warmack were named to the Coaches ' All @-@ SEC Second Team . Cyrus Kouandjio and Vinnie Sunseri were both named to Freshman All @-@ SEC Team . The SEC named Richardson the Offensive Player of the Year . Jones earned the Jacobs Blocking Trophy and was also named the SEC Scholar @-@ Athlete of the Year . = = = = National = = = = After the season , a number of Alabama players were named as national award winners and finalists . Trent Richardson was named a finalist to win the Heisman Trophy , along with Wisconsin 's Montee Ball , Baylor 's Robert Griffin III , Stanford 's Andrew Luck and LSU 's Tyrann Mathieu . He finished third in the Heisman voting with 978 points , behind Griffin ( 1 @,@ 687 points ) and Luck ( 1 @,@ 407 points ) . Richardson won the Doak Walker Award and was also named a finalist for the Maxwell Award ; Dont 'a Hightower was named a finalist for the Chuck Bednarik Award , the Butkus Award , the Lott Trophy and the Lombardi Award ; Courtney Upshaw was named a finalist for the Butkus Award and the Lombardi Award ; Barrett Jones won the Outland Trophy , the Wuerffel Trophy and the ARA Sportsmanship Award ; Mark Barron was named a finalist for the Jim Thorpe Award and the Bronko Nagurski Trophy ; and William Vlachos was named a finalist for the Rimington Trophy . Assistant head and linebackers coach Sal Sunseri was also named a finalist for the Frank Broyles Award . The team as a whole was honored with the Disney 's Wide World of Sports Spirit Award as a result of their collective efforts to assist in the rebuilding of Tuscaloosa following the April 27 , 2011 tornado . In addition to the individual awards , several players were also named to various national All @-@ American Teams . Barron , Hightower , Jones , DeQuan Menzie and Richardson were named to the American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) All @-@ America Team . Barron , Hightower , Jones and Richardson were named to the Walter Camp All @-@ America Team . Upshaw and Vlachos were both named to the Walter Camp All @-@ America Second Team . Barron , Dre Kirkpatrick , Jones , Richardson and Upshaw were named to the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) All @-@ America Team . Barron , Hightower , Jones and Richardson were named to the Associated Press All @-@ American First Team ; Upshaw and Kirkpatrick were named to the Associated Press All @-@ American Second Team . Barron , Jones , Richardson and Upshaw were named to the Sporting News ( TSN ) All @-@ America Team . Of the seven Alabama players selected , Barron , Jones and Richardson were each recognized as unanimous All @-@ American selections , and Hightower was recognized as a consensus All @-@ American selection . = = = = All @-@ star games = = = = Several Alabama players were selected by postseason all @-@ star games . Mark Barron , Josh Chapman , Marquis Maze , DeQuan Menzie , Courtney Upshaw and William Vlachos were selected to play in the Merrill Lynch Senior Bowl . On January 17 , Brad Smelley became the seventh member of Alabama 's team to receive an invitation to the Senior Bowl . Darius Hanks was selected to play in the East – West Shrine Game . Alabama did not have players participate in the Casino del Sol College All @-@ Star Game or the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl . = = = Coaching changes = = = In the weeks following the conclusion of the season , several changes were made to the Alabama coaching staff . On December 13 offensive coordinator Jim McElwain was introduced as the head coach with the Colorado State Rams . He stayed with Alabama through the BCS National Championship Game and began his transition as the Rams ' head coach from Tuscaloosa . On January 13 , assistant head and linebackers coach Sal Sunseri was named as the defensive coordinator with the Tennessee Volunteers . On January 18 , 2012 , Alabama officials announced the hires of both Doug Nussmeier from the Washington Huskies as offensive coordinator and of Lance Thompson from Tennessee as outside linebackers coach . = = = NFL Draft = = = Of all the draft @-@ eligible juniors , Dont 'a Hightower , Dre Kirkpatrick and Trent Richardson declared their eligibility for the 2012 NFL Draft on January 12 . At the time of their announcement , each was projected as a first round pick . In February 2012 , nine Alabama players , six seniors and three juniors , were invited to the NFL Scouting Combine . The invited players were safety Mark Barron , defensive tackle Josh Chapman , wide receivers Darius Hanks and Marquis Maze , linebackers Dont 'a Hightower and Courtney Upshaw , cornerbacks Dre Kirkpatrick and DeQuan Menzie , and running back Trent Richardson . Mark Barron , Dont 'a Hightower , Dre Kirkpatrick , Trent Richardson and Courtney Upshaw were each invited to attend the Draft at Radio City Music Hall . In the draft , Alabama tied a school record with four players selected in the first round . The first round selections were Richardson ( 3rd Cleveland Browns ) , Barron ( 7th Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) , Kirkpatrick ( 17th Cincinnati Bengals ) and Hightower ( 25th New England Patriots ) . Upshaw was the third player selected in the second round ( 35th Baltimore Ravens ) . Chapman was the first player selected in the fifth round ( 136th Indianapolis Colts ) and Menzie was the eleventh player selected in the fifth round ( 146th Kansas City Chiefs ) . Brad Smelley was the eighth and final Alabama player selected in the 2012 Draft in the seventh round ( 247th Cleveland Browns ) . In the days after the draft , six players from the 2011 squad that were not drafted signed as undrafted free agents . These players included Alfred McCullough ( Baltimore Ravens ) , Marquis Maze ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) , Alex Watkins ( Tennessee Titans ) , Jerrell Harris ( Atlanta Falcons ) , William Vlachos ( Tennessee Titans ) and Darius Hanks ( Washington Redskins ) .
= Drunk in Love = " Drunk in Love " is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé featuring her husband , rapper Jay Z. The duo along with Detail , Andre Eric Proctor , Rasool Ricardo Diaz , Brian Soko , Timbaland , Jerome Harmon , and Boots composed the song for Beyoncé 's self @-@ titled fifth studio album ( 2013 ) . Columbia Records released " Drunk in Love " as one of the two lead singles from Beyoncé on December 17 , 2013 . The song is dominated by trap beats in chunks and bass . Its lyrics , which depict female sexuality , are sung by Beyoncé in a sensual and confident way . Many music critics called the song a follow @-@ up to Beyoncé 's and Jay @-@ Z 's song " Crazy in Love " ( 2003 ) . They also commended its appeal to urban radio and the pair 's vocals . " Drunk in Love " peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It also reached the top ten in France , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . At the 57th Grammy Awards , " Drunk in Love " won Best R & B Song and Best R & B Performance . The song 's music video was directed by Hype Williams and shot in black @-@ and @-@ white in Golden Beach , Florida at a beach front manse . The visual , which features scenes of the pair singing the song together , received praise by critics for its sexual nature and simplicity . " Drunk in Love " was performed by Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . It was later added to the set lists of the second European leg of Beyoncé 's The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in 2013 and the pair 's joint On the Run Tour in 2014 . Numerous remixes and cover versions of the song were made , most notably the official rework by rapper Kanye West . The music video won Best Collaboration and was nominated for Video of The Year at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . = = Conception and release = = " Drunk in Love " was written by Beyoncé , Detail and Jay @-@ Z , who appears as the featured artist on the track . Production of the song was handled by Boots and Beyoncé as well as Detail . " Drunk in Love " was recorded at Jungle City Studios and at Oven Studios in New York City . Detail approached Beyoncé with a beat he had created called " Drunk " inspired by different situations from being affected by alcohol . Beyoncé further helped in the production of the song , adding elements that Detail had missed . She and Jay @-@ Z later free @-@ styled their verses for the song and Timbaland contributed keyboards . J @-@ Roc , Dre Moon , Brian Soko and Rasool Ricardo Diaz contributed to the production of the song . Elaborating on the conception of the song , Beyoncé said : " We just kinda had a party . It was so great , because it wasn 't about any ego , we weren 't trying to make a hit record [ ... ] we were just having fun ... and I think you can hear that in the record . " In 2014 , rapper Future claimed that he had previously recorded a demo version of the song . He worked together with Detail who persuaded him to record vocals for the track as it would convince Beyoncé more easily to record it . Several days later , Detail informed Future that Beyoncé was in the studio recording " Drunk in Love " . However , when the rapper was working on his second studio album Honest , he used the same melody of the demo version on a song called " Good Morning " as Beyoncé hadn 't released her version seven months since he was told that she worked on it . When Beyoncé released her album , the track was scrapped from the track listing of Honest and Future was not mentioned in its credits . " Drunk in Love " was subsequently included on Beyoncé 's self @-@ titled fifth studio album Beyoncé ( 2013 ) which was released on iTunes Store with no promotion having taken place beforehand . Following the album 's release , Billboard reported that " Drunk in Love " would be sent to urban contemporary radio in the US exclusively . " XO " impacted CHR , hot adult contemporary and rhythmic contemporary radio in the US on December 16 , 2013 as the first single from the album . " Drunk in Love " impacted urban contemporary radio stations on December 17 , 2013 , serving as one of the two lead singles from Beyoncé . On March 24 , 2014 , " Drunk in Love " was added to British radio station BBC Radio 1 's C @-@ List . = = Composition = = Musically , the song consists of bass , skittering drums , vague synthesizers , scintillating strings , finger snaps and a substantial amount of trap beats . Elements of hip hop music are also present in " Drunk in Love " . Written in the key of A ♭ major , the track contains a moderately slow tempo of 70 beats per minute , while also following a chord progression of Fm — B ♭ m — E ♭ — A ♭ . Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z 's vocals range from F3 to E ♭ 5 . Many contemporary critics viewed " Drunk in Love " as a sequel or an extension to Beyoncé 's own 2003 collaboration with Jay @-@ Z , " Crazy in Love " . Jody Rosen from Vulture found trademark Timbaland synths in the song and further went on to describe its production as " skittering , blaring " . Keeping in with the most prominent theme of Beyoncé , " Drunk in Love " explores female sexuality . Its lyrics express " unbridled lust " and love @-@ making with a wholly committed lover . As she sings about how much she likes sex with her partner , Beyoncé uses several double entendres , including the line , " grainin ' on that wood " , where she is supposedly referencing a surfboard . The singer displays much attitude through her vocal inflections that were described as " sassy " by critics . Her vocal performance in the song was described as conversational , half @-@ sung half @-@ rapped , " talk @-@ over @-@ the @-@ beat " styled further conveying spontaneity and truth @-@ telling . Her singing is further ornamented by Arabic @-@ scale vocal arpeggios . Beyoncé 's vocal performance in the song has been noted for containing a flow similar to rappers Drake and 2 Chainz . The Verge 's Trent Wolbe felt that the song featured Animal Collective @-@ esque vocal filtering . On the bridge , Beyoncé sings about having drunken sex in the kitchen : " We woke up in the kitchen saying / How the hell did this shit happen / Oh baby , drunk in love , we be all night / Last thing I remember is our beautiful bodies grinding off in that club " . The second verse of the song is half @-@ rapped by her . Jay @-@ Z later appears to provide his rapped verse as he compares his relationship with Beyoncé to that of Ike and Tina Turner . He forgoes subtlety as he raps , " Foreplay in a foyer , fucked up my Warhol / Slid the panties right to the side / Ain ’ t got the time to take drawers off on sight ... your breasteses is my breakfast " . Similarly to Beyoncé , Jay @-@ Z sings about the places they have had sex in their house . During his lines , he raps about " reppin ' that Third " , a reference to the Third Ward area located in Houston . In 2014 , Roma folk singer Mónika Juhász Miczura alleged Beyoncé , Jay Z and Timbaland had used samples of her singing " Bajba , Bajba Pelem " without compensating her . Mitsou was seeking unspecified damages and an end to distribution of the song . The lawsuit was dismissed in 2015 , in a ruling that said that the song was a " constitutionally protected work of art " and the New York Civil Rights Law did not apply to it . = = Critical reception = = Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Beyoncé " trades terrifically raunchy come @-@ ons with Jay Z [ on ' Drunk in Love ' ] ; it 's like an NC @-@ 17 sequel to their 2003 smash ' Crazy in Love ' " . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone chose the " sex song " as the album 's best one , commenting that it is a " superb duet " . Jon Dolan from the same publication also chose it as the album 's best further comparing it with " Crazy in Love " with " 100 percent more drunkenness " . Andrew Hampp of Billboard called the track a " potential smash " as he praised its appeal to R & B radio stations and its " infectious , wailing of ' loooove ' on the chorus " . He also commended Beyoncé 's and Jay @-@ Z 's rapped verses . Andrew Barker from Variety wrote in his review of Beyoncé , " a radio @-@ ready pop single [ is ] buried somewhere within the Jay Z feature ' Drunk In Love , ' yet Beyonce and Boots embellish it with enough strange grace notes and recitatives to create a much stranger monster than one might expect " . Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle stated that Beyoncé was in " a fluid swagger " in " Drunk in Love " . Jody Rosen writing for Vulture described the song as an " appealing " record and one of the best collaborations between the duo throughout their careers . He concluded that " Jay 's rap is goofy but not embarrassing . " Nick Catucci of Entertainment Weekly termed Beyoncé 's rap as " truculent " and noted that " Drunk in Love " is one of the few songs of the album that displays scale @-@ busting . Kitty Empire of The Observer wrote that " Drunk in Love " finds Beyoncé " rapping lasciviously and making eyes at her husband . It 's about 100 times better than that description allows for . " Julia Leconte from Now praised the singer 's " perfect " growling vocals . Chris Kelly of FACT magazine dubbed the song as the " requisite duet with Jay Z ( whose Ike Turner @-@ referencing verse caps off a year of cringeworthy efforts ) " . Pitchfork Media 's Carrie Battan felt that the lines in which Beyoncé ad @-@ libbed " surfboard " were " some of the most infectious snippets of pop music in 2013 " , elaborating " the single word serving as both shorthand for woman @-@ on @-@ top and a neat summation of an entire era of trends in rap cadence " . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the track as a " frisky reverie " . Likewise , Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club wrote : The D 'Angelo @-@ indebted grind session ' Rocket ' and frisky ' Drunk In Love ' are similarly sexy , but they ’ re not sexy like a glamour shot or a steamy video . They ’ re sexy like an overeager , pre @-@ shower quickie , or a hushed morning make @-@ out session before the baby wakes up . These are the most unapologetically raunchy songs she 's ever sung , and in many ways also the most romantic . Philip Matusavage of musicOMH noted that though " Drunk in Love " does not have a chorus , it absolutely manages to be " thrilling " , further writing that it is " packed with ideas and touches " which listeners would understand after repeated listens . Anupa Mistry of Spin considered the song to be one of Beyoncé 's " elbows @-@ up boom @-@ trap anthems ... ready to soundtrack both dive @-@ bar antics and bottle @-@ service quasi @-@ sophistication . " Philip Cosores of Paste highlighted that the track was highly evocative but found its lyrics to be " half @-@ baked at best " . Ryan Dennehy of AbsolutePunk wrote that " unconditional love has to be reciprocated to explain Jay Z 's odious verse on ' Drunk in Love ' " . Stereogum 's Tom Breihan criticized Jay @-@ Z 's " pretty bad " verse in the song . Philadelphia Media Network writer Dan DeLuca panned " Drunk in Love " as Beyoncé 's biggest " misstep " due to Jay @-@ Z 's contribution . Although being praised by media outlets , " Drunk in Love " sparked controversy for its lyrics referencing domestic violence . On the song , Jay @-@ Z rapped the lyrics " I 'm Ike , Turner , turn up / Baby no I don 't play / Now eat the cake , Anna Mae / I said eat the cake , Anna Mae " which alludes to Tina Turner 's abusive relationship with her former husband , Ike Turner . The lyric specifically refers to a scene from Tina Turner 's biopic in which Ike Turner forced Tina to eat cake by pushing her face into the cake ; the film is based on Tina Turner 's real @-@ life experience with a jealous and violent husband . Rolling Stone 's Rob Sheffield described the reference as " tasteless " in his review of the song and The Guardian writer Tshepo Mokoena called the song 's lyrics " disturbing " and " distasteful " . British radio station Bang Radio aired an edited version of the song excluding the lyrics . = = = Recognition and awards = = = In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music in 2013 , " Drunk in Love " was ranked at number 162 . The following year , " Drunk in Love " was ranked at number 21 on the same critics ' poll . In 2014 , the writers of Pitchfork Media placed the song at number 44 on their list of the 200 best songs of the decade so far , with editor Carrie Battan writing , " Someday , it will be heard as a brilliant ruse , a masterpiece of pop theater , or as simply a masterpiece , period . " Rolling Stone ranked " Drunk in Love " at number one on its year @-@ end list of the best songs in 2014 . The magazine 's writers described it as a " future @-@ pop fantasy " and " the sexiest thing on the radio " , further praising the singers for making " marriage sound ridiculously hot " . The song was nominated for Top R & B Song at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards . At the 2014 BET Awards , it won Best Collaboration and was nominated for Viewer 's Choice , losing to " I Luv This Shit " by August Alsina and Trinidad James . At the 2014 Soul Train Music Awards , " Drunk in Love " was nominated in the category for Song of the Year . The track won two Grammy awards , in the categories for Best R & B Performance and Best R & B Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015 . = = Chart performance = = In the US , " Drunk in Love " debuted at number 48 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart dated December 28 , 2013 . It was also the greatest gainer , with a 3 @.@ 4 million audience impression across 46 reporters . For the week ending January 4 , 2014 , the song soared to number 9 on the airplay chart and went on to debut at number 2 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , the singer 's highest debut on that chart with 61 @,@ 000 downloads and 23 @.@ 3 million audience impression . Being attributed the greatest airplay gainer for the third consecutive week , the single moved to number 6 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart . " Drunk in Love " topped the chart for the week ending February 1 , 2014 , becoming Beyoncé 's sixth number @-@ one song on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart . It spent eight consecutive weeks atop the chart . " Drunk in Love " also became Beyoncé 's seventh number @-@ one on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart and eighth number @-@ one on the Rhythmic Songs chart . On the Billboard Hot 100 , " Drunk in Love " debuted at number 12 for the week ending January 4 , 2014 and equalled the performance of Beyoncé 's 2006 single , " Ring the Alarm " , for her highest debut position on the chart . Following the couple 's performance of the single at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , it climbed to a new peak of number two ( behind the Katy Perry single " Dark Horse " ) , becoming Beyoncé 's first top 10 single since " Telephone " ( 2010 ) and her highest charting song since " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ( 2008 ) . " Drunk in Love " became her fifteenth top @-@ ten Hot 100 single as a solo artist . The song spent eight consecutive weeks in the top ten and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in April . In March 2015 , " Drunk In Love " was certified three @-@ times platinum by the RIAA denoting sales and streams of three million copies in the US , digital sales and streams included . On the Canadian Hot 100 , the single peaked at number 22 and was certified Platinum by Music Canada for sales of 80 @,@ 000 copies in that country . The song debuted at number 57 on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the UK R & B Singles Chart for the issue dated December 28 , 2013 . It eventually peaked at numbers nine and three respectively in February 2014 ; it marked Beyoncé 's seventeenth top 10 single on the UK Singles Chart as a solo artist . " Drunk in Love " was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 22 , 2016 for sales of 600 @,@ 000 copies in the UK . On the Irish Singles Chart , the song reached number 10 on February 6 , 2014 . It debuted at number 35 on the French Singles Chart on December 28 , 2013 and peaked at number 9 on March 1 , 2014 . The single marks Beyoncé 's longest charting song in that country , spending a total of 58 weeks since its debut . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , " Drunk in Love " debuted at number 40 on January 13 , 2014 , and peaked at number seven on February 10 , 2014 , becoming Beyoncé 's sixteenth top @-@ ten single in New Zealand . It was certified Gold by Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) in 2014 for selling 7 @,@ 500 digital copies . On the ARIA Singles Chart in Australia , the song peaked at number 22 , receiving a Platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) in 2015 for sales of 70 @,@ 000 copies . For the week ending December 21 , 2013 , " Drunk in Love " debuted at its peak position of number 25 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart with digital sales of 5 @,@ 608 copies . The single managed to top the airplay singles chart in South Africa on the Entertainment Monitoring Africa Airplay Chart on February 18 , 2014 . = = Music video = = = = = Background and synopsis = = = The video was filmed on August 15 , 2013 in Golden Beach , Florida at a beach front manse that Beyoncé rented out for the shoot . It was directed by Hype Williams and shot in black @-@ and @-@ white ; the clip depicts Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z " madly in love " . The black @-@ and @-@ white shoot was meant to reference the work of fashion photographer Herb Ritts . Talking about the video in an iTunes Radio session , Beyoncé said , " The shoot was extremely effortless and spontaneous and we completely captured the energy of the song . " She also went on to say that it was the most organic shoot she had ever done and further added : " I wanted to carry this idea of being in the moment and embracing mistakes and effortlessness into the video . I wish every video was like ' Drunk [ in Love ] ' . " The clip was first released on the iTunes Store on the visual album itself on December 13 , 2013 , which contained a previously filmed music video for every song and was later uploaded to Beyoncé 's Vevo channel three days later , on December 16 , 2013 . The visual is almost six and a half minutes long . As the video begins , waves are seen crashing on a night time beach . Nearly a minute later , Beyoncé appears ; she is strolling on a beach at night and she seemingly carries a massive trophy while an eerie music is playing in the background . Sporting a sheer negligee that reveals her bra and panties beneath , she twists her body in the sand . The singer also dances seductively against a backdrop of smoke and mouths the song 's lyrics , staring at the camera . Beyoncé is later joined by husband Jay @-@ Z , who is wearing a T @-@ shirt and a backwards baseball cap . He raps with his eyes down holding a glass with alcohol in his hand while Beyoncé mouths the words behind him , smiling . The last seconds of the video show Beyoncé dancing and it concludes with close @-@ up shots of the singer 's face . = = = Reception = = = On a review of the clip , Kory Glow of Rolling Stone wrote , " The video , as metaphorical as it is , perfectly captures the feeling of the track . " A writer for DJ Booth described the video as an " equally steamy cinematic accompaniment " to the song . Carrie Battan of Pitchfork Media commented that the video " brings the # surfboard line into clear focus " . Vanity Fair writer Michelle Collins described the scene where the singer sings the line " surfboard " as hilarious . An editor writing for Rap @-@ Up commended the " intoxicating visuals " . USA Today 's Elysa Gardner felt that the clip was " sultry " showing the pair " romp and caress on a beach , recalling a night of connubial bliss that lasted into morning " as the song 's lyrics . Gerrick D. Kennedy from the Los Angeles Times interpreted the scenes showing the trophy as representing the singer as a " trophy wife " . Joe Lynch of Fuse compared Beyoncé 's dancing in the sand with Madonna 's visual for " Cherish " ( 1989 ) . Brent DiCrescenzo of the magazine Time Out also felt that the video for " Cherish " strongly influenced the video for " Drunk in Love " . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone described the video as the second most NSFW from the whole album . An editor from the website Consequence of Sound described Beyoncé 's dancing as an R @-@ rated version of Bo Derek 's role in the film 10 ( 1978 ) . In her review , Toronto Star 's Malene Arpe called the video " porny " . HitFix reviewer Whitney Phaneuf felt that Beyoncé was looking in the camera with pure lust concluding that when Jay @-@ Z appears later , " it 's clear that her gaze has been fixed on him " . Claire Lobenfeld from Complex felt that the pair " get wet and wild " in the video further elaborating , " For an album that is rooted in love , marriage , and sex , unleashing a video featuring her and her husband frolicking euphorically on the beach is the best first taste . " Slate 's Forrest Wickman called the clip one of the simplest on the album and noted , " It 's not the album 's peak , musically or visually , but unconstrained by heavy choreography ... it legitimately looks like they 're having fun . " Maura Johnston of Spin placed the video at number 5 on the magazine 's list of the best music videos in 2013 saying that it was a " worthy addition " to the collaborations between Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z. The video was nominated in the categories for Best Female Video and Best R & B Video at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards Japan . It was also nominated for Video of the Year at the 2014 BET Awards . At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards the video was nominated in the categories for Video of the Year and Best Collaboration , eventually winning the latter . At the 2014 Soul Train Music Awards the clip was nominated in the category for Video of the Year . = = Live performances = = On January 26 , 2014 the couple opened the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles , performing the song live together for the first time . The performance opened with Beyoncé sporting wet @-@ look hair in a leotard and a leather basque , sitting on a chair with her back to the audience . She conctinued seductively dancing cabaret @-@ style , singing and gyrating on the dark stage surrounded by smoke . Jay @-@ Z appeared to rap his verses dressed in a suit and bow tie . The sexually @-@ charged performance ended with a kiss and the two walked off with their arms around each other . Beyoncé 's chair dance received comparisons with scenes from the movie Flashdance , the song 's music video and the video for " Partition " ; VH1 's Emily Exton felt that it was one of the best chair dances of all time . The duet was described as " scorching " and " chill inducing " with many critics considering the performance to be a show highlight ; Lily Harrison of E ! added that the pair " set the bar impossibly high " . A Rolling Stone editor felt it was " near flawless " . Nadeska Alexis writing for MTV News noted that when the singer started singing the first verses of the song , " you could almost taste the aroma of sex appeal in the air " . A negative review came from Beverly Beckham of The Boston Globe who felt that the pair failed to showcase love in the lyrics and performance . The performance sparked criticisms from some parents on social media who believed the performance was " provocative " and " inappropriate " due to its risqué nature ; Melissa Henson , a representative of the Parents Television Council said in a statement that the performance was " suggestive " before adding , " We have seen pretty consistently enough inappropriate material [ on awards shows lately ] , that a lot of parents have written these off . " Contrastingly , writing for ThinkProgress , Alyssa Rosenberg said of the controversy : " This may not be the vision of marriage conservatives intended to try to promote [ but ] if marriage is a product that conservatives desperately want to sell , the smartest thing they could do right now is to hire Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z as a product spokescouple ... they made marriage look fun , and sexy , and a source of mutual professional fulfillment . " On public reaction to the sexual performance , Lavanya Ramanathan of The Washington Post wrote : " The Internet exploded , and it 's not surprising . This is a couple who sat separately at awards ceremonies when they were dating several years ago . " On February 1 , 2014 , the couple performed the song again during Jay Z 's performance at the DirecTv pre @-@ Super Bowl party . Christopher R. Weingarten of Rolling Stone referred to the pair 's chemistry as the highlight of the event and said the performance was " smiles and hugs and laughs , with one of the most famous rappers in the world gladly playing hypeman " in contrast to the Grammy performance . Nekesa Mumbi Moody writing for the Associated Press felt that it was the set 's highlight . At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25 , 2014 , Beyoncé performed " Drunk in Love " live during a medley consisting of songs from her self @-@ titled album . The performance featured the singer dressed in a bejeweled bodysuit and a singalong from the audience . She started the performance on a set of steps , with numerous dancers in headstands around her and went to the stage afterwards . Nadeska Alexis from MTV News commented that when the song opened , " the crowd really started to lose their composure " . Writers of The Hollywood Reporter described the song 's performance as " booty @-@ popping " . The song was added to the set list and performed live during the second European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in February and March 2014 . For the performance , Beyoncé danced on a chair in a catsuit as kaleidoscope of lights illuminated her . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey felt that the track became a stadium sing @-@ along like the other hits performed by the singer . Kitty Empire of The Observer wrote that the singer 's ad libs made listeners feel like she " got tipsy and had the hots for her husband " . Jay @-@ Z joined her on stage to perform the song together at all six London shows of the leg , as well as at the final tour stop in Lisbon . A professionally recorded live performance of the song with Jay @-@ Z from the tour aired on August 4 , 2014 on Beyonce : X10 , an HBO series documenting renditions of the song performed during The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . Erin Strecker from Billboard felt that the choreography from the performance was " instantly iconic " . Anna Silman of Variety praised the singer 's differenet sparkling costumes and noted that overally , the rendition was " as sultry and showstopping as you 'd imagine " . " Drunk in Love " was part of the set list of Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z 's co @-@ headlining On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) . For the performance of the song , Beyoncé performed a chair dance and was accompanied by Jay @-@ Z for his part which contained a short snippet of Kanye West 's " On Sight " . While reviewing the opening concert of the tour , Rebecca Thomas writing for MTV News described the performance of the song as " intoxicating " . = = Remixes = = The popularity of the song has led to several remixes . In December 2013 , American singer Rico Love and American rapper Plies released a remix of " Drunk in Love " in which they sang about their sex experiences . On January 16 , 2014 , English musician James Blake debuted a remix of the song on BBC Radio 1 using his alter ego Harmonimix considerably altering Beyoncé 's voice . Future utilized Auto @-@ Tune on his version of the song , which he released in late January 2014 . At BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , American rapper Angel Haze performed " Drunk in Love " , substituting Jay Z 's verses with new lines that discuss empowerment and braggadocio . She later released a studio version in April leaving some vocals by Beyoncé from the original ; this version was noted for containing more aggression than her live rendition . On February 13 , 2014 , Detail released a seven @-@ minute version of the song on which he worked for three weeks . It was titled " Drunken Love " and it included unreleased audio elements from the recording of the original song from which several variables of it existed . Pitchfork Media 's Carrie Battan described his version as " chopped @-@ up , stretched out , cathedral @-@ ready " . On February 14 , 2014 , American rapper Kanye West , frequent collaborator of Jay @-@ Z , released the official remix of " Drunk in Love " , featuring an explicit verse by himself and a slightly modified instrumental produced by Mike Dean . In his lines , West rapped about his wife Kim Kardashian and referenced the video for his own song , " Bound 2 " ( 2013 ) . A day after the release of the remix , Beyoncé uploaded a 30 @-@ second clip in which she played a cowgirl corralling horses as West 's vocals played in the background . Miriam Coleman of Rolling Stone felt that West 's rework was an " even raunchier spin on the already @-@ adult @-@ themed song " . The remix version was later included on the track listing of the platinum edition of Beyoncé , released on November 24 , 2014 . Diplo produced an EDM @-@ influenced remix of the song , which he released on February 15 , 2014 . Canadian singer The Weeknd and American rapper T.I. both released their respective remixes on the same date ; the former 's version featured lyrics about drug use and corruption . On February 18 , 2014 , American rapper Cassidy released a song titled " Surfboard " , with the tag " Drunk in Love G @-@ Mix " , which heavily samples " Drunk in Love " . On December 18 , 2014 , Tiësto released a remix of the song after playing it in DJ sets a few months ago . = = Cover versions = = English singer Katy B performed a medley of " Drunk in Love " and Tinashe 's " Vulnerable " during Rinse FM sessions at London 's Metropolis Studios in late February 2014 . Sevyn Streeter covered the song live during a concert in March . Ed Sheeran also performed an acoustic cover version on the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show broadcast on April 11 and on 4Music on May 9 , 2014 . He had sung the beginning of the song for several seconds the month before during On Air with Ryan Seacrest and decided to fully cover it following fan demands . Alternative rock band Grouplove performed a rock @-@ infused cover of the song at the 2014 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival . The writers of Billboard magazine described it as " earnest and uneven " . Rita Ora covered " Drunk in Love " on May 25 , 2014 during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Glasgow and on the French television show Le Before du Grand Journal the following day . In July 2014 , Sia performed a cover of the song along with Ed Sheeran and Grouplove on the second episode of VH1 's SoundClash . During her performance at the G @-@ A @-@ Y club in London in April 2014 , British singer Lily Allen appeared wearing a black bikini and a blond wig emulating Beyoncé 's look from the song 's video , lip @-@ syncing the lyrics for a drag performance . She appeared on the stage with a trophy in her hand , getting spilled with water from a bucket and danced in a similar way to the singer . Several media outlets and fans on social media alike called it a " mocking " of Beyoncé which Allen further denied on Twitter . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from Beyoncé 's website . Song credits Video credits = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . = = Release history = =
= Cape Verde at the 2012 Summer Olympics = Cape Verde competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics which were held in London , United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . The country 's participation at London marked its fifth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1996 . The delegation included Ruben Sança , a long @-@ distance runner ; Lidiane Lopes , a sprinter ; and Adysângela Moniz , a judoka . Moniz and Sança were also selected as the flag bearers for the opening and closing ceremonies respectively . Of the three Cape Verdean athletes , only Moniz progressed further than the first round . = = Background = = Cape Verde participated in five Summer Olympic games between its debut in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , US and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . The highest number of Cape Verdean athletes participating in a summer games is three in the 1996 games in Atlanta , US , the 2004 games in Athens , Greece and in the 2012 games in London . No Cape Verdean athlete has ever won a medal at the Olympics . Three athletes from Cape Verde were selected to compete in the London games ; Ruben Sança in the track and field 5000 m , Lidiane Lopes in the track and field 100 m and Adysângela Moniz in the judo + 78kg . = = Athletics = = Cape Verde was represented by one male athlete at the 2012 Olympics in athletics – Ruben Sança , a 5000 metres runner . Making his Olympic debut at these Games , Sança was given a university place after previously competing in the marathon at the 2011 World Championships and the 1500 meters at the 2009 Lusophony Games . He competed on 8 August in the 5000 metres event , finishing last out of 21 athletes in heat two in a time of 14 minutes and 35 @.@ 19 seconds . He was 1 minute and 20 @.@ 04 seconds behind the winner of his heat , Dejen Gebremeskel . Overall he finished 40th out of 43 athletes , and he was 1 minute and 13 @.@ 98 seconds slower than the slowest athlete that progressed to the final round and , therefore , that was the end of his competition . Competing at her first Olympics , Lidiane Lopes was the youngest ever competitor for Cape Verde at the Olympics , aged 17 . She competed in the 100 meters on 3 August . Lopes was drawn into heat four and ran a time of 12 @.@ 72 seconds and finished fourth in her preliminary heat , 1 @.@ 12 seconds behind the winner , Toea Wisil . She finished 17th out of 33 athletes overall and was 0 @.@ 48 seconds behind the slowest athlete who progressed to the heats . Therefore , Lopes did not progress to the heats . Key Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N / A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round = = Judo = = Cape Verde had one judoka competing in the 2012 Olympics . This woman was Adysângela Moniz , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old athlete , competing at her first Olympic Games . She competed in the + 78kg event . Moniz received a bye in the first round and fought in match four against Idalys Ortíz from Cuba in the second round . Moniz lost and therefore did not progress to the quarter @-@ finals .
= St. Michael 's Cathedral , Qingdao = St. Michael 's Cathedral ( Chinese : 圣弥爱尔大教堂 ; pinyin : Shèng Mí 'ài 'ěr Dàjiàotáng ; German : Kathedrale St. Michael ) , also called the Zhejiang Road Catholic Church ( 浙江路天主教堂 ) , which is abbreviated by locals to simply the " Catholic Church " ( 天主教堂 ) is a Catholic church in Qingdao ( also known as Tsingtao ) , Shandong Province , China and is the seat of the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Qingdao . It is located in the oldest part of Qingdao , at 15 Zhejiang Road , on the east side of Zhongshan Road in Shinan District . Built by German missionaries , the cathedral stands at the top of a hill in the center of the old German @-@ built part of the city . It is the largest example of Romanesque Revival architecture in the province , resembling a German cathedral of the 12th century . St. Michael 's Cathedral is the product of a strong German presence in Shandong Province in the 19th and early 20th centuries . In the mid @-@ 19th century the European powers forcibly opened China to foreign trade . The Divine Word Missionaries built a church in the Jiaozhou Bay concession in Shandong in 1902 , and in 1934 erected the cathedral , which remained nominally under their administration until 1964 . In 1942 it came under the control of the Japanese Army , returning to Chinese control when the Japanese left Qingdao in 1945 . In the early 1950s , all foreign missionaries , including the Bishop of Qingdao , were either imprisoned or expelled from China , and during the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 – 1976 ) the cathedral was defaced and abandoned . In 1981 , it was repaired by the government and reopened for services , and in 1992 it was listed as a Provincial Historic Building by the government of Shandong Province . = = History = = After China 's defeat in the First Opium War , the country was forcibly opened to foreign trade by a number of treaties collectively referred to as the Unequal Treaties . Following the Treaty of Nanjing ( 1842 ) , the British established the first treaty ports . Following China 's concession to the British Empire , other foreign powers including France , the United States , Portugal , Germany , Japan , and Russia won concessions as well . Foreigners , who were centered in foreign sections of the cities , enjoyed legal extraterritoriality as stipulated in the Unequal Treaties . Foreign clubs , racecourses , and churches were established in major treaty ports . Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers , such as the concessions in China , effectively removing them from the control of local governments . = = = German presence in Qingdao = = = In the early 1890s , the German Empire had been considering occupying Jiaozhou Bay ( " Jiaozhou " is romanized as Kiaochow , Kiauchau or Kiao @-@ Chau in English and Kiautschou in German ) for building its first naval base in East Asia in order to expand into the interior of Shandong . In 1891 the Qing government decided to make Qingdao ( commonly spelled " Tsingtao " ) defensible against naval attack and began to improve the existing fortifications of the town . German naval officials observed and reported on this Chinese activity during a formal survey of Jiaozhou Bay in May 1897 . In November 1897 , the German Navy seized Jiaozhou Bay under the pretext of ensuring that reparations were paid for the murder of two German Catholic missionaries in the province . In the spring of 1898 , the German government signed a treaty that allowed the Germans to lease an area of 540 square kilometres ( 130 @,@ 000 acres ; 210 sq mi ) for 99 years ( or until 1997 , as the British did in Hong Kong 's New Territories ) , to construct a railway to Jinan , the capital of Shandong province , and to exploit coalfields along the railroad . The Kiautschou Bay concession , as it became known , existed from 1898 to 1914 . With an area of 552 square kilometres ( 136 @,@ 000 acres ; 213 sq mi ) , it was located in the imperial province of Shandong ( alternatively romanized as Shantung or Shan @-@ tung in English and Schantung in German ) on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula ( Schantung @-@ Halbinsel ) in northern China . Tsingtao ( Qingdao ) was its administrative center . After the farmers and fishermen of the Chinese village sold their buildings and land and resettled in the rural communities further east , the Germans began to develop the area . Wide streets , solid housing areas , government buildings , electrification throughout , a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply were improvements that transformed the impoverished fishing village of Tsingtao into a modern German town . In a short time the area had the highest density of schools and per capita student enrollment in all of China ; primary , secondary and vocational schools were funded by the Imperial German treasury and Protestant and Roman Catholic missions . The cathedral was built by the Divine Word Missionaries ( abbreviated " SVD , " from their Latin name : Societas Verbi Divini ) , the first German Catholic missionary society . The order was founded in 1875 " for the propagation of the Catholic religion among pagan nations , " at Steyl ( today in the Limburg Province of the Netherlands ) , by German Catholic priests fleeing the Kulturkampf . The society 's first mission was established in 1882 in southern Shantung , a district of more than 10 million people , which contained 158 Catholics . At the time , the area was part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Shantung , managed by Italian Franciscans , who were tasked with rebuilding the earlier Catholic mission work . However , the mission work proceeded slowly , due to insufficient personnel and resources . The southern half of the province , in particular , had been all but neglected . Consequently , it was transferred to the SVD on December 2 , 1885 , and became the Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Shan @-@ tung . The new Vicariate Apostolic was headquartered in Yanzhou , Shandong and headed by Bishop Johann Baptist von Anzer , SVD , who led it until November 24 , 1903 . By 1907 , the mission numbered 35 @,@ 378 Catholics and 36 @,@ 367 catechumens , and by 1924 , 106 @,@ 000 Catholics and 44 @,@ 000 catechumens . The SVD 's presence in Qingdao was first recorded when the mission purchased land there in 1899 and began building a mission hall . = = = Design and construction = = = In autumn 1898 Bishop von Anzer had Father Franz Bartels appointed as pastor in Qingdao . Bishop von Anzer also commissioned Bartels with planning and constructing the Catholic mission . Bartels initially stayed in a house that was part of a Taoist temple . Adjacent to his house he had a provisional chapel built which served as a place of worship / service for the European inhabitants of Qingdao until 1902 when a mission hall with a chapel was built . Major Kopka von Lossow , commander of the Third Sea Battalion which was stationed in Qingdao , ordered about a hundred of his men to attend services every Sunday . On a hill chosen by Bishop von Anzer , Father Bartels purchased some land on Qufu Road , having a printing house and the SVD mission hall erected in 1902 . The mission hall was converted to a school in 1922 , and was operating as of May 2010 . The Holy Ghost Convent was also built on the same hill , occupied by Franciscan sisters who worked as nurses and teachers . The cathedral 's original architect ( commissioned by Bishop Augustin Henninghaus ) designed a three @-@ aisled Gothic church , but the World War I conquest of Qingdao by the Japanese on November 16 , 1914 , put an end to the cathedral plans . The city reverted to Chinese rule in December 1922 , under control of the Republic of China . The Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Shan @-@ tung was renamed the Vicariate Apostolic of Yanzhoufu on December 13 , 1924 , and on February 22 , 1925 , the Apostolic Prefecture of Qingdao was established from its territory , with Bishop Georg Weig , SVD , appointed prefect on March 18 of that same year . On June 14 , 1928 , it was elevated to a Vicariate Apostolic . When construction resumed , the original Gothic plan no longer seemed appropriate for the modern townscape of Qingdao . Father Alfred Fräbel designed the present neo @-@ Romanesque structure , built during the tenure of Bishop Weig , who is entombed in the cathedral . Construction began on May 5 , 1931 , under Brother Theophorus Kleemann , SVD , who became ill and died on September 12 , 1931 ; Arthur Bialucha , a German architect living in Qingdao who had already completed several projects for the SVD , took over as construction superintendent . Construction was frustrated in 1933 , when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and prohibited the transfer of money overseas . The diocese independently shouldered the cost of finishing the cathedral . This required a number of design changes to reduce costs . The changes are evident in drawings published before completion of construction , which show the roofs of the towers as bell @-@ shaped . However , the roofs of the completed structure were changed to spires . Construction was finished in 1934 , and the cathedral was consecrated on October 28 that year . Some sources state that St. Michael 's Cathedral was originally named " St. Emil 's Church " . A Latin inscription over the tomb of Bishop Weig states that the cathedral was consecrated to St. Michael the Archangel in 1934 . In addition , a photo taken in 1935 , currently in the German Federal Archives is labeled " St. Michaels Kirche " ( St. Michael 's Church ) , and authoritative secondary print sources make no mention of " St. Emil 's Church " . = = = 1938 – 1949 : occupation , liberation , and civil war = = = The Japanese reoccupied Qingdao in January 1938 . Bishop Thomas Tien Ken @-@ sin , SVD was appointed Vicariate Apostolic of Qingdao , in November 1942 , as Bishop Georg Weig had died the year before . That year , the Japanese placed a large sign over the main door of the cathedral that read " Under Management of the Japanese Army " . On August 15 , 1945 , Japan surrendered to Allied forces , officially ending World War II , and in September 1945 , Qingdao was liberated by forces of the Kuomintang , restoring the government of the Republic of China . The following year , on February 18 , 1946 , Bishop Tien was elevated to Cardinal , becoming the first Chinese Cardinal and to date the only SVD Cardinal . He traveled to Vatican City to accept the honor . His Vicariate Apostolic was elevated to the Diocese of Qingdao on April 11 . Upon his return on May 27 , he was greeted by representatives of the government of Shandong Province , who had arranged a welcome in his honor , with the United States Marine Band playing outside the main entrance of the cathedral . The Marine Band was attached to Naval Forces Western Pacific , headquartered in Qingdao at the time . During the Civil War period ( 1946 – 1949 ) , missionaries in Shandong Province experienced growing tensions with the Communists , spurring one of them , Father Augustin Olbert , SVD to write : The Reds do not slacken and will in the end remain victorious . Almost the entire province is in their hands . For the time being they still give face , but when they are firmly established , they will no doubt show us their teeth , as they are already doing in some areas . We are facing the future with much anxiety . Most missionaries are convinced that , once the Reds are in power , they will expel us all . Father Olbert was appointed Bishop of Qingdao two years later . On June 2 , 1949 , the People 's Liberation Army entered Qingdao and both the city and Shandong Province have since been under Communist control . Bishop Tien fled to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government . = = = 1949 – 1976 : Under Mao = = = Soon after the Communists assumed control , a combination of assertive nationalism and socialist ideology led to the eradication of the Western presence in China , including Western culture and products . " The denunciation of anything Western as ' capitalist , ' ' bourgeois ' and representative of the ' imperialist world ' reached a peak during the ideological extremism of the Korean War ( 1950 – 1953 ) when the final vestiges of the Western economic and cultural presence were eradicated . " Missionary and Communist ambitions simply were irreconcilable and the wide ideological gap could not be bridged . The stage had been set for the Communists ' catastrophic assault on the missionary enterprise during the Civil War period ( 1946 – 1949 ) and the expulsion of virtually all foreigners in the early 1950s . Foreign missionaries who were suspected of being spies were arrested . Missionary institutes funded by foreign money were closed down and all foreign missionaries expelled from China . The SVD mission was not spared this fate . In 1951 , the Diocese of Qingdao 's Bishop Augustin Olbert , SVD was arrested , served 22 months in prison , and was then deported to Germany in 1953 . Although the cathedral was closed by the government , Bishop Olbert remained Bishop of Qingdao until his death in 1964 . Native Chinese clergy were not spared the government 's Marxian contempt for religion during this period . Future Bishop of Qingdao Li Mingshu was sent to prison the same year Bishop Olbert was deported , and not released from labor camps until 1968 . Sweeping arrests of Chinese bishops , priests , sisters and laity did not begin , however , until 1955 . Afterwards , the Catholic resistance movement , encountering mass arrests and sentences to forced labor , was forced underground . Professor Jean @-@ Paul Wiest , Research Associate at the Centre for the Study of Religion and Chinese Society wrote : " The witness of Bishop Gong Pinmei of Shanghai and many others who chose jail , labor camps , and even death for the sake of their faith and their loyalty to the pope would sustain countless people in the years ahead . " By late 1957 , due to the prior expulsion of foreign clergy and the subsequent imprisonment of Chinese clergy , 120 out of 145 dioceses and prefectures apostolic were without ordinaries . The Diocese of Qingdao went without an ordinary until the state @-@ run Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association consecrated and appointed Bishop Paul Han Xirang , OFM without papal sanction in 1988 . The cathedral was badly damaged during the Cultural Revolution which lasted from 1966 to 1971 . During this time St. Michael 's Cathedral was defaced by the Red Guards . The crosses topping the twin steeples were removed by the Red Guards , with two men falling to their deaths during the removal . An account of the cathedral 's defacement is translated as follows : One day , scaffolding was tied to the church steeples . People said that the crosses would be removed . The news spread throughout the city . Numerous people watched from windows , from the streets , from the beaches , and from the mountaintops as several small , ghostlike figures climbed up to the crosses . Against the blue sky they opened a saw . It was said that by evening , two people had fallen from the tower and died on the spot . People also say that this church held one of the greatest pipe organs in China . They say that when it played , the whole city could hear its music . But this rare treasure was also destroyed by the Red Guards . The next morning , seeing the towers of the church , the steeple had been denuded , and the towers were bald , like the shaved heads of criminals . The onlookers felt extremely uncomfortable , as if the whole area had been corrupted ; made evil . Not long after that , I occasionally passed by the church and was astonished to see the topped crosses : what originally appeared to be two thin needles [ when viewed from the towers ] was actually the size of two coarse , heavy men , one taller than the other . Since then , the cathedral has become a warehouse . The original crosses were rescued by local Catholics and buried in the hills . The 2400 @-@ pipe organ destroyed by the Red Guards had been one of the two largest in Asia . = = = Restoration = = = The Chinese government subsequently repudiated the Cultural Revolution . A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee , gave a " preliminary assessment " of the entire 30 @-@ year period of Communist rule . At the plenum , party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution " an appalling catastrophe " and " the most severe setback to [ the ] socialist cause since [ 1949 ] . " The Chinese government 's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China , adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . This stated that " Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary , strategist and theorist . It is true that he made gross mistakes during the " cultural revolution " , but , if we judge his activities as a whole , his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes . His merits are primary and his errors secondary . " The change in prevailing political views was favorable to St. Michael 's Cathedral ; the Chinese government funded the cathedral 's restoration efforts . New crosses were manufactured for the cathedral 's restoration , and " after several years of repair , [ the cathedral ] was re @-@ opened in April 1981 " for religious services . In May 1999 the church was opened to the general public , allowing entry when Mass or other services are not being celebrated . In 2005 , city workers repairing water pipes accidentally found the original crosses buried on Longshan Road , not far from the cathedral . They are currently stored in the north transept . The cathedral has been listed on the register of Provincial Historic Buildings by the government of Shandong Province since 1992 . The change in prevailing political views also allowed for rapprochement with Chinese clergy formerly imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution . In 1985 Li Mingshu was allowed an official post teaching at the seminary of Jinan . In 1994 he was transferred to the service of the Diocese of Qingdao , and was appointed the Bishop of Qingdao in 2000 . Upon his consecration as Bishop , he took the name " Joseph " . = = Description = = = = = Exterior and plan = = = The cathedral stands atop a hill in the center of what was the original settlement of the city of Qingdao , at 15 Zhejiang Road ( formerly Bremen Strasse ) on the east side of Zhongshan Road in Shinan District . The church is built in the historic style of German Romanesque . It is cruciform in plan , having a nave flanked by a lower single aisle on either side , crossed by a transept , and with a semi @-@ circular apse projecting at the east end . The cathedral is 65 @.@ 9 metres ( 216 ft ) long and the transept is 37 @.@ 6 metres ( 123 ft ) wide , with an exterior height of 18 metres ( 59 ft ) . The towers are 56 metres ( 184 ft ) in height , and have Rhenish helm spires , each topped by a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 15 ft ) cross . One tower contains a single large bell , and the other three smaller bells . The west front rises to a balustrade between the towers at 30 metres ( 98 ft ) . It has three portals , with a rose window above the central one . The building materials are reinforced concrete and granite , and the roofs are red tiles . In his book , German Architecture in China , Warner Torsten writes of the cathedral : According to residents ] the cathedral is far too large for the scale of Qingdao . Its position on top of a hill makes this even more evident . Perhaps the idea was to produce a powerful building to hold its own with the Protestant Church , which for 20 years had been the largest religious building in Qingdao , or perhaps the intention was to outstrip the 46 metre @-@ high towers of the Franciscan church in Jinan . The towers of the cathedral in Qingdao were higher than all the other churches in the major cities of Northern China – Tianjin , Beijing , Dalian , or Jinan . They dominate the silhouette of Qingdao ; they are particularly impressive from a ship entering the harbour . = = = Interior = = = The total floor area of St. Michael 's Cathedral is 2 @,@ 740 square metres ( 29 @,@ 500 sq ft ) . While the exterior of the cathedral is neo @-@ Romanesque , the interior has piers and arches of a Classical revival style . Above the 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high nave and transept is an unvaulted coffered ceiling . Narrow vaults over the two aisles are so much lower than the nave that they function like ambulatories . The nave can hold 1 @,@ 000 people . The baptismal font and statues have captions in English and Chinese . The nave extends into a high vaulted apse ( pictured right ) at the east end . The aisles on either side of the nave are continued around the apse , making an ambulatory . Seven chandeliers are suspended from the ceiling over the main aisle . Beneath the chancel arch stands the high altar , under an ornate baldachin . The ciborium over the high altar bears the Latin words Venite Adoremus Dominum , " Come adore the Lord . " Within the sanctuary stands a second , portable , altar , upon which most masses are celebrated . According to Lonely Planet , " The interior is splendid , with white walls , gold piping … and a marvellously painted apse . " The mural painted on the dome of the apse ( pictured right ) depicts Jesus seated on a cloud , red and golden rays radiating out of his golden halo . God the Father , pictured as a white @-@ bearded man with triangular halo , looks down from a cloud above Jesus . A dove with a white halo , representing the Holy Spirit , flies just below God , wings outstretched , completing the Trinity . Above Jesus fly four cherubim . Seated to Jesus ' right is Mary , his mother , and to his left Saint John the Baptist . On the same cloud as Jesus , three angels flank on each side . Slightly below Jesus , Mary , and John , two more flanking angels are depicted kneeling on their own clouds and swinging censers . Under the entire scene , a banner displays Gloria in Excelsis Deo . In 2006 , the construction and installation of a massive 12 @-@ by @-@ 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft × 39 ft ) Jäger & Brommer pipe organ ( pictured at left ) was commissioned for St. Michael 's Cathedral at a cost of 700 @,@ 000 euros , to be ready in time for the 2008 Olympics . The pipe organ sits upon the choir loft over the west front entrance . The north transept contains three large murals featuring Jesus Christ : Jesus washing St. Peter 's feet , the Sacred Heart , and the Pietà . The north transept also contains the tombs of two bishops . One is of the first Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of Qingdao , Bishop Georg Weig , SVD who supervised the construction of the cathedral . Bishop Weig 's tombstone shows obvious signs of defacement , being chipped around the edges , and with broken stonework at its base . The other tomb contains part of the ashes of Bishop of Qingdao Paul Han Xirang , OFM , the rest having been buried in his hometown , Han Village , Yucheng County , Shandong Province . The south transept also contains three large murals : the Holy child praying , St. Thérèse of Lisieux ( patroness of missions ) , and the Nativity . The north and south arms of the transept each contain two altars . = = Services = = The church is active and as of 2008 more than 10 @,@ 000 Catholics in Qingdao attend services there . According to December 2009 and January 2010 church bulletins , mass is celebrated daily by Bishop Li Mingshu at 6 am , with additional masses on Sunday and festivals on Easter and Christmas . Services are held in Korean and Chinese , with one Korean and several Chinese priests on site . = = Ordinaries = = Below is a list of bishops who have reigned from St. Michael 's Cathedral , since its consecration in 1934 . Georg Weig , SVD † ( Appointed 18 March 1925 – Died 3 October 1941 ) Thomas Tien Ken @-@ sin ( Tienchensing ) , SVD † ( Appointed 10 November 1942 – 11 April 1946 Appointed Archbishop of Peking ) Faustino M. Tissot , SX † ( Appointed 1946 – Resigned 1947 ) Augustin Olbert , SVD † ( Appointed 8 July 1948 – Arrested 1951 , Imprisoned Until 1953 , then deported to Germany . Died 18 Nov 1964 ) Paul Han Xirang , OFM † ( Appointed 24 April 1988 – Died 6 March 1992 ) Note : Consecrated as bishop and appointed without papal mandate . Joseph Li Mingshu ( Appointed 2000 )
= George Schaller = George Beals Schaller ( born 1933 ) is an American mammalogist , biologist , conservationist and author . Schaller is recognized by many as the world 's preeminent field biologist , studying wildlife throughout Africa , Asia and South America . Born in Berlin , Schaller grew up in Germany , but moved to Missouri as a teen . He is vice president of Panthera Corporation and serves as chairman of their Cat Advisory Council along with renowned conservationist and Panthera CEO Alan Rabinowitz . Schaller is also a senior conservationist at the Bronx Zoo @-@ based Wildlife Conservation Society . = = Early life = = Schaller received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Alaska in 1955 , and went on to the University of Wisconsin – Madison to obtain his PhD in 1962 . From 1962 to 1963 , he was a fellow at the Behavioral Sciences department of Stanford University . From 1963 to 1966 , Schaller served as research associate for the Johns Hopkins University Pathobiology department , and from 1966 to 1972 , served as the Rockefeller University 's and New York Zoological Society 's research associate in research and animal behavior as part of the Institute for Research in Animal Behavior . From 1972 to 1979 , he served as Coordinator of the Center for Field Biology and Conservation , which replaced the IRAB . He then served as Director of the New York Zoological Society 's International Conservation Program from 1979 to 1988 . = = Mountain gorilla research = = In 1959 , when Schaller was only 26 , he traveled to Central Africa to study and live with the mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) of the Virunga Volcanoes . Little was known about the life of gorillas in the wild until the publication of The Mountain Gorilla : Ecology and Behavior in 1963 , that first conveyed to the general public just how profoundly intelligent and gentle gorillas really are , contrary to then @-@ common beliefs . Schaller also , in 1964 , recounted this epic two @-@ year study in The Year of the Gorilla , which also provides a broader historical perspective on the efforts to save one of humankind 's nearest relatives from the brink of extinction . The American zoologist Dian Fossey , with assistance from the National Geographic society and Louis Leakey , followed Schaller 's ground @-@ breaking field research on mountain gorillas in the Virungas . Schaller and Fossey were instrumental in dispelling the public perception of gorillas as brutes , by demonstrably establishing the deep compassion and social intelligence evident among gorillas , and how very closely their behavior parallels that of humans . " No one who looks into a gorilla 's eyes – intelligent , gentle , vulnerable – can remain unchanged , for the gap between ape and human vanishes ; we know that the gorilla still lives within us . Do gorillas also recognize this ancient connection ? " = = Conservation career = = In 1966 , Schaller and his wife traveled to Tanzania to live in the Serengeti , and Schaller conducted one of the first studies of social behavior and movement of Africa 's big cats . In his 1972 work The Tree Where Man Was Born , author Peter Matthiessen described Schaller as " single @-@ minded , not easy to know " . Matthiessen went on to say Schaller was " a stern pragmatist " who " takes a hard @-@ eyed look at almost everything " , " lean and intent " , and in 1978 's The Snow Leopard Matthiessen wrote that by that time , some considered Schaller the world 's finest field biologist . In the fall of 1973 , Schaller went to the remote Himalayan region , 250 miles ( 400 km ) inside Dolpo , an area of Nepal occupied by people of the Tibetan culture and ethnicity . Schaller was there to study the Himalayan Bharal , ( blue sheep ) , and possibly glimpse the elusive snow leopard , an animal rarely spotted in the wild . Schaller is one of only two Westerners known to have seen a snow leopard in Nepal between 1950 and 1978 . Accompanying him on the trip was Matthiessen , and as a result of the trip , Matthiessen wrote The Snow Leopard , ( 1978 ) detailing the accounts of their travels and research , which won two U.S. National Book Awards . Schaller is referred to throughout the book as " GS " . In the late 1970s , Schaller spent time in Brazil studying the jaguar , capybara , " alligator " ( caiman ) , and other animals of the region . In 1988 , Schaller and his wife traveled to China 's Chang Tang ( Qian Tang ) region to study the giant panda , and became the first westerners permitted to enter the remote region . Schaller sought to refute the notion that the panda population was declining due to natural bamboo die @-@ offs . Instead , Schaller found the panda 's popularity was leading to its frequent capture , and was the biggest threat to the population . Schaller also found evidence that pandas were originally carnivores , but underwent an evolutionary change to accommodate a diet of bamboo , which is difficult to digest , reducing competition with other animals for food . Since Schaller 's research , the panda population has increased in the wild by 45 percent . During his time in China , Schaller would hand out cards to wildlife hunters that read : " All beings tremble at punishment , to all , life is dear . Comparing others to oneself , one should neither kill nor cause to kill . " Schaller has spent more time in China than he has spent at his home in Connecticut . In 1994 , Schaller and Dr. Alan Rabinowitz were the first scientists to uncover the rare saola , a forest @-@ dwelling bovine in Laos . Later that year , Schaller rediscovered the Vietnamese warty pig , once thought extinct . In 1996 , he located a herd of Tibetan red deer , also thought extinct . In 2003 , Schaller returned to Chang Tang , and found the wildlife in the area had rebounded since his first trip to the region . Most significantly , the wild yak population , which was estimated at only 13 individuals , had grown to over 187 . " The Tibet Forestry Department has obviously made a dedicated and successful effort in protecting the wildlife . " Schaller wrote in a letter to the World Wildlife Fund 's Dawa Cering . While in Tibet , Schaller worked on researching the rare Tibetan antelope , or chiru , whose population declined due to trophy hunting for their exotic wool . Working with Tibetan authorities , and the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation , Schaller helped protect the breeding and calving grounds of the chiru in the Kunlun mountains of Xinjiang Province . In 2007 , Schaller worked with Pakistan , Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and China to develop a new " Peace Park " , that would protect 20 @,@ 000 miles ( 32 @,@ 000 km ) of habitat for the largest wild sheep species , the Marco Polo sheep . In danger due to their impressive spiral horns , which can measure up to 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in length , the sheep is sought out as a trophy by international hunters . Schaller 's research in the Pamir Mountains will play an important role in the park 's creation . = = Conservation results = = Schaller 's work in conservation has resulted in the protection of large stretches of area in the Amazon , Brazil , the Hindu Kush in Pakistan , and forests in Southeast Asia . Due in part to Schaller 's work , over 20 parks or preserves worldwide have been established , including Alaska 's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) , the Shey @-@ Phoksundo National Park in Nepal , and the Changtang Nature Reserve , one of the world 's most significant wildlife refuges . At over 200 @,@ 000 miles ( 320 @,@ 000 km ) , the Chang Tang Nature Reserve is triple the size of America 's largest wildlife refuge , and was called " One of the most ambitious attempts to arrest the shrinkage of natural ecosystems , " by The New York Times . = = Bigfoot research = = Schaller is one of a few prominent scientists who argue that Bigfoot reports are worthy of serious study . A 2003 Los Angeles Times story described Schaller as a " Bigfoot skeptic " , but he also expressed disapproval for other scientists who do not examine evidence , yet " write [ Bigfoot ] off as a hoax or myth . I don 't think that 's fair . " In a 2003 Denver Post article Schaller said that he is troubled that no Bigfoot remains have ever been uncovered , and no feces samples have been found to allow DNA testing . Schaller notes : " There have been so many sightings over the years , even if you throw out 95 percent of them , there ought to be some explanation for the rest . I think a hard @-@ eyed look is absolutely essential " . = = Publications = = Schaller has written more than fifteen books on African and Asian mammals , including Serengeti Lion : A Study of Predator – Prey Relations , The Last Panda , and Tibet 's Hidden Wilderness , based on his own studies , and supported by long @-@ term observations of species in their natural habitats . Schaller has also written hundreds of magazine articles , and dozens of books and scientific articles about tigers , jaguars , cheetahs and leopards , as well as wild sheep and goats , rhinoceroses , and flamingos . Over more than five decades , Schaller 's field research has helped shape wildlife protection efforts around the world . = = Awards = = Schaller 's conservation honors include National Geographic 's Lifetime Achievement Award , a Guggenheim Fellowship , and the World Wildlife Fund 's Gold Medal for : " Contributions to the understanding and conservation of endangered species " . Schaller has also been awarded the International Cosmos Prize , the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement , and he was the first recipient of the Wildlife Conservation Society 's Beebe Fellowship . Schaller 's literary honors include the U.S. National Book Award in Science ( for The Serengeti Lion in 1973 ) . In September 2008 , he received the Indianapolis Prize for his work in animal conservation .
= Will Venable = William Dion Venable ( born October 29 , 1982 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization . He has also played in MLB for the San Diego Padres and Texas Rangers . Venable is the son of former Major League outfielder Max Venable as well as the older brother of Canadian Football League safety Winston Venable . Venable played basketball for Princeton University , as well as San Rafael High School . He was the second athlete to earn first @-@ team All @-@ Ivy League honors in both baseball and basketball . In the 2005 MLB Draft , the Padres selected Venable in the seventh round . He made his major league debut on August 29 , 2008 , against the Colorado Rockies , collecting his first hit . Although he broke into the Major Leagues as a center fielder , he has played mostly right field since his second season . Venable has frequently batted lead off and has on several occasions come within one hit of the cycle . As of November 2013 , he has finished among the top ten in the National League in triples four times and in stolen bases twice . He has the most Major League Baseball career hits and home runs of any Princeton alumnus . = = Amateur career = = = = = High school = = = Venable was born in 1982 in Marin County , California , at a time when his father Max Venable was a Major League Baseball player for the nearby San Francisco Giants . He grew up travelling around the country with his father and also lived in Japan and the Dominican Republic . In high school , he envisioned himself as more likely to be a professional basketball player than baseball player . Prior to his freshman year , his mother , Molly , objected to him quitting baseball to focus on basketball . As both a high school sophomore and a high school junior , Venable was second @-@ team San Francisco Bay Area All @-@ Metro basketball player for San Rafael High School . He was the Marin County Athletic League ( MCAL ) most valuable player in basketball as a freshman , sophomore and junior . As a sophomore , he led his team to the MCAL League Championship . As a senior , he gave up the responsibility of being point forward . = = = College carer = = = Venable chose to attend Princeton University , not for its academics , but for its tradition of basketball excellence . He respected their tradition of qualifying to participate in the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Tournament . During his time at the University he was a part of two teams that qualified for post season play : 2004 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament and 2002 National Invitation Tournament ) . Princeton recruited him as a basketball player . He did not play baseball as a freshman , but his father had directed him to Scott Bradley , Princeton 's baseball coach , during his recruiting visit . Venable , who was a member of the class of 2005 at Princeton University , was the second athlete in Ivy League history ( after his Padres teammate Chris Young ) to be first @-@ team All @-@ Ivy in both basketball and baseball and he played on Ivy League Champion National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Championship tournament participants in both sports . He played in two NCAA Championship tournaments in both sports and earned a B.A. in anthropology . In basketball , he averaged over 10 points and over 30 minutes per game in his 2002 – 03 sophomore season through his 2004 – 05 senior season . Bradley had left the door open for Venable to come take batting practice if he ever had the urge . As a sophomore , at the suggestion of his mother , Venable resumed baseball . He posted modest numbers in his first season , but in 2004 , he hit for a .344 batting average , earned All @-@ Ivy honorable mention , and was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the fifteenth round of the draft ( 439th overall ) . Bradley felt that Major League Baseball scouts undervalued Venable because he did not participate in the Cape Cod League for college baseball players . Thus , instead of signing and giving up his amateur status , Venable returned for his senior season and posted a league leading 9 home runs and runner @-@ up .385 batting average while earning All @-@ League honors . Subsequently , the Padres drafted him in the seventh round ( 215th overall ) ; he was signed by the Padres ' Northeast Scouting Director , Jim Bretz . = = Professional career = = = = = Minor League Baseball = = = After graduating from Princeton , Venable made his professional debut in minor league baseball with the Arizona League Padres of the Arizona League in 2005 . He hit for a .322 batting average in 15 games and was soon promoted to the Eugene Emeralds of the Single @-@ A Northwest League . In 2006 , Venable was the Padres Minor League Player of the Year . With his father as a team hitting coach , Venable posted a .314 batting average , .389 on @-@ base percentage ( OBP ) , and .477 slugging percentage for the Fort Wayne Wizards of the single @-@ A Midwest League ( MWL ) , which earned him both mid @-@ season and post @-@ season MWL All @-@ star honors . That season he tied for the MWL lead in runs scored and was among the top four Padre farmhands in RBIs , batting average , and stolen bases . Among his highlights for the Wizards were his team @-@ high two grand slams and a five @-@ hit performance . Subsequently , for the 2006 West Oahu CaneFires of the Hawaii Winter Baseball , Venable posted a .330 batting average , .390 on @-@ base percentage ( OBP ) , and .473 slugging percentage . He won the batting title that season and was named league most valuable player . He also led the league in doubles and was second to John Otness in OBP . In the outfield , Venable made no errors . Before the 2007 season , Venable was listed as the fifth best prospect in the Padres organization by Baseball America , and they named him the # 11 prospect in the league . They also named him as a Baseball America Low @-@ A All @-@ Star . In 2007 , Venable batted .278 with a .337 OBP in 134 games for the San Antonio Missions of the Texas League . This again earned him both mid @-@ season and post @-@ season league All @-@ Star honors . A highlight occurred on May 30 , 2007 , when he hit for the cycle . After the season ended , he was invited to play for the San Diego affiliate in the Arizona Fall League , but he was afflicted with tendinitis in his shoulder and only hit .228 . During 2008 spring training , he had two home runs and eight runs batted in his first twelve at @-@ bats . He then posted a .292 batting average , .361 on @-@ base percentage and .464 slugging percentage in 120 games for the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League in 2008 . = = = San Diego Padres = = = = = = = 2008 – 2011 = = = = Venable had been expected to be a September 2008 call @-@ up , but when Scott Hairston was forced onto the disabled list , Venable was called up ahead of schedule . On August 29 , 2008 , in his debut , he tripled in his first at @-@ bat and came around to score a run . He is the twenty @-@ fifth Princeton alumnus to play in the Major Leagues , but he is the first African @-@ American alumnus . He posted his first Major League home run in his sixth game on September 4 , 2008 , during a 5 – 2 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers at Miller Park . His only other home run for the 2008 San Diego Padres was also in a victory on the road on September 19 , 2008 in an 11 – 6 victory over the Washington Nationals at Nationals Park . During this game , Venable posted his first three @-@ hit performance and first three @-@ RBI performance . When Venable batted leadoff for the Padres on September 28 , 2008 against Pittsburgh , he became the first Princeton batter to oppose a Princeton pitcher ( Ross Ohlendorf ) . In 2008 , Venable accumulated only 110 Major League at @-@ bats , and rookie year is considered to be the season in which one accumulates his 130th at @-@ bat . He only played centerfield in 2008 . Following the season he played winter baseball in the Dominican Professional Baseball League , where he struggled . Although in 2008 Baseball America projected Venable as an every day starter for the Padres in 2010 , some experts questioned whether he would be a long @-@ term solution in center field for the team . Venable started the 2009 season with the Padres ' Triple @-@ A affiliate , Portland Beavers , but he was recalled by the Padres on June 3 . His father , Max , served as the Beavers ' hitting coach in 2009 . Following the July 5 trade of Scott Hairston to the Oakland Athletics , Venable shared right field with Kyle Blanks . On July 12 against the San Francisco Giants , he had his first home run of the season in his first career four @-@ hit game . Between July 30 and August 5 , he homered in five of seven games . In an August 23 game against the St. Louis Cardinals , he was involved in a bench @-@ clearing incident when Albert Pujols thought he threw an elbow while being tagged out . In 2009 , he posted 12 home runs and tallied 38 runs batted in ( RBI ) , while defensively 493 @.@ 2 of his 643 innings were spent in right field and only 117 in center field . In 2010 , he finished 8th in the National League in triples ( 7 ) , and 9th stolen bases ( 29 ) . He executed some delayed steals by taking off with the toss back to the mound " when neither infielder is covering second and the catcher is nonchalant with the ball after receiving the pitch " . On April 11 against the Atlanta Braves , he had his first career 5 @-@ RBI game , falling a double shy of the first cycle in Padres history . On May 19 , Venable moved into the lead off position in the lineup and he fell a home run shy of the franchise 's first cycle against the Los Angeles Dodgers , going 4 @-@ for @-@ 5 at the plate after getting a triple in the 1st inning and a double in the third . In June 23 , June 25 and 27 , Venable hit tie @-@ breaking home runs in Padre victories against the Florida Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays . On July 3 , he went on the 15 @-@ day disabled list due to back problems . On September 29 against the Chicago Cubs , he stole two potential home runs ( from Alfonso Soriano and Aramis Ramirez ) on deep fly balls . In the game he achieved his career @-@ high 10 @-@ game hitting streak . He also led National League outfielders with 5 errors . He set new career @-@ highs with 13 home runs and 51 RBI . Again , the majority of his innings were in right field ( 600 @.@ 1 of 936 @.@ 1 innings ) . He split his remaining time between left field ( 171 @.@ 2 ) and center field ( 164 @.@ 1 ) . In 2011 , Venable started slowly , hitting only .205 in April and was eventually optioned to the Tucson Padres on May 23 before being recalled on June 9 . At the time of his demotion , he had no home runs and a .224 batting average in 134 at @-@ bats . He was recalled after going 16 @-@ for @-@ 58 with 3 doubles , 3 triples , 3 home runs and 3 stolen bases in 14 games . In one minor league game on May 27 he homered twice against the Salt Lake Bees . On July 20 , Venable scored 3 times in the first two innings as the Padres jumped out to a 13 – 0 lead against the Florida Marlins . In late July , he missed a few games due to back spasms . On August 10 against the New York Mets , Venable had four hits again missing the cycle by a home run when he posted a second double in a ninth inning at bat . On August 21 , Veneble delivered a lead off home run and the game @-@ winning bases @-@ loaded walk @-@ off hit on Trevor Hoffman Day . On September 28 , he got his first grand slam home run against the Chicago Cubs off of Ryan Dempster . For the season , his totals dropped to 9 home runs and 44 RBI with the Padres , and he again totaled 7 triples , this time finishing 10th . He played 662 @.@ 2 of his 793 @.@ 2 innings in right field . = = = = 2012 – 2015 = = = = In 2012 , Venable and Chris Denorfia formed a platoon in right field , with Venable getting most of the starts against right @-@ handed pitchers and batting .270 against them . Venable made 80 starts in right , but appeared in a then @-@ career @-@ high 148 games for the year . When not starting in right , he made occasional starts in center and left field and made 26 pinch @-@ hitting appearances . On May 15 , 2012 , Venable had a single , double and triple by the fourth inning against the Washington Nationals , but his 4 @-@ hit effort again fell short of the franchise 's cycle . On May 23 , Venable had his sixth career lead off home run and added a single in the second inning and a double in the fourth against the St. Louis Cardinals . He ended up one hit shy of the cycle for the fifth time , this time a triple . On June 3 , Venable suffered a strained oblique muscle and left the game , missing four more games with the injury . Venable finished the year batting .264 with 9 home runs and 45 RBI . He collected 8 triples , finishing 9th in the league , and also committed 7 errors , tied for first among NL outfielders . Coming into 2013 , Venable was again expected to platoon with Denorfia in right , but injuries to center fielder Cameron Maybin and left fielder Carlos Quentin expanded his playing time . He made 68 starts in right and 52 in center and played in a career @-@ high 151 games . Venable entered the season with 401 hits , which was 48 shy of the record for an alumnus of Princeton Tigers Baseball held by Moe Berg . His 46 home runs were already a school best . For the week of August 12 through August 18 , 2013 , Venable won the National League Player of the Week Award . During the week Venable tied his single @-@ game career high with 4 hits , joined the Padres ' 100 @-@ steal club , hit a walk @-@ off home run , made a home run stealing catch and surpassed his previous career best hitting streak by 5 to 15 . It marked his first Player of the Week Award as he hit .406 ( 13 @-@ for @-@ 32 ) with two home runs , two doubles , a triple and seven runs scored . On September 13 , David Hale ( Princeton class of 2011 ) made his major league debut for the Atlanta Braves , and it became the second Princeton vs. Princeton batter @-@ pitcher matchup in major league history . Hale struck out Venable and eight other Padres in his debut for the Braves , setting a franchise debut record . Venable was voted the Padres ' Most Valuable Player for the 2013 season by local baseball writers and other members of the media as he became the 8th player in Padres history to record at least 20 home runs and 20 steals in a season . For the year , Venable hit .268 with 22 home runs and a .796 on @-@ base plus slugging , all new career highs . He also stole 22 bases and finished tied for 5th in the league with 8 triples . On September 2 , 2013 , Venable signed a two @-@ year contract extension with the Padres to keep him in San Diego through the 2015 season . Venable batted .224 with eight home runs in the 2014 season . His batting average , .288 on @-@ base percentage , .325 slugging percentage , and 38 RBIs were all career lows for a full season . During the 2014 – 15 offseason , the Padres acquired outfielders Matt Kemp , Justin Upton , and Wil Myers , shifting Venable into a reserve role . For the Padres in 2015 , Venable hit .258 with six home runs , 10 doubles , and 11 stolen bases through mid @-@ August . = = = Texas Rangers = = = On August 18 , 2015 , the Padres traded Venable to the Texas Rangers for catcher Marcus Greene and a player to be named later ( PTBNL ) . The Rangers needed another outfielder to supplement players like Josh Hamilton , who have dealt with injuries in the past . The PTBNL was announced as Jon Edwards on August 21 , after Edwards cleared waivers and could be traded . = = = Philadelphia Philles = = = On February 28 , 2016 , Venable signed a minor league deal with the Cleveland Indians . On March 27 , he was released by the Indians . The next day , Venable signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies . On June 11 2016 , Venable opted out of his minor league deal with the Philles and became a free agent . = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = On June 14 , 2016 , the Los Angeles Dodgers signed Venable and added him to their major league roster . He appeared in six games for the Dodgers and had one hit ( a double ) in 10 at @-@ bats before he was designated for assignment on June 24 . He cleared waivers and accepted an outright assignment to AAA Oklahoma City . On July 1 , the Dodgers brought him back to the active roster when Joc Pederson went on the disabled list . The following week he was again designated for assignment and he again accepted an outright assignment to Oklahoma City .
= Italian War of 1521 – 26 = The Italian War of 1521 – 26 , sometimes known as the Four Years ' War , was a part of the Italian Wars . The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , Henry VIII of England , and the Papal States . The conflict arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519 – 20 and from Pope Leo X 's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther . The war broke out across Western Europe late in 1521 , when a French – Navarrese expedition attempted to reconquer Navarre while a French army invaded the Low Countries . A Spanish army drove the Navarrese forces back into the Pyrenees , and other Imperial forces attacked northern France , where they were stopped in turn . The Pope , the Emperor , and Henry VIII then signed a formal alliance against France , and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula ; but , with the attention of both Francis and Charles focused on the battleground in northeast France , the conflict in Italy became something of a sideshow . At the Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522 , Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French , driving them from Lombardy . Following the battle , fighting again spilled onto French soil , while Venice made a separate peace . The English invaded France in 1523 , while Charles de Bourbon , alienated by Francis 's attempts to seize his inheritance , betrayed Francis and allied himself with the Emperor . A French attempt to regain Lombardy in 1524 failed and provided Bourbon with an opportunity to invade Provence at the head of a Spanish army . Francis himself led a second attack on Milan in 1525 ; his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pavia , where he was captured and many of his chief nobles were killed , led to the end of the war . With Francis imprisoned in Spain , a series of diplomatic maneuvers centered on his release ensued , including a special French mission sent by Francis ' mother Louise of Savoy to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that would result in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles — an unprecedented alignment between Christian and Muslim monarchs that would cause a scandal in the Christian world and lay the foundation for the Franco @-@ Ottoman alliance . Suleiman used the opportunity to invade Hungary in the summer of 1526 , defeating Charles ' allies at the Battle of Mohács ; but , despite these efforts , Francis would sign the Treaty of Madrid , surrendering his claims to Italy , Flanders , and Burgundy . Only a few weeks after his release , however , he repudiated the terms of the treaty , starting the War of the League of Cognac . Although the Italian Wars would continue for another three decades , they would end with France having failed to regain any substantial territories in Italy . = = Prelude = = By 1518 , the peace that had prevailed in Europe after the Battle of Marignano was beginning to crumble . The major powers ( France , England , Spain , and the Holy Roman Empire ) were outwardly friendly , pledging by the Treaty of London to come to the aid of any of the signatories that was attacked and to combine against any nation that broke the peace . They were divided , however , on the question of the Imperial succession . The Holy Roman Emperor , Maximilian I , intending for a Habsburg to succeed him , began to campaign on behalf of Charles of Spain , while Francis put himself forward as an alternate candidate . At the same time , the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire were forced to deal with the rising influence of Martin Luther , who found support among some Imperial nobles , while Francis was faced with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , who interposed himself into the quarrels of the continent in an attempt to increase both England 's influence and his own . Maximilian 's death in 1519 brought the Imperial election to the forefront of European politics . Pope Leo X , threatened by the presence of Spanish troops a mere forty miles from the Vatican , supported the French candidacy . The prince @-@ electors themselves , with the exception of Frederick of Saxony , who refused to countenance the campaigning , promised their support to both candidates at once . Before his death , Maximilian had already promised sums of 500 @,@ 000 florins to the Electors in exchange for their votes , but Francis offered up to three million , and Charles retaliated by borrowing vast sums from the Fuggers . The final outcome , however , was not determined by the exorbitant bribes , which included Leo promising to make the Archbishop of Mainz his permanent legate . The general outrage of the populace at the idea of a French Emperor gave the Electors pause , and when Charles put an army in the field near Frankfurt , where they were meeting , the Electors obligingly voted for him . He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on 23 October 1520 , by which point he already controlled both the Spanish crown and the hereditary Burgundian lands in the Low Countries . Cardinal Wolsey , hoping to increase Henry VIII 's influence on the continent , offered the services of England as a mediator for the various disputes between Francis and Charles . Henry and Francis staged an extravagant meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold . Immediately afterwards , Wolsey entertained Charles in Calais . Following the meetings , Wolsey , concerned mainly with improving his own stature in preparation for the next papal conclave , proceeded to stage a hollow arbitration conference at Calais , which lasted until April 1522 to no practical effect . In December , the French began to plan for war . Francis did not wish to openly attack Charles because Henry had announced his intention to intervene against the first party to break the tenuous peace . Instead , he turned to more covert support for incursions into German and Spanish territory . One attack would be made on the Meuse River , under the leadership of Robert de la Marck . Simultaneously , a French @-@ Navarrese army would advance through Navarre after reconquering St @-@ Jean @-@ Pied @-@ de @-@ Port . The expedition was nominally led by the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Navarrese king Henry d 'Albret , whose kingdom had been invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1512 , but the army was effectively commanded by André de Foix and funded and equipped by the French . The French designs quickly proved flawed as the intervention of Henry of Nassau drove back the Meuse offensive ; and although de Foix was initially successful in seizing Pamplona , he was driven from Navarre after being defeated at the Battle of Esquiroz on 30 June 1521 . Charles was meanwhile preoccupied with the issue of Martin Luther , whom he confronted at the Diet of Worms in March 1521 . The Emperor viewed Catholicism as a natural way of binding the diverse principalities of the Holy Roman Empire to him . Since Pope Leo X , for his part , was unwilling to tolerate such open defiance of his own authority , he and the Emperor were forced to support one another against Luther , who was now backed by Frederick of Saxony and Franz von Sickingen . On 25 May 1521 , Charles and Cardinal Girolamo Aleandro , the Papal nuncio , proclaimed the Edict of Worms against Luther . Simultaneously , the Emperor promised the Pope the restoration of Parma and Piacenza to the Medici and of Milan to the Sforza . Leo , needing the Imperial mandate for his campaign against what he viewed as a dangerous heresy , promised to assist in expelling the French from Lombardy , leaving Francis with only the Republic of Venice for an ally . = = Initial moves = = In June , Imperial armies under Henry of Nassau invaded the north of France , razing the cities of Ardres and Mouzon and besieging Tournai . They were delayed by the dogged resistance of the French , led by Pierre Terrail , Seigneur de Bayard and Anne de Montmorency , during the Siege of Mezieres , which gave Francis time to gather an army to confront the attack . On 22 October 1521 , Francis encountered the main Imperial army , which was commanded by Charles V himself , near Valenciennes . Despite the urging of Charles de Bourbon , Francis hesitated to attack , which allowed Charles time to retreat . When the French were finally ready to advance , the start of heavy rains prevented an effective pursuit and the Imperial forces were able to escape without a battle . Shortly afterwards , French @-@ Navarrese troops under Bonnivet and Claude of Lorraine seized the key city of Fuenterrabia , at the mouth of the Bidasoa River on the Franco @-@ Spanish border , following a protracted series of maneuvers , providing the French with an advantageous foothold in northern Spain that would remain in their hands for the next two years . By November , the French situation had deteriorated considerably . Charles , Henry VIII , and the Pope signed an alliance against Francis on 28 November . Odet de Foix , Vicomte de Lautrec , the French governor of Milan , was tasked with resisting the Imperial and Papal forces ; he was outmatched by Prospero Colonna , however , and by late November had been forced out of Milan and had retreated to a ring of towns around the Adda River . There , Lautrec was reinforced by the arrival of fresh Swiss mercenaries ; but , having no money available to pay them , he gave in to their demands to engage the Imperial forces immediately . On 27 April 1522 , he attacked Colonna 's combined Imperial and Papal army near Milan at the Battle of Bicocca . Lautrec had planned to use his superiority in artillery to his advantage , but the Swiss , impatient to engage the enemy , masked his guns and charged against the entrenched Spanish arquebusiers . In the resulting melee , the Swiss were badly mauled by the Spanish under Fernando d 'Avalos , Marquess of Pescara , and by a force of landsknechts commanded by Georg Frundsberg . Their morale broken , the Swiss returned to their cantons ; Lautrec , left with too few troops to continue the campaign , abandoned Lombardy entirely . Colonna and d 'Avalos , left unopposed , proceeded to besiege Genoa , capturing the city on 30 May . = = France at bay = = Lautrec 's defeat brought England openly into the conflict . In late May 1522 , the English ambassador presented Francis with an ultimatum enumerating accusations against France , notably that of supporting the Duke of Albany in Scotland , all of which were denied by the king . Henry VIII and Charles signed the Treaty of Windsor on 16 June 1522 . The treaty outlined a joint English @-@ Imperial attack against France , with each party providing at least 40 @,@ 000 men . Charles agreed to compensate England for the pensions that would be lost because of conflict with France and to pay the past debts that would be forfeit ; to seal the alliance , he also agreed to marry Henry 's only daughter , Mary . In July , the English attacked Brittany and Picardy from Calais . Francis was unable to raise funds to sustain significant resistance , and the English army burned and looted the countryside . Francis tried a variety of methods to raise money , but concentrated on a lawsuit against Charles III , Duke of Bourbon . The Duke of Bourbon had received the majority of his holdings through his marriage to Suzanne , Duchess of Bourbon , who had died shortly before the start of the war . Louise of Savoy , Suzanne 's sister and the king 's mother , insisted that the territories in question should pass to her because of her closer kinship to the deceased . Francis was confident that seizing the disputed lands would improve his own financial position sufficiently to continue the war and began to confiscate portions of them in Louise 's name . Bourbon , angered by this treatment and increasingly isolated at court , began to make overtures to Charles V to betray the French king . By 1523 , the French situation had entirely collapsed . The death of Doge Antonio Grimani brought Andrea Gritti , a veteran of the War of the League of Cambrai , to power in Venice . He quickly began negotiations with the Emperor and on 29 July concluded the Treaty of Worms , which removed the Republic from the war . Bourbon continued his scheming with Charles , offering to begin a rebellion against Francis in exchange for money and German troops . When Francis , who was aware of the plot , summoned him to Lyon in October , he feigned illness and fled to the Imperial city of Besançon . Enraged , Francis ordered the execution of as many of Bourbon 's associates as he could capture , but the Duke himself , having rejected a final offer of reconciliation , openly entered the Emperor 's service . Charles then invaded southern France over the Pyrenees . Lautrec successfully defended Bayonne against the Spanish , but Charles was able to recapture Fuenterrabia in February 1524 . On 18 September 1523 , meanwhile , a massive English army under the Duke of Suffolk advanced into French territory from Calais in conjunction with a Flemish @-@ Imperial force . The French , stretched thin by the Imperial attack , were unable to resist , and Suffolk soon advanced past the Somme , devastating the countryside in his wake and stopping only fifty miles from Paris . When Charles failed to support the English offensive , however , Suffolk — unwilling to risk an attack on the French capital — turned away from Paris on 30 October , returning to Calais by mid @-@ December . Francis now turned his attention to Lombardy . In October 1523 , a French army of 18 @,@ 000 under Bonnivet advanced through the Piedmont to Novara , where it was joined by a similarly sized force of Swiss mercenaries . Prospero Colonna , who had only 9 @,@ 000 men to oppose the French advance , retreated to Milan . Bonnivet , however , overestimated the size of the Imperial army and moved into winter quarters rather than attacking the city ; and the Imperial commanders were able to summon 15 @,@ 000 landsknechts and a large force under Bourbon 's command by 28 December , when Charles de Lannoy replaced the dying Colonna . Many of the Swiss now abandoned the French army , and Bonnivet began his withdrawal . The French defeat at the Battle of the Sesia , where Bayard was killed while commanding the French rearguard , again demonstrated the power of massed arquebusiers against more traditional troops ; the French army then retreated over the Alps in disarray . D 'Avalos and Bourbon crossed the Alps with nearly 11 @,@ 000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524 . Sweeping through most of the smaller towns unopposed , Bourbon entered the provincial capital of Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence on 9 August 1524 , taking the title of Count of Provence and pledging his allegiance to Henry VIII in return for the latter 's support against Francis . By mid @-@ August , Bourbon and d 'Avalos had besieged Marseille , the only stronghold in Provence that remained in French hands . Their assaults on the city failed , however , and when the French army commanded by Francis himself arrived at Avignon at the end of September 1524 , they were forced to retreat back to Italy . = = Pavia = = In mid @-@ October 1524 , Francis himself crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army numbering more than 40 @,@ 000 . Bourbon and d 'Avalos , their troops not yet recovered from the campaign in Provence , were in no position to offer serious resistance . The French army moved in several columns , brushing aside Imperial attempts to hold its advance , but failed to bring the main body of Imperial troops to battle . Nevertheless , Charles de Lannoy , who had concentrated some 16 @,@ 000 men to resist the 33 @,@ 000 French troops closing on Milan , decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on 26 October . Having entered Milan and installed Louis II de la Trémoille as the governor , Francis ( at the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders , who favored a more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy ) advanced on Pavia , where Antonio de Leyva remained with a sizable Imperial garrison . The main mass of French troops arrived at Pavia in the last days of October 1524 . By 2 November , Montmorency had crossed the Ticino River and invested the city from the south , completing its encirclement . Inside were about 9 @,@ 000 men , mainly mercenaries whom Antonio de Leyva was able to pay only by melting the church plate . A period of skirmishing and artillery bombardments followed , and several breaches had been made in the walls by mid @-@ November . On 21 November , Francis attempted an assault on the city through two of the breaches , but was beaten back with heavy casualties ; hampered by rainy weather and a lack of gunpowder , the French decided to wait for the defenders to starve . In early December , a Spanish force commanded by Hugo of Moncada landed near Genoa , intending to interfere in a conflict between pro @-@ Valois and pro @-@ Habsburg factions in the city . Francis dispatched a larger force under Michele Antonio I of Saluzzo to intercept them . Confronted by the more numerous French and left without naval support by the arrival of a pro @-@ Valois fleet commanded by Andrea Doria , the Spanish troops surrendered . Francis then signed a secret agreement with Pope Clement VII , who pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis 's assistance with the conquest of Naples . Against the advice of his senior commanders , Francis detached a portion of his forces under the Duke of Albany and sent them south to aid the Pope . Lannoy attempted to intercept the expedition near Fiorenzuola , but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by the intervention of the infamous Black Bands of Giovanni de ' Medici , which had just entered French service . Medici then returned to Pavia with a supply train of gunpowder and shot gathered by the Duke of Ferrara ; but the French position was simultaneously weakened by the departure of nearly 5 @,@ 000 Grisons Swiss mercenaries , who returned to their cantons in order to defend them against marauding landsknechts . In January 1525 , Lannoy was reinforced by the arrival of Georg Frundsberg with 15 @,@ 000 fresh landsknechts and renewed the offensive . D 'Avalos captured the French outpost at San Angelo , cutting the lines of communication between Pavia and Milan , while a separate column of landsknechts advanced on Belgiojoso and , despite being briefly pushed back by a raid led by Medici and Bonnivet , occupied the town . By 2 February , Lannoy was only a few miles from Pavia . Francis had encamped the majority of his forces in the great walled park of Mirabello outside the city walls , placing them between Leyva 's garrison and the approaching relief army . Skirmishing and sallies by the garrison continued through the month of February . Medici was seriously wounded and withdrew to Piacenza to recuperate , forcing Francis to recall much of the Milan garrison to offset the departure of the Black Band ; but the fighting had little overall effect . On 21 February , the Imperial commanders , running low on supplies and mistakenly believing that the French forces were more numerous than their own , decided to launch an attack on Mirabello Castle in order to save face and demoralize the French sufficiently to ensure a safe withdrawal . In the early morning of 24 February 1525 , Imperial engineers opened breaches in the walls of Mirabello , allowing Lannoy 's forces to enter the park . At the same time , Leyva sortied from Pavia with what remained of the garrison . In the ensuing four @-@ hour battle , the French heavy cavalry , which had proven so effective against the Swiss at Marignano ten years prior , masked its own artillery by a rapid advance and was surrounded and cut apart by landsknechts and d 'Avalos 's massed Spanish arquebusiers . Meanwhile , a series of protracted infantry engagements resulted in the rout of the Swiss and French infantry . The French suffered massive casualties , losing the majority of their army . Bonnivet , Jacques de la Palice , La Trémoille , and Richard de la Pole were killed , while Anne de Montmorency , Robert de la Marck , and Francis himself were taken prisoner along with a host of lesser nobles . The night following the battle , Francis gave Lannoy a letter to be delivered to his mother in Paris , in which he related what had befallen him : " To inform you of how the rest of my ill @-@ fortune is proceeding , all is lost to me save honour and life , which is safe . " Soon afterwards , he finally learned that the Duke of Albany had lost the larger part of his army to attrition and desertion , and had returned to France without ever having reached Naples . The broken remnants of the French forces , aside from a small garrison left to hold the Castel Sforzesco in Milan , retreated across the Alps under the nominal command of Charles IV of Alençon , reaching Lyon by March 1525 . = = Madrid = = After Pavia , the fate of the French king , and of France herself , became the subject of furious diplomatic manoeuvring . Charles V , lacking funds to pay for the war , decided to forgo the marriage into the House of Tudor which he had promised Henry VIII and sought instead to marry Isabella of Portugal , who would bring with her a more substantial dowry . Bourbon , meanwhile , plotted with Henry to invade and partition France , and at the same time encouraged d 'Avalos to seize Naples and declare himself King of Italy . Louise of Savoy , who had remained as regent in France during her son 's absence , attempted to gather troops and funds to defend against an expected invasion of Artois by English troops . She also sent a first French mission to Suleiman the Magnificent requesting assistance , but the mission was lost on its way in Bosnia . In December 1525 a second mission was sent , led by John Frangipani , which managed to reach Constantinople , the Ottoman capital , with secret letters asking for the deliverance of king Francis I and an attack on the Habsburg . Frangipani returned with an answer from Suleiman , on 6 February 1526 , initiating the first steps of a Franco @-@ Ottoman alliance . Suleiman eventually wrote an ultimatum to Charles , asking for the immediate release of Francis — and demanding a yearly tax from the Holy Roman Empire ; when this was not forthcoming , the Ottomans launched an invasion of Hungary in the summer of 1526 , aiming to reach Vienna . Francis , convinced that he would regain his freedom if he could obtain a personal audience with Charles , pressed d 'Avalos and Lannoy , who had intended to transport the king to the Castel Nuovo in Naples , to send him to Spain instead . Concerned by Bourbon 's scheming , they agreed and Francis arrived in Barcelona on 12 June . Francis was initially held in a villa in Benisanó , near Valencia , but Charles , urged to negotiate a settlement by Montmorency and Lannoy , who suggested that the Italians would soon prove unfaithful to their Imperial alliance , ordered the king brought to Madrid and imprisoned in the citadel there . However , Charles adamantly refused to receive Francis personally until the latter had accepted an agreement . Meanwhile , Henry II of Navarre , who had fought alongside Francis at Pavia and who had been imprisoned in Madrid as well , escaped . The struggle for Navarre continued , with Charles occupying the southern fringes of Lower Navarre and Henry remaining at large . Charles demanded not only the surrender of Lombardy , but also of Burgundy and Provence , forcing Francis to argue that French law prevented him from surrendering any lands possessed by the crown without the approval of Parlement , which would not be forthcoming . In September , Francis fell gravely ill , and his sister , Marguerite de Navarre , rode from Paris to join him in Spain . The Imperial doctors examining the king believed that his illness was caused by his sorrow at not being received by the Emperor , and urged Charles to visit him . Charles , against the advice of his Grand Chancellor , Mercurino Gattinara , who argued that seeing Francis on his deathbed was an action motivated by mercenary concerns rather than by compassion , and was thus unworthy of the Emperor , consented ; and Francis soon made a complete recovery . An attempt to escape , however , proved fruitless , and succeeded only in getting Marguerite sent back to France . By the beginning of 1526 , Charles was faced with demands from Venice and the Pope to restore Francesco II Sforza to the throne of the Duchy of Milan , and had become anxious to achieve a settlement with the French before another war began . Francis , having argued to retain Burgundy without result , was prepared to surrender it to achieve his own release . On 14 January 1526 , Charles and Francis agreed to the Treaty of Madrid , by which the French king renounced all his claims in Italy , Flanders , and Artois , surrendered Burgundy to Charles , agreed to send two of his sons to be hostages at the Spanish court , and promised to marry Charles ' sister Eleanor and to restore to Bourbon the territories that had been seized from him . Francis , who held the title of " Most Christian King " , also agreed to persuade Henry to relinquish the throne of Navarre in favor of Charles " in order to uproot the errors of the Lutheran sect and the rest of condemned sects " . Francis was released on 6 March and , escorted by Lannoy , journeyed north to Fuenterrabia . On 18 March , he crossed the Bidasoa north into France , while at the same time the Dauphin and his brother , who had been brought to Bayonne by Louise and Lautrec , crossed into Spain and into captivity . By this time , Francis had attained peace with England by the Treaty of Hampton Court ; drafted by Thomas Wolsey and the French ambassador at the Hampton Court Palace , the treaty was signed in 1526 , and was ratified by a French delegation in April 1527 at Greenwich . Francis , however , had no intentions of complying with the remaining provisions of the Treaty of Madrid . On 22 March , with the Pope 's blessing , he proclaimed that he would not be bound by the Treaty of Madrid because it had been signed under duress . Clement VII , who had meanwhile become convinced that the Emperor 's growing power was a threat to his own position in Italy , sent envoys to Francis and Henry VIII suggesting an alliance against Charles . Henry , having received nothing from the Treaty of Madrid , was receptive to the offers . In May , Francis and the Pope launched the War of the League of Cognac in an attempt to reclaim the territory the French had lost ; Henry , rebuffed in his attempt to have the alliance signed in England , would not join until 1527 . The war would prove unsuccessful ; but Francis and his successor , Henry II , would continue to assert their claims to Milan through the remainder of the Italian Wars , only relinquishing them after the Peace of Cateau @-@ Cambrésis in 1559 .
= Hurricane Gordon ( 2000 ) = Hurricane Gordon caused minor damage in the Eastern United States . The seventh named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season , Gordon developed in the extreme western Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave on September 14 . Shortly thereafter , the depression moved inland over the Yucatán Peninsula and later emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on September 15 . The depression began to quickly organize , and by early on September 16 , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon . After becoming a tropical storm , Gordon continued to intensify and was reclassified as a hurricane about 24 hours later ; eventually , the storm peaked as an 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) Category 1 hurricane . However , southwesterly upper @-@ level winds caused Gordon to weaken as it approached land , and it was downgraded to a tropical storm by late on September 17 . At 0300 UTC on September 18 , Gordon made landfall near Cedar Key , Florida as a strong tropical storm . After moving inland , Gordon rapidly weakened and had deteriorated to tropical depression status by nine hours later . Later that day , Gordon merged with a frontal boundary while centered over Georgia . Prior to becoming a tropical cyclone , the precursor tropical wave caused severe flooding in Guatemala , killing 23 people . While crossing the Yucatán Peninsula , the storm dropped heavy rainfall , with a few areas experiencing more than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation . Similarly , portions of western Cuba reported rainfall totals reaching 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . Gordon brought moderate storm surge to the west coast of Florida ; one person drowned due to rough seas . Numerous trees and power lines sustained damage , which left 120 @,@ 000 people without electricity . In the Tampa Bay area and Cedar Key , minor roof damage to houses and street flooding occurred . In addition , two tornadoes caused some damage in Cape Coral and Ponce Inlet . Elsewhere , affects were minimal , though two indirect fatalities occurred in North Carolina , and minor flooding was reported in South Carolina , Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York . Overall , Gordon caused $ 10 @.@ 8 million ( 2000 USD ) in damage and 26 fatalities . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 4 and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean without strengthening . On September 9 and 10 , the tropical wave moved though the Lesser Antilles bringing local heavy rainfall and wind gusts reaching 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . The wave then moved west @-@ northwest and developed a well @-@ defined center on September 12 in the central Caribbean Sea . Satellite photos on September 13 indicated that the convective pattern in the system was disorganized . However , later that day , a broad low pressure area had developed along axis of the wave , based on surface observations about 118 mi ( 190 km ) southeast of Cozumel , Mexico . Early on September 14 , it was estimated from satellite imagery that the low pressure system was near tropical depression strength , even though the convection was still disorganized . The system was classified as Tropical Depression Eleven at 1200 UTC on September 14 , based on reports from reconnaissance aircraft . Later that day , the developing depression moved inland over the Yucatán Peninsula . The depression moved slowly to the northwest without emerging over water , therefore , the depression did not gain intensity . At this time , the predicted track for the system was highly uncertain due to different computer models forecasting different tracks . The official forecast predicted a northwestward movement into the western Gulf of Mexico , but some models predicted the low to move towards northwestern Florida , while another model predicted the low to move southwards into the Bay of Campeche . Late on September 15 , the depression moved off the north coast of the Yucatán Peninsula and into the Gulf of Mexico , where it showed signs of better organization . The future track was still very uncertain , though a few computer models forecasted for the depression to move northeastwards towards Florida , resulting in an eastward shift on official forecast . Early on September 16 , data from Hurricane Hunter aircraft indicated that the storm had strengthened to about 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) at the surface , and the barometric pressure had fallen to 1 @,@ 003 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . Therefore , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon at 0000 UTC . Upon being a tropical storm on September 16 , Gordon was moving northeastward towards the Big Bend of Florida , continuing to slowly intensify . The official forecast track was shifted further east , forecasting Gordon to track to the northeast . Early on September 17 , a ship reported winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , indicating that Gordon had attained hurricane strength . Gordon reached a peak intensity of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , six hours later while located about 190 mi ( 310 km ) southwest of Tampa , Florida . Later that day , Gordon began to weaken due to entrainment from the south and increasing vertical wind shear . Gordon was downgraded to a tropical storm as it neared the Florida coast . The storm made landfall just northwest of Cedar Key , Florida , at 0300 UTC on September 18 with winds of 60 mph ( 95 mph ) . After moving inland , interaction with the land and cool , dry air further weakened the storm . Gordon weakened to a tropical depression nine hours after landfall , and six hours later , it had merged with a frontal system over southeastern Georgia . The storm also transitioned into an extratropical cyclone , as it moved to the northeast . On September 21 , the system merged with a large extratropical system over eastern Canada . = = Preparations = = = = = Florida = = = Residents in Florida loaded up supplies on September 16 when the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch along Florida 's west coast from Bonita Beach to the Suwanee River . The hurricane watch extended northward and westward later in the day to Apalachicola . Hurricane warnings were initiated on September 17 for areas along the Florida coast from Anna Maria Island to Ochlockonee River . Tropical storm warnings were issued south of Anna Maria Island to Bonita Beach and west of Ochlockonee River to Indian Pass . Tropical storm warnings were also issued along the east coast of the United States from Titusville in Florida to Little River Inlet in South Carolina . The Florida Division of Emergency Management in Tallahassee issued a mandatory evacuation in Hernando County , while voluntary evacuations were called for some of the coastal areas along Florida 's west coast . Anticipating that Gordon will make landfall and move inland , two tornado watches were in effect from Sarasota to Naples , and tornado warnings were issued from Orlando to Vero Beach . Flash flood warnings were also in effect in parts of Florida . On September 17 , Governor of Florida Jeb Bush activated emergency response teams . In various areas of Florida , spokesmen for the Emergency Operations Center advised residents to prepare for the storm and monitor the track of the approaching hurricane . At Cape Canaveral , National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) also took precautions against the hurricane , as the storm could force NASA to move Space Shuttle Discovery off its launch pad at the seaside and into the hangar . Many evacuations took place once Gordon crossed the Florida coast . The Emergency Operations Center in Florida said authorities had arranged mandatory evacuations for coastal regions in the Citrus , Franklin , Hernando , Levy and Taylor counties , while also recommending voluntary evacuations for numerous other counties . The Red Cross reported that the storm forced 500 people to seek refuge in shelters . Also , many flights were canceled at the Tampa International Airport . About 200 National Guardsmen were called to help clean up the damage in flooded areas . Officials forced schools in six counties – Gilchrist , Columbia , Citrus , Taylor , Lafayette and Suwannee to close down for one day . = = = Gulf of Mexico = = = Chevron Corporation and Shell Oil Company evacuated offshore crews from the Gulf of Mexico on September 16 in preparation for a possible hurricane threat from Hurricane Gordon , even though there was little effect on oil and gas production before that day . The Chevron Corporation expected the number of people working in the Gulf to reduce from 1 @,@ 700 on September 16 to 450 the next day . Gordon also forced the cruise liner Carnival Sensation , consisting of 2 @,@ 200 passengers and 900 crew members , to remain at sea for one day . Residents in Alabama , Mississippi and Louisiana were also advised by radio to keep track of the approaching hurricane . = = Impact = = = = = Latin America = = = As a tropical wave , Gordon killed 23 people in Guatemala mainly due to flooding and landslides in mountainous regions . While drifting over the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico , Gordon dropped heavy rainfall peaking at 9 inches ( 230 mm ) in Cancún . The storm also dumped heavy rainfall in western Cuba with totals reaching 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . However , no flooding was reported in either the Yucatán Peninsula or Cuba . = = = United States = = = = = = = Florida = = = = Before Gordon made landfall in Florida , one death occurred when a surfer drowned in the raging seas offshore Pensacola . Other than that , minimal effects occurred to the west of the storm 's path . Light rainfall was reported , with 0 @.@ 71 inches ( 18 mm ) in Tallahassee and 4 @.@ 83 inches ( 123 mm ) in Cross City recorded . Lying near in the path of the storm , rainfall from the Gordon in the United States peaked at 9 @.@ 48 inches ( 241 mm ) in Mayo . Winds in the region were also light , with a sustained wind speed of 33 mph ( 53 km / h ) and gusts to 42 mph ( 68 km / h ) reported in Cross City . In Perry , sustained winds reached 28 mph ( 45 km / h ) and gusts of 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) occurred . At the C @-@ MAN Station in nearby Keaton Beach , a wind gust of 41 mph ( 66 km / h ) was reported . Although the storm made landfall near Cedar Key , no wind observations were taken there , though the offshore Coastal @-@ Marine Automated Network ( C @-@ MAN ) Station reported winds of 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) and gusts to 68 mph ( 109 km / h ) . Tides were also light , reaching 3 @.@ 9 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in Cedar Key . Similarly , precipitation was also light , with 4 @.@ 8 inches ( 120 mm ) of rain reported at Cedar Key . Minor roof and tree damage occurred in Levy County , totaling to about $ 100 @,@ 000 . In Citrus County , winds downed a few trees , powerlines , and tree branches between Sulpher Springs and Ozello , though damage was less than $ 25 @,@ 000 . Ten homes were flooded and a few trees and powerlines were downed , resulting in about $ 100 @,@ 000 in losses . Roofs were damaged at 15 villas in Pasco County , while falling trees struck vehicles parked at a subdivision in New Port Richey ; damage in that county totaled to $ 250 @,@ 000 . Winds and minor floods damaged 51 single @-@ family homes , 32 mobile homes , 27 multi @-@ family homes , and 24 businesses in Pinellas County , resulting in nearly $ 500 @,@ 000 in losses . In addition , nearly 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) of water inundated coastal roads between St. Pete Beach and Clearwater . Two locations reported sustained tropical storm force winds in St. Petersburg . Due to high tides , a large portion of the west coast of Florida from Pinellas County southward experienced coastal flooding . On September 17 , 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) of water covered Bayshore Boulevard near downtown Tampa . The Courtney Campbell Causeway , which connects Clearwater and Tampa , was closed for almost four hours due to storm surge flooding . 40 houses in low @-@ lying areas between Ruskin and Riverview were damaged by flooding from the storm surge . Several other houses in Hillsborough County were damaged by toppled trees and large falling branches . Winds throughout the state of Florida left 120 @,@ 000 people without electricity , mostly in the Tampa metropolitan area . Overall , damage in Hillsborough County totaled to nearly $ 500 @,@ 000 . Further south in Manatee County , storm surge and high tides flooded 25 homes and businesses in Bradenton Beach . 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) wind gusts in Coquina Beach toppled lifeguard towers and destroyed an anemometer . Several homes in Anna Maria suffered light to moderate roof damage due to winds . Losses in Manatee County reached almost $ 500 @,@ 000 . In Sarasota County , 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) waves ripped a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) section and three 50 feet ( 15 m ) concrete pilings off the Venice Municipal Fishing Pier , resulting in nearly $ 600 @,@ 000 in damage . Between 1 and 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 30 and 0 @.@ 61 m ) of water covered coastal roads on Siesta and Casey Keys . Minor beach erosion occurred in Charlotte County and a sustained wind speed of 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) was reported in Punta Gorda . Despite effects in adjacent counties , there was minimal damage in Charlotte County . In Lee County , tropical storm force winds damaged roofs , awnings , and lanais at nine homes ; winds also toppled several large trees and branches , and downed power lines across Cape Coral and Fort Myers . A tornado rated F1 on the Fujita scale touched down near Sanibel . It caused extensive damage to two condominium complexes , and 24 nearby homes . Further along its path , the tornado damaged a few other homes and carports , while also toppling or spanning palm trees . Gordon also spawned two tornadoes that touched down as it made landfall . One tornado touched down near Cape Coral , Florida , damaging three homes , while an F0 tornado touched down near Ponce Inlet in Volusia County , Florida , causing minimal damage , mainly to trees and roofs . In Citrus and Levy Counties , residents who were evacuated on the day when Gordon struck the coast were allowed early the next day to return to their homes after the storm passed . = = = = Georgia , The Carolinas , and Virginia = = = = Despite the rain , Gordon did little to relieve an ongoing drought in Georgia . The remnants of Tropical Storm Gordon brought heavy rainfall to South Carolina , with spotter reports and radar estimates indicating over 8 inches ( 200 mm ) in Georgetown . Numerous streets were reported flooded by emergency managers , while according to newspaper accounts , there was standing water of more than 2 – 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 – 0 @.@ 91 m ) in depth in many areas . Many motorists were forced to abandon their cars , several of which sustained water damage . Numerous homes were flooded in the town , especially on Hawkins Street . Additionally , many businesses were forced to close for the day along Front and Fraser Streets . One injury was reported when a policeman had a heart attack after the flood waters entered his home . In Charleston County , 6 to 10 inches ( 150 to 250 mm ) of rain fell . Flooding occurred in the northeastern portions of the county , in combination with more than 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of precipitation that had fallen less than two weeks earlier . Water entered homes and businesses in the McClellanville area and inundated a portion of U.S. Route 17 , causing that section to be closed for most of the day on September 18 . Sustained winds of 29 mph ( 47 km / h ) and gusts up to 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) in Charleston downed a few trees in coastal areas . Flooding in North Carolina occurred as the storm moved up the East Coast of the United States , indirectly killing two people when a car lost control and struck a tractor trailer during the storm . Two men in a fishing boat were also reported missing . Rainfall in North Carolina peaked at 5 @.@ 71 inches ( 145 mm ) in Hoffman Forest . The remnants of Gordon moved across the Virginia on September 19 . Rainfall totals throughout the state peaked at 4 @.@ 38 inches ( 111 mm ) in Rocky Branch . The daily rainfall was broken at Washington Dulles International Airport after 1 @.@ 24 inches ( 31 mm ) of rain fell . Isaac Creek overflowed its banks near Cross Junction , flooding Route 689 . Happy Creek overflowed its banks in Front Royal and flooded Eighth Street . Across Warren County , Ritenour Hollow Road and Oregon Hollow Road were closed by high water . High water was reported on U.S. Route 11 south of Woodstock . = = = = Mid @-@ Atlantic and West Virginia = = = = By September 19 , the remnants of Gordon reached Maryland . In Carroll County , 4 hour rainfall amounts include 2 @.@ 78 inches ( 71 mm ) in Westminster , 2 @.@ 48 inches ( 63 mm ) at Piney Run Park , and 2 @.@ 38 inches ( 60 mm ) Manchester . As a result , a few roads in the county were closed due to water inundation . In other areas , similar precipitation totals were reported , including 2 @.@ 83 inches ( 72 mm ) near Columbia , 2 @.@ 16 inches ( 55 mm ) in Emmitsburg , 2 @.@ 11 inches ( 54 mm ) in Sharpsburg , 2 @.@ 08 inches ( 53 mm ) in Laurel , 2 @.@ 05 inches ( 52 mm ) at Brighton Dam , 1 @.@ 72 inches ( 44 mm ) in Ellicott City and Hagerstown , 1 @.@ 65 inches ( 42 mm ) in Frederick , and 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) in Lisbon . Doppler radar estimates indicate that around 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of rain fell in only 3 hours in portions of Cecil , Kent , Queen Anne 's County , resulting in minor flooding in poor drainage or low @-@ lying areas . In Delaware , precipitation totals at Newark and New Castle Airport both reached 1 @.@ 82 inches ( 46 mm ) . This resulted in minor flooding along the Christina River in New Castle County and nearby low @-@ lying areas . In West Virginia , the storm produced locally heavy rainfall in the Eastern Panhandle , peaking at 1 @.@ 82 inches ( 46 mm ) in Berkeley County . The remnants of Gordon dropped heavy rain across southeast Pennsylvania on September 19 , resulting in flooding in low @-@ lying areas . The heaviest rain fell near Willow Grove NAS , located in Horsham Township , Montgomery County . In Bucks County , stream flooding was reported in the Little Neshaminy Creek Basin in Warrington and Warminster Townships . The Pennypack Creek overflowed in Montgomery County and damaged parked cars at an elementary school in Hatboro . Flood waters also entered several rooms of the Old Mill Inn . In Horsham Township , homes on County Line Road were flooded , including one that had 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water in its garage . Storm totals included 2 @.@ 64 inches ( 67 mm ) at the Willow Grove NAS , 2 @.@ 6 inches ( 66 mm ) in Southampton , 2 @.@ 46 inches ( 62 mm ) at King of Prussia , 2 @.@ 22 inches ( 56 mm ) in Reading , 2 @.@ 18 inches ( 55 mm ) at Northeast Philadelphia Airport , 1 @.@ 69 inches ( 43 mm ) at Neshaminy Falls , 1 @.@ 66 inches ( 42 mm ) in Exton , and 1 @.@ 57 inches ( 40 mm ) in Furlong . Heavy precipitation fell in west central and southwest New Jersey , causing poor drainage flooding in low @-@ lying areas . The heaviest rain fell in Mercer County and caused some minor flooding along the Assunpink Creek . Roadway flooding along U.S. Route 130 was reported in Collingswood . Rainfall totals included 2 @.@ 14 inches ( 54 mm ) in Trenton , 2 @.@ 1 inches ( 53 mm ) in Pennsauken , 2 inches ( 51 mm ) in Somerdale and Windsor , 1 @.@ 74 inches ( 44 mm ) in Mount Laurel , and 1 @.@ 66 inches ( 42 mm ) in Mount Holly . Rainfall in Orange County , New York of 2 to 3 inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) caused minor stream flooding , such as along New York State Route 132 in Woodbury .
= Keith Miller = Keith Ross Miller , AM MBE ( 28 November 1919 – 11 October 2004 ) was an Australian test cricketer and a Royal Australian Air Force pilot during World War II . Miller is widely regarded as Australia 's greatest ever all @-@ rounder . Because of his ability , irreverent manner and good looks he was a crowd favourite . English journalist Ian Wooldridge called Miller " the golden boy " of cricket , leading to his being nicknamed " Nugget " . He " was more than a cricketer ... he embodied the idea that there was more to life than cricket " . A member of the record @-@ breaking Invincibles , at the time of his retirement from Test cricket in 1956 , Miller had the best statistics of any all @-@ rounder in cricket history . He often batted high in the order , sometimes as high as number three . He was a powerful striker of the ball , and one straight six that he hit at the Sydney Cricket Ground was still rising when it hit the upper deck of the grandstand . Miller was famous for varying his bowling to bemuse batsmen : he made sparing use of slower deliveries and would often adjust his run @-@ up , surprisingly bowling his fastest deliveries from a short run . He was also a fine fielder and an especially acrobatic catcher in the slips . Away from cricket , Miller was also a successful Australian rules footballer . He played for St Kilda and was selected to represent the Victorian state team . He played 50 games for St Kilda , for whom he kicked eight goals in one game against North Melbourne , during 1941 . Miller 's personality — love of the contest , rather than victory , and his larger @-@ than @-@ life rebelliousness and carousing — helped both shape and limit his cricketing career , as he espoused the opposite of the more puritanical values of Donald Bradman , his captain and later national selector . Neville Cardus referred to Miller as " the Australian in excelsis " ; Daily Mail sportswriter Ian Wooldridge 's response was " By God he was right " . This status was reflected when Miller was made one of the ten inaugural members of the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame . = = Early years = = Born in the western Melbourne suburb of Sunshine , Miller was the youngest of Leslie and Edith Miller 's four children . He was named after the Australian pioneer aviator brothers Keith and Ross Smith , who were half @-@ way through their historic flight from England to Australia at the time Miller was born . The three Miller boys played Australian rules football in winter and cricket in summer . Their father had been a successful local cricketer and taught the boys to play with an orthodox and classical technique , relying on a solid defence and concentration in the mould of Bill Ponsford . At the age of seven , Miller 's family moved to Elsternwick , in Melbourne 's south east . As a child , Miller was small for his age , which forced him to develop his technique rather than rely on power , something that held him in good stead for the future . At the age of 12 , he was selected for an under @-@ 15 Victorian schoolboys cricket team . At the time , he stood only 150 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) tall and wielded a sawn @-@ off bat . He lacked power , but impressed with his footwork and style . However , Miller reasoned that , as he appeared destined to be short , a career as a jockey was more likely than one as a cricketer or footballer . Miller attended the selective Melbourne High School , where Australian test captain Bill Woodfull was his mathematics teacher . Miller was a mediocre student , which disappointed Woodfull ; however , Woodfull quickly noticed Miller 's cricket skills . Aged 14 , Miller was selected for the school 's first XI , scoring 44 . His control and solidity prompted the spectators to call him The Unbowlable — Woodfull 's own nickname . In 1934 , Miller failed all of his subjects , scoring zero in his final exam for Woodfull 's geometry class , and was forced to repeat the year . Keith Truscott , Miller 's school cricket captain took him to a trial with local club side St Kilda at the start of the 1934 – 35 season , but Miller could not find a place in any of its five teams . Joining the local sub @-@ district cricket club Elsternwick instead , he did not get to bat or bowl in his first match , and was dropped to the second XI for his poor fielding . Nevertheless , his team @-@ mate , former Victoria state player Hughie Carroll , spotted Miller 's talent and lured him to the rival South Melbourne club . Miller began playing for South Melbourne the following season . It was at South Melbourne that Miller met Ian Johnson and Lindsay Hassett , his future Australia captains . Miller scored 12 not out on debut , but observers felt he would succeed with a stronger physique ; Woodfull wrote in the 1936 school magazine , " Miller has Test possibilities " . In March 1936 , Miller played for South Melbourne against Carlton , captained by Woodfull . Miller came to the crease at 6 / 32 . He guided his team to 141 , putting on a stand of 65 with the last man and finishing with 61 . The crowd gave Miller a standing ovation , and newspapers him compared him to Ponsford and Alan Kippax . The Carlton team presented him with a silver eggcup , " for sterling performance " , which Woodfull presented to Miller during an algebra class . = = Debuts in Sheffield Shield and Victorian Football League = = During 1936 , Miller underwent a sudden growth spurt , of 28 centimetres ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) in the year , reaching 185 centimetres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) in height . This thwarted his career as a jockey . With his increased height and weight , he began to play football with more physical aggression . At the end of 1936 , he completed year 10 and quit high school , taking a position as a clerk . For the 1937 – 38 cricket season , Miller transferred to the VCA Colts , where he won the team 's batting trophy for having the best average . At this stage , his method of playing was slow and steady accumulation of runs . Late in the summer , he made his first @-@ class debut for Victoria and hit 181 against Tasmania at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . In 1938 – 39 , he rejoined South Melbourne and also played four further matches for Victoria , scoring 125 runs at an average of 25 @.@ 00 . However , he was yet to play in the Sheffield Shield competition , having appeared only in one @-@ off matches . During this period , Miller achieved more success as a footballer , following his brothers in joining the Brighton Football Club in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1937 . A defender , Miller initially played on the half @-@ back flank before moving to full back during his third season , in 1939 . At this stage , he lacked the strength to hip and shoulder his opponents and relied on his running ability and accurate kicking . Miller finally made his breakthrough in cricket in 1939 – 40 , when he was selected to make his Sheffield Shield debut , against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval . He managed just four and seven , batting at number five in the order . When Victoria fielded , Miller ran out his future Invincibles captain Don Bradman . One of Miller 's teammates was Percy Beames , who was also his manager at Vacuum Oil . Miller scored 41 and 47 not out in his second match to hold his place . However , against New South Wales , Miller made a pair of 14s , having difficulties against leg spin . In the return match against South Australia , Miller took the initiative against leg @-@ spinner Clarrie Grimmett , aggressively advancing down the pitch and driving . Miller reached 108 , his first century in Shield competition . Apart from the century , Miller had a moderate season , ending with 298 runs at 29 @.@ 80 . In the Australian winter of 1940 , Miller started his fourth season in the VFA . In a match against Coburg , he was assigned to nullify the greatest forward of the era , Bob Pratt . Miller restricted Pratt to just one goal for the match and was named best on ground . Scouts from top @-@ tier Victorian Football League ( VFL ) club St Kilda signed Miller on the spot . In a match for St Kilda against Carlton , Miller was king hit by his opponent Ron Cooper at the start of the match . When the teams next met , Miller shoulder bumped Cooper in the first minute , forcing him to leave the field . St Kilda finished second @-@ last that season . = = War service = = Miller 's sporting career was interrupted by World War II . On 20 August 1940 , he joined the Militia ( army reserve ) , and was assigned to the 4th Reserve Motor Transport Company . In late September , Miller began his training . A non @-@ conformist , he had the first of many clashes with authority in November , when he was fined for " using insulting language to a superior officer " . Miller soon lived up to the traditional nickname of Dusty , for anyone called Miller , with his tendency to be involved in fist fights and his rambunctious persona . During the summer of 1940 – 41 , Miller was granted leave so that he could play interstate cricket . In a war @-@ shortened season , Miller scored 140 runs at 28 @.@ 00 and took his maiden first @-@ class wicket . The 1941 VFL season also went ahead . Miller played in defence and attack , depending on match conditions . In 16 games , he kicked 28 goals , including eight in one match . He again showed his disrespect for authority and reputation , striking his boss Beames — who played for Melbourne — with a raised elbow at the start of a match . Miller came second in St Kilda 's best and fairest for the season . Miller 's season ended early when he was recalled to duty . However , he had continued disciplinary problems , and left the Militia on 8 November 1941 . Miller and a friend then attempted to join the Royal Australian Navy . When the navy rejected his friend , Miller tore up his own paperwork , left the recruiting office , and walked around the corner to the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) recruiting office , where he enlisted . Less than two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , Miller was called to active service . He trained at No. 4 Initial Training School , Victor Harbor in South Australia , and gained his wings in late 1942 . He played only one match during the 1942 football season , while posted in South Australia . In December , he was promoted to the rank of flight sergeant and , a month later , he sailed to Europe . The journey included a stopover at a training camp in Boston in the United States , where Miller met his future wife Peg Wagner . In March , he was deployed to Bournemouth , in England , where he continued his training . Miller was invited to join a RAAF team in London . The team was officially formed in preparation for the 1943 season and Miller 's selection let to the first of many brushes with death : in April , while away with the team , some of his comrades were killed in a German air strike . Miller played his first match at Lord 's against Warner 's XI , a team that featured past , current and future England players , including Bob Wyatt , Gubby Allen , Trevor Bailey and Alec Bedser . Miller top @-@ scored in the first innings with 45 and added 21 not out , with two sixes , in the second innings . The RAAF played eight matches that season and Miller 's top score was 141 against Public School Wanderers . He went on to play for Dominions against Warner 's XI in August , scoring 32 and two . The match marked the first meeting between Miller and his good friend , England batsman Denis Compton and his bowling began to attract media attention . In the final match of the season at Lord 's between the RAAF and the Royal Air Force , Miller took 3 / 23 and scored 91 . The success of RAAF and Dominions that season , especially the attractive batting by Miller and Keith Carmody , prompted Warner to begin planning for a " Test " series between the respective armed services of England and Australia . By late 1943 , Miller was based in Gloucestershire . One night , he threatened to punch his commanding officer , resulting in his being sentenced for insubordination to a three @-@ week disciplinary course with hard labour . In mid @-@ November , he was posted to Ouston near Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne where he trained in the used of radar . During his stay there , Miller sustained a back injury during a wrestling match : the injury was to cause him recurring and enduring problems , particularly diminishing his ability to bowl . In 1944 , Miller was again selected for the RAAF team . In a match against the British Civil Defence Services at Lord 's in July , Miller reached his century just as a V @-@ 1 flying bomb landed nearby . In a match against an England XI , Miller scored 85 in 100 minutes . He then took match figures of 6 / 28 against the West of England at Bristol . After ten months of training , Miller was offered a commission as a pilot officer , and was posted to 12 Advanced Flying Unit in Grantham , Lincolnshire on 15 August 1944 , then moving on to Cranfield , Bedfordshire . On a trip back to Ouston to visit former comrades , a night of drunken revelry saw Miller charged with eight offences and facing possible dishonourable discharge . Luckily for Miller , his new Commanding Officer ( CO ) was his old CO from Ouston ; Miller escaped with a fine . While training , Miller flew Beauforts , Beaufighters and Mosquitos . He had another near death experience : mechanical problems forced him to make an emergency landing of his Beaufighter . The plane was repaired for use by others , but , on its next flight , the pilot was killed when the problem recurred . On another occasion , Miller avoided colliding with a hangar by centimetres . He then escaped death by skipping a social appointment ; a V1 bomb hit the venue and killed many of the patrons . In October , he went AWL to watch a concert and was summarily discharged , but the CO revoked his decision after Miller agreed to play for his cricket team . At the end of his officer training , Miller was sent aboard a Royal Navy destroyer as part of an exchange program between the forces . During a mission to Belgium , the vessel fought a German U @-@ boat , which was sunk . Upon his return to England , Miller was promoted to flying officer on 4 November 1944 . In March 1945 , Miller was deployed to the RAF station at Great Massingham in Norfolk , East Anglia . He was assigned to 169 Squadron , flying Mosquito fighter @-@ bombers . Miller 's squadron took part in missions against targets on mainland Europe in April and May 1945 . They attacked V @-@ 1 and V @-@ 2 production and test launch sites on the island of Peenemünde in the North Sea . On 19 April , Miller took part in an attack on a German installation at Flensburg in Denmark . In May , his squadron was deployed in Operation Fire Bash , to attack Westerland Airfield on the island of Sylt . One of Miller 's bombs failed to release and the load dangled from a wing . Miller was obliged to land the plane with the bomb still attached ; fortunately for him , it failed to detonate . Miller 's next mission was delayed by poor weather , by which time Germany had surrendered . His commanding officer ordered him to fly air force personnel over Germany to view the results of Allied bombing . On one flight , Miller broke away from the flying formation and returned to base late because he wanted to fly over Bonn , the birthplace of Beethoven . Miller 's wartime exploits were to give him a greater sense of perspective when he returned to the sports field . When asked many years later by Michael Parkinson , about pressure in cricket , Miller responded with the famous quote : " pressure is a Messerschmitt up your arse , playing cricket is not " . = = = Victory Tests = = = The end of the war prompted the belated start of the 1945 cricket season . Miller returned to Lord 's and scored 50 for the RAAF against a British Empire XI . Warner had organised a celebratory series of matches between England and Australian servicemen , known as the Victory Tests . However , Australian cricket administrators would not accredit the three @-@ day matches as Tests . England was close to full strength , so the Second Australian Imperial Force and the RAAF teams merged to form the Australian Services cricket team under the leadership of Warrant Officer Hassett . The First Victory Test was at Lord 's and was expected to usher in a new post @-@ war era , which cricket watchers hoped would be more attractive to watch . England batted first and Miller bowled his Great Massingham colleague Bill Edrich to end with 1 / 11 and precipitate an English collapse . Miller came to the crease at and helped Australia take the lead , before cutting loose , eventually finishing with 105 in 210 minutes . The Times opined that his innings was " as good a century as has been seen at Lord 's in many a long day " . Australia went on to win by six wickets . Miller warmed up for the Second Victory Test by top @-@ scoring for the RAAF against Lancashire and the RAF . In the Test , played at Bramall Lane , Miller went wicketless and scored 17 in the first innings . In the second innings , Miller bowled a fierce spell , hitting Test world record holder Len Hutton and Cyril Washbrook on the arm and head respectively , provoking an angry crowd reaction . At the time , Miller had a leisurely attitude towards bowling , so his success led to calls for him to start taking it seriously , instead of simply jogging in and releasing the ball . Despite this , Australia lost the match . In the meantime , Miller earned the further ire of his CO by flying unauthorised leisure flights . Not wanting to fly tour flights over Germany , Miller lodged bogus reports saying that the Mosquitoes were malfunctioning , causing unnecessary maintenance work . Thus , the CO ordered Miller to take his plane instead , which caught fire . With one functional engine , Miller came back to the air base and bellylanded . The plane broke apart and caught fire , but Miller escaped physical injury and was playing sport an hour later . The next day , Miller headed to Lord 's to play for the RAAF against the South of England . Chasing 208 , Miller scored an unbeaten 78 in 95 minutes , but rain washed out the match . In the first innings of Third Victory Test at Lord 's , when finally called upon to bowl , Miller measured out a run @-@ up and removed John Dewes , Donald Carr and Hutton , all bowled . He ended with 3 / 44 . Miller was rewarded with the new ball in the second innings . He removed Dewes , Edrich and Dick Pollard to end with 3 / 42 . This left Australia a target of 225 . Miller saw Australia to the target , unbeaten on 71 . In the Fourth Test , again at Lord 's , Miller scored 118 in the first innings , before an unbeaten 25 in the second innings ensured a draw . The tremendous public reception of the Victory Tests resulted in a fifth match being added to the schedule . In the meantime Japan had surrendered , and No. 169 Squadron was disbanded . Miller had spent around 550 hours in the air with the RAF , to which his RAAF unit had been seconded . He was awarded the 1939 – 45 Star , France and Germany Star , Defence Medal , War Medal 1939 – 1945 and Australia Service Medal 1939 – 45 . In the Fifth Victory Test , under overcast conditions against a swinging and seaming ball , Miller struck 14 from his first over and finished 77 not out , in a display that featured strong cutting and driving . Australia could manage only 173 , and England were on top . Miller took one wicket with the ball but managed only four in the second innings as England won , to square the series 2 – 2 . Hassett wrote at the end of the series that " This is cricket as it should be ... let 's have no more talk of " war " in cricket " . Miller topped the batting averages for the series , with 443 runs at 63 @.@ 28 . His aggregate exceeded those of Hammond and Hutton , and he also took 10 wickets at 27 @.@ 70 . Of Miller 's batting , Hassett said that " as a strokeplayer he is second to none " , and his performance earned comparisons to Jack Gregory , who had a similar breakthrough after World War I. The last big match of the season was a one @-@ off match at Lord 's between England and " Dominions " , a scratch team of players from the British Commonwealth . Miller managed 26 in the Dominions ' first innings of 307 , before cutting loose in the second innings . After settling in , he hit Eric Hollies for two sixes , including one that hit the top of the roof . The next day , he registered his century in 115 minutes , clouting another five balls over the boundary in the morning session . In one 35 @-@ minute passage of play , he and Learie Constantine added 91 runs , before Miller departed for 185 , made in just 165 minutes . The Dominions went on to win by 45 runs in a match described by Wisden as " one of the finest ever seen " . Commenting on Miller ' innings , Robertson @-@ Glasgow said " From the moment he takes guard he plays each ball just that much below its supposed merits that scratches a bowler 's pride " . Miller had enjoyed his visit to the home of cricket . In eight innings at Lord 's for the season , he had scored 568 runs at 94 @.@ 68 , with three centuries . The season ended with a few more matches against English counties . Miller struck aggressive half @-@ centuries in wins against Nottinghamshire and Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . In first @-@ class matches , Miller had scored 725 runs at 72 @.@ 50 for the season , finishing second in both averages and aggregates . The success of the Australian Services prompted a fundraising tour of India and Ceylon on their return to Australia . = = = Services tour of India = = = Miller , the vice @-@ captain , almost missed the trip to India after turning up late for the voyage . On arrival in India , Miller scored 46 in a draw against North Zone . Miller then captained the Australians in a match against West Zone in Bombay , top @-@ scoring with 106 in a high @-@ scoring draw . In a match against India , Miller took two wickets . At this point , with most of the team suffering from dysentery and the leadership not permitting the team to travel by air , some of the RAAF personnel felt that Hassett should be removed from the captaincy , with Miller as one of the candidates to replace him . This would have increased his prospects of leading Australia . Miller refused to plot against Hassett and the dispute ended when a RAAF plane was acquired to transport the team . The team played East Zone in Calcutta as the city was in the grip of deadly pro @-@ independence riots . Miller 's friend Denis Compton was batting for East Zone when rioters invaded the pitch . Their leader ran up to Compton and said : " Mr Compton , you very good player , but you must stop " . In later years , whenever Miller opposed Compton , he would quote this remark when Compton came to the crease . In 2005 , the ECB and Cricket Australia decided that the player adjudged the Player of the Series in the Ashes would be awarded the Compton – Miller Medal , recognising their friendship and rivalry . In the second match against India , Services were 2 / 250 in response to India 's 386 when Miller came in and scored 82 , including four sixes in five balls . The match ended in a draw and Miller aggravating an injury . Miller took 3 / 19 against South Zone in Madras , the Australians ' only win in India . He failed with the bat in the third and final match against India , scoring two and seven , but he took 2 / 60 in the first innings as India took the series 1 – 0 . Overall , Miller had a disappointing series in the international matches , with 107 runs at 26 @.@ 25 and four wickets at 40 @.@ 50 . Australia 's final match was in Colombo against an All Ceylon team . Miller scored 132 as Australia won by an innings . = = = Services in Australia = = = Upon returning to Australia , Hassett 's men were assigned to play a further six first @-@ class matches against the state teams . The fixtures were meant to revive cricket and were also used as a lead @-@ up to the international tour to New Zealand in March 1946 . Miller started his campaign with 80 against Western Australia . He finally returned to Melbourne in January , before taking on Victoria . Miller top @-@ scored in both innings with 37 and 59 in an innings defeat . Miller had another difficult time against New South Wales , as the state side made 7 / 551 and Miller went wicketless . When the servicemen batted , they faced an attack featuring leading leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly and paceman Ray Lindwall , the fastest in Australia . Miller was on 74 as Services limped to 9 / 171 . With only one partner left , Miller attacked , scoring 31 of the last 33 runs to end unbeaten on 105 , and earning plaudits among cricket pundits on Australian soil . Former leading Test batsman Alan Kippax opined that " Australia has unearthed a new champion " , while O 'Reilly said that Miller 's century was " one of the best hundreds ever got against me " . Miller compiled 46 in the second innings as the Servicemen fell to another innings defeat . Miller finished the season with 4 / 49 against Queensland and a pair of fifties against Tasmania . = = Test career = = = = = Test debut = = = At the end of the season , Miller was selected for the New Zealand tour , under the captaincy of Queensland 's Bill Brown . Miller started the tour well , top @-@ scoring with 139 against Auckland . Along with seven other debutants , Miller made his test debut in the match against New Zealand at the Basin Reserve in Wellington , a match that was retrospectively accorded Test status in 1948 . On a sticky wicket , New Zealand won the toss and batted . Miller was not required to bowl in the first innings as O 'Reilly and Ernie Toshack skittled the home side for just 42 . Australia made 8 / 199 with Miller scoring 30 . He was allowed to take the new ball in the second innings , taking 2 / 6 in six overs before a flare @-@ up of his back injury forced him to be removed from the attack . Australia bowled their hosts out for 54 , securing an innings victory . Despite the scare over his back complaint , Miller returned from New Zealand to play in the 1946 season , which turned out to be his last season in the VFL ; St Kilda 's finished second @-@ last . Miller played with more aggression than during his pre @-@ war years and his high leaping marks were a noted feature of a season that saw him chosen to represent Victoria against South Australia . Miller thus became one of the few players to play at the highest levels of both cricket and Australian rules football . Miller was discharged from the RAAF on 26 June 1946 , and returned to his job at Vacuum Oil . Miller resented the fact that many of his colleagues had avoided the hazards of war and moved steadily up the ladder and regarded his job as demeaning . Under such circumstances , Miller contemplated quitting Australian cricket and accepting a professional contract with Rawtenstall in the Lancashire League , valued at £ 1 @,@ 000 per year , for three seasons . With advertising and commercial commitments likely to triple this figure , playing in England would have been approximately ten times more lucrative than continuing in Australia . However , Miller was worried that his impulsive style would be curtailed by the pressures of professionalism . At that time , the Board of Control 's policy stipulated that any player that signed with a professional league in England could not represent Australia . Miller 's contract would see him in England until he was 30 , effectively ending his career for Australia . Furthermore , it would have prevented him from playing Australian football during the winter . Miller weighed it up and opted to sign the contract that tied him to Rawtenstall , with his duties to start with the onset of the English season in April 1947 . In the meantime , Miller had the upcoming Test series against England in 1946 – 47 to look forward to . He therefore approached his employers for two months leave so that he could travel to the United States to marry Wagner , which would allow him time to return in preparation for the international series . Vacuum Oil refused , so , with the comfort of job security in England , Miller resigned . Miller left Australia at the end of the football season in late August , amid press speculation that he might not return . He was reunited in Boston with Wagner after more than three years of separation and they married on 21 September 1946 . Miller and his new bride returned to Australia in November . In the meantime , his contract with Rawtenstall became public knowledge and he was threatened with his Test career being terminated if he began playing for the English team . = = = First Ashes series = = = Miller 's season started amid ongoing speculation about whether he would fulfil his contract with Rawtenstall . Miller remained silent . In a Shield match in front of Bradman at the Adelaide Oval , Miller struck form with 188 and 2 / 32 with the ball . Wisden said Miller 's innings was " one of the finest batting displays ever seen at Adelaide " . Bradman saw Miller as a top @-@ order batsman and as the new ball partner for Lindwall . Although Miller was a reluctant bowler , Bradman felt that he was crucial to his strategy of attacking England 's strong batting line @-@ up with express pace . Miller made his Ashes debut in the First Test in Brisbane . Bradman opted for six front @-@ line bowlers , with Miller as high as number five in the batting order . Australia batted first , with Miller coming in at 3 / 322 . He played aggressively to reach his fifty in just 80 minutes , striking a six onto the roof of the members ' stand at long on , the biggest hit at the ground at the time , before being trapped leg before wicket by Doug Wright for 79 as Australia made 645 . Miller was given the new ball along with Lindwall and he took his first Ashes wicket , bowling Hutton as England closed at 1 / 21 . The following day , the pitch had turned into a sticky wicket following a heavy tropical storm . Miller bowled off breaks at medium pace and mixed in a large amount of bouncers . On the unpredictable surface , Edrich was struck around 40 times on the body . Miller cut through the English top order , removing Edrich , Washbrook , Compton and Jack Ikin on the fourth morning , finishing with 7 / 60 as England made 141 and were forced to follow on . Miller took two wickets , including the dismissal of Hutton with first ball of the second innings as England fell to defeat by an innings and 334 runs and Miller had match figures of 9 / 77 . During that first Test , an incident occurred , coloured by Miller 's wartime service , that soured his relationship with Bradman and his feelings towards Test cricket . Michael Parkinson described it as follows : Keith Miller was deeply affected by the Second World War . It changed him ... In the first post @-@ war Ashes Test ... England were caught on a sticky ... [ and ] Bill Edrich came in . He 'd had a serious war and he survived and Miller thought , ' He 's my old Services mate . The last thing he wants after five years ' war is to be flattened by a cricket ball , so I eased up . Bradman came up to me and said , ' Don 't slow down , Keith . Bowl quicker . ' That remark put me off Test cricket . Never felt the same way about it after that.' In the Second Test in Sydney . Miller had a quiet match , scoring 40 and taking one wicket on a spin @-@ friendly pitch as Australia secured another innings victory , but showed he was in prime batting form when he returned to the Sheffield Shield . Playing against New South Wales , he hammered three sixes in one over and made 153 of a 271 @-@ run partnership with Merv Harvey in just over three hours , setting up an innings victory . Bill Ponsford said that it was the hardest hitting he had ever seen . The Third Test was Miller 's first in his home town . He had a mediocre game in a drawn match , scoring 33 and 34 , and taking two wickets . Off the pitch , Miller privately decided that he would not honour his Rawtenstall contract . He secretly accepted an offer to relocate to Sydney to work as a liquor salesman and play cricket . Back in a good frame of mind for the Fourth Test in Adelaide , Miller took one wicket in each innings , but he shone with the bat . After England had made 460 , Miller came in at 3 / 207 , and was 23 not out by the close of the second day . He hit the first ball of the next day for six , and accumulated 67 runs in the opening 71 minutes , to reach his maiden Test century . The Englishmen utilised leg theory to prevent easy scoring , but as the tail began to be dismissed , Miller accelerated , launching drives into the crowd , despite the presence of four men on the fence . Miller ended unbeaten on 141 but the match petered out into a high @-@ scoring draw . Before the last Test , Miller played for Victoria against England , taking 4 / 65 . The Fifth Test. saw Miller take a wicket in each innings . Australia were left a target of 214 runs on a wearing wicket . Wright beat Miller with three consecutive leg breaks , but Miller survived and struck consecutive boundaries on the way to reaching the target . Australia had taken the series 3 – 0 ; Miller scored 384 runs at 76 @.@ 80 and took 16 wickets at 20 @.@ 88 , which placed him second in both the batting and bowling averages , to Bradman and Lindwall respectively . Nevertheless , Miller had become disillusioned with Bradman 's ruthless mentality . Miller was impulsive and cared little for records or ruthlessly dominating his opponents , preferring to play in a flamboyant manner in close contests . For the 1947 – 48 Australian season , Miller transferred to New South Wales ( NSW ) , for whom he played the remainder of his Sheffield Shield career . He also represented the New South Wales interstate football team at the 1947 Hobart Carnival , as vice captain . This made him one of the few players to play both football and cricket for two states . Miller had a light workload in the 1947 – 48 home Test series against India , who were on their first tour to Australia . India were well beaten , losing 4 – 0 , three of the four defeats by an innings . Miller was required to bat just once in each Test , accumulating 185 runs at 37 @.@ 00 , including two half @-@ centuries , while the batsmen ahead of him plundered the bowling . His bowling duties were also light ; his 72 overs yielded nine wickets at 24 @.@ 78 . In both his fifties , Miller featured in century partnerships with his partners , respectively Bradman and Hassett in the First and Fourth test respectively . His 58 in the First Test at Brisbane featured many big hits . = = = Invincibles tour = = = Donald Bradman 's 1948 touring party to England has become known to cricket history as The Invincibles , remaining undefeated in its 31 matches . Miller started the tour strongly , scoring a hard @-@ hitting 50 not out against Worcestershire , and an unbeaten 202 against Leicestershire . In the next match against Yorkshire , Miller took 6 / 42 , including the prized wicket of Hutton , as the home team were demolished for just 71 . Australia then struggled to 101 , including a counterattacking 34 from Miller , who took 3 / 49 in the second innings in an Australian victory . In a later match , against Essex , Miller was involved in a famous incident that is frequently cited when his character is discussed ; it also spotlighted his differences with Bradman . On a day when the Australians set a world @-@ record of 721 runs in a single day , Miller came to the crease with his side already dominating , with the score 2 / 364 . He deliberately allowed himself to be bowled first ball , much to Bradman 's displeasure , in a protest against the one @-@ sided nature of the contest . Australia then took on the MCC at Lord 's ; effectively a dress rehearsal for the Tests as many of England 's Test players were in the MCC team . Miller scored 163 in 250 minutes , hitting 20 fours and three sixes in another innings win . Soon after , Rawtenstall dropped the contract dispute with Miller after being offered compensation . Following another good all @-@ round performance against Hampshire , top @-@ scoring in the first innings and taking 5 / 25 in the second , Miller went into the First Test ( at Trent Bridge ) in fine form . On the first morning , Miller bowled Hutton and Compton on his way to 3 / 38 , helping Australia dismiss England cheaply and seize the initiative . Miller scored a duck , but Australia took a 344 @-@ run lead on the first innings . In the second innings , he resumed his battle with Hutton and Compton , delivering five bouncers in the last over of the day . The batsmen survived , but Miller received a hostile reaction from the crowd . The next day , he bowled Hutton for 74 and then bounced Compton , causing him to fall onto his stumps for 184 . Australia won by eight wickets , Miller ending with 4 / 125 for the second innings and 7 / 163 for the match . Miller was unfit to bowl during the Second Test at Lord 's . During England 's first innings , Bradman threw Miller the ball , hoping that he would reverse his decision not to bowl . Miller refused and returned the ball , citing his back . Miller 's action generated news headlines , with journalists believing that he had disobeyed Bradman . As a batsman , Miller was out for four in the first innings , not offering a shot to an inswinger . In the second innings , Miller 's first ball was a hat @-@ trick ball from English captain Norman Yardley ; he survived a loud leg before wicket appeal and then hit a six into the grandstand , on his way to 74 . Australia declared at 7 / 460 , 595 runs ahead . Miller took three catches as Australia won by 409 runs . After the Lord 's Test , Miller enjoyed a night out and returned to the team hotel after daybreak the next morning . Australia were due to play Surrey at The Oval that day . With Australia in the field , Bradman sent Miller to the fine leg boundary as a punishment — between overs , he was forced to walk the length of the field . One of the spectators felt sorry for Miller and lent him his bicycle , which Miller used to cycle around the circumference of the ground . The efforts of Miller and Lindwall against Hutton had led the English selectors to drop the Yorkshireman for the Third Test . The Australians were surprised by the move and thought that it was a bad move by their opponents . Miller had a quiet Third Test at Old Trafford , taking one wicket and scoring 31 as the match ended in a draw . In a rain @-@ shortened match , Miller again earned the ire of the crowd , after aiming a series of bouncers at Edrich , in apparent retaliation to the Englishman 's bouncing of Lindwall . He struck Edrich on the body before Bradman ordered him to stop . The teams moved to Headingley for the Fourth Test at Leeds . Hutton had been recalled and the home team batted first . England tallied 496 and Miller took 1 / 43 . In reply , Australia were struggling at 3 / 68 in reply on the third morning . Neil Harvey , playing his first Ashes Test , joined Miller at the crease . The pair launched a counterattack , with Miller taking the lead . He hoisted Jim Laker 's first ball over square leg for six . Miller struck consecutive sixes over long off and the sightscreen respectively . This allowed Australia to seize the initiative ; Harvey joined in and hit consecutive boundaries against Laker . Miller then lifted another six over long off , and another over long on from Norman Yardley . He was dismissed for 58 attempting another six . The partnership had yielded 121 runs in only 90 minutes , and was described by Wisden as a " hurricane " . John Arlott described the innings as the most memorable that he had witnessed . He said " Miller played like an emperor ... Every stroke would have been memorable but each one had bettered its predecessor " . Jack Fingleton said that he had never " known a more enjoyable hour " of " delectable cricket " . The momentum swung and Australia finished at 457 on the fourth day , having added almost 396 in one day 's play . Miller took 1 / 53 in the second innings as Australia were set a world record chase of 404 on the final day . He made only 12 but Australia broke the world record to take a 3 – 0 lead . The Australians moved onto the next match against Derbyshire , where Miller scored a half @-@ century and took 3 / 31 in an innings victory . Against Glamorgan , Miller took two wickets before striking a hard @-@ hitting 84 with five sixes . He struck one of the sixes with one hand , sending it 20 rows into the crowd . In a match against Lancashire , Jack Ikin had reached 99 despite being repeatedly hit . Miller refused to bowl to Ikin , saying that he felt the batsman deserved a century . Lindwall was given the ball and promptly removed Ikin for 99 . The teams proceeded to The Oval for the Fifth Test . After England elected to bat , Miller bowled John Dewes with his second ball and then removed Jack Crapp without scoring , leaving England at 4 / 23 . Miller ended with 2 / 5 as Lindwall ( 6 / 20 ) cut down the home team for 52 . In his last Test innings for the summer , Miller scored five . Australia led by 337 on the first innings and Miller dismissed Hutton and Crapp to end with 2 / 22 as Australia won by an innings and took a 4 – 0 series win . Miller ended the Tests with 184 runs at 26 @.@ 28 and 13 wickets at 23 @.@ 15 . He took eight catches . In a match against the Gentlemen of England at Lord 's , Miller scored 69 and was dismissed attempting a third consecutive hooked boundary . Australia went through the remaining tour matches unbeaten to end the summer without a defeat . After the tour , Bradman was full of praise for Miller , though somewhat critical of his aggressive batting : One of the most volatile cricketers of any age . Long , rangy , athletic type — drove the ball with tremendous power — tried to hit sixes with abandon . Many of them would have been prodigious . Would have been a far better player had he curbed this propensity and showed more judgement in his hitting . Dangerous bowler with the new ball , swinging it both ways not much short of [ Ray ] Lindwall 's speed . [ ... ] In 1948 he was the best slip field in the world . Altogether , a crowd @-@ pleasing personality ... whose limitations were caused mainly by his own failure to concentrate . Miller totalled 1 @,@ 088 runs for the tour at an average of 47 @.@ 30 , only the eighth highest in the squad . He took 56 wickets at 17 @.@ 58 and held onto 20 catches . = = = Omission for South Africa = = = After returning to Australia , Miller played against Bradman in a testimonial match in 1948 – 49 . Miller bowled three consecutive bouncers at Bradman , dismissing him with the last of the short @-@ pitched deliveries for 53 . Bradman was angered by Miller 's bowling . One week later , the squad to tour South Africa in the following season was announced , and Miller was omitted , despite being ranked as the best all rounder in the world . During the Australian season , which was a purely domestic one , he had scored 400 runs at 33 @.@ 33 and taken 11 wickets at 24 @.@ 09 . He scored one century against Queensland during the season , as well as a 99 against Victoria at the SCG . The surprise omission led to much conjecturing about the reasoning . One was that Miller had stated during the season that he did not want to bowl , so the selectors only considered his batting performances . Another was that Miller 's bouncing of Bradman had provoked his former captain into voting against him at the selection table . Rumours circulated that new captain Lindsay Hassett did not want Miller on the tour because he was undisciplined , which Hassett denied . Another was that Jack Ryder , the Victorian selector and former Australian captain , had voted against Miller in retaliation for his move to New South Wales . Both Bradman and Chappie Dwyer claimed they voted for Miller , leading Miller to quip " somebody 's telling lies " , as there were only three on the selection panel . The media stridently criticised Miller 's omission , as did former players such as Stan McCabe and Alan Kippax . During the off season , he worked as a journalist and played baseball , but declined a trial with a Major League Baseball club , the Boston Red Sox . Miller captained New South Wales at the start of the 1949 – 50 season as his colleagues went to South Africa , his first leadership experience in the Sheffield Shield . He scored 80 and took six wickets in the first match against Queensland . After another victory over Western Australia , he received a request from the Australian Board of Control . At the request of captain Hassett , Miller was asked to tour South Africa as cover for Johnston , who had been injured in a car crash . Miller accepted the offer and resigned himself to bowling heavily . Miller almost missed the trip after arriving late at the dock in Perth after a drunken night . The next boat to South Africa would not have departed for several weeks . Despite his recall , there remained tension over his initial omission , as Dwyer was the team manager . Miller was given the responsibility of batting in the number three position when Hassett was afflicted by tonsillitis . In the First Test at Johannesburg , Miller scored 21 and then took 5 / 40 in South Africa 's first innings , only his second match on tour , resulting in the home side being forced to follow on and lose by an innings . In the Second Test at Cape Town , he scored 58 and then took 3 / 54 in the first innings . On the third morning , Miller crashed his car and arrived late to the ground , still putting on his trousers as he entered the playing field . Despite , this he dismissed Dudley Nourse with his third ball . He was wicketless in the second innings , and took only one in the Third Test in Durban and did not pass 10 with the bat . Australia won both matches . He returned to the form in the Fourth Test with 84 , 33 not out and 3 / 75 in a high scoring draw . Miller took match figures of 5 / 66 in the Fifth Test as Australia took the series 4 – 0 . He ended the series with 246 runs at 41 @.@ 00 and 17 wickets at 22 @.@ 94 , placing in the top six in the Test averages for bat and ball . During the tour matches , he took match figures of 11 / 54 against Natal Country Districts and scored a century against Transvaal . = = = Ashes in Australia = = = Miller started the 1950 – 51 season with an unbeaten 201 in a Shield match against Queensland . At 438 minutes , it was his longest first @-@ class innings . In the return match , he scored 138 not out in just 118 minutes in a successful run @-@ chase , a sharp contrast to his double @-@ century . In a tour match against the visiting England team at the SCG before the Test series , Miller scored 214 , having been 99 not out at stumps on the previous day . He hit 15 fours and three sixes . However , he made ducks in consecutive matches leading into the First Test in Brisbane . Miller scored 15 and eight on a rain @-@ affected pitch , and took match figures of 3 / 50 in an Australian victory , dismissing Dewes twice . He had another quiet match in the Second Test , scoring 18 and 14 and taking a match total of 2 / 55 . After struggling in the first two Tests , Miller rediscovered his batting form with 98 against the tourists for New South Wales . England had started the Third Test at Sydney strongly . Australia took its first wicket when Miller caught Washbrook from Johnson with a horizontal diving catch at slip . England were still in control at 1 / 128 when Miller came on to bowl . He removed Hutton and Reg Simpson before bowling Compton for a duck . In the space of four overs from Miller , England were now 4 / 137 . Miller had contributed to all four wickets . Miller ended with 4 / 37 as England were bowled out for 290 on the second day . Miller batted patiently on the third day , reaching 96 by stumps with Australia at 6 / 362 . The next day , with his century four runs away , Miller arrived late , leaving his batting partner Johnson waiting at the players ' gate . Miller progressed to 145 not out despite the interruption . It has been a patient innings by his standards , taking almost a day . England collapsed for 123 , leaving Australia to take an innings victory . In the first innings of the Fourth Test in Sydney , Miller scored 44 and did not take a wicket , but he was heading for consecutive Test centuries in the second innings . He reached 99 when a leg break from Doug Wright spun across him and clipped the off bail . The innings helped Australia to set England a target of 503 . Miller took 3 / 27 on the final day , helping to cut through the middle order as Australia won by 274 runs . Miller was out for seven and a duck in the Fifth Test at the MCG . He took 4 / 76 in the first innings , joining Lindwall in cutting down the middle order , despite which England won by eight wickets . Miller topped the Test batting averages with 350 runs at 43 @.@ 75 , and for the entire first @-@ class season , he scored 1332 runs at 78 @.@ 35 , the highest among all comers . His bowling was also strong , with 17 wickets at 17 @.@ 70 , second only to Jack Iverson ( 21 wickets at 15 @.@ 23 ) . However , an attack by Morris ( 182 ) and Miller ( 83 ) in a Shield match dispirited Iverson , and he never played Test cricket again . = = = West Indies tour Australia = = = The 1951 – 52 Australian season saw the first tour by a West Indian team in two decades . The Caribbean team had beaten England 3 – 1 in 1950 and were regarded as the biggest threat to Australia since Bodyline . The batting was led by the " three Ws " : Everton Weekes , Frank Worrell and Clyde Walcott . The English had also been bamboozled by the leg spin and left arm orthodox of Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine , who took 59 wickets between them in four Tests against England . Miller and Lindwall were charged with attacking the opposition batsmen , testing them with short @-@ pitched bowling . The West Indies batted first in the First Test at Brisbane and were dismissed for 216 ; Miller dismissing their captain John Goddard . Miller came to the crease at 3 / 80 and could not pick Ramadhin . He decided to attack the leg spinner without picking him . He missed some , was dropped twice and hit a six before falling for 46 to Valentine . Australia scraped out a 10 @-@ run lead . Miller took another wicket in the second innings but managed only four as Australia stumbled to a three @-@ wicket victory . Between Tests , Miller took eight wickets in the match as New South Wales beat the tourists in a tour match . In the Second Test at Sydney , Miller came to the crease at 3 / 106 having gone wicketless in the West Indies ' first innings of 362 . He began to pick Ramadhin and finished with 129 in 246 minutes . Miller and Hassett put on 235 , an Australian Test record for any wicket against the West Indies . Ramadhin ended with 1 / 196 and was demoralised . In the second innings , Miller took 3 / 50 with a heavy barrage of short balls and claimed two catches to help Australia to a seven @-@ wicket victory . Wisden decried Lindwall and Miller 's " relentless bumper tactics " . Miller had a lean Third Test , taking only one wicket and scoring four and 35 , as Australia lost by six wickets . In the Fourth Test at the MCG , the West Indies batted first and Miller removed both openers in the first hour , before returning to end with 5 / 60 as the tourists were bowled out for 272 . He then scored 47 as Australia managed only 216 . He took 2 / 49 , but only scored two in Australia 's run @-@ chase of 259 . The home team won by one wicket . In the Fifth Test , Miller took 5 / 26 in the first innings with another concentrated display of short @-@ pitched bowling , and then scored 69 in the second innings . He took two further wickets in the second innings as Australia fell short of their target . Miller ended the series as the leading bowler , with 20 wickets at 19 @.@ 90 . He was second in the batting , with 362 runs at 40 @.@ 22 . Throughout the series , Miller and Lindwall were repeatedly successful with their concerted bouncer tactics , which were heavily criticised . After the Test series ended , Miller captained a Commonwealth XI that played against a touring England team in Colombo , Ceylon . England had been on a tour of the Indian subcontinent . Miller scored 106 as the Commonwealth compiled 517 . Miller took three wickets in the first innings and led his team to a victory by an innings and 259 runs . = = = Captain of New South Wales = = = At the start of the 1952 – 53 season , the New South Wales Cricket Association 's five @-@ man selection panel installed Miller as captain in place of Morris . This was despite Morris leading the state to the Sheffield Shield in the previous season . Miller did not lobby for the job , but the Sydney media had campaigned for Miller , suggesting that his flamboyant style would attract more spectators and help stem the financial losses of the NSWCA . Despite this , Morris remained the Test vice @-@ captain ahead of Miller . In his first match as leader , Miller scored 109 against Queensland . Taking 260 minutes , it was the slowest century of his career . In another match against the touring South Africans , Miller elected to field and reduced his opponents to 3 / 3 and went on to win by five wickets . His players respected him , and some began to mimic his cough , voice , gait and idiosyncrasies . Richie Benaud unbuttoned his shirt in Miller 's mould . He captained in an unorthodox manner , often trying unusual ploys to unsettle the opposition . He encouraged the opposition to attack in an attempt to get a wicket , and often shuffled his batting order to suit the circumstances of his batsmen . He was soon called before authorities after a match against South Australia . Sid Barnes , his 12th man , had come onto the ground with drinks , dressed as a flight attendant . He also brought things such as cigars , mirrors and combs . Barnes ' antics extended the break longer than usual . Miller was called before the NSWCA after the South Australian Cricket Association lodged a complaint , and had to give an assurance that such an incident would not be repeated . Miller started the Test series against South Africa poorly . Suffering from a throat infection , he scored three in both innings and took 1 / 46 in an Australian victory . In the Second Test at the MCG , Miller performed consistently with bat and ball , taking 4 / 62 and 3 / 51 and scoring 52 and 31 . In the course of the match , he passed the all @-@ round double of 1000 Test runs and 100 Test wickets when he dismissed John Waite in the second innings , but this was not enough to prevent defeat . In the Third Test , Miller scored 55 , putting on 168 with Harvey , and took 3 / 48 and 2 / 33 in an innings victory . Australia 's fortunes took a turn for the worse in the Fourth Test in Adelaide . Miller scored nine and injured his back after two overs with the ball . Lindwall also broke down . Without their spearheads , Australia were unable to bowl out the South Africans and match was drawn . Both were ruled out of the Fifth Test and the South Africans levelled the series despite conceding 520 runs during the first innings . Australia 's bowlers were unable to stop the South African batsmen without their new ball pair . = = = 1953 Ashes tour = = = Australia proceeded to the 1953 Ashes tour . During a stopover at Naples , Miller was locked inside after entering a private opera rehearsal without authorisation , but managed to escape and rejoin the boat as it was about to leave . During his career , several cricket books were published under Miller 's name , and he was embroiled in further controversy when one ghost @-@ written tome , which was printed as the team left for England , criticised his captain Hassett as being too cautious . The burden on Miller and Lindwall increased when Johnston broke down in an early tour game . Miller was wicketless against Worcestershire , but succeeded with the bat , scoring an unbeaten 220 in just over six hours . He then scored 159 not out against Yorkshire . At this point , Miller had scored 421 runs in the week of May , and the media began to speculate that he could score 1000 runs in one month , something that had been done on a tour only by Bradman . Miller 's love of horseracing then interfered with his quest . Wanting to attend an afternoon race meeting , he opened the batting in the morning against Cambridge University . Not intending to play a long innings , he attacked the bowling and was out for 20 , before heading for the track . He stayed at the track until late afternoon , and returned to find the Australians walking out to field . This was followed by a match against the MCC at Lord 's where he took four wickets of English Test players . Miller then took match figures of 5 / 27 against Oxford University . In the match against Essex , Miller pulled rib muscles , meaning he could not bowl in the First Test at Trent Bridge . He scored 55 and five in a rain @-@ affected draw . Australia travelled to Bramall Lane under the captaincy of Miller . Captain Hassett and his deputy Morris were rested and stayed in London with the team manager . After the first day 's play , he organised a party for that lasted until the next afternoon — the rest day . He woke up with a hangover the next day just minutes before the start of play . Improvising , Miller arrived at the ground in a hearse . When it was Australia 's turn to bat , Miller was the last man to be dismissed , having scored 86 despite his hangover . The Test series moved to Lord 's . Miller resumed bowling , sending down 42 overs and taking a total of 1 / 74 . He managed 25 in the first innings , but promoted to number three in the second innings , he batted patiently to reach stumps before reaching his first Test century on English soil the following morning , but England held on for a draw . More than half of the Third Test at Old Trafford was washed out , resulting in another draw . Miller took 1 / 38 bowling fast off breaks and scored 17 and six . Australia then played Middlesex at Lord 's , where Miller scored a hard @-@ hitting 71 . Australia elected to field on a wet wicket in the Fourth Test at Headingley . Miller dismissed Edrich and Graveney and ended with 2 / 39 from 38 overs as England were bowled out for 167 . Miller made only five in the first innings . In the second innings , Miller and Lindwall launched a short @-@ pitched barrage and dismissed Watson and Simpson in consecutive balls . England were 5 / 177 a stumps on day four , leading by 78 . The pacemen were booed from the field . The next day , Miller dismissed Evans early , before Trevor Bailey began his resistance . Frustrated by Bailey 's defensive style and time @-@ wasting , Miller lost his cool and aimed a beamer straight at Bailey 's head , further angering the crowd . Miller ended with 4 / 63 from a long spell of 47 overs . England held on for another draw after more time @-@ wasting by Bailey . The teams headed for the Fifth Test at The Oval tied 0 – 0 . Miller 's last Test performance was his least productive ; he scored one and a duck and took a total of 2 / 89 . England won the match and regained the Ashes . Miller 's returns were below his career standards , with 223 runs at 24 @.@ 77 and 10 wickets at 30 @.@ 30 . He took two catches . Miller scored 67 against the Gentlemen of England at Lord 's and then played against the Combined Services at Kingston . He reached his century before lunch and then proceeded to 262 not out with 24 boundaries . This included a 377 @-@ run fourth @-@ wicket stand by Jim de Courcy in only 205 minutes , in particular targeting Fred Trueman 's bowling . He then took 3 / 17 with the ball . He finished the English summer with 1 @,@ 433 runs at 51 @.@ 17 , the second highest average behind Harvey among batsmen with over 200 runs . He was the only Australian to hit two double centuries and also took 45 wickets at 22 @.@ 51 . For his efforts that summer , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack named him one of its Five Cricketers of the Year . = = = Overlooked for Test captaincy = = = Miller returned to Australia and led New South Wales to the Sheffield Shield title in 1953 – 54 . He topped the Australian first @-@ class batting averages with 71 @.@ 10 , but had his poorest season with the ball , taking only 16 wickets at 38 @.@ 75 . The season was purely domestic with no touring side and therefore no Test matches . The season was also a transition point in Australian cricket , as Hassett retired upon return to Australia . Initially , Morris and Miller were the two frontrunners for the captaincy . Miller was the state captain , but Morris was the vice @-@ captain of the Test team ahead of Miller . At the time , Johnson had been dropped from the Australian team , but inherited the Victorian captaincy from Hassett , who accused him of not trying . Hassett told Johnson that he could become Test captain if he regained his form and his Test position . As the outgoing captain , Hassett was believed to have an influence over the selection of his successor . Miller had also criticised Hassett in his book , and there was talk that Hassett was upset about Miller 's departure from South Melbourne and Victoria . Johnson returned to form with 45 wickets at 22 @.@ 75 for the season . England toured Australia in the 1954 – 55 season . Johnson was selected to lead an Australian XI in a tour match against the Englishmen before the Tests , an indication of the selectors ' inclination . He took 6 / 66 in England 's only innings . The build @-@ up featured a media war , with Melbourne newspapers stumping for Johnson while the Sydney journalists trumpeted Miller . Miller warmed up for the Tests with 86 for New South Wales against England . On 18 November , the Australian Board of Control selected Johnson as captain , with Morris as his deputy . Miller 's irreverent nature was cited as a possible reason for the board 's selection . Johnson was regarded as a superior diplomat , while Miller had a reputation for turning up late and being undisciplined . Miller had frequently been in dispute with Bradman , who was a member of the board and the chairman of selectors . Miller had also questioned where revenue that the board collected from ticket sales was being used . Others claimed that Johnson was appointed because he was part of the establishment ; his father Bill was a former Australian selector . The decision was bitterly criticised by the Sydney press . There is strong feeling amongst cricket enthusiasts that horse trading on a state basis rather than objective evaluation of cricket skills has dominated selectors discussions . The operating principle seems to have been " you look after my man and we 'll look after yours . " Miller scored 49 in the First Test at Brisbane as Australia amassed 8 / 601 , before dismissing Simpson and Hutton as England fell to an innings defeat . A knee injury forced Miller to miss the Second Test at the SCG , which England won . Miller returned for the Third Test at the MCG , but was initially unavailable to bowl due to lingering knee problems . However , upon receiving an inquiry about the health of his knee before the match by Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies , Miller agreed to try to bowl for a short period and lift his team . England elected to bat and Miller removed Hutton , Edrich and Compton with his outswinger . He ended up bowling for the entire first session of play and had 3 / 5 at lunch from nine overs , before finishing at 3 / 14 . England were bowled out for 191 . Miller struggled with the bat , scoring six and seven as Frank Tyson 's pace saw England inflict a second successive defeat on Australia . Australia needed to win the Fourth Test in Adelaide to keep the series alive . Miller scored 44 and 14 as Australia were bowled out in the second innings to leave England with 94 for victory . Miller made a late burst , removing Edrich , Hutton and Colin Cowdrey in consecutive overs to leave England at 3 / 18 . He then took a difficult catch from Johnston to dismiss Peter May . England were then 4 / 49 but hung on to win by five wickets and secure the Ashes . It was the first time that Australia had lost three consecutive Tests since the Bodyline series of 1932 – 33 . Miller made 19 and 28 in the rain @-@ affected draw in the Fifth Test . He ended the series with 167 runs at 23 @.@ 86 , his lowest ever at international level , and took 10 wickets at 24 @.@ 30 . He had more success as domestic level . New South Wales beat Victoria in two days at the SCG to win the Sheffield Shield ; Miller taking five wickets in the second innings . He also led his state in a 45 @-@ run win over the tourists , their only defeat apart from the First Test . The match was marked by a quickfire 71 in 57 minutes and his team 's attacking strategy . = = = West Indies tour = = = After leading his state to another Sheffield Shield title and a win over England , Miller replaced Morris as the vice @-@ captain for the tour of the West Indies that started in early 1955 . Australia was looking for its first series win against any team in three years , having lost two consecutive series to England . Australia batted first in the opening Test at Sabina Park in Jamaica . Miller came to the wicket at 2 / 137 and put on a 224 @-@ run partnership with Harvey . Both ended with centuries and Miller scored his highest Test score of 147 , striking 15 fours . When Valentine and Ramadhin had conceded 100 runs , he respectively shook their hands . Australia finished at 9 / 515 . Johnson had been injured when hit in the foot by a yorker so Miller was left in charge of the team on the field with Australia one bowler short . Miller attempted to unsettle the batsmen by placing many men close to the bat in an attempt to insult their batting capabilities . He took the new ball at 5 / 239 and the hosts collapsed to be all out for 259 . Miller had taken 2 / 36 , and enforced the follow @-@ on , which was questioned as paceman Ron Archer had broken down . With Australia two bowlers short , the West Indies moved to 1 / 114 . When Weekes arrived at the crease , Miller unsettled him with delaying tactics , and he was out for one . He then placed two silly points and two silly mid @-@ ons in an attempt to unsettle Walcott , who fell to Lindwall soon after . Miller then took two wickets and the hosts had lost three wickets in as many overs . The West Indies were bowled out and Australia won by nine wickets . Miller had taken 3 / 62 in the second innings . Johnson resumed the leadership on the field in the Second Test at Queen 's Park Oval in Trinidad . The match was a high @-@ scoring draw , but Miller scored only three and took match figures of 1 / 148 . In the Third Test at Georgetown , Guyana , Miller removed both openers in the first innings and then scored 33 as Australia by eight wickets . He took 3 / 51 for the match . In the Fourth Test at Bridgetown , Barbados , Miller came to the wicket with Australia at 3 / 226 on the first day . The tourists lost two more wickets to be 5 / 233 . Miller and Archer launched a counter @-@ attacking partnership of 206 . Miller reached 137 and then walked after edging a ball , even though none of the opposition had appealed . Australia reached 668 and the West Indies were struggling at 6 / 147 , with Miller having dismissed Weekes and Collie Smith in the same over . At the time , Miller was bowling at medium pace , but Johnson felt that the new batsmen Denis Atkinson and Clairmonte Depeiaza were vulnerable to express pace . Johnson ordered Miller to bowl fast , but was turned down . Johnson replaced Miller with Lindwall , who was tired and was hit around the ground . The pair seized the initiative and compiled a world Test record of 347 for the seventh wicket and the Australians were tired after failing to break the partnership . Miller attacked Johnson in front of the other players , saying " You couldn 't captain a bunch of bloody schoolboys ! " Johnson then offered to resolve the dispute " out the back " , implying a fisticuffs . Miller declined the offer and stopped . The match resumed the next day and the West Indies were eventually bowled out 158 behind . Miller had been punished by the batsmen , taking 2 / 113 from 22 overs . Miller scored 10 and took 1 / 66 in the second innings as the match ended in a high @-@ scoring draw . Miller then took 6 / 107 in the first innings of the Fifth Test in Jamaica . He removed John Holt , Walcott and Smith , before taking three tail @-@ end wickets as the home team were bowled out for 357 . When Australia batted , Miller arrived at the crease to join Harvey with the score at 3 / 302 . He added his third century of the series and ended with 109 as Australia reached 8 / 758 . He took 2 / 58 in the second innings as Australia completed a 3 – 0 win . It was Miller 's most statistically successful series , with 439 runs at 73 @.@ 17 and the 20 wickets at 32 @.@ 05 made him the equal leading wicket @-@ taker along with Lindwall . = = = Final domestic season = = = Miller started the 1955 – 56 season , which was purely domestic , with 164 against Queensland in Brisbane . On the final day , Miller set the hosts 275 for victory in three hours . He lengthened the innings break by seven minutes , by remonstrating with officials to pause the match for the running of the Melbourne Cup . They agreed and the match was stopped for 13 minutes for the race . Queensland lost seven wickets but held on for a draw , aided by the 20 minutes lost by Miller 's love of horseracing . The next match was against South Australia in Sydney . New South Wales had declared at 8 / 215 and the visitors were 0 / 2 at stumps on the first day . Miller 's wife gave birth to their fourth child , and Miller was drinking into the next morning . He then arrived at the SCG , having forgotten to pick up team @-@ mate Peter Philpott as arranged , so he had to rush back and the pair arrived late for the day 's play . Miller was still in a tuxedo as play was about to start . Miller completed the unfinished over from the previous night and felt that the pitch did not offer any assistance . He then told Alan Davidson to bowl the next over from his end . However , as Davidson was about to bowl , Miller changed his mind and took over . Miller bowled Les Favell in the over . He kept on bowling and finished with 7 / 12 from 7 @.@ 3 overs , clean bowling five of his victims . The visitors had been levelled for 27 , the lowest score in the history of the Sheffield Shield . Miller then asked South Australia to follow @-@ on , but showed little interest in bowling again , delivering only six overs despite the bowler @-@ friendly conditions . Philpott said that " this was typical Miller . He was never an accumulator of records , not particularly concerned with figures . " In another incident , Miller had been making a speech at a civic reception for the New South Wales team in the town of Maitland . In front of the mayor at the town hall , he praised the hospitality , before turning around to his players and asking what the name of the town was . Miller then turned up late to a coaching clinic the next day and instead of teaching , he made a speech , advising the children to play tennis as there was more money on offer . In January 1956 , Miller injured his back in a match against Queensland . He suffered spasms that forced him to miss the rest of the season . He had scored 403 runs at 80 @.@ 60 and taken 19 wickets at 14 @.@ 94 . New South Wales again won the Sheffield Shield . = = = Final Ashes tour = = = Miller was selected for the 1956 Ashes tour , but could not bowl for a month because of a back injury from the first match . Miller captained the Australians against Leicester . Coming in at 3 / 175 , Miller made his highest first @-@ class score of 281 not out , striking 35 fours in six and a half hours . A tougher fight awaited against Surrey at The Oval , who had England 's Test spin combination of Laker and Tony Lock . Miller came in at 3 / 124 and struggled , scoring 18 runs in his first 120 minutes , his slowest two hours of scoring in his career . As his partners continued to fall Miller ended unbeaten on 57 as Australia were bowled out for 259 ; Laker taking all ten wickets . Australia lost by ten wickets , its first loss to a county since 1912 . As a result , sections of the Australian media began campaigning for Miller to replace Johnson as captain . By the First Test at Trent Bridge , Miller was shouldering most of the bowling load . He sent down 52 overs in a rain @-@ affected match , taking match figures of 6 / 127 . He struggled with the bat , making a duck and four . The teams headed to Lord 's where Miller had to carry the pace attack without the injured Davidson and Lindwall . Crawford and Ken Mackay were called in to make their debut and support Miller with the pace duties . Australia batted first and Miller managed 28 . Australia managed only 285 and Crawford injured himself , exacerbating the burden on Miller . Miller had Peter Richardson and then bowled Tom Graveney with an outswinger . England were 2 / 32 and their captain Peter May received an inswinger from Miller first ball , which he inside edged onto his stumps , but the bail was not dislodged . The next day , Miller beat May four times and then had Watson caught in the gully in his third over . He then removed Bailey and Trueman . Miller 's 5 / 72 was largely responsible for England falling for 171 . Australia was in difficulty at 3 / 69 when Miller came to bat , hitting a counterattacking 30 . Australia set England 371 to win . Miller removed Graveney at the start of the run chase . Resuming the next morning , he bowled Watson , and had May and Evans both caught behind . He bowled Johnny Wardle and took his only ten @-@ wicket match haul in Tests . Australia won by 185 runs and Miller had bowled 70 @.@ 1 overs for the match . His knee had taken a heavy toll and Miller was given an extended break had to play purely as a batsman in the Third Test at Headingley . Australia were caught on a wet wicket in response to England 's 325 , and Miller top @-@ scored with 41 and Australia were forced to follow on . He had attempted to keep Laker and Lock at bay with his pads . In the second innings , Miller fell for 26 to Laker . Australia lost by an innings , for the first time in a Test in 18 years . The Australian press attacked the team , and called for changes , including the omission of the captain , Johnson . Johnson , Miller and Gil Langley were the tour selectors . Langley and Miller were willing to omit Johnson only if the captain volunteered to stand aside . Johnson did not volunteer , so the others did not discuss the topic . Miller and Johnson had both been appointed as Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 1956 New Year Honours , and between the Tests they attended their formal investiture . The curator at Old Trafford had been ordered to prepare a dusty , spinning pitch for the Fourth Test . A win for England would see them retain the Ashes . Miller bowled 21 wicketless overs as England amassed 459 . Miller was out for six and a duck and fell twice to Laker , who took a world record 19 wickets as Australia lost by an innings . Wisden reported that the Australians were said " to be extremely bitter over the condition of the pitch " . Miller then took 5 / 84 against Surrey , before leading the team against Warwickshire . He had received death threats in the lead @-@ up to the game , ordering him to lose . He scored 46 not out and took 2 / 13 as Australia won by an innings . He then took 5 / 29 in the second innings against Lancashire and made 50 and took match figures of 5 / 78 against Essex . On the eve of the Fifth Test at The Oval , Miller announced that the tour would be his last , so that he would retire from cricket after the tour of the Indian subcontinent on the return voyage . In his final Test on English soil , he took 4 / 91 in the first innings . Miller came in to bat at 5 / 47 and helped Australia recover to 202 , top @-@ scoring with 61 . He took another one wicket in the second innings and was unbeaten on seven when stumps were drawn in the second innings . The series ended 1 – 2 . He ended the series with 199 runs at 28 @.@ 43 and topped the bowling with 21 wickets at 22 @.@ 23 . He topped the first @-@ class bowling for the Australians with 50 wickets at 19 @.@ 60 . Australia played Pakistan at Karachi in the first Test between the two countries on a matting pitch , rather than the more familiar grass pitch . Miller top @-@ scored in the first innings with 21 , as Australia fell for 80 . He took 2 / 40 and then scored 11 in the second innings as Australia fell to defeat . It was the last Test of his career , as his knee injury deteriorated to the point that he could not play in the three Tests against India , and retired upon his return to Australia . = = Style and personality = = Miller combined classy strokeplay with big hitting , his front foot play especially devastating . He had a rifle like straight drive , played pull and sweep shots with a minimum of effort and was able to cut elegantly . He combined this elegance with unorthodoxy , hitting two sixes over square leg with a backhand tennis shot and once beginning the day 's play in a Test match with a six . One straight six that he hit at the Sydney Cricket Ground was still rising when it hit the first deck of the M.A. Noble Stand . Len Hutton said he was " the most unpredictable cricketer I have played against " . As a bowler , Miller had a classically high arm action , moving the ball sharply either way and able to make the ball rise from a good length . His action caused opposition batsmen to perceive that his deliveries were gaining pace after pitching . He was often able to generate more pace than his new ball partner , Lindwall . He was always willing to try something new if the batsman were set , varying his approach from fifteen paces to five and vice versa . A round arm delivery often managed to capture a wicket , surprising the batsman . Compton said that Miller " often had no preconceived idea what he intended to bowl even as he turned to start his run " . Miller often mixed slow leg breaks when he was bowling off a run . He once bowled English opening batsman David Sheppard with a googly during a Test . Hutton opined that Miller was the bowler who was least concerned with the position of his bowling mark , and said that he " never felt physically safe against him " . His use of bouncers at Trent Bridge during the 1948 tour was seen as excessive by the English crowd , who booed him . Miller simply sat down until the barracking had subsided . He was often required to bowl through pain , pressing a disk into place at the base of his spine before sending down the next delivery . Miller and Lindwall formed an opening partnership that was regarded as one of the greatest of all time . Hutton said that the pair was the most hostile that he faced during his career . Alan Davidson , a bowling all rounder who supported Lindwall and Miller for New South Wales and Australia , said that " Ray Lindwall was the best bowler I ever saw of any type ; his control was just perfect . At the other end you had Miller , who was unpredictable ... It really was a perfect team . " He was an acrobatic slips fielder , who would take freakish catches with nonchalant ease , often immediately returning to his discussion with those around him as if nothing was unusual . Miller often required a contest to retain interest in the game . He deplored Bradman 's ruthless attitude towards annihilating the opposition and sometimes refused to try when Australia was in an unassailable position . At Southend in 1948 , as the Australians scored a world record 721 runs in a single day against Essex , Miller , coming in to bat when the score was 2 / 364 , allowed himself to be bowled first ball . Indeed , he " turned to the wicketkeeper and said : " Thank God that 's over " . " His teammate Sid Barnes said that if Miller " had the same outlook as Bradman or Ponsford he would have made colossal scores " and become " the statisticians ' greatest customer " . Miller never captained Australia in a Test , as his attitude to the game tended to alarm the authorities . About Miller , Ashley Mallett wrote , " He loved tradition , but hated convention . His unstructured way of playing and living would be anathema to cricketers now ... He played as he fought the war , by impulse and mood . " He sometimes set his field by saying to his players : " scatter " . On another occasion , he is reported turned to his players , after being told that NSW was taking the field with one player too many , and asked for one player to volunteer to " piss off " . A larger than life character , Miller is the subject of many stories , often apocryphal . One story had Don Bradman answering a knock on the door late one night to see Miller dressed in a dinner suit . Miller advised Bradman that , as demanded , he was in bed at curfew and was now going out . His relationship with Bradman was one riddled with friction and mutual antipathy , " ... one a roundhead of massive influence , the other a cavalier and maverick " . As Bradman moved from batting hero and team captain to selector and administrator , his influence grew ; this " ... almost certainly cost Miller any chance of captaining his country " . One night , following a duel with Messerschmitts in his Mosquito , he made an unauthorised detour over Bonn because it was Beethoven 's birthplace and he was a lover of the classics . Despite his fame , Miller remained a humble man ; when asked his favourite cricketing memory , he would recall no incident concerning himself , but " a South Australian team @-@ mate walking onto Lord 's to a thunderous ovation a few weeks after his release from a POW camp " . The cricket broadcaster , John Arlott said " that for all the glamour that attached to Miller , he was staunch and unaffected as a friend " . When asked how he managed to take seven wickets for just 12 runs against South Australia , Miller replied : There 's three reasons , First , I bowled bloody well . Second , I , errr ... second ... " [ pause ] . " You can forget about the other two reasons . " = = Later life = = After retirement , Miller remained in the public eye , augmented by persistent " unsubstantiated rumours of an affair with Princess Margaret " . He made a living as a journalist and columnist , employed by the Daily Express as a " special cricket writer " for twenty years . As during his career , Miller was a proponent of attacking and bright play . He praised the aggressive leadership of his protege Richie Benaud but criticised the style of play pursued by Australia under Benaud 's successors Bob Simpson and Bill Lawry . In the mid @-@ 1980s , when Australia was struggling , Miller called for the removal of Allan Border , an obdurate and defensive batsman , from the captaincy . He later worked for Vernons Pools , owned by the millionaire horseracing entrepreneur , Robert Sangster . However , Miller " was happiest at the cricket or at the races " . He also worked as the head of a lobby group in promoting Australian rules football in his adopted New South Wales in the 1980s . At the time , the VFL was the dominant league and there were no top @-@ flight teams in his adopted state or Queensland . Miller 's later life was plagued by ill health . In November 1991 , he was hospitalised with a stroke , and soon after fell over and broke his hip , necessitating two further operations . He had skin cancer , caused by his insistence on always displaying his mop of hair and not wearing a hat . He accepted these vicissitudes equably . " Some grieved to see him reduced , but not him ; these were life 's deliveries . He knew only that one would get him out eventually . " He had an earlobe removed . The cancer also attacked his legs , and coupled with his hip injury , severely curtailed his mobility , forcing him to use walking frames and wheelchairs . Asked at 75 about death , he said : " Never think about it . No regrets . I 've had a hell of a good life . Been damned lucky . " Despite his illnesses , he continued to travel to England in the 1990s to watch cricket and meet up with Compton , Edrich and other war and cricket colleagues on an annual basis , although he became increasingly isolated as he outlasted his friends , both English and Australian . In late 2002 , Miller divorced his wife Peg , with whom he had four sons . He did so to marry his long @-@ term mistress Marie Challman , with whom he had been living since 1999 . Challman was a hospital receptionist and Miller reasoned that he would receive more effective medical treatment by moving to Melbourne to live with her , as his specialist doctors also lived there . He had other long @-@ term mistresses , including an Australian beauty queen with whom he was photographed in public . During his later years , his illness contributed to what his family felt was a deteriorating attitude and he fell out with his sons , but they were reconciled shortly before his death . Miller died in October 2004 after being in persistent poor health . He was given a state funeral by the Government of Victoria , which saw hundreds of mourners stand outside the packed cathedral , and was broadcast across the nation on ABC Radio . = = Legacy and statistical analysis = = Miller 's achievements were recognised by a host of awards during his lifetime and posthumously . Miller was one of the ten inaugural inductees into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 1996 . In 2000 , he was named in the Australian Cricket Board Team of the Century as its vice @-@ captain . In January 2010 , Miller was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . He is also one of only four Australian cricketers , ( the others being Bradman , Victor Trumper and Shane Warne ) to be honoured with a portrait in the Long Room at Lord 's in London . Miller is one of only three men ( the others being M.H. " Vinoo " Mankad and G.StA. " Garry " Sobers ) to have his name on both the batting and bowling honours boards in the visitors ' dressing @-@ room there , for scoring both a century and for taking five wickets in a test at the ground . Miller 's abilities as an all @-@ rounder led to enormous success as both batsman and bowler . The ICC player rankings have been applied retrospectively to cricket history and Miller achieved top ten rankings with both bat and ball . As a batsman , he peaked at ninth in the world in 1952 , and was a top @-@ 20 player from shortly after his début and for the rest of the duration of his career . Miller 's bowling abilities led to even greater success . By the end of 1946 , he was already ranked sixth in the world and thereafter never slipped lower than ninth ; for much of his career , he was the second @-@ best bowler in the world according to the ratings , remarkably , for a 36 @-@ year @-@ old , peaking at the number 1 slot for a few months in 1956 . As an all @-@ rounder , therefore , it is unsurprising to find that he was peerless for most of his career , ranked as number one in the world for most of his career , including an unbroken eight @-@ year run from June 1948 until his retirement . Miller 's statistics are an inexact measure of his worth to the side . Many of the Australia teams he played in featured very strong batting line @-@ ups , restricting his opportunities as a middle @-@ order player . His verve and enthusiasm were also important contributors to Australian success , as was his ability to produce the unexpected ( particularly with the ball ) and help break partnerships . It is for this reason that he is remembered for his personality and his one @-@ off feats , more than statistical accomplishment ; in Ian Chappell 's words " People who saw it still talk of Keith Miller 's monster shot that hit the Members Stand clock at the SCG in the 1950s " . = = Honours and awards = = Member of the Order of Australia ( AM ) : Awarded 26 January 2005 for service to sport , particularly cricket as a player , journalist and commentator Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) : Awarded 2 January 1956 for services to cricket 1939 – 1945 Star Air Crew Europe Star Defence Medal War Medal 1939 – 1945 Australia Service Medal 1939 – 45 Centenary Medal = = Test match performance = =
= GoldenEye = GoldenEye ( 1995 ) is the seventeenth spy film in the James Bond series , and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 officer James Bond . The film was directed by Martin Campbell and is the first film in the series not to take story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming . The story was conceived and written by Michael France , with later collaboration by other writers . In the film , Bond fights to prevent an ex @-@ MI6 agent , gone rogue , from using a satellite against London to cause global financial meltdown . GoldenEye was released in 1995 after a six @-@ year hiatus in the series caused by legal disputes , during which Timothy Dalton resigned from the role of James Bond and was replaced by Pierce Brosnan . M was also recast , with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character , replacing Robert Brown . The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast , with Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond and Desmond Llewelyn was the only actor to reprise the role of Q. GoldenEye was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War , which provided a background for the plot . The film accumulated a worldwide gross of US $ 350 @.@ 7 million , considerably better than Dalton 's films , without taking inflation into account . The film received positive reviews , with critics viewing Brosnan as a definite improvement over his predecessor . The film also received award nominations for " Best Achievement in Special Effects " and " Best Sound " from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . The name " GoldenEye " pays homage to James Bond 's creator , Ian Fleming . While working for British Naval Intelligence as a lieutenant commander , Ian Fleming liaised with the American OSS to monitor developments in Spain after the Spanish Civil War in an operation codenamed Operation Goldeneye . Fleming used the name of his operation for his estate in Oracabessa , Jamaica . = = Plot = = MI6 agents James Bond and Alec Trevelyan infiltrate a Soviet chemical weapons facility in Arkhangelsk and plant explosives . Trevelyan is captured and shot by Colonel Arkady Ourumov , but Bond flees as the facility explodes . Nine years later , in Monte Carlo Bond follows Xenia Onatopp , a member of the Janus crime syndicate , who has formed a suspicious relationship with a Royal Canadian Navy admiral . Onatopp kills the admiral by crushing his ribs with her thighs during sex , to allow now @-@ General Ourumov to steal his identity and use it to steal a Eurocopter Tiger helicopter . They fly it to a bunker in Severnaya , Siberia , where they massacre the staff and steal the control disk for GoldenEye , an electromagnetic Soviet weapon from the Cold War . They program the GoldenEye satellite to destroy the complex , and escape with programmer Boris Grishenko . Natalya Simonova , the lone survivor , contacts Grishenko and arranges to meet him in St. Petersburg , where he betrays her to Janus . In London , M assigns Bond to investigate the attack . He flies to St. Petersburg to meet CIA officer Jack Wade . Jack suggests that Bond meet with Valentin Zukovsky , a former KGB agent and business rival of Janus . Zukovsky arranges a meeting between Bond and Janus . Onatopp meets Bond at the Grand Hotel Europe and attempts to kill him , but he overpowers her and she takes him to Janus . Bond meets Janus , who reveals himself as Trevelyan , who faked his death but was badly scarred from the explosion at Arkhangelsk . A descendant of the Cossack clans who collaborated with the Nazi forces in the Second World War , Trevelyan had vowed revenge against Britain after they betrayed the Cossacks , which drove his father to kill Trevelyan 's mother and himself . Just as Bond is about to shoot Trevelyan , Bond is shot with a tranquiliser dart . Bond awakens , tied up with Natalya in the helicopter programmed to self @-@ destruct , but they escape . They are captured and brought to the military archives , where Russian Minister of Defence Dimitri Mishkin interrogates them . As Natalya reveals the existence of a second satellite and Ourumov 's involvement in the massacre in Siberia , Ourumov arrives and kills Mishkin , intending to frame Bond for the murder , then calls for his guards , but Bond escapes as a firefight ensues and Natalya is captured . Bond steals a tank and pursues Ourumov through St. Petersburg to Trevelyan 's train , where he kills Ourumov . Trevelyan escapes and locks Bond in the train with Natalya , setting it to self @-@ destruct . Bond cuts through the floor with his laser watch while Simonova locates Boris ' satellite dish in Cuba . The two escape just before the train explodes . Bond and Natalya , now lovers , meet Jack in Cuba and borrow his aeroplane , but they are shot down while searching for GoldenEye 's satellite dish . Onatopp rappels down from a helicopter and attacks Bond . After a struggle , Bond shoots down the helicopter , which snares Onatopp and crushes her to death against a tree . Bond and Simonova watch a lake being drained of water , uncovering the satellite dish . They infiltrate the control station , where Bond is captured . Trevelyan reveals his plan to rob the Bank of England before erasing all of its financial records with GoldenEye , concealing the theft and destroying Britain 's economy . Natalya programs the satellite to initiate atmospheric re @-@ entry and destroy itself . As Trevelyan captures Natalya and orders Grishenko to save the satellite , Grishenko triggers an explosion with Bond 's pen grenade ( received earlier from Q ) which allows Bond to escape to the antenna cradle . Bond then sabotages the antenna , preventing Grishenko from regaining control of the satellite . He and Trevelyan fight on the antenna 's suspended platform , which ends with Bond kicking Trevelyan off the platform and reflexively grabbing his foot . Bond releases Trevelyan and he falls to the bottom of the radio dish , where he is crushed by the falling cradle . Grishenko survives , but is immediately frozen and killed by liquid nitrogen . Natalya commandeers a helicopter and rescues Bond . It drops them in a field , where the couple is rescued by Jack and a team of Marines . = = Cast = = Pierce Brosnan as James Bond ( 007 ) : An MI6 officer assigned to stop the Janus crime syndicate from acquiring " GoldenEye , " a clandestine satellite weapon designed and launched by the Soviets during the Cold War . Sean Bean as Alec Trevelyan ( 006 ) / Janus : Initially another 00 officer and Bond 's friend , he fakes his death at Arkhangelsk and then establishes the Janus crime syndicate in the following nine years . Izabella Scorupco as Natalya Simonova : The only survivor and eyewitness of the attack of GoldenEye on its own control centre at Severnaya . A skilled programmer , she helps Bond in his mission . Famke Janssen as Xenia Onatopp : A Georgian lust murderer and Trevelyan 's henchwoman . A sadist , she enjoys torturing her enemies by crushing them between her thighs . Joe Don Baker as Jack Wade : A veteran CIA officer on the same mission as Bond . Judi Dench as M : The head of MI6 and Bond 's superior . Gottfried John as General Arkady Grigorovich Ourumov : Commander of Russia 's Space Division , secretly an agent of Janus who nefariously misuses his authority and position to assist Janus to gain access to the GoldenEye . Robbie Coltrane as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky : A Russian gangster and ex @-@ KGB officer through whom Bond arranges a meeting with Janus ( Trevelyan ) . Alan Cumming as Boris Grishenko : A computer programmer at Severnaya secretly affiliated to Janus . Tchéky Karyo as Russian Defence Minister Dmitri Mishkin Desmond Llewelyn as Q : The head of Q Branch ( research and development division of the British Secret Service ) . Llewelyn and Joe Don Baker were the only actors to appear in a previous Bond film , Baker appearing in The Living Daylights and Llewelyn appearing as Q throughout the series until his death . Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary . Samantha Bond made her first of four appearances as Moneypenny . Michael Kitchen as Bill Tanner : M 's Chief of Staff . Minnie Driver as Irina : A Russian nightclub singer and mistress of Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky . Serena Gordon as Caroline , an MI6 psychological and psychiatric evaluator whom Bond seduces . = = Production = = = = = Prelude = = = Following the release of the previous Bond film , Licence to Kill which was released in July 1989 , pre @-@ production work for the third James Bond film starring Timothy Dalton , fulfilling his three @-@ film contract , began in May 1990 . A poster for the then @-@ upcoming movie was even featured on the Carlton Hotel during the 1990 Cannes Film Festival . On August , The Sunday Times reported that producer Albert R. Broccoli had parted company with writer Richard Maibaum , who had worked on the scripts of all but three Bond films so far , and director John Glen , responsible for the previous five instalments of the series . Broccoli listed among the possible directors John Landis , Ted Kotcheff , and John Byrum . Broccoli 's stepson Michael G. Wilson contributed a script , and Wiseguy co @-@ producer Alfonse Ruggiero Jr. was hired to rewrite . Production was set to start in 1990 in Hong Kong for a release in late 1991 . Dalton would declare in a 2010 interview that the script was ready and " we were talking directors " before the project entered development hell caused by legal problems between Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , parent company of the series ' distributor United Artists , and Broccoli 's Danjaq , owners of the Bond film rights . In 1990 , as MGM / UA was purchased by French @-@ Italian broadcasting group Pathé , Pathé CEO Giancarlo Parretti intended to sell off the distribution rights of the studio 's catalogue so he could collect advance payments to finance the buyout . This included international broadcasting rights to the 007 library at cut @-@ rate prices , leading Danjaq to sue , alleging the licensing violated the Bond distribution agreements the company made with United Artists in 1962 , while negating Danjaq a share of the profits . The lawsuits were only settled in 1992 , while Dalton 's original contract with Danjaq expired in 1990 . = = = Pre @-@ production and writing = = = In May 1993 , MGM announced a seventeenth James Bond film was back in the works , to be based on a screenplay by Michael France . With Broccoli 's health deteriorating ( he died seven months after the release of GoldenEye ) , his daughter Barbara Broccoli described him as taking " a bit of a back seat " in film 's production . Barbara and Michael G. Wilson took the lead roles in production while Albert Broccoli oversaw the production of GoldenEye as a consulting producer , credited as " presenter " . In an interview in 1993 , Dalton said that Michael France was writing the screenplay , due to be completed in January or February 1994 . Despite France 's screenplay being completed by that January , in April 1994 Dalton officially resigned from the role . After Michael France delivered the original screenplay , Jeffrey Caine was brought in to rewrite it . Caine kept many of France 's ideas but added the prologue prior to the credits . Kevin Wade polished the script and Bruce Feirstein added the finishing touches . In the film , the writing credit was shared by Caine and Feirstein , while France was credited with only the story , an arrangement he felt was unfair , particularly as he believed the additions made were not an improvement on his original version . Wade did not receive an official credit , but was acknowledged in the naming of Jack Wade , the CIA character he created . To replace Dalton , the producers cast Irish actor Pierce Brosnan , who had been prevented from succeeding Roger Moore in 1986 because of his contract to star in the Remington Steele television series . Before negotiating with Brosnan , Mel Gibson and Liam Neeson passed on the role . Brosnan was paid $ 1 @.@ 2 million for the film , out of a total budget of $ 60 million . Judi Dench , an English actress , was cast as M replacing Robert Brown , making GoldenEye the first film of the series featuring a female M. The decision is widely believed to be inspired by Stella Rimington becoming head of MI5 in 1992 . John Woo was approached as the director , and turned down the opportunity , but said he was honoured by the offer . The producers then chose New Zealander Martin Campbell as the director . Brosnan later described Campbell as " warrior @-@ like in his take on the piece " and that " there was a huge passion there on both our parts " . While the story was not based on a work by Ian Fleming , the title GoldenEye traces its origins to the name of Fleming 's Jamaican estate where he wrote the Bond novels . Fleming gave a number of origins for the name of his estate , including Carson McCullers ' Reflections in a Golden Eye and Operation Goldeneye , a contingency plan Fleming himself developed during World War II in case of a Nazi invasion through Spain . Although only six years since the release of Licence to Kill , world politics had changed dramatically in the interim . GoldenEye was the first James Bond film to be produced since the fall of the Berlin Wall , the collapse of the Soviet Union , and the end of the Cold War , and therefore it was doubtful whether the character was still relevant in the modern world . Some in the film industry felt it would be " futile " for the Bond series to make a comeback , and that it was best left as " an icon of the past " . The producers even thought of new concepts for the series , such as a period piece set in the 1960s , a female 007 , or a Black James Bond . Ultimately , they chose to return to the basics of the series , not following the sensitive and caring Bond of the Dalton films or the political correctness that started to permeate the decade . However , when released , the film was viewed as a successful revitalisation , and it effectively adapted the series for the 1990s . One of GoldenEye 's innovations was the casting of a female M. In the film , the new M quickly establishes her authority , remarking that Bond is a " sexist , misogynist dinosaur " and a " relic of the Cold War " . This is an early indication that Bond is portrayed as far less tempestuous than Timothy Dalton 's Bond from 1989 . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography for the film began on 16 January 1995 and continued until 2 June . The producers were unable to film at Pinewood Studios , the usual location for Bond films , because it had been reserved for First Knight . Instead , an old Rolls @-@ Royce factory at Leavesden Aerodrome in Hertfordshire was converted into a new studio , dubbed Leavesden Studios . This process is shown on the 2006 DVD 's special features . Members of the production crew , duly impressed by the enormous size of the filmmaking complex they suddenly had to themselves , jokingly called Leavesden Cubbywood after Eon 's long serving producer Albert R. ' Cubby ' Broccoli . The bungee jump was filmed at the Contra Dam ( also known as the Verzasca or Locarno Dam ) in Ticino , Switzerland . The film 's casino scenes and the Tiger helicopter 's demonstration were shot in Monte Carlo . Reference footage for the tank chase was shot on location in St. Petersburg and matched to the studio at Leavesden . The climactic scenes on the satellite dish were shot at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico . The actual MI6 headquarters were used for external views of M 's office . Some of the scenes in St. Petersburg were actually shot in London – the Epsom Downs Racecourse doubled as the airport – to reduce expenses and security concerns , as the second unit sent to Russia required bodyguards . The French Navy provided full use of the frigate FS La Fayette and their newest helicopter , the Eurocopter Tiger to the film 's production team . The French government also allowed the use of Navy logos as part of the promotional campaign for the film . However , the producers had a dispute with the French Ministry of Defence over Brosnan 's opposition to French nuclear weapons testing and his involvement with Greenpeace ; as a result , the French premiere of the film was cancelled . The sequences involving the armoured train were filmed on the Nene Valley Railway , near Peterborough in the UK . The train was composed of a British Rail Class 20 diesel @-@ electric locomotive and a pair of BR Mk 1 coaches , all three heavily disguised to resemble a Soviet armoured train . = = = Effects = = = GoldenEye was the last film of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings , to whom the film was dedicated . Meddings ' major contribution was miniatures . It was also the first Bond film to use computer generated imagery . Among the model effects are most external shots of Severnaya , the scene where Janus ' train crashes into the tank , and the lake which hides the satellite dish , since the producers could not find a round lake in Puerto Rico . The climax in the satellite dish used scenes in Arecibo , a model built by Meddings ' team and scenes shot with stuntmen in England . Stunt car coordinator Rémy Julienne described the car chase between the Aston Martin DB5 and the Ferrari F355 as between " a perfectly shaped , old and vulnerable vehicle and a racecar . " The stunt had to be meticulously planned as the cars are vastly different . Nails had to be attached to the F355 tyres to make it skid , and during one take of the sliding vehicles , both cars collided . The largest stunt sequence in the film was the tank chase , which took around six weeks to film , partly on location in St. Petersburg and partly at Leavesden . A Russian T @-@ 54 / 55 tank , on loan from the East England Military Museum , was modified with the addition of fake explosive reactive armour panels . To avoid destroying the pavement on the city streets of St. Petersburg , the steel off @-@ road tracks of the T @-@ 54 / 55 were replaced with the rubber @-@ shoed tracks from a British Chieftain tank . The T @-@ 55 Tank used in the film is now on permanent display at Old Buckenham Airport where the East England Military Museum is based . For the confrontation between Bond and Trevelyan inside the antenna cradle , director Campbell decided to take inspiration from Bond 's fight with Red Grant in From Russia with Love . Pierce Brosnan and Sean Bean did all the stunts themselves , except for one take where one is thrown against the wall . Brosnan injured his hand while filming the extending ladder sequence , making producers delay his scenes and film the ones in Severnaya earlier . The opening 220 m ( 720 ft ) bungee jump at Archangel , shot at the Verzasca Dam in Switzerland and performed by Wayne Michaels , was voted the best movie stunt of all time in a 2002 Sky Movies poll , and set a record for the highest bungee jump off a fixed structure . The ending of the pre @-@ credits sequence with Bond jumping after the aeroplane features Jacques ' Zoo ' Malnuit riding the motorcycle to the edge and jumping , and B.J. Worth diving after the plane – which was a working aircraft , with Worth adding that part of the difficulty of the stunt was the kerosene flying on his face . The fall of Communism in Russia is the main focus of the opening titles , designed by Daniel Kleinman ( who took over from Maurice Binder after his death in 1991 ) . They show the collapse and destruction of several structures associated with the Soviet Union , such as the red star , statues of Communist leaders — notably Joseph Stalin — and the hammer and sickle . In an interview , Kleinman said they were meant to be " a kind of story telling sequence " showing that " what was happening in Communist countries was Communism was falling down " . According to producer Michael G. Wilson , some Communist parties protested against " Socialist symbols being destroyed not by governments , but by bikini @-@ clad women " , especially certain Indian Communist parties , which threatened to boycott the film . = = = Product placement = = = GoldenEye was the first film bound by BMW 's three picture deal , so the producers were offered BMW 's latest roadster , the BMW Z3 . It was featured in the film months before its release , and a limited edition " 007 model " sold out within a day of being available to order . As part of the car 's marketing strategy , several Z3 's were used to drive journalists from a complimentary meal at the Rainbow Room restaurant to GoldenEye 's premiere at Radio City Music Hall . For the film , a convertible Z3 is equipped with the usual Q refinements , including a self @-@ destruct feature and Stinger missiles behind the headlights . The Z3 does not have much screen time and none of the gadgets are used , which Martin Campbell attributed to the deal with BMW coming in the last stages of production . The Z3 's appearance in GoldenEye is thought to be the most successful promotion through product placement in 1995 . Ten years later , The Hollywood Reporter listed it as one of the most successful product placements in recent years . The article quoted Mary Lou Galician , head of media analysis and criticism at Arizona State University 's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication , as saying that the news coverage of Bond 's switch from Aston Martin to BMW " generated hundreds of millions of dollars of media exposure for the movie and all of its marketing partners . " In addition , all computers in the film were provided by IBM , and in some scenes ( such as the pen grenade scene towards the end ) , the OS / 2 Warp splash screen can be seen on computer monitors . A modified Omega Seamaster Quartz Professional watch features as a major plot device several times in the film . It is shown to contain a remote detonator and a laser . This was the first time James Bond was shown to be wearing a watch by Omega , and the character has since worn Omega watches in every subsequent production . = = = Music = = = The theme song , " GoldenEye " , was written by Bono and the Edge , and was performed by Tina Turner . As the producers did not collaborate with Bono or the Edge , the film score did not incorporate any of the theme song 's melodies , as was the case in previous James Bond films . Swedish group Ace of Base had also written a proposed theme song , but label Arista Records pulled the band out of the project fearing the negative impact in case the film flopped . The song was then re @-@ written as their single " The Juvenile " . The soundtrack to GoldenEye was composed and performed by Éric Serra . Prolific Bond composer John Barry said that despite an offer by Barbara Broccoli , he turned it down . Serra 's score has been heavily criticised : Richard von Busack , in Metro , wrote that it was " more appropriate for a ride on an elevator than a ride on a roller coaster " , and Filmtracks said Serra " failed completely in his attempt to tie Goldeneye to the franchise 's past . " The end credits song , Serra 's " The Experience of Love " , was based on a short cue Serra had originally written for Luc Besson 's Léon one year earlier . Later John Altman provided the music for the tank chase in St. Petersburg . Serra 's original track for that sequence can still be found on the soundtrack as " A Pleasant Drive in St. Petersburg " . Serra composed and performed a number of synthesiser tracks , including the version of the James Bond Theme that plays during the gun barrel sequence , while Altman and David Arch provided the more traditional symphonic music . = = Release and reception = = GoldenEye premiered on 13 November 1995 , at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City , and went on general release in the USA on 17 November 1995 . The UK premiere , attended by Prince Charles , followed on 22 November at the Odeon Leicester Square , with general release two days later . Brosnan boycotted the French premiere to support Greenpeace 's protest against the French nuclear testing program . The film earned over $ 26 million during its opening across 2 @,@ 667 cinemas in the USA . Its worldwide sales were around the equivalent of $ 350 million . It had the fourth @-@ highest worldwide gross of all films in 1995 and was the most successful Bond film since Moonraker , taking inflation into account . GoldenEye was edited to be guaranteed a PG @-@ 13 rating from the MPAA and a 12 rating from the BBFC . The cuts included the visible bullet impact to Trevelyan 's head when he is shot in the prologue , several additional deaths during the sequence in which Onatopp guns down the workers at the Severnaya station , more explicit footage and violent behaviour in the Admiral 's death , extra footage of Onatopp 's death , and Bond giving her a rabbit punch in the car . In 2006 , the film was re @-@ mastered and re @-@ edited for the James Bond Ultimate Edition DVD in which the BBFC cuts were restored , causing the rating to be changed to 15 . However , the original MPAA edits still remain . = = = Reviews = = = The critical reception of the film was mostly positive . Film review collection website Rotten Tomatoes holds it at a 78 % approval rating , while a similar site , Metacritic , holds it at 65 % . In the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 , and said Brosnan 's Bond was " somehow more sensitive , more vulnerable , more psychologically complete " than the previous ones , also commenting on Bond 's " loss of innocence " since previous films . James Berardinelli described Brosnan as " a decided improvement over his immediate predecessor " with a " flair for wit to go along with his natural charm " , but added that " fully one @-@ quarter of Goldeneye is momentum @-@ killing padding . " Several reviewers lauded M 's appraisal of Bond as a " sexist , misogynist dinosaur " , with Todd McCarthy in Variety saying GoldenEye " breathes fresh creative and commercial life " into the series . John Puccio of DVD Town said that GoldenEye was " an eye and ear @-@ pleasing , action @-@ packed entry in the Bond series " and that the film gave Bond " a bit of humanity , too " . Ian Nathan of Empire said that GoldenEye " revamps that indomitable British spirit " and that the Die Hard movies " don 't even come close to 007 " . Tom Sonne of the Sunday Times considered GoldenEye the best Bond film since The Spy Who Loved Me . Jose Arroyo of Sight & Sound considered the greatest success of the film was in modernising the series . GoldenEye was also ranked high in Bond @-@ related lists . IGN chose it as the fifth @-@ best movie , while Entertainment Weekly ranked it eighth , and Norman Wilner of MSN as ninth . ET also voted Xenia Onatopp as the sixth @-@ most memorable Bond Girl , while IGN ranked Natalya as seventh in a similar list . However , the film received several negative reviews . Richard Schickel of Time wrote that after " a third of a century 's hard use " , Bond 's conventions survived on " wobbly knees " , while in Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman thought the series had " entered a near @-@ terminal state of exhaustion . " Dragan Antulov said that GoldenEye had a predictable series of scenes , and Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film was " a middle @-@ aged entity anxious to appear trendy at all costs " . David Eimer of Premiere wrote that " the trademark humour is in short supply " and that " Goldeneye isn 't classic Bond by any stretch of the imagination . " Madeleine Williams said that " there are plenty of stunts and explosions to take your mind off the plot . " = = = Awards = = = GoldenEye was nominated for two BAFTAs , Best Sound and Special Effects , but lost to Braveheart and Apollo 13 , respectively . Éric Serra won a BMI Film Award for the soundtrack and the film also earned nominations for Best Action Film and Actor at the Saturn Awards and Best Fight Scene at the MTV Movie Awards . = = Appearances in other media = = GoldenEye was the second and final Bond film to be adapted to a novel by novelist John Gardner . The book closely follows the film 's storyline , but Gardner added a violent sequence prior to the opening bungee jump in which Bond kills a group of Russian guards , a change that the video game GoldenEye 007 retained . In late 1995 , Topps Comics began publishing a three @-@ issue comic book adaptation of GoldenEye . The script was adapted by Don McGregor with art by Rick Magyar . The first issue carried a January 1996 cover date . For unknown reasons , Topps cancelled the entire adaptation after the first issue had been published , and to date the adaptation has never been released in its entirety . The film was the basis for GoldenEye 007 , a video game for the Nintendo 64 developed by Rare ( known at the time as Rareware ) and published by Nintendo . The game was praised by critics and in January 2000 , readers of the British video game magazine Computer and Video Games listed GoldenEye 007 in first place in a list of " the hundred greatest video games " . In Edge 's 10th anniversary issue in 2003 , the game was included as one of their top ten shooters of all time . It is based upon the film , but many of the missions were extended or modified . GoldenEye 007 was modified into a racing game intended to be released for the Virtual Boy console . However , the game was cancelled before release . In 2004 , Electronic Arts released GoldenEye : Rogue Agent , the first game of the James Bond series in which the player does not take on the role of Bond . Instead , the protagonist is an aspiring Double @-@ 0 agent Jonathan Hunter , known by his codename " GoldenEye " recruited by a villain of the Bond universe , Auric Goldfinger . Except for the appearance of Xenia Onatopp , the game was unrelated to the film , and was released to mediocre reviews . It was excoriated by several critics including Eric Qualls for using the name " GoldenEye " as an attempt to ride on the success of Rare 's game . In 2010 , an independent development team released GoldenEye : Source , a multiplayer only total conversion mod developed using Valve 's Source engine . Nintendo announced a remake of the original GoldenEye 007 game at their E3 press conference on 15 June 2010 . The game is a modernised retelling of the original movie 's story , with Daniel Craig playing the role of Bond . Bruce Feirstein returned to write a modernised version of the script , while Nicole Scherzinger covered Tina Turner 's theme song . The game was developed by Eurocom and published by Activision for the Wii and Nintendo DS and was released in November 2010 . Both Wii and DS versions bear little to no resemblance to the locations and weapons of the original N64 release . In 2011 the game was ported to PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 under the name GoldenEye 007 : Reloaded .
= Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton = Joint a Tribal Council , of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton , 528 F.2d 370 ( 1st Cir . 1975 ) , was a landmark decision regarding aboriginal title in the United States . The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit held that the Nonintercourse Act applied to the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot , non @-@ federally @-@ recognized Indian tribes , and established a trust relationship between those tribes and the federal government that the state of Maine could not terminate . By upholding a declaratory judgement of the United States District Court for the District of Maine , the First Circuit cleared the way for the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot to oblige the federal government to bring a land claim on their behalf for approximately 60 % of Maine , an area populated by 350 @,@ 000 non @-@ Indians . According to the Department of Justice , the suit was " potentially the most complex litigation ever brought in the federal courts with social and economic impacts without precedent and incredible potential litigation costs to all parties . " The decision led to the passage of the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act in 1980 , allocating $ 81 @.@ 5 million for the benefit of the tribes , in part to allow them to purchase lands in Maine , and extinguishing all aboriginal title in Maine . The settlement was reached " after more than a decade of enormously complex litigation and negotiation . " The Passamaquoddy claim was " one of the first of a series of eastern Indian land claims to be prosecuted " and " the first successful suit for the return of any significant amount of land . " Compared to the $ 81 @.@ 5 million compensation in the Passamaquoddy case , the financial compensation of other Indian Land Claims Settlements has been " inconsequential . " = = Background = = = = = The transactions = = = Indigenous populations have been present in modern @-@ day Maine for 11 @,@ 000 years , with year @-@ round occupation for 6 @,@ 000 years . Burial sites associated with an Algonquian @-@ speaking culture date back 5 @,@ 000 years . The Wabanaki Confederacy , which included the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes , also pre @-@ dates European contact in the region . The Passamaquoddy may have had contact with Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 , but their first extended contact with Europeans would have been with a short @-@ lived settlement built on Dochet Island by Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons in 1604 – 1605 . Research by Emerson Baker in 1989 uncovered over 70 extant deeds documenting private purchases of land from indigenous peoples by English @-@ speaking settlers , the earliest dating to 1639 . But , most Passamaquoddy lands " remained beyond the reach of English settlers " until the mid @-@ 18th century . A few years prior to the end of the French and Indian Wars in 1763 , the Province of Massachusetts Bay had taken possession of all Penobscot land " below the head of the tide " of the Penobscot River ( near present @-@ day Bangor ) . During the Revolutionary War , both the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy , having been solicited by Superintendent John Allan , were allied with the colonies and fought against the British . After the war , Allan urged the Continental Congress to follow through on various promises made to the tribes ; Congress took no action and revoked Allan 's appointment . In 1794 , Allan — now as Commissioner for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts — negotiated a treaty with the Passamaquoddy that alienated most of the aboriginal lands at issue in the later litigation . The treaty reserved 23 @,@ 000 acres ( 93 km2 ) for the tribe . In 1796 , the Penobscot ceded 200 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 km2 ) in the Penobscot River basin . In 1818 , the Penobscot ceded all their remaining land , save some islands in the Penobscot River and four six @-@ mile @-@ square townships . Maine gained statehood in 1820 and assumed Massachusetts ' obligations under these treaties . The " final big grab " happened in 1833 , when Maine purchased the four townships , relegating the Penobscot to Indian Island . None of the land cessions occurred pursuant to a federally ratified treaty . According to Kempers : Since the beginning of this country 's history , most American Indian tribes have been subject to federal authority and jurisdiction . In Maine , however , indigenous populations lived on reservations that were exclusively and completely administered by the state . This unique arrangement shaped tribal life in Maine , and proved to be a crucial issue in the development and resolution of the tribe 's land claim . In the late 19th century , the Maine Supreme Court had held that the Passamaquoddy were not a tribe and had no aboriginal rights . = = = The dispute = = = In the 1950s , the Penobscot Nation had hired a lawyer to research the possibility of a land claim . In light of the Eisenhower administration 's Indian termination policy , counsel opined that " obtaining a fair hearing of their claim would be virtually impossible . " Up until the 1960s , Maine continued to fulfill certain provisions of the 1794 treaty , including the periodic provision of 150 yards of blue cloth , 400 pounds of powder , 100 bushels of salt , 36 hats , and a barrel of rum . By 1964 , of the 23 @,@ 000 acres ( 93 km2 ) reservation , 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 km2 ) had been diverted to other purposes and only 17 @,@ 000 acres ( 69 km2 ) remained under tribal control . In February 1964 , the tribal council of the Passamaquoddy Indian Township Reservation requested a meeting with Maine 's governor and attorney general to discuss a land dispute related to construction by non @-@ Indians on lands claimed by the tribe . The Passamaquoddy representatives were kept waiting for 5 hours after their scheduled meeting time with the governor , and the attorney general " smiled and wished them well if they ever took their claim to court . " Soon after the meeting , pursuant to a vote of the Passamaquoddy tribal council , 75 members protested against the construction project along Route 1 , resulting in 10 arrests . Charged with disorderly conduct and trespassing , they hired attorney Don Gellers to defend them . While these charges were still pending , Gellers began to prepare a land claim on behalf of the tribe . = = = Attorneys = = = Gellers ' theory was that Maine had violated the 1794 treaty by selling 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 km2 ) of land . Because Maine had made no provision for a waiver of its sovereign immunity ( for example , in a state claims court ) , Gellers ' strategy was to sue Massachusetts , hoping that Massachusetts would in turn sue Maine . On March 8 , 1968 , Gellers — affiliating with Massachusetts attorney John Bottomly — filed a suit in Suffolk Superior Court in Boston , seeking $ 150 million in damages . This initial claim involved land in and around the Indian Township Reservation . Three days later , Maine narcotics officers raided Gellers ' home and arrested him for possession of marijuana . Gellers was eventually convicted and , on bail , fled to Israel ; the lawsuit that he started was never prosecuted . Gellers was representing the Passamaquoddy pursuant to a 10 % contingency fee agreement . Gellers , in turn , had assigned 40 % of his fee to Bottomly . As the negotiations of the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act were reaching a close in May 1978 , even though neither Gellers nor Bottomly had performed any further work for the tribes , Bottomly filed suit in the District of Maine claiming he was entitled to a portion of any eventual settlement . On October 10 , Judge Gignoux dismissed Bottomly 's suit on the grounds of tribal sovereign immunity . When Bottomly 's appeal came before the First Circuit in 1979 , Maine filed an amicus brief arguing that the tribe was entitled to no such immunity . The First Circuit rejected this argument . A similar suit by Gellers — who had since been disbarred and changed his name to Tuvia Ben Shmuel Yosef — was thrown out in 1989 . Tom Tureen — who had worked as a summer law clerk for Gellers in the summer of 1967 — joined the Indian Legal Services Unit of Pine Tree Legal Services ( funded by the Office of Economic Opportunity to provide legal services to indigent clients ) after his graduation in June 1969 . For the remainder of the year , Tureen assisted Passamaquoddy members in " petty disputes " such as divorce and bill collection . In early 1970 , Tureen began assisting the tribe in an effort to receive federal grants . In 1971 , Tureen co @-@ wrote an article with Francis J. O 'Toole , the editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the Maine Law Review , arguing that Maine 's tribes should fall under federal , not state , jurisdiction . O 'Toole and Tureen noted that : " There is no evidence that the treaty was 1794 was made in compliance with the Non @-@ Intercourse Act . " The Passamaquoddy tribal council fired Gellers and asked Tureen to take over . Fearing that his federally funded legal aid employer could not withstand the political pressure that the suit would inevitably provoke , in 1971 , Tureen asked the Native American Rights Fund ( NARF ) to act as co @-@ counsel . Tureen himself would eventually move to NARF during the course of the litigation . Tureen attempted to persuade a large law firm to join the case pro bono . Among those who turned him down were Arthur Lazarus , Jr. of Frank , Harris , Shriver & Kampelman , who had litigated many claims in front of the Indian Claims Commission . Based on the acreage involved , Lazarus pointed out that the claim would net only $ 300 @,@ 000 before the Commission , which would be less than the cost of litigation . When Tureen said , " Mr. Lazarus , this is not an Indian Claims Commission case , this is a Nonintercourse Act claim , " Lazarus shook his head and told Tureen he was dreaming . Tureen was able to recruit Barry Margolin , David Crosby , and Stuart Ross of Hogan & Hartson . The other members of the team were Robert Pelcyger of NARF and Robert Mittel of Pine Tree Legal Assistance . = = = Prelude and petition = = = Tureen was critical of Gellers ' strategy because it required suing in state court ( which he believed would be biased against any such claim ) , because it limited the claim to the 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 km2 ) promised by the 1794 treaty , and because it would leave the tribes under state jurisdiction and ineligible for federal benefits . One theory that Tureen considered in order to overcome Maine 's sovereign immunity was to rely on United States v. Lee ( 1882 ) , which had permitted a land claim by the heirs of Robert E. Lee against the federal government . Tureen also feared that a federal court would find that it lacked subject @-@ matter jurisdiction for an ejectment action due to the well @-@ pleaded complaint rule , although the Supreme Court held otherwise in Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida ( 1974 ) — decided three years after the Passamaquoddy complaint was filed . Tureen also worried about the delay @-@ related defenses of laches , adverse possession , and statute of limitations . Tureen 's team discovered the six @-@ year federal statute of limitations for actions by the federal government for money damages related to Indian lands , 28 U.S.C. § 2415 ( b ) — which treated prior claims as arising on the date of its passage , July 18 , 1966 — a mere eighteen months before the it was due to expire on July 18 , 1972 . Although Tureen 's team had come up with alternate theories to overcome Maine 's sovereign immunity , the well @-@ pleaded complaint rule , and delay @-@ based defenses , it was " clearly established " that none of those weaknesses would apply to a Nonintercourse Act suit by the federal government . Tureen recommended that the tribe argue that the entire treaty was void and ask the federal government to seek possession of the entire 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 000 km2 ) on their behalf . The Passamaquoddy tribal council unanimously approved Tureen 's strategy . The Passamaquoddy also had grievances about the management of the tribal trust fund , tribal hunting and fishing rights , and the disfranchisement of tribal members from 1924 to 1967 . Later , in April , Tureen was approached by the Penobscot whose land claim concerned 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 km2 ) . On February 22 , 1972 , the governors of the Passamaquoddy tribes at Indian Township and Pleasant Point wrote a letter to Louis R. Bruce , the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs , asking him to initiate such a lawsuit before the July 18th deadline . In early March , Bruce sent a letter to the Department of the Interior recommending that the tribes ' request be granted . No reply was forthcoming before April 1 . Tureen met with William Gershuny , the Associate Solicitor for Indian Affairs , who said more time was needed . On mid @-@ May , Tureen persuaded Governor Kenneth Curtis to issue a public statement saying that the Passamaquoddy deserved their date in court . Senators Margaret Chase Smith ( R @-@ ME ) and Edmund S. Muskie ( D @-@ ME ) and Representatives William Hathaway ( D @-@ ME ) and Peter Kyros ( D @-@ ME ) also issued similar statements of support . Gershuny advised Interior to take no action , noting that " no court had ever ordered the federal government to file a lawsuit on behalf of anyone , much less a multi @-@ million dollar lawsuit on behalf of a powerless and virtually penniless Indian tribe . " While Tureen and his colleagues agreed that a court would be hesitant to order such litigation due to the doctrine of prosecutorial discretion , they believed that , in light of the impending statute of limitations , a court might order the federal government to simply file the lawsuit as an exercise of the court 's common law power to preserve its jurisdiction . = = District of Maine decision = = The tribes ' complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maine on June 2 , 1972 . The tribes asked for a declaratory judgment and a preliminary injunction requiring the Interior Department to file suit for $ 25 billion in damages and 12 @.@ 5 acres ( 51 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land . Tureen 's appearance before Judge Edward Thaxter Gignoux — two weeks after filing the complaint , at the first of two hearings — was his first ever appearance in court . Tureen relied on a provision of the Administrative Procedure Act , 5 U.S.C. § 706 ( 1 ) , which permits a review court to " compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed . " Justice Department lawyer Dennis Wittman represented the Secretary . Judge Gignoux gave the Secretary one week to either voluntarily file the suit or report its reasons for not doing so to him . At the second hearing , on June 23 , the Secretary took the position that the Nonintercourse Act did apply to the Maine ( and the original states ) , but that it only applied to federally recognized tribes . The Secretary also argued that filing a lawsuit would damage relations between the federal government and the state of Maine . When Judge Gignoux pointed out that Maine 's governor and entire Congressional delegation had called on the Secretary to bring suit , U.S. Attorney for Maine Peter Mills ( who was with Wittman at the counsel 's table ) declared that " he , too , wanted the government to bring suit " — causing laughter in the courtroom . After a recess , Judge Gignoux issued a preliminary order requiring the Secretary to file the lawsuit . The Secretary filed a suit — United States v. Maine — for $ 150 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in damages on behalf of the Passamaquoddy on July 1 , 1972 . The Penobscot Tribe voted to join the lawsuit late June , and the Secretary filed a second lawsuit , for the same amount , on behalf of the Penobscot on July 17 — one day before the statute of limitations would have expired . A few hours before the statutory period was due to expire the next day , Congress extended it for 90 days — the first of a series of such extensions . United States v. Maine was stayed , pending the resolution of Passamaquoddy v. Morton . Further , proceedings in the district court were put on hold until the First Circuit dismissed the Secretary 's interlocutory appeal from Judge Gignoux 's preliminary order in 1973 . The tribe amended their complaint , abandoning their request for injunctive relief and instead asking only for a declaratory judgment . Judge Gignoux allowed the state of Maine to intervene . Judge Gignoux 's ruling was issued on January 20 , 1975 , eighteen months after the oral arguments concluded . Judge Gignoux ruled in the tribe 's favor on the first two questions , and thus did not reach the third : whether the Nonintercourse Act applies to the Passamaquoddy Tribe ; whether the Act establishes a trust relationship between the United States and the Tribe ; whether the United States may deny plaintiffs ' request for litigation on the sole ground that there is no trust relationship = = First Circuit opinion = = The defendants appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit . On December 23 , 1973 , Judge Levin H. Campbell , for the unanimous panel , affirmed . Because the trust relationship was found , the First Circuit did not reach the third issue . = = = Applicability of Nonintercourse Act = = = The First Circuit held that the plain meaning of the Act applied to " any tribe , " whether federally recognized or not : Congress is not prevented from legislating as to tribes generally ; and this appears to be what it has done in successive versions of the Nonintercourse Act . There is nothing in the Act to suggest that ‘ tribe ’ is to be read to exclude a bona fide tribe not otherwise federally recognized . Nor , as the district court found , is there evidence of congressional intent or legislative history squaring with appellants ' interpretation . Rather we find an inclusive reading consonant with the policy and purpose of the Act . The Circuit acknowledged that its holding had great relevance to the tribe 's ultimate land claim : Before turning to the district court 's rulings , we must acknowledge a certain awkwardness in deciding whether the Act encompasses the Tribe without considering at the same time whether the Act encompasses the controverted land transactions with Maine . Whether the Tribe is a tribe within the Act would best be decided , under ordinary circumstances , along with the Tribe 's specific land claims , for the Act only speaks of tribes in the context of their land dealings . However , the Circuit did not wish to foreclose the result of that potential future lawsuit : [ W ] e are not to be deemed as settling , by implication or otherwise , whether the Act affords relief from , or even extends to , the Tribe 's land transactions with Maine . When and if the specific transactions are litigated , new facts and legal and equitable considerations may well appear , and Maine should be free in any such future litigation to defend broadly , even to the extent of arguing positions and theories which overlap considerably those treated here . = = = Existence of trust relationship = = = Campbell acknowledged that federal dealings with the Passamaquoddy had been sparse : [ T ] he federal government 's dealings with the Tribe have been few . It has never , since 1789 , entered into a treaty with the Tribe , nor has Congress ever enacted any legislation mentioning the Tribe . However , the Circuit held that the Nonintercourse Act alone was sufficient to create the trust relationship , even in the absence of federal recognition or a treaty : [ T ] he Nonintercourse Act imposes upon the federal government a fiduciary 's role with respect to protection of the lands of a tribe covered by the Act seems to us beyond question , both from the history , wording and structure of the Act and from the cases cited above and in the district court 's opinion . The purpose of the Act has been held to acknowledge and guarantee the Indian tribes ' right of occupancy . . . and clearly there can be no meaningful guarantee without a corresponding federal duty to investigate and take such action as may be warranted in the circumstances . Having found that the trust relationship existed , the Circuit rejected the remainder of Maine 's arguments on the grounds that " Congress alone has the right to determine when its guardianship shall cease . " However , the Circuit noted that " we do not foreclose later consideration of whether Congress or the Tribe should be deemed in some manner to have acquiesced in , or Congress to have ratified , the Tribe 's land transactions with Maine . " = = Settlement negotiations = = = = = During the Ford Administration = = = The defendants did not appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court , and the time for filing such an appeal lapsed on March 22 , 1976 . After Judge Gignoux 's decision became final , the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot gained federal recognition in 1976 , thus becoming eligible for $ 5 million / year in housing , education , health care , and other social services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Further , the Interior Department 's Solicitors Office began looking into whether and how it should proceed in United States v. Maine . Afterward , Tom Tureen ( the tribes ' lawyer ) tried to negotiate a cash settlement . At first Maine 's governor , James B. Longley , Maine 's attorney general , Joseph Brennan , and the Great Northern Nekoosa Corporation , the largest landowner in the state , were unwilling to discuss a settlement . With no one to negotiate with , Tureen devoted his energy to assisting the Solicitors Office in researching the legal and historical basis of the claim . In September 1976 , Boston law firm Ropes & Gray opined that the state 's $ 27 million municipal bond issue could not go forward using property within the claim area as collateral . On September 29 , Governor Longley flew to Washington , and Maine 's delegtion introduced legislation directing the federal courts not to hear the tribe 's claim ; Congress adjourned before the bills could be considered . Bradley H. Patterson , Jr . , a member of the Ford administration , evaluated the tribe 's claim and concluded that " Maine 's tribes stood to gain a sizeable portion of that state " if the federal government went forward and litigated the dispute on behalf of the tribe , to which the court had declared the tribe was entitled . Patterson evaluated various other options , and recommended a land and cash settlement ; however , in December 1976 , Ford decided to pass this issue to the next administration : that of President Jimmy Carter . = = = Interior memo = = = On January 11 , 1977 , prior to Carter 's inauguration , the Interior Department sent the Justice Department a litigation report on the merits of the claim , recommending that ejectment be sought against the landowners in the 1 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 acres ( 5 @,@ 100 km2 ) claim area populated by 350 @,@ 000 people . In response , Governor Longley called on the tribes to limit their claim to the value of the land as of 1796 , without interest ( the valuation method used in Indian Claims Commission cases ) , and called on Congress to pass legislation forcing the tribes to so limit their claim . Interior 's memo reached Peter Taft — the grandson of President Taft , and the head of the Justice Department 's Land and Natural Resources Division — who wrote to Judge Gignoux , declaring his intention to litigate test cases concerning 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 – 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 – 32 @,@ 000 km2 ) of forests ( mostly owned by large forestry companies ) within the claim area on June 1 , unless a settlement was reached . On March 1 , 1977 , the Maine delegation introduced bills to extinguish all aboriginal title in Maine without compensation . Senator James Abourezk ( D @-@ SD ) , the Chairman of the Senate 's Indian Affairs Committee , denounced the legislation as " one @-@ sided " and declined to hold hearings . = = = First task force = = = Soon after , Carter created a special White House task force to investigate the claims . Carter named retiring judge William B. Gunter , of the state Supreme Court of Georgia , to mediate the dispute . Archibald Cox — a professor at Harvard and the former Watergate special prosecutor — joined the tribes ' legal team pro bono . In response , Governor Longley hired Edward Bennett Williams , the named partner of Williams & Connolly , to represent the state . Three months of presentations to Judge Gunter ensued . On July 15 , 1977 , in a four @-@ page memorandum to President Carter , Gunter announced his proposed solution : $ 25 million from the federal treasury , 100 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 km2 ) from the disputed area to be assembled by the state and conveyed to the federal government in trust ( 20 % of the state 's holdings within the claim area ) , and the option to purchase 400 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 600 km2 ) at fair market value as negotiated by the Interior Secretary . If the tribes rejected the settlement , Gunter proposed that Congress extinguish all aboriginal title to privately held lands ( more than 95 % of the claim area ) , and allow the tribes to litigate their claims only to 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 km2 ) owned by the state of Maine . = = = Second task force = = = Both the tribes and the state rejected Gunter 's solution . In October 1977 , Carter appointed a new three @-@ member task force ( the " White House Work Group " ) , consisting of Eliot Cutler , a former legislative assistant to Senator Muskie and staffer at OMB , Leo M. Krulitz , the Interior Solicitor , and A. Stevens Clay , a partner at Judge Gunter 's law firm . Over a period of months , the task force facilitated negotiations over a settlement that would include portions of cash , land , and BIA services . A memorandum of understanding was signed in early February 1978 . The memorandum called for 300 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 km2 ) , with the additional land coming from the paper and timber companies , and a $ 25 million trust fund for the tribes . In return , the tribes would agree to the extinguishment of their aboriginal title as against all titleholders with 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 200 km2 ) or less ; this would have cleared title to more than 9 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 36 @,@ 000 km2 ) , leaving only the tribe 's claims against the state and fourteen private landowners such as the Great Northern Nekoosa Paper Corporation , the International Paper Company , the Boise Cascade Corporation , the Georgia @-@ Pacific Corporation , the Diamond International Corporation , the Scott Paper Company , and the St. Regis Paper Company . Further , the tribes would agree to dismiss their claims against the state for $ 1 @.@ 7 million in appropriations per year for 15 years and all claims against the private landowners for 300 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 km2 ) and an option to buy 200 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 km2 ) more at fair market value . Congress was to appropriate $ 1 @.@ 5 million to compensate the contributing private landowners and $ 3 @.@ 5 million to assist the tribes in exercising the option . = = = Final negotiations = = = On April 26 , Governor Longley and Attorney General Brennan finally sat down with Tureen and the tribal negotiating committee . Negotiations broke down over the issue of state taxation as well as civil and criminal jurisdiction . In response , in June , Attorney General Griffin Bell threatened to commence the first phase of the litigation against the state for 350 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 400 km2 ) and $ 300 million . In August , however , Bell informed Judge Gignoux that he would not proceed against the fourteen large private landowners . And , in September , Bell asked for a six @-@ month delay before prosecuting the claim against the state . Meanwhile , Representative William Cohen ( R @-@ ME ) was running against Senator William Hathaway ( D @-@ ME ) — the tribe 's main ally in Congress — in the 1978 election with TV advertisements criticizing Hathaway 's role in the land claim . After the public announcement of a new plan negotiated by Hathaway , Cohen defeated Hathaway in a landslide , while Brennan replaced Longley in the gubernatorial election . Although the tribes made progress in implementing the Hathaway plans with the paper and timber companies , Krulitz ceased to support the proposal when the full extent of the required federal appropriations became clear . Krulitz was replaced with Eric Jankel — assistant for intergovernmental affairs to Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus — with whom Tureen had previously negotiated the settlement to the Narragansett land claim in Rhode Island . Tureen and Jankel — along with Donald Perkins , a lawyer for the paper and timber companies — negotiated a solution whereby $ 30 million of the settlement funds would come from various programs in the federal budget . That settlement was presented to the Maine congressional delegation in August 1979 , but they refusal to endorse it until the Maine legislature had approved it . Governor Langley , in turn , refused to accept any deal that would limit the state 's jurisdiction over the tribes . Several legal developments occurred on the eve of the settlement . First , the First Circuit held in Bottomly v. Passamaquoddy Tribe ( 1979 ) that the Passamaquoddy were entitled to tribal sovereign immunity ( see supra ) . Second , the Maine Supreme Judicial Court held in State v. Dana ( 1979 ) that the state had no jurisdiction to punish on @-@ reservation arson because of the federal Major Crimes Act . Third , in Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe ( 1979 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court held that the provision of the Nonintercourse Act placing the burden of proof in land claims on non @-@ Indians did not apply to U.S. state defendants ( but did apply to corporate defendants ) ; further , language in Wilson threatened to confine the applicability of the Act to Indian country . The tribes persuaded the U.S. Solicitor General to file a motion asking the Court to delete that language from its opinion . The Court denied the motion . Maine unsuccessfully sought certiorari in Dana on the basis of Wilson . = = = Maine Implementing Act = = = Maine 's new attorney general , Richard S. Cohen ( no relation to the senator ) took over negotiations for the state ; soon , each side made new concessions . In March 1980 , draft legislation was approved by the tribes ' joint negotiating committee and ratified by an advisory referendum of the tribes ' membership . This vote also permitted the inclusion of the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians in the settlement . The Maine state legislature passed the Maine Implementing Act ( MIA ) , a statute enabling the settlement , on April 3 , 1980 . = = Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act = = Several political changes preceded the passage of the settlement act . First , Senator Edmund Muskie ( D @-@ ME ) — who previously seemed supportive of a settlement , but was gaining national prominence on the issue of fiscal responsibility prior to the 1980 Democratic primary — gave up his seat as Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee to accept President Carter 's nomination for Secretary of State . Second , Governor Brennan 's choice to replace Muskie ( and thus inherit his predecessor 's committee assignments ) was George Mitchell ( D @-@ ME ) — who had supported the land claim as U.S. Attorney and possessed legal gravitas due to his tenure as a District Judge . Another factor affecting the final push for the settlement was the fear that , if Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election , he would veto any settlement favorable toward the tribes . On June 12 , 1980 , Senators Mitchell and William Cohen ( R @-@ ME ) introduced the settlement act in the Senate . The House passed the Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act ( MICSA ) on September 22 , the Senate on September 23 , and President Carter signed it on October 10 . The appropriation bill funding the settlement was approved on December 12 . MICSA extinguished all aboriginal title in Maine . In return , the Act allocated $ 81 @.@ 5 million . $ 27 million was placed in trust for the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes , and the remaining $ 55 million was allocated towards the tribes ' purchase of up to 300 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 km2 ) of land . The land acquisition funds were divided such : $ 900 @,@ 000 for the Houlton Maliseet ; $ 26 @.@ 8 million for the Passamaquoddy ; and $ 26 @.@ 8 million for the Penobscot . Further , the Houlton Maliseet gained federal recognition ( which the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot had possessed since 1976 ) . Altogether , the Passamaquoddy , Penobscot , and Houlton tribes " received the equivalent of $ 25 @,@ 000 and 275 acres per capita . " = = Aftermath = = As of August 1982 , the Passamaquoddy had acquired approximately 40 @,@ 000 acres ( 160 km2 ) and the Penobscots approximately 150 @,@ 000 acres ( 610 km2 ) . As of January 1987 , the Passamaquoddy had acquired 115 @,@ 000 acres ( 470 km2 ) ; the Penobscot , 143 @,@ 685 acres ( 581 @.@ 47 km2 ) ( not including the 4 @,@ 841 acres ( 19 @.@ 59 km2 ) reservation ) ; and the Houlton had not yet acquired any . MICSA was subsequently amended to provide additional compensation to the Houlton and the Aroostook Band of Micmacs . The settlement acts created " unique jurisdictional relationships between the State of Maine and the tribes . " MICSA provided that the " Passamaquoddy Tribe , the Penobscot Nation , and their members , and the land and natural resources owned by , or held in trust [ for them ] . . . shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the State of Maine to the extent and in the manner provided in the Maine Implementing Act . . . . ” MIA provided that the tribes and their lands " shall be subject to the laws of the State and to the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the courts of the State to the same extent as any other person . . . or natural resources therein . " Outside of Maine , the federal government and tribal governments generally share concurrent civil and criminal jurisdiction in Indian country , and the state governments possess no jurisdiction unless granted by Congress . The First Circuit has interpreted the settlement acts to limit the authority of the Maine tribes relative to other federally recognized tribes . Under the settlement acts , federal law governs only " internal tribal matters . " Lawyer Nicole Friederichs argues that the " narrow interpretation of those statutes makes it difficult for tribal governments to serve and protect their peoples , lands , and culture " and that the result is incompatible with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . = = As a precedent = = The Passamaquoddy decision is binding only in the First Circuit , which includes the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , and Rhode Island , and the settlement act extinguished any further aboriginal title litigation in Maine . The Narragansetts were an early beneficiary of the Passamaquoddy precedent . In an opinion striking all the defendants ' affirmative defenses against the Narragansett land claim , the Rhode Island district court noted that " [ our ] task has been greatly simplified by the First Circuit 's analysis of the [ Nonintercourse ] Act in " Passamaquoddy . Citing Passamaquoddy , that court held that neither Rhode Island 's unilateral attempt to disband the Narragansett tribe nor its provision of services to the tribe " could operate to terminate the trust relationship . " Instead , the court held that the Narragansett need only establish that they were a tribe " racially and culturally " to come within the protection of the Act . The Narragansett claim was settled by legislation in 1978 . In Mashpee Tribe v. New Seabury Corp. ( 1979 ) , the First Circuit confronted a land claim by a non @-@ federally recognized tribe in Massachusetts . This time , because the tribe sought damages rather than a declaratory judgment , the question of tribal status went to a jury . And , the First Circuit affirmed the jury 's finding that the Mashpee had ceased to be a tribe . Mashpee cited Passamaquoddy for the principle that " courts will accord substantial weight to federal recognition of a tribe . " Although Passamaquoddy held that only Congress could terminate the trust relationship , Mashpee noted that " [ t ] he establishment of a trust relationship with tribes generally , however , did not guarantee the perpetual existence of any particular tribe . Plaintiff here must still prove that it was a tribe at the relevant times before it can claim the benefit of a trust relationship . " And , the First Circuit has held that only tribes , and not individual Indians , may bring Nonintercourse Act claims . In Mashpee , the First Circuit rejected the Mashpee 's attempt to stay the litigation until the Bureau of Indian Affairs ( BIA ) could adjudicate the tribe 's petition for federal recognition . The court noted : " The Department has never formally passed on the tribal status of the Mashpees or , so far as the record shows , any other group whose status was disputed . Therefore , the Department does not yet have prescribed procedures and has not been called on to develop special expertise in distinguishing tribes from other groups of Indians . " Yet , in 1978 , the BIA had promulgated regulations establishing the criteria for federal recognition of tribes . In light of these new regulations , and their later use , the Second Circuit has held that the BIA retains " primary jurisdiction " over tribal recognition . In other words , Nonintercourse Act claims by unrecognized tribes must be stayed until the BIA is given a timely opportunity to adjudicate the tribe 's petition for recognition . If the BIA rejects a tribe 's petition , the tribe 's Nonintercourse Act claim may be barred by collateral estoppel . = = Commentary = = In 1979 , John M.R. Paterson and David Roseman — who , as Deputy and Assistant Attorneys General for the State of Maine , respectively , were involved in the litigation — published a law review article criticizing the First Circuit 's Passamaquoddy decision . Paterson and Roseman argued that the Nonintercourse Act 's restriction on land purchases from tribes was not meant to apply to land within the territory of a U.S. state . According to Paterson and Roseman , " [ n ] either the district nor circuit courts in Passamaquoddy v. Morton had all the available legislative history , administrative rulings , legal analysis or case law necessary to make a fully informed decision . " Kempers ' 1989 study of the settlement is based on 35 interviews conducted with members of the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes ( 24 Penobscot members and 11 Passamaquoddy members ) conducted between September and December 1985 . According to Kempers , " [ t ] here is no clear consensus on how much the tribes gained or lost in the final negotiations . " But , in Kempers ' view , " [ i ] n the final analysis , however , the settlement negotiations appear to have compromised the very basis of the claim " by bringing the tribes under " much closer state supervision . " " In a very real way , the deterioration of culture that the tribes ' sought to reverse by going to court was aggravated by the litigation and the political negotiation of their claim . "
= Aqua ( Kingdom Hearts ) = Aqua ( Japanese : アクア , Hepburn : Akua ) , also known as Master Aqua ( マスター・アクア , Masutā Akua ) , is a fictional character from Square Enix 's video game franchise Kingdom Hearts . Having first made cameo appearances in the game Kingdom Hearts II , Aqua was introduced in the 2010 prequel Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep as one of the three protagonists . In the title , Aqua is introduced as a Keyblade @-@ wielding warrior training under Master Eraqus alongside her best friends Terra and Ventus . Following the disappearance of Master Xehanort , a comrade of Eraqus , Aqua and Terra are tasked with searching for him as while protecting the worlds from creatures known as Unversed . Unlike Terra and Ventus , Aqua was the only protagonist from Birth by Sleep who did not have a point of reference for director Tetsuya Nomura to design from , and thus was designed from scratch . Later in the design process , Nomura became concerned that Aqua would not be a popular character , and this drove his decision to make her very distinct in her personal bravery and combat abilities . While her outfit design was based on Terra 's , her movements were chosen to distinguish her from other characters by having her specialize in magical combat . Aqua has been voiced by Megumi Toyoguchi in Japanese and Willa Holland in English . Aqua received mixed reviews from game critics , citing boring plot lines and unenthusiastic voice acting combined with weak combat skills . With fans , Aqua was well received , and is one of Kingdom Hearts most popular characters . = = Appearances = = Before her introduction as a main character in Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , Aqua had earlier made small appearances in the secret endings from Kingdom Hearts II and its re @-@ release , Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix . Both events depicted Terra , Ventus and Aqua fighting Xehanort and his apprentice Vanitas . Moreover , Aqua 's Keyblade and armor appear in a room from Radiant Garden in Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , which Xemnas , the " Nobody " of Xehanort , often visits calling the armor " friend " . In Birth by Sleep , Aqua apprentices in the Land of Departure where potential Keyblade Masters study to receive their " Mark of Mastery " . Training alongside Aqua are her friends Terra and Ventus . Aqua takes the Mark of Mastery exam along with Terra and becomes a Keyblade Master . When Xehanort goes missing , their teacher Eraqus instructs Terra and Aqua to find him while also protecting the worlds they visit from creatures known as the Unversed . Following Terra 's departure , Eraqus asks Aqua to watch over Terra to see if he succumbs to his inner darkness and also bring back Ventus who has suddenly left the world . As she travels across the worlds , Aqua starts to question Terra 's actions in the worlds , while Ventus decides not to return home until Terra is safe . When Aqua meets Yen Sid , an acquaintance of Eraqus , Aqua is told that the latter was killed by Xehanort with Terra 's assistance . Aqua then goes to the Keyblade Graveyard to face confront Terra . He explains to Aqua how Xehanort tricked him into fighting Eraqus , while Ventus reveals that Xehanort plans to use him and his apprentice Vanitas to create the ultimate weapon , a Keyblade known as the χ @-@ blade . The three are then confronted by Xehanort and Vanitas , and proceed to battle . While Terra goes to battle Xehanort , Vanitas takes possession of Ventus ' body to create the χ @-@ blade . With help from King Mickey , Yen Sid 's student , Aqua fights the possessed Ventus until the χ @-@ blade explodes . After learning that Ventus has lost his heart , Aqua locks his catatonic body in Castle Oblivion created from the ruins of the Land of the Departure with Eraqus 's Keyblade . Aqua then tracks Terra to the Radiant Garden , only to find that he has been possessed by Xehanort . In the ensuing battle , Terra 's presence manifests , causing Xehanort to unlock his own heart in the internal struggle , and having lost his essence that makes him a whole person , he falls into the Realm of Darkness . However , Aqua saves Terra 's heart by sending her armor and Keyblade with him back to Radiant Garden . But Aqua ends up trapped in the nexus of the darkness in people 's hearts called the Realm of Darkness . Sometime after the events of Kingdom Hearts II , she meets Ansem the Wise , the former ruler of Radiant Garden , at the shores of the Dark Margin , a black moon @-@ lit ocean in the Realm of Darkness , and learns about the events that occurred in her absence regarding Sora , the new Keyblade bearer . Upon hearing Sora 's name and recognizing it as the name of the little boy she met on Destiny Islands who now possesses Ventus ' heart , Aqua sheds a tear and utters Sora 's name with renewed hope . Birth by Sleep Final Mix , an update of Birth by Sleep , features a secret episode that slightly expands on Aqua 's time in the Realm of Darkness , battling Heartless with her master 's Keyblade . In Kingdom Hearts Re : coded , Aqua is revealed to be one of the many people connected with Sora 's heart , causing Mickey to ask Sora to rescue them . She also makes small appearances in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance as part of Sora 's memories and in the ending where she is still at the shores of the Dark Margin . Aqua is slated to be the protagonist of Kingdom Hearts 0 @.@ 2 Birth by Sleep -A fragmentary passage- , which is part of Kingdom Hearts HD 2 @.@ 8 Final Chapter Prologue . This new chapter is a prologue to the events of Kingdom Hearts III , which heavily expands on her time in the Realm of Darkness . = = Creation and development = = For Aqua 's unnamed first appearance in the secret ending of Kingdom Hearts II , director Tetsuya Nomura stated he did not design her appearance , but had instead focused on what her story would be . While unwilling say who the character was , Nomura pointed that this new character scenes , along with Terra 's and Ventus ' scenes occurred prior to the events from the first game . Following the release of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , Nomura revealed more details about Aqua such as a connection with the character Xemnas . Nomura also revealed her name as said by the Lingering Sentiment in Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix and explained that her name follows the " water " theme brought by Kairi 's name . However , a connection with Kairi was not intended , but rather with the series ' main characters whose names bear various themes . In contrast to Terra and Ventus , Aqua did not have a reference point for the characters design , leading Nomura to create a completely new character from scratch . Her outfit was based on Terra 's Japanese @-@ inspired clothes which are meant to expand the student @-@ and @-@ teacher bond shown in the game . Aqua 's outfit was altered three times during the game 's development . Nomura felt the open back of Aqua ’ s outfit presented at the Tokyo Game Show 2009 was too revealing and modified the design to be more conservative . As with Terra and Ventus , the making of Aqua 's outfit created issues for Nomura like how she would be able to summon her armor . To remedy this , an " X " was added to her clothes as a means to activate her armor . When designing Aqua , Nomura was worried the character would be unpopular due to her weak connection with other Kingdom Hearts characters . This led to a push to make the character distinctly " strong " , which Nomura also did with Xion for Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days but in a different way . While Xion was also a " brave girl " , Nomura wanted to retain Aquas feminine qualities along with her strength . After design was completed , Nomura was still unsure how Aqua would be received . After release however , Nomura noted her popularity with fans , and referenced Megumi Toyoguchi 's work as her voice actress as one of the reasons . Toyoguchi had already worked with Nomura in Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 voicing Paine , one of the game 's protagonists . While Toyoguchi used a low tone with Paine , she used tone closer to her original voice when voicing Aqua , which Nomura praised . From the beginning of Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleeps development , the staff decided its story would have three plot lines centered around three different characters with Aqua 's being the last one written . The original ending of Aqua 's storyline showed her trapped in the Realm of Darkness , but that part was moved to the game 's " Last Episode " playthrough in order to keep the game from being too negative in tone . In terms of gameplay , Aqua was designed to be a character gamers would take some getting used to , and recommended them use her as the last one in order to understand the game 's story better , as he points that scenario with the intention that Aqua would be the last character to leave the Land of Departure . The staff developed her movements to reflect her personality as a serious and dignified young woman . = = Reception = = Aqua 's character has received mixed response from video game publications with initial comments focused on her brief appearance in Kingdom Hearts II . Writing for GamesRadar , Chris Antista commented that he did not understand the importance of Aqua and the other characters being briefly featured in Kingdom Hearts II , and only later was their importance explored at the end of Birth by Sleep . Prior to Aqua 's appearance in Birth by Sleep 's trailers , 1UP.com 's Jeremy Parish stated that fans speculated that the character would be male . Having played a demo from Birth by Sleep as Aqua in the E3 2010 , Ryan Clements from IGN enjoyed her character due to her gameplay mechanics . While reviewing Birth by Sleep , Adam Ghigiino from PALGN criticizing her " idealistic " dialogues , finding them repetitive . PlayStation LifeStyle 's Thomas Williams found the trio as welcome additions to the franchise , finding their stories enjoyable even though the three travel to the same worlds . Kevin VanOrd from GameSpot gave praise to Aqua 's character , based on her personality , how it counterparts Ventus ' as well as Holland 's voice acting . 1UP.com 's Steve Watts found Aqua 's gameplay as the weakest from all the three characters as in contrast to Ventus and Terra , she specializes in magic techniques which are weak during the game 's start . On the other hand , Bob Miur from Destructoid found it appealing due to how it contrast previous fighting styles seen in the Kingdom Hearts series . Aqua 's story was also found less entertaining than Ventus ' , but also less predictable than Terra 's . Following Square 's advice of using Aqua as the last playable GameInformer writer Bryan Vore liked how her actions were played with Ventus ' and Terra 's . However , Bore still cited Aqua 's playthrough as repetitive if played as the last one , and also said its plot was weakest from all of them . Alongside Ventus and Terra , X @-@ Play found Aqua similar to the protagonists from Kingdom Hearts with her being compared with Kairi . In contrast to Van Ord , RPGFan 's Ashton Liu found Aqua 's voice " bored for almost the whole game " , citing how it is notable when comparing her with other voice actors such as Mark Hamill and Leonard Nimoy . In an ASCII Media Works poll , Aqua was voted as the twelfth most popular video game character from 2010 . In a Famitsu poll from 2011 , Aqua was voted as the fourth most popular Kingdom Hearts character .
= Skin Trade ( film ) = Skin Trade is a 2014 action thriller film directed by Ekachai Uekrongtham , and starring Dolph Lundgren , Tony Jaa , Michael Jai White , and Ron Perlman . Lundgren wrote the film with Gabriel Dowrick and Steven Elder , while John Hyams performed uncredited script revisions . The film centers around New Jersey police detective Nick Cassidy , as he travels to Asia intent on killing the man who murdered his family , mobster Viktor Dragovic . He is also set on destroying Dragovic 's human trafficking network . Development started in 2007 after Lundgren read a news report about a group of girls being smuggled into the United States from Mexico . The girls were left in a vehicle along the border , and trapped inside , they all died of heat stroke and suffocation . Skin Trade had a $ 9 million production budget , and was shot over 50 days in Canada and Thailand . It was the first film to be shot in English by an organization based in Asia ( outside of Hong Kong ) for an international theatrical release . The film premiered at the American Film Market on November 7 , 2014 . This was followed by a limited theatrical release , starting on April 9 , 2015 in the United Arab Emirates , and succeeded by Thailand ( on April 23 ) , Malaysia ( on April 30 ) , and the United States ( on May 8 ) . The film grossed $ 384 thousand at the worldwide box office , but it received mostly negative reviews . Particular criticism was aimed at Jaa 's fluency in English , as well as at the film 's scant focus on human trafficking . = = Plot = = A Cambodian girl leaves her village for Bangkok . Upon arriving , she is kidnapped , drugged , and sold in the skin trade . In Newark , New Jersey , detective Nick Cassidy discovers that mobster Viktor Dragovic is in town . Meanwhile , in Bangkok , detective Tony Vitayakul attempts to buy a Thai girl from a group of human traffickers . When his cover is blown , he kills the traffickers and frees the girl from captivity . Captain Costello and Cassidy brief the police department on Dragovic ; revealing he runs the largest human trafficking network in the world . As a cargo ship owned by Dragovic approaches America , Cassidy and the department prepare to intercept it at the docks . When the ship arrives , Dragovic discovers the trafficked women have died during transport . The ship 's captain is held responsible and shot in the head . A shootout erupts as the police move in for an arrest . Cassidy chases Dragovic and his son , Andre , as they flee . He fatally shoots Andre in self @-@ defense and Dragovic is arrested . While in custody , Dragovic arranges to have Cassidy and his entire family murdered ; having his house blown up the same night . Cassidy 's wife and daughter are killed instantly , while Cassidy survives after being shot in the back . Costello and Reed , an FBI agent , visit Cassidy in hospital . They tell him Dragovic fled the US after being bailed . As soon as they leave , Cassidy staggers out of the hospital unnoticed . He gathers a few weapons and travels to the restaurant of Dragovic 's attorney . After forcing the attorney to reveal Dragovic 's whereabouts , Cassidy kills the attorney and blows up the restaurant . In Cambodia , Senator Khat warns Dragovic that unless he leaves the country immediately , he will be arrested and extradited to the United States . Dragovic blackmails the Senator into giving him two weeks to put his affairs in order and flee . Cassidy travels to Thailand in pursuit of Dragovic . Believing that Cassidy has experienced a nervous breakdown , the US authorities have ordered Reed to detain him as soon as he arrives . Tony and his partner , Nung , are told to assist with the arrest . At Suvarnabhumi airport , Cassidy flees as the police try to arrest him . Reed , who has been bought off by Dragovic , kills Nung and frames Cassidy for the murder . Tony pursues Cassidy through the streets , but Cassidy escapes ; he travels to a nightclub in Poipet , where - after torturing one of Dragovic 's men - he discovers the location of Dragovic 's current operations . Tony and Reed arrive at the nightclub and attempt to arrest Cassidy . After fighting with Tony , Cassidy escapes injured . Reed then uses Tony 's cell phone to uncover an informant , who happens to be Tony 's girlfriend , Min . While attempting to sabotage Dragovic 's operations , a shootout erupts between Cassidy and Dragovic 's men . Ivan and Goran shoot their half @-@ brother , Janko , on behalf of their father . Tony arrives and attempts to kill Cassidy , but after learning the truth about his partner 's death , he kills Reed instead . Before dying , Janko reveals his father 's location . The next day , Cassidy and Tony storm Dragovic 's compound . While there , Cassidy learns that his daughter , Sofia , was not killed , but placed in the human trafficking trade . Ivan tries to kill Min , but Tony shoots him in the head . Cassidy destroys a vehicle with a rocket @-@ launcher , and as a result , Dragovic ’ s helicopter leaves without him . During a shootout between Cassidy and Dragovic 's men , Goran is killed in a hand @-@ to @-@ hand fight with Tony . After the shootout , Cassidy fights with Dragovic ; ultimately stabbing him in the chest . He attempts to retrieve the whereabouts of his daughter from the dying Dragovic , but fails . In the aftermath , Cassidy says goodbye to Tony and Min . Before leaving , he gives them a picture of Sofia and tells them to hold onto it until he has found her . He then sets out in search of his daughter . = = Cast = = Dolph Lundgren as Nick Cassidy , a New Jersey police detective seeking to avenge the murder of his family . Tony Jaa as Tony Vitayakul , a Thailand police detective tasked with arresting Cassidy . Michael Jai White as Reed , an FBI agent . Ron Perlman as Viktor Dragovic , a Serbian mobster running an international human trafficking ring . Mike Dopud as Goran Dragovic , Viktor 's eldest son , who oversees his father 's operations in the Middle @-@ East . David Westerman as Ivan Dragovic , Viktor 's other son , who oversees his father 's operations in South @-@ East Asia . Leo Rano as Janko Dragovic , Viktor 's son from another relationship , who manages a chain of nightclubs in Thailand . Michael G. Selby as Andre Dragovic , Viktor 's youngest son . Celina Jade as Min , Tony 's girlfriend . Peter Weller as Costello , the captain of Cassidy 's police department in Newark , New Jersey . Tasya Teles as Rosa Cassidy , Nick 's wife . Chloe Babcook as Sofia Cassidy , Nick 's teenage daughter . The film also stars Cary @-@ Hiroyuki Tagawa as Khat , the Senator of Cambodia ; Maethi Thapthimthong as Nung , Tony 's partner on the Thai police force ; and Bryce Hodgson as Dex , a petty criminal from New Jersey . The film 's co @-@ writer , Steven Elder , appears in a minor role as Dragovic 's attorney . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Lundgren started researching human trafficking in 2005 . He claimed there were " 20 million slaves in the world " , and that human trafficking was a " $ 20 billion industry " ; the world 's " second largest " illegal trafficking enterprise ( as of 2015 ) . He started developing Skin Trade in 2007 ; after reading a news report about a group of girls being smuggled into the United States from Mexico . The girls were left in a vehicle along the border ; trapped inside and with no means of escape , they all died of heat stroke and suffocation . Lundgren , who had " two young daughters " at the time , felt the story of human trafficking " had to be told " . He related with each of the victims , saying : " these people are physically humiliated [ and ] psychologically abused to have no self worth , sort of like [ how ] I used to feel " . = = = Screenplay = = = Lundgren wrote the screenplay with Gabriel Dowrick and Steven Elder , while John Hyams performed uncredited script revisions ; seven in total , frequently regarding the setting as Lundgren sought financing . The original script was set in Russia . Lundgren even went as far as to scout for locations and actors ; and to seek financing in Moscow , but it " didn 't work out " . He changed the setting to Southeast Asia after meeting " someone " interested in financing the film . = = = Casting = = = Originally , Lundgren planned on playing a supporting role , with a more famous actor in the lead . He also considered directing the film , but decided against it , as he desired to learn more about producing . In 2013 , Lundgren announced the casting of Tony Jaa , in the role of Tony Vitayakul ; and Ekachai Uekrongtham as the director . Lundgren chose Uekrongtham after being impressed with his film , Beautiful Boxer . He contacted him through a mutual friend in Los Angeles , and in mid @-@ 2013 , they arranged to meet in the city . While he had previously turned down scripts offered to him for international markets , Uekrongtham found Skin Trade " riveting " . He said the script " [ had ] the potential to work as a character @-@ driven piece while saying something about how we deal with scars , literal and otherwise " . Jaa , on the other hand , met with Lundgren through his manager and film agent . He couldn 't speak any English when cast , but claimed to have taken " intensive " lessons in preparation for his role ; stating he is now " reasonably fluent " in " conversational " English . Tasya Teles was cast as Rosa Cassidy on Christmas Day , 2013 . She was heading to Thailand for a holiday " after a year of hard work " , and her agent phoned to tell her about the " perfect role " ; even insisting on her having a " quick look " at the script . Once Teles realized Skin Trade was about human trafficking , she was " instantly hooked " . On February 7 , 2014 , SC Films announced the casting of Michael Jai White , Ron Perlman , Peter Weller , Celina Jade , and Cary @-@ Hiroyuki Tagawa . The film 's co @-@ producer , Craig Baumgarten , was White and Weller 's manager ; he secured them both roles in the film . Weller was the original choice to play Viktor Dragovic , but due to scheduling issues , the role went to Perlman instead . Furthermore , Lundgren considered having White to co @-@ star ; White only accepted the role of FBI agent Reed after finding the script " appealing " . = = = Principal photography = = = Filming began on February 2 , 2014 in Thailand . Skin Trade was shot over 50 days : 43 filming in Thailand , and four filming in Vancouver , Canada . In Thailand , filming locations included : Suvarnabhumi Airport , the Min Buri District , the Siam Kempinski Hotel , a rice mill , a leather @-@ bleaching factory , and a century @-@ old mansion . Filming was briefly disrupted by public protests relating to the Thai political crisis . To avoid any further interference , the cast and crew had to travel early to get through the traffic and to the set on time . Most of the film was shot on location , but some scenes were filmed at Baanrig Studios . Skin Trade was the first film to be shot in English by an organization based in Asia ( outside of Hong Kong ) for an international theatrical release . Uekrongtham arranged a " few lunches and dinners " between Lundgren and his on @-@ screen family ( Tasya Teles and Chloe Babcook ) , so they could bond " on a personal level " before filming scenes together . Babcook spent a week and a half filming her scenes in Bangkok , followed by a few days of filming in Vancouver . The " heavily choreographed " fight scene between Lundgren and Jaa was planned over " [ one ] or two " months . It was rehearsed for two weeks and took a further week to film . Due to Lundgren 's role as co @-@ producer , the cast had a lot of freedom to improvise their scenes . Jaa filmed his fight scenes without using wirework or CGI . He felt this would give his character " more depth " and allow him to better display his acting abilities . Jaa also performed all of his own stunts . Lundgren claimed he was " very impressed " by Jaa 's acting and fighting abilities . In his opinion , the majority of people wouldn 't be able to perform Jaa 's stunts without using wirework . According to White , his fight scenes with Jaa were " largely " choreographed ten minutes before filming . On the contrary , Jaa insisted it was something they were practicing " right up until the shoot " . He recalled that while they were rehearsing the sequences and moves together " quite extensively " for a " number of days " , they didn 't rehearse them on the film set . The fight was filmed in three takes . = = = Effects = = = Explosions were shot at Baanrig Studios ; by the special effects team that had worked on The Expendables . = = = Editing = = = According to Lundgren , the " large " number of editors resulted in him having less " [ creative ] control " over the final product . As co @-@ producer of the film , Lundgren assumed he would have been more involved in the editing process . = = Release = = The worldwide premiere was held at California 's American Film Market on November 7 , 2014 , while the Thailand premiere was held in Bangkok ; at the Siam Paragon on April 23 , 2015 . This was followed by theatrical releases in the United Arab Emirates ( on April 9 , 2015 ) , Malaysia ( on April 30 ) , and the United States ( on May 8 ) . On May 21 , 2015 , the film was screened at a fundraising event for CAST ( The Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking ) , a charitable organization based in Los Angeles that helps to rescue and reintgrate victims of human trafficking back into society . Lundgren , who was looking for ways to " help out " , started volunteering for CAST during the film 's development stage . = = = Marketing = = = A teaser poster was released in 2013 , followed by a teaser trailer on March 26 , 2014 . On April 7 of the same year , Lundgren promoted Skin Trade on CNN . He appeared live in the studio and discussed the film with news anchor Richard Quest . At the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , Hyde Park International presented potential buyers with nine minutes of footage . Magnolia Pictures acquired the U.S. distribution rights on February 20 , 2015 , and announced they were releasing the film through their subsidiary label , Magnet Releasing . The film 's official trailer was released on March 12 , 2015 . = = = Critical reception = = = Skin Trade received mostly negative reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25 percent of critics gave a positive review ; the " average " rating being 4 @.@ 8 out of 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 39 out of 100 , also indicating " generally unfavorable " reviews . Martin Tsai , of the LA Times , described the film as a " movie where cops self @-@ righteously act as judge , jury and executioner " , without considering any protocols or procedures . He also said the film barely touches upon human trafficking . Nick Schager , of Variety , came to a similar conclusion , calling the issue of human trafficking ( within the film ) a " window dressing " for standard " revenge @-@ driven " action . Schager also criticized Jaa 's lack of fluency in English . Other critics have had similar feelings ; Ignatiy Vishnevetsky , of A.V. Club , called it one of the film 's " biggest drawbacks " . Chuck Bowen , of Slant Magazine , heavily criticized the film ; he awarded zero out of four stars . He said Skin Trade " fails " to satisfy even the " qualified expectations " that someone brings to a " low @-@ rent Dolph Lundgren ass @-@ kicker " . Bowen went on to say there is " no beauty to this film , little rhythm " , and none of the " physical grace " that action @-@ film fans " crave " . Frank Scheck , of The Hollywood Reporter , rated the film as poor , saying the film is " more suitable for late night cable viewing " than a theatrical release . He went on to criticize Uekrongtham 's directing , saying that " [ Uekrongtham ] clearly paid more attention to the casting than the onscreen mechanics . And for a film so seemingly interested in educating audiences about the evils of sex trafficking " , Uekrongtham has no problem with " including [ a ] copious [ amount ] of female nudity " . Scott Tobias , of The Dissolve , rated the film two and a half out of five . Calling the film a " throwback to the one @-@ man @-@ army [ action films ] " of the 1980s , he said " if the film happens to raise awareness [ of human trafficking ] " , then it 's more of a " bonus than an objective " . Tobias took a disliking to the film 's " needlessly complicated setup " , which - according to him - " posits Skin Trade as the splashy global production that it [ clearly ] is not " . Simon Abrams , of Rogerebert.com , gave the film a positive review ; he awarded three out of four stars , and praised the film 's choreography and fight scenes . He said that " while time hasn 't been kind to the best ass @-@ kicking knuckle @-@ draggers , Skin Trade is energetic and winsome " . In his opinion , the movie " hails " from a " decadent period of action cinema " ; " when every renegade cop had a private vendetta , a pet charity / social concern , and a few lousy quips in his back pocket " . He summed his review saying : " you can teach a new dog old tricks , though why you would want to is anyone 's guess " . The Action Elite 's Eoin Friel also enjoyed the film ; he awarded four out of five stars , and praised the choreography , stunts and fight scenes . Unlike Schager or Vishnevetsky , Friel had no issues with Jaa 's fluency in English , and even felt he " handled " the language " pretty well " . = = = Box office performance = = = The film debuted in the United Arab Emirates on April 9 , 2015 . It peaked in fifth place at the box office , and made $ 79 @,@ 286 from 19 screenings ( $ 4 @,@ 173 per theater ) . No information is available for the film 's Thailand debut , but it peaked in fifth place during the second week , and grossed $ 137 @,@ 643 from 40 screenings ( $ 3 @,@ 441 per theater ) . By the end of the third week , the film dropped to eleventh place at the Thai box office , making a further $ 3 @,@ 686 ( bringing the entire gross to $ 141 @,@ 329 in Thailand ) . For its debut in Malaysia , Skin Trade came in sixth place , and made $ 98 @,@ 559 from 42 screenings ( $ 3 @,@ 861 per theater ) . By the end of the second week , it dropped two places at the box office , making a further $ 32 @,@ 917 from 39 screenings ( bringing the entire gross to $ 162 @,@ 163 in Malaysia ) . Skin Trade grossed a total of $ 382 @,@ 784 at the foreign box office . The film debuted in the United States on May 8 , 2015 , making $ 162 ( from one theater showing ) during its opening weekend . It remained in the one theater for a second week , grossing a further $ 510 . By the end of its third and final week of release in the US , Skin Trade grossed a total of $ 1 @,@ 242 at the domestic box office , bringing the film 's entire theatrical gross to $ 384 @,@ 026 . = = = Home media = = = Skin Trade was released through Video @-@ on @-@ Demand on April 23 , 2015 , On August 25 , Magnet Releasing distributed the film on Blu @-@ ray and DVD . In the United States , the film was given an R rating by the Motion Picture Association of America , while in the United Kingdom , it was issued a 15 rating by the British Board of Film Classification . As of January 1 , 2016 , Skin Trade has grossed $ 959 thousand in domestic home video sales . = = Soundtrack = = All of the music was written and composed by Jacob Groth . The song " Unzip Me " by Belle Rev was played in the film , but not included in the soundtrack . = = Potential sequel = = Teles said she would be open to returning for a sequel ; she feels the film was " nicely set up " for one , and claims " [ the cast and crew are ] wondering " if there will be a follow @-@ up . On the possibility of a sequel , Lundgren said : " I didn ’ t consider [ Skin Trade ] as a franchise , but when I was over there [ in Thailand ] , I started thinking , ' How would I do this different ? How would I stay close to the subject matter ? ' Organ trafficking is quite big as well , so I thought that could be interesting . We could follow up with some kind of other trade " .
= Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager = " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " is the 24th episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 150th episode overall . The episode was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Troy Miller . It originally aired in the United States on May 12 , 2011 on NBC . The episode also features guest appearances from Kathy Bates , Cody Horn and Michael Schur . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) becomes the interim regional manager , instituting a typically heavy @-@ handed management style . Meanwhile , Gabe ( Zach Woods ) tries to win back Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) , but Andy ( Ed Helms ) gets in his way . The episode received positive reviews from critics , with many commenting that it proved the series could survive without the lead actor , Steve Carell , and others calling it the best episode of the series in years . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " drew an estimated 6 @.@ 45 million viewers and earned a 3 @.@ 3 rating / 8 % share among those aged 18 – 49 , making it the second @-@ lowest @-@ rated episode of the season after " Todd Packer " . = = Synopsis = = When Deangelo Vickers ends up in a coma on life support , Jo Bennett ( guest star Kathy Bates ) makes Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) the interim regional manager before they find a proper replacement , much to Jim 's chagrin , as the office had actually functioned very smoothly during the manager hiatus . As Jim ( John Krasinski ) notes , everyone showed up , worked for the day with reasonable breaks , and were highly productive . Once appointed , Dwight establishes a strict management style in stark contrast to their previously relaxed style , from making the employees say the Pledge of Allegiance to setting up firewalls and long passwords to use the office 's various machines and installing antique punch clocks . Jim , who had turned down the temporary manager position believing that they should not be assigned one at all , is especially unhappy with the changes , and begins pranking Dwight by suggesting that he is leading an uprising called " The Fist " . In order to impress Jo , Dwight buys a gun , though he is more excited when he receives a holster as a gift from a relative , and uses the gun to accessorize . Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) insists that he put it away , but Dwight accidentally fires the gun right by Andy ( Ed Helms ) , causing him temporary hearing loss . Dwight attempts to bribe the office workers into silence with various favors , and Jim insists that Dwight do outlandish things ( such as saying " Shagedelic , baby " ) at certain promptings . Meanwhile , Gabe ( Zach Woods ) continues with his attempts to win back Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) . He invites Andy to go to the conference room to speak in private . Gabe breaks down , and Andy promises he won 't date Erin again . Gabe confronts Andy with the promise after he sees the two hanging out together , but Andy stands up for himself and embarrasses Gabe by describing Gabe 's crying fit to Erin . When asked whether he wants to date Erin , he refuses to give a straight answer . When Jo comes to visit the branch , Dwight admits to the gun incident . He attempts to divert the blame to his employees , saying that blackmail is a bigger crime than firing a gun accidentally , but Jo takes the position away from him . Jo later puts Creed ( Creed Bratton ) , who has the most seniority in the office , in charge until a committee composed of Jim , Toby ( Paul Lieberstein ) , and Gabe find a replacement . While Jim tells Dwight that Jo did the right thing , he also compliments Dwight , noting that the office got every single company order out on time . = = Production = = " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " was the ninth episode of the series written by supervising producer Justin Spitzer , and the first directed by Troy Miller . The original working title for this episode was " Interim Manager " but was considered too bland by Office writer Mindy Kaling . While writing the episode , Spitzer originally titled it " Dwight K. Schrute " , but decided the title was not descriptive enough , so he renamed it " Dwight K. Schrute , Interim Manager " , before realizing that Acting Manager fits Dwight 's role better and changed it to " Dwight K. Schrute , Acting Manager " . Spitzer then decided that Dwight would downplay the acting part of the position and renamed the episode to its current title " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " . The episode features the return of Kathy Bates as Jo Bennett . This is her first on @-@ screen appearance since " Nepotism " . The long absence is due to her starring in the other NBC series , Harry 's Law . The episode also marks the second appearance of Cody Horn as Jordan Garfield , Deangelo 's executive assistant , and the first of three new roles since Carell 's departure . The role was originally said to be recurring at first with a chance of her becoming a series regular in the eighth season . She eventually did not return for the eighth season . The episode also features a voice guest appearance from former producer and writer for The Office Michael Schur as Mose Schrute , his first appearance on the show since " Counseling " due to his being the show runner for the other NBC sitcom , Parks and Recreation . The official website for The Office included two cut scenes from " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " within a week of the episode 's release . In the first , 66 @-@ second clip , Dwight shows the documentary crew his new office apparel including his desk modeled after Uday Hussein 's desk . In the second , 77 @-@ second clip , Jim pranks Dwight by putting fake results from Jordan 's surveillance of the office . Later in her talking head , it is hinted that Jordan has a crush on Jim . In the third , 86 @-@ second clip , the staff realize they are stuck with Dwight as their boss as Phylis attempts to remember a movie . In the fourth , 49 @-@ second clip , Gabe attempts to get Erin back by using her love of Pixar films , but ultimately fails . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast on May 13 , 2011 , " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 45 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 3 rating / 9 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 3 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a nine percent drop in the ratings from the previous episode making it the second @-@ lowest @-@ rated episode of the season in the 18 – 49 demographic , after " Todd Packer " . " Dwight K Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " was the sixth most @-@ watched scripted show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 . = = = Reviews = = = " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " received positive reviews from critics . IGN reviewer Cindy White commented : " This episode proved that the show can be funny without him ( Steve Carell ) " . She also praised Rainn Wilson and John Krasinski 's performance in the episode calling it " one of my favorite dynamics on the show " . However , she criticized the Andy @-@ Gabe @-@ Erin love triangle storyline , commenting : " It 's only been made worse by the way they 've turned Gabe from meek , bumbling burocrat [ sic ] into unhinged stalker guy . " She ultimately gave the episode an 8 @.@ 0 / 10 . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called the episode " fun " and a " drastic improvement from ' The Inner Circle ' " . He mainly praised the return of " The Dwight / Jim dynamic " , writing that he " briefly rethought the idea of Dwight as long @-@ term boss " , and went on to praise the writers for featuring Dwight as manager for only one episode . He ultimately concluded that " the first real impression of the show after Michael was a strong one . " TV Squad writer Joel Keller was very positive towards the episode commenting that " The story also gave me faith that Lieberstein and company might actually do a credible job of exploring the other folks in the office now that the show 's dominant force , Michael , is gone " . The A.V. Club 's Myles McNutt stated that " ' Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager ' demonstrated that the show is perfectly capable of being funny without Carell " , but criticized the episode for not featuring more " subtle " humor . He ultimately gave the episode a B. Sam Morgan of Hollywood.com called the episode " fairly decent episode " commenting that the concept of the episode was similar to the 10th episode of the seventh season , " China " . He also positively commented on Ellie Kemper 's performance , writing that " She came into this series as a sketch actor but for the first time I think she finally started being an ' actor . ' " Several commentators praised the scene featuring Dwight massaging Kevin 's back . " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager " was voted the fourth highest @-@ rated episode out of 24 from the seventh season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 8 @.@ 81 out of 10 . In another poll , the episode was voted the second @-@ highest @-@ rated out of 24 from the seventh season , according to an " Survivor " episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally .
= The Last Dog on Earth = The Last Dog on Earth is a 2003 young adult novel written by Daniel Ehrenhaft . It follows Logan , a lonely 14 @-@ year @-@ old boy who adopts a dog from an animal shelter and names her Jack . The pair 's relationship is soon threatened by an incurable prion disease spreading across the nation . Infected dogs become unnaturally violent and bloodthirsty , culminating in the deaths of several people . As public fear heightens and the government intervenes to control the outbreak , Logan struggles to reform his life and remain with Jack . The Last Dog on Earth largely focuses on the impact of disease and both public and governmental panic . Society is ravaged by fear over the epidemic , endangering Logan and Jack despite the two being uninfected . Additionally , the novel presents a coming of age story in which Logan , a troubled youth , matures through his relationship with Jack , his only friend . Despite 17th Street Productions holding the rights to The Last Dog on Earth , Dell Publishing gained permission to publish it . The company released the novel in hardcover in 2003 and in paperback in 2004 . Throughout 2009 , the book was published on various e @-@ book readers , including the Nook , Kindle , and several Apple Inc. products . The Last Dog on Earth was a winner of the Texas Lone Star Reading List and recognized by YALSA on a 2006 book list for young adults . The novel garnered mixed feedback from critics , who generally felt that the plot held appeal , but that Ehrenhaft tended to rely on coincidence . = = Plot = = Logan Moore is a troubled 14 @-@ year @-@ old boy living with his mother Marianne and stepfather Robert in Newburg , Oregon . Logan does not get along well with Robert or his mother , and holds a grudge against his biological father for leaving when he was young . After an incident at a barbecue , Robert decides to purchase a Labrador Retriever in order to teach Logan responsibility . Eager to rebel against his stepfather , Logan convinces his mother to adopt a dog from an animal shelter . He plans to choose an ugly dog and teach it destructive behavior . At the shelter , Logan encounters a young female mutt who immediately takes a liking to him . Logan adopts the dog and names her Jack after Robert 's former dog . Meanwhile , a new prion disease named Psychotic Outburst Syndrome ( or POS ) is affecting dogs , causing friendly pets to become violent . Officials struggle to control the disease and immediately terminate any dogs that catch it . Humans soon begin to contract the disease . Logan quickly bonds with Jack and values her as his only friend . After getting into trouble while attempting to protect her , Logan is sent to boot camp while Jack remains at home . Both he and Jack manage to escape , find each other , and begin traveling together . During their journey , they encounter another dog called White Paws : Jack 's brother who has become infected with POS . White Paws attacks Jack and severely wounds her before dying . Logan worries that Jack may have contracted the disease through contact with White Paws . The pair continue their journey until they reach the town of Dayville . Logan faintly remembers that his biological father lives in the town and decides to find his father and confront him . While Logan is stealing food from a local shop , Jack is found by three men who , fearing that she may be infected , beat her . Logan is arrested and manages to find his father 's address at the police station before escaping . He returns to find Jack nearly dead and carries her , attempting to find his father 's house , until he faints from exhaustion . He awakens in the house of his biological father , Dr. Craig Westerly , who had found Logan unconscious by his car . Logan learns from Craig that he had not abandoned him and his mother , but that Marianne had divorced him . Logan fears for Jack 's life , afraid that she is infected or will be euthanized . Craig runs tests on the dog and learns that Jack , despite having been in contact with POS , isn 't infected : she is immune . Craig decides to take Jack to a doctor so that a vaccine can be created . During the meeting , Rudy Stagg , a man infected with POS who had been killing dogs in order to contain the outbreak , stumbles into their room . Rudy ignores pleas to spare Jack and shoots at her , but Logan dives in front of the dog and is shot instead . Logan suffers a collapsed lung and falls into a coma . He awakens weeks later and learns that Jack is on life support . He says a final goodbye to Jack before her life support is turned off . Jack 's immunity to POS leads to the creation of a vaccine and cure , and Logan is finally able to reconcile with Robert , Craig , and Devon Wallace — a childhood enemy whose dog died due to POS . The novel 's epilogue , written as a newspaper article , reveals Logan and his family hold a private ceremony to honor Jack . = = Themes and style = = Ehrenhaft deals with several themes over the course of The Last Dog on Earth . Kirkus Reviews commented on the " backdrop of rising governmental and public panic " that interfere with Jack and Logan ; despite escaping the disease , they are unable to escape the panic . Rachel Seftel , author of a Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy review , also commented on the " mass hysteria " that arose due to POS and noted the novel 's core theme of a troubled youth being taught " valuable lessons until an external force threatens to tear them apart . " In order to track particular events and plot points related to POS , Ehrenhaft inserts various messages , faxes , and articles throughout the novel . = = Publication history = = 17th Street Productions , a branch of Alloy Entertainment , holds the rights to The Last Dog on Earth . Dell Publishing ( a division of the larger publisher Random House ) made arrangements with 17th Street to have it released under their name . On February 11 , 2003 , the novel was released in hardcover , and was later reprinted in paperback under Dell 's Yearling book imprint on June 8 , 2004 . In January 2009 , the novel received a Barnes & Noble Nook release in the United States , enabling it to be read on the Nook e @-@ book readers . The listed file size of The Last Dog on Earth is 2224 KB for the brand . On January 21 , 2009 , the book was released for the Kindle , Amazon.com 's online e @-@ book reader . Its listed file size is 448 KB . On February 3 , 2010 , The Last Dog on Earth was released on Apple Inc . ' s iTunes . It is listed as being compatible with the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad . Later , on February 25 , 2009 , the novel was released digitally with EPUB and mobile @-@ specific file types for the Borders Group e @-@ book app . = = Reception and influence = = The Last Dog on Earth has been nominated for several awards . The novel was recognized and listed on the Texas Library Association 's 2004 – 2005 Texas Lone Star Reading List . The book was also a nominee for the 2005 Mark Twain Award and 2007 Minnesota Young Reader Award . The Last Dog on Earth was named on " Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults 2006 " , a list created by YALSA ( Young Adult Library Services Association ) , a division of the American Library Association . The list is conceived by a committee and compiles various novels that hold appeal to teen readers . The Last Dog on Earth was included in the " What Ails You ? " category , comprising literature " about how diseases , disorders , and other general health related symptoms affect our lives " . In a 2005 interview , Daniel Ehrenhaft mentioned that a school in Chicago created an extracurricular activity wherein " kids designed games and gadgets " , having been inspired by Logan 's hobby of inventing devices . The Last Dog on Earth has received mixed reception from critics , who have praised the plot , but criticized the heavy use of coincidences to advance the plot . Kirkus Reviews commented that " happenstance plays a large role in the plot " and thought Ehrenhaft had " a tendency to trot in typecast characters , then summarily drop them " , but wrote that it would appeal to " disaster @-@ tale fans with a taste for the lurid " . Within the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy , Volume 47 , Rachel Seftel reviewed the novel . She felt that The Last Dog on Earth 's main strength was the " well @-@ developed and sympathetic protagonist " Logan , but noted that the " memos and several subplots " interspersed between chapters and Ehrenhaft 's " [ somewhat ] heavy @-@ handed " attempts to foreshadow were drawbacks . Seftel concluded that , despite Ehrenhaft 's " reach at times [ exceeding ] his grasp , " The Last Dog on Earth was " an interesting and absorbing variation " of the slightly conventional " boy @-@ and @-@ his @-@ dog story . "
= Dave Martinez = David Martinez ( born September 26 , 1964 ) is an American professional baseball coach and former outfielder . He is the bench coach for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played in MLB for the Cubs , Montreal Expos , Cincinnati Reds , San Francisco Giants , Chicago White Sox , Tampa Bay Devil Rays , Texas Rangers , Toronto Blue Jays , and Atlanta Braves from 1986 to 2001 . Martinez had a .276 career batting average , 1 @,@ 599 hits , 91 home runs , 795 runs scored , and 580 runs batted in . Martinez became the bench coach for the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 , during which time he became a candidate for several managerial positions in MLB . After Rays ' manager Joe Maddon became manager of the Cubs after the 2014 season , Martinez joined the Cubs as their bench coach . = = Early life = = Martinez was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Puerto Rican parents . He lived at East 93rd Street and Lexington Avenue in Manhattan . At age 13 , his family moved to Orlando , Florida , on the recommendation of an uncle . Martinez attended Lake Howell High School in Winter Park , Florida . He played on the school 's baseball team , which won the Five Star Conference championship in 1981 . He then enrolled at Valencia Community College , where he played college baseball . = = Professional career = = The Chicago Cubs selected Martinez in the January phase of the 1983 Major League Baseball draft . After he signed , he played for the Geneva Cubs of the Class A @-@ Short Season New York – Penn League and the Quad Cities Cubs of the Class A Midwest League . He began the 1984 season with Quad Cities , and in 1985 , he received a promotion to the Winston @-@ Salem Spirits of the Class A @-@ Advanced Carolina League . Martinez led the Carolina League with a .342 batting average ; the second @-@ place finishers , Keith Miller and John Wilson , batted .302 . Martinez began the 1986 season with the Iowa Cubs of the Class AAA American Association . The Cubs promoted Martinez to the major leagues for the first time on June 15 , 1986 , and he served as an injury replacement for Bob Dernier . He had a .119 batting average ( 8 @-@ for @-@ 67 ) before he was optioned back to the minor leagues in August . Martinez made the Cubs major league roster in 1987 , splitting time in center field with Dernier . He batted .292 in 142 games . Martinez struggled in the 1988 season , batting .230 in mid @-@ June . On July 14 , 1988 , Martinez was traded to the Montreal Expos in exchange for Mitch Webster . He finished 1988 with a .255 batting average and 23 stolen bases . Martinez was pegged as a platoon player in Montreal , as he batted against right @-@ handed pitchers and sat against left @-@ handed pitchers . The Expos also had outfielders Otis Nixon , Marquis Grissom and Larry Walker on their roster . He played 126 games in 1989 , hitting .274 . In 1990 , Martinez lost the competition for the center field job to Grissom . However , Grissom was injured , and Martinez platooned with Nixon in center field . Martinez batted .279 with 11 home runs in 118 games in 1990 . He batted .295 in 1991 . After the 1991 season , the Expos traded Martinez with Willie Greene and Scott Ruskin to the Cincinnati Reds for Bill Risley and John Wetteland . He was sought out as a replacement for Eric Davis for the Reds . He competed with Reggie Sanders for the starting job during spring training . Martinez played for Cincinnati in 1992 , but as Sanders established himself as the Reds ' starting center fielder , Martinez declared for free agency after the season . He signed with the San Francisco Giants on a two @-@ year contract for the 1993 and 1994 seasons . He suffered a torn hamstring in 1993 and was limited to 91 games . He hit .241 , his lowest average in several seasons . The Giants waived Martinez in October 1994 after he was held to a .247 average , 4 home runs and 27 runs batted in ( RBI ) . Martinez signed a one @-@ year , $ 500 @,@ 000 contract with the Chicago White Sox for the 1995 season . He received limited playing time under manager Gene Lamont . When Lamont was replaced by Terry Bevington , Martinez saw an increase in playing time . He signed a two @-@ year $ 1 @.@ 425 million contract for the 1996 and 1997 seasons . He spent the 1996 season as a backup behind Darren Lewis , Tony Phillips , and Danny Tartabull , along with fellow backup Lyle Mouton . In 1997 , Martinez batted , .286 and set career highs with 12 home runs and 55 RBI . He then signed a two @-@ year contract with the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays worth $ 3 @.@ 5 million with an option for a third season at $ 1 @.@ 75 million . In addition his desire to play in Florida , he was enticed by the Rays ' additions of Fred McGriff , Wilson Álvarez , and Roberto Hernández . In 1998 , he recorded the first hit in Tampa history . His contract option for the 2000 season vested when he recorded his 500th at bat of the 1999 season . After batting .260 in his first 29 games of the 2000 season , the Devil Rays , who needed to improve their pitching staff , traded Martinez to the Cubs for Mark Guthrie and cash . On June 9 , 2000 , the Cubs traded Martinez to the Texas Rangers in a three team trade that sent Chuck Smith from the Florida Marlins to the Rangers and Brant Brown from the Marlins to the Cubs . On August 4 , 2000 , the Rangers traded Martinez to the Toronto Blue Jays for a player to be named later . The Blue Jays sent Peter Munro to the Rangers to complete the trade . By playing for four MLB teams in one season , Martinez tied the record . Since 1901 , the previous players to play for four MLB teams in a season were Frank Huelsman ( 1904 ) , Willis Hudlin ( 1940 ) , Paul Lehner ( 1951 ) , Wes Covington ( 1961 ) , Mike Kilkenny ( 1972 ) , and Dave Kingman ( 1977 ) . Dan Miceli ( 2003 ) and José Bautista ( 2004 ) later achieved the feat . With Toronto , he filled in for the injured Raúl Mondesí as the Blue Jays contended for the American League wild card . Between the four teams , he had a .274 batting average , five home runs , and 47 runs batted in ( RBIs ) in 132 games . Martinez signed with the Atlanta Braves on a two @-@ year contract covering the 2001 and 2002 seasons , valued at approximately $ 3 million . He batted .328 in the first half of the 2001 season , but only .233 in the second half . Late in the year , he was diagnosed with chronic tendinitis in the patella . He appeared in the MLB postseason for the only time in his career , as he played in the 2001 National League Division Series , as the Braves defeated the Houston Astros , and the 2001 National League Championship Series , where the Braves lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks . Martinez returned to the Braves in 2002 , but missed the entire season after he injured his right knee during spring training . He announced his retirement . In 1 @,@ 919 games played , Martinez had a .276 career batting average , 1 @,@ 599 hits , 91 home runs , 795 runs scored , and 580 RBI . = = Coaching career = = Martinez worked for the Tampa Bay Rays as a spring training instructor in 2006 and 2007 . On October 11 , 2007 , he was hired by the Tampa Bay Rays to be their bench coach . As the Rays ' bench coach , Martinez was in charge of defensive positioning , and worked with the Rays ' players on bunting and baserunning . Martinez interviewed for managerial positions with Toronto in the 2010 offseason and the Cleveland Indians . During the 2011 offseason , Martinez interviewed for White Sox ' managerial position . The White Sox hired Robin Ventura . After the 2012 season , Martinez was considered for the Astros ' managerial position , which went to Bo Porter . During the 2013 offseason , Martinez interviewed for Cubs ' managerial position , which went to Rick Renteria , and the Washington Nationals ' managerial position , which went to Matt Williams . Rays ' manager Joe Maddon opted out of his contract with Tampa Bay after the 2014 season . The Rays sought feedback from their players on who should manage the team . Evan Longoria , Alex Cobb , and Ben Zobrist endorsed Martinez . Martinez interviewed for the position , but was not among the Rays ' three finalists . Martinez announced his intention to leave the Rays . On December 4 , he was hired to serve as the bench coach for the Cubs under Maddon . = = Personal life = = Martinez resides in Safety Harbor , Florida , a suburb of Tampa Bay , with his wife , Lisa , and their four children : David , Jagger , Dalton , and Angelica . Lisa is originally from Chicago ; they met while Martinez was in his first stint with the Cubs . Jagger attended the University of Tampa , where he played for the school 's soccer team .
= Penticton Regional Airport = Penticton Regional Airport ( IATA : YYF , ICAO : CYYF ) , also known as Penticton Airport , is a regional airport located 1 @.@ 8 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 3 km ; 2 @.@ 1 mi ) southwest of Penticton , British Columbia , a city in the Okanagan region of Canada . It is owned and operated by Transport Canada , serving the South Okanagan , Similkameen and West Kootenay areas . Initial examination for the airport 's construction began in 1937 . The proposed locations were owned by the Penticton Indian Band at that time , but expropriated in 1949 . Temporary public use of the Penticton Regional Airport was approved in 1945 , and in 1956 , it was given a permanent airport license . It has a 6 @,@ 000 by 148 ft ( 1 @,@ 829 by 45 m ) runway aligned 16 – 34 , and served approximately 80 @,@ 000 passengers in 2011 . The airfield maintains a restaurant , Sky High Diner , as well as a medical facility , accommodation areas and administrative buildings ; food and snacks are also offered . It has seen two accidents and incidents throughout its history . The airport has three scheduled flights to the Vancouver International Airport every day , with one fewer on Sunday , provided by Air Canada Express . There is also a daily flight to the Calgary International Airport provided by WestJet Encore.The airport now also has a few flights a week leaving Calgary at 8 : 45 PM and arriving in Penticton later on in the night , the plane then stays at the Penticton Airport and leaves for Calgary at 7 : 00 AM and arrives in Calgary around 9 : 00 . Kelowna International Airport has affected traffic at the Penticton Regional Airport , with the former providing more direct flight and connection options for travellers . Penticton Regional Airport also recently under went an expansion to add more seating area in the main terminal building as an addition to the extra WestJet Encore flights on certain days coming in and out of Penticton . = = History = = Initial examination for the construction of what would become Penticton Regional Airport began in 1937 , at two locations . The proposed areas — west of Penticton 's city centre and north of the Skaha Lake — were owned by the Penticton Indian Band . The land for the airport was expropriated from the band in 1949 under the War Measures Act , with the preliminary development of the airfield completed in 1941 . Because of wartime military air transportation concerns , the airport acted as an emergency landing strip until its tarmac was completed . Rights for a temporary public use airport were secured in 1945 for an operation of 24 hours a day . In 1946 , more land was acquired from the Penticton Indian Band for the airport 's use . Trans @-@ Canada Air Lines , now known as Air Canada , and Canadian Pacific Air Lines served Penticton after World War II . In 1956 , the airport was granted a permanent license , replacing the temporary permit . The airport 's runway was extended in 1959 , and a new terminal was built in 1963 . In 1968 , Canadian Pacific Air Lines extended its services for the airport , scheduling two daily flights , only to be taken over by Pacific Western Airlines the following year . However , in 1988 , Canadian Airlines ended this service . That was replaced by Time Air and Air BC airlines ; both airlines are no longer active . An aviation centre was constructed at the airport in 1976 , which included a 12 @-@ unit motel , flight training school , and aircraft overhaul shop ; the latter is no longer maintained . Later , a helicopter flight and training club was established . In September 2007 , Pacific Coastal Airlines began offering daily flights from this airfield to the Vancouver International Airport and Calgary International Airport for a period of twelve months . During this time , the airline served an 22 @,@ 000 passengers at the airport . It has been able to support emergency Boeing 747 landings since the 1970s , but this capability has never been tested ; the runway has been used by Airbus 320s , Boeing 727 @-@ 200s , Boeing 737 @-@ 400s , Boeing 737 @-@ 700s , and Cessna 150s . According to statistics , the South Okanagan region is underserved in terms of airports , owing to its population . The Kelowna International Airport provides international flights to 62 commercial destinations daily . South Okanagan is home to 79 @,@ 475 people , totaling 25 percent of the Okanagan area as a whole . The air travel market of the local area consists of 210 @,@ 000 passengers yearly . However , in 1990 , the Penticton Regional Airport was considered to be the area 's primary airport , hence why people questioned the need to expand the Kelowna International Airport at that time , when its runway was in the process of expansion . = = Facilities = = The airport is located at 49 ° 27 ′ 45 ″ N 119 ° 36 ′ 08 ″ W on 3000 Airport Road in Penticton , 1 @.@ 8 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 3 km ; 2 @.@ 1 mi ) southwest of city centre , situated off of Highway 97 . It is located 73 kilometers ( 45 mi ) north of the Canada – United States border , and opposite the Airport Beach attraction , which is a beach situated in the city . Paid parking , taxis and car rentals are available , but there is no bus service . Car rentals are provided by Budget Rent a Car and National Car Rental . Food and snacks are available at this airport 's terminal , as well as a medical facility , accommodation areas and administrative buildings . There is a restaurant provided at the airport 's terminal , Sky High Diner , as well as Canada Revenue Agency and Nav Canada offices . The airport 's aircraft obtain their fuel from Spencer Aviation , which is located on site ; Shell Canada serves as an aviation dealer for the Penticton Regional Airport . The airfield has a 6 @,@ 000 by 148 ft ( 1 @,@ 829 by 45 m ) asphalt runway aligned 16 – 34 . This facility maintains a management plan to keep geese off of their runways and properties . The Penticton Flying Club operates at the airport , which is a club where children receive a flight in an airplane with the pilot , and learn about the airplanes themselves . In addition , the flight school Southern Skies Aviation is based on site ; the school closed in 2011 and was reopened shortly after , after it was bought by Kittyhawk A / C Services . The former is also at the airport , serving as an aircraft maintenance centre . There is a radio navigation aid provided at the Penticton Regional Airport which is used by pilots on aircraft coming from other nearby airports to determine their location . The navigation system is owned by Nav Canada . The local and upcoming weather of Penticton is observed at this airport 's weather station . Nav Canada has noted that most of the aircraft winds at the Penticton Regional Airport blow north and south . The facility has been recognized as a certified airport by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation . Transport Canada categorizes a certified airport through a process which ensures that it meets the safety criteria and provides flights to other destinations . Penticton Regional Airport is considered to be a port of entry that serves American fishermen coming to Canada . It has been classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada , and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency . The Penticton Regional Airport employs 247 persons , including its manager David Allen and maintenance workers . Controversy has occurred over airport ownership before . When a transfer of ownership to the city of Penticton was planned , effective March 31 , 1999 , the Penticton Indian Band protested at the airfield on that same day ; this forced three scheduled flights to be canceled . Members of the band stated that the land belonged to them , noted they would " never relinquish claim to the airport lands " , and expected the airport 's ownership to be transferred to them after World War I and World War II . They attempted to conceptualize a different agreement , but Transport Canada suggested the band 's claims should be ignored , as it is not a proper government . In response , the Penticton Indian Band blocked road entrance to the airport , and terminal . Transport Canada later announced a six @-@ week break from the ownership situation , and a runway @-@ paving project was placed on hiatus . Based on a suggestion from the Penticton City Council , it was later decided that , if the Penticton Regional Airport be closed , the land may be returned to them , although Transport Canada was against this . As of 2011 , the airport is owned and operated by Transport Canada . = = Airlines and destinations = = Penticton Regional Airport has historically provided flights to several destinations , including Boeing Field — an international airport located in King County , Washington , that serves the Seattle and Tacoma areas — and the Kelowna International Airport. as of 2012 , it offers flights to the Vancouver International Airport , which are provided by Air Canada Express and operated by Jazz Air . These flights are provided three times daily , with the exception of Sunday , when two flights are available . On May 1 , 2013 , due to feedback from the public , an additional flight to the Vancouver International Airport offered by Air Canada Express was launched . In 2010 , the airport garnered 34 @,@ 946 aircraft movements , while in 2011 , it served approximately 80 @,@ 000 passengers . Over the years , there have been several attempts to increase destinations serviced from Penticton . And in 2012 , local residents attracted the attention of WestJet . Efforts to woo West Jet included the airport being renamed " WestJetville " for a day in June 2012 and local residents created a flashmob video . So on October 26 , 2014 , WestJet operated by WestJet Encore flew its inaugural flight from the Calgary Airport to the Penticton Regional Airport and continues to fly once daily to and from Penticton . Discussion to expand the flight services provided by WestJet Encore from Penticton continue . = = Accidents and incidents = = On December 22 , 1950 , a Douglas C @-@ 47 aircraft operated by Canadian Pacific Air Lines from Vancouver crashed into Okanagan Mountain , some 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north of Penticton . Later investigation reported that the aircraft was below the minimum altitude permissible through an instrument approach procedure , causing the beyond damageable crash . Two crew members of the 18 total occupants were fatally injured , the remainder survived . On January 4 , 1973 , a Convair aircraft scheduled to land in Penticton was hijacked by a Vietnamese man , who demanded money while being taken to North Vietnam . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) stormed the flight in a successful attempt to arrest the man . There were no fatalities in the incident .
= Tax protester constitutional arguments = Tax protesters in the United States advance a number of constitutional arguments asserting that the imposition , assessment and collection of the federal income tax violates the United States Constitution . These kinds of arguments , though related to , are distinguished from statutory and administrative arguments , which presuppose the constitutionality of the income tax , as well as from general conspiracy arguments , which are based upon the proposition that the three branches of the federal government are involved together in a deliberate , on @-@ going campaign of deception for the purpose of defrauding individuals or entities of their wealth or profits . Although constitutional challenges to U.S. tax laws are frequently directed towards the validity and effect of the Sixteenth Amendment , assertions that the income tax violates various other provisions of the Constitution have been made as well . = = First Amendment = = Some protesters argue that imposition of income taxes violates the First Amendment freedom of speech because it requires the subject of the tax to write information on a tax return ; or violates freedom of religion if the subject of the tax claims some religious objection to the payment of taxes , particularly if the subject styles himself or herself as a Reverend , Minister , or other religious office @-@ holder . While the Internal Revenue Code makes an exemption for churches and other religious institutions , it makes only special tax codes and deductions , not exceptions , for religious professionals . The United States Supreme Court held in 1878 Reynolds v. United States , that a religious belief , however strongly held , does not exempt the believer from adhering to general laws . = = Fifth Amendment = = = = = Self incrimination = = = Other protesters argue that the Fifth Amendment right against self @-@ incrimination allows an individual to refuse to file an income tax return calling for information that could lead to a conviction for criminal acts from which the income was derived , or for the crime of not paying the tax itself . In response , the courts generally refer to the case of United States v. Sullivan , where Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote : If the form of return provided called for answers that the defendant was privileged from making he could have raised the objection in the return , but could not on that account refuse to make any return at all .... It would be an extreme if not an extravagant application of the Fifth Amendment to say that it authorized a man to refuse to state the amount of his income because it had been made in crime . But if the defendant desired to test that or any other point he should have tested it in the return so that it could be passed upon . He could not draw a conjurer 's circle around the whole matter by his own declaration that to write any word upon the government blank would bring him into danger of the law . = = = Takings Clause = = = Some protesters have argued that the income tax is a prohibited " takings " under the Fifth Amendment 's Takings Clause , and can not be imposed unless the taxpayer receives just compensation . The United States Supreme Court rejected this argument in Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad . The takings argument and variations of this argument have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) . = = = Due Process Clause = = = Protesters argue that the income tax violates the Fifth Amendment right that no person shall be " deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law " . However , people can be deprived of life , liberty , or property with due process of law — this is what the courts do . Legal commentator Daniel B. Evans describes : Every time a court finds a defendant guilty , the court has deprived the defendant of life or liberty , and every time a court rules in favor of a plaintiff or defendant , the court has deprived either the plaintiff or the defendant of some property . So saying that a court has deprived someone of life , liberty , or property is not particularly interesting unless you can explain exactly what the court did ( or did not do ) that deprived that particular someone of due process . Similarly , the general proposition that every man has the right to his own labor does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that the government cannot tax the " common right " of labor . If the government could never impose a tax that took away someone ’ s rights to their property , then the government could never tax anyone for anything . So the claim that a tax deprives someone of " property " or a " right " is pretty much meaningless . Fifth Amendment due process arguments by tax protesters were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Kahn v. United States , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Anderson v. United States , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Cameron v. Internal Revenue Serv . , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in Baskin v. United States , by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Jolly v. United States , and by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Martinez v. Internal Revenue Serv . = = Thirteenth Amendment = = Tax protesters have argued that income taxes impose involuntary servitude in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment . That argument was ruled to be without merit in Porth v. Brodrick , United States Collector of Internal Revenue for the State of Kansas . The involuntary servitude argument , and variations of this argument , have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) . = = Fourteenth Amendment = = Some tax protesters argue that all Americans are citizens of individual states as opposed to citizens of the United States , and that the United States therefore has no power to tax citizens or impose other federal laws outside of Washington D.C. and other federal enclaves . They cite the first sentence of Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment which states , " All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . " Courts have uniformly held that this argument that the Fourteenth Amendment divested state citizens of U.S. citizenship is plainly incorrect . In Kantor v. Wellesley Galleries , Ltd . , the court explained that " [ w ] hile the Fourteenth Amendment does not create a national citizenship , it has the effect of making that citizenship ' paramount and dominant ' instead of ' derivative and dependent ' upon state citizenship " . See also United States v. Ward , Fox v. Commissioner , and United States v. Baker . Another argument raised is that because the federal income tax is progressive , the discriminations and inequalities created by the tax should render the tax unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment , which guarantees equal protection under the law . Such arguments have been ruled without merit under contemporary jurisprudence . Notably , some tax protesters contend that the Fourteenth Amendment itself was never properly ratified , under the theory that the governments of southern states that supported the post @-@ Civil War constitutional amendments were not representative of the people . = = Sixteenth Amendment = = It has been argued that the imposition of the U.S. federal income tax is illegal because the Sixteenth Amendment , which grants Congress the " power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration , " was not properly ratified , or that the amendment provides no power to tax income . Proper ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment is disputed by tax protesters who argue that the quoted text of the Amendment differed from the text proposed by Congress , or that Ohio was not a State during ratification . Sixteenth Amendment ratification arguments have been rejected in every court case where they have been raised and have been identified as legally frivolous . Some protesters have argued that because the Sixteenth Amendment does not contain the words " repeal " or " repealed " , the Amendment is ineffective to change the law . Others argue that due to language in Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co . , the income tax is an unconstitutional direct tax that should be apportioned ( divided equally amongst the population of the various states ) . Several tax protesters assert that the Congress has no constitutional power to tax labor or income from labor , citing a variety of court cases . These arguments include claims that the word " income " as used in the Sixteenth Amendment cannot be interpreted as applying to wages ; that wages are not income because labor is exchanged for them ; that taxing wages violates individuals ' right to property , and several others . = = Seventeenth Amendment = = An argument raised in the case of Trohimovich v. Commissioner is that the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was not properly ratified , and that all laws passed by Congress since the year 1919 ( which was not the year of ratification ) are invalid . The Trohimovich case involved a criminal contempt charge against the taxpayer in connection with a failure to obey a subpoena to produce books and records needed for the trial of the case . The United States Tax Court stated : The [ taxpayer 's ] petition in this case , while rambling and lengthy , appears to rely primarily on arguments that neither the Internal Revenue Service nor this Court has authority to determine petitioner 's tax liability because the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution , which changed the method of electing senators to the U.S. Congress , was improperly proposed and / or adopted , and therefore all laws enacted by Congress ( and the Senate ) subsequent to at least 1919 are invalid . This included the Internal Revenue Code and the legislation which established this Court . The court rejected the taxpayer 's arguments , and ordered that " he be imprisoned for 30 days as punishment " for criminal contempt in failing to obey court orders or subpoenas . = = Titles of Nobility Amendment = = Another tax protester argument centers upon the pending and inoperative Titles of Nobility Amendment . Proposed as an amendment to the Constitution by the 11th Congress in 1810 , it would , if ratified by the required number of states , strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign government . The contention here is that this amendment was in fact ratified by the required number of states ( in the 1810s ) to have become an operative part of the Constitution , and that , because this is so , actions taken by lawyers and judges , who use the title Esquire – asserted to be a title of nobility and monarchical – are unconstitutional . In fact , the use of " Esquire " by lawyers and judges is merely an informal custom in the United States , not a title with any legal standing . This contention , rarely raised before courts , was most recently addressed in Campion v. Towns , No.CV @-@ 04 @-@ 1516PHX @-@ ROS , * 2 n.1 ( D. Ariz . 2005 ) as a defense to a charge of tax evasion . The court replied : Additionally , the Court will correct any misunderstanding Plaintiff has concerning the text of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In his Complaint , Plaintiff includes a certified copy of the Thirteenth Amendment from the Colorado State Archives which was published in 1861 . As included in that compilation , the Thirteenth Amendment would strip an individual of United States citizenship if they accept any title of nobility or honor . However , this is not the Thirteenth Amendment . The correct Thirteenth Amendment prohibits slavery . Although some people claim that state publication of the erroneous Thirteenth Amendment makes it valid , Article V of the Constitution does not so provide . = = Federal government authority = = The authority of the federal government has been challenged by protesters , arguing that they should be immune from federal income taxation because they are sovereign individuals or natural individuals , have not requested a privilege or benefit from the government , or are outside the " federal zone " ( D.C. and various federal enclaves such as military bases ) . Neither the U.S. Supreme Court nor any other federal court has ruled that an income tax imposed under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is unconstitutional . Under the Supreme Court ruling in Cheek v. United States , a defendant in a tax evasion prosecution who has made arguments that the federal income tax laws are unconstitutional may have the arguments turned against him ( or her ) . Such arguments , even if based on honestly held beliefs , may constitute evidence that helps the prosecutor prove willfulness , one of the elements of tax evasion = = = Sovereign individual & government privilege = = = Some tax protesters argue that they should be immune from federal income taxation because they are sovereign individuals or " natural individuals , " or on the ground that they have not requested a privilege or benefit from the government . These kinds of arguments have been ruled without merit . For example , in the case of Lovell v. United States the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit stated : Plaintiffs argue first that they are exempt from federal taxation because they are " natural individuals " who have not " requested , obtained or exercised any , privilege from an agency of government . " This is not a basis for an exemption from federal income tax . [ citation omitted ] All individuals , natural or unnatural , must pay federal income tax on their wages , regardless of whether they received any " privileges " from the government . Plaintiffs also contend that the Constitution prohibits imposition of a direct tax without apportionment . They are wrong ; it does not . U. S. Const. amend . XVI … The Court of Appeals in Lovell affirmed a U.S. District Court order upholding a frivolous return penalty under 26 U.S.C. § 6702 ( a ) . Similarly , in United States v. Sloan , the taxpayer 's contention — that he is " not a citizen of the United States , but rather , that he is a freeborn , natural individual , a citizen of the State of Indiana , and a ' master ' — not ' servant ' — of his government " — was ruled to be not a legal ground for the argument that the taxpayer was not subject to the federal tax laws ; the tax evasion conviction was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . Similarly , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit stated , in Powers v. Commissioner : " Powers [ the taxpayer ] contends that either he is immune from the tax laws , or he is a ' slave ' to the federal government . This false choice is a creature of Powers ' tax protester ideology , not the laws of this Republic . " Similarly , in 2008 the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit rejected a taxpayer 's argument that gains of an individual 's labor could be taxed only if the gains were received from a " federal venue " . In that case , the taxpayer 's argument — that the IRS had no ability to impose a tax on the taxpayer because he was a citizen " of the several states , " but not a " federal U.S. citizen " — was ruled to be frivolous . Variations of the argument that an individual is a “ sovereign ” have been rejected in tax cases such as United States v. Hart , Risner v. Commissioner , Maxwell v. Snow , Rowe v. Internal Revenue Serv . , Cobin v. Commissioner , and Glavin v. United States . The argument that an individual who received Form W @-@ 2 wages or other compensation is not subject to federal income tax because the individual has " neither requested , obtained , nor exercised any privilege from an agency of government " was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Sullivan v. United States and again in Kelly v. United States . See also United States v. Buras ( argument that the taxpayer can be subject to an excise tax only if he benefits from a " privilege extended by a government agency " was rejected ) . ; Nichols v. United States ; and Olson v. United States . The argument that an individual who received Form W @-@ 2 wages is not subject to federal income tax unless the tax is imposed in connection with " government granted privileges " was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Coleman v. Commissioner . The argument that an individual who received Form W @-@ 2 wages is not subject to federal income tax unless the taxpayer enjoys a " grant of privilege or franchise " was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in May v. Commissioner . The argument that an individual who received Form W @-@ 2 wages is not subject to federal income tax unless the taxpayer has obtained a " privilege from a governmental agency " was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Olson v. United States , and by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Prout v. United States . In the case of Steward Machine Company v. Davis , the Supreme Court rejected the argument that " the relation of employment is one so essential to the pursuit of happiness that it may not be burdened with a tax , " and upheld the validity of the Social Security tax . The Court stated : " . . . natural rights , so called , are as much subject to taxation as rights of less importance . An excise is not limited to vocations or activities that may be prohibited altogether . It is not limited to those that are the outcome of a franchise . It extends to vocations or activities pursued as of common right . " . Regarding the taxability of income in connection with events or activities not involving a government privilege or franchise , the United States Supreme Court stated in United States v. Sullivan that gains from illegal traffic in liquor are subject to the Federal income tax . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Rutkin v. United States that the receipt of money obtained by extortion is taxable as income to the wrongdoer . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in James v. United States that the receipt of money obtained through embezzlement is taxable as income to the wrongdoer , even though the wrongdoer is required to return the money to its owner . The argument that a person 's income is not taxed when the person rejects or renounces United States citizenship because the person claims to be a citizen exclusively of a state , and variations of this argument , have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) . = = = Federal zone = = = Some tax protesters argue that under Article I , section 8 , clause 17 of the Constitution , federal income taxes can be imposed only inside so called " federal zones " , areas — such as the District of Columbia , military bases or other places – over which Congress has direct authority . This argument is based in part on the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Bevans . In Bevans , the parties argued over whether a federal court in Massachusetts had jurisdiction over the case of a U.S. Marine charged with a murder that occurred on a ship in Boston Harbor . No issues regarding federal income taxation or the Internal Revenue Code were presented to or decided by the Court in the Bevans case . The Internal Revenue Code and the Internal Revenue Service did not yet exist in 1818 , when the Bevans murder case was decided . The Clause 17 argument was specifically rejected in the case of United States v. Sato : Defendants argue that Clause 17 limits the legislative power of Congress such that the only geographical areas over which Congress may legislate , or may exercise its power of taxation , are those areas described in Clause 17 . This position is contrary to both the natural reading of the Constitution and the case law . Clause 17 limits not the power of Congress , but the power of the states . " [ T ] he word ' exclusive ' was employed to eliminate any possibility that the legislative power of Congress over the District [ of Columbia ] was to be concurrent with that of the ceding states . " . . . Similarly , it is clear that the power of the Congress to collect taxes , created by Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 of the Constitution , is an independent power which is not limited by the other specific powers enumerated in Section 8 . United States v. Butler , 297 U.S. 1 , 65 @-@ 66 , 56 S. Ct . 312 , 319 ( 1936 ) . It is thus readily apparent that Congress ' power to tax extends beyond the exclusive legislative districts contemplated by Clause 17 . Defendants ' motion to dismiss based on Clause 17 is denied . The Clause 17 argument was also unsuccessful in Celauro v. United States , Internal Revenue Service . Some tax protesters contend that the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Caha v. United States restricts the jurisdiction of the federal government to impose income taxes inside the " states " , based on the following language from the Court ’ s opinion : This statute is one of universal application within the territorial limits of the United States , and is not limited to those portions which are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national government , such as the District of Columbia . Generally speaking , within any state of this Union the preservation of the peace and the protection of person and property are the functions of the state government , and are no part of the primary duty , at least , of the nation . The laws of congress in respect to those matters do not extend into the territorial limits of the states , but have force only in the District of Columbia , and other places that are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national gover [ n ] ment . Some tax protesters contend that the Court 's reference to " those matters " restricted the federal government 's jurisdiction over matters of taxation . Caha is not a tax case . The reference to " this statute " was a reference to a perjury statute . The Caha case involved a perjury conviction where the defendant unsuccessfully argued that the federal court had no jurisdiction over a prosecution for the crime of perjury committed in a proceeding in a land office at Kingfisher , Oklahoma regarding ownership of real estate . The reference in Caha to the " laws of congress in respect to those matters " was a reference to the matters of preservation of the peace and the protection of person and property . The Court in Caha rejected the argument that the federal courts had no jurisdiction to hear a case under the perjury statute , and the defendant 's conviction was affirmed . No issues involving the power to impose and enforce federal taxes in the fifty states were presented to or decided by the court in Caha . The courts have uniformly rejected the " federal zone " argument that congressional authority to impose an income tax is limited to the District of Columbia , forts , magazines , arsenals , or dockyards , etc . See , for example , United States v. Mundt ; Nelsen v. Commissioner ; Abbs v. Imhoff . = = Definition of income = = = = = Stratton 's Independence , Limited v. Howbert = = = Some tax protesters have cited the U.S. Supreme Court case of Stratton 's Independence , Limited v. Howbert for the argument that an income tax on an individual 's income is unconstitutional . This was an argument raised unsuccessfully by John B. Hill , Jr . , in Hill v. United States. and without success by John B. Cameron , Jr . , in Cameron v. Internal Revenue Serv .. In Stratton , a mining corporation argued that the 1909 corporation tax act did not apply to that corporation . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 1909 corporation tax act did apply to mining corporations , and that the proceeds of ores mined by the corporation from its own premises were income within the meaning of the 1909 tax act . The Court also ruled that the corporation was not entitled to deduct " the value of such ore in place and before it is mined " as depreciation within the meaning of the 1909 Act . The Stratton case involved income taxation of a corporation , not of individuals . The Court in the Stratton case did not rule any corporate or individual income tax as unconstitutional . = = = Doyle v. Mitchell Bros. Co . = = = Some tax protesters have cited Doyle v. Mitchell Bros. Co. for the proposition that income of individuals cannot be taxed . This was the argument raised unsuccessfully by Joseph T. Tornichio in the case of Tornichio v. United States and by Joram Perl in Perl v. United States ( also unsuccessfully ) . The following language is sometimes cited by protesters : Yet it is plain , we think , that by the true intent and meaning of the act the entire proceeds of a mere conversion of capital assets were not to be treated as income . Whatever difficulty there may be about a precise and scientific definition of ' income , ' it imports , as used here , something entirely distinct from principal or capital either as a subject of taxation or as a measure of the tax ; conveying rather the idea of gain or increase arising from corporate activities . The above verbiage is immediately followed in the text of the case by this sentence : As was said in Stratton 's Independence v. Howbert , 231 U.S. 399 , 415 , 34 S. Sup . Ct . 136 : ' Income may be defined as the gain derived from capital , from labor , or from both combined.' In Doyle , the taxpayer was a corporation engaged in the manufacture of lumber . In 1903 , the taxpayer purchased certain timber land at a cost of about $ 20 per acre ( $ 49 / ha ) . As of December 31 , 1908 , the value of the land had increased to about $ 40 per acre ( $ 99 / ha ) . The Corporation Excise Tax Act of 1909 was enacted on August 5 , 1909 , and was effective retroactively to January 1 , 1909 . For the years 1909 through 1912 , the taxpayer filed tax returns under the 1909 Act , showing gross receipts from the sale of manufactured lumber and , in arriving at the amount of net income subject to tax under the 1909 Act , deducted an amount based on the $ 40 @-@ per @-@ acre value , rather than the actual cost of about $ 20 per acre . The Commissioner of Internal Revenue argued that the taxpayer should be able to deduct only an amount based on the taxpayer ’ s historical cost basis of $ 20 , rather than the $ 40 fair market value at the time the 1909 Act became effective . ( Essentially , if the taxpayer were allowed to use the $ 40 per acre value as its basis rather than the actual $ 20 historical cost basis , a portion of the taxpayer ’ s gain — the increase in value from 1903 to December 31 , 1908 — would go untaxed . ) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that under the 1909 Act — which had become effective January 1 , 1909 — the taxpayer should be taxed only on the increase in value after 1908 . Increases in value prior to the effective date of the statute were not to be taxed under the terms of that statute . Thus , the taxpayer was entitled to deduct , from its gross receipts from the sale of finished lumber , a basis amount computed with reference to the $ 40 per acre value as of December 31 , 1908 . Doyle is a case involving statutory ( not constitutional ) interpretation . In this case , the Court was interpreting the 1909 statute . Although some tax protesters cite this case for an argument about the constitutional definition of income as excluding income of individuals , no issues involving the constitutional definition of income , or of income under any other tax statutes , were presented to or decided by the Court . The case is also notable for the fact that it involved a retroactively imposed tax . The taxpayer did not argue — and the Court did not rule — that as a general proposition taxes could not be imposed retroactively . Indeed , the tax in this case was imposed retroactively ; the statute was enacted in August 1909 but was made effective retroactively to January 1 , 1909 . = = = Corporate profits = = = One argument repeatedly made by tax protesters is that the income of individuals is not taxable because income should mean only " corporate profits " or " corporate gain " . This is the Merchants ' Loan argument , named after the case of Merchants ’ Loan & Trust Company , as Trustee of the Estate of Arthur Ryerson , Deceased , Plaintiff in Error v. Julius F. Smietanka , formerly United States Collector of Internal Revenue for the First District of the State of Illinois . The argument is essentially that " income " for federal income tax purposes means only the income of a corporation — not the income of a non @-@ corporate taxpayer — because the United States Supreme Court in that case , in discussing the meaning of income , mentioned a statute enacted in 1909 that taxed the income of corporations . The Court in Merchants ' Loan was specifically interpreting a 1916 statute imposing income taxes on individuals and estates ( among other kinds of entities ) , and not the 1909 corporate tax statute . The taxpayer in Merchants ' Loan was not a corporation but was the " Estate of Arthur Ryerson , Deceased " . The Court was not presented with ( and did not decide ) any issue involving the taxability of " corporate profits " or " corporate gains " or any other kind of income except the gain on the sale of the stock by the " Estate of Arthur Ryerson , Deceased " . The terms " corporate profit " and " corporate gain " are not found in the text of the Court ’ s decision in Merchants ’ Loan . In Merchants ' Loan , the Supreme Court ruled that under the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the 1916 tax statute applicable at the time , a gain on a sale of stock by the estate of a deceased person is included in the income of that estate , and is therefore taxable to that estate for federal income tax purposes . The Merchants ' Loan argument has been litigated by tax protesters several times , and the courts have uniformly rejected the argument that income consists only of corporate profits . See , for example : Cameron v. Internal Revenue Serv . , Stoewer v. Commissioner , Reinhart v. United States , Fink v. Commissioner ; Flathers v. Commissioner ; Schroeder v. Commissioner ; Sherwood v. Commissioner ; Ho v. Commissioner ; and Zook v. Commissioner . Tax protesters — who have lost every case using Merchants ' Loan for the theory that only " corporate profits " could be taxable — are citing a case where the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the income of a non @-@ corporate taxpayer is taxable . Neither the United States Supreme Court nor any other federal court has ever ruled that under the Internal Revenue Code the term " income " means only the income of a corporation for federal income tax purposes . Some tax protesters have cited the Supreme Court case of Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. for the argument that only corporate profits or income can be taxed , using the following quotation : Excises are taxes laid upon the manufacture , sale or consumption of commodities within the country , upon licenses to pursue certain occupations and upon corporate privileges ... the requirement to pay such taxes involves the exercise of privileges , and the element of absolute and unavoidable demand is lacking ... Conceding the power of Congress to tax the business activities of private corporations .. the tax must be measured by some standard ... It is therefore well settled by the decisions of this court that when the sovereign authority has exercised the right to tax a legitimate subject of taxation as an exercise of a franchise or privilege , it is no objection that the measure of taxation is found in the income produced in part from property which of itself considered is nontaxable . In Flint v. Stone Tracy Co . , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the corporation tax act of 1909 did not violate the constitutional requirement that revenue measures originate in the U.S. House of Representatives . The Court did not rule that excise taxes consisted only of taxes on corporations and corporate privileges , to the exclusion of taxes on individuals ( natural persons ) . The issue of the validity of an income tax imposed on individuals was neither presented to the Court nor decided by the Court . The courts have rejected the argument that Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. can be used to avoid taxation of wages . For example , in Parker v. Commissioner , a case where a taxpayer unsuccessfully argued that wages were not taxable , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated ( in part ) : Appellant cites Flint v. Stone Tracy Co . , 220 U. S. 107 , 31 S. Ct . 342 , 55 L. Ed . 389 ( 1911 ) , in support of his contention that the income tax is an excise tax applicable only against special privileges , such as the privilege of conducting a business , and is not assessable against income in general . Appellant twice errs . Flint did not address personal income tax ; it was concerned with corporate taxation . Furthermore , Flint is pre @-@ sixteenth amendment and must be read in that light . At this late date , it seems incredible that we would again be required to hold that the Constitution , as amended , empowers the Congress to levy an income tax against any source of income , without the need to apportion the tax equally among the states , or to classify it as an excise tax applicable to specific categories of activities . The argument that only corporations are subject to federal income tax , and variations of this argument , have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) . = = = Cases indicating definition of income is irrelevant = = = At least two federal courts have indicated that Congress may constitutionally tax an item as " income , " regardless of whether that item is " income " within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment . In Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit stated : It did not take a constitutional amendment to entitle the United States to impose an income tax . Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . , 157 U. S. 429 , 158 U. S. 601 ( 1895 ) , only held that a tax on the income derived from real or personal property was so close to a tax on that property that it could not be imposed without apportionment . The Sixteenth Amendment removed that barrier . Indeed , the requirement for apportionment is pretty strictly limited to taxes on real and personal property and capitation taxes . It is not necessary to uphold the validity of the tax imposed by the United States that the tax itself bear an accurate label … It could well be argued that the tax involved here [ an income tax ] is an " excise tax " based upon the receipt of money by the taxpayer . It certainly is not a tax on property and it certainly is not a capitation tax ; therefore , it need not be apportioned . … Congress has the power to impose taxes generally , and if the particular imposition does not run afoul of any constitutional restrictions then the tax is lawful , call it what you will . In Murphy v. Internal Revenue Serv . , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that a personal injury award received by a taxpayer was " within the reach of the congressional power to tax under Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution " — even if the award was " not income within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment " . = = Progressive taxation = = One argument that has been raised is that because the federal income tax is progressive ( i.e. , because the marginal tax rates increase , or progress , as the level of taxable income increases ) , the discriminations and inequalities created by the tax should render the tax unconstitutional . This argument was rejected by the United States Supreme Court in two companion cases — with respect to the income tax on individuals in Thorne v. Anderson , and with respect to the income tax on corporations in Tyee Realty Co. v. Anderson . = = Taxing labor or income from labor = = Several tax protesters assert that the Congress has no constitutional power to tax labor or income from labor , citing a variety of court cases . These arguments include claims that the word " income " as used in the Sixteenth Amendment cannot be interpreted as applying to wages ; that wages are not income because labor is exchanged for them ; that taxing wages violates individuals ' right to property ; that an income tax on wages is illegal as a direct tax on the source of income , and several others . Another protester argument is that the U.S. Constitution authorizes the income tax only on income derived from activities that are government @-@ licensed or otherwise specially protected . The courts have rejected this theory , ruling that " Congress has taxed compensation for services , without any regard for whether that compensation is derived from government @-@ licensed or specially protected activities , … and this has been construed to cover earnings from labor . " Robert L. Schulz and his We the People Foundation take the positions that the government " is clearly prohibited from doing what it is doing – taxing the salaries , wages and compensation of the working men and women of this country and forcing the business entities that utilize the labor of ordinary American citizens to withhold and turn over to the IRS a part of the earnings of those workers " and " that the federal government DOES NOT possess ANY legal authority – statutory or Constitutional – to tax the wages or salaries of American workers . " Similarly , tax protester Tom Cryer , who was acquitted of willful failure to file U.S. Federal income tax returns in a timely fashion , argued that " the law does not tax [ a person 's ] wages " , and that the federal government cannot tax " [ m ] oney that you earned [ and ] paid for with your labor and industry " because " the Constitution does not allow the federal government to tax those earnings " ( referring to " wages , salaries and fees that [ a person ] earn [ s ] for [ himself ] " ) . Arguments about the taxability of compensation for personal services , whether called wages , salary , or some other term , may be either constitutional arguments as in United States v. Connor ( see below ) or statutory arguments as in Cheek v. United States , depending on the details of the argument . For purposes of presentation , these arguments are summarized here rather than in the article Tax protester statutory arguments . The rest of this section explains these arguments in more detail . = = = Evans v. Gore = = = Some protesters include false quotations in their arguments . Radio personality Dave Champion contends that the following verbiage is a quotation from the case of Evans v. Gore in his own arguments on the internet about federal income taxes : The sixteenth [ amendment ] does not justify the taxation of persons or things ( their property ) previously immune … it does not extend taxing power to new or excepted citizens … it is intended only to remove all occasions from any apportionment of income taxes among the states . It does not authorize a tax on a salary . … The quoted material by Dave Champion is false ; it does not appear in the Court 's decision . In Evans v. Gore , the U.S. Supreme Court actually did rule that a federal income tax on certain income of federal judges was unconstitutional . The Evans v. Gore ruling has been interpreted as barring application of the Federal income tax to a Federal judge who had been appointed prior to the enactment of the tax . This was the Court 's year 1920 interpretation of the " Compensation Clause " , the rule that Federal judges " shall , at stated Times , receive for their Services a Compensation , which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office " under Article III , section 1 of the U.S. Constitution . The decision in Evans v. Gore was eviscerated in the 1939 U.S. Supreme Court decision of O 'Malley v. Woodrough , and was expressly overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court itself in 2001 , in the case of United States v. Hatter . In Hatter , the Supreme Court stated : " We now overrule Evans insofar as it holds that the Compensation Clause forbids Congress to apply a generally applicable , nondiscriminatory tax to the salaries of federal judges , whether or not they were appointed before enactment of the tax . " Neither the Supreme Court nor any other federal court has ever ruled that the Sixteenth Amendment ( or any other part of the Constitution ) does not authorize a Federal income tax on compensation for personal services . = = = Southern Pacific Co. v. Lowe = = = Another United States Supreme Court case frequently cited by tax protesters is Southern Pacific Co. v. Lowe , 247 U.S. 330 ( 1918 ) . Tax protesters attribute the following quotation to the Court in this case : " income ; as used in the statute should be given a meaning so as not to include everything that comes in . " The quotation does not appear in the text of the Supreme Court decision . This case began in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . In the decision in that court , the trial court judge stated : " I do not think that ' income ' as used in the statute , should be given a meaning so as to include everything that comes in . " The case did not involve compensation for labor or services . Instead , the case involved the federal income tax treatment of dividends paid by the Central Pacific Railway Company to its parent company , the Southern Pacific Company , which owned 100 % of the stock of Central Pacific Railway Company . The District Court ruled that the dividends were taxable to the Southern Pacific Company . This decision was reversed by the Supreme Court . What the U.S. Supreme Court actually said was : We must reject in this case , as we have rejected in cases arising under the Corporation Excise Tax Act of 1909 ( Doyle , Collector , v. Mitchell Brothers Co . , and Hays , Collector , v. Gauley Mountain Coal Co . , decided May 20 , 1918 ) , the broad contention submitted in behalf of the Government that all receipts--everything that comes in--are income within the proper definition of the term " gross income , " and that the entire proceeds of a conversion of capital assets , in whatever form and under whatever circumstances accomplished , should be treated as gross income . Certainly the term " income " has no broader meaning in the 1913 Act than in that of 1909 ( see Stratton 's Independence v. Howbert , 231 U. S. 399 , 416 , 417 ) , and for the present purpose we assume there is no difference in its meaning as used in the two Acts . In Southern Pacific Company v. Lowe , the Supreme Court ruled that where a shareholder receives a dividend representing earnings of a corporation realized by the corporation prior to January 1 , 1913 , the dividend is not includible in the gross income of the shareholder for purposes of the Federal Income Tax Act of 1913 , Ch . 16 , 38 Stat . 114 ( Oct. 3 , 1913 ) . No issues involving the definition of income with respect to wages , salary or other compensation for labor were decided by the Court . = = = Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Traigle = = = Another case that has been cited for the argument that wages are not taxable is the United States Supreme Court decision in Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Traigle . An individual named " William Dixon " at a web site called " godissovereignfast " claims that the following is a statement by the U.S. Supreme Court in that case : Income taxes statutes apply only to state created creatures known as corporations no matter whether state , local , or federal . " , Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Traigle , 421 US 100 . " This material alleged to be a quotation does not appear in the text of the case at all . Also , the words " wages " and " salaries " are not found anywhere in the text , and there is no ruling in that case that the federal income tax statutes apply only to " corporations . " The Colonial Pipeline case actually involved the Louisiana corporate franchise tax , not a federal tax . The validity of the Louisiana franchise tax was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in this case . No issues involving the validity or applicability of federal income taxes were presented to , mentioned by , or decided by the Supreme Court in the Colonial Pipeline case . = = = Lucas v. Earl = = = For the argument that wages are not taxable , some tax protesters — including convicted tax offender Irwin Schiff — incorrectly attribute to the U.S. Supreme Court the following language in connection with the leading tax case of Lucas v. Earl : The claim that salaries , wages , and compensation for personal services are to be taxed as an entirety and therefore must be returned [ i.e. , reported on an income tax return ] by the individual who has performed the services which produce the gain is without support , either in the language of the Act or in the decisions of the courts construing it . Not only this , but it is directly opposed to provisions of the Act and to regulations of the U.S. Treasury Department , which either prescribed or permits that compensations for personal services not be taxed as an entirety and not be returned by the individual performing the services . It is to be noted that , by the language of the Act , it is not salaries , wages , or compensation for personal services that are to be included in gains , profits , and income derived from salaries , wages , or compensation for personal services . This language is not from the Court ’ s opinion in Lucas v. Earl . Instead , it is an almost direct quotation from page 17 of the taxpayer 's brief filed in the case . Guy C. Earl was the taxpayer , and the brief was written by Earl ’ s attorneys : Warren Olney , Jr . , J.M. Mannon , Jr . , and Henry D. Costigan . In some printed versions of the case , this statement and other quotations and paraphrases from pages 8 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 17 , and 18 of the taxpayer 's brief are re @-@ printed as a headnote or syllabus above the opinion of the Court . In the case reprints that include this headnote ( and many of them do not even show it ) , these excerpts are not clearly identified as being from the taxpayer 's brief . A person not trained in analysis of legal materials would not necessarily know that this verbiage , like any headnote or syllabus , is not part of the Court ’ s opinion , perhaps leading to the confusion about the source of the quotation . As explained below , the Supreme Court rejected the arguments in the quotation , and the taxpayer lost the case . Lucas v. Earl is a leading case in the area of U.S. income taxation , and stands for the Anticipatory Assignment of Income Doctrine . In the case , Mr. Earl was arguing that because he and his wife , in the year 1901 , had made a legally valid assignment agreement ( for state law purposes ) to have his then @-@ current and after @-@ acquired income ( which was earned solely by him ) be treated as the income of both him and his wife as joint tenants with right of survivorship , the assignment agreement should also determine the federal income tax effect of the income he earned ( i.e. , only half the income should be taxed to him ) . The U.S. Supreme Court rejected that argument , essentially ruling that under federal income tax law all the future income earned by Mr. Earl was taxable to him at the time he earned the income , even though he had already assigned part of the income to his wife , and regardless of the validity of the assignment agreement under state law . The Court in Lucas v. Earl did not rule that wages are not taxable . = = = Coppage v. Kansas = = = One case frequently cited by tax protesters for the " wages are not taxable " argument is Coppage v. Kansas with respect to the following quotation : Included in the right of personal liberty and the right of private property @-@ partaking of the nature of each- is the right to make contracts for the acquisition of property . Chief among such contracts is that of personal employment , by which labor and other services are exchanged for money or other forms of property . Coppage was a criminal case involving a defendant convicted , under a Kansas statute , of firing an employee for refusing to resign as a member of a labor union . No issues of taxation were presented to or decided by the Court , and the word " tax " is not found in the text of the Court 's decision . = = = Truax v. Corrigan = = = Tax protesters also cite or quote from the case of Truax v. Corrigan for the argument that an income tax should not be imposed on labor and at least arguably relating " labor " to a right of " property " : That the right to conduct a lawful business , and thereby acquire pecuniary profits , is property , is indisputable . The Truax case involved a Mr. William Truax who owned a restaurant called " English Kitchen , " in Bisbee , Arizona . A Mr. Michael Corrigan and others were former cooks and waiters at the restaurant . Corrigan and others allegedly instituted a boycott of the restaurant , after a dispute arose over the terms and conditions of employment . A strike was allegedly ordered by a local union with respect to certain union members employed at the restaurant . The restaurant ’ s business was allegedly harmed , and Mr. Truax sued various parties on a variety of grounds . The lawsuit was thrown out by the trial court before the case could be heard , on the theory that Mr. Truax was incorrect as a matter of law . Mr. Truax appealed and the case eventually ended up in the U.S. Supreme Court . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the trial court should not have thrown out the lawsuit , but should have heard Mr. Truax ’ s case . The case was sent back to the trial court so that a trial could take place . Truax was not a tax case . No issues involving taxation were presented to or decided by the Court . = = = Butchers ' Union Co. v. Crescent City Co . = = = Tax protesters also cite the U.S. Supreme Court case of Butcher 's Union Co. v. Crescent City Co. for the argument that an income tax should not be imposed on labor , sometimes quoting the following language : A monopoly is defined ' to be an institution or allowance from the sovereign power of the state , by grant , commission , or otherwise , to any person or corporation , for the sole buying , selling , making , working , or using of anything whereby any person or persons , bodies politic or corporate , are sought to be restrained of any freedom or liberty they had before or hindered in their lawful trade , ' All grants of this kind are void at common law , because they destroy the freedom of trade , discourage labor and industry , restrain persons from getting an honest livelihood , and put it in the power of the grantees to enhance the price of commodities . They are void because they interfere with the liberty of the individual to pursue a lawful trade or employment . Butchers ' Union Co. was a case involving interpretation of the Louisiana Constitution and certain ordinances of the city of New Orleans . The Court ruled that the Louisiana Constitution and the New Orleans ordinances did not impermissibly impair a pre @-@ existing obligation under a contract when those laws effectively ended a slaughter @-@ house business monopoly by the Crescent City Company . No issues regarding the power to tax incomes from businesses , vocations , or labor were presented to or decided by the Court , and the word " tax " does not appear in the text of the decision . = = = Murdock case = = = Tax protesters also cite the case of Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( also known as Jones v. City of Opelika ) : A state may not impose a charge for the enjoyment of a right granted by the federal constitution . Murdock ( or Jones v. City of Opelika ) was a case involving the validity of a city ordinance ( in Jeannette , Pennsylvania ) worded as follows : That all persons canvassing for or soliciting within said Borough , orders for goods , paintings , pictures , wares , or merchandise of any kind , or persons delivering such articles under orders so obtained or solicited , shall be required to procure from the Burgess a license to transact said business and shall pay to the Treasurer of said Borough therefore the following sums according to the time for which said license shall be granted . 'For one day $ 1 @.@ 50 , for one week seven dollars ( $ 7 @.@ 00 ) , for two weeks twelve dollars ( $ 12 @.@ 00 ) , for three weeks twenty dollars ( $ 20 @.@ 00 ) , provided that the provisions of this ordinance shall not apply to persons selling by sample to manufacturers or licensed merchants or dealers doing business in said Borough of Jeannette . A group of people who were Jehovah 's Witnesses went from door to door distributing literature in the town . They failed to obtain the license under the ordinance . The case ended up in court , and went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court , which stated : There was evidence that it was their [ the Jehovah ’ s Witnesses ’ ] practice in making these solicitations to request a ' contribution ' of twenty @-@ five cents each for the books and five cents each for the pamphlets but to accept lesser sums or even to donate the volumes in case an interested person was without funds . … The First Amendment , which the Fourteenth makes applicable to the states , declares that ' Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press .... ' … It could hardly be denied that a tax laid specifically on the exercise of those freedoms would be unconstitutional . The protester argument appears to be that the federal government should not be able to tax income from labor because it would be a tax on an exercise of the freedoms mentioned in the quotation . The " tax " in this case was , in effect , a license fee imposed on door to door sales people under a city ordinance . The city was trying to exact the fee from Jehovah ’ s Witness members who were going door to door . Questions about the validity of federal income taxes were neither presented to nor decided by the Court . = = = Redfield v. Fisher = = = Some tax protesters cite or quote from Redfield v. Fisher : The individual , unlike the corporation , cannot be taxed for the mere privilege of existing . The corporation is an artificial entity which owes its existence and charter powers to the state ; but the individual 's rights to live and own property are natural rights for the enjoyment of which an excise cannot be imposed . The argument seems to be that because " the individual 's rights to live and own property " are arguably rights against which " an excise cannot be imposed , " the federal income tax on income from labor should therefore be unconstitutional . However , Redfield v. Fisher is an Oregon Supreme Court case , not a federal case . No issues involving the validity of federal income tax laws were decided by the court . = = = Conner v. United States = = = Some tax protesters cite a case called Conner v. United States , with a quotation that " Congress has taxed income , not compensation " for the argument that wages are not taxable . This was the case cited unsuccessfully by LaKerra Sumter before the U.S. Court of Federal Claims in the case of Sumter v. United States . The Conner case involved the taxability of compensation paid by an insurance company to a policy holder whose house had burned down . The insurance company was reimbursing the homeowner for the costs of renting a place to stay after the home burned down — under the terms of the insurance policy . The insurance company was not paying " wages " . The court was not presented with , and did not decide , any issue involving the taxability of wages . = = = Eisner v. Macomber = = = Some tax protesters have cited the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case of Eisner v. Macomber for the theory that wages are not taxable , or for the theory that dividends are not taxable . The case dealt with a stock dividend on stock that was essentially equivalent to a stock split , as opposed to a cash dividend on stock . In the case of this kind of " dividend " the stockholder does not receive anything or realize any additional value . For example , if a stockholder owns 100 shares of stock having a value of $ 4 per share , the total value is $ 400 . If the corporation declares , say , a " two for one " stock dividend that is essentially similar to a stock split ( and the corporation distributes no money or other property ) , the stockholder now has 200 shares with a value of $ 2 each , which is still $ 400 in value - i.e. , no increase in value and no income . The pie is still the same size — but it 's sliced into more pieces , each piece being proportionately smaller . More directly to the point , there has been no " sale or other disposition " of the stock . The taxpayer still owns the same asset ( i.e. , the same interest in the corporation ) he owned prior to the stock dividend . So , even if his basis amount ( generally , the amount he originally paid for the stock ) is less than the $ 400 value ( i.e. , even if he has an unrealized or potential gain ) , he still has not yet " realized " the gain . The Court ruled that this kind of stock dividend is not treated as " income " to a shareholder . The Court in this case did not rule on any issue involving the taxability of labor or income from labor , or wages , salary or ordinary " cash " dividends — where the stockholder actually receives a check from the company , etc . Indeed , the terms " wage " and " salary " do not appear in the text of the decision in Eisner v. Macomber . = = = Cases where wages or labor ruled taxable = = = The provisions of the U.S. Constitution authorizing Congress to impose taxes , duties , imposts and excises contain no express exceptions for taxes on wages or labor , or for taxes on income from labor . The courts have consistently rejected arguments that " wages " or " labor " ( whether denominated as " labor property " or not ) cannot be taxed under the Internal Revenue Code . The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit has stated : " Taxpayers ' argument that compensation for labor is not constitutionally subject to the federal income tax is without merit . There is no constitutional impediment to levying an income tax on compensation for a taxpayer 's labors . " See also : United States v. Connor ( tax evasion conviction under 26 U.S.C. § 7201 affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ; taxpayer ’ s argument — that because of the Sixteenth Amendment , wages were not taxable — was rejected by the Court ; taxpayer ’ s argument that an income tax on wages is required to be apportioned by population also rejected ) ; Parker v. Commissioner ( taxpayer 's argument — that wages are not taxable — was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ; taxpayer charged double costs for filing a frivolous appeal ) ; Perkins v. Commissioner ( 26 U.S.C. § 61 ruled by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to be “ in full accordance with Congressional authority under the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution to impose taxes on income without apportionment among the states ” ; taxpayer ’ s argument that wages paid for labor are non @-@ taxable was rejected by the Court , and ruled frivolous ) ; Sisemore v. United States ( United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that the federal district court properly dismissed taxpayer ’ s frivolous lawsuit based on taxpayer ’ s tax return position that wages do not represent a taxable gain because wages are a source of income and are received in equal exchange for labor ) ; White v. United States ( taxpayer ’ s argument that wages are not taxable was ruled frivolous by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ; penalty — imposed under 26 U.S.C. § 6702 for filing tax return with frivolous position — was therefore proper ) ; Granzow v. Commissioner ( taxpayer ’ s argument that wages are not taxable was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , and ruled frivolous ) ; United States v. Russell ( taxpayer 's argument — that the federal income is unconstitutional on the theory that the law cannot tax a " common law right to work " — was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ) ; Waters v. Commissioner ( taxpayer ’ s argument that income taxation of wages is unconstitutional was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ; taxpayer required to pay damages for filing frivolous suit ) . Related tax protester arguments with respect to wages paid by " employers " to " employees " are ( 1 ) that only federal officers , federal employees , elected officials , or corporate officers are " employees " for purposes of federal income tax , ( 2 ) that the inclusion of the United States government within the definition of the term " employer " operates to exclude all other employers from the definition , and ( 3 ) that with respect to compensation , the tax is imposed only on compensation paid to federal government employees . These arguments have been rejected in court rulings . Another tax protester argument is that income from labor should not be taxable because any amount the worker receives in exchange for his or her labor is received in an exchange of " equal value , " although an exchange in any true " arm 's length " fair market value transaction is , essentially by definition , an exchange of equal value . See , for example , the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Buras , in which the taxpayer 's theory — that wages were not taxable because ( 1 ) " only profit or gain , such as that from the sale of a capital asset , constituted income subject to federal tax " and ( 2 ) " [ w ] ages could not constitute gain or profit because wages merely represent an equivalent exchange for one 's labor " — was rejected . See also the decision of the United States Tax Court in Link v. Commissioner , where the taxpayer 's argument — that pension income is " labor property " and that when taxpayer receives his pension income from his former employer for whom he once performed services ( or labor ) , any amount he receives in exchange for his labor is a nontaxable exchange of equal value — was rejected . In Boggs v. Commissioner , a penalty of $ 8 @,@ 000 was imposed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the taxpayers for filing a frivolous appeal using the argument that a portion of a wage amount was not taxable as a return on " human capital . " Further , under the U.S. federal tax laws , even if labor were considered " property " the gain or income from " labor property " would be defined as the excess of the amount realized ( for example , the money received ) by the taxpayer over the amount of the taxpayer 's " adjusted basis " in the " property " ( see 26 U.S.C. § 1001 ) . Since the taxpayer can have only a zero " basis " amount in his or her own labor — the personal living expenses incurred to generate labor being both non @-@ capitalizable and , under 26 U.S.C. § 262 , non @-@ deductible — the " gain " would thus be equal to the amount of compensation received by the taxpayer . Compare Carter v. Commissioner , where the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated : " The assertion that proceeds received for personal services cannot be given a ' zero @-@ basis for the purpose of the assessment of taxation , ' is frivolous . This is a variation of the ' wages are not income ' theme , which has been rejected repeatedly by this court . " See also Reading v. Commissioner ( taxpayer 's argument — that gain from labor of self @-@ employed individual cannot be determined until the " cost of doing labor " has been subtracted from the amount received — was rejected ; validity of 26 U.S.C. § 262 , disallowing deductions for personal living expenses , was upheld ) . See also Burnett v. Commissioner ( taxpayer 's argument — that wages represent an equal exchange of property and , therefore , are not taxable income — was rejected ) . See also In re Myrland ( ruling that a taxpayer is not entitled to deduct the value of his labor from his income in calculating his taxes ) . = = = Wages and salaries , the Sixteenth Amendment , and the Cheek case = = = In dicta in Cheek v. United States , the United States Supreme Court specifically labeled defendant John Cheek 's arguments about the constitutionality of the tax law — arguments Cheek had raised in various prior court cases — as " frivolous . " Prior to his conviction , John Cheek had specifically contended that the Sixteenth Amendment did not authorize a tax on wages and salaries , but only on gain or profit . = = = Monetary penalties for asserting the argument on tax return = = = The argument that wages , tips and other compensation received for the performance of personal services are not taxable income , the argument that such items are offset by an equivalent deduction , the argument that a person has a " basis " in his or her labor equal to the fair market value of the wages received , and variations of these arguments , have been officially identified as legally frivolous federal tax return positions for purposes of the $ 5 @,@ 000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702 ( a ) .
= Dump months = The dump months is a term used in the film community for the two periods of the year when there are lowered commercial and critical expectations for most new releases . Audiences during these periods are smaller than the rest of the year , so no tentpole movies are released . January and February are usually most commonly described this way , with August and September sometimes included . Releases during those times primarily include films that would have been released at other times of year had they done better at test screenings , films with less prominent stars , genre films ( particularly horror ) , movies that cannot be easily marketed and films intended for a teenage audience , which has fewer entertainment options outside the home . Several factors combine to create the dump months , most of them circumstances particular to the United States and Canada , the primary market for most major Hollywood releases . Both periods immediately follow the times of year in which the distributors concentrate films they expect to be the biggest critical and / or commercial successes , periods of increased spending on entertainment generally . While this often means that moviegoers have less disposable income afterwards , economics alone does not explain the dump months . The weather and competition from other forms of mass entertainment , especially professional sports , also play a part ; the winter dump months are further affected by the Academy Awards eligibility rules . The dump months evolved over the course of the 20th century . Although during the studio era most major releases followed annual patterns similar to today 's , several classics like The Kid , Shadow of a Doubt and The Treasure of the Sierra Madre were released during January . Since the decline of the studios , however , memorable films from the dump months have become rare exceptions . The most notable is The Silence of the Lambs , a well @-@ reviewed box office smash released in late January 1991 that went on to win that year 's Academy Award for Best Picture . Several years before that , Dirty Dancing and Fatal Attraction became hits following releases in August and September respectively . Films released during the dump months have not always been consigned to cinematic oblivion . Some , like Tremors and Office Space , have become cult classics . Starting with Cloverfield , some 21st @-@ century dump @-@ months releases have managed to exceed $ 100 million on box office receipts . The similar success of low @-@ budget horror films like The Devil Inside and Mama in the early 2010s has prompted studios to release films in that genre at times of the year other than Halloween and the dump months . = = Etymology = = The term " dump months " comes from the belief that studios use the time periods in question as a " dumping ground " for movies they are contractually obligated to release but believe to have limited commercial prospects at best . " The first months of the year are known as the ' dump months ' in Hollywood , " wrote Vegas Seven critic Una LaMarche in early 2013 , a period characterized by " movies that studios dislike , and want to release with little fanfare . " Likewise , Paul Shirey at JoBlo.com dismisses September as " one of the most worthless months at the box office . " The earliest use of the term to turn up in a Google search is a 2007 article in the British newspaper The Guardian . " In the US , January is ' dump month ' at the movies , " critic Jonathan Bernstein wrote . " The films no studios believe in or care about ... suddenly become the sole choice available to regular filmgoers hungry for fresh fare . " Use of the term became more common in the early 2010s . = = Causes = = While both dump @-@ month periods immediately follow periods of greater movie attendance when event movies expected to be critical and / or commercial successes are released , and periods of greater consumer spending generally there are also reasons specific to both periods that further dampen movie attendance to limit the expected box office returns to the extent that movies with strong potential will be scheduled for other times of year . = = = January – February = = = The main impediment to the release of highly anticipated or high @-@ quality films in January and February is the calendar of the two major film awards , which overlap with those months . The winter weather also adds uncertainty to estimates of potential box office . Two holidays during the time provide some slight relief ; however , they are offset by the distraction of Super Bowl weekend , which depresses spending on movies . The combined gross for all January releases 2002 – 2012 has averaged $ 387 million ; for February it is $ 615 million . By comparison December , with its holiday releases , averages $ 1 @.@ 2 billion . Spending is low to begin with since many consumers are cutting back and repaying debts incurred during the preceding holiday season , as well as having less free time , Jeremy Kirk of Firstshowing.net , when asked to explain the dearth of good films in January , notes that moviegoers are returning to their work and school routines during the month . C. Robert Cargill of Ain 't It Cool News adds that only those over 35 , " who have savings accounts and weren 't tapped out by Christmas , " can afford to go to the movies regularly then . He attributes the early @-@ year success of Taken and its sequels to that market , as well as that of many of Clint Eastwood 's recent films , to that older market . The website Box Office Mojo , which publishes reports on film grosses , divides the movie year into five seasons . It defines the winter season as lasting from the first day after New Year 's week or weekend ends through the Thursday before the first Friday in March . The site 's data go back to 1982 , and in every year the winter season has had the lowest box office grosses . The weakest winter was 1983 , when The Entity 's $ 13 million take led the way to a total of $ 93 @.@ 4 million in domestic grosses for all movies released during that season . On the other end , 2012 had the strongest winter , at $ 1 @.@ 24 billion , topped by Safe House , which took in $ 124 million . = = = = Awards calendar = = = = At the end of the year comes the holiday movie season , when the studios release both tentpole movies , such as the latest installments in popular franchises that are expected to be highly successful and " Oscar bait " movies that are seen as likely to earn critical praise and , more importantly , nominations for major awards such as the Golden Globes and Oscars , the industry 's most prestigious . Those nominations are then used to promote the film . But while the former nominations are announced in December with the awards themselves given in early January , the Academy Award nominations are announced after the Golden Globes , and the actual awards are not given until late February leaving most of the first two months of the year as Oscar season a period during which any Golden Globes received as well as Oscar nominations can be used to promote the film to audiences , while studios lobby Academy members to vote for their nominees . To be eligible for award consideration , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences requires that a film be shown in a theater in Los Angeles County , California , for at least seven consecutive days during which is advertised in print media . Studios hoping to position a film for some nominations usually satisfy that minimum requirement , then ease them into wide release from then until the nominations and / or awards ceremony . The flexibility this marketing strategy requires means that screens be available , and studios limit their releases of new films during this time to that end . As critic Ty Burr explained in a 2013 New York Times Magazine article on the mediocrity of new releases in the first month of the year : " [ T ] he studios ... know our attention is elsewhere . " New films shown publicly anywhere for the first time after January 1 themselves are ineligible for Oscars until the following year , by which time they will likely have been forgotten by critics , audiences and voters . The Silence of the Lambs , winner of the 1991 Academy Award for Best Picture , is a rare exception , as the only film in the post @-@ studio era released in the first two months of its year to go on to win that Oscar . Burr calls it " the grand exception to the January Movies Will Never Amount to Anything rule , " and finds that only one other classic of the late 20th century , Dr. Strangelove , was a January release . Theaters will also still be running any holiday @-@ season hits even if they had not been nominated for awards , further reducing the screens available for new movies . Ray Subers , an editor at Box Office Mojo , says there are two types of January moviegoer that keep December releases on screens throughout the months . " Discerning adult audiences " , he told The Atlantic in 2012 , spend the month congregating to those films on critics ' lists for the best of the year they have not yet gotten to see , while " the general moviegoers are seeing the event films of December . " = = = = Winter weather = = = = During January and February winter storms become more likely than they are in December . While they do not affect the entire U.S. , the Northeast and Midwest are particularly prone to them , along with most neighboring areas of Canada . This includes many major metropolitan areas , and movie markets , in both countries . When winter storms hit , bringing with them combinations of precipitation that making driving difficult and sometimes dangerous , moviegoers often prefer to stay home . Non @-@ essential travel is officially discouraged , and in severe enough weather all non @-@ emergency driving can be banned in some areas until the situation improves . In anticipation of the February 2013 nor 'easter , which struck on the month 's first weekend , three large chains closed down many of their theaters in the Northeast . Industry analysts feared that the storm could seriously impact the box office prospects of two films opening that weekend , Identity Thief and Side Effects , both of which were seen as having potential to do better than most winter movies . While it afterwards appeared that the two films were not seriously affected , and did better than expected , with Identity Thief even winning the weekend , despite generally poor reviews and word of mouth , with $ 36 million in receipts , overall box office was down 45 % from the same weekend the previous year . Side Effects finished a distant third with a quarter of Identity Thief 's take . The clearest sign of the storm 's effect , according to Box Office Mojo , was the 35 % drop in earnings for Silver Linings Playbook , then in wide release after several Oscar nominations . = = = = Holiday weekends and Super Bowl = = = = While holiday weekends in the US generally increase film audiences and thus attract major releases throughout the year , the two that occur during these months — Martin Luther King Day in January and Presidents ' Day in February – offer only a modest prospect for improvement . The most lucrative take by any movie on Martin Luther King Day weekend is $ 107 @.@ 2 million by American Sniper in 2015 , its first weekend in wide release ; the previous best opening weekend was Ride Along the previous year , taking in $ 41 @.@ 5 million ( $ 48 @.@ 6 million if the entire three @-@ day holiday weekend is counted ) . Presidents 's Day benefits by its proximity to Valentine 's Day ( which , as it is always February 14 , is often a weekday ) , which offers the studios enough chance of a payoff , usually from romantic comedies and other " chick flicks " marketed towards women as date movies . " [ Some years ] it 's been six straight weeks of dreck until " that holiday , says Cargill . Fifty Shades of Grey , the 2015 adaptation of the bestselling erotic novel , took in $ 93 million on its opening weekend , the largest take for a President 's Day weekend until Deadpool broke that record the year later . Valentine 's Day , the 2010 romantic comedy with a large ensemble cast , is third with $ 63 @.@ 1 million . Third among opening weekends is Ghost Rider , which took in $ 52 million in 2007 ; the best performance by a previously released film on President 's Day weekend is the $ 62 @.@ 4 million take by The Lego Movie , a week after its release in 2014 . Any boost movie grosses get from those two holidays , however , is offset by what typically comes between them . The Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League , has been in recent years played on either the last Sunday of January or the first one of February . It is accompanied by heavy media attention and frequent gatherings all over the country to watch the game on television , accompanied with food and beverages purchased with money that might otherwise be spent on movie tickets . " Does the Super Bowl affect ticket sales ? " asks Scott Gwin at Cinemablend . " The answer , of course , is yes . In fact , there 's a decent chance Budweiser spends more on advertising that Sunday than America does in theaters . " The most successful film to open during Super Bowl weekend is the 2008 concert film Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert , which took in $ 31 @.@ 1 million , almost half the total it would earn during a released limited to just that weekend and the following week . In a close second is Dear John , grossing $ 30 @.@ 5 million in 2010 , for the strongest Super Bowl weekend opening for a conventional release . Both films had strong appeal to female moviegoers , an audience more receptive to moviegoing on a weekend dominated by a sporting event . The 2008 action film Taken , which Cargill noted for its success in appealing to an older audience , took in $ 24 @.@ 7 million on its opening weekend on its way to total receipts of over $ 100 million , making it a distant third . = = = August – September = = = " As we enter the dog days of summer , we get the summer movie season dregs as well , " wrote PopMatters editor Bill Gibron , anticipating August 2013 . The year 's other dump period straddles summer and fall , and does not lend itself to being as clearly delineated as the winter dump months . In the past it was usually considered to include all of August and September , and in some years still may . But in years with many major summer movies , some may open on the first or second weekend of August to avoid competing with other such movies , such as Guardians of the Galaxy , the first @-@ ever August release by Marvel Studios , which took in $ 94 million on the first weekend of that month in 2014 . It was the most successful August opening weekend , and it became one of the year 's top @-@ grossing films . By the end of the summer seasonal jobs end , just as with the winter dump months , and younger moviegoers begin to return to school . Tuition payments , and retailers ' back @-@ to @-@ school sales further cut into movie grosses . " The prevailing wisdom is that people don 't go to the movies in August " due to family vacations , summer camp , among other factors , Vulture complained as it pondered another potentially dreary month in 2008 . While an August release can open as successfully as a film earlier in the summer , " [ i ] t just doesn 't have the ability to run five or six weeks so there 's a scramble for June and July , " Ted Mundorff , head of Landmark Theatres , told the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram in 2014 . The type of films that interest younger audiences in the early summer , he elaborates , do not do well after Labor Day . It is the month 's last two weekends that are more universally seen as the beginning of the late @-@ summer dump months , when only forgettable films are likely to be released , with occasional exceptions like Dirty Dancing , which went on to make $ 63 million domestically from its release in late August 1987 , and spawn several sequels and a franchise . At the end of August is the annual American celebration of Labor Day , the only holiday weekend during this period . Of all the year 's holiday weekends it is reliably the weakest in terms of movie box office , with the top grosser for the weekend being the 2007 Rob Zombie @-@ directed reimagining of Halloween , at $ 30 @.@ 5 million . The Sixth Sense , then in its fourth week , is a close second after pulling in $ 29 million in 1999 ; in a distant second for opening weekends is yet another horror film , 2012 's The Possession with $ 21 @.@ 1 million . Once September begins , younger moviegoers are preoccupied with starting the school year and thus less likely to go to the movies on weeknights than they were in summertime . As with the winter months , football also has an impact at the box office as not only NFL teams but college and high school teams resume play , all on weekends . " [ W ] e are left with a series of movies competing for box office scraps in a month when Hollywood assumes no one goes to the movies , " says a Yahoo critic . Some September movies have triumphed critically and commercially . In 1987 , Fatal Attraction , which opened in wide release on September 18 not only succeeded at the box office , staying in theaters through June of the next year and garnering six Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture . Twelve years later , in 1999 , the similarly successful American Beauty , which had been in limited release through September before going wide in October , won that award and four others . September 's counterpart to Sundance , the Toronto International Film Festival , is held at the end of the month . The film community 's attention is focused on the Canadian city . Critics gather to see potential Oscar contenders among the many independent films on the program and studio executives look to line up distribution deals with the same prize in mind . Some of the best are released within a week or so , ending the September dump period . In past years , October also was when eagerly anticipated horror films reached screens , to capitalize on the approach of Halloween at the end of the month . However , this began to change in the 2000s due to the way franchises such as the Saw and Paranormal Activity films dominated that period , prompting distributors of other horror films to consider releasing them during the winter dump months instead . In 2012 Paramount enjoyed huge success with the unheralded The Devil Inside , released right after New Year 's Day despite a strongly negative critical and audience reaction ; the next year Mama was received enthusiastically by critics and filmgoers when it came out on Martin Luther King Day weekend after being rescheduled from the previous October to avoid going up against Sinister and Paranormal Activity 4 . Only one major horror film , the third adaptation of Stephen King 's Carrie , was released in October 2013 , and it underperformed . " At your local multiplex , the spirit of Halloween is , sadly , dead , " Matt Barone wrote in Complex . " Horror 's now too big of a business for major studios to care much about October . " = = Statistical analyses = = The dump months ' obstacles are reflected in their box office totals , particularly the success of movies opening during those months . January 's strongest domestic opening weekend ever was the $ 90 million American Sniper took in when it went into wide release on Martin Luther King Day weekend in 2015 . The best opening weekend for a movie seeing screens for the first time in January was the $ 42 million pulled in by Ride Along the year before ; it is the lowest best opening weekend gross for any month . Close behind is September 's best , the $ 48 million that Hotel Transylvania 2 took in following its 2015 release . August and February are fourth and fifth , respectively , with Guardians of the Galaxy at $ 94 million and Deadpool at $ 132 million respectively ( the all @-@ time champion is December , reflecting Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' massive $ 248 million it made during its 2015 opening weekend ) . In January 2010 , Metacritic editor Jason Dietz undertook a statistical analysis of whether films released in that month were , as perceived , inferior . He compared the site 's aggregate scores , based on critical and audience consensus , for films released in January , February , and March from 2000 to 2009 . January averaged the fewest releases of the three , and the lowest average scores . Of the 88 films released in the first month of the year during that decade , only six earned above a 61 average on the site 's scale of 0 to 100 , the lowest of any of the three winter months , even accounting for the increase in releases as the spring becomes closer . It did not seem to Dietz as if there was any relationship between critical praise and audience enthusiasm for January films . The best @-@ rated , Disney 's 2004 animated musical Teacher 's Pet , was a commercial failure , as was 2001 's The Pledge . Cloverfield , the third entry , was a success , and behind it Freedom Writers had ridden its good reviews to do some modest box office in 2007 ; however How She Move had flopped that same year . Conversely , some of the successful January releases did not meet with critical acclaim . Taken had been highly successful at the end of the month in 2009 despite reviews that ranged across the spectrum . And two weeks before that film 's release , the universally panned comedy Paul Blart : Mall Cop had opened strong on its way to a total take over $ 150 million . Contemplating the offerings for January 2013 , Adam Raymond at Vulture undertook a ranking of a quarter @-@ century of Januarys based on scores at Rotten Tomatoes ( RT ) , another review aggregator . He averaged the ratings for all films released in a particular January , with the best and worst scores noted . By this method the best and worst Januarys were both in the earliest years for which the site kept scores . " [ T ] his could be more a result of the fact that far fewer movies used to be released then , so it took less to sway the average , " Raymond noted . The best January was also the first , 1987 , whose 79 % average was led by Woody Allen 's acclaimed Radio Days . At 95 % , it was also the best @-@ rated January film during the survey period . That month 's lowest @-@ rated new release , Outrageous Fortune , still managed a 50 % rating , better than the average for all but one of the other years . At the other end was January 1989 , where the 26 % achieved by Gleaming the Cube and the 0 % awarded to DeepStar Six bracketed a 16 % average . Five other January films joined it at the bottom of the scale . It was recognized as a nadir among Januarys even at the time . In a contemporary essay in The New York Times after the month had concluded , an exasperated Janet Maslin presciently noted that " the January that has just ended really looks like one for the record books . " Among the 21st @-@ century Januarys , 2011 did the best at 39 % , led by The Way Back 's 75 % . The worst was 2003 , when Final Destination 2 led the pack to a 23 % average with its score of 47 % . Kangaroo Jack brought up the rear at 8 % . Looking ahead to the movies of February 2014 , Chris Kirk and Kim Thompson at Slate argued that February 's movies were statistically the worst of any month . Their evidence was the average RT ratings for all movies for each month between 2000 and 2013 . February 's averaged 45 % , three points lower than January and September and four below August . February also had the worst month in the entire sample period , with the 2001 releases from that month coming in at 31 % ; 2010 and 2012 tied for the best February at 54 % . No comparable analysis has ever been done on films released during the late @-@ summer dump months . At the end of July 2008 , Vulture again greeted the coming month with two posts on the drop in movie quality historically associated with the month , and its theories for what might explain that . One was a history of the previous 15 Augusts , with movies released in each month subjectively rated as " halfway @-@ decent " or " lousy " . It concluded that over that time there had been 169 lousy movies , and 26 halfway @-@ decent ones . " That 's 11 @.@ 2 movies per August that make you want to claw your eyes out . " Most of the Augusts in the time period in question had one or two " halfway @-@ decent " movies , with the other 9 – 11 movies discarded as " lousy " . The exceptions were the consecutive years 1998 – 99 . The former was regarded as the worst August , with no halfway @-@ decent movies and all its releases ( The Avengers , How Stella Got Her Groove Back and Halloween H20 , among others ) considered lousy . But in August 1999 , there were five halfway @-@ decent films : The Sixth Sense , The Thomas Crown Affair , The Iron Giant , Dick and Bowfinger . = = History = = According to Burr , from the earliest days of the studio system major releases had largely followed the same calendar modern audiences would recognize , clustered during spring , summer , and the end @-@ of @-@ year holidays . " Yet January was still in the mix , " he observes . " Silent @-@ era Charlie Chaplin hits like The Kid ( 1921 ) and The Circus ( 1928 ) , the Garbo / John Gilbert melodrama Flesh and the Devil ( 1927 ) and Josef von Sternberg 's Last Command ( 1928 ) all came out during the first month of the year . " The best decade for January movies , Burr writes , may well have been the 1940s . It began with what he suggests was best January in cinema history . The Grapes of Wrath , His Girl Friday and The Shop Around the Corner , all considered classics , were released in January 1940 . Later in the decade , other classic films would first reach screens during January , such as Sullivan 's Travels , Shadow of a Doubt and The Treasure of the Sierra Madre . A few months after Treasure 's release , the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decision in United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc . , holding that it was a violation of antitrust law for the studios to own theater chains as well . This has historically been seen as the beginning of the end of the studio system . Burr found that after it , with movies having less of a guaranteed box office since an adequate theatrical run could no longer be guaranteed , " release patterns began to clump more formally around big weekends , warmer weather and national holidays . " In the mid @-@ 1970s , the studios discovered the summer blockbuster via the success of Jaws and Star Wars . In the following decade the rise of independent producers dedicated to quality such as Merchant Ivory and Harvey Weinstein made the October – December the year 's other highlight . But those two concentrations left the post @-@ holiday winter and late summer as the lows that followed the highs . By the 2010s , Burr said , " August is death by ennui . And January is suicide . " Similarly , The A.V. Club had noted at the same time , " over the past few decades , the American movie schedule has calcified ... January and February are when studios dump their discards , the movies they have low hopes for and want to disavow . " In the early 1980s producer Daniel Melnick , whose Altered States was moved up a month into the 1980 Christmas season by the studio over his objections , complained about this in an interview . " I would rather go at a time when there are fewer people attending movies and offer them pictures they want to see , rather than to divide a larger audience with ten other desirable films ... [ A ] s an industry we have very often shown the instinct of lemmings ... We 're all convinced that people go to the movies primarily at Christmas time , so we release our big pictures then ... " By the end of the decade critics had taken notice as well . After January 1989 , the month that Vulture would 24 years later find to be the movies ' worst January ever , New York Times critic Janet Maslin had had enough . Her idea of " movie hell " she said , included among other indignities having to watch only January releases . " It 's well known that January films have a character that is , let us say , distinctive ... What is it that leads film distributors to regard January as just the right resting place for so many flukes , black sheep , wild cards and also @-@ rans ? " She allowed that recent years had allowed some good films , such as Radio Days and El Norte , to get attention they might note have in other months of the year . However , that January had had as one its major releases The January Man , a thriller she characterized as aptly titled , despite not even being the worst the month had to offer ( that dubious honor went to Deepstar Six ) . Despite the critical and commercial success of The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 , Burr qualified it as an exception that proved the rule . First , it had been released at the very end of January ; and second , it had only gone into wide release two weeks later . Such a strategy is typical of January , Burr writes . " [ It ' ] s a studio 's way of gritting its teeth and ripping off the Band @-@ Aid . " In 2013 , Don Fithian , president of the National Association of Theater Owners ( NATO ) , criticized the dump months ( among several other studio practices ) at CinemaCon , the annual gathering of film exhibitors hosted by NATO . The theaters had come off a first quarter where receipts had been down 12 % from the first quarter of 2012 . He faulted the studios for their insufficiently diverse offerings in 2013 as compared to the first quarter of the year before , which he connected to the dump @-@ months phenomenon . " Any month can produce a $ 100 million movie , " he said in his speech . " In 2012 , distributors spread their movies over the calendar , and we had a record year . " Responding later , in an indieWIRE panel discussion hosted by Anne Thompson , Universal Studios chairman Adam Fogelson agreed in principle with Fithian , saying " there are very few reasons other than historical behavior why almost any film can 't work on almost any weekend ... " he said . He pointed to the 2005 success of White Noise on the first weekend of January as having opened that time up to similar low @-@ budget horror films . However , he called the belief among some exhibitors that the theaters ' slump was attributable to a plethora of R @-@ rated films saved for January , a criticism repeated by Fithian , " simplistic . " The problem was the movies in question , not their ratings . Django Unchained , he insisted , would have been a hit regardless of the month it opened with . " It happens to be about the movies , " Fogelson said . " People tend to if not forget minimize how complicated this is . " = = Releasing strategies = = Critics and movie fans have observed that studios and other distributors have leaned on particular types of movies , or particular genres , to get them through the dump months . Some of them overlap : " Mediocre comedies " , as Scott Meslow of The Atlantic puts it , referring to films like Tooth Fairy , Bride Wars and Hotel for Dogs , all of which had tepid critical receptions but did better than they might have at other times of year . In the 2010s , these films have been doing even better , with Paul Blart : Mall Cop and Identity Thief both vaulting past unimpressed critics to gross over $ 100 million in consecutive years ; the former is the all @-@ time top @-@ grossing January release . " Mediocre action movies " . Meslow points to The Book of Eli and Underworld : Evolution as films that , like their comic counterparts , succeeded commercially due to their January release . In 2011 , he adds , rescheduling The Green Hornet to January from its originally intended release the previous summer proved to be a very lucrative decision . A decade earlier , in a piece about his general complaints with August , Slate editor David Plotz included " egregious action movies " dominating movie screens during the month . " Low @-@ cost rereleases : In 2011 , Meslow recounts , Disney rereleased The Lion King in 3 @-@ D to test whether its core audience would be amenable to the format . The experiment wound up becoming the highest @-@ grossing September release ever . It followed it up with Beauty and the Beast in 3 @-@ D , released the following January . George Lucas primed audiences for the Star Wars prequel trilogy by releasing the enhanced " Special Edition " of the original trilogy during the winter dump months , Meslow recalled . Low budgets , generally : Taken and Paul Blart 's stars , Liam Neeson and Kevin James respectively , are not considered A @-@ listers , bankable enough to open a major movie on the strength of their names alone . Therefore , Meslow writes , they work for lower salaries , which helps keep budgets low enough for the film to be profitable with a smaller potential audience amid minimal competition . Teen @-@ oriented movies . Since teenagers , " the demographic with an excess of idle time in January , " are less interested in movies touted as potential Oscar winners than adults , Meslow reasons , studios make the effort to release films targeted to them . So , romantic films like She 's All That , Save the Last Dance and A Walk to Remember have successfully opened in January . The low @-@ budget parody films of Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer , such as Date Movie and Meet the Spartans , have also done well with the teen market in the dump months despite strongly negative reception from critics and audiences . Not all films released in the dump months were originally intended for that period , however . Movies that failed to live up to studios ' hopes for a competitive summer release often come out in the winter . Vegas Seven 's Una LaMarche pointed at the beginning of 2013 to the then @-@ upcoming Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters as such a film . " If [ it ] were any good , " she wrote , " it would be coming out in June . " It indeed fared poorly in the U.S. , but better abroad . She also suspected that Broken City , another upcoming release that starred Russell Crowe , Catherine Zeta @-@ Jones and Mark Wahlberg , had been consigned to a January release due to adverse reactions from test audiences , and correctly anticipated the failure of the ensemble comedy Movie 43 for the same reason . For his part , Meslow points to Season of the Witch , a $ 40 million horror film starring Nicolas Cage which failed to recoup even that amount , and Untraceable as emblematic of that kind of big @-@ budget bust buried during dump months . " The marketing plan for a film like this is often just a formal wake , the last stop before a film 's reincarnation as generic product for the on @-@ demand / DVD / streaming after @-@ markets , " says Burr in his Times Magazine piece . Others that were not originally intended for the dump months get shifted there anyway not because they are bad but because the studios cannot figure out how to market them or aren 't sure they will succeed . C. Robert Cargill , a former critic for Ain 't It Cool News who scripted the successful 2012 horror film Sinister , points to Chronicle , which had a surprisingly strong opening on Super Bowl weekend earlier that year , an example . Similarly , LaMarche points to two other types of movies difficult to market to large audiences . " Winter can be a boon to little movies with niche audiences , " she writes , pointing to Dustin Hoffman 's directorial debut , Quartet , which received a limited U.S. release in January 2013 , and Struck by Lightning , released at the same time . Movies that also blend genres or defy such categorization , such as the zombie – human Romeo and Juliet retelling , Warm Bodies , or the limited @-@ release Charlie Sheen comedy A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III , are also ideal for their dump @-@ months release time frame . = = = August = = = Guardians of the Galaxy had the most successful August opening weekend ever and became 2014 's top @-@ grossing film domestically . These accomplishments led industry observers to reconsider whether they should be so dismissive of August , a trend that had been building even before that year . Cary Carling noted afterwards in the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram that recent Augusts had seen a number of critical and commercial successes , not only franchise movies such as The Bourne Ultimatum and Rise of the Planet of the Apes but films that appealed to adult audiences such as Blue Jasmine , The Help , and the James Brown biopic Get on Up , whose $ 14 million opening weekend against Guardians " met expectations . " " [ Is ] the summer movie season ... expanding out from its traditional boundaries ? " Jordan Smith asked before the month began on Hollywood.com. He noted that some big @-@ budget movies released in the late spring and early summer of recent years , like After Earth , White House Down , R.I.P.D. and The Lone Ranger , had struggled at the box office against similar competition . He believed a " point of saturation " had been reached , with too many of those movies being released in the early summer . But " audiences are proving that they 'll line up at any time of the year to watch Captain America save the day . " Dave Farger of Fandango.com believes moviegoers are already adapting . When a film like Guardians of the Galaxy comes out at the time of summer it does , " [ it ] feels like an event , regardless of the month . " He sees it as similar to what has happened to the TV schedule , where both broadcast and cable networks have begun airing new scripted shows during the summer , which was once relegated to reruns due to small audiences . = = = Horror films = = = One genre regularly mentioned in connection with the dump months is horror . Once a staple of the periods , yet frequently limited to them , recent successes during the dump months have actually led studios to reevaluate this scheduling limitation and release horror movies at other times of the year . " It seems this time of the year has become the ' other October . ' " said Brian Salisbury of Hollywood.com at the end of February 2013 . LaMarche attributes this to winter 's " cold , dark landscape . " Critically praised and commercially successful horror films such as 2008 's Cloverfield , which had the best January opening weekend for six years until Ride Along , and 2013 's January champion Mama , have done well by the dump months . But other horror movies have still succeeded in the face of critical condemnation , starting with White Noise in 2005 . As a result , " the only new release is usually one crappy horror movie , " on the year 's first weekend , says Will Goss of Film.com. In reviewing 2016 's The Forest , David Ehrlich of Slate took note of its release at that time of year . " [ A ] nybody with access to a calendar already knows that The Forest is bad , " he wrote . " [ A ] t this point , that 's less of a presumption than it is a tradition . " In that vein , playing on the movie 's Japanese setting , he likened it to the supposed ancient custom of ubasute in that country , by which elderly people who could no longer care for themselves were purposely abandoned on mountainsides . In 2012 , The Devil Inside , a low @-@ budget found footage horror film following in the steps of Cloverfield , opened the weekend after New Year 's Day . Critics , for whom it had not been screened , reviewed it harshly if and when they did see it , and audiences reacted angrily to the film 's abrupt ending , which directed them to a website for more information . Yet , as Cargill notes , its success was proof that even on that low @-@ potential weekend , a disengaged audience will " throw money at a terrible movie if it looks like it 's good . " The film 's opening weekend take of $ 33 @.@ 7 million ranks in the top ten for January . The Devil Inside went on to make over $ 50 million domestically and almost that much abroad to break $ 100 million in total receipts . The success of both films outside of October , usually the month when studios released their quality horror films to capitalize on Halloween 's approach , has actually led studios to rethink that approach and release horror films at other times of year . During the 2000s October , and the weekend before Halloween , had come to be dominated by the Saw and Paranormal Activity franchises . " You would never come up against them because you would be killed , " recalls Rock Alvarez , producer of A Haunted House 2 . For that reason , Mama was rescheduled from October 2012 to the following January . In October 2013 , Paramount decided to delay the release of Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones from the weekend before Halloween to March 2014 , and replaced it not with another horror offering but the comedy Johnny Knoxville , leaving the month with only one highly anticipated horror film , the third adaptation of Stephen King 's Carrie . Tiffany Smith of Fandango.com 's House of Screams says studios are finding holidays with horror associations elsewhere in the year , like Friday the 13th , regardless of season . Insidious : Chapter 2 had actually opened well on that weekend in September . " That weekend actually played as a bigger movie weekend than Halloween is this year , " she told USA Today . In July , The Conjuring had also done well amidst the summer movies . " A lot of people are moving [ horror movies ] everywhere , " said Mama producer Guillermo del Toro . = = Audience and critical responses = = Some movie critics have called on the studios to change their release schedules and improve the quality of new films during the dump months . Paul Shirey of JoBlo.com calls on the studios start releasing better films then . " Rather than saving them to win statues , why not put them out to reap some box office and fill an otherwise dead month with something worth seeing ? " Ty Burr suggested that in January 2013 that no new movies should be released in January . Instead , " studios would have to rerelease their most underrated entertainments from the previous year for a second chance . " He gave The Cabin in the Woods or Chronicle , itself a January release in 2012 , as examples of such films . Failing that happening , he wrote that he was using home media to catch up on older films . Other critics have tried to look for worthwhile , overlooked films amid the dump @-@ months releases , which do exist , Vegas Seven 's Una LaMarche assures readers . In January 2013 , The Onion 's A.V. Club compiled a list of such overlooked dump months films . It includes many that have since become cult classics , like the 1991 Kevin Bacon horror film Tremors , 1999 's Office Space and Boiler Room from the following year , all released in late February . They also recommend the January 1993 release Matinee , starring John Goodman as legendary gimmick @-@ using film producer William Castle , and The Pledge , a January 2001 film starring Jack Nicholson . " It is Sean Penn 's best film as director , an uncompromising depiction of faith and devotion curdled into something monstrous . " One critic , Matt Singer of indieWIRE , said in January 2013 that he has " started to look at January with anticipation rather than dread . " He argues that even the month 's bad movies are bad in their own way . Unlike failed summer blockbusters , which have " way too much money riding on [ them ] to be anything but mediocre and boring , " January movies are often spectacular in their failure since the studios do not expect them to do well . " Why throw good money after bad ? " he asks rhetorically . " Just cut your losses and let the thing really suck . " Such benign neglect , he suggests , led to The Devil Inside , " so intensely stupid it 's almost brilliant — and entirely entertaining . " He likened January movies to trainwrecks , while bad movies in June were more like " controlled demolitions . " Cloverfield , he asserted , had begun reversing the trend of forgettable January movies . In more recent years he had been impressed by The Grey and Mama . " While it 's easy to complain about a stretch of so @-@ so movies , " wrote Matt Patches at Hollywood.com as 2012 began , " the twist is we should really be thanking the studios for catering to niche audiences all month . " For most viewers , it is a chance to catch up on the major awards contenders released in December . But studios and the filmgoers who have already seen those two films can benefit from creative risk @-@ taking by filmmakers . He points to Cloverfield as one such gamble that succeeded . Smaller film distributors also take advantage of the dump months to bring little @-@ seen but highly praised films like Kill List to wider audiences via home @-@ media releases . Scott Mendelson at Forbes said in January 2014 that only critics in large markets have reason to complain during the dump months . " For the rest " he claimed " January is in fact a deluge of high quality movies " owing to the combination of awards contenders reaching the mass market for the first time , the possibility for unusual successes among the new releases , and overlooked films from the previous year reaching home markets . In that last category , he highly recommended the August 2013 release Short Term 12 .
= Enough Said ( film ) = Enough Said is a 2013 American romantic comedy @-@ drama film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener . The film stars Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus , James Gandolfini , Catherine Keener , Toni Collette and Ben Falcone . Louis @-@ Dreyfus plays Eva , a divorced masseuse who begins a relationship with Albert ( Gandolfini ) , only to discover that he is the ex @-@ husband of her client and friend Marianne ( Keener ) . Holofcener wrote the script , which was partly inspired by her own life , after she was approached by two producers from Fox Searchlight Pictures who offered to produce her next project . It was filmed in Los Angeles on a budget of US $ 8 million . Gandolfini died after the film was completed but before it was released ; Holofcener dedicated the film to him . Enough Said premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on September 18 , 2013 to critical acclaim , ranking as the fifth best @-@ reviewed wide release of the year . Particular praise was given to Gandolfini and Louis @-@ Dreyfus 's performances , along with Holofcener 's script and direction . The film also received several major award nominations , including for a Golden Globe , a Screen Actors Guild Award , two Independent Spirit Awards and four Critics ' Choice Movie Awards . = = Plot = = Eva , a masseuse and the divorced mother of a teenage girl , attends a party in Pacific Palisades with her friends , married couple Will and Sarah . There she meets a poet , Marianne , and Will introduces Eva to one of his friends , Albert . After the party , Albert asks Will for Eva 's number and , although hesitant since she is not physically attracted to him , Eva agrees to go on a dinner date with Albert , which goes well . Marianne contacts Eva for a massage , and after taking an immediate liking to one another they become friends . Eva finds herself growing fonder of Albert and they have lunch with his teenage daughter , Tess , who , like Eva 's daughter Ellen , is graduating from high school and moving away to attend college . A few days later , Eva goes to her massage appointment with Marianne and realizes that Albert is Marianne 's ex @-@ husband after Marianne tells a story about how he manages to pick out onions when scooping salsa — the same story Albert had told Eva , but about guacamole . Tess then arrives at the house and Eva 's suspicions are confirmed . Marianne tries to introduce Eva to Tess , but Eva hides behind a tree to avoid the meeting . Eva continues seeing Albert , keeping her friendship with Marianne a secret ; likewise , she does not tell Marianne that she is seeing him . Eva encourages Marianne to voice her complaints about Albert so she can identify potential problems in her relationship with him . At the encouragement of Eva , Sarah and Will invite her and Albert to a dinner party , which ends badly after Eva nitpicks over Albert 's faults , which upsets him . At another appointment with Marianne , Eva is exposed when Albert arrives to drop Tess off . He is angry that Eva kept her friendship with Marianne a secret , and breaks up with her . Eva and her ex @-@ husband take Ellen to the airport for her flight to college . A few months later , on Thanksgiving Day , Eva drives by Albert 's home and stops in front of the house on her way to pick up Ellen from the airport . He sees her and she awkwardly waves . He eventually comes outside , to Eva 's surprise , and sits with her on the porch while they begin to renew their relationship . = = Cast = = = = Production = = Enough Said was the fifth film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener . After the release of her fourth film , Please Give ( 2010 ) , she was approached by Matthew Greenfield and Claudia Lewis from Fox Searchlight , who offered to produce Holofcener 's next project on the condition that it was more mainstream than her previous films . She wrote three drafts of the screenplay over six months . The premise was partly inspired by Holofcener 's own life as a divorced mother of two teenagers and her " feelings and fears about what [ her ] life will be like when [ her ] kids go away " . While writing the film , she said , " I was having thoughts about my ex @-@ husband and my new boyfriend and thinking about being married and how I 'm trying to have a relationship that 's happier the second time . " Small details of the plot were also drawn from her life ; Albert 's guacamole @-@ eating habit was inspired by a story that her boyfriend told her about his ex @-@ wife . Neither Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus nor James Gandolfini was Holofcener 's first choice to play the lead roles . Louis @-@ Dreyfus was cast after she approached Holofcener to express her interest in appearing in one of Holofcener 's films . Holofcener 's first choice as Albert was Louis C.K. , who read part of the script but was not interested in the role . Gandolfini did not feel that he was right for the part , but Holofcener later described him as " perfect " . Catherine Keener , who played Marianne , is a frequent collaborator of Holofcener 's , having appeared in all four previous films that Holofcener had directed . The film was shot on location over 24 days in Los Angeles , with a budget of $ 8 million . It was filmed by cinematographer Xavier Pérez Grobet , with whom Holofcener had previously worked on the HBO television series Enlightened . Although each scene was scripted , the actors would often ad @-@ lib lines of dialogue . The final scene of the film , in which Eva and Albert reunite in front of his house , was improvised by Louis @-@ Dreyfus and Gandolfini . It was edited by Robert Frazen , Holofcener 's boyfriend at the time , who had also worked on all four of her previous films . Gandolfini died of a heart attack in June 2013 , almost a year after production on the film had ended but before it was released . The film 's editing was complete by then but Holofcener added a dedication to the end @-@ credits reading " For Jim " . Gandolfini never saw the completed film . = = Release = = Enough Said premiered on September 7 , 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically shortly thereafter on September 18 , 2013 . On its opening weekend , the film earned $ 240 @,@ 000 from four theaters for a $ 60 @,@ 000 per @-@ theater average , ranking among 2013 's best specialty release openers . It received a wide release on September 27 and gradually expanded to a peak of 835 theaters in late October . Over 121 days in theaters , the film grossed $ 17 @.@ 6 million at the U.S. box office . It earned $ 7 @.@ 7 million from other countries , making a total worldwide gross of $ 25 @.@ 3 million . The film was released in DVD and Blu @-@ ray format on January 14 , 2014 . The Blu @-@ ray disc includes six making @-@ of featurettes , titled " Second Takes " , " Cast " , " Story " , " Meet Eva and Albert " , " Nicole Holofcener " and " Julia " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Enough Said received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 96 % , based on 167 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 7 / 10 , and the critical consensus reads , " Wryly charming , impeccably acted , and ultimately quite bittersweet , Enough Said is a grown @-@ up movie in the best possible way . " Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , signifying " generally favorable reviews " . In their year @-@ end tabulations , Rotten Tomatoes dubbed Enough Said the fifth best @-@ reviewed wide release of 2013 and the runner @-@ up for the best @-@ reviewed romance film of 2013 ( second to Before Midnight ) . Many critics also listed the film among their 10 best of the year . Specifically , Enough Said was praised for its commitment to realism , both in the way Holofcener 's characters converse and in the themes the film addresses . In a review for The New York Times , A. O. Scott claimed that " Line for line , scene for scene , it is one of the best @-@ written American film comedies in recent memory . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times felt that Enough Said demonstrated " Holofcener 's gift for portraying life as it is lived " , while David Denby , writing for The New Yorker , wrote that it " approaches novelistic richness " . In The New York Times Book Review , Francine Prose praised Holofcener for having written characters " with sufficient depth and wisdom that ... the actors never seem to be movie stars impersonating people . Rather , they disappear into the vulnerable and self @-@ doubting characters they play without a hint of the preening vanity that so often causes cinematic performances to seem forced and shallow . " Numerous critics also praised Gandolfini and Louis @-@ Dreyfus 's performances in the film . Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post wrote that Gandolfini brought " superb sensitivity and naked vulnerability " to his portrayal of Albert , while Indiewire 's Eric Kohn felt that Gandolfini " truly blossoms " in the film . Writing for The Wall Street Journal , Joe Morgenstern similarly described Gandolfini 's performance as " marvelous " and " grounded in genial humanity " , and found Louis @-@ Dreyfus to be " equally endearing " . Ty Burr of The Boston Globe wrote that Gandolfini gave " a performance of immense tenderness and charm " , " as endearing as it is heartbreaking " , and said of Louis @-@ Dreyfus , " Holofcener brings out a vulnerability you may have forgotten was in this actress . " Slate magazine 's Dana Stevens , meanwhile , wrote that " There 's no one making films right now who writes that kind of dialogue better than Holofcener ... And it 's hard to imagine anyone speaking it better than Gandolfini and Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus . " In a negative review for the San Francisco Chronicle , Mick LaSalle wrote that he found Eva and Albert 's romantic pairing implausible and , knowing that Gandolfini died after making the film , found the references to Albert 's obesity " awkward and macabre and not at all enjoyable " . The Financial Times ' Antonia Quirke , meanwhile , described the film as immemorable , " very modest " and " too depressing " . = = = Accolades = = =
= Mallory Hagan = Mallory Hytes Hagan ( born December 23 , 1988 ) is an American actress , model and beauty queen who won Miss America 2013 and Miss New York 2012 . She was also Miss New York City 2012 , Miss Manhattan 2011 , Miss Brooklyn 2010 , and a two @-@ time Miss New York first runner @-@ up . She is a native of Alabama , where she had been runner @-@ up in the Miss Alabama 's Outstanding Teen Program , and a non @-@ finalist talent winner at Miss Alabama . She won the Miss America competition on a platform of child sexual abuse awareness and prevention . She also gave a timely response on the issue of gun control in which she opposed fighting violence with violence . She moved to New York after her first year of college at Auburn University , which is the local college near where she was raised . = = Early life and education = = Hagan is from Opelika , Alabama and is a 2007 graduate of Opelika High School . She was influenced by her formative years spent with a mother who ran a dance studio in the Auburn @-@ Opelika area , where she was raised . Her grandmother had run a dance studio in Tennessee , where Hagan was born . She is a former student at Auburn University , where she spent a year studying biomedical science . She was also a member of the sorority Pi Beta Phi Alabama Gamma chapter , becoming the fourth Pi Beta Phi to become Miss America ( Marilyn Van Derbur , Jackie Mayer , and Susan Akin ) . She moved to the Bedford – Stuyvesant , Brooklyn neighborhood in New York City in October 2008 . At the time of her arrival , she had $ 1000 and a dream of beauty pageant success . Several sources stated that Hagan was a Park Slope , Brooklyn resident when she won Miss America . The Wall Street Journal ran a correction ( that was corroborated by The New York Times ) that she was a resident of Windsor Terrace , Brooklyn at the time . Hagan had lived in six different Brooklyn neighborhoods between her arrival in 2008 and her Miss America victory in 2013 , including Sunset Park and Williamsburg . At the time of the 2013 Miss America competition , she was a Fashion Institute of Technology ( FIT ) student , where she studied advertising , marketing and communications with aspirations of a profession related to cosmetic and fragrance marketing . At FIT , she was a part of the Presidential Honors Program . Her three placements in the Miss New York competition provided her with sufficient scholarship monies to pay for her entire FIT tuition . She trained several different methods to prepare for the pageant . Her trainers included Richard Talens of social fitness network Fitocracy , Sohee Lee , and Mark Fisher of Mark Fisher Fitness . One of her training elements was also CrossFit exercise programs . = = Pageants = = Hagan won Miss Brooklyn on March 28 , 2010 . Her prior pageant experience has been reported to include runner @-@ up placements in the Miss Alabama 's Outstanding Teen and the Miss Alabama competition . However , Hagan stated that in the Miss Alabama 2008 competition , which was her only attempt at that title , " I did get a non @-@ finalist talent award . " She competed in Miss Alabama 's Outstanding Teen from the ages of 13 to 17 . Hagan was the first runner @-@ up in both of the Miss New York 2010 and Miss New York 2011 pageants . She then went on to win the title of Miss New York 2012 ( in which Miss America 2014 Nina Davuluri was the second runner up ) . During Hagan 's reign as Miss New York 2012 , her platform was child sexual abuse awareness and prevention . Her contest bio stated that " Hagan has chosen to honor the women in her family who have been victims of sexual abuse by sharing their personal stories and encouraging others to take a stand . " According to statements made during an Associated Press interview , her mother , Mandy Moore , convinced her to tackle child sexual abuse since it had affected her mother , aunt , grandmother , and cousins . Hagan has stated that she has experienced the ripple effects of child sexual abuse . Hagan 's mother , father , Phil Hagan , and 32 friends and family members from Opelika attended her crowning . Her grandfather , Stan Hagan , says that Mallory 's comments regarding gun control represented most of her family . At the time of her victory , she was also supported by her then boyfriend , Charmel Maynard from New York City . Hagan is the fourth Miss New York , second individual from New York City , and first individual from Brooklyn to serve as Miss America . = = 2013 Miss America pageant = = Hagan was crowned Miss America 2013 on January 12 , 2013 in Las Vegas , Nevada by outgoing Miss America 2012 Laura Kaeppeler , beating out first runner @-@ up Miss South Carolina 2012 Ali Rogers . Due to the decision to move the pageant back to Atlantic City , New Jersey , her reign was cut short by four months and ended on September 15 , 2013 . Although Hagan follows a few other Miss New York contestants to earn the Miss America crown , she is the first Brooklynite to win . The 2013 competition was Hagan 's final year of Miss America Organization eligibility . Her introductory quip to the Miss America 2013 audience at the beginning of the on @-@ air broadcast was " Sandy may have swept away our shores but never our spirit . " During the Miss America 2013 competition , she performed a tap dance routine to James Brown 's " Get Up Offa That Thing " while wearing a latex rodeo outfit . Other elements of her winning wardrobe included a black string bikini and an asymmetric white evening gown . At the time of her Miss America victory , she was 24 years old and a resident of Brooklyn . Part of her prize package was a $ 50 @,@ 000 scholarship . She won the swimsuit and evening wear portions of the show . = = Miss America role = = Hagan promoted awareness of child sexual abuse , and in her first 24 hours as Miss America , she was in communication with United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan . Her first initiative as Miss America was to become spokesperson for the IHOP 's 8th Annual National Pancake Day Celebration in which they hope to raise $ 3 Million for the Children 's Miracle Network Hospitals . As Miss America , Hagan claimed to travel 20 @,@ 000 miles ( 32 @,@ 187 km ) per month . She was derided in the press for gaining weight a few months after becoming Miss America . Hagan responded : " I 'm human … and I 'd like to equate getting ready for the Miss America pageant , you know , to getting ready for a boxing match [ ... ] We get into shape and then afterwards life goes back to normal . " = = Career = = Hagan stated that she will use her scholarship money from both the Miss New York and Miss America pageants to complete her education at the Fashion Institute of Technology ( FIT ) where she is a communications major and hopes to pursue a career in television .
= Frank Pick = Frank Pick Hon. RIBA ( 23 November 1878 – 7 November 1941 ) was a British transport administrator . After qualifying as a solicitor in 1902 , he worked at the North Eastern Railway , before moving to the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) in 1906 . At the UERL he rose through the corporate ranks , becoming joint assistant managing director in 1921 and managing director in 1928 . He was chief executive officer and vice @-@ chairman of the London Passenger Transport Board from its creation in 1933 until 1940 . Pick had a strong interest in design and its use in public life . He steered the development of the London Underground 's corporate identity by commissioning eye @-@ catching commercial art , graphic design and modern architecture , establishing a highly recognisable brand , including the first versions of the roundel and typeface still used today . Under his direction , the UERL 's Underground network and associated bus services expanded considerably reaching out into new areas and stimulating the growth of London 's suburbs . His impact on the growth of London between the world wars led to him being likened to Baron Haussmann and Robert Moses . Pick 's interest extended beyond his own organisation ; he was a founding member and later served as President of the Design and Industries Association . He was also the first chairman of the Council for Art and Industry and regularly wrote and lectured on design and urban planning subjects . For the government , Pick prepared the transport plan for the mass evacuation of civilians from London at the outbreak of war and produced reports on the wartime use of canals and ports . = = Early life = = Frank Pick was born on 23 November 1878 at Spalding , Lincolnshire . He was the first child of five born to draper Francis Pick and his wife Fanny Pick ( née Clarke ) . Pick 's paternal grandfather , Charles Pick , was a farmer in Spalding who died in his forties , leaving eight children . His maternal grandfather , Thomas Clarke , was a blacksmith and Wesleyan lay preacher . As a child , Pick was bookish , preferring to read and build collections of moths and butterflies and objects found on the beach rather than take part in sports . Before becoming a draper , Pick 's father had had an ambition to become a lawyer and he encouraged his son to follow this career . Pick attended St Peter 's School in York on a scholarship , but failed to get a scholarship to Magdalen College , Oxford . Instead , he was articled to a York solicitor , George Crombie , in March 1897 . He qualified in January 1902 and completed a law degree at the University of London in the same year , but he was not sufficiently interested in a legal career to apply to practice . In 1902 , Pick began working for the North Eastern Railway . He worked first in the company 's traffic statistics department before becoming assistant to the company 's general manager , Sir George Gibb in 1904 . In 1904 , Pick married Mabel Mary Caroline Woodhouse . The couple had no children . = = London 's transport = = In 1906 , Gibb was appointed managing director of the UERL . At Gibb 's invitation , Pick also moved to the UERL to continue working as his assistant . The UERL controlled the District Railway and , during 1906 and 1907 , opened three deep @-@ level tube lines – the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway ( Bakerloo tube ) , the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway ( Hampstead tube ) and the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway ( Piccadilly tube ) . The UERL had financial problems . Ticket prices were low and passenger numbers were significantly below the pre @-@ opening estimates . The lower than expected passenger numbers were partly the result of competition between the UERL 's lines and those of the other tube and sub @-@ surface railway companies . The spread of street @-@ level electric trams and motor buses , replacing slower , horse @-@ drawn road transport , also took a large number of passengers away from the trains . = = = Branding – a clear identity = = = By 1908 , Pick had become publicity officer responsible for marketing and it was at this time that , working with the company 's general manager Albert Stanley , he began developing the strong corporate identity and visual style for which the London Underground later became famous , including the introduction of the " UNDERGROUND " brand . Pick 's philosophy on design was that " the test of the goodness of a thing is its fitness for use . If it fails on this first test , no amount of ornamentation or finish will make it any better ; it will only make it more expensive , more foolish . " Pick became traffic development officer in 1909 and commercial manager in 1912 . Albert Stanley replaced Gibb as managing director in 1910 . During 1912 and 1913 , the UERL increased its control over transport services in London by purchasing two tube railways , the City & South London Railway ( C & SLR ) and Central London Railway ( CLR ) , and a number of bus and tram companies . One of Pick 's responsibilities was to increase passenger numbers , and he believed that the best way to do so was by encouraging increased patronage of the company 's services outside peak hours . He commissioned posters which promoted the Underground 's trains and London General Omnibus Company 's ( LGOC 's ) buses as a means of reaching the countryside around London and attractions within the city . Pick realised that variety was important to maintain travellers ' interest and he commissioned designs from artists working in many different styles . At the same time , he rationalised bus routes to ensure that they complemented and acted as feeder services for the company 's railway lines , tripling the number of LGOC operated routes during 1912 and extending the area covered to five times its previous size . Sunday excursion services to leisure destinations were implemented to fully utilise otherwise idle buses and agreements were established with rural bus operators to coordinate services rather than compete with them . Pick introduced a common advertising policy , improving the appearance of stations by standardising poster sizes , limiting the number used and controlling their positioning . Before he took control of advertising , posters had been stuck up on any available surface on station buildings and platform walls in a crowded jumble of shapes and sizes that led to complaints from passengers that it was difficult to find the station name . Pick standardised commercial poster sizes on printers ' double crown sheets , arranging these in organised groups to enable the station name to be easily seen . The Underground 's own promotional posters were smaller , using single or paired double royal sheets , and were arranged separately from the commercial advertising . Pick described the process : " after many fumbling experiments I arrived at some notion of how poster advertising ought to be . Everyone seemed quite pleased and I got a reputation that really sprang out of nothing . " To make the Underground Group 's posters and signage more distinctive he commissioned calligrapher and typographer Edward Johnston to design a clear new typeface . Pick specified to Johnston in 1913 that he wanted a typeface that would ensure that the Underground Group 's posters would not be mistaken for advertisements ; it should have " the bold simplicity of the authentic lettering of the finest periods " and belong " unmistakably to the twentieth century " . Johnston 's sans serif " Underground " typeface , ( now known as Johnston ) was first used in 1916 and was so successful that , with minor modifications in recent years , it is still in use today . In conjunction with his changes to poster display arrangements , Pick experimented with the positioning and sizing of station name signs on platforms , which were often inadequate in number or poorly placed . In 1908 , he settled on an arrangement where the sign was backed by a red disc to make it stand out clearly , creating the " bulls @-@ eye " device – the earliest form of what is today known as the roundel . In 1909 , Pick started to combine the " bulls @-@ eye " and the " UNDERGROUND " brand on posters and station buildings , but was not satisfied with the arrangement . By 1916 , he had decided to adapt the logo used by the LGOC , the Underground Group 's bus company , which was in the form of a ring with a bar bearing the name " GENERAL " across the centre . Pick commissioned Johnston to redesign the " bulls @-@ eye " and the form used today is based on that developed by Johnston and first used in 1919 . = = = Expansion – a growing network = = = In 1919 , with a return to normality after the First World War , Pick began developing plans to extend the Underground network out into suburbs that lacked adequate transport services . The only major extensions made to the Underground network since the three tube lines had opened were the extension of the District Railway to Uxbridge in 1910 , and the extension of the Bakerloo tube to Watford Junction between 1913 and 1917 . Approved schemes put on hold during the war were revived : the CLR was extended to Ealing Broadway in 1920 , the Hampstead tube was extended to Edgware between 1923 and 1924 and the C & SLR was reconstructed and extended to Camden Town between 1922 and 1924 . Finance for the latter two extensions was obtained through the government 's 1921 Trade Facilities Act which underwrote loans for public works as a means of alleviating unemployment . For new lines , Pick first considered extending Underground services to the north @-@ east of London where the mainline suburban services of the Great Northern Railway ( GNR ) and Great Eastern Railway ( GER ) were poor and unreliable . Studies were carried out for an extension of the Piccadilly tube on GNR tracks to New Barnet and Enfield or on a new route to Wood Green and plans were developed for an extension of the CLR along GER tracks to Chingford and Ongar , but both mainline companies strongly opposed the Underground 's encroachment into their territories . Wanting to make maximum use of the government 's financial backing , which was only available for a limited period , Pick did not have time to press the Underground 's case for these extensions . Instead he developed a plan for an extension of the C & SLR south @-@ west from Clapham Common to Sutton in Surrey . Pick still faced strong opposition from the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway and the London and South Western Railway which operated in the area , but the Underground had the advantage of already having an approval for the last few miles of the route as part of an unused pre @-@ war permission for a new line from Wimbledon to Sutton . The railway companies challenged the need for a new service , claiming it would simply drain passengers from their own trains and that any extension should only run as far as Tooting , but Pick was able to counter their arguments and negotiated a compromise settlement to extend the C & SLR as far as Morden . Even before the C & SLR extension had been completed in 1926 , possibilities for the northward extension of the Piccadilly tube began to reappear . From 1922 , a series of press campaigns called for the improvement of services at the GNR 's Finsbury Park station where interchanges between tube lines , mainline trains , buses and trams were notoriously bad . In June 1923 , a petition from 30 @,@ 000 local residents was submitted to parliament , and , in 1925 , the government called a public inquiry to review options . Pick presented plans to relieve the congestion at Finsbury Park by extending the Piccadilly tube north to Southgate . Opposition from the London and North Eastern Railway ( successor to the GNR following the 1923 grouping of railway companies ) was again considerable and based on claims that the new Underground line would take passengers from the mainline services . Using data from the Bakerloo tube , Hampstead tube and C & SLR extensions , Pick demonstrated that the route planned for the new line would stimulate new residential development and increase passenger numbers for all rail operators in the area , increasing those on the Piccadilly tube by 50 million per year . Parliamentary approval was granted in 1930 to extend the Piccadilly tube north beyond Southgate to a terminus at Cockfosters . The approval also included complementary extensions of the Piccadilly tube from its western terminus at Hammersmith to supplement District Railway services to Hounslow and South Harrow . The development was again financed with government backed loans , this time through the 1929 Development ( Loan Guarantees and Grants ) Act . To ensure the most efficient integration between the new tube line and the UERL 's bus and tram operations , the stations were located further apart than in central areas and where road transport services could be arranged to deliver and collect the most passengers . At Manor House , the station was designed with subway exits directly on to pedestrian islands in the road served by the local trams . = = = Design – a new architecture = = = In 1924 , with plans for the C & SLR extension under development , Pick commissioned Charles Holden to design the station buildings in a new style . The designs replaced a set by the Underground 's own architect , Stanley Heaps , which Pick had found unsatisfactory . Pick had first met Holden at the Design and Industries Association ( DIA ) in 1915 , and he saw the modernist architect as one he could work with to define what Pick called " a new architectural idiom " . Pick wanted to streamline and simplify the design of the stations to make them welcoming , brightly lit and efficient with large , uncluttered ticket halls for the rapid sale of tickets and quick access to the trains via escalators . At these new stations , tickets were issued from a number of " passimeters " , glazed booths in the centre of the ticket hall , rather than the traditional ticket office windows set to one side . Pick was pleased with the results and at a DIA dinner in 1926 proclaimed " that a new style of architectural decoration will arise " leading to a " Modern London – modern not garbled classic or Renaissance . " Amongst Pick 's next commissions for Holden were the redesign of Piccadilly Circus station ( 1925 – 28 ) , where a wide subterranean concourse and ticket hall were built beneath the road junction , and the Underground Group 's new headquarters building at 55 Broadway , St James 's ( 1925 – 1929 ) . The new headquarters building was on an awkwardly shaped site , partly over the platforms and tracks of St. James 's Park station . Although Holden 's practice had not designed such a large office building , it did have experience of large hospital design , which Pick saw as complementary to the design of a modern office building . When completed , the twelve @-@ storey , 176 @-@ foot ( 54 m ) high cruciform building was the tallest in London and the tower dominated the skyline . The building was well received by architectural critics and won Holden the RIBA 's London Architecture Medal for 1929 . Two sculptures commissioned for the building were less well received , generating considerable controversy in the media . The nudity and primitive carving of Day and Night by Jacob Epstein led to calls for them to be removed from the building and the board of the Underground Group considered replacing them with new sculptures by another artist . Although he privately admitted later that the sculptures were not to his taste , Pick publicly supported Holden 's selection of Epstein as sculptor and offered to resign over the matter . The crisis was averted when Epstein was persuaded to reduce the length of the penis of one of the figures and the sculptures remained in place . Pick wanted a new type of building for the more open sites of the stations on the Piccadilly line 's extensions . To decide what this new type should look like , he and Holden made a short tour of Germany , Denmark , Sweden and the Netherlands in July and August 1930 to see the latest developments in modern architecture . Pick was disappointed with much of the new architecture that he saw in Germany and Sweden , considering it either too extreme or unsatisfactorily experimental . The architecture in the Netherlands was much more to his liking , particularly buildings by Willem Marinus Dudok in Hilversum . Although the architecture in Denmark was not considered remarkable , Pick was impressed with the way in which designers there were often responsible for all elements of a building including the interior fixtures and fittings . The designs Pick commissioned from Holden ( 1931 – 33 ) established a new standard for the Underground , with the prototype station at Sudbury Town being described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as a " landmark " and the start of " the ' classic ' phase of Underground architecture " . To ensure that the new stations achieved the complete and coherent design that he wanted , Pick instructed the engineering departments to provide Holden with full details of all equipment needed for the stations . After late equipment changes by the engineers at the first few new stations compromised the integrated design , Pick took personal charge of the coordination of the architectural and engineering elements . In the mid @-@ 1930s when the introduction of trolleybuses to replace trams required the installation of new street poles to support overhead wiring , Pick was keenly interested that the design of the poles was coordinated to accommodate all of the possible equipment and signage that might be needed . He also oversaw the designs of the new bus stops and bus shelters that were installed when specified stopping points were introduced for bus services . As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities , on 15 October 2015 , after two months of public voting , the work of Frank Pick was elected by Londoners as one of the 10 favourite transport design icons . = = = London Passenger Transport Board – bringing it all together = = = At the beginning of the 1920s , with vehicle numbers depleted by wartime service in France and Belgium , the Underground Group 's bus operations began to experience a surge in competition from a large number of new independent bus operators . These small operators were unregulated and preyed on the group 's most profitable routes taking away a large number of its passengers and a large amount of its income . Albert Stanley ( ennobled as Lord Ashfield in 1920 ) and Pick fought back by calling on parliament to regulate bus operations in the capital . The London Traffic Act 1924 granted their request by establishing the London Traffic Area to regulate road passenger traffic within London and the surrounding districts . Throughout the 1920s , Pick led the Underground Group 's efforts to coordinate its services with the municipal tram operators , the Metropolitan Railway and the suburban mainline rail services . The aim was to achieve a pooling of income between all of the operators and remove wasteful competition . At the end of 1930 , a solution was announced in a bill for the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) , a public corporation which was to take control of the Underground Group , the Metropolitan Railway and the majority of the bus and tram operators within an area designated as the London Passenger Transport Area covering the County of London and Middlesex and parts of Buckinghamshire , Essex , Hertfordshire , Kent , Surrey and Sussex . Pick had become joint managing director of the Underground Group in 1928 , and when , on 1 July 1933 , the group was taken over by the LPTB , he became chief executive officer and vice @-@ chairman , on an annual salary of £ 10 @,@ 000 ( approximately equivalent to £ 640 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . Ashfield was chairman . Pick led the board 's negotiations on the compensation to be paid to the owners and shareholders of each of the transport operations being taken over . With the majority of London 's transport operations now under the control of a single organisation , Pick was able to commence the next round of improvements . On the Metropolitan Railway ( renamed the Metropolitan line ) , Pick and Ashfield began to rationalise services . The barely used and loss @-@ making Brill and Verney Junction branches beyond Aylesbury were closed in 1935 and 1936 . Freight services were reduced and electrification of the remaining steam operated sections of the line was planned . In 1935 , the availability of government @-@ backed loans to stimulate the flagging economy allowed Pick to promote system @-@ wide improvements under the New Works Programme for 1935 – 1940 , including the transfer of the Metropolitan line 's Stanmore services to the Bakerloo line in 1939 , the Northern line 's Northern Heights project and extension of the Central line to Ongar in Essex and Denham in Buckinghamshire . During 1938 and 1939 , with war anticipated , an increasing part of Pick 's time was spent in planning for the approaching conflict . The Railway Executive Committee was reconstituted in 1938 to act as a central coordinating body for the country 's railways with Pick as the LPTB 's representative . This role absorbed most of his time after the committee took over control of the railways on 1 September 1939 . Following a disagreement with other members of the LPTB board over the government 's proposals to limit the dividend that it could pay to its shareholders , Pick stated his intention to retire from the board at the end of his seven @-@ year appointment in May 1940 . Pick had previously suggested a reorganisation of the LPTB 's senior management structure and hoped to be able to continue with the organisation in some sort of joint general manager position . Ashfield chose not to find such a continuing role for Pick and , on 18 May 1940 , to the surprise of many within the organisation , Pick retired from the LPTB board , officially due to failing health . Pick 's post of chief executive was abolished and replaced with a group of six heads of department . = = Other activities = = Pick 's interest in design led to his involvement in the founding , in 1915 , of the Design and Industries Association . The organisation aimed to bring manufacturers and designers together to improve the quality of industrial design . Through his improvements in the UERL 's advertising and branding , Pick was considered by many of its members to be taking a practical lead in achieving the organisation 's aims and he was soon lecturing on the subject , giving talks during 1916 and 1917 at the Art Workers Guild in London , at the Royal Scottish Academy in Edinburgh and elsewhere . After the First World War , Pick continued to give talks regularly and published articles on design . He also began to set out his ideas on reconstruction and town planning , an area of design he became interested in through its connection to transport planning . He wrote and lectured extensively on this subject during the 1920s and 1930s including presenting a 14 @,@ 000 word paper to the Institute of Transport in 1927 and addressing the International Housing and Town Planning Congress in 1939 . Concerned about the uncontrolled and unchecked growth of London , partly facilitated by the new lines that London Underground was building , Pick was a strong supporter of the need for a green belt around the capital to maintain open space within reach of urban areas . In 1922 , he wrote and published privately a pamphlet This is the World that Man Made , or The New Creation that was influenced by the rationalist writing of Ray Lankester . In it Pick was pessimistic that mankind was not achieving its creative potential . He returned to the subject in lectures he gave in the 1930s when he outlined his concern that at some not too distant point progress in civilisation would come to a natural end and a stable condition would arise where , he believed , it would be hard to maintain creativity and an entropic decline would follow . Later , in the last year of his life and with the Second World War under way , he published two booklets on post war reconstruction , Britain Must Rebuild and Paths to Peace . Pick wrote the introduction to the English translation of Walter Gropius 's The New Architecture and the Bauhaus published in 1935 . Beside his positions at the UERL and LPTB , Pick held a number of industrial administrative and advisory positions . In 1917 , during the First World War , Pick was appointed to be head of the Mines Directorate 's Household Fuel and Lighting Department at the Board of Trade where Albert Stanley was the President . Pick was responsible for the control of the rationing and distribution of domestic fuel supplies . He remained in this position until June 1919 . In 1928 , he was appointed as a member of the Royal Commission On Police Powers and Procedure . He also served as a member of the London and Home Counties Traffic Advisory Committee and as a member of the Crown Lands Advisory Committee . Pick was President of the Institute of Transport for 1931 / 32 . He was President of the Design and Industries Association from 1932 to 1934 and the chairman of the Board of Trade 's Council for Art and Industry from 1934 to 1939 . During 1938 , the government appointed Pick to plan the transport operations for the evacuation of civilians from London . Initially scheduled for 30 September 1938 , the plans were cancelled when Neville Chamberlain 's Munich conference with Adolf Hitler averted war that year , but were activated a year later at the beginning of September 1939 on the declaration of war with Germany . After leaving the LPTB , Pick visited British ports for the Ministry of Transport to prepare a report on methods of improving port operations and cargo handling . In August 1940 , he reluctantly accepted the position of director @-@ general of the Ministry of Information . His time at the Ministry of Information was short and unhappy and he left after four months and returned to the Ministry of Transport , where he carried out studies on improvements in the use of Britain 's canals and rivers . = = Personality = = Biographers have characterised Pick as being " very shy " , and " brilliant but lonely " . Christian Barman described him as a person who inspired conflicting opinions about his personality and his actions : " a man about whom so many people held so many different views " . Pick acknowledged that he could be difficult to work with : " I have always kept in mind my own frailties – a short temper . Impatience with fools , quickness rather than thoroughness . I am a bad hand at the gracious word or casual congratulation . " His moralistic character led to friends giving him the nickname " Jonah " . Pick valued criticism and savoured challenging debate , though he complained that he found it difficult to get people to stand up to him . UERL board member Sir Ernest Clark considered Pick to be perhaps too efficient and unable to fully delegate and relinquish responsibility : " his own efficiency has a bad effect on the efficiency of others ... How can the housemaid take pride in a job to which the mistress will insist on putting the finishing touch ? " Pick 's friend Noel Carrington thought that his attention to detail made him the " ideal inspector general . " Pick ran his office on a fortnightly cycle and his workload was prodigious . Barman described Pick 's office as a training school for future managers , with a regular turnover of staff who would go on to management positions when Pick thought them ready . Ashfield considered that Pick possessed " a sterling character and steadfast loyalty " , and " an administrative ability which was outstanding " , with " a keen analytical mind which was able to seize upon essentials and then drive his way through to his goal , always strengthened by a sure knowledge of the problem and confidence in himself . " Charles Holden described Pick 's management of meetings : " Here his decisions were those of a benevolent dictator , and the members left the meeting with a clear sense of a task to be performed , difficult , perhaps , and sometimes impossible , as might subsequently prove to be , but usually well worth exploring if only in producing convincing proof of obstacles . Out of these exploratory methods there often emerged new and most interesting solutions , which Pick was quick to appreciate , and to adopt in substitution for his own proposals . " Disliking honours , Pick declined offers of a knighthood and a peerage . He did accept , in 1932 , the Soviet Union 's Honorary Badge of Merit for his advice on the construction of the Moscow Metro . He was an honorary member of the Royal Institute of British Architects . = = Influences = = Pick was widely read and was influenced by many writers on scientific , sociological and social matters including works by Alfred North Whitehead , Leonard Hobhouse , Edwin Lankester , Arthur Eddington and John Ruskin . On design , he was influenced by D 'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 's description of design in nature in On Growth and Form and by architect William Lethaby . His admiration for William Morris led him to adopt Morris 's favourite colour of green as his own , using green ink for the majority of his correspondence . = = Legacy = = Pick had not been well for some years . The stresses of his war work took a further toll on his health and he lost two stone during his travels around the country to research his report on the canal industry . Although exhausted at the end of the tour , he wrote to friends that he was struggling with the idleness and was hoping for something new to do . He died at his home , 15 Wildwood Road , Golders Green , on 7 November 1941 from a cerebral haemorrhage . His funeral was held at Golders Green Crematorium on 11 November 1941 and a memorial service was held at St Peter 's Church , Eaton Square on 13 November 1941 . Working with Ashfield , Pick 's impact on London 's transport system was considerable . Transport historian Christian Wolmar considers it " almost impossible to exaggerate the high regard in which [ London Transport ] was held during its all too brief heyday , attracting official visitors from around the world eager to learn the lessons of its success and apply them in their own countries " and that " it represented the apogee of a type of confident public administration ... with a reputation that any state organisation today would envy ... only made possible by the brilliance of its two famous leaders , Ashfield and Pick . " In his obituary of Pick , Charles Holden described him as " the Maecenas of our time . " Writing in 1968 , Nikolaus Pevsner described Pick as " the greatest patron of the arts whom this century has so far produced in England , and indeed the ideal patron of our age . " Considering Pick 's public statements on art and life , art historian Kenneth Clark suggested that " in a different age he might have become a sort of Thomas Aquinas " . Historian Michael Saler compared Pick 's influence on London Transport to that of Lord Reith on the BBC 's development during the same inter @-@ war period . Urban planner Sir Peter Hall suggested that Pick " had as much influence on London 's development in the twentieth century as Haussmann had on that of Paris in the nineteenth " , and historian Anthony Sutcliffe compared him to Robert Moses , the city planner responsible for many urban infrastructure projects in New York . Pick 's will was probated at £ 36 @,@ 433 12s 9d ( approximately £ 1 @.@ 53 million in present @-@ day terms ) . In his will he bequeathed a Francis Dodd painting , Ely , to the Tate Gallery . He is commemorated with a memorial plaque at St Peter 's School , York , unveiled in 1953 by Lord Latham , and a blue plaque was erected at his Golders Green home in 1981 . A building at London Underground 's Acton Works is named Frank Pick House in his honour . It stands on the north side of the Piccadilly and District line railway tracks to the east of Acton Town station . Transport for London and the London Transport Museum maintain archives of Pick 's business and personal papers .
= Sandra Morgan = Sandra Anne Morgan ( born 6 June 1942 ) , also known by her married name Sandra Beavis , is an Australian former freestyle swimmer , who won gold in the 4 × 100 @-@ metre freestyle relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne . At the age of 14 years and 6 months , she became the youngest Australian to win an Olympic gold medal , a record that still stands . Morgan began serious training in early 1956 and won Olympic selection for the relay team as well as the 400 @-@ metre freestyle . Morgan 's selection in the final quartet raised controversy because of her inexperience in top @-@ level racing and her history of false starts . During the final , she lifted her head out of the water and saw her American opponent ahead of her , prompting her to regain the lead with a late burst in the third leg . Australia went on to win the relay in world record time . In her only individual event , Morgan came sixth in the 400 @-@ metre freestyle . In 1957 , she won the 110- , 220- , and 440 @-@ yard treble at the Australian Championships in the absence of her main rivals , but from that point on her career was plagued by illness and weight problems . She was selected in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games purely as a relay swimmer , winning gold in the event . At her second 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome , she only competed in the relay heats ; her teammates went on to win silver in the final . She retired from competitive swimming following the Rome Olympics . In retirement , she has continued her involvement in swimming and the Olympics by teaching disabled children to swim and participating in Olympic educational programs and torch relays . She is also an ambassador for Australia Day and has appeared on television as part of her work with Christian groups . = = Early years = = Morgan was born in the north @-@ western New South Wales city of Tamworth , before growing up in Punchbowl , a suburb in western Sydney . Morgan was the oldest of four children , with two sisters and a brother . Her father Barrington , a plumber , had success as a swimmer in his childhood , but a lack of facilities in rural Australia curtailed his career . As a result , he vowed that his daughter would become a national champion . Morgan said her father " became my driving and inspirational force . I not only fulfilled his ambition , but surpassed it by becoming an Olympic champion ! " Morgan also cited her meetings with Frederick Lane — Australia 's first Olympic gold medallist in swimming — and the Olympic athletics champion Marjorie Jackson @-@ Nelson as key inspirational moments in her career . Morgan learned to swim at Bankstown at the age of 7 . She was initially slow to learn and her coach used a long pole attached to a rope and belt to maintain her safety . This allowed him to fish her out of the water if she fell into difficulty . Due to her slow learning , Morgan was given twice the number of lessons as the other students . At the age of eight , she won the district championship and in 1953 , aged 11 , she won the New South Wales ( NSW ) Primary School Championships . In February 1956 , aged 13 , she was taken for serious training . Her father transferred her to the tutelage of Frank Guthrie in Enfield . At the time , Guthrie was regarded as one of the best coaches in the state ; his students included Gary Chapman , Kevin O 'Halloran and Lorraine Crapp . All three would win Olympic medals at the 1956 Summer Olympics ; Crapp won an individual gold medal . Her mother had to drive her to Enfield , as her father was busy with the plumbing business . = = National selection = = Under Guthrie 's coaching , Morgan quickly became one of the fastest junior swimmers in the state , winning the under @-@ 14 110 @-@ yard and 55 @-@ yard freestyle , as well as the 110 @-@ yard butterfly at the New South Wales Championships in 1956 . She went on to win the junior 110 @-@ yard freestyle at the Australian Championships , despite causing two false starts . After the national titles , she represented Marrickville Junior Girls ' High School and won the State Combined High School Championship in the 110 @-@ yard freestyle . Although her times were among the fastest in the country , Morgan 's youth prevented selection for the Olympic training squad . However , the Australian Swimming Union allowed her to join the squad for training in Townsville at her own expense . Her family was unable to meet these costs , but a fundraising campaign by the Bankstown community allowed her to make the trip . Training in the Tobruk Memorial Baths alongside swimmers such as Crapp , Alva Colquhoun , Faith Leech and Dawn Fraser , Morgan 's times steadily improved . The team were expected to swim three times a day , totalling more than 16 km ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) . However , Morgan was not regarded as a likely selection in the final team . Following the training camp , a series of selection trials were held in Brisbane and Melbourne . In three 100 @-@ metre races , Morgan came third , fifth and fourth respectively , with a best time of 1 minute 7 @.@ 3 seconds . She recorded a best performance of third in a time of 5 minutes 10 @.@ 0 seconds in the 400 @-@ metre freestyle behind Crapp and Fraser . Australia was entitled to three representatives in each individual event , thus allowing Morgan to compete in her first Olympics . Morgan missed out in the 100 @-@ metre freestyle as Fraser , Crapp and Leech were selected , but she gained an individual berth in the 400 @-@ metre along with Fraser and Crapp . She was one of six swimmers selected for the 4 × 100 @-@ metre freestyle relay squad , the first from Australia to compete at Olympic level . Morgan was placed under substantial pressure by media commentary that regarded her as the weak link in the relay team . = = 1956 Summer Olympics = = Arriving in Melbourne for the Olympics , Morgan was not assured of a place in the final relay quartet . Fraser and Crapp were rested in the heats on 4 December while the remaining four swimmers qualified the team . Morgan swam the second leg in 1 minute 5 @.@ 4 seconds , the fastest of the Australians , securing her position in the final four along with Leech . Australia qualified quickest for the final , winning the second heat by 3 @.@ 1 seconds . They were 1 @.@ 8 and 2 @.@ 3 seconds faster than the South Africans and Americans , respectively , both of which swam in the first heat . The selection of Leech and Morgan for the 6 December final generated controversy , as they were the two youngest swimmers in the squad and lacked experience at open level competition . Both had competed only once at senior Australian level ; Morgan had twice false started at the 1956 Australian Championships , while Leech had been too ill to compete . Australia was the favourite for the relay , having swept the medals in the individual 100 @-@ metre event ; Fraser , Crapp and Leech finished first , second and third . The favouritism was even more marked because Fraser and Crapp were three seconds faster than everyone else in the world . The Australian team made a poor start in the final after Fraser almost stopped during the first leg , believing that a false start had occurred after mistakenly hearing a second gunshot . She finished her leg in 1 minute 4 @.@ 0 seconds , almost two seconds slower than her personal best , but enough for a 2 @.@ 3 @-@ second lead over the United States ' Sylvia Ruuska . Swimming the second leg , Leech maintained the lead in the first 50 metres but faded in the second half and finished with a split of 1 minute 5 @.@ 1 seconds ; the Australian lead was thus cut to 0 @.@ 9 s . Morgan dived in for the third leg and was then overhauled and passed by American Nancy Simons . With 25 metres left , Morgan took her head out of the water — a fundamental error — and seeing the American a body length in front , responded with a surge to regain a 0 @.@ 7 @-@ second lead heading into the final changeover . Crapp then extended the margin to 2 @.@ 2 seconds to secure an Australian victory in a world record time of 4 minutes 17 @.@ 1 seconds . The victory was the first time that Australia had swept the 100 @-@ metre freestyle relay and individual events for both men and women . The only other time that this has been achieved was by the Americans in 1920 in Antwerp . The win would be Australia 's only triumph in a female swimming relay at the Olympics until the 2004 games in Athens . The victory made Morgan Australia 's youngest ever gold medallist ; this record still stands . Morgan 's individual event was the 400 @-@ metre freestyle . She reduced her personal best by 2 @.@ 3 seconds in recording a time of 5 minutes 7 @.@ 8 seconds in the heats , just 0 @.@ 2 of a second behind Marley Shriver of the United States , who set a new Olympic record . The mark was surpassed in later heats by Fraser and Crapp , but Morgan nevertheless qualified fourth fastest for the final , almost seven seconds faster than the cutoff . The final was held the day after the relay final . Morgan was unable to repeat her heat performance , finishing sixth in a time of 5 minutes 14 @.@ 3 seconds , far outside her personal best . Had she repeated her heat swim , she would have placed fourth , just 0 @.@ 7 of a second from the bronze medal . Nevertheless , she noted that " I was so happy that I had made the final in an individual event in the Olympic Games , for this was my first appearance in a senior competition " . Upon her return to Bankstown , Morgan was honoured with a civic reception and presented with a gold watch and life membership of the Bankstown Pool . However , her stay at the Olympic Village had given rise to a new problem . She enjoyed the food so much that she had gained 9 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 21 lb ) in weight , and now stood at 170 centimetres ( 5 ft 7 in ) and weighed 76 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 168 lb ) . This heralded the start of a continual weight problem . = = Later career = = After the Olympics , Crapp and Fraser took a break from competitive swimming , while Leech retired . This allowed Morgan an opening , and she won both the junior and open sprint titles at the 1957 New South Wales Championships . She followed this by winning three individual titles at the Australian championships in Canberra : the 110- , 220- and 440 @-@ yard freestyle , in times of 1 minute 7 @.@ 8 seconds ; 2 minutes 29 @.@ 3 seconds ; and 5 minutes 21 @.@ 6 seconds , respectively . Her times were slower than her bests in 1956 . She was part of the New South Wales team that won the 4 × 100 @-@ yard freestyle and medley relays , anchoring both quartets . In 1958 , Crapp and Fraser returned to the pool , while Ilsa Konrads emerged as a leading swimmer . At the Australian Championships , Morgan came third in both the 110 @-@ yard and 440 @-@ yard freestyle events ; Fraser won both and Crapp and Konrads placed second in the 110 @-@ yard and 440 @-@ yard freestyle respectively . Morgan was selected for the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff , Wales , but only in the 4 × 110 @-@ yard freestyle relay . Along with Fraser , Crapp and Konrads , she broke the world record for the event in March in Sydney with a time of 4 minutes 18 @.@ 9 seconds . At the Empire Games , Fraser , Crapp , Morgan and Colquhuon lowered the world record to a time of 4 minutes 17 @.@ 4 seconds to win gold . After the Empire Games , the Australian team returned home via France , Austria , Germany , Netherlands , Italy and Singapore for a series of competitions . Morgan 's best performances were at the Dutch and French Championships , where she came third in the 400 @-@ metre events . In 1959 , she placed third in both the 440 @-@ yard and 880 @-@ yard freestyle events at the Australian Championships . Her swimming career was then interrupted by bronchitis , which developed into bronchial pneumonia . The illness forced her to take an extended break . Her chest problems persisted when she returned to competition at the 1960 Australian championships , placing third in the 220 @-@ yard and 440 @-@ yard freestyle and fifth in the 110 @-@ yard freestyle . She gained selection for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome as a member of the 4 × 100 @-@ metre freestyle relay squad . She swam the first leg in the heats , posting a time of 1 minute 5 @.@ 5 seconds , giving Australia a 1 @.@ 0 @-@ second lead . Australia led at every change and went on to win its heat by five seconds , qualifying fastest for the final . However , Morgan posted the slowest leg of the Australian quartet and was dropped when Fraser and Konrads were brought into the team for the final , in which Australia won silver . Under the rules of the time , heat swimmers were not awarded medals if the final quartet placed in the top three positions . Suffering from periodic chest pain , Morgan retired from competitive swimming in December 1960 . = = After swimming = = Morgan married George Beavis in 1965 and had three daughters , all of whom enjoyed swimming victories at school and district level . After her marriage , she lived in the outback towns of Griffith and Orange for six years before returning to Sydney . She experimented with coaching , but found the competition unappealing and became a schoolteacher . In 1978 , she began teaching handicapped children to swim in her backyard pool , and was given a government grant to continue her work . She then ran a swimming school at Bonnet Bay for 15 years and worked at the Bates Drive Special School , receiving a grant to teach preschool handicapped children swimming . In later life , Morgan successfully fought a life @-@ threatening battle against lupus , and she now lives in Sutherland Shire in southern Sydney . A committed Christian , Morgan currently works as a public speaker at functions for Seasons Christian Women 's Conference . From January 1996 to mid @-@ 1999 , she lived in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , along with her husband , who was posted there by his employer . During that time , Morgan worked as a Bible teacher. in St Andrew 's Presbyterian Church , Kuala Lumpur . She has also appeared on Face to Face , a Christian television talk show that screens on the Ten Network . In 1995 , Morgan was inducted into the Hall of Champions at the State Sports Centre and the Path of Champions at the Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre . She has been involved in educational programs aimed at promoting the Olympic movement in schools and helps to raise funds for the Australian Olympic Committee . In 2000 , Morgan was awarded the Australian Government 's Australian Sports Medal for her contributions to the 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney and her achievements as a competitor . She has been awarded the honour of carrying the Olympic torch during its passage through Australia in both 2000 and 2004 . Morgan is an Australia Day ambassador , and travels to regional towns promoting the annual celebrations .
= Oliver Cromwell 's head = Following the death of Oliver Cromwell on 2 September 1658 , he was given a public funeral at Westminster Abbey , equal to those of monarchs before him . After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and Charles ' subsequent beheading , Cromwell had become Lord Protector and ruler of the English Commonwealth . His legacy passed to his son Richard , who was overthrown by the army in 1659 , after which monarchy was re @-@ established and King Charles II , who was living in exile , was recalled . Charles ' new parliament ordered the disinterment of Cromwell 's body from Westminster Abbey and the disinterment of other regicides John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton , for a posthumous execution at Tyburn . After hanging " from morning till four in the afternoon " , the bodies were cut down and the heads placed on a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) spike above Westminster Hall ( the location of the trial of Charles I ) . In 1685 a storm broke the pole upon which Cromwell 's head stood , throwing it to the ground ( although other sources put the date anywhere between 1672 and 1703 ) , after which it was in the hands of private collectors and museum owners until 25 March 1960 , when it was buried at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge . The symbolic value of the head changed over time . While it was spiked on a pole above the London skyline , it gave a potent warning to spectators . In the 18th century , the head became a curiosity and a relic . The head has been admired , reviled , and dismissed as a fake throughout the centuries . After Thomas Carlyle dismissed the head as " fraudulent moonshine " , and after the emergence of a rival claimant to the true head of Oliver Cromwell , scientific and archaeological analysis was carried out to prove the identity . Inconclusive tests culminated in a detailed scientific study by Karl Pearson and Geoffrey Morant , which concluded , based on a study of the head and other evidence , that there was a " moral certainty " that the head belonged to Oliver Cromwell . = = Background = = Oliver Cromwell ( born in April 1599 ) led England into a republic , abolishing the monarchy and the House of Lords , after the execution of King Charles I in January 1649 . However , Cromwell 's rule as Lord Protector ( beginning in December 1653 ) was not dissimilar to the Personal Rule of his royal predecessors . He maintained sole , unrestricted power , and lived in the many royal palaces . In 1657 he was formally offered the title of King , but after an “ agony of mind and conscience ” turned it down . Throughout 1658 , Cromwell suffered illness and family tragedy , and died on the afternoon of 3 September 1658 ( Old Style ) . His death and funeral were treated with the same respect afforded to English monarchs before him . On 20 September , his body was moved to Somerset House to lie in state , which was opened to the public on 18 October . The body had been embalmed , shrouded and sealed in a lead coffin , which in turn was placed in a wooden decorated coffin , placed next to a life @-@ like effigy . The effigy was decorated with the royal symbols , including : " a rich Suit of uncut Velvet ... laced with a rich gold lace , and furr 'd with [ sic ] Ermins ; upon the Kirtle is the Royal large Robe of the like Purple Velvet laced , and fur 'd with Ermins , with rich strings , and tassels of gold ... upon his head , the Cap of Regality of Purple Velvet , furr 'd with Ermins ... upon the Cushion of the Chair stands the Imperial Crown set with stones . " The elaborate funeral procession , delayed twice by hesitant preparations , made its way through London on 23 November 1658 . The body itself had already been buried at Westminster Abbey two weeks earlier due to its fast decay ( by the time of the funeral procession , he had been dead over two months ) . A catafalque had been erected to receive his coffin which was similar to that of King James I , only " much more stately and expensive " . Cromwell 's body lay undisturbed at Westminster until the restoration of the Stuart monarchy under Charles 's son , King Charles II , in 1660 . After their trial , conviction and sentencing , twelve surviving regicides ( those who had participated in the trial and execution of Charles I ) were hanged , drawn and quartered — that is , dragged through the streets on an unwheeled sledge or hurdle , hanged by the neck and cut down live , disembowelled while alive , beheaded and dismembered ( cut into four quarters ) . In addition , the recalled parliament ordered the posthumous execution of the deceased regicides Oliver Cromwell , John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton . The laws of treason placed a traitor 's remains at the King 's disposal . Traitors ' heads were often displayed on bridges , the Tower of London and other conspicuous points in London , while the quarters were sometimes distributed for similar display in leading provincial cities . Cromwell 's body , hidden in the wall of the middle aisle of Henry VII Lady Chapel , took effort to exhume because the wood and cloth were difficult to shift . On 28 January 1661 , the bodies of Cromwell and Ireton were taken to the Red Lion Inn in Holborn , joined the following day by the body of John Bradshaw , before being taken to Tyburn for execution . On the morning of 30 January 1661 , the anniversary of the execution of King Charles I , the shrouded bodies in open coffins were dragged on a sledge through the streets of London to the gallows , where each body was hanged in full public view until around four o 'clock that afternoon . After being taken down , Cromwell 's head was severed with eight blows , placed on a wooden spike on a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) pole , and raised above Westminster Hall . Various conspiracy theories exist as to what happened to the body , including a rumour that Cromwell 's daughter Mary had it rescued from the pit and interred at her husband 's home at Newburgh Priory . A sealed stone vault was claimed to contain the remains of the headless Cromwell , but generations of the family have refused requests , including one from King Edward VII , to open it . Biographer John Morrill stated that it was more likely that Cromwell 's body was thrown into the pit at Tyburn , where it remained . = = Journey = = = = = Westminster Hall to Du Puys = = = Cromwell 's head remained on a spike above Westminster Hall until the late 1680s , not counting a temporary removal for roof maintenance in 1681 . The position of the head , in relation to the heads of Bradshaw and Ireton , was called into question . Pearson and Morant argued in the 1930s that the originally understood position — traditionally , Bradshaw 's head was in the middle , with Cromwell to the right and Ireton to the left — could be disputed , as they reveal in their study . Although they upheld the originally understood position through careful analysis of contemporary poems and plans , the circumstances in which it came into private ownership are rumoured to be tied with a great storm towards the end of James II 's reign ( 1685 – 1689 ) , which broke the pole bearing the head , throwing it to the ground . A sentinel guarding the Exchequer 's Office came across it , after which he hid it under his cloak and stored it , hidden , in the chimney of his house . The loss of the head was still significant in London at the time , and many searched for it , hoping to claim the “ considerable reward ” being offered for its safe return . The guard , however , after seeing “ the placards which ordered any one possessing it to take it to a certain office ... was afraid to divulge the secret ” . However , only circumstantial evidence has been established for the whereabouts of the head following its fall from Westminster Hall until 1710 , when it was in the possession of Claudius Du Puy , a Swiss @-@ French collector of curiosities , who displayed it in his private museum in London . According to Fitzgibbons , Du Puy 's museum was internationally famous and ranked among the top attractions in London at the time , attracting visitors such as a traveller named Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach , who was not impressed by what he saw . After hearing Du Puys boast that he could sell the head for as much as 60 guineas ( £ 63 , or the equivalent of about £ 5000 in today 's British money ) , Uffenbach exclaimed his surprise that " this monstrous head could still be so dear and worthy to the English " . = = = Russell and Cox = = = By Du Puy 's death in 1738 , the head had shifted in importance and status . When it was atop Westminster Hall high above the London skyline , it gave a sinister and potent warning to spectators . By the 18th century , it had become a curiosity and an attraction , and it had lost its original sinister message . The head fell out of prominence until the late 18th century , when it was in the possession of a failed comic actor and drunkard named Samuel Russell . Russell was rumoured to be a relative of Cromwell , which is plausible ; the Cromwells intermarried with the Russells in a number of alliances . It is also possible that the head was sold to the Russell family after Du Puy 's death as an easy target for a sale . However , it was spotted by the prominent goldsmith , clockmaker and toyman James Cox , who was “ convinced by all the circumstances that it was the identical head of Oliver Cromwell ” . Cox offered £ 100 ( about £ 5 @,@ 600 in today 's money ) , but “ poor as he was , and considerably in debt , Russell refused to part with it , so dear to him was that which he knew to be the sacred relic of his great ancestor . ” Russell did not take the correct care with the head , however ; in drunken gatherings , he passed the head around , leading to “ irreparable erosion of its features ” . Russell possibly had some connections with Sidney Sussex College , as he offered the head to the Master of the College . However , the Master was not interested , and Cox connived to get the head using a different approach . He offered Russell small sums of money , gradually reaching the total of just over £ 100 , and Russell could not pay when the loan was recalled . Thus his only option was to give up the head . However , as Fitzgibbons 2008 , pearson and Morant argued , Cox 's pursuit of the head appears to be for retail investment . By the time of his acquisition , he was a rich jeweller and no longer owned his museum , so display was not his intention . Cox sold the head in 1799 for £ 230 ( about £ 7 @,@ 400 in today 's money ) to three brothers named Hughes . Interested in starting their own display in Bond Street , the brothers acquired the head as part of other Cromwell @-@ related items . Thousands of posters were produced for the event , but the exhibit was marred by doubtful provenance . The Hughes brothers and their publicist , John Cranch , wrote Cox to ask about the gaps in the journey , but Cox was evasive , leading to concerns that he had sold them a fake . Indeed , Cranch could not come up with a documentary history of how the head came into their hands , so improvised a story that Cromwell 's head was “ the only instance of a head cut off and spiked that had before been embalmed ; which is precisely the case with respect to the head in question ” . Although Henry Ireton had also been embalmed before being beheaded , the story stuck , but it was in vain . The exhibition was a failure . The entrance fee was high ( two shillings and sixpence , about the equivalent of £ 5 ) and rumours that the head was a fake were prevalent . = = = 19th and 20th centuries = = = Despite the failure of the Hughes brothers ' exhibition , a Hughes daughter continued showing the head to anyone who wanted to see it . An offer was made to Sir Joseph Banks , but “ he desired to be excused from seeing the remains of the old Villanous [ sic ] Republican , the mention of whose very name made his blood boil with indignation ” . William Bullock , considering a purchase , wrote to Lord Liverpool , who stated “ the strong objection which would naturally arise to the exhibition of human remains at a Public Museum frequented by Persons of both Sexes and of all ages ” . Failure to sell to public museums forced the daughter to sell it privately , and in 1815 it was sold to Josiah Henry Wilkinson , in whose family it would remain until its burial . Maria Edgeworth , attending breakfast with Wilkinson in 1822 , was shown the head , and she wrote with great surprise that she had seen “ Oliver Cromwell 's head — not his picture — not his bust — nothing of stone or marble or plaister [ sic ] of Paris , but his real head ” . Coinciding with the release of his Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell in 1845 , Thomas Carlyle was asked to view the head . However , he did not , and on the basis of a friend 's visit , wrote a scathing dismissal of the authenticity of the head : “ it has hair , flesh and beard , a written history bearing that it was procured for £ 100 ( I think of bad debt ) about 50 years ago ... the whole affair appears to be fraudulent moonshine , an element not pleasant even to glance into , especially in a case like Oliver 's . ” Fitzgibbons 2008 , pearson and Morant agree that Carlyle 's dismissal was not based on any historical or scientific fact . Although Carlyle conceded that it was “ the head of some decapitated man of distinction ” , the only other known man of distinction to be embalmed and then decapitated in such a manner over the previous 200 years was Henry Ireton . George Rolleston had conducted an examination on another skull — called the Ashmolean skull — after claims that it was Cromwell 's head . Rolleston was unconvinced by the skull 's supposed history , and visited Wilkinson 's home to see the skull shortly afterwards . After an examination , he dismissed the Ashmolean skull as a fake and declared that the Wilkinson head was the real head of Cromwell . After another full examination in 1911 , with comparisons to the Ashmolean head , archaeologists dismissed the Ashmolean head as a fake . However , the absence of firm evidence of the whereabouts of Cromwell 's head between 1684 and 1787 made them wary about declaring the head genuine . They concluded their study unable to verify or refute the head 's identity . The uncertainty increased public demand for a full scientific examination , and Wilkinson reluctantly allowed the head to be taken for examination by the eugenicist Karl Pearson and the anthropologist Geoffrey Morant . Their 109 @-@ page report concluded that there was a “ moral certainty ” that the Wilkinson head was that of Oliver Cromwell . Horace Wilkinson died in 1957 , bequeathing the head to his son , also called Horace . However , Horace Wilkinson wished to organise a proper burial for the head rather than a public display , so he contacted Sidney Sussex College , which welcomed the burial . There it was interred on 25 March 1960 , in a secret location near the antechapel , preserved in the oak box in which the Wilkinson family had kept the head since 1815 . The box was placed into an airtight container and buried with only a few witnesses , including family and representatives of the college . The secret burial was not announced until October 1962 . = = Authenticity = = = = = Body = = = The authenticity of the head has long been debated , and has resulted in a number of scientific analyses . The most notable and detailed of these was Karl Pearson and Geoffrey Morant 's study conducted in the 1930s , which concluded that the Wilkinson head was that of Cromwell . However , rumours and conspiracy theories have circulated since Cromwell 's head fell from Westminster Hall . According to Fitzgibbons , the rumours surrounding Cromwell 's body immediately after his death are “ merely good yarns born out of over @-@ active imaginations ” . One legend claims that he was conveyed secretly to Naseby , the site of his “ greatest victory and glory ” , for a midnight burial . The field was then ploughed over to hide evidence of the burial . Another legend , written in the 1730s by a John Oldmixon , claims that “ a reliable Gentlewoman who attended Cromwell in his last sickness ” had said the coffin was sunk in the deepest part of the River Thames the night following Cromwell 's death . Fearful of royalists , “ it was consulted how to dispose of his Corpse . They could not pretend to keep it for the Pomp of a publick [ sic ] burial ... and to prevent its falling into barbarous hands , it was resolved to wrap it up in lead , to put it aboard a Barge , and sink it in the deepest part of the Thames , which was done the night following Cromwell 's death . ” In 1664 , Samuel Pepys wrote of a story he had heard in which “ Cromwell did , in his life , transpose many of the bodies of the Kings of England from one grave to another , and by that means it is not known certainly whether the head that is now set upon a post be that of Cromwell , or one of the Kings ” . If this story had any accuracy , Fitzgibbons suggests the irony would be that the posthumous act was possibly carried out on an English monarch rather than Cromwell himself . Another story even suggested that Cromwell 's body was substituted for Charles I , adding what Fitzgibbons describes as “ an even greater mockery of the events of 30 January 1649 ” . However , this story is known to be false ; Charles ' tomb was opened in 1813 , and his remains , including the cut that severed his head , remained as they were in 1649 . Fitzgibbons argues that it was not impossible for Cromwell 's body to have been substituted before his posthumous execution . One proposition is that Sergeant Norfolke , who exhumed the bodies from the abbey , found the tombs of Cromwell and Ireton empty , prompting the government to sanction an exhumation of two other graves . This has been put forward because Bradshaw 's body arrived at the Red Lion Inn at Holborn a day after Cromwell and Ireton , prompting rumour that he was the only real body to be hanged at Tyburn . An alternative theory is that Cromwell 's friends bribed the guards attending Cromwell 's body , “ privately interring him in a small paddock near Holborn ” , so that when the sledges dragged the bodies to the gallows , Cromwell 's body was already buried . However , the faces on the three bodies , although heavily shrouded , were clearly visible ; and since no witnesses expressed any doubt that the bodies were those of Cromwell and Ireton , there is no evidence supporting this theory . = = = Head = = = The authenticity of the head itself has been called into question on a number of occasions . The Hughes brothers ' failure to piece together a solid history of the head was possibly partly responsible for its failure to attract visitors . The discovery of the Ashmolean skull reputed to be that of Cromwell was the head 's first rival claim , but the events did not add up . The story of the head was : In 1672 , Oliver 's skull was blown off the north side of Westminster Hall down into the leads of the same and taken thence by Mr. John Moore ... Sometime after this he gave it to Mr. Warner , apothecary , living in King Street , Westminster . Mr. Warner sold it for 20 broad pieces of gold to Humphrey Dove , Esq ... This skull was taken out of Mr. Dove 's chest at his death in 1921 . However , the head was conclusively seen on Westminster Hall as late as 1684 , and it was on the south side of the Hall . Archaeological evidence also disproved its authenticity . The skull was pierced from the top , not from the bottom ; and the skull had no trace of skin or hair , showing it had never been embalmed .
= Sale el Sol = Sale el Sol ( English : The Sun Comes Out ) is the ninth studio album by Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Shakira , released on 19 October 2010 , by Epic Records . The album marks a musical return to Shakira 's " roots " after the electropop record She Wolf ( 2009 ) . The singer split the album into three " directions " : a romantic side , a " rock and roll " side , and a " Latino , tropical " side . The latter two " directions " experiment with rock and merengue music , respectively . As co @-@ producer , Shakira enlisted collaborators including Josh Abraham , El Cata , Gustavo Cerati , John Hill , Lester Mendez , and Residente Calle 13 . Five singles were released from Sale el Sol . The lead single " Loca " topped the charts of Italy , Spain , and Switzerland . The title track , " Sale el Sol " , was released as the second single . The third single " Rabiosa " reached top ten positions in Austria , Belgium , Italy and Spain . " Antes de las Seis " was released as the fourth single . " Addicted to You " was released as the fifth single . In the United States , " Loca " topped the Billboard Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Airplay , and Tropical Songs charts . Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late @-@ 2010 to promote the album . At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony , Sale el Sol won the award for " Best Female Pop Vocal Album " . A success throughout Europe and Latin America , Sale el Sol peaked atop the charts of countries Belgium , Croatia , France , Mexico , Portugal and Spain . In the United States , it debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart and at number one on both the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts , achieving strong digital sales in the region . Sale el Sol attained numerous record certifications in several regions across the globe , including multi @-@ platinum certifications in Spain and Switzerland , and diamond certifications in France and Colombia . = = Background = = In October 2009 , Shakira released her eighth studio album , She Wolf . The composition of the record shifted from her more traditional Latin pop and pop rock styles , and was primarily an electropop album with combined elements of world and dancehall . The album was positively received by most music critics and was praised for its distinguished nature and Shakira 's experimentation with electropop . Commercially , She Wolf was a success and topped charts and attained gold and platinum certifications in several South American and European territories . However , it performed poorly in the United States and became Shakira 's first studio album since Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) to miss peaking inside the top 10 after it debuted at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot 200 chart . In May 2010 , she wrote and recorded " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " , the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , which became a worldwide hit . = = Production = = Following the worldwide success of " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " , Shakira soon began work on her ninth studio album Sale el Sol . She decided to experiment with merengue music on the album , saying " I grew up listening to merengue — that was a big part of my life , and I was missing it . " Merengue is recognized as the national music of the Dominican Republic and the singer travelled to the country to work with Dominican songwriter and record producer El Cata , resulting in songs like " Loca " and " Rabiosa " . Shakira said that the recording of the two songs took place in " this tiny studio in the middle of nowhere " , and that " it wasn 't planned , I was just following my instincts . So this album is very genuine , and very personal as well " . Other collaborators on the album include American rapper and songwriter Armando Pérez , better known by his stage name Pitbull , Shakira 's friend and frequent collaborator Luis Fernando Ochoa , René Pérez Joglar , better known by his stage name " Residente Calle 13 " , John Hill , Lester Mendez , Albert Menéndez , Tim Mitchell and Jorge Drexler . Shakira co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced every track on the album , with the exception of " Islands " . The recording of the album took place at locations such as The Bahamas , London , Barcelona and the Dominican Republic . Armando Pérez , who co @-@ wrote the tracks " Loca " and " Rabiosa " , talked about Shakira 's previous album She Wolf , saying " on the last album they tried to Americanize Shakira by giving her the big producers . Not that it was necessarily a bad thing , but it ’ s just not her " . Talking about his collaboration with Shakira , El Cata revealed that she told him " You have something that makes me move " . Cata responded by telling Shakira that " it was the percussion " and " Those sounds that you want , I have them in my studio . " , which led to a recording session between the two . He appears as a featured artist on the Spanish version of " Loca " . René Pérez Joglar , who performs as the lead singer of Puerto Rican alternative hip hop band under the name of Residente , appears as a featured artist on the track " Gordita " . He explained the conception of the song , in which he raps about the fact that " he liked Shakira better when — early in her career : she was chubbier , had dark hair and was a rock chick " , by saying that " I told her ( Shakira ) it was a good idea to make fun of yourself . That way the haters can 't say anything , because you already said it " . British rapper Dizzee Rascal appears as a featured artist on the English version of " Loca " . He said that he felt " honoured " that Shakira chose him for the song , by saying that " She 's a bit of a trendsetter -- she does loads of different things on a major scale . You 'd expect her to use an American rapper ( for the song ) , but she chose me . It meant a lot " . = = Music and lyrics = = Sale el Sol is considered to be Shakira 's return to her " roots " and is a " fusion between rock and pop heavily influenced from Latino and Colombian music " . Shakira said there are three " directions " of Sale el Sol : a romantic one , a " very rock and roll " one , and a " Latino , tropical " one . Explaining the romantic " direction " of the album , she said that it was something " which I hadn 't tapped into for the past three years , but it suddenly came to me and I couldn 't hold it back . So it ’ s [ the album has ] got songs that are very intense , very romantic [ sic ] " . Examples include ballads like " Antes de las Seis " ( " Before Six O 'Clock " ) and " Lo Que Mas " ( " The Most " ) ; in the former Shakira delivers " sad , emotional , and heartfelt vocals , " while in the latter she sings over a piano and string @-@ supplemented melody . About the rock and roll " direction " of the album , Shakira said " I started my career as a rock artist and then I kind of crossed over into pop , so it ’ s been fun to re @-@ encounter that side of my artistic personality " . The title track is an acoustic guitar @-@ driven alternative rock and Latin pop @-@ infused song , while " Devoción " ( " Devotion " ) is a techno @-@ influenced alternative rock track in which Shakira " beats all U2 @-@ inspired arena rockers at their own game , " according to AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine . The " sultry , energetic , bass @-@ laden " " Tu Boca " ( " Your Mouth " ) finds influences from new wave music . " Islands " is a cover of the original song of the same name by English indie pop band The xx . Shakira adds a few house music elements to the original art pop song . The " Latino " and tropical side of the album is prominently influenced by merengue music . The genre is characterized by the use of the accordion and the percussion instrument tambora . " Loca " ( " Crazy " ) , is Shakira 's interpretation of El Cata 's song " Loca Con Su Tiguere " , and is composed of horn @-@ heavy merengue beats set over techno dance percussion beats . Similarly , " Rabiosa " ( " Rabid " ) is Shakira 's interpretation of El Cata 's song " La Rabiosa " , and is a fast @-@ paced merengue @-@ influenced dance track . In addition to merengue , songs like " Addicted to You " , which features " bilingual lyrics , a very 70 's chorus and Copacabana sounds " , are influenced by reggaeton music . " Gordita " ( " Chubby " ) , a duet between Residente Calle 13 and Shakira , is a cumbia and Latin rap hybrid . Talking about the album 's lyrical content , Shakira said that there are some songs " that are just to dance to in a club , that don ’ t have a big transcendence " . In " Rabiosa " , Shakira sings about her partner 's sex appeal . " Loca " expresses Shakira 's erratic and obsessive behaviour towards her lover , more so than his other leading lady . However , Shakira also said that there are some songs which " will remain in people ’ s hearts and people ’ s consciousness , sometimes forever " . She described these tracks as " songs that have the power to feed people ’ s relationships and states of mind and states of spirit " . According to Billboard , the title track is composed of " evocative and hopeful " lyrics which are dedicated to Argentine singer @-@ songwriter and Shakira 's friend Gustavo Cerati , who had been in a coma around the time of the release of the album . " Antes de las Seis " deals with issues of longing , regrets and loneliness . Shakira said these songs are written " in such a personal and intimate way that at that moment . I 'm not really thinking much . I 'm just letting it all out " . = = Release and promotion = = Sale el Sol was released worldwide on 19 October 2010 . The album was made available for digital downloading on the iTunes Store on the same day . An English titled version of the album , The Sun Comes Out , was also released and contains exactly the same tracklist ; the only difference being in the running order as the Spanish versions of " Loca " and " Rabiosa " , featuring El Cata , are included as bonus tracks , while the English versions , featuring Dizzee Rascal and Pitbull , respectively , are included on the main tracklist . = = = Singles = = = " Loca " was chosen as the lead single from the album ; the Spanish version , featuring El Cata , was released on 10 September 2010 , while the English version , featuring Dizzee Rascal , was released on 13 September 2010 . It became an international success . It peaked atop the charts of countries like France , Italy , Spain and Switzerland . In the United States , the song peaked at number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and also topped the Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Airplay , and Tropical Songs charts . " Loca " was certified double @-@ platinum in Mexico and Spain by the Mexican Association of Phonograph Producers and the Producers of Spanish Music . In Shakira 's native country Colombia , it was certified diamond by the Colombian Association of Phonograph Producers . It also attained platinum certifications in Italy and Switzerland . The accompanying music video for " Loca " , directed by Jaume de Laiguana , was filmed in Barcelona , Spain , and features Shakira interacting with a beach crowd , and dancing in front of the sea wearing a golden bikini . " Sale el Sol " , the title track of the album , was released as the second single on 4 January 2011 . The song charted very limitedly but managed to perform well in Mexico and Spain , peaking at numbers one and eight on the Monitor Latino and Spanish Singles Chart , respectively . It was certified gold in both countries . " Sale el Sol " peaked at numbers 10 and two on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts , respectively . The accompanying music video was directed by Jaume de Laiguana , and contains scenes of Shakira finding her way out of large maze and finally emerging outside to a sunny garden . " Rabiosa " was chosen to be the third single off the album ; both the Spanish and English versions of the song , featuring El Cata and Pitbull , respectively , were released on 8 April 2011 . A commercial success , it topped the chart of Spain , and reached top ten positions in countries like Austria , Belgium , and Italy . A success on the Latin record charts in the United States , it peaked at number eight on both the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and Latin Pop Airplay chart , and also peaked at number 13 on the Tropical Songs chart . The song was certified double @-@ platinum in Mexico , and platinum in Spain and Italy . The accompanying music video for the single , directed by Jaume De Laiguana , features Shakira enjoying an underground party while sporting a brown bob @-@ cut wig ; it also contains scenes of her poledancing while sporting her normal long blonde hair . " Antes de las Seis " was released as the fourth single on 21 October 2011 . It wasn 't successful on singles chart but performed moderately well on airplay charts , topping the airplay chart in Spain and peaking at number four on the US Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart . It is the only song from the album to miss the top 10 of the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . In 2013 , " Antes de las Seis " was certified gold in Mexico . The live recording of Shakira 's performance of the song during the Palais Omnisports de Paris @-@ Bercy concert show of The Sun Comes Out World Tour , taken from the live album Live from Paris , served as the accompanying music video for the single . " Addicted to You " was released as the fifth and final single off Sale el Sol , on 13 March 2012 . It became a success in Mexico , where it received a platinum certification , and Poland , where it topped the airplay chart . In the United States , it peaked at number nine on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart , and at number three on both the Latin Pop Airplay and Tropical Songs charts . The accompanying music video for " Addicted to You " was directed by Anthony Mandler , and features Shakira dancing in various locations , such as an " old Spanish style " town , a cathedral @-@ like room , and a bathtub , while sporting different " high fashion " outfits . = = = Tour = = = To promote Sale el Sol , as well as She Wolf , Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late @-@ 2010 . Shakira 's official website first announced the three initial venues of the North American leg of the tour , on 3 May 2010 , < and subsequently 22 more venues were listed . After a special tour preview show held in Montreal , Canada , on 15 September 2010 , the North American leg of the tour commenced at Uncasville , Connecticut , on 17 September , and closed at Rosemont , Illinois , on 29 October 2010 . The initial dates for the European leg of the tour were announced on 28 June 2010 , and subsequently 22 more shows were listed . The European leg of the tour was planned to commence at Lyon , France , on 16 November , and end in London , England , on 20 December 2010 . The tickets for the initial dates of the European leg were soon sold out , and Shakira extended the tour into 2011 , beginning by announcing a show at Paris , France ; venues at countries such as Croatia , Russia , Spain and Switzerland were soon added . The Latin American leg of the tour was a part of the Pop Festival , which was heralded as an initiative to bring international music stars to Latin America . Initial tour dates for the leg were announced on 3 December 2010 , and soon venues at countries like Argentina , Brazil , Colombia and Mexico were added to the tour dates . The setlist of the tour was primarily composed of songs from Sale el Sol : " Antes de las Seis " , " Gordita " , " Loca " , " Sale el Sol " and " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " . The stage was shaped like the letter " T " to enable maximum amount of viewers to see Shakira easily . A large screen was set behind the stage , on which various visuals , designed by entertainment branding agency Loyalkaspar , were projected . For the performances , Shakira mainly wore a mesh gold crop top coupled with skin @-@ tight leather pants . Other attires Shakira wore during the concert shows included a hooded pink gown , a flamenco @-@ skirt , and a feathery blue dress . The concert shows were well @-@ received by critics , many of whom praised the charisma Shakira displayed during the performances . Commercially , the tour was a success . It ranked at number 40 on Pollstar 's 2010 year @-@ end " Top 50 North American Tours " list as it grossed a total of $ 16 @.@ 9 million in the continent , with total ticket sales amounting up to 524 @,@ 723 . In North America , the tour sold an average of 9 @,@ 335 tickets , and a total of 205 @,@ 271 tickets . The tour was a bigger success worldwide , ranking at number 20 on Pollstar 's 2011 " Top 25 Worldwide Tours " . Its total gross during its worldwide dates was of $ 53 @.@ 2 million and ticket sales amounted up to 692 @,@ 064 . A live album of the show held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris @-@ Bercy in Paris , France , was released as Shakira : Live from Paris , on 5 December 2011 . = = Critical reception = = At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Sale el Sol received an average score of 89 based on 5 reviews , indicating " universal acclaim " . Carlos Quintana from About.com praised Shakira 's experimentation with merengue and rock sounds on the album , noting that her " never ending innovative style giving us an indication of her artistic evolution and current musical interests " , and that Sale el Sol " shows again why Shakira is one of the top Latin Pop artists in the world " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave it a very positive review , complimenting Shakira 's versatility in her " pan @-@ global approach " , and praising the album 's simple and " breezy " nature , saying it " never once sounds disparate or overworked -- it 's sunny and easy , its natural buoyancy disguising Shakira 's range and skill -- but listen closely and it becomes apparent that nobody makes better pop records in the new millennium than she does " . The Billboard review of the album was also extremely positive , noting that its composition is " infinitely more memorable and unique than the singer 's baffling 2009 set , She Wolf " , and that it " manages to bridge the divide between the old and new Shakira with a spark that keeps you listening to the very end " . Michelle Morgante from Boston.com chose the merengue @-@ influenced songs of Sale el Sol as " some of its strongest moments " , and noted that the album is a " truer representation of the Shakira who has excited Latin America and propelled her onto the world stage " . James Reed from The Boston Globe felt that while Sale el Sol " isn 't as heady as She Wolf " , it proves to be " another step forward for an artist who rarely looks back " . Mikael Good from Entertainment Weekly termed Sale el Sol as a demonstration of " Shakira 's boldly global mindset " and awarded it a perfect " A " grade . Jesus Yanez @-@ Reyes from Northern Arizona News favoured the album 's rock @-@ influenced tracks and concluding that Sale el Sol " is one of Shakira ’ s best releases , with songs sure to become classics within the next year " . Mikel Toombs from Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer said that the album features Shakira " at her most upbeat " . Jennifer Schaffer from Stanford Daily called Sale el Sol a " fantastically diverse album with some awesome collaborations and a truly impressive range of emotions " , and commended Shakira 's vocal delivery , saying " the sheer power of Shakira 's vocal chords is clearly the focus of the album " . Allison Stewart felt the album was a showcase for Shakira 's " remarkable " voice , and concluded that while Sale el Sol is not " necessarily adventurous " , it " provides a better showcase for Shakira 's countless charms than its predecessors ever did " . Carlos Macias from Terra USA , however , gave the album a mixed review and said it " delivers half the goods " . = = = Accolades and recognition = = = Sale el Sol was included in AllMusic 's " Favorite Albums of 2010 " and " Favorite Latin Albums of 2010 " year @-@ end lists . At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony , Sale el Sol was nominated for " Album of the Year " and " Best Female Pop Vocal Album " , winning the award in the latter category . At the 2011 Billboard Music Awards Sale el Sol was nominated for " Top Latin Album " , but lost it to Spanish singer @-@ songwriter Enrique Iglesias 's album Euphoria . At the 2011 Latin Billboard Music Awards , the album won the award for " Latin Digital Album of the Year " , and Shakira won the award for " Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year , Female " . At the 2011 Premios Juventud awards ceremony , the album was nominated for " Lo Toco Todo . CD Favorito " ( " Your Favorite CD " ) . At the 2011 Premios Shock awards ceremony , it was nominated Album of the Year . At the 2012 Premios Lo Nuestro awards ceremony , Sale el Sol won the award for " Pop Album of the Year " . At the 2012 Premios Oye ! awards ceremony , it was nominated for " Spanish Album of the Year " . At the 2012 Premios Nuestra Tierra award ceremony , it was nominated " Best Album of the Year " . = = Commercial performance = = The album was a success in Europe . In Austria , Sale el Sol entered and peaked at number three on the Austrian Albums Chart , spending a total of 44 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for selling 20 @,@ 000 units . The album debuted at number 15 on the Ultratop chart in the Dutch @-@ speaking Flanders region of Belgium and jumped to its peak position of number eight the following week . It entered the chart at the same debut position in the French @-@ speaking Wallonia region of the country but saw more success as it later peaked at number one , displacing French pop rock duo AaRON 's album Birds in the Storm from the top spot . Sale el Sol became Shakira 's first studio album to reach at number one in the region . In Flanders and Wallonia , the album charted for 55 and 54 weeks , respectively . The Belgian Entertainment Association ( BEA ) certified the album platinum for sales of 20 @,@ 000 units . After entering the French Albums Chart at number two , Sale el Sol peaked at number one for two consecutive weeks , propelled by the success of the lead single " Loca " in the country . It spent 17 consecutive weeks inside the top 10 and 113 weeks in the top 20 , making it Shakira 's longest charting album in the country . It finished as the 13th best @-@ selling album of 2010 in France , with sales of 236 @,@ 616 units . The album further sold 198 @,@ 000 units in 2011 , appearing at number 10 on the year @-@ end chart and bringing its total sales to 425 @,@ 000 units . In addition to being her first album to top the French Albums chart , Sale el Sol is also Shakira 's highest @-@ certified album in the country as it was certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) for sales of 500 @,@ 000 units . It is one of the best @-@ selling albums in France of all time . By contrast , Sale el Sol became the singer 's lowest charting studio @-@ album in Germany , peaking at number six on the Media Control Charts . However , it achieved high sales in the country and was certified platinum by The Federal Association of Music Industry ( BVMI ) for having shipped 200 @,@ 000 units in Germany . The album peaked at number four on the Hungarian Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the Association of Hungarian Record Companies for selling 10 @,@ 000 units . In Italy , it debuted at number three on the FIMI Albums chart and ascended to number one the following week . Sale el Sol was Shakira 's second consecutive album to peak atop the Italian albums chart , after She Wolf topped the chart in 2009 . Its stay inside the top 20 lasted for 19 weeks . The Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( FIMI ) certified the album platinum for sales of 60 @,@ 000 units . Sale el Sol debuted atop the Portuguese Albums Chart — Shakira 's first album to accomplish the feat in the country — and spent two weeks at number one . It was able to stay within the top 10 for 23 consecutive weeks . It was certified platinum by the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa ( AFP ) for selling 15 @,@ 000 units in Portugal . Sale el Sol was Shakira 's first studio album since Fijación Oral , Vol . 1 ( 2005 ) to peak at number one on the Spanish Albums chart after it debuted at the top position . It spent a total of 63 weeks on the chart and was certified double @-@ platinum by the Producers of Spanish Music ( PROMUSICAE ) for shipments of 80 @,@ 000 units . Sale el Sol entered and peaked at number two on the Swiss Albums Chart and was kept from attaining the top position by American rock band Kings of Leon 's album Come Around Sundown , which debuted at number one . It charted for 49 weeks in total . In Switzerland , it was certified double @-@ platinum by IFPI for selling 40 @,@ 000 units . The album also enjoyed high @-@ sales in South America . In Shakira 's native country Colombia , it sold in excess of 200 @,@ 000 units and was certified diamond by the Colombian Association of Phonograph Producers ( ASINCOL ) . In Mexico , Sale el Sol debuted at number one on the Mexican Albums Chart , becoming the singer 's second consecutive studio album to enter the chart at the top position . It also became her longest @-@ charting album in the country , spending a total of 50 weeks . In this region , it was certified platinum and gold by the Mexican Association of Phonograph Producers ( AMPROFON ) for shipments of 90 @,@ 000 units . In Canada , the album peaked at number 11 on the Canadian Albums Chart , spending a total of two weeks on the chart . In the United States , Sale el Sol debuted and peaked at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart on the chart date of 6 November 2010 . On the Latin Albums chart , Sale el Sol debuted at number one with first @-@ week sales amounting up to 46 @,@ 000 units , as compiled by Nielson SoundScan . It marked the highest debut for a Latin album for the year and was Shakira 's fifth album to peak at number one . According to Billboard , 35 % of its first @-@ week sales were credited to strong digital sales . In total , Sale el Sol spent 118 weeks on the Latin Albums chart . On the Latin Pop Albums chart , it again peaked at number one and spent 118 weeks on the chart in total . = = Track listing = = Sale el Sol – Standard edition Notes ^ a signifies a co @-@ producer ^ b signifies an additional producer = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from AllMusic . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex = The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex ( Serbian : Proglašenje Dušanovog zakonika ) is the name given to each of seven versions of a composition painted by Paja Jovanović which depict Dušan the Mighty introducing Serbia 's earliest surviving law codex to his subjects in Skopje in 1349 . The Royal Serbian Government commissioned the first version for 30 @,@ 000 dinars in 1899 , intending for it to be displayed at the following year 's Exposition Universelle ( world 's fair ) in Paris . When originally commissioned , the painting was intended to depict Dušan 's 1346 coronation as Emperor of Serbia . After consulting with the politician and historian Stojan Novaković , Jovanović decided against painting a scene from Dušan 's coronation , and opted to depict the proclamation of his law codex instead . Thus , the painting has often erroneously been described as depicting the coronation . Jovanović paid a great deal of attention to historical detail in preparation for the work , visiting several medieval Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Kosovo and Macedonia , studying medieval costumes and weaponry and consulting experts on the period . The first version was finished in time for the world 's fair , where it received widespread critical acclaim and was awarded a gold medal by the fair 's artistic committee . In the opinion of one art historian , the artistic committee 's decision affirmed that the painting was on par with the works of the world 's greatest visual artists . A number of historians and critics consider The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex to be one of Jovanović 's finest works , and Jovanović himself felt the painting was his " most beautiful composition " . = = Dušan 's Code = = Stefan Dušan was one of Serbia 's most powerful rulers . In the mid @-@ 14th century , he oversaw the establishment of a large Serbian state that stretched from the Danube to the Greek mainland . As a result of his achievements , in Serbian historiography he is referred to as Dušan the Mighty or Dušan the Lawgiver . The first suffix is in recognition of his expansion of Serbia 's territory and the second in recognition of the law codex he introduced during his reign , commonly called Dušan 's Code . In 1343 , as King of Serbs , Albanians and the Coast , Dušan added " King of the Romans " to his title . In late 1345 , he began referring to himself as the Emperor ( tsar ) of Serbia . On Easter Day , 16 April 1346 , Dušan convoked an assembly in Skopje , attended by the Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II , the Archbishop of Ochrid Nikolaj I , the Bulgarian Patriarch Simeon and various religious leaders from Mount Athos . The assembly then ceremonially performed the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of Patriarchate . From then on , the Archbishop was titled the Serbian Patriarch , with his seat in Monastery of Peć . Dušan was subsequently crowned Emperor of Serbia by the new Patriarch , Joanikije . Dušan had ambitions of conquering all the Byzantine lands , including Constantinople , and proclaiming himself Byzantine Emperor . In order to achieve this goal , he knew that he needed to secure the loyalty of his Greek subjects . Thus , Dušan decreed that lands inhabited by Greeks were to have Greek governors and follow traditional Byzantine laws as opposed to Serbian customary law . This had the effect of reducing tensions between Serbs and Greeks and made it easier for the Serbs to occupy Greek lands without any considerable threat of revolt . In 1349 , Dušan issued a national legal code from his capital , Skopje , one that applied only to the northern half of the empire where Serbs predominated . Dušan 's Code is Serbia 's earliest surviving legal code ; it was influenced heavily by Byzantine law . It was also one of the most advanced legal texts of its time , and the first wide @-@ ranging set of laws promulgated by the South Slavs . Because it only covers specific crimes , it was likely part of a three @-@ part legal document that also included an abridgement of Matthew Blastares ' Syntagma and the Law of Justinian . The third part , Dušan 's Code itself , was thus probably intended to supplement the first two texts by touching upon issues not covered in them rather than serve as a stand @-@ alone legal system . = = The painting = = = = = Preparation and composition = = = In the late 1890s , Serbia was invited to participate at the 1900 Exposition Universelle ( world 's fair ) in Paris . In 1897 , the Royal Serbian Government created a special committee to select which Serbs would go to France as representatives of their country ; the committee was chaired by the politician Svetozar Gvozdić . It was decided that Serbia 's contribution to the fair would predominantly consist of art , most of which was to be displayed at the Serbian Pavilion , a building in the Serbo @-@ Byzantine style designed by the architect Milan Kapetanović . Other Serbian works were to be displayed at the Grand Palais . The rules of the fair 's art exhibit held that each canvas had to measure 390 by 589 centimetres ( 154 by 232 in ) and contain over seventy figures in various , often complex , positions . In Serbia , the period between 1889 and 1914 was marked by a spate of patriotic literature , theatre and visual art . Serbian artists competed with one another over who would produce the best depictions of Serbia 's medieval history , and the best Serbian national romantic art was made during this time . One of the most prominent Serb artists of the day was the realist Paja Jovanović , who was known for his sprawling historical works . In 1899 , the special committee hired him to compose a scene depicting Dušan 's coronation to be displayed in Paris . In return for his services , he received an honorarium of 30 @,@ 000 dinars . The government felt it was essential that Jovanović 's work and those of other Serbian artists be well received . Given decades of political instability in the Balkans , the authorities sought to promote a positive image of their country abroad , especially by familiarizing Western Europeans with Serbian art . Hence , Jovanović was painting for a dual audience , both domestic and foreign . His foremost goal was to emphasize the legitimacy of Serbia 's contemporary territorial claims before the Great Powers , especially with regard to Kosovo , Macedonia and the Sandžak ( then divided between the Ottoman Empire and Austria @-@ Hungary ) , and counter any negative views of the Serbian state . For his domestic audience , Jovanović 's goal was to remind his countrymen of Serbia 's rich history and encourage patriotic sentiments . After consulting with the politician and historian Stojan Novaković , Jovanović decided against painting a scene from Dušan 's coronation , and opted to depict the proclamation of Dušan 's Code instead . As a result , the painting is sometimes mistakenly referred to as The Coronation of Tsar Dušan ( Serbian : Krunisanje Cara Dušana ) . Jovanović began working on the painting in 1900 . In keeping with his usual approach , he spent a significant amount of time researching Dušan 's life . He read medieval accounts of the proclamation , consulted experts on that historical period , and examined medieval paintings and illuminated manuscripts for insight into the architecture and weaponry of 14th @-@ century Serbia . Jovanović also visited the monasteries of Gračanica and Lesnovo , the Field of Kosovo , and the cities of Prizren and Skopje . Since the church where the proclamation took place had long since been destroyed , he was forced to find an alternative , ultimately deciding to model it after the Visoki Dečani monastery given the similarities in their design . By his own admission , the hardest task Jovanović faced was achieving authenticity with regard to clothing , weaponry and medieval heraldry . He found the medieval clothing particularly difficult to reproduce because Serbs did not have their own national costume at the time . Instead , medieval Serbs , especially royalty and the nobility , wore clothing that was greatly influenced by neighbouring cultures , particularly the Byzantines . Jovanović styled the clothes seen in the painting on frescoes from the medieval monasteries he visited , sketched them , and then requested that the head costume designer of the Vienna State Opera recreate them based on those sketches . Upon receiving the costumes , Jovanović placed them in his studio and used them as models for the painting . Dušan 's German mercenaries , who are shown lining the church doors church as he exits , wear Venetian body armour . Jovanović based this detail on a medieval correspondence that Novaković had discovered in the Venetian archives where Dušan is recorded having ordered 300 units of plate armour from Venice . Knights ' swords and other weaponry were based on depictions from medieval frescoes . The heraldry depicted on the shields and the insignia of the various figures is based on examples from a medieval book titled Armaila Illyricorum . Jovanović had found the book in a Viennese library . It had been removed from Herzegovina 's Žitomislić monastery several decades prior and brought to the Austro @-@ Hungarian capital . The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex was painted outdoors , en plein air . = = = Description and history = = = The painting depicts Dušan exiting a church with his wife , Jelena , and son , Uroš , shortly after announcing that the law codex would be put into force . At their side are Patriarch Joanikije and the magnate Jovan Oliver , as well as many other members of the clergy and nobility . The emperor and his entourage are watched by an admiring crowd of nobles , knights and commoners . The knights lower their swords at Dušan 's feet as a sign of respect and submission . A festive atmosphere pervades the scene . The noble Gojko Mrnjavčević reads the proclamation before the crowd . Palman Bracht , a German mercenary who oversaw Dušan 's personal bodyguard , stands at the far right among a row of other knights , and watches closely as the Emperor steps outside . The art historian Lilien Filipovitch @-@ Robinson writes : Technically , the artist brought together an accumulation of his considerable study and experience as a painter of history , portrait , and genre scenes . As was typical , his orderly composition and perfect one @-@ point linear perspective , both of which are appropriate to the subject , are informed by the frescoes of the Renaissance . Every figure in the foreground and middle ground directs the eye steadily to the compositional vanishing point , Tsar Dušan . He is the epitome of control , dignity , and majesty . The brilliantly clothed entourage behind him frames his form as do the massive stone walls of the church . They not only lend compositional stability but intimate a durability shared by the God @-@ inspired architecture and Dušan ’ s reign . Once complete , the painting was presented to the Royal Serbian Government . As part of his contract , Jovanović granted the government the right to print reproductions of the painting . Jovanović felt the painting was his " most beautiful composition " , but was displeased that he had not been able to complete it the way it was originally envisaged . He had originally intended for the finished work to be painted on woven tapestry . The version that went on display in Paris was an oil on canvas that Jovanović had only meant to use as a model for the tapestry painting . He later recalled that King Alexander had gambled away the money he had promised to provide for the tapestry painting 's completion . Disappointed , Jovanović pledged to repaint it to his own liking , though he did not begin work on a revision until 1925 – 26 , by which time he was in his sixties . He went on to complete a total of seven different versions of the painting in his lifetime . The first version is in the possession of the National Museum of Serbia , in Belgrade . Another , measuring 190 by 126 centimetres ( 75 by 50 in ) , is on permanent display at the Belgrade City Museum . = = Critical reception and legacy = = The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex was well received by the Serbian public , and is said to have exceeded the expectations of all the government ministers . It was also well received in France , where Jovanović was named an Officer of the Académie des Beaux @-@ Arts . The painting was met with critical acclaim at the world 's fair , and the fair 's artistic committee awarded Jovanović a gold medal for his work . By way of this decision , the art historian Jelena Milojković @-@ Djurić asserts , the Paris committee recognized that the painting was on par with those of the world 's best visual artists . Serbian painter and art critic Nadežda Petrović described Jovanović 's compositions as the " crown of Serbian pictorial art " , and lauded The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex as his best work . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson ranks it among Jovanović 's three best paintings , alongside The Takovo Uprising ( 1888 ) and Migration of the Serbs ( 1896 ) . " By focusing on the famed reign of Tsar Dušan , " she writes , " Jovanović was making a case for the respect with which Serbia should be regarded . " The painting , she argues , is both a history lesson and a " patriotic declaration " . For Serbian audiences in particular , she continues , it alluded to the greatness of Serbia 's past and implied that the country 's restoration as a free , modern nation was within reach . In her opinion , it is an inherently optimistic work . Tim Judah , a journalist specializing in the Balkans , compares Jovanović 's contribution to Serbian art to Jacques @-@ Louis David 's contribution to French art , and draws parallels between The Proclamation of Dušan 's Law Codex and The Coronation of Napoleon . Professor David A. Norris , a historian specializing in Serbian culture , describes the knights ' armour as " highly stylized " and opines that , as a direct result , some of the figures resemble Hollywood actors more than medieval knights . " The picture shows excellent conception and solidity in its composition , " art historian Radmila Antić contends . " The figures are well related , their attitudes conscientiously studied , the costumes represented with the greatest care for detail . " = = = Endnotes = = =
= Catherine de ' Medici = Catherine de ' Medici ( Italian : Caterina de ' Medici pronounced [ kateˈriːna de ˈmɛːditʃi ] ; French : Catherine de Médicis pronounced : [ katʁin də medisis ] , 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589 ) , daughter of Lorenzo II de ' Medici and of Madeleine de La Tour d 'Auvergne , was an Italian noblewoman who was Queen of France from 1547 until 1559 , as the wife of King Henry II . As the mother of three sons who became kings of France during her lifetime , she had extensive , if at times varying , influence in the political life of France . For a time , she ruled France as its regent . In 1533 , at the age of fourteen , Caterina married Henry , second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France . Under the gallicised version of her name , Catherine de Médicis , she was Queen consort of France as the wife of King Henry II of France from 1547 to 1559 . Throughout his reign , Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favours on his chief mistress , Diane de Poitiers , who wielded much influence over him . Henry 's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail fifteen @-@ year @-@ old King Francis II . When he died in 1560 , she became regent on behalf of her ten @-@ year @-@ old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers . After Charles died in 1574 , Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son , Henry III . He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life . Catherine 's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France . The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting but Catherine was able to keep the monarchy and the state institutions functioning even at a minimum level . At first , Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Protestants , or Huguenots , as they became known . She failed , however , to grasp the theological issues that drove their movement . Later she resorted , in frustration and anger , to hard @-@ line policies against them . In return , she came to be blamed for the excessive persecutions carried out under her sons ' rule , in particular for the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre of 1572 , in which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and throughout France . Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown , though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters . In practice , her authority was always limited by the effects of the civil wars . Her policies , therefore , may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs , and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline . Without Catherine , it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power . The years in which they reigned have been called " the age of Catherine de ' Medici " . According to Mark Strage , one of her biographers , Catherine was the most powerful woman in sixteenth @-@ century Europe . = = Birth and upbringing = = Catherine was born in Florence , Republic of Florence , as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de ' Medici . The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence . Originally bankers , they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe . Catherine 's father , Lorenzo II de ' Medici , was made Duke of Urbino by his uncle Pope Leo X , and the title reverted to Francesco Maria I della Rovere after Lorenzo 's death . Thus , even though her father was a duke , Catherine was of relatively low birth . However her mother , Madeleine de la Tour d 'Auvergne , the Countess of Boulogne , was from one of the most prominent and ancient French noble families ; this prestigious maternal heritage was of benefit to her future marriage to a fils de France . According to a contemporary chronicler , when Catherine de ' Medici was born , her parents , were " as pleased as if it had been a boy " . Madeleine died on 28 April of puerperal fever or plague , and Lorenzo died on 4 May . The young couple were married the year before at Amboise as part of the alliance between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. King Francis wanted Catherine to be raised at the French court , but Pope Leo had other plans for her . He intended to marry her to his brother 's illegitimate son , Ippolito de ' Medici , and set them up to rule Florence . Catherine was first cared for by her paternal grandmother , Alfonsina Orsini ( wife of Piero de ' Medici ) . After Alfonsina 's death in 1520 , Catherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt , Clarice Strozzi . The death of Pope Leo in 1521 interrupted Medici power briefly , until Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII in 1523 . Clement housed Catherine in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence , where she lived in state . The Florentine people called her duchessina ( " the little duchess " ) , in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino . In 1527 , the Medici were overthrown in Florence by a faction opposed to the regime of Clement 's representative , Cardinal Silvio Passerini , and Catherine was taken hostage and placed in a series of convents . The final one , the Santissima Annuziata delle Murate was her home for three years . Mark Strage described these years as " the happiest of her entire life " . Clement had no choice but to crown Charles Holy Roman Emperor in return for his help in retaking the city . In October 1529 , Charles 's troops laid siege to Florence . As the siege dragged on , voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls . Some even suggested that she be handed over to the troops to be used for their sexual gratification . The city finally surrendered on 12 August 1530 . Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Rome where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes . Then he set about the business of finding her a husband . = = Marriage = = On her visit to Rome , the Venetian envoy described Catherine as " small of stature , and thin , and without delicate features , but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family " . Suitors , however , lined up for her hand , including James V of Scotland who sent the Duke of Albany to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530 . When Francis I of France proposed his second son , Henry , Duke of Orléans , in early 1533 , Clement jumped at the offer . Henry was a prize catch for Catherine , who despite her wealth , was from commoner origins . The wedding , a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift @-@ giving , took place in the Église Saint @-@ Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533 . Prince Henry danced and jousted for Catherine . The fourteen @-@ year @-@ old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties . Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis , who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated . He noted that " each had shown valour in the joust " . Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night 's proceedings . Catherine saw little of her husband in their first year of marriage , but the ladies of the court treated her well , impressed with her intelligence and keenness to please . The death of Pope Clement VII on 25 September 1534 , however , undermined Catherine 's standing in the French court . The next pope , Paul III , broke the alliance with France and refused to pay her huge dowry . King Francis lamented , " The girl has come to me stark naked . " Prince Henry showed no interest in Catherine as a wife ; instead , he openly took mistresses . For the first ten years of the marriage , Catherine failed to produce any children . In 1537 , Philippa Duci , one of Henry 's mistresses , gave birth to a daughter , whom he publicly acknowledged . This proved that Henry was fertile and added to the pressure on Catherine to produce a child . = = = Dauphine = = = In 1536 , Henry 's older brother , Francis , caught a chill after a game of tennis , contracted a fever and died , leaving Henry the heir . As Dauphine , Catherine was now expected to provide a future heir to the throne . According to the court chronicler Brantôme , " many people advised the king and the Dauphin to repudiate her , since it was necessary to continue the line of France " . Divorce was discussed . In desperation , Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant , such as placing cow dung and ground stags ' antlers on her " source of life " , and drinking mule 's urine . On 19 January 1544 , she at last gave birth to a son , named after King Francis . After becoming pregnant once , Catherine had no trouble doing so again . She may have owed her change of luck to the physician Jean Fernel , who had noticed slight abnormalities in the couple 's sexual organs and advised them how to solve the problem . Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter , Elisabeth . She went on to bear Henry a further eight children , six of whom survived infancy , including the future Charles IX ( born 27 June 1550 ) ; the future Henry III ( born 19 September 1551 ) ; and Francis , Duke of Anjou ( born 18 March 1555 ) . The long @-@ term future of the Valois dynasty , which had ruled France since the 14th century , seemed assured . Catherine 's new @-@ found ability to bear children , however , failed to improve her marriage . In 1538 , at the age of nineteen , Henry had taken as his mistress the thirty @-@ eight @-@ year @-@ old Diane de Poitiers , whom he adored for the rest of his life . Even so , he respected Catherine 's status as his consort . When King Francis I died on 31 March 1547 , Catherine became queen consort of France . She was crowned in the basilica of Saint @-@ Denis on 10 June 1549 . = = = Queen of France = = = Henry allowed Catherine almost no political influence as queen . Although she sometimes acted as regent during his absences from France , her powers were strictly nominal . Henry gave the Château of Chenonceau , which Catherine had wanted for herself , to Diane de Poitiers , who took her place at the centre of power , dispensing patronage and accepting favours . The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests , Henry would sit on Diane 's lap and play the guitar , chat about politics , or fondle her breasts . Diane never regarded Catherine as a threat . She even encouraged the king to sleep with Catherine and sire more children . In 1556 , Catherine nearly died giving birth to twin daughters . Surgeons saved her life by breaking the legs of one of the two babies , who died in her womb . The surviving daughter died seven weeks later . Catherine had no more children . Henry 's reign also saw the rise of the Guise brothers , Charles , who became a cardinal , and Henry 's boyhood friend Francis , who became Duke of Guise . Their sister Mary of Guise had married James V of Scotland in 1538 and was the mother of Mary , Queen of Scots . At the age of five and a half , Mary was brought to the French court , where she was promised to the Dauphin , Francis . Catherine brought her up with her own children at the French court , while Mary of Guise governed Scotland as her daughter 's regent . On 3 – 4 April 1559 , Henry signed the Peace of Cateau @-@ Cambrésis with the Holy Roman Empire and England , ending a long period of Italian wars . The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine 's thirteen @-@ year @-@ old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain . Their proxy wedding in Paris on 22 June 1559 was celebrated with festivities , balls , masques , and five days of jousting . King Henry took part in the jousting , sporting Diane 's black @-@ and @-@ white colours . He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours , but the young Gabriel , comte de Montgomery , knocked him half out of the saddle . Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again , and this time , Montgomery 's lance shattered into the king 's face . Henry reeled out of the clash , his face pouring blood , with splinters " of a good bigness " sticking out of his eye and head . Catherine , Diane , and Prince Francis all fainted . Henry was carried to the Château de Tournelles , where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head , one of which had pierced his eye and brain . Catherine stayed by his bedside , but Diane kept away , " for fear " , in the words of a chronicler , " of being expelled by the Queen " . For the next ten days , Henry 's state fluctuated . At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music . Slowly , however , he lost his sight , speech , and reason , and on 10 July 1559 he died . From that day , Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem , inscribed with the words " lacrymae hinc , hinc dolor " ( " from this come my tears and my pain " ) , and wore black mourning in memory of Henry . = = Queen mother = = = = = Reign of Francis II = = = Francis II became king at the age of fifteen . In what has been called a coup d 'état , the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guise — whose niece , Mary , Queen of Scots , had married Francis the year before — seized power the day after Henry II 's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palace with the young couple . The English ambassador reported a few days later that " the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king " . For the moment , Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity . She was not strictly entitled to a role in Francis 's government , because he was deemed old enough to rule for himself . Nevertheless , all his official acts began with the words : " This being the good pleasure of the Queen , my lady @-@ mother , and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth , am content and command that ... " Catherine did not hesitate to exploit her new authority . One of her first acts was to force Diane de Poitiers to hand over the crown jewels and return the Château de Chenonceau to the crown . She later did her best to efface or outdo Diane 's building work there . The Guise brothers set about persecuting the Protestants with zeal . Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke up against the Guise persecutions , though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots , whose beliefs she never shared . The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon , King of Navarre , the First Prince of the Blood , and then , with more success , to his brother , Louis de Bourbon , Prince of Condé , who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force . When the Guises heard of the plot , they moved the court to the fortified Château of Amboise . The Duke of Guise launched an attack into the woods around the château . His troops surprised the rebels and killed many of them on the spot , including the commander , La Renaudie . Others they drowned in the river or strung up around the battlements while Catherine and the court watched . In June 1560 , Michel de l 'Hôpital was appointed Chancellor of France . He sought the support of France 's constitutional bodies and worked closely with Catherine to defend the law in the face of the growing anarchy . Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms . On 20 August 1560 , Catherine and the chancellor advocated this policy to an assembly of notables at Fontainebleau . Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine 's statesmanship . Meanwhile , Condé raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south . Catherine ordered him to court and had him imprisoned as soon as he arrived . He was tried in November , found guilty of offences against the crown , and sentenced to death . His life was saved by the illness and death of the king , as a result of an infection or an abscess in his ear . When Catherine had realized Francis was going to die , she made a pact with Antoine de Bourbon by which he would renounce his right to the regency of the future king , Charles IX , in return for the release of his brother Condé . As a result , when Francis died on 5 December 1560 , the Privy Council appointed Catherine as governor of France ( gouvernante de France ) , with sweeping powers . She wrote to her daughter Elisabeth : " My principal aim is to have the honour of God before my eyes in all things and to preserve my authority , not for myself , but for the conservation of this kingdom and for the good of all your brothers " . = = = Reign of Charles IX = = = At first Catherine kept the nine @-@ year @-@ old king , who cried at his coronation , close to her , and slept in his chamber . She presided over his council , decided policy , and controlled state business and patronage . However , she was never in a position to control the country as a whole , which was on the brink of civil war . In many parts of France the rule of nobles held sway rather than that of the crown . The challenges Catherine faced were complex and in some ways difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner . She summoned church leaders from both sides to attempt to solve their doctrinal differences . Despite her optimism , the resulting Colloquy of Poissy ended in failure on 13 October 1561 , dissolving itself without her permission . Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms . In the words of historian R. J. Knecht , " she underestimated the strength of religious conviction , imagining that all would be well if only she could get the party leaders to agree " . In January 1562 , Catherine issued the tolerant Edict of Saint @-@ Germain in a further attempt to build bridges with the Protestants . On 1 March 1562 , however , in an incident known as the Massacre of Vassy , the Duke of Guise and his men attacked worshipping Huguenots in a barn at Vassy ( Wassy ) , killing 74 and wounding 104 . Guise , who called the massacre " a regrettable accident " , was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge . The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion . For the next thirty years , France found itself in a state of either civil war or armed truce . Within a month Louis de Bourbon , Prince of Condé , and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny had raised an army of 1 @,@ 800 . They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France . Catherine met Coligny , but he refused to back down . She therefore told him : " Since you rely on your forces , we will show you ours " . The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot @-@ held Rouen . Catherine visited the deathbed of Antoine de Bourbon , King of Navarre , after he was fatally wounded by an arquebus shot . Catherine insisted on visiting the field herself and when warned of the dangers laughed , " My courage is as great as yours " . The Catholics took Rouen , but their triumph was short lived . On 18 February 1563 , a spy called Poltrot de Méré fired an arquebus into the back of the Duke of Guise , at the siege of Orléans . The murder triggered an aristocratic blood feud that complicated the French civil wars for years to come . Catherine , however , was delighted with the death of her ally . " If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner " , she told the Venetian ambassador , " peace would have been achieved more quickly " . On 19 March 1563 , the Edict of Amboise , also known as the Edict of Pacification , ended the war . Catherine now rallied both Huguenot and Catholic forces to retake Le Havre from the English . = = = = Huguenots = = = = On 17 August 1563 , Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen , but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government . Catherine decided to launch a drive to enforce the Edict of Amboise and revive loyalty to the crown . To this end , she set out with Charles and the court on a progress around France that lasted from January 1564 until May 1565 . Catherine held talks with the Protestant Queen Jeanne III of Navarre at Mâcon and Nérac . She also met her daughter Elisabeth at Bayonne near the Spanish border , amidst lavish court festivities . Philip II excused himself from the occasion . He sent the Duke of Alba to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy . In 1566 , through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire , Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie , and because of a long @-@ standing Franco @-@ Ottoman alliance , Charles IX of France and Catherine de Medicis proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman @-@ controlled Moldavia , in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg . This plan also had the added advantage of removing the Huguenots from France , but it failed to interest the Ottomans . On 27 September 1567 , in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux , Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king , triggering renewed civil war . Taken unawares , the court fled to Paris in disarray . The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 22 – 23 March 1568 , but civil unrest and bloodshed continued . The Surprise of Meaux marked a turning point in Catherine 's policy towards the Huguenots . From that moment , she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression . She told the Venetian ambassador in June 1568 that all one could expect from Huguenots was deceit , and she praised the Duke of Alba 's reign of terror in the Netherlands , where Calvinists and rebels were put to death in the thousands . The Huguenots retreated to the fortified stronghold of La Rochelle on the west coast , where Jeanne d 'Albret and her fifteen @-@ year @-@ old son , Henry of Bourbon , joined them . " We have come to the determination to die , all of us " , Jeanne wrote to Catherine , " rather than abandon our God , and our religion " . Catherine called Jeanne , whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois , " the most shameless woman in the world " . Nevertheless , the Peace of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye , signed on 8 August 1570 because the royal army ran out of cash , conceded wider toleration to the Huguenots than ever before . Catherine looked to further Valois interests by grand dynastic marriages . In 1570 , Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria , daughter of Maximilian II , Holy Roman Emperor . Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England . After Catherine 's daughter Elisabeth died in childbirth in 1568 , she had touted her youngest daughter Margaret as a bride for Philip II of Spain . Now she sought a marriage between Margaret and Henry III of Navarre , with the aim of uniting Valois and Bourbon interests . Margaret , however , was secretly involved with Henry of Guise , the son of the late Duke of Guise . When Catherine found this out , she had her daughter brought from her bed . Catherine and the king then beat her , ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair . Catherine pressed Jeanne d 'Albret to attend court . Writing that she wanted to see Jeanne 's children , she promised not to harm them . Jeanne replied : " Pardon me if , reading that , I want to laugh , because you want to relieve me of a fear that I 've never had . I 've never thought that , as they say , you eat little children " . When Jeanne did come to court , Catherine pressured her hard , playing on Jeanne 's hopes for her beloved son . Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret , so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot . When Jeanne arrived in Paris to buy clothes for the wedding , she was taken ill and died , aged forty @-@ four . Huguenot writers later accused Catherine of murdering her with poisoned gloves . The wedding took place on 18 August 1572 at Notre @-@ Dame , Paris . = = = = St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre = = = = Three days later , Admiral Coligny was walking back to his rooms from the Louvre when a shot rang out from a house and wounded him in the hand and arm . A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window , but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse . Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Hôtel de Béthisy , where the surgeon Ambroise Paré removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors . Catherine , who was said to have received the news without emotion , made a tearful visit to Coligny and promised to punish his attacker . Many historians have blamed Catherine for the attack on Coligny . Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish @-@ papal plot to end Coligny 's influence on the king . Whatever the truth , the bloodbath that followed was soon beyond the control of Catherine or any other leader . The St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , which began two days later , has stained Catherine 's reputation ever since . There is no reason to believe she was not party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX ordered , " Then kill them all ! Kill them all ! " The thinking was clear . Catherine and her advisers expected a Huguenot uprising to avenge the attack on Coligny . They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding . The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week . It spread to many parts of France , where it persisted into the autumn . In the words of historian Jules Michelet , " St Bartholomew was not a day , but a season " . On 29 September , when Navarre knelt before the altar as a Roman Catholic , having converted to avoid being killed , Catherine turned to the ambassadors and laughed . From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen . Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian , who had acted on Machiavelli 's principles to kill all enemies in one blow . = = = Reign of Henry III = = = Two years later , Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty @-@ three . His dying words were " oh , my mother ... " . The day before he died , he named Catherine regent , since his brother and heir , Henry the Duke of Anjou , was in the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , where he had been elected king the year before . However , three months after his coronation at Wawel Cathedral , Henry abandoned that throne and returned to France in order to become king of France . Catherine wrote to Henry of Charles IX 's death : " I am grief @-@ stricken to have witnessed such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end ... My only consolation is to see you here soon , as your kingdom requires , and in good health , for if I were to lose you , I would have myself buried alive with you . " Henry was Catherine 's favourite son . Unlike his brothers , he came to the throne as a grown man . He was also healthier , though he suffered from weak lungs and constant fatigue . His interest in the tasks of government , however , proved fitful . He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life . He often hid from state affairs , immersing himself in acts of piety , such as pilgrimages and flagellation . He was , however , also famous for his circle of favorites , called Les Mignons ( from mignon , French for " the darlings " or " the dainty ones " ) . It was a term used by polemicists in the toxic atmosphere of the French Wars of Religion and taken up by the people of Paris , to designate the favourites of Henry III of France , from his return from Poland to reign in France in 1574 , to his assassination in 1589 , a disastrous end to which the perception of effeminate weakness contributed . [ 1 ] The mignons were frivolous and fashionable young men , to whom public malignity attributed heterodox sexuality , rumors that some historians have found to be a factor in the disintegration of the late Valois monarchy . According to the contemporary chronicler Pierre de l 'Estoile , [ 2 ] they made themselves " exceedingly odious , as much by their foolish and haughty demeanour , as by their effeminate and immodest dress , but above all by the immense gifts the king made to them . " The Joyeuse wedding in 1581 occasioned one of the most extravagant display of the reign . Henry married Louise de Lorraine @-@ Vaudémont in February 1575 , two days after his coronation . His choice thwarted Catherine 's plans for a political marriage to a foreign princess . Rumours of Henry 's inability to produce children were by that time in wide circulation . The papal nuncio Salviati observed , " it is only with difficulty that we can imagine there will be offspring ... physicians and those who know him well say that he has an extremely weak constitution and will not live long . " As time passed and the likelihood of children from the marriage receded , Catherine 's youngest son , Francis , Duke of Alençon , known as " Monsieur " , played upon his role as heir to the throne , repeatedly exploiting the anarchy of the civil wars , which were by now as much about noble power struggles as religion . Catherine did all in her power to bring Francis back into the fold . On one occasion , in March 1578 , she lectured him for six hours about his dangerously subversive behaviour . In 1576 , in a move that endangered Henry 's throne , Francis allied with the Protestant princes against the crown . On 6 May 1576 , Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the Edict of Beaulieu . The treaty became known as the Peace of Monsieur because it was thought that Francis had forced it on the crown . Francis died of consumption in June 1584 , after a disastrous intervention in the Low Countries during which his army had been massacred . Catherine wrote , the next day : " I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me , although I realize that God 's will must be obeyed , that He owns everything , and that he lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us . " The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine 's dynastic dreams . Under Salic law , by which only males could ascend the throne , the Huguenot Henry of Navarre now became heir presumptive to the French crown . Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret , her youngest daughter , to Navarre . Margaret , however , became almost as much of a thorn in Catherine 's side as Francis , and in 1582 , she returned to the French court without her husband . Catherine was heard yelling at her for taking lovers . Catherine sent Pomponne de Bellièvre to Navarre to arrange Margaret 's return . In 1585 , Margaret fled Navarre again . She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money . Catherine sent her only enough " to put food on her table " . Moving on to the fortress of Carlat , Margaret took a lover called d 'Aubiac . Catherine asked Henry to act before Margaret brought shame on them again . In October 1586 , therefore , he had Margaret locked up in the Château d 'Usson . D 'Aubiac was executed , though not , despite Catherine 's wish , in front of Margaret . Catherine cut Margaret out of her will and never saw her again . Catherine was unable to control Henry in the way she had Francis and Charles . Her role in his government became that of chief executive and roving diplomat . She travelled widely across the kingdom , enforcing his authority and trying to head off war . In 1578 , she took on the task of pacifying the south . At the age of fifty @-@ nine , she embarked on an eighteen @-@ month journey around the south of France to meet Huguenot leaders face to face . Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people . On her return to Paris in 1579 , she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds . The Venetian ambassador , Gerolamo Lipomanno , wrote : " She is an indefatigable princess , born to tame and govern a people as unruly as the French : they now recognize her merits , her concern for unity and are sorry not to have appreciated her sooner . " She was under no illusions , however . On 25 November 1579 , she wrote to the king , " You are on the eve of a general revolt . Anyone who tells you differently is a liar . " = = = = Catholic League = = = = Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine 's attempts to appease the Huguenots . After the Edict of Beaulieu , they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion . The death of the heir to the throne in 1584 prompted the Duke of Guise to assume the leadership of the Catholic League . He planned to block Henry of Navarre 's succession and place Henry 's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead . In this cause , he recruited the great Catholic princes , nobles and prelates , signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain , and prepared to make war on the " heretics " . By 1585 , Henry III had no choice but to go to war against the League . As Catherine put it , " peace is carried on a stick " ( bâton porte paix ) . " Take care " , she wrote to the king , " especially about your person . There is so much treachery about that I die of fear . " Henry was unable to fight the Catholics and the Protestants at once , both of whom had stronger armies than his own . In the Treaty of Nemours , signed on 7 July 1585 , he was forced to give in to all the League 's demands , even that he pay its troops . He went into hiding to fast and pray , surrounded by a bodyguard known as " the Forty @-@ five " , and left Catherine to sort out the mess . The monarchy had lost control of the country , and was in no position to assist England in the face of the coming Spanish attack . The Spanish ambassador told Philip II that the abscess was about to burst . By 1587 , the Catholic backlash against the Protestants had become a campaign across Europe . Elizabeth I of England 's execution of Mary , Queen of Scots , on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world . Philip II of Spain prepared for an invasion of England . The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada . = = = = Last months and death = = = = Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris . The Parisians , however , claimed the right to defend the city themselves . On 12 May 1588 , they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise . When Catherine tried to go to Mass , she found her way barred , though she was allowed through the barricades . The chronicler L 'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day . She wrote to Bellièvre , " Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape . " As usual , Catherine advised the king , who had fled the city in the nick of time , to compromise and live to fight another day . On 15 June 1588 , Henry duly signed the Act of Union , which gave in to all the League 's latest demands . On 8 September 1588 at Blois , where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates , Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning . Catherine , in bed with a lung infection , had been kept in the dark . The king 's actions effectively ended her days of power . At the meeting of the Estates , Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done . He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state . Henry did not tell Catherine of his plan for a solution to his problems . On 23 December 1588 , he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the Château de Blois . As Guise entered the king 's chamber , the Forty @-@ five plunged their blades into his body , and he died at the foot of the king 's bed . At the same moment , eight members of the Guise family were rounded up , including the Duke of Guise 's brother , Louis II , Cardinal of Guise , whom Henry 's men hacked to death the next day in the palace dungeons . Immediately after the murder of Guise , Henry entered Catherine 's bedroom on the floor below and announced , " Please forgive me . Monsieur de Guise is dead . He will not be spoken of again . I have had him killed . I have done to him what he was going to do to me . " Catherine 's immediate reaction is not known ; but on Christmas Day , she told a friar , " Oh , wretched man ! What has he done ? ... Pray for him ... I see him rushing towards his ruin . " She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed . He shouted at her , " Your words , Madam , have led us all to this butchery . " She left in tears . On 5 January 1589 , Catherine died at the age of sixty @-@ nine , probably from pleurisy . L 'Estoile wrote : " those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son 's deed . " He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat . Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown , Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois . Eight months later , Jacques Clément stabbed Henry III to death . At the time , Henry was besieging Paris with the King of Navarre , who would succeed him as Henry IV of France . Henry III 's assassination ended nearly three centuries of Valois rule and brought the Bourbon dynasty into power . Years later , Diane , daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci , had Catherine 's remains reinterred in the Saint @-@ Denis basilica in Paris . In 1793 , a revolutionary mob tossed her bones into a mass grave with those of the other kings and queens . Henry IV was later reported to have said of Catherine : I ask you , what could a woman do , left by the death of her husband with five little children on her arms , and two families of France who were thinking of grasping the crown — our own [ the Bourbons ] and the Guises ? Was she not compelled to play strange parts to deceive first one and then the other , in order to guard , as she did , her sons , who successively reigned through the wise conduct of that shrewd woman ? I am surprised that she never did worse . = = Patron of the arts = = Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms . She was inspired by the example of her father @-@ in @-@ law , King Francis I of France , who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court , and by her Medici ancestors . In an age of civil war and declining respect for the monarchy , she sought to bolster royal prestige through lavish cultural display . Once in control of the royal purse , she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades . During this time , she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts . An inventory drawn up at the Hôtel de la Reine after Catherine 's death shows her to have been a keen collector . Listed works of art included tapestries , hand @-@ drawn maps , sculptures , rich fabrics , ebony furniture inlaid with ivory , sets of china , and Limoges pottery . There were also hundreds of portraits , for which a vogue had developed during Catherine 's lifetime . Many portraits in her collection were by Jean Clouet ( 1480 – 1541 ) and his son François Clouet ( c . 1510 – 1572 ) . François Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine 's family and of many members of the court . After Catherine 's death , a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in . By 1610 , the school patronised by the late Valois court and brought to its pinnacle by François Clouet had all but died out . Beyond portraiture , little is known about the painting at Catherine de ' Medici 's court . In the last two decades of her life , only two painters stand out as recognisable personalities : Jean Cousin the Younger ( c . 1522 – c . 1594 ) , few of whose works survive , and Antoine Caron ( c . 1521 – 1599 ) , who became Catherine 's official painter after working at Fontainebleau under Primaticcio . Caron 's vivid Mannerism , with its love of ceremonial and its preoccupation with massacres , reflects the neurotic atmosphere of the French court during the Wars of Religion . Many of Caron 's paintings , such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons ' , " are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine 's court was famous . His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the fêtes , picnics , and mock battles of the " magnificent " entertainments hosted by Catherine . They depict events held at Fontainebleau in 1564 ; at Bayonne in 1565 for the summit meeting with the Spanish court ; and at the Tuileries in 1573 for the visit of the Polish ambassadors who presented the Polish crown to Catherine 's son Henry of Anjou . Biographer Leonie Frieda suggests that " Catherine , more than anyone , inaugurated the fantastic entertainments for which later French monarchs also became renowned " . The musical shows in particular allowed Catherine to express her creative gifts . They were usually dedicated to the ideal of peace in the realm and based on mythological themes . To create the necessary dramas , music , and scenic effects for these events , Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day . Historian Frances Yates has called her " a great creative artist in festivals . " Catherine gradually introduced changes to the traditional entertainments : for example , she increased the prominence of dance in the shows that climaxed each series of entertainments . A distinctive new art form , the ballet de cour , emerged from these creative advances . Owing to its synthesis of dance , music , verse , and setting , the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet . Catherine de ' Medici 's great love among the arts was architecture . " As the daughter of the Medici , " suggests French art historian Jean @-@ Pierre Babelon , " she was driven by a passion to build and a desire to leave great achievements behind her when she died . " After Henry II 's death , Catherine set out to immortalise her husband 's memory and to enhance the grandeur of the Valois monarchy through a series of costly building projects . These included work on châteaux at Montceaux @-@ en @-@ Brie , Saint @-@ Maur @-@ des @-@ Fossés , and Chenonceau . Catherine built two new palaces in Paris : the Tuileries and the Hôtel de la Reine . She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes . Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings . Poets lauded her as the new Artemisia , after Artemisia II of Caria , who built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus as a tomb for her dead husband . As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel , she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis . It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio ( 1504 – 1570 ) , with sculpture by Germain Pilon ( 1528 – 1590 ) . Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument " the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance . " Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II 's heart . A poem by Ronsard , engraved on its base , tells the reader not to wonder that so small a vase can hold so large a heart , since Henry 's real heart resides in Catherine 's breast . Although Catherine spent ruinous sums on the arts , most of her patronage left no permanent legacy . The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities . = = = Culinary Legend = = = The legend that Catherine de ’ Medici introduced a long list of foods , techniques and utensils from Italy to France for the first time is a myth routinely discredited by most food historians . Items whose introduction to France have been attributed to Catherine include the dinner fork , parsley , the artichoke , lettuce , broccoli , the garden pea , pasta , Parmesan , as well as the turkey and tomato of the New World . She has also received credit for introducing sauces and a variety of dishes such as duck à l ’ orange and deviled eggs . Barbara Ketcham Wheaton and Stephen Mennell provided the definitive arguments against these claims . They point out that Catherine ’ s father @-@ in @-@ law , François I of France , and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy ’ s most élite tables during the king ’ s Italian campaigns ( and that an earlier generation had done so during Charles VIII of France ’ s invasion of 1494 ) ; that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de ’ Medici ’ s father to her French @-@ born mother ; and that she had little influence at court until her husband ’ s death because he was so besotted by his mistress , Diane de Poitiers . In fact , a large population of Italians — bankers , silk @-@ weavers , philosophers , musicians , and artists , including Leonardo da Vinci — had emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance . Nevertheless , popular culture frequently attributes Italian culinary influence and forks in France to Catherine . The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for " cuisine " in Diderot and d ’ Alembert ’ s Encyclopédie published in 1754 , which describes haute cuisine as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via " that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de ’ Medici . " = = Links to the occult = = Catherine de Medici has been labelled a " sinister Queen … noted for her interest in the occult arts " . To some , Catherine and Henry 's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of witchcraft . Labouvie suggested that women 's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life , whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power ; that of attacking health , life and fertility . An infertile woman , and in particular an infertile Queen , was therefore regarded as ' unnatural ' and a small step from supernatural . Elizabeth I was treated with similar suspicion - she too entertained questionable characters ( such as her advisor , John Dee ) , and produced no official heir . Essentially , however , there exists no concrete proof that either woman took part in the Occult , and it is now believed that Catherine 's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to Henry II 's penile deformity . Suspicion was fuelled to some degree by her entertainment of questionable characters at court - for example , the reputed seer Nostradamus , who was rumoured to have created a talisman for Catherine , made from a mixture of metals , goat blood and human blood . Catherine also gave patronage to the Ruggeri brothers , who were renowned astrologers , but were also known for their involvement in necromancy and the black arts . Cosimo Ruggeri , in particular , was believed to be Catherine 's own " trusted necromancer , and specialist in the dark arts " , although there is not a great deal of surviving documentation to tell of his life . Though some suggest that they were simply magicians , for many living in Italy at the time , the distinction between ' magician ' and ' witch ' was unclear . Entertaining individuals that appeared to subvert the natural religious order during the most intense period of witch hunting and a time of great religious conflict was therefore an easy way to arouse suspicion . Catherine herself had been educated in astrology and astronomy . Though these were largely considered respectable subjects , Catherine 's biographer Leonie Frieda believes that it was her fascination with these subjects that has earned her the reputation history and her peers accorded her . Indeed , it has been suggested that Catherine educated her son , Henry III , in the dark arts , and that " the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age " . As a result , some ( more extreme ) authors believe Catherine to be the creator of the Black Mass , a Satanic inversion of the traditional Catholic Mass , although there is little to prove this aside from Jean Bodin 's account in his book De la démonomanie des sorciers . Nevertheless , Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for Witchcraft in Italy . This lends some weight to the suggestion that people were labelled ' witches ' simply because they did not act the way a woman should ( humble and grateful ) , or simply to suit personal agendas . This may be particularly true for Catherine as an Italian woman ruling in France ; several historians argue that she was disliked by her French subjects , who labelled her " the Italian woman " . In any event , the rumours have made a mark on Catherine 's reputation over time , and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the Occult . = = Issue = = Catherine de ' Medici married Henry , Duke of Orléans , the future Henry II of France , in Marseille on 28 October 1533 . She gave birth to ten children , seven of whom survived to adulthood . Her three oldest sons became king of France ; two of her daughters married kings ; and one married a duke . Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III , who died seven months after her , and Margaret , who inherited her robust health . Francis II , King of France ( 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560 ) . Married Mary , Queen of Scots , in 1558 . Elizabeth ( 2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568 ) . Married Philip II , King of Spain , in 1559 . Claude ( 12 November 1547 – 21 February 1575 ) . Married Charles III , Duke of Lorraine , in 1559 . Louis , Duke of Orléans ( 3 February 1549 – 24 October 1550 ) . Died in infancy . Charles IX , King of France ( 27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574 ) . Married Elizabeth of Austria in 1570 . Henry III , King of France ( 19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589 ) . Married Louise of Lorraine in 1575 . Margaret ( 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615 ) . Married Henry , King of Navarre , the future Henry IV of France , in 1572 . Francis , Duke of Anjou ( 18 March 1555 – 19 June 1584 ) . Victoria ( 24 June 1556 – August 1556 ) . Twin of Joan . Died in infancy . Joan ( 24 June 1556 – 24 June 1556 ) . Twin of Victoria . Died in utero . = = Ancestry = = = = In popular culture = = = = = Film = = = Josephine Crowell – Intolerance ( 1916 ) Marguerite Moreno – Pearls of the Crown ( 1937 ) Françoise Rosay – La Reine Margot ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan – Diane ( 1956 ) Isa Miranda – Hardi Pardaillan ! ( 1964 ) Virna Lisi – La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) Evelina Meghnagi – The Princess of Montpensier ( 2010 ) Amanda Plummer – Nostradamus ( 1994 ) = = = Television = = = Alice Sapritch – la Reine Margot ( television film , 1961 ) Joan Young – The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve ( episode of Doctor Who , 1966 ) Maria Meriko – La Dame de Monsoreau ( mini @-@ series , 1971 ) Margaretta Scott – Elizabeth R ( mini @-@ series , 1971 ) Dominique Blanchar – Le Chevalier de Pardaillan ( series , 1988 ) Alice Sapritch – Catherine de Médicis : Le Tocsin de la révolution ( television film , 1989 ) Marie @-@ Christine Barrault – Saint @-@ Germain ou la Négociation ( television film , 2003 ) Megan Follows – Reign ( series , 2013 ) = = = Gaming = = = Catherine de ' Medici will lead France in Civilization VI .
= Hanging by a Moment = " Hanging by a Moment " is a song by American alternative band Lifehouse . It was the first single released from their debut studio album , No Name Face ( 2000 ) . The track was written by lead singer Jason Wade , who said that he wrote the song in about five minutes without thinking about what would happen to it . It was produced by American record producer Ron Aniello and was mixed by Brendan O 'Brien . Musically , " Hanging by a Moment " is a post @-@ grunge song that contains influences of alternative rock . The song was first released in the United States on April 24 , 2001 by DreamWorks Records . The song received positive reviews from critics , who applauded its instrumentation . It became a commercial success , charting in the top ten in the United States and Australia , and also charting in the Netherlands , United Kingdom , and New Zealand . In 2001 , the song was certified 2x Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and also became the most played radio track of that year in the United States . The official music video for the song premiered on Vh1.com on December 7 , 2000 . In the video , Wade is seen singing the lyrics of the song in many locations around a town . The band went on tours with Matchbox Twenty and 3 Doors Down as an opening act before going on their first headline tour that featured American rock band The Calling and American singer Michelle Branch . = = Background and composition = = The song was written by Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade . It was produced by American record producer Ron Aniello and was mixed by Brendan O 'Brien . When asked about the song in an interview with Billboard , Wade said , " It was the most uptempo , radio @-@ friendly song . We all decided it was the right choice to release it as the first single . " He went on to describe his expectations when writing songs , saying , " My ultimate goal in writing songs is to connect with people . In the lyrics , you don 't tell the whole picture : You give a road to start on that people can relate to . We 're honest , nice guys and I hope that comes across in everything we do . " After being asked how he wrote the song in an interview with Launch , Wade explained , " I wrote that song without thinking about what was gonna happen to it and then it just kinda took over from there . " He also said in the interview that he wrote " Hanging by a Moment " in about five minutes . " Hanging by a Moment " was described as a post @-@ grunge and alternative rock song that contains a strong melody . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a " moderate rock " tempo of 124 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of D @-@ flat major . In an interview with Billboard , lead singer and guitarist of Lifehouse , Jason Wade , described the song as an " uptempo , radio @-@ friendly song " . Bill Lamb of About.com called the song " one of the biggest rock hits ever by a Contemporary Christian band crossing over into the mainstream . The song was the biggest hit of summer 2001 and was eventually named the most played song of the year on the radio . " The song was described by John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout as " a song [ that is ] clearly a cry out to God " . Sean Rizzo of Sputnikmusic says that the song " presents one of the best with the guitar ’ s plucking during the verses and a chorus infectious enough to infiltrate your brain for a few days . " = = Chart performance = = " Hanging by a Moment " debuted at number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of February 10 , 2001 . It gradually ascended on the chart and eventually peaked at number two on June 16 , 2001 , just behind the 2001 cover version of " Lady Marmalade " by Christina Aguilera , Pink , Lil ' Kim , and Mýa . After its peak , it gradually descended and left the chart after 54 consecutive weeks . The song was also a huge hit on rock radio holding number one for three weeks beginning on January 27 , 2001 . On the Billboard Alternative Songs chart , the song debuted at number 36 for the week of October 28 , 2000 and eventually peaked at number one after it stayed on the chart for 36 non @-@ consecutive weeks . The song debuted at number 32 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart during the week of March 3 , 2001 . After moving around the chart for 37 consecutive weeks , the song managed to peak at number two on May 19 , 2001 . On the Billboard Radio Songs chart , " Hanging by a Moment " debuted at number 70 for the week of February 10 , 2001 . After moving around the chart for 55 consecutive weeks , the song eventually peaked at number one on July 14 , 2001 . The song debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart for the week of February 24 , 2001 . It eventually peaked at number one on June 23 , 2001 after it spent 74 consecutive weeks on the chart . " Hanging by a Moment " became the most played song of 2001 and made Lifehouse the first male rock group to make the annual recap since Chicago did in 1989 with " Look Away . " The song also achieved international success . In Australia , the song debuted at number 36 on the ARIA Charts during the week of June 17 , 2001 . It has since peaked at number one , after being on the chart for 24 consecutive weeks . Because of its success in Australia , " Hanging by a Moment " was certified 2x Platinum by the ARIA in 2001 . It debuted on The Netherlands ' Mega Single Top 100 chart at number 95 for the week of June 9 , 2001 . The song has since peaked at number 31 . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , " Hanging by a Moment " debuted at number 48 for the week of March 11 , 2001 . After being on the chart for 31 consecutive weeks , it eventually peaked at number six . The song debuted at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart for the week of September 8 , 2001 , which became its peak position after it spent one week on the chart . = = Music video = = The music video , directed by Gavin Bowden , was first released December 7 , 2000 on Vh1.com. It served as an official video for the song , after an unofficial version was released by DreamWorks as a " temporary video " that was played on MTV2 . In an interview with MTV Radio , Wade explained the process of making the music video , and said , " We shot the video at this really cool place in Crenshaw , in L.A. , that was a bowling alley upstairs and a roller rink downstairs . It had this really weird , retro vibe to it . When they were setting up the different sets , we 'd have to stop every 10 seconds because a bowling league would walk in . It was the coolest thing . At night , we got all of our friends to come down . " The video begins with Wade singing and playing his guitar in a hotel room . While singing , Wade is seen packing his clothes into a suit case in separate camera shots . He then leaves the hotel room and it shows a time @-@ lapse scene of a car going down a highway . Then , the video cuts to a restaurant , where Wade is seen lying on a restaurant booth and singing the lyrics of the song . After this , Wade is seen with the rest of Lifehouse in a concert setting in a restaurant . It then splits to shots of Wade singing the lyrics of the song to the camera . Toward the end of the video , it switches to Lifehouse playing the song in front of a crowd while showing shots of Wade in a car going down a highway . It ends with the scene of Lifehouse in a restaurant and then switches to a camera shot of all of the band members with the video fading out on Wade . = = Promotion = = On January 10 , 2001 , MTV confirmed that Lifehouse would serve as an opening act on a fourteen @-@ day tour for Matchbox Twenty , who were promoting their album Mad Season ( 2000 ) . The tour started February 27 , 2001 in Minneapolis and ended on March 29 , 2001 in Universal City . While on tour with Matchbox Twenty , Lifehouse went on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno for the first time and performed " Hanging by a Moment " on March 28 , 2001 . Several months later , the band performed the song at the River Rave Festival in Foxboro Stadium on May 26 , 2001 . In July 2001 , Lifehouse went on tour with 3 Doors Down as an opening act on twelve select dates , and performed songs from No Name Face , including " Hanging by a Moment " . = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Jason Wade Production – Ron Aniello Mixing – Brendan O 'Brien Engineering – Bob Kearny , Marc Green , Paul Hayden Credits and personnel adapted from Allmusic . = = Track listing = = = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Battles of Saratoga = The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War . British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army up the Champlain Valley from Canada , hoping to meet a similar force marching northward from New York City ; the southern force never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . Burgoyne fought two small battles to break out . They took place eighteen days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Trapped by superior American forces , with no relief in sight , Burgoyne surrendered his entire army on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , " was a great turning point of the war , because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well , but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon , which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . The first battle , on September 19 , began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold , anticipating the maneuver , placed significant forces in his way . While Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City . Militia forces continued to arrive , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . British General Sir Henry Clinton , moving up from New York City , attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 ; his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent he would not receive relieving aid in time . In heavy fighting , marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops , Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . = = Background = = When the American Revolutionary War approached the two @-@ year point , the British changed their plans . Giving up on the rebellious New England colonies , they decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what the British believed to be the more loyal middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a grand plan to divide the colonies via a three @-@ way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer , under the command of Barry St. Leger , was to progress from what is now Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies . = = = British situation = = = In June 1777 British General John Burgoyne , known as " Gentleman Johnny " for his manners , moved south from the province of Quebec to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . After his early capture of Fort Ticonderoga , his campaign had become bogged down in difficulties . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1 @,@ 000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . Combined with earlier news that General William Howe had sailed his army from New York City on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne , and the departure of most of his Native American support following the loss at Bennington , Burgoyne 's situation was becoming difficult . Faced with the need to reach defensible winter quarters , which would require either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , he decided on the latter . Consequent to this decision he made two further crucial decisions . He decided to deliberately cut communications to the north , so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He therefore ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . = = = American situation = = = The Continental Army had been in a slow steady state of retreat ever since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July . By mid @-@ August the army , then under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat . Gates and Schuyler , who were from very different backgrounds , did not get along with each other , and had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . Gates became the beneficiary of an army that was growing in size as a result of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army , by Native Americans in Burgoyne 's command . Strategic decisions by the American commander in chief , General George Washington also improved the situation for Gates 's army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe , and what his goal was . Aware that Burgoyne was also moving , he took some risks in July and sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . In August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south , he ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army , and also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga , was selected for its defensive potential , and the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a commanding view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army . = = First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) = = = = = Prelude = = = Moving cautiously , since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position , Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson . On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga , about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from the American defensive line , and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army . The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold 's return from Fort Stanwix . While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos , Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on as staff officers friendly to Schuyler , dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two . These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19 , but the day 's events contributed to the situation . Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold , and assumed command himself of the right , which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln , whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne 's army . Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights . Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely , and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements , where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage . Gates , whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault , grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan 's men and Henry Dearborn 's light infantry . When Morgan 's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman , they spotted British advance troops in the field . Fraser 's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field , while Hamilton 's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain . Riedesel 's force , while it was on the road , was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans . The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction . The troops Morgan 's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton 's column . = = = Battle = = = Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions , who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company . Morgan and his men then charged , unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne 's main army . While they succeeded in driving back the advance company , Fraser 's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan 's left , scattering his men back into the woods . James Wilkinson , who had ridden forward to observe the fire , returned to the American camp for reinforcements . As the British company fell back toward the main column , the leading edge of that column opened fire , killing a number of their own men . There was then a lull in the fighting around 1 : 00 pm as Hamilton 's men began to form up on the north side of the field , and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south . Learning that Morgan was in trouble , Gates ordered out two more regiments ( 1st and 3rd New Hampshire ) to support him , with additional regiments ( 2nd New York , 4th New York , the 1st Canadian , and Connecticut militia ) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow . Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton 's men with the 21st on the right , the 20th on the left , and the 62nd in the center , with the 9th held in reserve . The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action . Morgan 's men had regrouped in the woods , and picked off officers and artillerymen . They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces , only to lose them in the next British charge . At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter ; it was instead one of Burgoyne 's aides , riding a richly dressed horse , who was the victim . The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point , and only the intervention of General Phillips , leading the 20th , made it possible for the 62nd to reform . The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British . Around 3 pm , Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions . He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train , but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank . In a calculated risk , Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column . Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right , and Fraser 's force threatened to turn the American left flank . In response to the latter threat , Arnold requested more forces , and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned 's brigade ( 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts ) . ( If Arnold had been on the field , these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel 's force . ) Fortunately for the American right , darkness set in , bringing an end to the battle . The Americans retreated back to their defenses , leaving the British on the field . Burgoyne had gained the field of battle , but suffered nearly 600 casualties . Most of these were to Hamilton 's center column , where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company , and three quarters of the artillery men were killed or wounded . American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded . It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field , directing some of the action . However , John Luzader , a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park , carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials , and that Arnold remained at Gates ' headquarters , receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers . Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin , however , disagrees with Luzader , arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman 's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates . = = Interlude = = Burgoyne 's council discussed whether to attack the next day , and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day , to September 21 . The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead . The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton , who was commanding the British garrison in New York City . Clinton suggested that he could " make a push at [ Fort ] Montgomery in about ten days . " ( Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River , in the New York Highlands south of West Point ) . If Clinton left New York on September 22 , " about ten days " after he wrote the letter , he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month . Burgoyne , running low on men and food , was still in a very difficult position , but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army . Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23 , requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates ' army away . Clinton sailed from New York on October 3 , and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6 . The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont , where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16 . Unknown to either side at Saratoga , General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga . Lincoln had collected 2 @,@ 000 men at Bennington by early September . Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George , and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort . These men , and some of the prisoners they freed along the way , were back in the American camp by September 29 . In the American camp the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent . There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp . During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies . Morgan 's sharpshooters , familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare , constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank . As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne , who put the army on short rations on October 3 . The next day , Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed , but no conclusive decisions were made . When the council resumed the next day , Riedesel proposed retreat , in which he was supported by Fraser . Burgoyne refused to consider it , insisting that retreat would be disgraceful . They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men , more than one third of the army , on October 7 . The army he was attacking , however , had grown in the interval . In addition to the return of Lincoln 's detachment , militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp , including critical increases in ammunition , which had been severely depleted in the first battle . The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12 @,@ 000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in . Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines , and had also intercepted Clinton 's response to Burgoyne 's plea for help . = = Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) = = = = = British foray = = = While Burgoyne 's troop strength was nominally higher , he likely had only about 5 @,@ 000 effective , battle @-@ ready troops on October 7 , as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces . General Riedesel advised that the army retreat . Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible . As escort the generals took Fraser 's Advanced Corps , with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left , and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center . There were 8 British cannon under Major Williams and 2 Hesse @-@ Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch . Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am , they advanced about three quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) to Barber 's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook , where they stopped to observe the American position . While the field afforded some room for artillery to work , the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods . Gates , following the removal of Arnold from the field command , assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln . When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne 's movement to Gates , he ordered Morgan 's riflemen out to the far left , with Poor 's men ( 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New Hampshire on the left ; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments ) on the right , and Learned 's ( 1st New York , 1st Canadian , 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments , plus militia companies ) in the center . A force of 1 @,@ 200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned 's line . In all , more than 8 @,@ 000 Americans took the field that day , including about 1 @,@ 400 men from Lincoln 's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce . The opening fire came between 2 and 2 : 30 pm from the British grenadiers . Poor 's men held their fire , and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective . When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge , the Americans finally began shooting at close range . Acland fell , shot in both legs , and many of the grenadiers also went down . Their column was in a total rout , and Poor 's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery . On the American left , things were also not going well for the British . Morgan 's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser 's regulars . Although slightly outnumbered , Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west . While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle , a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy , one of Morgan 's men , appears to be a 19th @-@ century fabrication . The felling of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck 's large militia brigade ( which roughly equalled the entire British reconnaissance force in size ) , broke the British will , and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments . Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan 's marksmen ; three shots hit his horse , hat and waistcoat . The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour , and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men , including the capture of most of the grenadiers ' command , and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action . = = = American attack = = = At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was " betraying great agitation and wrath " in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . ) The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts . The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann , while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres . A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications . Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres ' position , as Breymann 's was slightly north and further away from the early action . Arnold led the American chase , and then led Poor 's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt . Balcarres had set up his defenses well , and the redoubt was held , in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote , " A more determined perseverance than they showed … is not in any officer 's experience " . Seeing that the advance was checked , and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt , Arnold moved toward that action , recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt . He led the charge of Learned 's men through the gap between the redoubts , which exposed the rear of Breymann 's position , where Morgan 's men had circled around from the far side . In furious battle , the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed . Arnold 's horse was hit in one of the final volleys , and Arnold 's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse . Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters ; he was carried back in a litter . The capture of Breymann 's redoubt exposed the British camp , but darkness was setting in . An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line . = = Aftermath = = Burgoyne 's failed campaign , as may be seen by the titles of some of the books that cover it in detail , marked a major turning point in the war . After the battle , he withdrew his men 10 – 15 miles north , near present @-@ day Schuylerville , New York . General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army . = = = Armies and casualties = = = Burgoyne lost 1 @,@ 000 men in the two battles , leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1 ; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded . Burgoyne had lost several of his most effective leaders , his attempts to capture the American position had failed , and his forward line was now breached . That night he lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness . On the morning of October 8 , he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16 . By October 13 he was surrounded at Saratoga , and on October 17 he surrendered his army . The remnants of his expedition retreated from Ticonderoga back to Quebec . The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively . Said one British officer : " The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement , and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works . " In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga , General Arnold had his seniority restored ( he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777 ) . His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months . Later , while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia , Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British . He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British , only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to exposure of the plot . Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips , the commander of Burgoyne 's right wing , in a 1781 expedition into Virginia . Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates , General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date . He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander @-@ in @-@ chief . Instead he received the command of the main American army in the South . He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden , where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat . Gates never commanded troops in the field again . In response to Burgoyne 's surrender , Congress declared December 18 , 1777 , as a national day " for solemn Thanksgiving and praise " ; it was the nation 's first official observance of a holiday with that name . = = = French aid = = = Once news of Burgoyne 's surrender reached France , King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco @-@ American alliance and French entry into the war . This moved the conflict onto a global stage . As a consequence , Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe , and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations . Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier , France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War . Prior to the Battle of Saratoga , France didn 't fully aid the colonists . However , after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists , France realized that the Americans had hope of winning the war , and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers , donations , loans , military arms , and supplies . = = Legacy = = The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne 's surrender have been preserved , and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park , which was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area , and contains a variety of monuments . The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches , three of which hold statues of American generals : Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan . The fourth niche , where Arnold 's statue would go , is empty . A more dramatic memorial to Arnold 's heroism , that does not name him , is the Boot Monument . Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster , it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general . It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann 's redoubt , and is dedicated to " the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army " . Six Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 102nd Inf , 125th QM Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga . There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga ( 1842 ) , USS Saratoga ( CV @-@ 3 ) , and USS Saratoga ( CV @-@ 60 )
= Hesketh Hesketh @-@ Prichard = Major Hesketh Vernon Prichard , later Hesketh @-@ Prichard , DSO , MC , FRGS , FZS ( 17 November 1876 – 14 June 1922 ) was an explorer , adventurer , big @-@ game hunter and marksman who made a significant contribution to sniping practice within the British Army during the First World War . Concerned not only with improving the quality of marksmanship , the measures he introduced to counter the threat of German snipers were credited by a contemporary with saving the lives of over 3 @,@ 500 Allied soldiers . During his lifetime , he also explored territory never seen before by white man , played cricket at first @-@ class level , including on overseas tours , wrote short stories and novels ( one of which was turned into a Douglas Fairbanks film ) and was a successful newspaper correspondent and travel writer . His many activities brought him into the highest social and professional circles . Like other turn of the century hunters such as Teddy Roosevelt , he was an active campaigner for animal welfare and succeeded in seeing legal measures introduced for their protection . = = Early life = = Hesketh @-@ Prichard was born an only child on 17 November 1876 in Jhansi , in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India . His father Hesketh Brodrick Prichard , an officer in the King 's Own Scottish Borderers , died from typhoid six weeks before he was born , leading him to be raised alone by his mother , Kate O 'Brien Ryall Prichard . She herself had come from a military family , her father being Major @-@ General Browne William Ryall . Hesketh @-@ Prichard and his mother returned to Great Britain soon after , and lived for a while at her parents ' house , before moving to St Helier on Jersey for several years . His nickname was " Hex " , which he would bear throughout his life . They returned to the mainland that the boy might be educated at a prep school in Rugby . In 1887 he won a scholarship to Fettes College , Edinburgh ; his entrance paper was an essay on " Summer Sports " . He excelled at sports there , particularly cricket , at which the school magazine described him as " the best bowler we have had for a long time " . He was invited to play for Scotland against South Africa , but declined as he would have been unable to play against Fette 's rival Loretto School . After school , he studied law privately in Horsham , West Sussex . He passed the preliminary exam , though he would never practice as a solicitor . = = Writing and exploration = = = = = First publications = = = He wrote his first story " Tammer 's Duel " in the summer of 1896 , which his mother helped him refine , and was sold soon after to Pall Mall Magazine for a guinea . That year he abandoned a career in law and spent the summer travelling around southern Europe and North Africa . He spent the sea @-@ time on the trip writing or planning plots . When back in London , he and his mother wrote together under the pseudonyms " H. Heron " and " E. Heron " , and saw publication in several journals , including Cornhill Magazine . Hesketh @-@ Prichard 's circle of literary friends widened and he became acquainted with the likes of Arthur Conan Doyle and J. M. Barrie . In 1897 Barrie introduced him to the press baron Cyril Arthur Pearson , who suggested he write a series of ghost stories for his monthly Pearson 's Magazine . Hesketh @-@ Prichard and his mother created a series of stories around the character " Flaxman Low " ' , the first psychic detective of fiction , though they were disconcerted to find the tales promoted by Pearson as " real " . The collected work was published as The Experiences of Flaxman Low in 1899 . In 1897 , he and his mother worked on the plot of A Modern Mercenary , the stories of Captain Rallywood , a dashing diplomat in Germany . It was published by Smith and Elder the following year . He travelled to South America in February 1898 , seeing the construction work for the Panama Canal , but returned after developing malaria while in the Caribbean . = = = Commissioned trips = = = In 1899 Pearson chose Hesketh @-@ Prichard to explore and report on the relatively unknown republic of Haiti , wanting something dramatic with which to launch his forthcoming Daily Express . His mother accompanied him as far as Jamaica ; in later years she would often travel with him to remote destinations in a time when it was uncommon for a woman of her age to do so . Hesketh @-@ Prichard travelled extensively into the uncharted interior of Haiti , narrowly avoiding death on one occasion when someone tried to poison him . No white man was believed to have crossed the island since 1803 , and his trip provided the first written description of some of the secret practices of " vaudoux " ( voodoo ) . He later wrote a vivid account of his travels in the popular book Where Black Rules White : A Journey Across and About Hayti . Pearson welcomed his reports , and on his return immediately commissioned him to travel to Patagonia to investigate dramatic rumours of a hairy beast roaming the land . The animal was conjectured by Natural History Museum director Ray Lankester to be a living example of the long @-@ extinct giant ground sloth . Hesketh @-@ Prichard 's talent for descriptive narration enthralled the readers of the Daily Express . He explored the area surrounding Lake Argentino , finding one of its feeder lakes , naming it Lake Pearson after his patron , and their connecting river Caterina after his mother . Lake Pearson was subsequently renamed Lake Anita , but the Río Caterina , known for its salmon , retains the name Hesketh @-@ Prichard gave it . The surrounding area is now part of Los Glaciares National Park . Although he found no traces of the creature after a year overseas and 10 @,@ 000 miles ( 16 @,@ 000 km ) of travel , he did provide compelling descriptions of unknown areas of the country , its fauna and inhabitants . He acquired the pelt of an unknown subspecies of puma , naming it Felis concolor pearsoni . ( The puma is now considered to be a variety of the southern South American cougar Puma concolor concolor . ) The grass species Poa prichardii was named after Hesketh @-@ Prichard after he brought back a specimen . He compiled the story of his travels in the well @-@ received Through the Heart of Patagonia . In 2000 , on the hundredth anniversary of both Hesketh @-@ Prichard 's trip and the newspaper 's founding , the Daily Express despatched his great @-@ grandson Charlie Jacoby to retrace his footsteps . = = = Labrador = = = Hesketh @-@ Prichard first visited Atlantic Canada in August 1903 , travelling up the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland , and donating the heads of stags he had shot to the Newfoundland Exhibition then in London . He returned in October 1904 , this time with his mother , and the cricketer Teddy Wynyard . His most ambitious trip to the region was however in July 1910 , when he undertook to explore the interior of Labrador , saying " it seemed to us a pity that such a terra incognita should continue to exist under the British flag " . This same territory had claimed the life of writer Leonidas Hubbard a few years earlier . He described his journey up the Fraser River to access Indian House Lake on George River in the popular Through Trackless Labrador in 1911 . His reputation was such that former president Theodore Roosevelt , a fellow writer , explorer and hunter , wrote to him , commending him on his latest book , which he described as the best that season , and asking to meet him . = = = Further writing = = = In 1904 , the mother @-@ and @-@ son writing team produced The Chronicles of Don Q. , a collection of short stories featuring the fictional rogue Don Quebranta Huesos , a Spanish Robin Hood @-@ like figure who was fierce to the evil rich but kind @-@ hearted to the virtuous poor . A second collection , The New Chronicles of Don Q. followed in 1906 . The pair produced a full @-@ length novel , Don Q. ' s Love Story , in 1909 . Don Q. was brought to the stage in 1921 when it was performed at the Apollo Theatre , London . In 1925 , the book was reworked as a Zorro vehicle by screenwriters Jack Cunningham and Lotta Woods ; the United Artists silent film Don Q , Son of Zorro was produced by Douglas Fairbanks , who also starred as its lead character . The New York Times rated the film one of its top ten movies of the year . In 1913 , writing on his own , Hesketh @-@ Prichard created the crime @-@ fighting figure November Joe , a hunter and backwoodsman from the Canadian wilderness . It was broadcast as a radio play by the BBC on 23 September 1970 . Despite his reputation as a hunter , he campaigned to end the clubbing of grey seals around the coast . Aided by his friend Charles Lyell MP , he was successful in seeing the Grey Seals ( Protection ) Act passed unopposed in 1914 , Britain 's first legal protection for non @-@ game mammals . His article " Slaughtered for Fashion " in the March 1914 Pearson 's Magazine argued to protect birds from slaughter for their feathers for hats , the so @-@ called plume hunting . = = Cricket = = Hesketh @-@ Prichard was a talented cricketer , and played for a number of teams , including Hampshire , London County , and Marylebone Cricket Club . A right @-@ arm fast bowler , he made his début in the first class game when he played for Hampshire against Somerset in the 1900 County Championship . He was not however a strong batsman , and would typically play in the tail of the batting order . He joined the short @-@ lived London County in 1902 , where he was a teammate of W. G. Grace . In 1903 he played his first of several games for The Gentlemen v The Players at Lords . He would be selected for The Gentleman three years in succession . In 1904 , he joined the MCC , and took part in Lord Brackley 's XI 's tour of the West Indies in the 1904 / 5 season . In 1907 , he toured the United States with the MCC . A tall man , he was able to use his height and reach to his advantage when bowling . In a first @-@ class career that lasted from 1900 to 1913 , he took 339 wickets for a total of 7 @,@ 586 runs . A career best was 8 / 32 for Hampshire against Derbyshire in July 1905 . = = Military service = = At the outbreak of the First World War , Hesketh @-@ Prichard tried for a commission in the Black Watch and Guards , but both turned him down because of his age , then 37 . He was eventually successful obtaining a post as Assistant Press Officer at the War Office , and first sent to the front lines in France in February 1915 as an " eyewitness officer " in charge of war correspondents . By this time , open warfare on the front had ceased , and had stagnated into the trench warfare that characterised much of the conflict . He witnessed there the victims of gas attack . Hesketh @-@ Prichard was shocked to learn of the high attrition rate due to well @-@ trained German snipers . It was common for British regiments to lose five men a day to snipers ; he learned that one battalion lost eighteen in a single day . The German snipers could not be located , leaving them free to continue shooting from their place of concealment . He was also dismayed by the poor quality of marksmanship amongst the British troops . He set about improving the quality of marksmanship , calibrating and correcting the few telescopic sights that the army already possessed . He borrowed more sights and hunting rifles from friends and famous hunters back home , and funded the acquisition of others from his own pocket , or donations he solicited . To investigate the quality of German armour plate , he retrieved a sample from a German trench . He discovered that their armour could only be penetrated by a heavy cartridge such as Jeffery 333 , while British plate could be easily defeated by a much smaller gun such as a Mauser . = = = Innovations = = = He recognised German skill in constructing trench parapets : by making use of an irregular top and face to the parapet , and constructing it from material of varying composition , the presence of a sniper or an observer poking his head up became much less conspicuous . In contrast , British trench practice had been to give a military @-@ straight neat edge to the parapet top , making any movement or protrusion immediately obvious . An observer was vulnerable to an enemy sniper firing a bullet through his loophole , but Hesketh @-@ Prichard devised a metal @-@ armoured double loophole that would protect him . The front loophole was fixed , but the rear was housed in a metal shutter sliding in grooves . Only when the two loopholes were lined up — a one @-@ to @-@ twenty chance — could an enemy shoot between them . Another innovation was the use of a dummy head to find the location of an enemy sniper . The tempting target of a realistic papier @-@ mâché head was raised above the parapet on a stick running in a groove on a fixed board . To increase the realism , a lit cigarette could be inserted into the dummy 's mouth and be smoked by a soldier via a rubber tube . If the head was shot , it was dropped rapidly , simulating a casualty . The sniper 's bullet would have made a hole in the front and back of the dummy 's head . The head was then raised in the groove again , but lower than before by the vertical distance between the glasses of a trench periscope . If the lower glass of a periscope was placed before the front bullet hole , its upper glass would be at exactly the same height as the bullet had been . By looking through the rear hole in the head , through the front hole and up through the periscope , the soldier would be looking exactly along the line the bullet had taken , and so would be looking directly at the sniper , revealing his position . = = = Training snipers = = = Hesketh @-@ Prichard was eventually successful in gaining official support for his campaign , and in August 1915 was given permission to proceed with formalised sniper training . By November of that year , his reputation was such that he was in high demand from many units . In December he was ordered on General Allenby 's request to the Third Army School of Instruction and was made a general staff officer with the rank of captain . He was Mentioned in Despatches on 1 January 1916 . In August 1916 , he founded the First Army School of Sniping in the village of Linghem , Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais . Starting with a first class of only six , in time he was able to lecture to large numbers of soldiers from different Allied nations , proudly proclaiming in a letter that his school was turning out snipers at three times the rate of any such other school in the world . In October of that year he was awarded the Military Cross , the citation of which read : " For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . He has instructed snipers in the trenches on many occasions , and in most dangerous Circumstances , with great skill and determination . He has , directly and indirectly , inflicted enormous casualties on the enemy . " His friend George Gray , himself a champion shooter , told him that he had reduced sniping casualties from five a week per battalion to forty @-@ four in three months in sixty battalions ; by his reckoning , this meant that Hesketh @-@ Prichard had saved over 3 @,@ 500 lives . He was promoted to major in November 1916 . By this time in the war , his contributions to sniping had been such that the former German superiority in the practice had now been reversed . = = = Later war years = = = Hesketh @-@ Prichard was taken ill with an undetermined infection in late 1917 and was granted leave . His health remained poor for the rest of his life , and he spent much of it convalescing . It was during this period of leave that he learned that he had been awarded the Distinguished Service Order , for his work with the First Army School of Sniping , Observation , and Scouting . For his wartime work with the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps , he was appointed a Commander of the Military Order of Avis . He continued to write and hunt when his health permitted him . In 1920 , he wrote his account of his war time activities in the critically acclaimed Sniping in France ( full @-@ text available on Wikisource and as a PDF document ) , which is still referenced by modern authors on the subject . The following year he wrote Sport in Wildest Britain , in which he shared his experiences of bird shooting , particularly in the Outer Hebrides . = = Family life = = In 1908 , Hesketh Hesketh @-@ Prichard married Lady Elizabeth Grimston , the daughter of James Grimston , 3rd Earl of Verulam , whom he had met through friends . They had three children : Michael ( 19 February 1909 – September 1988 ) , Diana ( 26 March 1912 – 1970 ) , and Alfred Cecil Giles ( 1916 – 1944 ) , known as " Alfgar " . Alfgar was recruited to the Special Operations Executive during the Second World War , where he became the first head of its Czech Section , training agents to conduct the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich . Alfgar Hesketh @-@ Prichard died on service in Austria on 3 December 1944 , for which he was posthumously awarded the MC . = = = Later years = = = In July 1919 , Hesketh @-@ Prichard was elected Chairman of the Society of Authors , of which he had been a member for many years . Poor health forced him to resign in the following January . Hesketh @-@ Prichard died from sepsis on 14 June 1922 , at the ancestral home of his wife at Gorhambury , Hertfordshire , England . His obituarists ascribed this to an obscure form of blood poisoning brought on by gassing in the trenches during his war service . However , his ailments , including fatigue , heart – digestive – neurological disorders , appendicitis , cognitive problems , depression , anxiety — are today recognised as differential symptoms of malaria . Left untreated they sometimes lead to organ failure and death . His body was cremated and the ashes interred in the family vault at St Michael 's Church , St Albans . His mother survived him for some years , dying in 1935 . His wife Elizabeth , later becoming Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Mary , lived until 1975 . Hesketh @-@ Prichard 's biography was written two years after his death by his friend Eric Parker , who encapsulated his many accomplishments within its title : Hesketh Prichard D.S.O. , M.C. : Explorer , Naturalist , Cricketer , Author , Soldier .
= Kepler @-@ 4b = Kepler @-@ 4b , initially known as KOI 7 @.@ 01 , is an extrasolar planet first detected as a transit by the Kepler spacecraft . Its radius and mass are similar to that of Neptune ; however , due to its proximity to its host star , it is substantially hotter than any planet in the Solar System . The planet 's discovery was announced on January 4 , 2010 in Washington , D.C. along with four other planets that were initially detected by the Kepler spacecraft and subsequently confirmed by telescopes at the W.M. Keck Observatory . = = Nomenclature and history = = Kepler @-@ 4b was named because it was the first planet discovered in the orbit of its star , Kepler @-@ 4 . The star was , in turn , named for the Kepler Mission , a NASA satellite whose purpose is to discover Earth @-@ like planets in a section of the sky between constellations Cygnus and Lyra using the transit method . Using this method , Kepler notes small and steady decreases in a star 's brightness that are measured as a planet crosses in front of it . Initially , Kepler @-@ 4b was detected as a transit event by the Kepler telescope and considered a Kepler Object of Interest with the designation KOI 7 @.@ 01 . Subsequent radial velocity measurements by the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on the telescopes of W.M. Keck Observatory confirmed the planetary nature of the transit event and established a mass estimate for the planet . The planet 's existence was announced on January 4 , 2010 along with four other planets detected by Kepler : Kepler @-@ 5b , 6b , 7b and 8b at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Washington , D.C. = = Host star = = Kepler @-@ 4 is located within the Draco constellation on the sky , and is approximately 550 parsecs from the Solar System . It has an effective temperature almost identical to the Sun at 5857 Kelvin , but a mass and radius that are somewhat larger than the sun : respectively , 1 @.@ 092 <formula> and 1 @.@ 533 <formula> . The star is thought to be around 4 @.@ 5 billion years old , and at or very near the end of its main @-@ sequence hydrogen burning phase . In several tens of millions of years it will likely become a subgiant star . = = Characteristics = = Kepler @-@ 4b orbits its host star in 3 @.@ 213 days at a distance of 0 @.@ 046 AU . This places it almost 10 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun . Consequently , Kepler @-@ 4b is thought to be extremely hot , with an equilibrium temperature greater than 1700 Kelvin ( 2600 Fahrenheit ) . The planet is estimated to be 25 times more massive than the Earth with a radius that is 4 times greater than the Earth . This makes it similar to Neptune in terms of size and mass , but with a temperature that is not comparable to any planet in the Solar System ( Venus , the hottest planet , is only 735 Kelvin ) . Kepler @-@ 4b 's eccentricity was assumed to be 0 , however an independent reanalysis of the discovery data found a value of 0 @.@ 25 ± 0 @.@ 12 .
= M @-@ 45 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 45 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that is also called Lake Michigan Drive . The highway runs from Agnew near Lake Michigan to the west side of Grand Rapids in the western Lower Peninsula . Lake Michigan Drive continues in each direction from M @-@ 45 's termini , extending west of US Highway 31 ( US 31 ) and east of Interstate 196 ( I @-@ 196 ) . In between , the road runs through rural and suburban areas of Ottawa and Kent counties , including the main campus of Grand Valley State University in Allendale . Lake Michigan Drive was originally part of M @-@ 50 until the mid @-@ 1960s . Previously in the 1920s and 1930s , the M @-@ 45 number was designated along a highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) . = = Route description = = Lake Michigan Drive starts near Lake Michigan at an intersection with Lakeshore Drive near the Grand Rapids water filtration plant . The road runs east to an intersection with US 31 in Agnew , where the M @-@ 45 designation begins . The area is marked by a mix of woodland and agricultural properties . The road runs through rural Ottawa County to Allendale . Through town , Lake Michigan Drive widens to a four @-@ lane divided boulevard with a median . East of the main part of town , M @-@ 45 passes the main campus of Grand Valley State University before crossing the Grand River . At 24th Avenue , the highway loses its median and gains a central turn lane . The landscape becomes more suburban as the highway crosses into Kent County near the M @-@ 11 intersection in Walker . From here east to the terminus in Grand Rapids , the road is lined with residential subdivisions and commercial properties . At Bridge Street , Lake Michigan Drive turns to the southeast and approaches John Ball Zoological Garden . M @-@ 45 ends at the interchange with I @-@ 196 . Lake Michigan Drive continues east to its end where it becomes Pearl Street near the Grand River downtown . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains M @-@ 45 like all other parts of the state trunkline highway system . As part of these responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of the traffic using its roadways which is expressed using a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This is a calculation of the traffic levels for a segment of roadway for any average day of the year . In 2009 , 4 @,@ 910 vehicles used the section of M @-@ 45 near the western terminus daily . Near the interchange with I @-@ 196 , 32 @,@ 376 vehicles were observed along Lake Michigan Drive each day . No segment of the highway is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = = = = Previous designation = = = M @-@ 45 was originally designated in the UP on what is now M @-@ 95 by July 1 , 1919 . The highway ran between M @-@ 12 in Sagola and M @-@ 15 in Humboldt Township . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , US 2 replaced most of M @-@ 12 through the UP . M @-@ 45 was extended south of Sagola to the north side of Iron Mountain . Along with this change , M @-@ 69 replaced another previous section of M @-@ 12 and all of M @-@ 90 . M @-@ 69 ran concurrently with M @-@ 45 between Sagola and Randville to connect these two highway segments . By 1933 , M @-@ 45 was extended concurrently along US 2 / US 141 into Iron Mountain and then as an independent routing through Kingsford to the Wisconsin state line . Before the next year , the M @-@ 95 replaced M @-@ 45 in the UP . = = = Current designation = = = The current designation of M @-@ 45 dates back to 1964 . M @-@ 50 was truncated to end near Lowell at I @-@ 96 . The remainder of M @-@ 50 on Cascade Road , Fulton Street and Lake Michigan Drive was redesignated as M @-@ 45 . The eastern section from Business US 131 ( Division Avenue ) to I @-@ 96 was turned over to local control in 1972 , shortening the route . The east end would be shortened again by 1995 , removing the M @-@ 45 designation east of I @-@ 196 . Jurisdiction was only transferred to the City of Grand Rapids on the portion from Division Avenue west to the Grand River , leaving part of West Fulton Street under state maintenance as an unsigned trunkline . M @-@ 45 was upgraded to a four @-@ lane divided highway in 2001 – 02 between Walker and the Grand Valley State campus in Allendale . The new alignment bypassed a section of road between 24th and 40th avenues . That section was renamed River Hill Drive , but retained as an unsigned state trunkline ( Old M @-@ 45 ) . = = Major intersections = =
= Tatsu = Tatsu is a steel flying roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard at the Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park located in Valencia , California . Announced on November 17 , 2005 , the roller coaster opened to the public on May 13 , 2006 as the park 's seventeenth roller coaster . Tatsu reaches a height of 170 feet ( 52 m ) and speeds up to 62 miles per hour ( 100 km / h ) . The ride 's name comes from Japanese mythology and means Flying Beast in Japanese . The roller coaster is also the world 's tallest and fastest flying coaster ; is the only flying roller coaster to feature a zero @-@ gravity roll ; and has the world 's highest pretzel loop . It was the world 's longest flying coaster until The Flying Dinosaur surpassed it . In the roller coaster 's opening year , it was named the 40th best roller coaster in the world in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards ; in Mitch Hawker 's Best Steel Roller Coaster Poll , the roller coaster placed at the 34 position . = = History = = Rumors of a new roller coaster being built at Six Flags Magic Mountain first emerged in the summer of 2004 . Land clearing began in mid @-@ 2005 around the Samurai Summit area of the park with track for the new roller coaster soon later beginning arriving from Ohio . Construction permits filed by Six Flags Magic Mountain and a trademark for the name Tatsu ( filed on August 23 , 2005 ) were later found by the public . Tatsu was officially announced to the public on November 17 , 2005 . Both Revolution and Roaring Rapids were temporarily closed in order for the roller coaster to be built . After construction and testing was complete , Tatsu opened to the public on May 13 , 2006 . Tatsu broke several records upon its opening . The roller coaster is the world 's tallest , fastest , and longest flying roller coaster . The roller coaster also holds the record for the highest pretzel loop which is 124 feet ( 38 m ) high and is currently the only Flying roller coaster to have a zero @-@ gravity roll . = = Ride experience = = After the train has been moved into the horizontal position and is dispatched from the station , depending on which station the train is in ( Tatsu has two stations ) , the train will either make a left or right s @-@ bend towards the 170 @-@ foot ( 52 m ) lift hill . Once at the top , the train makes a sharp 111 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) downward right turn reaching a maximum speed of 62 miles per hour ( 100 km / h ) . After the train makes it to the bottom of the drop , the train makes an upward right turn leading into the first inversion , a 103 @-@ foot ( 31 m ) tall corkscrew . Next , the train makes a downward left turn immediately followed by an upward left turn into a 96 @-@ foot ( 29 m ) zero @-@ gravity roll . After the train exits the roll , it drops back down before going through a 84 @-@ foot ( 26 m ) horseshoe . Following a left turn , the train then enters the record @-@ breaking 124 @-@ foot ( 38 m ) pretzel loop . Upon exiting the pretzel loop , the train makes a slight left turn before going through an inline twist . The train then makes a 135 degree downward right turn before rising back up slightly and going through the mid @-@ course brake run . After exiting the brake run , the train makes a slight downward and upward left turn leading into the final brake run . The train then enters one of the two stations where the trains are put back into the vertical position for the riders to load and unload . One cycle of the ride lasts about two minutes . = = Characteristics = = = = = Trains = = = Tatsu operates with three steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars that can seat four riders in a single row for a total of 32 riders per train . Each seat has its own over @-@ the @-@ shoulder @-@ restraint and a pair of ankle restraints to hold the riders ' feet in place . The trains are painted green , yellow , orange , and red . In the station , the trains are oriented in a vertical position in order to allow riders to board . Once the restraints are locked , the train seats are rotated forward 90 degrees into a horizontal position and the train is then dispatched from the station . When the train returns to the station , the seats rotate back down and the riders disembark for the next guests . = = = Track = = = The steel track of Tatsu is approximately 3 @,@ 602 feet ( 1 @,@ 098 m ) long and the height of the lift is approximately 170 feet ( 52 m ) . To slow the train down , air brakes are attached to the track throughout the two brake runs . The track was fabricated by Clermont Steel Fabricators in Batavia , Ohio , which manufactures Bolliger & Mabillard 's roller coasters . The track is colored red and yellow while the supports are orange . = = Reception = = Joel Bullock from The Coaster Critic gave Tatsu a nine out of ten for its close @-@ to @-@ the @-@ ground approaches and intense pretzel loop at the bottom of the element . Justice from Park Thoughts also gave the roller coaster a nine out of ten saying that , " The lift hill is one of the most suspenseful I have ever experienced . " Justice also praises the ride 's intense g @-@ forces experienced throughout the layout of Tatsu . In 2006 , Discovery Channel 's Mega Builders aired an episode which followed the construction of Tatsu . The episode showed how the coaster was assembled and the problems construction crews had to overcome . In Tatsu 's opening year , it was named the 40th best steel roller coaster in the world in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards ; tied with Talon at Dorney Park . It peaked at 28th place in 2012 . In Mitch Hawker 's Best Steel Roller Coaster Poll , the roller coaster placed 34th in its opening year and peaked at 30th place in 2008 .
= 1946 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1946 Atlantic hurricane season resulted in no fatalities in the United States . The season officially began on June 16 , 1946 , and lasted until November 15 , 1946 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . However , the first storm , developed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 13 , while the final system dissipated just offshore Florida on November 3 . There were seven tropical storm ; three of them attained hurricane status , while none intensified into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . This had not occurred since 1940 and would not again until 1968 . Operationally , the fifth tropical storm , which existed near the Azores in early October , was not considered a tropical cyclone , but was added to HURDAT in 2014 . Although every tropical storm impacted land , effects overall were light , with less than $ 10 million ( 1946 USD ) in damage and no deaths in the United States throughout the season . The season 's most intense cyclone was the fourth hurricane . While the storm was moving northeastward offshore the East Coast of the United States , the Norwegian tanker Maril II was destroyed at sea , causing 16 drownings ; the incident could not be directly attributed to the hurricane . The second storm brought relatively minor damage to the Cape Fear region of North Carolina after striking the state early in its duration . While an extratropical cyclone , the remnants of the fifth cyclone devastated a few islands of the Azores and left 120 fishermen missing . The Florida hurricane severely damaged sugar cane in western Cuba and caused five deaths in the island nation . Additionally , the storm left $ 5 @.@ 2 million in damage in Florida , mostly inflicting citrus crops . The final storm caused several millions of dollars in damage to crops near Lake Okeechobee . = = Season summary = = The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 16 , 1946 . However , tropical cyclogenesis began on June 13 , three days before the official start of the season . There was a total of seven tropical storms , slightly below the contemporaneous 20 @-@ year average of 8 @.@ 5 per season . Three of those strengthened into hurricanes , while none reached major hurricane status – Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale – for the first time since 1940 and it was a phenomenon that would not occur again until 1968 . One hurricane made landfall in the United States , while the two other storms with winds of at least 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) remained at sea during their strongest intensities . Overall in the United States , the season resulted in less than $ 10 million in damage and no deaths . Collectively , the storms of the season left at least $ 5 @.@ 2 million in damage . The final cyclone of the season dissipated on November 3 , 12 days before the official end of the season on November 15 , 1946 . Tropical cyclogenesis began with the development of a tropical storm over the Gulf of Mexico on June 13 . The next system formed offshore the Southeastern United States on July 5 . Activity then ceased for nearly seven weeks , until August 25 , when the third storm originated in the Bay of Campeche . Although September is the climatological peak of hurricane season , there was only one tropical cyclone that strengthened to tropical storm status that month . The season 's most intense storm developed on September 12 and later peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) and a lowest known barometric pressure of 975 millibars ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) . Additionally , a tropical depression briefly existed near Central America . October was the most active month of the season , with three tropical cyclones . The third storm in October , which was the last system of the season , lasted until November 3 . The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 20 , the lowest total since 1925 and until 1983 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm One = = = A disturbance accompanied by a small area of convection developed into a tropical depression about 165 miles ( 265 km ) south @-@ southwest of Cape San Blas , Florida , at 12 : 00 UTC on June 13 . Moving slowly northwestward , the depression intensified into a tropical storm early on the next day . The storm did not deepen beyond maximum sustained winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , while historical weather maps indicated a barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 014 millibars ( 29 @.@ 9 inHg ) on June 15 , the lowest in relation to the storm . Later that day , the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression offshore Louisiana . The storm made landfall just east of the Louisiana – Texas border on June 16 and rapidly dissipated . It may have remained a tropical depression throughout its lifespan but data was inconclusive . Winds of 36 mph ( 58 km / h ) were observed at Grand Isle , Louisiana , while winds of " gentle to moderate force " occurred in Texas . = = = Hurricane Two = = = The interaction between a frontal boundary and a tropical wave resulted in the development of an extratropical cyclone on July 5 offshore the Southeastern United States . Throughout the day , the storm acquired tropical characteristics . Around 00 : 00 UTC on July 6 , the system transitioned into a tropical storm while located about 35 mi ( 55 km ) south @-@ southeast of Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . The cyclone moved northeastward and made landfall near Oak Island , North Carolina , around 08 : 00 UTC with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . In the state , Carolina Beach and Wrightsville Beach observed sustained winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and gusts of 50 – 60 mph ( 80 – 97 km / h ) . In the Wilmington area , winds damaged plate @-@ glass windows and caused brief disruptions to electricity and communication services . Further inland , heavy rainfall , including 7 @.@ 84 in ( 199 mm ) in less than 24 hours in Manteo , resulted in considerable loss to crops , with 15 % -20 % damaged in some areas . That was the heaviest 24 @-@ hour precipitation total recorded in Manteo since observations began in 1905 . The storm moved northeastward and reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean near the southern end of Bodie Island early on July 7 . Shortly thereafter , the cyclone began strengthening and became a Category 1 hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC . After slightly further intensification , the hurricane reached peak intensity at 18 : 00 UTC on July 7 with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . It then curved eastward and began losing tropical characteristics . At 00 : 00 UTC on July 9 , the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 390 mi ( 630 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Sable Island , Nova Scotia . The extratropical remnants gradually curved northeastward and then north @-@ northeastward while slowly weakening . Late on July 10 , the extratropical storm dissipated near Cape Race , Newfoundland . = = = Tropical Storm Three = = = In late August , a disturbance was monitored moving over the western Caribbean Sea near Great Swan Island . Despite favorable conditions , further development did not occur until after the it reached the Bay of Campeche . Early on August 25 , it is estimated that a tropical storm developed after a reconnaissance aircraft flight reported that the system acquired a well @-@ defined circulation . Peaking with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , the storm moved quickly west @-@ northwestward and made near Tampico , Tamaulipas , at 19 : 00 UTC . By early the next day , the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated . A wind gust of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) was observed in Tampico . = = = Tropical depression = = = A tropical wave over the western Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical depression about 40 mi ( 65 km ) north of the Swan Islands on September 9 . However , by the following day , historical weather maps no longer indicated a tropical depression . It is uncertain whether the system dissipated or made landfall in Central America . = = = Hurricane Four = = = Early on September 12 , the northern portion of a tropical wave spawned a tropical storm about 75 mi ( 120 km ) east Andros Island . The storm strengthened while moving northeastward into the northern Bahamas , striking Andros Island later that day with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Late on September 12 , the cyclone strengthened into a hurricane before making landfall on South Abaco with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . The hurricane intensified further after entering the open Atlantic , becoming on September 13 . Shortly thereafter , it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 975 mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) , both of which were observed during a reconnaissance aircraft flight . The storm accelerated and weakened due to cooler sea surface temperatures , falling to tropical storm status early on September 15 . Shortly thereafter , the cyclone became extratropical about 170 mi ( 270 km ) south of Cape Sable Island . The extratropical remnants moved across Newfoundland and the northern Atlantic , until dissipating well north of the Azores on September 17 . In the Bahamas , Hope Town observed sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) and stronger gusts , as well as a barometric pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . The Norwegian tanker Maril II sank after splitting into , drowning sixteen people . However , because the Maril II was over 300 mi ( 480 km ) away from the storm at the time , the incident could not be directly attributed to the hurricane . Some areas of Nova Scotia experienced strong winds , with sustained winds up to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) observed throughout the province and a gust of 71 mph ( 114 km / h ) recorded at Sable Island . Heavy rain was also reported , with 2 @.@ 9 in ( 74 mm ) measured in Halifax . High seas during the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron race " The Hood Cup " forced the yachts to return to port . When the radar image was taken , it was only the third time in history that a hurricane passed close enough to a radar site to reveal its structure . = = = Tropical Storm Five = = = A low pressure area initially associated with two frontal systems developed into a tropical depression about 560 mi ( 900 km ) southwest of Flores Island in the Azores at 12 : 00 UTC on October 1 . After six hours , the depression intensified into a tropical storm . It intensified further while moving east @-@ northeastward . On October 2 , the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 004 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) , both of which were observed by ships . The storm then began losing tropical characteristics and merged with a frontal boundary around 12 : 00 UTC on October 3 while situated about 275 mi ( 445 km ) south @-@ southwest of Pico Island in the Azores . This storm was not included in HURDAT until 2014 . Although the system became extratropical , it continued to deepen further , with sustained winds reaching 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) late on October 4 . Additionally , it expanded significantly in size , reaching a diameter of about 1 @,@ 035 mi ( 1 @,@ 665 km ) on October 5 . Around that time , the storm passed through the Azores near Faial Island , before weakening and dissipating north of the island chain on October 6 . Rough seas at Santa Maria Island left 120 fishermen missing , while 12 fishing vessels , 2 tugboats , and several launches were destroyed . Four fishing boats were also missing . Strong wind gusts up to 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) caused " catastrophic " damage on Santa Maria and São Miguel islands . Homes , crops , and pineapple greenhouses were demolished , while communications were knocked out . Additionally , Lajes Field on Terceira Island was " practically destroyed " . = = = Hurricane Six = = = A disturbance from the Intertropical Convergence Zone developed into a tropical storm late on October 5 , while located over the western Caribbean Sea near the Belize – Mexico border . It moved northeastward and strengthened , reaching Category 1 hurricane status the next day . At 04 : 00 UTC on October 7 , the storm made landfall in western Cuba near Boca de Galafre , Pinar del Río Province , with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . A barometric pressure of 977 mbar ( 28 @.@ 9 inHg ) was observed , the lowest in relation to the system . Additionally , a station recorded a wind gust of 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) . Several sugar cane fields were flattened , with millions of tons of the crop destroyed . In many towns , telephone and telegraphic communications were cutoff . Five deaths occurred in Cuba . After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on October 7 , the storm curved north @-@ northeastward and strengthened to a Category 2 , peaking with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . After becoming a Category 2 hurricane on October 7 , the cyclone weakened to a Category 1 just six hours later . Around 04 : 00 UTC on the following day , it made another landfall near Bradenton Beach , Florida , with winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . In Florida , the gusty winds and rainfall produced by the storm inflicted damage mostly on crops . About 2 % of the state 's total citrus crop was lost , with damage totaling $ 5 million . Only about $ 200 @,@ 000 in property damage occurred , which was mostly due to coastal flooding in cities such as Everglades , Fort Myers , and Punta Gorda . Moving inland , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm later on October 8 . Early on October 9 , the system became extratropical over South Carolina . However , the extratropical remnants persisted for several days , moving in a semicircular path over the eastern Atlantic until dissipating well north of Hispaniola on October 14 . = = = Tropical Storm Seven = = = A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression late on October 31 over the Bahamas about halfway between Acklins and Little Inagua . The depression strengthened into a tropical storm early on November 1 and moved northwestward , striking several islands , including Acklins , Long Island , Exuma , and Andros . Late on November 1 , the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 002 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . The system then made landfall near Lake Worth , Florida , at the same intensity around 22 : 00 UTC . Early on November 2 , the storm weakened to a tropical depression and recurved northeastward over Central Florida . Shortly after reemerging into the Atlantic Ocean near Ponte Vedra Beach early on November 3 , the depression dissipated about 45 mi ( 75 km ) east @-@ northeast of Fernandina Beach . Due to the weak nature of the storm , no wind damage occurred . However , flooding occurred around Lake Okeechobee due to rainfall reaching 6 in ( 150 mm ) . Along main highways , several cars stalled , while a number of canal overflowed . Between 50 % -70 % of early fall crops in the area were damaged , with as much as 60 % of snap bean crops lost . Damage was in the several millions range . = = Season effects = =
= Aspasia = Aspasia ( / æˈspeɪʒiə , æˈspeɪziə , æˈspeɪʒə , æˈspeɪʃə / ; Greek : Ἀσπασία ; c . 470 BC – c . 400 BC ) was an influential immigrant to Classical @-@ era Athens who was the lover and partner of the statesman Pericles . The couple had a son , Pericles the Younger , but the full details of the couple 's marital status are unknown . According to Plutarch , her house became an intellectual centre in Athens , attracting the most prominent writers and thinkers , including the philosopher Socrates . It has also been suggested that the teachings of Aspasia influenced Socrates . Aspasia was mentioned in the writing of philosophers Plato , Aristophanes , Xenophon , and other authors of the day . Though she spent most of her adult life in Greece , few details of her life are fully known . Some scholars suggest that Aspasia was a brother keeper and a prostitute . Aspasia 's role in history provides crucial insight to the understanding of the women of ancient Greece . Very little is known about women from her time period . One scholar stated that , " To ask questions about Aspasia 's life is to ask questions about half of humanity . " = = Origin and early years = = Aspasia was born in the Ionian Greek city of Miletus ( in the modern province of Aydın , Turkey ) . Little is known about her family except that her father 's name was Axiochus , although it is evident that she must have belonged to a wealthy family , for only the well @-@ to @-@ do could have afforded the excellent education that she received . Some ancient sources claim that she was a Carian prisoner @-@ of @-@ war turned slave ; these statements are generally regarded as false . It is not known under what circumstances she first traveled to Athens . The discovery of a 4th @-@ century grave inscription that mentions the names of Axiochus and Aspasius has led historian Peter K. Bicknell to attempt a reconstruction of Aspasia 's family background and Athenian connections . His theory connects her to Alcibiades II of Scambonidae ( grandfather of the famous Alcibiades ) , who was ostracized from Athens in 460 BC and may have spent his exile in Miletus . Bicknell conjectures that , following his exile , the elder Alcibiades went to Miletus , where he married the daughter of a certain Axiochus . Alcibiades apparently returned to Athens with his new wife and her younger sister , Aspasia . Bicknell argues that the first child of this marriage was named Axiochus ( uncle of the famous Alcibiades ) and the second Aspasios . He also maintains that Pericles met Aspasia through his close connections with Alcibiades 's household . = = Life in Athens = = According to the disputed statements of the ancient writers and some modern scholars , in Athens Aspasia became a hetaera and probably ran a brothel . Hetaerae were professional high @-@ class entertainers , as well as courtesans . Besides displaying physical beauty , they differed from most Athenian women in being educated ( often to a high standard , as in Aspasia 's case ) , having independence , and paying taxes . They were the nearest thing perhaps to liberated women ; and Aspasia , who became a vivid figure in Athenian society , was probably an obvious example . According to Plutarch , Aspasia was compared to the famous Thargelia , another renowned Ionian hetaera of ancient times . Being a foreigner and possibly a hetaera , Aspasia was free of the legal restraints that traditionally confined married women to their homes , and thereby was allowed to participate in the public life of the city . She became the mistress of the statesman Pericles in the early 440s . After he divorced his first wife ( c . 445 BC ) , Aspasia began to live with him , although her marital status remains disputed . Their son , Pericles the Younger , must have been born by 440 BC . Aspasia would have to have been quite young , if she were able to bear a child to Lysicles c . 428 BC . In social circles , Aspasia was noted for her ability as a conversationalist and adviser rather than merely an object of physical beauty . Plutarch writes that despite her immoral life , friends of Socrates brought their wives to hear her converse . = = Personal and judicial attacks = = Though they were influential , Pericles , Aspasia and their friends were not immune from attack , as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule . Her relationship with Pericles and her subsequent political influence aroused many reactions . Donald Kagan , a Yale historian , believes that Aspasia was particularly unpopular in the years immediately following the Samian War . In 440 BC , Samos was at war with Miletus over Priene , an ancient city of Ionia in the foot @-@ hills of Mycale . Worsted in the war , the Milesians came to Athens to plead their case against the Samians . When the Athenians ordered the two sides to stop fighting and submit the case to arbitration at Athens , the Samians refused . In response , Pericles passed a decree dispatching an expedition to Samos . The campaign proved to be difficult and the Athenians had to endure heavy casualties before Samos was defeated . According to Plutarch , it was thought that Aspasia , who came from Miletus , was responsible for the Samian War , and that Pericles had decided against and attacked Samos to gratify her . According to some later accounts , before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War ( 431 BC – 404 BC ) , Pericles , some of his closest associates ( including the philosopher Anaxagoras and sculptor Phidias ) and Aspasia faced a series of personal and legal attacks . Aspasia , in particular , was reportedly accused of corrupting the women of Athens in order to satisfy Pericles ' perversions . According to Plutarch , she was put on trial for impiety , with the comic poet Hermippus as prosecutor . The historical nature of the accounts about these events is disputed , and apparently no harm came to her as a result . In The Acharnians , Aristophanes blames Aspasia for the Peloponnesian War . He claims that the Megarian decree of Pericles , which excluded Megara from trade with Athens or its allies , was retaliation for prostitutes being kidnapped from the house of Aspasia by Megarians . Aristophanes ' portrayal of Aspasia as responsible , from personal motives , for the outbreak of the war with Sparta may reflect memory of the earlier episode involving Miletus and Samos . Plutarch reports also the taunting comments of other comic poets , such as Eupolis and Cratinus . According to Podlecki , Douris appears to have propounded the view that Aspasia instigated both the Samian and Peloponnesian Wars . Aspasia was labeled the " New Omphale " , " Deianira " , " Hera " and " Helen " . Further attacks on Pericles ' relationship with Aspasia are reported by Athenaeus . Even Pericles ' own son , Xanthippus , who had political ambitions , did not hesitate to slander his father about his domestic affairs . = = Later years and death = = In 429 BC during the Plague of Athens , Pericles witnessed the death of his sister and of both his legitimate sons , Paralus and Xanthippus , from his first wife . With his morale undermined , he burst into tears , and not even Aspasia 's companionship could console him . Just before his death , the Athenians allowed a change in the citizenship law of 451 BC that made his half @-@ Athenian son with Aspasia , Pericles the Younger , a citizen and legitimate heir , a decision all the more striking in considering that Pericles himself had proposed the law confining citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides . Pericles died of the plague in the autumn of 429 BC . Plutarch cites Aeschines Socraticus , who wrote a dialogue on Aspasia ( now lost ) , to the effect that after Pericles 's death , Aspasia lived with Lysicles , an Athenian strategos ( general ) and democratic leader , with whom she had another son ; and that she made him the first man at Athens . Lysicles was killed on expedition to levy subsidies from allies in action in 428 BC With Lysicles ' death the contemporaneous record ends . It is unknown , if she was alive when her son , Pericles , was elected general or when he was executed after the Battle of Arginusae . The time of her death that most historians give ( c . 401 BC @-@ 400 BC ) is based on the assessment that Aspasia died before the execution of Socrates in 399 BC , a chronology which is implied in the structure of Aeschines ' Aspasia . = = = Ancient philosophical works = = = Aspasia appears in the philosophical writings of Plato , Xenophon , Aeschines Socraticus and Antisthenes . Some scholars argue that Plato was impressed by her intelligence and wit and based his character Diotima in the Symposium on her , while others suggest that Diotima was in fact a historical figure . According to Charles Kahn , Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania , Diotima is in many respects Plato 's response to Aeschines ' Aspasia . In Menexenus , Plato satirizes Aspasia 's relationship with Pericles , and quotes Socrates as claiming ironically that she was a trainer of many orators and that since Pericles was educated by Aspasia , he would be superior in rhetoric to someone educated by Antiphon . He also attributes authorship of the Funeral Oration to Aspasia and attacks his contemporaries ' veneration of Pericles . Kahn maintains that Plato has taken from Aeschines the motif of Aspasia as teacher of rhetoric for Pericles and Socrates . Plato 's Aspasia and Aristophanes ' Lysistrata are two apparent exceptions to the rule of women 's incapacity as orators , though these fictional characters tell us nothing about the actual status of women in Athens . As Martha L. Rose , Professor of History at Truman State University , explains , " only in comedy do dogs litigate , birds govern , or women declaim " . Xenophon mentions Aspasia twice in his Socratic writings : in Memorabilia and in Oeconomicus . In both cases her advice is recommended to Critobulus by Socrates . In Memorabilia Socrates quotes Aspasia as saying that the matchmaker should report truthfully on the good characteristics of the man . In Oeconomicus Socrates defers to Aspasia as more knowledgeable about household management and the economic partnership between husband and wife . Aeschines Socraticus and Antisthenes each named a Socratic dialogue after Aspasia ( though neither survives except in fragments ) . Our major sources for Aeschines Socraticus ' Aspasia are Athenaeus , Plutarch , and Cicero . In the dialogue , Socrates recommends that Callias send his son Hipponicus to Aspasia for instructions . When Callias recoils at the notion of a female teacher , Socrates notes that Aspasia had favorably influenced Pericles and , after his death , Lysicles . In a section of the dialogue , preserved in Latin by Cicero , Aspasia figures as a " female Socrates " , counseling first Xenophon 's wife and then Xenophon himself ( the Xenophon in question is not the famous historian ) about acquiring virtue through self @-@ knowledge . Aeschines presents Aspasia as a teacher and inspirer of excellence , connecting these virtues with her status as hetaira . According to Kahn , every single episode in Aeschines ' Aspasia is not only fictitious but incredible . Of Antisthenes ' Aspasia only two or three quotations are extant . This dialogue contains much slander , but also anecdotes pertaining to Pericles ' biography . Antisthenes appears to have attacked not only Aspasia , but the entire family of Pericles , including his sons . The philosopher believes that the great statesman chose the life of pleasure over virtue . Thus , Aspasia is presented as the personification of the life of sexual indulgence . = = = Modern literature = = = Aspasia appears in several significant works of modern literature . Her romantic attachment with Pericles has inspired some of the most famous novelists and poets of the last centuries . In particular the romanticists of the 19th century and the historical novelists of the 20th century found in their story an inexhaustible source of inspiration . In 1835 Lydia Maria Child , an American abolitionist , novelist , and journalist , published Philothea , a classical romance set in the days of Pericles and Aspasia . This book is regarded as the most successful and elaborate of the author 's productions , because the female characters , especially Aspasia , are portrayed with great beauty and delicacy . In 1836 , Walter Savage Landor , an English writer and poet , published Pericles and Aspasia , one of his most famous books . Pericles and Aspasia is a rendering of classical Athens through a series of imaginary letters , which contain numerous poems . The letters are frequently unfaithful to actual history but attempt to capture the spirit of the Age of Pericles . Robert Hamerling is another novelist and poet who was inspired by Aspasia 's personality . In 1876 he published his novel Aspasia , a book about the manners and morals of the Age of Pericles and a work of cultural and historical interest . Giacomo Leopardi , an Italian poet influenced by the movement of romanticism , published a group of five poems known as the circle of Aspasia . These Leopardi poems were inspired by his painful experience of desperate and unrequited love for a woman named Fanny Targioni Tozzetti . Leopardi called this person Aspasia , after the companion of Pericles . In 1918 , novelist and playwright George Cram Cook produced his first full @-@ length play , The Athenian Women ( an adaption of Lysistrata ) , which portrays Aspasia leading a strike for peace . Cook combined an anti @-@ war theme with a Greek setting . American writer Gertrude Atherton in The Immortal Marriage ( 1927 ) treats the story of Pericles and Aspasia and illustrates the period of the Samian War , the Peloponnesian War and the Plague of Athens . Taylor Caldwell 's Glory and the Lightning ( 1974 ) is another novel that portrays the historical relationship of Aspasia and Pericles . = = Fame and assessments = = Aspasia 's name is closely connected with Pericles ' glory and fame . Plutarch accepts her as a significant figure both politically and intellectually and expresses his admiration for a woman who " managed as she pleased the foremost men of the state , and afforded the philosophers occasion to discuss her in exalted terms and at great length " . The biographer says that Aspasia became so renowned that even Cyrus the Younger , who went to war with the King Artaxerxes II of Persia , gave her name to one of his concubines , who before was called Milto . After Cyrus had fallen in battle , this woman was carried captive to the King and acquired a great influence with him . Lucian calls Aspasia a " model of wisdom " , " the admired of the admirable Olympian " and lauds " her political knowledge and insight , her shrewdness and penetration " . A Syriac text , according to which Aspasia composed a speech and instructed a man to read it for her in the courts , confirms Aspasia 's rhetorical fame . Aspasia is said by the Suda , a 10th @-@ century Byzantine encyclopedia , to have been " clever with regards to words , " a sophist , and to have taught rhetoric . On the basis of such assessments , researchers such as Cheryl Glenn , Professor at the Pennsylvania State University , argue that Aspasia seems to have been the only woman in classical Greece to have distinguished herself in the public sphere and must have influenced Pericles in the composition of his speeches . Some scholars believe that Aspasia opened an academy for young women of good families or even invented the Socratic method . However , Robert W. Wallace , Professor of classics at Northwestern University , underscores that " we cannot accept as historical the joke that Aspasia taught Pericles how to speak and hence was a master rhetorician or philosopher " . According to Wallace , the intellectual role Aspasia was given by Plato may have derived from comedy . Kagan describes Aspasia as " a beautiful , independent , brilliantly witty young woman capable of holding her own in conversation with the best minds in Greece and of discussing and illuminating any kind of question with her husband " . Roger Just , a classicist and Professor of social anthropology at the University of Kent , believes that Aspasia was an exceptional figure , but her example alone is enough to underline the fact that any woman who was to become the intellectual and social equal of a man would have to be a hetaera . According to Sr. Prudence Allen , a philosopher and seminary professor , Aspasia moved the potential of women to become philosophers one step forward from the poetic inspirations of Sappho . = = In art = = The 1979 installation artwork The Dinner Party by feminist Judy Chicago has a place setting for Aspasia among the 39 figured . = = Historicity of her life = = The main problem remains , as Jona Lendering points out , that most of the things we know about Aspasia are based on mere hypothesis . Thucydides does not mention her ; our only sources are the untrustworthy representations and speculations recorded by men in literature and philosophy , who did not care at all about Aspasia as a historical character . Therefore , in the figure of Aspasia , we get a range of contradictory portrayals ; she is either a good wife like Theano or some combination of courtesan and prostitute like Thargelia . This is the reason modern scholars express their scepticism about the historicity of Aspasia 's life . According to Wallace , " for us Aspasia herself possesses and can possess almost no historical reality " . Hence , Madeleine M. Henry , Professor of Classics at Iowa State University , maintains that " biographical anecdotes that arose in antiquity about Aspasia are wildly colorful , almost completely unverifiable , and still alive and well in the twentieth century " . She finally concludes that " it is possible to map only the barest possibilities for [ Aspasia 's ] life " . According to Charles W. Fornara and Loren J. Samons II , Professors of Classics and history , " it may well be , for all we know , that the real Aspasia was more than a match for her fictional counterpart " .
= Briarcliff Farms = Briarcliff Farms was a farm established in 1890 by Walter William Law in Briarcliff Manor , a village in Westchester County , New York . One of several enterprises established by Law at the turn of the 20th century , the farm was known for its milk , butter , and cream and also produced other dairy products , American Beauty roses , bottled water , and print media . At its height , the farm was one of the largest dairy operations in the Northeastern United States , operating about 8 @,@ 000 acres ( 10 sq mi ) with over 1 @,@ 000 Jersey cattle . In 1907 , the farm moved to Pine Plains in New York 's Dutchess County , and it was purchased by New York banker Oakleigh Thorne in 1918 , who developed it into an Angus cattle farm . After Thorne 's death in 1948 , the farm changed hands several times ; in 1968 it became Stockbriar Farm , a beef feeding operation . Stockbriar sold the farmland to its current owners in 1979 . The farm combined a practical American business model with the concept of a European country seat or manor , with cows being milked constantly , and with milk promptly chilled and bottled within five minutes , and shipped to stores in New York City each night . The farm was progressive , with sterile conditions , numerous employee benefits , good living conditions for livestock , and regular veterinary inspections to maintain a healthy herd . The farm also made use of tenant farming , established working blacksmith , wheelwright , and harness shops on @-@ site , was located around Walter Law 's manor house , and constructed numerous buildings in the Tudor Revival architectural style . Briarcliff Farms was the original location for the School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture , established by the New York State Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture in conjunction with Walter Law . The school 's purpose was to teach students in farming , gardening , poultry @-@ keeping , and other agriculture @-@ related skills . The school moved to a farm near Poughkeepsie in 1903 , and the school building was run as a hotel for two years until it became Miss Knox 's School . After the building burned down in 1912 , Miss Knox 's School was relocated several times ; since 1954 , the Knox School has been located in St. James , New York . = = History = = James Stillman owned a small farm on Pleasantville Road since at least 1886 . It was known as Briarcliff Farm after John David Ogilby 's estate , Brier Cliff ( itself named after Ogilby 's family home in Ireland ) . In 1887 Stillman had a display at the Great Dairy and Cattle Show in New York City 's Madison Square Garden , where he demonstrated setting milk , churning cream and making butter . In 1890 , Walter Law began purchasing property in the present @-@ day village of Briarcliff Manor as part of his desire for rest and recreation . That year , Law paid James Stillman $ 35 @,@ 000 ( $ 921 @,@ 800 in 2015 ) for his 236 @-@ acre ( 96 ha ) farm and renamed it Briarcliff Farms . In 1893 , The New York Times reported that the 14th Duke of Veragua ( a livestock farmer ) and a large party visited the farm on the afternoon of June 16 ; at that time , the farm had about 330 cattle and 100 sheep . The party went from New York to Scarborough , proceeding by carriage to Briarcliff , and visited the farm 's poultry yard , hennery and stables . After observing the farm 's heifers and stallions , they went to the creamery to taste Briarcliff butter . The guests went to Law 's Yonkers home , Hillcrest , for dinner before returning to New York . After the visit , the duke had said " Well , this is a perfect place . I am delighted with what I have seen . " In 1898 Law retired from the vice @-@ presidency of W. & J. Sloane , moved with his family to the area and began devoting his time to agriculture . He rapidly added to his holdings , buying about forty parcels in less than ten years ; by 1900 , Law owned more than 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 sq mi ) of Westchester County and was its largest individual landholder . Some previous owners became tenant farmers ; Law received half of the hay and straw from a 160 @-@ acre ( 60 ha ) farm formerly owned by Jesse Bishop , and one @-@ third of everything else . Law and Briarcliff Farms initially deepened the Pocantico River for 2 miles ( 3 km ) , taking out rifts so the stream would flow and adjacent swamps would drain . Workers also cut rock and took out trees lining the swamps to reclaim land for farming . Law found the soil poor , since it had been farmed for a half @-@ century . The fields were bare , and cows gave poor @-@ quality milk : " I had to begin at the bottom and repair the waste of fifty years . " He improved the soil 's fertility by arranging for manure from New York City streets and stables to be regularly brought to his farm ; for four years , twenty carloads of manure a week were spread on the land . As a result , the farm 's hay yield increased from two to five tons . Law also decided to improve the area 's roads , giving them a base layer of large , closely packed stones and layers of top gravel . He developed his herd ; at first the farm had weak cattle ( many afflicted with tuberculosis ) and " ordinary milk " , but after Law 's development the farm had strong cattle , healthy calves and an abundance of rich milk . Law hired Leonard Pearson ( a professor of veterinary medicine at the University of Pennsylvania ) to check each cow every six months for tuberculosis and other diseases , exceeding New York City Board of Health standards . Although Law had little knowledge or experience of farming at first , he had enough money to reach his goal of maximizing his dairy farm 's quality and output . Law 's farm had 500 workers tending cattle , pigs , chickens , Thoroughbred horses , pheasants , peacocks and sheep at its peak . In 1900 , when the US government asked Briarcliff Farms to exhibit its milk , butter and cream at Paris ' Exposition Universelle , the farm submitted raw , pasteurized , and sterilized milk ; however , according to the French , " There is no use sending these , for your fresh milk keeps fresh " . The farm contributed to the USDA Bureau of Animal Industry and the New York State Commission to the Paris Exhibition 's joint exhibit , winning gold medals for its milk , cream , and butter and a silver medal for social benefit or economy . Concerned that the farm 's milk had preservatives , French authorities requested an affidavit that no chemicals were added . Photographs by the US government of Briarcliff Farms ' barns , farmland , Law 's mottoes and employees were displayed in the exposition 's Palace of Social Economy and Congress . On September 2 , 1901 , the farm 's dairy buildings were destroyed by fire . The cause of the fire ( which was discovered in the dairy building 's tower ) was unknown , and the damage was covered by insurance . Law quickly arranged for a temporary dairy in a room of the electric plant which had a boiler for sterilization ; by the afternoon , milk was processed as usual . A larger dairy building was planned closer to the railroad station for faster shipping . When Briarcliff Manor was incorporated on November 21 , 1902 , Law owned all but two small parcels of the square @-@ mile village and employed nearly all of its residents ( around 100 ) . He developed the village , establishing schools , churches , parks and the Briarcliff Lodge . The population grew , encouraging Law to incorporate the area as a village . A proposition was presented to the supervisors of Mount Pleasant and Ossining on October 8 , 1902 that a 640 @-@ acre ( 260 ha ) area with a population of 331 be incorporated as the Village of Briarcliff Manor , and it was incorporated on November 21 . That year Law 's son , Walter Jr . , joined his father and brother Henry in managing the farm and realty company ; he was the second village president , in office from 1905 to 1918 . In April 1906 , Governor General of Canada Albert Grey and US Representative and farm architect Edward Burnett drove up from New York City and toured the farm as guests of Walter Law . According to Briarcliff Outlook , they " expressed hearty approval of Briarcliff ways " . = = = Relocation to Pine Plains = = = Law developed his Briarcliff Manor property primarily as a corporation until 1907 when , due to rising property values and falling agricultural development in Westchester County , he purchased twelve farms — totaling 3 @,@ 249 acres ( 5 sq mi ) — for Briarcliff Farms on both sides of the Pine Plains @-@ Stanford Road ( present @-@ day New York State Route 82 ) in Pine Plains and began developing his Briarcliff Manor properties for houses , churches and schools . Law 's general manager , George W. Tuttle ( who had worked at Briarcliff Farms since 1901 ) , arranged the Pine Plains purchases and the construction of new barns , a creamery , a power station and other buildings . The barns used Franklin Hiram King 's King ventilation system , and the concrete dairy building cost about $ 25 @,@ 000 ( $ 658 @,@ 400 in 2015 ) . The farm 's well , 700 feet ( 210 m ) from the barn , was 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) deep and 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) in diameter . In 1907 and 1908 , the farm and many of its workers moved to Pine Plains . Although preliminary steps in the relocation were primarily small , the final October 1908 transfer used two trains to move 300 cattle . The rest of the cattle were transferred a day later , to the farm 's main station ( between Pine Plains and Attlebury on the Central New England Railway ) at Barn A. During Briarcliff Manor 's first automobile race in 1908 , the barns were used for mechanic crews and each driver had his own crew weeks before the race . In 1909 Law formed the Briarcliff Realty Company to sell the original Briarcliff Manor property . He sold the Pine Plains property in 1918 and died in 1924 . On October 9 , 1918 , New York banker Oakleigh Thorne and several partners purchased the 4 @,@ 200 @-@ acre ( 7 sq mi ) Briarcliff Farms property , cattle and dairy buildings for $ 500 @,@ 000 ( $ 7 @.@ 87 million in 2015 ) . Thorne began breeding Aberdeen Angus cattle under the Briarcliff Farms name , and the farm remained well known for its beef . Thorne and W. Alan McGregor began the herd by importing cattle from Scotland in 1925 , and enlarged it through breeding . The Aberdeen Angus industry became prominent in the United States due to Briarcliff Farms ; in 1955 , about 95 percent of US Angus cattle were from Briarcliff stock . Thorne hired William Harper Pew for Pew 's knowledge of livestock bloodlines . At the time , the farm had over 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 sq mi ) and 1 @,@ 000 purebred Aberdeen Angus cattle ( the largest Aberdeen Angus herd in the country ) . Pew began eighteen Angus herds in Dutchess County , and was a director of the American Angus Association . At the International Livestock Show in 1927 , the farm had the International Grand Champion Female , and in 1930 it had the 1930 International Grand Champion Bull . Because of the 1931 and 1933 expositions , Thorne became first to win a grand champion twice , with two of his livestock awarded International Grand Champion Steers . At the 1934 Dutchess County Fair 's beef @-@ cattle show , 100 cattle and steers were exhibited . Briarcliff Aristocrat , a summer yearling weighing 1 @,@ 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) , was named the grand champion steer . The grand champion bull was the farm 's Briarcliff Barbarian 8th , the first @-@ prize senior yearling of the 1933 International Livestock Show . The grand champion female was Briarcliff Mighonne 10th , the first @-@ prize senior yearling heifer of the 1933 international show . The farm had an impact on a number of herds , and the Briarcliff prefix is still seen in many pedigrees . In 1935 the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 3 sq mi ) portion of the farm east of the road was sold to Henry Jackson , who named it Bethel Farms . After Thorne 's death in 1948 , Briarcliff Farms changed hands a number of times . In 1968 it became Stockbriar Farm , a beef @-@ feeding operation . Stockbriar tried to sell the farm several times , and it nearly became a county zoo . In 1979 , Stockbriar sold the farmland to the Conservation and Preservation Association ( CAPA ) for $ 2 @.@ 1 million ( $ 6 @.@ 85 million in 2015 ) . In 1982 CAPA hired a Millbrook realtor , who advertised the farm for $ 2 @.@ 75 million ( $ 6 @.@ 74 million in 2015 ) in The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal and newspapers published by Taconic Press . Around that time Stockbriar Farms filed four lawsuits against CAPA and its lessee ( Mashomack Fish and Game Preserve ) over the Pine Plains farm , claiming that the preserve operated a private club without a liquor permit and CAPA missed a March 23 , 1982 payment which was the bulk of its total payment for the farm . Stockbriar Farms requested that Mashomack be evicted , and its property returned . One lawsuit was filed in county court , and the other three were filed in New York Supreme Court . Although Mashomack and CAPA won the first two , in 1984 a state supreme court justice ordered Mashomack and CAPA to vacate the property and Stockbriar Farms remained for sale . = = Locations = = = = = Briarcliff Manor = = = The farm , overlooking the Hudson River , was established between the Hudson and Pocantico Rivers in the hamlet of Whitson 's Corners ( present @-@ day Briarcliff Manor ) , 27 miles ( 40 km ) from Manhattan . Its location was described in 1901 as " the most healthy , hilly portion of Westchester ... where there are neither swamps nor contaminated streams of water " . The original land plot , four miles ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) long and three miles ( 4 @,@ 800 m ) wide , was developed within twelve years . In 1901 , Briarcliff Farms ( including its school farm ) encompassed 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 9 sq mi ) between Pleasantville and Old Briarcliff Roads north of Scarborough Road . At its peak , its original location covered 7 @,@ 800 acres ( 10 sq mi ) . In Briarcliff Manor , the farm had six main barns : Barn A , near its office building on Pleasantville Road , housed the horses for the farm and the Briarcliff Lodge . The farm 's blacksmith , wheelwright , harness shops and other buildings were located around that barn , and a smokehouse and butcher 's shop were on @-@ site . Barns B ( housing 78 cattle ) and C ( housing 118 cattle ) were at the south end of Dalmeny Road ; Barn D ( housing 116 cattle ) , between Beech Hill Road and New York State Route 117 , was later used as a boarding stable for horses . Barn E ( housing 118 cattle ) was on Pleasantville Road just east of the present Taconic State Parkway , and Barn F ( housing 118 cattle ) was in Millwood near the intersection of the Taconic and New York State Route 100 . The farm also had a large barn near New York State Route 9A for supplies , including feed for the farm . Each barn had an ice shed to cool milk ; ice was harvested primarily from Echo Lake ( source of the Pocantico River ) , with Kinderogen Lake ( now part of the Edith Macy Conference Center ) as a supplemental source . The farm had a large supply store , with feed and other items , southeast of the service station at North State and Pleasantville Roads . The Briarcliff Farms office , Walter Law 's personal office , was also the first dairy building ; it burned down in 1901 , and was rebuilt the following year . From Briarcliff Manor 's 1902 incorporation to the construction of its first municipal building in 1913 , the office housed the village government . During the 1960s the building was redesigned , rebuilt and became a local union headquarters for the International Union of Operating Engineers . The farm was enclosed , and its pastures were divided by stone walls from within the farm ; the stones were also used for roadbeds , and for walls of the farm buildings , office , and Law 's house . Walter Law encouraged his Briarcliff Farms employees to move into the village , selling 2 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 230 m2 ) or 11 @,@ 250 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 045 m2 ) plots of land to workers for a nominal price . He asked workers to choose the type of house they wanted ; he would have it built and hold the mortgage , or allow them to rent a cottage . Law built several wood @-@ framed cottages near the farms , with steep front @-@ gable roofs and open porches using some of the first @-@ floor space . Of the cottages still standing , six are on Dalmeny Road and three are on Old Briarcliff Road . The farm also owned and operated a farm in Peekskill previously owned by John Paulding , a militiaman who helped capture British major John André , running the Peekskill farm as a nursery for maples , oaks , lindens , hemlocks , spruces and other trees . During the early 1900s Law purchased farms in Lewisboro and Pound Ridge , using those farms to replenish the main farm 's cattle herd . He also purchased a house in Pound Ridge , which his Briarcliff Realty Company sold to Westchester County after his death ; it became the headquarters of the Ward Pound Ridge Reservation , the county 's largest park . = = = = Dalmeny = = = = Walter Law provided Dalmeny , a boarding house on Dalmeny Road , for the farm 's single men . The building , modeled after the Mills Houses in New York City , was 100 feet ( 30 m ) long and four stories tall . Its first floor had a social hall for meetings and entertainment , a parlor and reading room equipped with books , newspapers , magazines , and games , a large dining room , a private dining room , a kitchen and a bathroom with marble basins and clean towels . The upper floors had seventy individual bedrooms for the men , with bathrooms with showers and tubs on every floor . Dalmeny also had a resident barber . Farm workers were not required to live in the boarding house , although the number of people wanting to live there exceeded the space available . Rent was $ 15 – 18 per month , including room , board and laundry . Law frequently joined the men at meals , lecturers visited the boarding house and the farm workers had a performing orchestra , brass band and glee club . Dalmeny opened on Christmas 1899 and closed in July 1908 , in conjunction with the farm 's relocation to Upstate New York . Over a period of several months in 1909 the building was moved to the Briarcliff Lodge property , where it was adjacent to the Lodge 's laundry building . When the Lodge was the campus of King 's College from 1955 to 1994 , the school called the former boarding house Harmony Hall and used it for classrooms and staff housing . In autumn 1979 , King 's College demolished the building shortly after dedicating a new classroom building . = = = Pine Plains = = = Briarcliff Farms ' second location , in the town of Pine Plains , initially covered 3 @,@ 249 acres ( 5 sq mi ) . The farm , 2 miles ( 3 km ) from the hamlet of Pine Plains , was adjacent to the Central New England Railway in the shallow Stissing Basin and 12 miles ( 20 km ) from the Hudson River . The Pine Plains farm had three barns , each built at a cost of about $ 20 @,@ 000 ( $ 526 @,@ 700 in 2015 ) and housing 200 Jersey cattle bedded in sawdust or shavings . Barn B was in the Pine Plains hamlet of Bethel and Barn C was farther south , in the town of Stanford . = = Operations = = The farm utilized the concept of a European country seat , through tenant farming , established blacksmith , wheelwright , and harness shops on @-@ site , in addition to a butcher shop and smokehouse . Buildings were centrally located around Walter Law 's manor house , many of which were constructed in the Tudor Revival style . The farm 's office building , Dysart House , the Briarcliff Lodge , and the railroad station shared that architectural style . The farm , one of the first producers of certified milk in the US , operated under the supervision of the Milk Commission of the Medical Society of the County of New York . With the farm producing about 4 @,@ 500 US quarts ( 4 @,@ 300 litres ) of milk daily ( an average of 8 US quarts ( 7 @.@ 6 litres ) per cow per day ) , Briarcliff Farms was one of the largest dairy operations in the northeast . According to Nebraska 's department of agriculture in 1903 , the three largest owners of dairy cows in the eastern US were Fairfield Farm Dairy in New Jersey , Briarcliff Farms and the Walker @-@ Gordon Laboratory Company ( which had " branches in all of the principal cities " ) . In 1897 the farm had Jersey , Normande and Simmental cattle , selling the breeds ' milk for 10 , 12 and 15 cents per quart respectively . Briarcliff Farms also sold cream ( with 50 percent butterfat ) for 60 cents per quart , Jersey butter for 50 cents per pound and Normande or Simmental butter for 60 cents per pound . In 1909 , half the farm 's herd consisted of registered Jerseys and the other half high @-@ grade Jerseys . In Pine Plains , many of Barn B 's milkers were from the Netherlands because of that country 's reputation for good milkers . In 1905 , Briarcliff Farms was milking nearly 500 cows at any given time . The farm raised its own stock , feeding the cattle eight pounds of dry feed twice a day with pasture and green corn in summer . The feed mixture was 50 percent bran , 25 percent crushed oats and 25 percent cornmeal , all of which were claimed to be the best available . The farm required that each cow produce 6 @,@ 000 pounds of milk with 5 percent butterfat or 5 @,@ 000 pounds of milk with 6 percent butterfat , or she would be butchered or sold . Each cow ate an average of seven pounds of grain per day ( varying from two pounds on pasture to 12 in winter ) , 1 @.@ 5 to 2 pounds of oil meal each day and free @-@ choice timothy and clover hay — 17 – 20 pounds ( 7 @.@ 7 – 9 @.@ 1 kg ) daily , depending on size . Each worker milked , cleaned and groomed 16 to 18 cattle daily . The New York Milk Commission analyzed the farm 's milk weekly ; although the board of health regulations in New York allowed three million bacteria per cubic centimeter in milk , the milk commission limited bacteria to 30 @,@ 000 . The farm chilled its milk within two minutes of milking to 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) , often limiting its bacteria counts to 200 – 400 per cc . A chemical analysis of the milk was performed every month ; although regulations required a minimum of three percent butterfat , Briarcliff required its milk to have over five percent butterfat to be sold . A March 1905 New York Milk Commission analysis indicated that the farm 's milk had 8 @.@ 2 percent butterfat , the " richest Briarcliff product ever reported on " . In 1901 the farm had 1 @,@ 045 Jersey cattle , 4 @,@ 000 chickens and ducks , 1 @,@ 500 pigs , and 400 sheep . It grew , with 500 workers tending those animals in addition to Thoroughbred horses , pheasants and peacocks . The pigs ( which included Chester Whites and Berkshires ) lived outdoors , because the farm superintendent believed they should be penned only for breeding ; in summer , they were allowed to run in the orchards or the woods . About 2 @,@ 000 were butchered each year . The farm 's 31 poultry houses had a head poulterer and 40 assistants ; each building was 18 by 100 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 by 30 @.@ 5 m ) , and they were spread around the property . The farm , which used 300 @-@ egg insulators , fed the hens a mix of grains ( including oats , wheat and corn ) five times a day . The farm butchered 7 @,@ 000 broilers each season . Eggs sold for 35 to 50 cents per dozen , with demand exceeding supply . Broilers sold for $ 1 @.@ 50 ( $ 43 in 2015 ) to $ 3 @.@ 00 ( $ 85 in 2015 ) per pair . Briarcliff Farms raised about 300 lambs each spring , primarily Dorset Horns . The lambs , which were dressed ( their internal organs removed ) on the farm , sold for $ 12 ( $ 341 in 2015 ) or more apiece ; demand also exceeded supply . The farm gardens grew a variety of crops , adapting to the market ; in 1900 this included oats , rye , corn , wheat , buckwheat , carrots , mangolds , turnips , rutabagas , radishes , sugar beets , potatoes , apples , cabbages , rye , oat , and wheat straw , hay , corn stalks and silage . The farm rotated its grain production to grow better vegetables . At one time the farm had 12 acres ( 0 @.@ 02 sq mi ) of asparagus , which sold for 35 to 50 cents per bunch . Briarcliff Farms operated a printing press and office north of the farm office on Pleasantville Road . The print shop produced Briarcliff Farms , the Briarcliff Bulletin in 1900 , the monthly Briarcliff Outlook in 1903 and The Briarcliff Once @-@ a @-@ Week in 1908 ( all edited by Arthur W. Emerson ) and bottle caps for Briarcliff dairy products . The Briarcliff Table Water Company sold its products in New York City , Lakewood , New Jersey and the Westchester municipalities of Yonkers , Tarrytown , White Plains , and Ossining . The company owned 250 @-@ foot @-@ deep ( 76 m ) wells . Around 1901 , the Briarcliff Steamer Company No. 1 ( later the Briarcliff Manor Fire Department ) housed its equipment and horses at Briarcliff Farms ' Barn A. The American Plasmon Syndicate , a producer of the dried milk product plasmon , had its factory in Briarcliff for milk from Briarcliff Farms ; the farm built the factory and its power plant . In a 1900 publication the farm 's motto was reported to be " The production of pure food of the highest standard of excellence " , although a 1902 publication reported that its motto was " Do unto a cow as you would that a cow would do unto you " ( also saying that the motto appeared in large letters in every barn on the farm ) . Notices printed by the farm began with the verse , " If a Cobbler by trade , I 'll make it my pride , the best of all Cobblers to be ; and if only a Tinker , no Tinker on earth shall mend an old Kettle like me " ; this verse and several other mottoes decorated friezes on the interior walls of the Dalmeny boarding house . = = = Processing and delivery = = = At its peak , the farm delivered milk to areas from Albany to New York City . After it was cooled , the milk was brought daily to the dairy @-@ processing building , where it was poured into a large , sterilized tank and forced — with compressed air at 160 US quarts ( 150 @,@ 000 ml ) per minute — through sterilized pipes to the building 's second floor . There the milk was cooled , strained five times and bottled . The bottles were sealed with parchment circles with the supervising commission 's certification and the date , and then put in boxes with ice . The entire process , from entering the building to bottling , took five minutes . Every utensil contacting the milk ( or workers ) would be regularly sterilized with live steam . The building was as free of bacteria as the farm could make it ; its rooms had white @-@ tiled walls and floors , with coving ( concave tiling ) between the walls and floors for better cleaning . Milk bottles were reused after several cleanings with rotating wire brushes and two hours of heat sterilization . The farm 's products were packaged as milk , cream , butter or kumyss , and sent every night on the New York and Putnam Railroad to New York City for delivery the next day ; they were also sold in the farm 's stores or from wagons . Briarcliff Farms had three stores in New York City and stores in Greenwich , Connecticut , Yonkers , Dobbs Ferry and Tarrytown . The farm 's first New York City store was in Manhattan 's Windsor Arcade , at Fifth Avenue and 46th Street , and it had an office in the Seymour Building at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street . The office produced advertisements for the New @-@ York Tribune , The New York Times , New York Evening Post and the Mail and Express ( papers which , according to Printers ' Ink , advertised to wealthy residents ) . The farm 's stores sold Briarcliff dairy products and table water . Milk was sent to the Hotel Lorraine , the St. Regis , the Waldorf Astoria , Mendel 's Lunch Room at Grand Central Station [ sic ] and Milhau 's Drug Store on Broadway , and kumyss was sent to seventeen New York City drugstores . Milk was sold to stores in New York free on board for $ 0 @.@ 084 ( $ 2 @.@ 13 in 2015 ) per quart . The farm also supplied the Briarcliff Lodge with cream , milk , butter , eggs and vegetables . It shipped its products in zinc @-@ lined cases on ocean @-@ going steamers and shipped nationwide every day except Sunday ( shipping a double order on Saturday ) . The farm 's milk was processed into milk , cheese , butter or buttermilk at its Barn A creamery in Pine Plains , and packaged for its 101 @-@ mile ( 200 km ) rail shipment to New York City . = = = Ethos and advances = = = In 1906 , Andrew Carnegie wrote about Briarcliff Farms : " Every known appliance or mode of treatment is at hand , and the herd is pronounced free from all and every ailment . In cases of doubt animals are sacrificed " . The farm used the best obtainable stock , with extensive experimenting , for its products . The operation immediately removed every cow that appeared ill , and many cattle were butchered during the farm 's first few years to improve the herd 's overall health . According to Walter Law , " It is not the cows that have been put in , but those which have been taken out , that have made the Briarcliff herd what it is " . The farm 's large , light barns had concrete floors , which were cleaned daily , and up @-@ to @-@ date appliances for separating , churning , handling and packing its products . Law made annual five @-@ dollar cash awards ( $ 142 in 2015 ) to workers in September ( giving them out at Dalmeny on December 24 ) , which included " most gentle with cows " , " most careful teamster in feeding his horses and keeping his stables clean " , " cleanest delivery wagon " , " neatest house yard " , " best garden truck " and " best @-@ kept room in Dalmeny " ; the farm emphasized the commercial value of such virtues . On Christmas Eve , after the Briarcliff Orchestra played George Frideric Handel 's " Largo " , Law spoke about the farm 's improvements that year and awarded the prizes . The orchestra was made up of the farm 's workers , and among its members was Law 's son Walter Jr . Briarcliff Farms intended to prove that optimal farming practices could be profitable . Law believed that kind treatment would produce better cattle , and was intolerant of animal abuse : " Cruelty to a cow is the same as cruelty to me , and shall never be permitted on this farm . " He knew everyone who lived at the farms , and the farm workers knew the name of each cow ( which was on a brass plate at the front of the cow 's stall ) . The cows were sponged several times a day , and workers wore white cotton suits which were sterilized daily by boiling . Law treated his workers as intelligent co @-@ workers , rather than laborers . Each cow was groomed before milking , and a pail of warm water and a brush would then be used on her sides , flanks and udders . The flank and udder were washed again with a one @-@ percent creolin solution , rinsed and dried . Workers would milk into a fine wire strainer placed over a pail ; during milking no talking , laughing , smoking or spitting was permitted , since such behavior was claimed to have a " perceptible effect upon their milk " . The workers were required to wash their hands thoroughly after cleaning the udders and before milking each cow . Each worker had a set of towels and washed , cared for and milked 15 or 16 cows . The cattle grazed from early spring until late autumn , and were in the barns only for milking . In 1901 , The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review said it doubted that any other large New York @-@ area dairy did this . The farm had a veterinary chemist and a laboratory for regular milk analysis . Its dairy plant had a visitor @-@ observation area , permitting the viewing of each step of the farm 's dairy processing . In one room ( separated from the viewing area by glass doors ) , cream was skimmed ; in a second milk was bottled , and in a third butter was churned . The building 's sterilizing , pasteurizing , and shipping departments were in the basement . Briarcliff Farms shipped 2 @,@ 000 US quarts ( 1 @,@ 900 l ) of milk , 300 US quarts ( 280 l ) of cream and 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) of butter each day . Students from the Ethical Culture School and nurses from New York City hospitals visited the farm to learn about its practices in relation to their work , and Briarcliff Farms was reportedly chosen as the most typical New York industry available for inspection . = = = Greenhouses = = = Although Briarcliff Farms ' primary operation was dairy , a secondary agricultural product was its American Beauty rose . The farm had two groups of greenhouses ; one , behind Walter Law 's house and west of the Briarcliff Lodge , produced decorations for Briarcliff Farms , the Briarcliff Lodge and Law 's and his workers ' houses . The other group , the Pierson commercial greenhouses , grew the American Beauty rose and rare carnations ; it produced 22 varieties and about 2 @,@ 500 blooms a day . The greenhouses , advanced for their time , had light steel frames and glass panes unique in their " almost unshadowed exposure to the light " . The newer greenhouses , 50 by 300 feet ( 15 by 91 m ) , held up to 40 @,@ 000 plants apiece . The Pierson roses , which earned up to $ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @.@ 84 million in 2015 ) a year , were sold in winter for eight to 12 cents each with most shipped to New York City . The Briarcliff Lodge sponsored an annual American Beauty carnival with a golf tournament , water sports , moonlight bathing and night diving , a dinner dance , a cinema program and a concert . Greenhouse foreman George Romaine propagated an American Beauty rose with longer , more @-@ pointed buds and a brighter color , and Paul M. Pierson registered it with the American Rose Society as the Briarcliff Rose . It is Briarcliff Manor 's village symbol , and since 2006 has been used on village street signs . Although the Briarcliff Manor Garden Club also uses the Briarcliff Rose as its symbol , the variety is now lost . = = School of Practical Agriculture = = During the winter of 1895 @-@ 96 , the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor researched the causes of youth moving from the country to cities to develop the most efficient method of attracting them back to the country . That , and an examination of agricultural needs for a year , resulted in meetings at the homes of Abram S. Hewitt and R. Fulton Cutting and the formation of the New York State Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture . The committee , chaired by Hewitt , included Cutting , Jacob H. Schiff , John G. Carlisle , Mrs. Seth Low , Josephine Shaw Lowell , Walter Law and William E. Dodge . Its board of trustees had five officers ( with Theodore L. Van Norden president ) and seventeen other trustees , including Law , V. Everit Macy and James Speyer . George T. Powell , a " recognized authority on scientific agriculture " according to The New York Times , was consulted ; he later organized the school and became its director . When Walter Law was included the school took shape , since he provided its land and building . In September 1900 , Law and the committee established the School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture as part of Briarcliff Farms , on an elevated 66 @-@ acre ( 27 ha ) site about midway between the Briarcliff Manor and Pleasantville train stations on Pleasantville Road . Law leased the 66 acres ( which were worth $ 1 @,@ 000 ( $ 28 @,@ 400 in 2015 ) an acre ) for 20 years at the rate of a dollar per year , gave the trustees $ 30 @,@ 000 ( $ 853 @,@ 300 in 2015 ) to build a dormitory and promised them $ 3 @,@ 000 ( $ 85 @,@ 300 in 2015 ) a year for expenses until the school earned a profit . With that and $ 30 @,@ 000 from the trustees , the school opened ; the committee focused the curriculum on horticulture , floriculture , gardening and aviculture . The school 's progress was followed by members of the public interested in agricultural education . When it was founded , the school was considered an experiment . Its goal was " to open an independent means of livelihood for young men and women , especially of our cities ; to demonstrate that higher values may be obtained from land under intelligent management , and to develop a taste for rural life . " Most students were trained in garden and farm operations in a two @-@ year course , with short summer courses in nature study also offered . The academic year had three terms , with twelve weeks of vacation . Although the school allowed new students to begin at any term , a September start was considered the most desirable . Instruction was offered in agriculture , horticulture , cold storage , botany , chemistry , geology , physics , agricultural zoology , entomology , beekeeping , meteorology , land surveying and leveling , soils , drainage , irrigation , tillage , fertilizers , plant diseases , stock , fruit growing , landscape gardening and bookkeeping . It was a practical school , with no attempt to provide a general education . Work included caring for orchard trees and bush fruit , greenhouse culture of fruits and vegetables , jelly- and jam @-@ making , market gardening , tillage , fertilizer use , hybridizing and propagating flowers , harvesting and marketing crops . The school used Briarcliff Farms , where students worked the land , tested milk and cared for a variety of animals . Students also raised flowers , vegetables and fruit , and accompanied their products to cities for marketing . The New York Botanical Garden arranged with the school for student access to its lectures , museums and conservatories . Tuition was $ 100 a year ( $ 2 @,@ 800 in 2015 ) , and board $ 280 a year ( $ 8 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . Instruction was primarily weekday @-@ morning lectures with laboratory work ; during the afternoon , students worked on the school farm ( which had a foreman , gardener and several workmen to ensure continuous operation ) under instructor supervision . In 1901 35 students attended , followed by 34 in 1902 ( almost all from cities ) , ranging in age from 16 to 35 . Most had a high @-@ school education before enrolling , and some had been to college . The school had a capacity of 35 students , and planned to expand . For one year it met in the basement of Pleasantville 's public school ( until the Briarcliff Farms building was completed ) , and did not provide housing . The farm building was completed in spring 1901 and dedicated on May 15 . The large Colonial Revival building , with a plain exterior and wide halls , had lecture halls , a library , a laboratory , an office , a dining hall and dormitory space for 40 staff members and students . Its grounds had an orchard , a working garden , experimental greenhouses , poultry houses , a farmhouse and barns . The school 's faculty included a director , a horticulturalist , an agriculturalist and instructors in nature study and cold storage . It was coeducational , with identical courses for men and women . Students were required to be proficient in English , provide good references , be at least 16 years of age , and be in good health . On January 1 , 1902 Henry Francis du Pont , then in his third year at Harvard University , wrote to Powell requesting admission to the school ; Powell replied that DuPont was listed first in the school 's 1903 class . However , DuPont was unable to attend and left Harvard ( perhaps due to his mother 's sudden death in autumn 1902 ) . = = = Relocation and closure = = = The school outgrew its Briarcliff location , and in autumn 1902 R. Fulton Cutting purchased a 415 @-@ acre ( 168 ha ) farm near Poughkeepsie as a permanent upstate location . It had been popularly known as the Briarcliff School , and after the move it was formally known as the School of Practical Agriculture at Poughkeepsie . When the school was established , Theodore Van Norden said that it needed funds for equipment and an endowment . The land had no buildings , and the school rented two houses in Poughkeepsie until funds were obtained to build . It initially hoped to raise one million dollars ; in 1903 , after raising $ 50 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @.@ 32 million in 2015 ) of a hoped @-@ for $ 150 @,@ 000 ( $ 3 @.@ 95 million in 2015 ) to operate the school , director George Powell announced that it would close and the property be sold . Cutting presented a plan to the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts to carry out the plan devised for the school in Poughkeepsie . In 1908 , school funds were donated to Cornell University as the Agricultural Student Loan Fund for students in Cornell 's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences . From 1903 to 1905 the original school building was known as Pocantico Lodge , a small year @-@ round hotel . In 1905 Alice Knox , an employee at Mrs. Dow 's School , opened Miss Knox 's School in the building . Destroyed by fire in 1912 , the school moved to nearby Tarrytown and then to Cooperstown . The Knox School moved to St. James , on Long Island , in 1954 . The only remaining feature of the Poughkeepsie building is a stone retaining wall in front of the current building , built in 1925 by Oscar Vatet for Rufus P. Johnston ( pastor of John D. Rockefeller 's Fifth Avenue Baptist Church ) . The building , later occupied by Arthur O 'Connor , Cognitronics , and Frank B. Hall , is currently an unused part of Briarcliff Corporate Campus . = = Farm status = = Most of the Pine Plains farmland is occupied by Berkshire Stud , a Thoroughbred breeding farm which purchased 550 acres ( 220 ha ) beginning in 1983 , and the Mashomack Polo Club ( which owns the farmhouse on Halcyon Lake ) . The farm 's creamery and several barns ( some built during the 19th century ) still stand at the polo club , and have been used since the 1980s for stables , farm @-@ equipment storage and the raising of sporting birds . The barns also housed the Triangle Arts Association ( part of the Triangle Arts Trust ) from 1982 to 1993 . In Briarcliff Manor , part of the original Stillman farmhouse survives as the rectory of St. Theresa 's Catholic Church and several employee wood @-@ framed cottages still stand on Dalmeny and Old Briarcliff Roads . Similar houses are on South State , Pleasantville , and Poplar Roads . The farm 's dairy building is owned by Consolidated Edison ; the company also owns a nearby building which formerly housed the Briarcliff Manor Light and Power Company . The Plasmon Company of America 's Woodside Avenue factory is now an automotive restoration facility . = = Gallery = =
= The Simpsons : Hit & Run = The Simpsons : Hit & Run is an action @-@ adventure video game based on the American animated sitcom The Simpsons , developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Vivendi Universal Games . It was released for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube and Microsoft Windows on September 16 , 2003 . The game was an Xbox exclusive in Japan . The story and dialogue were crafted by writers from The Simpsons , with all character voices supplied by the actual cast . The game follows the Simpson family , who witness many strange incidents that occur in Springfield : security cameras , mysterious vans , crop circles , and a " new and improved " flavor of the popular soft drink Buzz Cola ( which causes insanity ) . When the family takes matters into their own hands , along with the help of Apu , they discover numerous shocking secrets , and soon realize these incidents are part of a larger alien conspiracy . The game received generally favorable reviews from video game critics . Praise focused on the interpretation of The Simpsons television series as a video game and its parodical take on Grand Theft Auto III , while criticism mostly surrounded some aspects of gameplay . The game received the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards . As of June 2007 , over three million copies of the game have been sold . = = Gameplay = = Hit & Run has seven levels , each with missions and sub @-@ plot . The player can only control one specific character in each level . The game 's playable characters are Homer , Bart , Lisa , Marge , and Apu . Homer and Bart are played as twice . When travelling by foot , the player character can walk , run , and perform three types of attacks : a normal kick , a jumping kick , and a smashing move . To drive , the player can either commandeer one of the vehicles that litter the road , a feature taken from Grand Theft Auto III , or use a phone booth to select a car . The game 's driving missions are also similar to those of Grand Theft Auto III . In both games , the player races against other characters , collects items before a timer runs out , and wrecks other cars . The game has a sandbox @-@ style format that emphasizes driving , and the player controls their character from a third @-@ person view . The character can perform certain acts of violence , such as attacking pedestrians , blowing up vehicles , and destroying the environment . The Simpsons : Hit & Run has a warning meter that indicates when the police will retaliate for bad behaviour . Located in the bottom @-@ right corner of the screen , the circular " hit and run " meter fills up when the character runs people over or destroys objects , and decreases when they cease doing so . When full , several police cars chase the character for the duration of the hit and run . Each level contains items the player can collect , such as coins , which can be gathered by either smashing Buzz Cola vending machines , Buzz Cola boxes or wasp cameras , the latter of which become more elusive as the game progresses . The coins can be used to buy new cars and outfits , some of which are required to progress through the game . The player can also collect Itchy and Scratchy cards . By collecting all 49 of them , seven in each level , the player unlocks a special The Itchy & Scratchy Show video . Several events can cause the player to lose coins ; because the character cannot die , injuries cause the player to lose coins . If the player is apprehended during a hit and run , they will be fined fifty coins . = = Plot = = Mysterious happenings are occurring in Springfield , including wasp @-@ shaped security cameras , mysterious black surveillance vans , crop circles , and a " new and improved " flavor of the popular soft drink Buzz Cola . A horde of these wasps descend upon the city at the beginning of the game . One enters the Simpsons ' home and is smashed by Homer , emitting coins . Homer picks up one of the coins , and watches a commercial for the new Buzz Cola on TV , hosted by Krusty the Clown , noticing the logo on the coin resembles that of Buzz Cola . Homer decides he must get Buzz Cola . Homer at first goes to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart and purchases Buzz Cola , then gets into more routine tasks , such as giving Lisa her science project or going to work . At the end of the day , Homer is sent home from work and watches a news report on TV , which informs him that the mysterious cameras and black vans are being spotted all across town . He notices one of the vans spying on him outside the house , and decides to pursue it , leading him to Mr. Burns ' mansion . Homer concludes that Mr. Burns is responsible , and goes to confront him . However , Burns reveals that the black vans were pizza delivery vans , and proceeds to fire and release his guard dogs on Homer . The next day , Bart skips school in search of the new game , Bonestorm II . After evading Principal Skinner , he does tasks for certain people who give him a lead onto finding the game . The trail leads him to Professor Frink who , in turn for a few errands , lets Bart see the new Truckasaurus . Bart is nearly attacked by it , but escapes before disappearing in a tractor beam . Lisa attempts to find her brother by exploring the Squidport for clues . She learns from Grampa that black sedans that have been appearing around town are connected to Bart 's disappearance , she also learns from Chief Wiggum that government @-@ style agents have been appearing across the Squidport area . Lisa destroys the sedans , but finds them to be empty . After completing a task for the Sea Captain , she destroys a black limo but discovers Bart got out of it and boarded a ship . She finds Bart on the ship ; he appears to have memory loss and is mumbling unintelligibly , while occasionally mentioning the sedans and Buzz Cola . Marge sets out to learn what has affected Bart. As she investigates a crop circle that recently appeared in Cletus Spuckler 's crop field , Grampa tells her that the crop circle resembles the Buzz Cola logo . Marge gives a can of the cola to Bart , which snaps him out of his stupor . Bart reveals that the new Buzz Cola is an alien mind @-@ control , which he was given while abducted . Marge decides to purge Springfield of cola trucks , but in spite of her efforts , the drink still maintains its popularity . Inspired by Marge 's efforts , Apu sets out to discover the source of the cola , remorseful for selling it in the first place . After some unsuccessful leads , he finally comes across Snake Jailbird , who tells him that the cola trucks are registered to the Springfield Museum of Natural History . Apu and Bart get to the museum , where they find a meteor as the source of the cola . They eavesdrop on a conversation between aliens Kang and Kodos , who are masterminding a scheme . Apu and Bart learn that the wasp cameras are filming the antics of Springfield for an intergalactic reality show , Foolish Earthlings . The aliens are using the cola to make people insane , by which time Kang and Kodos will distribute laser guns among the populace to drive the town to a violent massacre sure to draw many viewers . Apu refuses to help any further , so Bart takes it upon himself to foil Kang and Kodos ' plan . He asks Krusty for help , but Krusty informs Bart that he has already helped the Duff Brewery set up free laser gun stands around Springfield . Bart then goes to his father , Homer , for help , and the duo quickly pursue Kang and Kodos to the brewery . However , the aliens escape , and before departing , they reveal that they have already released Buzz Cola throughout Springfield 's water supply . As the cola seeps into the ground , it releases the un @-@ dead from the Springfield Cemetery , who invade Springfield . On Halloween , when Homer collects supplies to protect his family and home from the marauding zombies , he decides to pursue a black sports car — which is a probe for the aliens ' ship — to the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . There , he finds Professor Frink , who has discovered the aliens ' weakness : nuclear waste . He plans to use the alien ship 's tractor beam to suck up cars that are loaded with barrels of nuclear waste . After successfully loading Frink 's car , along with three more , into the aliens ' tractor beam , the ship explodes . The following day , Springfield is returned to normal , and Homer is seen as a celebrity among the viewers of Foolish Earthlings . = = Development = = The game 's developer , Radical Entertainment , received the rights to create games for The Simpsons franchise when they demonstrated a playable prototype . Radical released its first The Simpsons game in 2001 , called The Simpsons : Road Rage , a parody of the Crazy Taxi series of video games . After Road Rage was released , the development team for Hit & Run decided not to create a direct sequel to Road Rage ( although there are files in the game 's core that refers to it as " The Simpsons : Road Rage 2 " ) ; instead , Radical wanted to steer the franchise 's video game series in a different direction by giving the game engine a complete overhaul . The developers felt that everything else needed a new approach , while only the driving portion of Road Rage was worth keeping ; in Hit & Run , enhanced traffic artificial intelligence is introduced , which makes computer @-@ controlled vehicles react better to the player 's driving . The developers also decided to add an exploration element to the game to make players get out of the car and navigate the area on foot , so that the game offered a better experience of Springfield . When developing the game 's graphics , the team decided to include landmarks from Springfield . The player is able to enter some of them , including the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Moe 's Tavern , Springfield Elementary School , and The Android 's Dungeon and Baseball Card Shop . During Hit & Run 's development , 20th Century Fox , Gracie Films and Matt Groening , the creator of The Simpsons , played important roles in bringing The Simpsons universe into a 3D environment . All character voices were supplied by the actual cast , and the series ' writers wrote the entire story for the game , including dialogue . Tim Ramage , the associate producer of the game 's publisher , Vivendi Universal Games , considered it a blessing to have the opportunity of working with The Simpsons cast , along with the writers , whom Ramage called " the best there is [ sic ] " . = = Reception = = The game was released by Vivendi Universal for the Nintendo GameCube , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , and Windows in the United States on September 16 , 2003 and in Europe on October 31 , 2003 . Several reviews considered Hit & Run to be the best Simpsons game to date , and it was given generally favorable reviews , receiving an aggregated score of 81 % from Metacritic for its Xbox version . Praise focused on the move from the Simpsons television series to the video game format , while criticism targeted some aspects of gameplay . Hit & Run won the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . Over one million copies of the game were sold as of June 2004 , and three million as of June 2007 . A number of reviews complimented the transposition of the Simpsons television series to a video game . Game Informer and GameSpot commented on how well the game depicted the fictional city of Springfield from the television series , and called it the most accurate representation of Springfield ever put into a game . Official Xbox Magazine said that the game did the show justice , and Play Magazine felt that it was " essentially the show in real time " , summing up its review by calling the game a " truly great cross @-@ over product " . GameSpot thought that the humor that the game offered included many excellent self @-@ referential jokes , and TeamXbox concluded its review by predicting that the game would be extremely appealing to gamers , especially hardcore Simpsons fans . Entertainment newspaper Variety surmised that Hit & Run was the first Simpsons game to include humor comparable to what was in the television series . Hit & Run 's parodical take on the Grand Theft Auto III video game was praised by several reviewers . It was considered to " deftly satirize Grand Theft Auto while being almost as entertaining " in a review by GameSpy , which suggested that Hit & Run improved several gameplay aspects that it borrowed from Grand Theft Auto , including instant mission restarts , a superior guidance system , and an easily accessible collection of vehicles . Official Xbox Magazine agreed that Hit & Run was an excellent game in its own right , and found the game to be a " brilliant " clone of Grand Theft Auto . The combination of the Simpsons universe with the gameplay of the Grand Theft Auto series was also praised by IGN as " pure brilliance " . Positive reviews of Hit & Run focused on its graphics and gameplay . Play Magazine appreciated the virtual world that the game offered , describing it as " grandiose in its expanse and artistic rendering " . GameSpot found the gameplay to be very engaging . The game was found to be " very fun and very funny " by Zach Meston of GameSpy , and Game Informer called it " nothing short of astonishing " . Despite positive reactions , the game also had serious issues that were brought up in several reviews , which focused on the game 's bugs and glitches . Both TeamXbox and Game Revolution pointed out that Hit & Run had a few gameplay issues and graphical shortcomings that included strange artificial intelligence behaviour and a broken camera system , which they felt hindered the overall experience of the game .
= Nick Drake = Nicholas Rodney " Nick " Drake ( 19 June 1948 – 25 November 1974 ) was an English singer @-@ songwriter and musician , known for his acoustic guitar @-@ based songs . He failed to find a wide audience during his lifetime , but his work has posthumously achieved wider notice and recognition . Drake signed to Island Records when he was 20 years old and was a student at the University of Cambridge , and released his debut album , Five Leaves Left , in 1969 . By 1972 , he had recorded two more albums — Bryter Layter and Pink Moon . Neither sold more than 5 @,@ 000 copies on initial release . Drake 's reluctance to perform live , or be interviewed , contributed to his lack of commercial success . No footage of the adult Drake has ever been released ; only still photographs and home footage from his childhood . Drake suffered from major depression , and this was often reflected in his lyrics . On completion of his third album , 1972 's Pink Moon , he withdrew from both live performance and recording , retreating to his parents ' home in rural Warwickshire . On 25 November 1974 , at the age of 26 , Drake died from an overdose of approximately 30 amitriptyline pills , a prescribed antidepressant . His cause of death was determined to be suicide . Drake 's music remained available through the mid @-@ 1970s , but the 1979 release of the retrospective album Fruit Tree allowed his back catalogue to be reassessed . By the mid @-@ 1980s Drake was being credited as an influence by such artists as Robert Smith , David Sylvian and Peter Buck . In 1985 , The Dream Academy reached the UK and US charts with " Life in a Northern Town " , a song written for and dedicated to Drake . By the early 1990s , he had come to represent a certain type of " doomed romantic " musician in the UK music press . His first biography was published in 1997 , followed in 1998 by the documentary film A Stranger Among Us . = = Early life = = Nick 's father , Rodney Shuttleworth Drake ( 1908 – 1988 ) , had moved to Rangoon , Burma , in the early 1930s to work as an engineer with the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation . There , in 1934 , his father met the daughter of a senior member of the Indian Civil Service , Mary Lloyd ( 1916 – 1993 ) , known to her family as " Molly " . Rodney Drake proposed to her in 1936 , though they had to wait a year until she turned 21 before her family allowed them to marry . In 1950 they returned to England to live in Warwickshire at a house named Far Leys , in the prosperous commuter village of Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden just south of Birmingham , the city where Rodney Drake worked from 1952 as the Chairman and Managing Director of Wolseley Engineering . Nick Drake had an older sister , Gabrielle , who became a successful film and television actress . Both parents were musically inclined and each wrote pieces of music . Recordings of Molly Drake 's songs , which have come to light since her death , are remarkably similar in tone and outlook to the later work of her son . Mother and son shared a similar fragile vocal delivery and both Gabrielle and biographer Trevor Dann have noted a parallel sense of foreboding and fatalism in their music . Encouraged by his mother , Drake learned to play piano at an early age and began to compose songs which he recorded on a reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape recorder she kept in the family drawing room . In 1957 , Drake was sent to Eagle House School , a preparatory boarding school in Berkshire . Five years later , he went to Marlborough College , a public school in Wiltshire , attended by his father , grandfather , and great @-@ grandfather . He developed an interest in sport , becoming an accomplished sprinter over 100 and 200 yards , representing the school 's Open Team in 1966 . He played rugby for the C1 House team and was appointed a House Captain in his last two terms . School friends recall Drake at this time as having been confident and " quietly authoritative " , while often aloof in his manner . His father Rodney remembered , " In one of his reports [ the headmaster ] said that none of us seemed to know him very well . All the way through with Nick . People didn 't know him very much . " Drake played piano in the school orchestra , and learned clarinet and saxophone . He formed a band , The Perfumed Gardeners , with four schoolmates in 1964 or 1965 . With Drake on piano and occasional alto sax and vocals , the group performed Pye International R & B covers and jazz standards , as well as Yardbirds and Manfred Mann numbers . Chris de Burgh asked to join the band , but was rejected as his taste was seen as " too poppy " by the other members . Drake 's academic performance began to deteriorate , and while he had accelerated a year in Eagle House , at Marlborough he began to neglect his studies in favour of music . In 1963 he attained seven GCE O @-@ Levels , fewer than his teachers had been expecting , failing " Physics with Chemistry " , a fall @-@ back for students who struggled with science . In 1965 , Drake paid £ 13 for his first acoustic guitar , and was soon experimenting with open tuning and finger @-@ picking techniques . In 1966 Drake enrolled at a tutorial college in Five Ways , Birmingham , from where he won a scholarship to study English literature at Fitzwilliam College , University of Cambridge . He delayed attendance to spend six months at the University of Aix @-@ Marseille , France , beginning in February 1967 . While in Aix , he began to practice guitar in earnest , and to earn money would often busk with friends in the town centre . Drake began to smoke cannabis , and that spring he travelled with friends to Morocco , because , according to travelling companion Richard Charkin , " that was where you got the best pot " . Drake most likely began using LSD while in Aix , and lyrics written during this period — in particular for the song " Clothes of Sand " — are suggestive of an interest in hallucinogens . = = Cambridge = = On returning to England , Drake moved into his sister 's flat in Hampstead , London , before enrolling at Cambridge University that October to study English Literature . His tutors found him to be a bright student , but unenthusiastic and unwilling to apply himself . He did not perform well at Cambridge and was awarded a third , the lowest honours @-@ pass . Dann notes that he had difficulty connecting with staff and fellow students alike , and points out that official matriculation photographs from this time reveal a sullen and unimpressing young man . Cambridge placed much emphasis on its rugby and cricket teams , yet by this time Drake had lost interest in playing sport , preferring to stay in his college room smoking cannabis , and listening to and playing music . According to fellow student ( now psychiatrist ) Brian Wells : " they were the rugger buggers and we were the cool people smoking dope . " In September 1967 , he met Robert Kirby , a music student who went on to orchestrate many of the string and woodwind arrangements for Drake 's first two albums . By this time , Drake had discovered the British and American folk music scenes , and was influenced by performers such as Bob Dylan , Josh White and Phil Ochs . He began performing in local clubs and coffee houses around London , and in February 1968 , while playing support to Country Joe and the Fish at the Roundhouse in Camden Town , made an impression on Ashley Hutchings , bass player with Fairport Convention . Hutchings recalls being impressed by Drake 's skill as a guitarist , but even more so by " the image . He looked like a star . He looked wonderful , he seemed to be 7 ft [ tall ] . " Hutchings introduced Drake to the 25 @-@ year @-@ old American producer Joe Boyd , owner of the production and management company Witchseason Productions . The company was , at the time , licensed to Island Records , and Boyd , the man who had discovered Fairport Convention and been responsible for introducing John Martyn and The Incredible String Band to a mainstream audience , was a significant and respected figure on the UK folk scene . He and Drake formed an immediate bond , and the producer acted as a mentor to Drake throughout his career . A four @-@ track demo , recorded in Drake 's college room in the spring of 1968 , led Boyd to offer a management , publishing , and production contract to the 20 @-@ year @-@ old , and to initiate work on a debut album . According to Boyd : In those days you didn 't have cassettes — he brought a reel @-@ to @-@ reel tape [ to me ] that he 'd done at home . Half way through the first song , I felt this was pretty special . And I called him up , and he came back in , and we talked , and I just said , " I 'd like to make a record . " He stammered , " Oh , well , yeah . Okay . " Nick was a man of few words . In a 2004 interview , Drake 's friend Paul Wheeler remembered the excitement caused by his seeming big break , and recalled that the singer had already decided not to complete his third year at Cambridge . = = Career = = = = = Five Leaves Left = = = Drake began recording his debut album Five Leaves Left later in 1968 , with Boyd assuming the role of producer . The sessions took place in Sound Techniques studio , London , with Drake skipping lectures to travel by train to the capital . Inspired by John Simon 's production of Leonard Cohen 's first album , Boyd was keen that Drake 's voice would be recorded in a similar close and intimate style , " with no shiny pop reverb " . He sought to include a string arrangement similar to Simon 's , " without overwhelming ... or sounding cheesy " . To provide backing , Boyd enlisted various contacts from the London folk rock scene , including Fairport Convention guitarist Richard Thompson and Pentangle bassist Danny Thompson ( no relation ) . He recruited John Wood as engineer , and drafted in Richard Hewson to provide the string arrangements . Initial recordings did not go well : the sessions were irregular and rushed , taking place during studio downtime borrowed from Fairport Convention 's production of their Unhalfbricking album . Tension arose between artist and producer as to the direction the album should take : Boyd was an advocate of George Martin 's " using the studio as an instrument " approach , while Drake preferred a more organic sound . Dann has observed that Drake appears " tight and anxious " on bootleg recordings taken from the sessions , and notes a number of Boyd 's unsuccessful attempts at instrumentation . Both were unhappy with Hewson 's contribution , which they felt was too mainstream in sound for Drake 's songs . Drake suggested using his college friend Robert Kirby as a replacement . Though Boyd was skeptical about taking on an amateur music student lacking prior recording experience , he was impressed by Drake 's uncharacteristic assertiveness , and agreed to a trial . Kirby had previously presented Drake with some arrangements for his songs . However , Kirby did not feel confident enough to score the album 's centerpiece " River Man " , and Boyd was forced to stretch the Witchseason budget to hire the veteran composer Harry Robertson , with the instruction that he echo the tone of Delius and Ravel . Post @-@ production difficulties led to the release being delayed by several months . It has been alleged that the album was poorly marketed and supported , though the inclusion of the opening track " Time Has Told Me " on the Island Records sampler Nice Enough to Eat brought him a very wide audience ( a track from his second album was likewise included on the subsequent sampler Bumpers ) . Drake was featured in full @-@ page interviews in the pop press . In July , Melody Maker referred to the album as " poetic " and " interesting " , though NME wrote in October that there was " not nearly enough variety to make it entertaining " . It received radio plays from the BBC 's more progressive disc @-@ jockeys such as John Peel and Bob Harris . Drake was unhappy with the inlay sleeve , which printed songs in the wrong running order and reproduced verses omitted from the recorded versions . In an interview his sister Gabrielle said : " He was very secretive . I knew he was making an album but I didn 't know what stage of completion it was at until he walked into my room and said , ' There you are . ' He threw it onto the bed and walked out ! " = = = Bryter Layter = = = Drake ended his studies at Cambridge nine months before graduation , and in autumn 1969 moved to London . His father remembered " writing him long letters , pointing out the disadvantages of going away from Cambridge ... a degree was a safety net , if you manage to get a degree , at least you have something to fall back on ; his reply to that was that a safety net was the one thing he did not want . " Drake spent his first few months in the capital drifting from place to place , occasionally staying at his sister 's Kensington flat , but usually sleeping on friends ’ sofas and floors . Eventually , in an attempt to bring some stability and a telephone into Drake 's life , Boyd organised and paid for a ground floor bedsit in Belsize Park , Camden . In August 1969 Drake recorded five songs , only three of which ( " Cello Song " , " Three Hours " , and " Time of No Reply " ) were broadcast – for the BBC 's John Peel show . Two months later , he opened for Fairport Convention at the Royal Festival Hall in London , followed by appearances at folk clubs in Birmingham and Hull . Remembering the performance in Hull , folk singer Michael Chapman commented : The folkies did not take to him ; [ they ] wanted songs with choruses . They completely missed the point . He didn 't say a word the entire evening . It was actually quite painful to watch . I don 't know what the audience expected , I mean , they must have known they weren 't going to get sea @-@ shanties and sing @-@ alongs at a Nick Drake gig ! The experience reinforced Drake 's decision to retreat from live appearances ; the few concerts he did play around this time were usually brief , awkward , and poorly attended . Drake seemed reluctant to perform and rarely addressed his audience . As many of his songs were played in different tunings , he frequently paused to retune between numbers . Although the publicity generated by Five Leaves Left was minor , Boyd was keen to build on what momentum there was . 1971 's Bryter Layter , again produced by Boyd and engineered by Wood , introduced a more upbeat , jazzier sound . Disappointed by his debut 's poor commercial performance , Drake sought to move away from his pastoral sound , and agreed to his producer 's suggestions to include bass and drum tracks on the recordings . " It was more of a pop sound , I suppose , " Boyd later said . " I imagined it as more commercial . " Like its predecessor , the album featured musicians from Fairport Convention , as well as contributions from John Cale on two songs : " Northern Sky " and " Fly " . Trevor Dann has noted that while sections of " Northern Sky " sound more characteristic of Cale , the song was the closest Drake came to a release with chart potential . In his 1999 autobiography , Cale admits to using heroin during this period , and his older friend Brian Wells suspected that Drake was also using . Both Boyd and Wood were confident that the album would be a commercial success , but it sold fewer than 3 @,@ 000 copies . Reviews were again mixed : while Record Mirror praised Drake as a " beautiful guitarist — clean and with perfect timing , [ and ] accompanied by soft , beautiful arrangements " , Melody Maker described the album as " an awkward mix of folk and cocktail jazz " . Soon after its release , Boyd sold Witchseason to Island Records , and moved to Los Angeles to work with Warner Brothers in the development of soundtracks for film . The loss of his key mentor , coupled with the album 's poor sales , led Drake to further retreat into depression . His attitude to London had changed : he was unhappy living alone , and visibly nervous and uncomfortable performing at a series of concerts in early 1970 . In June , Drake gave one of his final live appearances at Ewell Technical College , Surrey . Ralph McTell , who also performed that night , remembered that " Nick was monosyllabic . At that particular gig he was very shy . He did the first set and something awful must have happened . He was doing his song ' Fruit Tree ' and walked off halfway through it . Just left the stage . " His frustration turned to depression , and in 1971 Drake was persuaded by his family to visit a psychiatrist at St Thomas 's Hospital , London . He was prescribed a course of antidepressants , but felt uncomfortable and embarrassed about taking them , and tried to hide the fact from his friends . He knew enough about drugs to worry about their side effects , and was concerned about how they would react with his regular cannabis use . = = = Pink Moon = = = Island Records was keen on Drake promoting Bryter Layter through press interviews , radio sessions and live appearances . Drake , who by this time was smoking what Kirby has described as " unbelievable amounts " of cannabis and exhibiting " the first signs of psychosis " , refused . Disappointed by the reaction to Bryter Layter , he turned his thoughts inwards , and withdrew from family and friends . He rarely left his flat , and then only to play an occasional concert or to buy drugs . His sister recalled : " This was a very bad time . He once said to me that everything started to go wrong from [ this ] time on , and I think that was when things started to go wrong . " Although Island neither expected nor wanted a third album , Drake approached Wood in October 1971 to begin work on what would be his final release . Sessions took place over two nights , with only Drake and Wood present in the studio . The bleak songs of Pink Moon are short , and the eleven @-@ track album lasts only 28 minutes , a length described by Wood as " just about right . You really wouldn 't want it to be any longer . " Drake had expressed dissatisfaction with the sound of Bryter Layter , and believed that the string , brass and saxophone arrangements had resulted in a sound that was " too full , too elaborate " . Drake appears on Pink Moon accompanied only by his own carefully recorded guitar save for a single piano overdub on the title track . Wood later said : " He was very determined to make this very stark , bare record . He definitely wanted it to be him more than anything . And I think , in some ways , Pink Moon is probably more like Nick is than the other two records . " Drake delivered the tapes of Pink Moon to Chris Blackwell at Island Records , contrary to a popular legend which claims he dropped them off at the receptionist 's desk without saying a word . An advertisement for the album in Melody Maker in February opened with " Pink Moon — Nick Drake 's latest album : the first we heard of it was when it was finished . " Pink Moon sold fewer copies than either of its predecessors , although it received some favourable reviews . In Zigzag magazine , Connor McKnight wrote , " Nick Drake is an artist who never fakes . The album makes no concession to the theory that music should be escapist . It 's simply one musician 's view of life at the time , and you can 't ask for more than that . " Blackwell felt Pink Moon had the potential to bring Drake to a mainstream audience ; however , his staff were disappointed by the artist 's unwillingness to undertake any promotional activity . A & R manager Muff Winwood recalls " tearing his hair out " in frustration , and admits that without Blackwell 's enthusiastic support , " the rest of us would have given him the boot . " Following persistent nagging from Boyd , Drake agreed to an interview with Jerry Gilbert of Sounds Magazine . The " shy and introverted folk singer " spoke of his dislike of live appearances and very little else . " There wasn 't any connection whatsoever " , Gilbert has said . " I don 't think he made eye contact with me once . " Disheartened and convinced he would be unable to write again , Drake decided to retire from music . He toyed with the idea of a different career , even considering the army . = = Final years = = In the months following Pink Moon 's release , Drake became increasingly asocial and distant from those close to him . He returned to live at his parents ' home in Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden , and while he resented the regression , he accepted that his illness made it necessary . " I don 't like it at home , " he told his mother , " but I can 't bear it anywhere else . " His return was often difficult for his family ; as his sister Gabrielle explained , " good days in my parents ' home were good days for Nick , and bad days were bad days for Nick . And that was what their life revolved around , really . " He lived a frugal existence , his only source of income being a £ 20 @-@ a @-@ week retainer he received from Island Records . At one point he could not afford a new pair of shoes . He would often disappear for days , sometimes turning up unannounced at friends ' houses , uncommunicative and withdrawn . Robert Kirby described a typical visit : " He would arrive and not talk , sit down , listen to music , have a smoke , have a drink , sleep there the night , and two or three days later he wasn 't there , he 'd be gone . And three months later he 'd be back . " Nick 's supervision partner at Cambridge , John Venning , once saw him on a tube train in London and felt he was seriously clinically depressed . " There was something about him which suggested that he would have looked straight through me and not registered me at all . So I turned around . " Referring to this period , John Martyn ( who in 1973 wrote the title song of his album Solid Air for and about Drake ) described him as the most withdrawn person he had ever met . He would borrow his mother 's car and drive for hours without purpose on occasion , until he ran out of petrol and had to ring his parents to ask to be collected . Friends have recalled the extent to which his appearance had changed . During particularly bleak periods of his illness , he refused to wash his hair or cut his nails . Early in 1972 , Drake had a nervous breakdown , and was hospitalized for five weeks . In February 1974 , Drake contacted John Wood , stating he was ready to begin work on a fourth album . Boyd was in England at the time , and agreed to attend the recordings . The initial session was followed by further recordings in July . In his 2006 autobiography , the producer recalled being taken aback at Drake 's anger and bitterness : " [ He said that ] I had told him he was a genius , and others had concurred . Why wasn 't he famous and rich ? This rage must have festered beneath that inexpressive exterior for years . " Both Boyd and Wood noticed a discernible deterioration in Drake 's performance , requiring him to overdub his voice separately over the guitar . However , the return to Sound Techniques ' studio raised Drake 's spirits ; his mother later recalled , " We were so absolutely thrilled to think that Nick was happy because there hadn 't been any happiness in Nick 's life for years . " = = = Death = = = By autumn 1974 , Drake 's weekly retainer from Island had ceased , and his illness meant he remained in contact with only a few close friends . He had tried to stay in touch with Sophia Ryde , whom he had first met in London in 1968 . Ryde has been described by Drake 's biographers as " the nearest thing " to a girlfriend in his life , but she now prefers the description " best ( girl ) friend " . In a 2005 interview , Ryde revealed that a week before he died , she had sought to end the relationship : " I couldn 't cope with it . I asked him for some time . And I never saw him again . " As with the relationship he had earlier shared with fellow folk musician Linda Thompson , Drake 's relationship with Ryde was never consummated . At some time during the night of 24 / 25 November 1974 , Nick Drake died at home in Far Leys , Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden , from an overdose of amitriptyline , a type of antidepressant . He had gone to bed early after spending the afternoon visiting a friend . His mother said that around dawn he left his room for the kitchen . His family was used to hearing him do this many times before but , during this instance , he did not make a sound . They presumed he was eating a bowl of cereal . He returned to his room a short while later , and took some pills " to help him sleep " . Drake was accustomed to keeping his own hours ; he frequently had difficulty sleeping and often stayed up through the night playing and listening to music , then slept late into the following morning . Recalling the events of the night , his mother later said : " I never used to disturb him at all . But it was about 12 o 'clock , and I went in , because really it seemed it was time he got up . And he was lying across the bed . The first thing I saw was his long , long legs . " There was no suicide note , although a letter addressed to Ryde was found close to his bed . At the inquest in December , the coroner stated that the cause of death was as a result of " Acute amitriptyline poisoning — self @-@ administered when suffering from a depressive illness " , and concluded a verdict of suicide . Although the verdict has been disputed by some members of his family , there is a wide view that , accidental or not , Drake had by then " given up on life . " Rodney described his son 's death as unexpected and extraordinary ; however , in a 1979 interview he admitted to " always [ being ] worried about Nick being so depressed . We used to hide away the aspirin and pills and things like that . " Boyd has said that he prefers to believe the overdose was accidental . He recalled that Drake 's parents had described his mood in the preceding weeks as having been very positive , and that he had planned to move back to London to restart his music career . Boyd believes that this uplift in spirits was followed by a " crash back into despair " . Reasoning that Drake may have taken a high dosage of antidepressants to recapture this sense of optimism , he said he prefers to imagine Drake " making a desperate lunge for life rather than a calculated surrender to death " . Writing in 1975 , NME journalist Nick Kent comments on the irony of Drake 's death at a time when he had just begun to regain a sense of " personal balance " . In contrast , Gabrielle Drake has said she prefers to think her brother committed suicide , " in the sense that I 'd rather he died because he wanted to end it than it to be the result of a tragic mistake . That would seem to me to be terrible . " On 2 December 1974 , after a service in the Church of St Mary Magdalene , Tanworth @-@ in @-@ Arden , Drake 's remains were cremated at Solihull Crematorium and his ashes later interred under an oak tree in the graveyard of St Mary 's . The funeral was attended by around fifty mourners , including friends from Marlborough , Aix , Cambridge , London , Witchseason , and Tanworth . Referring to Drake 's tendency to compartmentalise relationships , Brian Wells observed that many met each other for the first time that morning . His mother Molly recalled " a lot of his young friends came up here . We 'd never met many of them . " = = Posthumous popularity = = There were no documentaries or compilation albums in the wake of Drake 's death . His public profile remained low throughout the mid and late 1970s , although occasional mentions of his name appeared in the music press . By this time , his parents were receiving an increasing number of fans and admirers as visitors to the family home in Far Leys . Island Records , following a 1975 NME article written by Nick Kent , stated " we have no intention of repackaging Nick 's three albums ( which remained available ) , either now or at anytime in the foreseeable future " , but in 1979 Rob Partridge joined Island Records as press officer and commissioned the release of the Fruit Tree box set . Partridge was a fan of Drake 's , and had seen him perform early in 1969 : " The first thing I did when I got to Island was suggest we put together a retrospective — the studio albums plus whatever else was there . I wasn 't necessarily expecting massive vaults with millions of tunes , live recordings or whatever , but there was very little " . The release brought together the three studio albums as well as the four tracks recorded with Wood in 1974 and was accompanied by an extensive biography written by the American journalist Arthur Lubow . Although sales were poor , Island Records never deleted the three albums from its catalogue . By the mid @-@ 1980s Drake was being cited as an influence by musicians such as R.E.M. ' s Peter Buck and Robert Smith of The Cure ; Smith credited the origin of his band 's name to a lyric from Drake 's song " Time Has Told Me " ( " a troubled cure for a troubled mind " ) . Drake gained further exposure in 1985 with the release of The Dream Academy 's hit single " Life in a Northern Town " , which included an on @-@ sleeve dedication to Drake . In 1986 the first biography of Drake was published , in Danish — it was eventually translated , updated with new interviews , and published in English in February 2012 . His reputation continued to grow , and by the end of the 1980s , his name was appearing regularly in newspapers and music magazines in the United Kingdom ; he had to many come to represent a " doomed romantic hero " . The first step in translating that reputation into record sales came with the release of the compilation album Way to Blue : An Introduction to Nick Drake in May 1994 . Nick Drake 's first of many inclusions on film soundtracks came in 1995 when Noah Baumbach included " Time of No Reply " in his independent film Kicking and Screaming . On 20 June 1998 , BBC Radio 2 broadcast a documentary entitled Fruit Tree : The Nick Drake Story , featuring interviews with Joe Boyd , John Wood , Gabrielle and Molly Drake , Paul Wheeler , Robert Kirby and Ashley Hutchings , and narrated by Danny Thompson . In early 1999 , BBC2 aired a 40 @-@ minute documentary , A Stranger Among Us — In Search of Nick Drake . The following year , Dutch director Jeroen Berkvens released the documentary A Skin Too Few : The Days of Nick Drake , featuring interviews with Boyd , Gabrielle Drake , Wood and Kirby . Later that year , The Guardian placed Bryter Layter at number 1 in its " Alternative Top 100 Albums Ever " list . In 2001 , American independent film director Allison Anders took the title of her harrowing autobiographical film Things Behind the Sun from the song on Drake 's Pink Moon album . The song was included in the soundtrack of the film . In November 2014 a biography of Drake was published by his sister Gabrielle . To tie in with the release of the compilation album Made to Love Magic , an updated version of the documentary was broadcast on 22 May 2004 on Radio 2 , retitled Lost Boy : In Search of Nick Drake and featuring the same interview clips but with Thompson 's narration replaced by that of Brad Pitt , a self @-@ confessed Nick Drake fan . Two Nick Drake singles , " Magic " and " River Man " , which were released to coincide with the Made to Love Magic album , made the charts , a first for the artist 's work some thirty years after his death . On 25 November 2014 , the 40th anniversary of Drake 's passing , journalist Alan Connor , writing for BBC 's Magazine Monitor , reviewed the biography Remembered for a While and argued that the " melancholy legend " does Drake 's music " a disservice " . = = Musical and lyrical style = = Drake was obsessive about practising his guitar technique , and would often stay up through the night experimenting with tunings and working on songs . His mother remembered hearing him " bumping around at all hours . I think he wrote his nicest melodies in the early @-@ morning hours . " Self @-@ taught , he achieved his guitar style through the use of alternative tunings to create cluster chords . These are difficult to achieve on a guitar using standard tuning ; Drake used tunings which made cluster chords available using more conventional chord shapes . In many songs he accents the dissonant effect of such non @-@ standard tunings through his vocal melodies . Drake , who studied English literature at Cambridge , was particularly drawn to the works of William Blake , William Butler Yeats and Henry Vaughan , and his lyrics reflect such influences . Drake also employs a series of elemental symbols and codes , largely drawn from nature . The moon , stars , sea , rain , trees , sky , mist and seasons are all commonly used , influenced in part by his rural upbringing . Images related to summer figure centrally in his early work ; from Bryter Layter on , his language is more autumnal , evoking a season commonly used to convey senses of loss and sorrow . Throughout , Drake writes with detachment , more as an observer than participant , a point of view Rolling Stone 's Anthony DeCurtis described " as if he were viewing his life from a great , unbridgeable distance . " This perceived inability to connect has led to much speculation about Drake 's sexuality . Boyd has said he detects a virginal quality in his lyrics and music , and notes that he never observed or heard of the singer behaving in a sexual way with anyone , male or female . Kirby described Drake 's lyrics as a " series of extremely vivid , complete observations , almost like a series of epigrammatic proverbs " , though he doubts that Drake saw himself as " any sort of poet " . Instead , Kirby believes that Drake 's lyrics were crafted to " complement and compound a mood that the melody dictates in the first place . " = = Discography = = Five Leaves Left ( 1969 ) Bryter Layter ( 1971 ) Pink Moon ( 1972 )
= Group ( mathematics ) = In mathematics , a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element . The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms , namely closure , associativity , identity and invertibility . One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation , but the abstract formalization of the group axioms , detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation , applies much more widely . It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects . The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics . Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry . For example , a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object : the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other . Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics ; Poincaré groups , which are also Lie groups , can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity ; and Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry . The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations , starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s . After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry , the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870 . Modern group theory — an active mathematical discipline — studies groups in their own right . To explore groups , mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller , better @-@ understandable pieces , such as subgroups , quotient groups and simple groups . In addition to their abstract properties , group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely ( its group representations ) , both from a theoretical and a computational point of view . A theory has been developed for finite groups , which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups , completed in 2004 . Since the mid @-@ 1980s , geometric group theory , which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects , has become a particularly active area in group theory . = = Definition and illustration = = = = = First example : the integers = = = One of the most familiar groups is the set of integers Z which consists of the numbers ... , − 4 , − 3 , − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ... , together with addition . The following properties of integer addition serve as a model for the abstract group axioms given in the definition below . For any two integers a and b , the sum a + b is also an integer . That is , addition of integers always yields an integer . This property is known as closure under addition . For all integers a , b and c , ( a + b ) + c = a + ( b + c ) . Expressed in words , adding a to b first , and then adding the result to c gives the same final result as adding a to the sum of b and c , a property known as associativity . If a is any integer , then 0 + a = a + 0 = a . Zero is called the identity element of addition because adding it to any integer returns the same integer . For every integer a , there is an integer b such that a + b = b + a = 0 . The integer b is called the inverse element of the integer a and is denoted − a . The integers , together with the operation + , form a mathematical object belonging to a broad class sharing similar structural aspects . To appropriately understand these structures as a collective , the following abstract definition is developed . = = = Definition = = = A group is a set , G , together with an operation • ( called the group law of G ) that combines any two elements a and b to form another element , denoted a • b or ab . To qualify as a group , the set and operation , ( G , • ) , must satisfy four requirements known as the group axioms : Closure For all a , b in G , the result of the operation , a • b , is also in G. Associativity For all a , b and c in G , ( a • b ) • c = a • ( b • c ) . Identity element There exists an element e in G , such that for every element a in G , the equation e • a = a • e = a holds . Such an element is unique ( see below ) , and thus one speaks of the identity element . Inverse element For each a in G , there exists an element b in G , commonly denoted a − 1 ( or − a , if the operation is denoted " + " ) , such that a • b = b • a = e , where e is the identity element . The result of an operation may depend on the order of the operands . In other words , the result of combining element a with element b need not yield the same result as combining element b with element a ; the equation a • b = b • a may not always be true . This equation always holds in the group of integers under addition , because a + b
= b + a for any two integers ( commutativity of addition ) . Groups for which the commutativity equation a • b = b • a always holds are called abelian groups ( in honor of Niels Henrik Abel ) . The symmetry group described in the following section is an example of a group that is not abelian . The identity element of a group G is often written as 1 or 1G , a notation inherited from the multiplicative identity . If a group is abelian , then one may choose to denote the group operation by + and the identity element by 0 ; in that case , the group is called an additive group . The identity element can also be written as id . The set G is called the underlying set of the group ( G , • ) . Often the group 's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group ( G , • ) . Along the same lines , shorthand expressions such as " a subset of the group G " or " an element of group G " are used when what is actually meant is " a subset of the underlying set G of the group ( G , • ) " or " an element of the underlying set G of the group ( G , • ) " . Usually , it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set . = = = Second example : a symmetry group = = = Two figures in the plane are congruent if one can be changed into the other using a combination of rotations , reflections , and translations . Any figure is congruent to itself . However , some figures are congruent to themselves in more than one way , and these extra congruences are called symmetries . A square has eight symmetries . These are : the identity operation leaving everything unchanged , denoted id ; rotations of the square around its center by 90 ° clockwise , 180 ° clockwise , and 270 ° clockwise , denoted by r1 , r2 and r3 , respectively ; reflections about the vertical and horizontal middle line ( fh and fv ) , or through the two diagonals ( fd and fc ) . These symmetries are represented by functions . Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry . For example , r1 sends a point to its rotation 90 ° clockwise around the square 's center , and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square 's vertical middle line . Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function . These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4 . The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions , and the group operation is function composition . Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions , that is , applying the first one to the square , and the second one to the result of the first application . The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as b • a ( " apply the symmetry b after performing the symmetry a " ) . The right @-@ to @-@ left notation is the same notation that is used for composition of functions . The group table on the right lists the results of all such compositions possible . For example , rotating by 270 ° clockwise ( r3 ) and then reflecting horizontally ( fh ) is the same as performing a reflection along the diagonal ( fd ) . Using the above symbols , highlighted in blue in the group table : fh • r3 = fd . Given this set of symmetries and the described operation , the group axioms can be understood as follows : In contrast to the group of integers above , where the order of the operation is irrelevant , it does matter in D4 : fh • r1 = fc but r1 • fh = fd . In other words , D4 is not abelian , which makes the group structure more difficult than the integers introduced first . = = History = = The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics . The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 . The 19th @-@ century French mathematician Évariste Galois , extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph @-@ Louis Lagrange , gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots ( solutions ) . The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots . At first , Galois ' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries , and published only posthumously . More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy . Arthur Cayley 's On the theory of groups , as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 ( 1854 ) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group . Geometry was a second field in which groups were used systematically , especially symmetry groups as part of Felix Klein 's 1872 Erlangen program . After novel geometries such as hyperbolic and projective geometry had emerged , Klein used group theory to organize them in a more coherent way . Further advancing these ideas , Sophus Lie founded the study of Lie groups in 1884 . The third field contributing to group theory was number theory . Certain abelian group structures had been used implicitly in Carl Friedrich Gauss ' number @-@ theoretical work Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ( 1798 ) , and more explicitly by Leopold Kronecker . In 1847 , Ernst Kummer made early attempts to prove Fermat 's Last Theorem by developing groups describing factorization into prime numbers . The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan 's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques ( 1870 ) . Walther von Dyck ( 1882 ) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations , and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an " abstract group " , in the terminology of the time . As of the 20th century , groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside , who worked on representation theory of finite groups , Richard Brauer 's modular representation theory and Issai Schur 's papers . The theory of Lie groups , and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl , Élie Cartan and many others . Its algebraic counterpart , the theory of algebraic groups , was first shaped by Claude Chevalley ( from the late 1930s ) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits . The University of Chicago 's 1960 – 61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein , John G. Thompson and Walter Feit , laying the foundation of a collaboration that , with input from numerous other mathematicians , led to the classification of finite simple groups , with the final step taken by Aschbacher and Smith in 2004 . This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size , in both length of proof and number of researchers . Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification . These days , group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch , impacting many other fields . = = Elementary consequences of the group axioms = = Basic facts about all groups that can be obtained directly from the group axioms are commonly subsumed under elementary group theory . For example , repeated applications of the associativity axiom show that the unambiguity of a • b • c
= ( a • b ) • c = a • ( b • c ) generalizes to more than three factors . Because this implies that parentheses can be inserted anywhere within such a series of terms , parentheses are usually omitted . The axioms may be weakened to assert only the existence of a left identity and left inverses . Both can be shown to be actually two @-@ sided , so the resulting definition is equivalent to the one given above . = = = Uniqueness of identity element and inverses = = = Two important consequences of the group axioms are the uniqueness of the identity element and the uniqueness of inverse elements . There can be only one identity element in a group , and each element in a group has exactly one inverse element . Thus , it is customary to speak of the identity , and the inverse of an element . To prove the uniqueness of an inverse element of a , suppose that a has two inverses , denoted b and c , in a group ( G , • ) . Then The term b on the first line above and the c on the last are equal , since they are connected by a chain of equalities . In other words , there is only one inverse element of a . Similarly , to prove that the identity element of a group is unique , assume G is a group with two identity elements e and f . Then e
= e • f = f , hence e and f are equal . = = = Division = = = In groups , the invertibility of the group action means that division is possible : given elements a and b of the group G , there is exactly one solution x in G to the equation x • a
= b . In fact , right multiplication of the equation by a − 1 gives the solution x = x • a • a − 1
= b • a − 1 . Similarly there is exactly one solution y in G to the equation a • y = b , namely y
= a − 1 • b . If the • operation is commutative , we get that x = y . If not , x may be different from y . A consequence of this is that multiplying by a group element g is a bijection . Specifically , if g is an element of the group G , there is a bijection from G to itself called left translation by g sending h ∈ G to g • h . Similarly , right translation by g is a bijection from G to itself sending h to h • g . If G is abelian , left and right translation by a group element are the same . = = Basic concepts = = To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above , more structural concepts have to be employed . There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions : to take advantage of the structure offered by groups ( which sets , being " structureless " , do not have ) , constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation . This compatibility manifests itself in the following notions in various ways . For example , groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms . By the mentioned principle , they are required to respect the group structures in a precise sense . The structure of groups can also be understood by breaking them into pieces called subgroups and quotient groups . The principle of " preserving structures " — a recurring topic in mathematics throughout — is an instance of working in a category , in this case the category of groups . = = = Group homomorphisms = = = Group homomorphisms are functions that preserve group structure . A function a : G → H between two groups ( G , • ) and ( H , ∗ ) is called a homomorphism if the equation a ( g • k ) = a ( g ) ∗ a ( k ) holds for all elements g , k in G. In other words , the result is the same when performing the group operation after or before applying the map a . This requirement ensures that a ( 1G ) = 1H , and also a ( g ) − 1 = a ( g − 1 ) for all g in G. Thus a group homomorphism respects all the structure of G provided by the group axioms . Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a : G → H and b : H → G , such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H. That is , a ( b ( h ) ) = h and b ( a ( g ) )
= g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of view , isomorphic groups carry the same information . For example , proving that g • g = 1G for some element g of G is equivalent to proving that a ( g ) ∗ a ( g ) = 1H , because applying a to the first equality yields the second , and applying b to the second gives back the first . = = = Subgroups = = = Informally , a subgroup is a group H contained within a bigger one , G. Concretely , the identity element of G is contained in H , and whenever h1 and h2 are in H , then so are h1 • h2 and h1 − 1 , so the elements of H , equipped with the group operation on G restricted to H , indeed form a group . In the example above , the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = { id , r1 , r2 , r3 } , highlighted in red in the group table above : any two rotations composed are still a rotation , and a rotation can be undone by ( i.e. is inverse to ) the complementary rotations 270 ° for 90 ° , 180 ° for 180 ° , and 90 ° for 270 ° ( note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined ) . The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a nonempty subset H of a group G to be a subgroup : it is sufficient to check that g − 1h ∈ H for all elements g , h ∈ H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole . Given any subset S of a group G , the subgroup generated by S consists of products of elements of S and their inverses . It is the smallest subgroup of G containing S. In the introductory example above , the subgroup generated by r2 and fv consists of these two elements , the identity element id and fh = fv • r2 . Again , this is a subgroup , because combining any two of these four elements or their inverses ( which are , in this particular case , these same elements ) yields an element of this subgroup . = = = Cosets = = = In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup . For example , in D4 above , once a reflection is performed , the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations ( and no further reflections ) , i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed . Cosets are used to formalize this insight : a subgroup H defines left and right cosets , which can be thought of as translations of H by arbitrary group elements g . In symbolic terms , the left and right cosets of H containing g are gH
= { g • h : h ∈ H } and Hg = { h • g : h ∈ H } , respectively . The left cosets of any subgroup H form a partition of G ; that is , the union of all left cosets is equal to G and two left cosets are either equal or have an empty intersection . The first case g1H
= g2H happens precisely when g1 − 1 • g2 ∈ H , i.e. if the two elements differ by an element of H. Similar considerations apply to the right cosets of H. The left and right cosets of H may or may not be equal . If they are , i.e. for all g in G , gH = Hg , then H is said to be a normal subgroup . In D4 , the introductory symmetry group , the left cosets gR of the subgroup R consisting of the rotations are either equal to R , if g is an element of R itself , or otherwise equal to U
= fcR = { fc , fv , fd , fh } ( highlighted in green ) . The subgroup R is also normal , because fcR
= U = Rfc and similarly for any element other than fc . ( In fact , in the case of D4 , observe that all such cosets are equal , such that fhR
= fvR = fdR = fcR . ) = = = Quotient groups = = = In some situations the set of cosets of a subgroup can be endowed with a group law , giving a quotient group or factor group . For this to be possible , the subgroup has to be normal . Given any normal subgroup N , the quotient group is defined by G / N = { gN , g ∈ G } , " G modulo N " . This set inherits a group operation ( sometimes called coset multiplication , or coset addition ) from the original group G : ( gN ) • ( hN ) = ( gh ) N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea ( itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above ) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism , or by general abstract considerations called universal properties . The coset eN
= N serves as the identity in this group , and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is ( gN ) − 1 = ( g − 1 ) N. The elements of the quotient group D4 / R are R itself , which represents the identity , and U
= fvR . The group operation on the quotient is shown at the right . For example , U • U = fvR • fvR
= ( fv • fv ) R = R. Both the subgroup R = { id , r1 , r2 , r3 } , as well as the corresponding quotient are abelian , whereas D4 is not abelian . Building bigger groups by smaller ones , such as D4 from its subgroup R and the quotient D4 / R is abstracted by a notion called semidirect product . Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation : any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group , quotiented by the subgroup of relations . The dihedral group D4 , for example , can be generated by two elements r and f ( for example , r = r1 , the right rotation and f = fv the vertical ( or any other ) reflection ) , which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses . Together with the relations r 4 = f 2
= ( r • f ) 2 = 1 @,@ the group is completely described . A presentation of a group can also be used to construct the Cayley graph , a device used to graphically capture discrete groups . Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way : a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H → G , i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it . The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps ( every element of the target is mapped onto ) , such as the canonical map G → G / N. Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction . In general , homomorphisms are neither injective nor surjective . Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon . = = Examples and applications = = Examples and applications of groups abound . A starting point is the group Z of integers with addition as group operation , introduced above . If instead of addition multiplication is considered , one obtains multiplicative groups . These groups are predecessors of important constructions in abstract algebra . Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas . Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups . For example , Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group . By means of this connection , topological properties such as proximity and continuity translate into properties of groups . For example , elements of the fundamental group are represented by loops . The second image at the right shows some loops in a plane minus a point . The blue loop is considered null @-@ homotopic ( and thus irrelevant ) , because it can be continuously shrunk to a point . The presence of the hole prevents the orange loop from being shrunk to a point . The fundamental group of the plane with a point deleted turns out to be infinite cyclic , generated by the orange loop ( or any other loop winding once around the hole ) . This way , the fundamental group detects the hole . In more recent applications , the influence has also been reversed to motivate geometric constructions by a group @-@ theoretical background . In a similar vein , geometric group theory employs geometric concepts , for example in the study of hyperbolic groups . Further branches crucially applying groups include algebraic geometry and number theory . In addition to the above theoretical applications , many practical applications of groups exist . Cryptography relies on the combination of the abstract group theory approach together with algorithmical knowledge obtained in computational group theory , in particular when implemented for finite groups . Applications of group theory are not restricted to mathematics ; sciences such as physics , chemistry and computer science benefit from the concept . = = = Numbers = = = Many number systems , such as the integers and the rationals enjoy a naturally given group structure . In some cases , such as with the rationals , both addition and multiplication operations give rise to group structures . Such number systems are predecessors to more general algebraic structures known as rings and fields . Further abstract algebraic concepts such as modules , vector spaces and algebras also form groups . = = = = Integers = = = = The group of integers Z under addition , denoted ( Z , + ) , has been described above . The integers , with the operation of multiplication instead of addition , ( Z , · ) do not form a group . The closure , associativity and identity axioms are satisfied , but inverses do not exist : for example , a
= 2 is an integer , but the only solution to the equation a · b = 1 in this case is b = 1 / 2 , which is a rational number , but not an integer . Hence not every element of Z has a ( multiplicative ) inverse . = = = = Rationals = = = = The desire for the existence of multiplicative inverses suggests considering fractions <formula> Fractions of integers ( with b nonzero ) are known as rational numbers . The set of all such fractions is commonly denoted Q. There is still a minor obstacle for ( Q , · ) , the rationals with multiplication , being a group : because the rational number 0 does not have a multiplicative inverse ( i.e. , there is no x such that x · 0 = 1 ) , ( Q , · ) is still not a group . However , the set of all nonzero rational numbers Q ∖ { 0 } = { q ∈ Q \| q ≠ 0 } does form an abelian group under multiplication , denoted ( Q ∖ { 0 } , · ) . Associativity and identity element axioms follow from the properties of integers . The closure requirement still holds true after removing zero , because the product of two nonzero rationals is never zero . Finally , the inverse of a / b is b / a , therefore the axiom of the inverse element is satisfied . The rational numbers ( including 0 ) also form a group under addition . Intertwining addition and multiplication operations yields more complicated structures called rings and — if division is possible , such as in Q — fields , which occupy a central position in abstract algebra . Group theoretic arguments therefore underlie parts of the theory of those entities . = = = Modular arithmetic = = = In modular arithmetic , two integers are added and then the sum is divided by a positive integer called the modulus . The result of modular addition is the remainder of that division . For any modulus , n , the set of integers from 0 to n − 1 forms a group under modular addition : the inverse of any element a is n − a , and 0 is the identity element . This is familiar from the addition of hours on the face of a clock : if the hour hand is on 9 and is advanced 4 hours , it ends up on 1 , as shown at the right . This is expressed by saying that 9 + 4 equals 1 " modulo 12 " or , in symbols , 9 + 4 ≡ 1 modulo 12 . The group of integers modulo n is written Zn or Z / nZ . For any prime number p , there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p . Its elements are the integers 1 to p − 1 . The group operation is multiplication modulo p . That is , the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication . For example , if p
= 5 , there are four group elements 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . In this group , 4 · 4 = 1 , because the usual product 16 is equivalent to 1 , which divided by 5 yields a remainder of 1 @.@ for 5 divides 16 − 1 = 15 , denoted 16 ≡ 1 ( mod 5 ) . The primality of p ensures that the product of two integers neither of which is divisible by p is not divisible by p either , hence the indicated set of classes is closed under multiplication . The identity element is 1 , as usual for a multiplicative group , and the associativity follows from the corresponding property of integers . Finally , the inverse element axiom requires that given an integer a not divisible by p , there exists an integer b such that a · b ≡ 1 ( mod p ) , i.e. p divides the difference a · b − 1 . The inverse b can be found by using Bézout 's identity and the fact that the greatest common divisor gcd ( a , p ) equals 1 . In the case p = 5 above , the inverse of 4 is 4 , and the inverse of 3 is 2 , as 3 · 2 = 6 ≡ 1 ( mod 5 ) . Hence all group axioms are fulfilled . Actually , this example is similar to ( Q ∖ { 0 } , · ) above : it consists of exactly those elements in Z / pZ that have a multiplicative inverse . These groups are denoted Fp × . They are crucial to public @-@ key cryptography . = = = Cyclic groups = = = A cyclic group is a group all of whose elements are powers of a particular element a . In multiplicative notation , the elements of the group are : ... , a − 3 , a − 2 , a − 1 , a0 = e , a , a2 , a3 , ... , where a2 means a • a , and a − 3 stands for a − 1 • a − 1 • a − 1 = ( a • a • a ) − 1 etc . Such an element a is called a generator or a primitive element of the group . In additive notation , the requirement for an element to be primitive is that each element of the group can be written as ... , − a − a , − a , 0 , a , a + a , ... In the groups Z / nZ introduced above , the element 1 is primitive , so these groups are cyclic . Indeed , each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1 . Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group . A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n @-@ th complex roots of unity , given by complex numbers z satisfying zn
= 1 . These numbers can be visualized as the vertices on a regular n @-@ gon , as shown in blue at the right for n = 6 . The group operation is multiplication of complex numbers . In the picture , multiplying with z corresponds to a counter @-@ clockwise rotation by 60 ° . Using some field theory , the group Fp × can be shown to be cyclic : for example , if p
= 5 , 3 is a generator since 31 = 3 , 32 = 9 ≡ 4 , 33 ≡ 2 , and 34 ≡ 1 . Some cyclic groups have an infinite number of elements . In these groups , for every non @-@ zero element a , all the powers of a are distinct ; despite the name " cyclic group " , the powers of the elements do not cycle . An infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to ( Z , + ) , the group of integers under addition introduced above . As these two prototypes are both abelian , so is any cyclic group . The study of finitely generated abelian groups is quite mature , including the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups ; and reflecting this state of affairs , many group @-@ related notions , such as center and commutator , describe the extent to which a given group is not abelian . = = = Symmetry groups = = = Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects — be they of geometric nature , such as the introductory symmetry group of the square , or of algebraic nature , such as polynomial equations and their solutions . Conceptually , group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry . Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects . A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law . In the rightmost example below , an element of order 7 of the ( 2 @,@ 3 @,@ 7 ) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles ( and the other ones , too ) . By a group action , the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on . In chemical fields , such as crystallography , space groups and point groups describe molecular symmetries and crystal symmetries . These symmetries underlie the chemical and physical behavior of these systems , and group theory enables simplification of quantum mechanical analysis of these properties . For example , group theory is used to show that optical transitions between certain quantum levels cannot occur simply because of the symmetry of the states involved . Not only are groups useful to assess the implications of symmetries in molecules , but surprisingly they also predict that molecules sometimes can change symmetry . The Jahn @-@ Teller effect is a distortion of a molecule of high symmetry when it adopts a particular ground state of lower symmetry from a set of possible ground states that are related to each other by the symmetry operations of the molecule . Likewise , group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition , for example , from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form . An example is ferroelectric materials , where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high @-@ symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectric state , accompanied by a so @-@ called soft phonon mode , a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition . Such spontaneous symmetry breaking has found further application in elementary particle physics , where its occurrence is related to the appearance of Goldstone bosons . Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory , which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data , and in CD players . Another application is differential Galois theory , which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form , giving group @-@ theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well @-@ behaved . Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in ( geometric ) invariant theory . = = = General linear group and representation theory = = = Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication . The general linear group GL ( n , R ) consists of all invertible n @-@ by @-@ n matrices with real entries . Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups . The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a ( very small ) matrix group . Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO ( n ) . It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions . Via Euler angles , rotation matrices are used in computer graphics . Representation theory is both an application of the group concept and important for a deeper understanding of groups . It studies the group by its group actions on other spaces . A broad class of group representations are linear representations , i.e. the group is acting on a vector space , such as the three @-@ dimensional Euclidean space R3 . A representation of G on an n @-@ dimensional real vector space is simply a group homomorphism ρ : G → GL ( n , R ) from the group to the general linear group . This way , the group operation , which may be abstractly given , translates to the multiplication of matrices making it accessible to explicit computations . Given a group action , this gives further means to study the object being acted on . On the other hand , it also yields information about the group . Group representations are an organizing principle in the theory of finite groups , Lie groups , algebraic groups and topological groups , especially ( locally ) compact groups . = = = Galois groups = = = Galois groups were developed to help solve polynomial equations by capturing their symmetry features . For example , the solutions of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by <formula> Exchanging " + " and " − " in the expression , i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a ( very simple ) group operation . Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations , but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher . Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials ( in particular their solvability ) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals , i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition , multiplication , and roots similar to the formula above . The problem can be dealt with by shifting to field theory and considering the splitting field of a polynomial . Modern Galois theory generalizes the above type of Galois groups to field extensions and establishes — via the fundamental theorem of Galois theory — a precise relationship between fields and groups , underlining once again the ubiquity of groups in mathematics . = = Finite groups = = A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements . The number of elements is called the order of the group . An important class is the symmetric groups SN , the groups of permutations of N letters . For example , the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three letters ABC , i.e. contains the elements ABC , ACB , ... , up to CBA , in total 6 ( or 3 factorial ) elements . This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N ( Cayley 's theorem ) . Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above , S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle . The order of an element a in a group G is the least positive integer n such that a n = e , where a n represents <formula> i.e. application of the operation • to n copies of a . ( If • represents multiplication , then an corresponds to the nth power of a . ) In infinite groups , such an n may not exist , in which case the order of a is said to be infinity . The order of an element equals the order of the cyclic subgroup generated by this element . More sophisticated counting techniques , for example counting cosets , yield more precise statements about finite groups : Lagrange 's Theorem states that for a finite group G the order of any finite subgroup H divides the order of G. The Sylow theorems give a partial converse . The dihedral group ( discussed above ) is a finite group of order 8 . The order of r1 is 4 , as is the order of the subgroup R it generates ( see above ) . The order of the reflection elements fv etc. is 2 . Both orders divide 8 , as predicted by Lagrange 's theorem . The groups Fp × above have order p − 1 . = = = Classification of finite simple groups = = = Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification ( or list ) of a mathematical notion . In the context of finite groups , this aim leads to difficult mathematics . According to Lagrange 's theorem , finite groups of order p , a prime number , are necessarily cyclic ( abelian ) groups Zp . Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian , a statement which does not generalize to order p3 , as the non @-@ abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows . Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups , but there is no classification of all finite groups . An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups . A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself . The Jordan – Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups . Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory . 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures , a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group — the " monster group " — and certain modular functions , a piece of classical complex analysis , and string theory , a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena . = = Groups with additional structure = = Many groups are simultaneously groups and examples of other mathematical structures . In the language of category theory , they are group objects in a category , meaning that they are objects ( that is , examples of another mathematical structure ) which come with transformations ( called morphisms ) that mimic the group axioms . For example , every group ( as defined above ) is also a set , so a group is a group object in the category of sets . = = = Topological groups = = = Some topological spaces may be endowed with a group law . In order for the group law and the topology to interweave well , the group operations must be continuous functions , that is , g • h , and g − 1 must not vary wildly if g and h vary only little . Such groups are called topological groups , and they are the group objects in the category of topological spaces . The most basic examples are the reals R under addition , ( R ∖ { 0 } , · ) , and similarly with any other topological field such as the complex numbers or p @-@ adic numbers . All of these groups are locally compact , so they have Haar measures and can be studied via harmonic analysis . The former offer an abstract formalism of invariant integrals . Invariance means , in the case of real numbers for example : <formula> for any constant c . Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime , as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups , which are basic to number theory . Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology , the so @-@ called Krull topology , which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions . An advanced generalization of this idea , adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry , is the étale fundamental group . = = = Lie groups = = = Lie groups ( in honor of Sophus Lie ) are groups which also have a manifold structure , i.e. they are spaces looking locally like some Euclidean space of the appropriate dimension . Again , the additional structure , here the manifold structure , has to be compatible , i.e. the maps corresponding to multiplication and the inverse have to be smooth . A standard example is the general linear group introduced above : it is an open subset of the space of all n @-@ by @-@ n matrices , because it is given by the inequality det ( A ) ≠ 0 @,@ where A denotes an n @-@ by @-@ n matrix . Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics : Noether 's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities . Rotation , as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics . They can , for instance , be used to construct simple models — imposing , say , axial symmetry on a situation will typically lead to significant simplification in the equations one needs to solve to provide a physical description . Another example are the Lorentz transformations , which relate measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other . They can be deduced in a purely group @-@ theoretical way , by expressing the transformations as a rotational symmetry of Minkowski space . The latter serves — in the absence of significant gravitation — as a model of space time in special relativity . The full symmetry group of Minkowski space , i.e. including translations , is known as the Poincaré group . By the above , it plays a pivotal role in special relativity and , by implication , for quantum field theories . Symmetries that vary with location are central to the modern description of physical interactions with the help of gauge theory . = = Generalizations = = In abstract algebra , more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group . For example , if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated , the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid . The natural numbers N ( including 0 ) under addition form a monoid , as do the nonzero integers under multiplication ( Z ∖ { 0 } , · ) , see above . There is a general method to formally add inverses to elements to any ( abelian ) monoid , much the same way as ( Q ∖ { 0 } , · ) is derived from ( Z ∖ { 0 } , · ) , known as the Grothendieck group . Groupoids are similar to groups except that the composition a • b need not be defined for all a and b . They arise in the study of more complicated forms of symmetry , often in topological and analytical structures , such as the fundamental groupoid or stacks . Finally , it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n @-@ ary one ( i.e. an operation taking n arguments ) . With the proper generalization of the group axioms this gives rise to an n @-@ ary group . The table gives a list of several structures generalizing groups . = = = Special references = = = Artin , Emil ( 1998 ) , Galois Theory , New York : Dover Publications , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 486 @-@ 62342 @-@ 9 . Aschbacher , Michael ( 2004 ) , " The Status of the Classification of the Finite Simple Groups " ( PDF ) , Notices of the American Mathematical Society 51 ( 7 ) : 736 – 740 . Becchi , C. ( 1997 ) , Introduction to Gauge Theories , p . 5211 , arXiv : hep @-@ ph / 9705211 , Bibcode : 1997hep.ph .... 5211B . Besche , Hans Ulrich ; Eick , Bettina ; O 'Brien , E. A. ( 2001 ) , " The groups of order at most 2000 " , Electronic Research Announcements of the American Mathematical Society 7 : 1 – 4 , doi : 10 @.@ 1090 / S1079 @-@ 6762 @-@ 01 @-@ 00087 @-@ 7 , MR 1826989 . Bishop , David H. L. ( 1993 ) , Group theory and chemistry , New York : Dover Publications , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 486 @-@ 67355 @-@ 4 . Borel , Armand ( 1991 ) , Linear algebraic groups , Graduate Texts in Mathematics 126 ( 2nd ed . ) , Berlin , New York : Springer @-@ Verlag , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 97370 @-@ 8 , MR 1102012 . Carter , Roger W. ( 1989 ) , Simple groups of Lie type , New York : John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 471 @-@ 50683 @-@ 6 . Conway , John Horton ; Delgado Friedrichs , Olaf ; Huson , Daniel H. ; Thurston , William P. ( 2001 ) , " On three @-@ dimensional space groups " , Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 42 ( 2 ) : 475 – 507 , arXiv : math.MG / 9911185 , MR 1865535 . Coornaert , M. ; Delzant , T. ; Papadopoulos , A. 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Husain , Taqdir ( 1966 ) , Introduction to Topological Groups , Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 89874 @-@ 193 @-@ 3 Jahn , H. ; Teller , E. ( 1937 ) , " Stability of Polyatomic Molecules in Degenerate Electronic States . I. Orbital Degeneracy " , Proceedings of the Royal Society A 161 ( 905 ) : 220 – 235 , Bibcode : 1937RSPSA.161 .. 220J , doi : 10 @.@ 1098 / rspa.1937.0142 . Kuipers , Jack B. ( 1999 ) , Quaternions and rotation sequences — A primer with applications to orbits , aerospace , and virtual reality , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 05872 @-@ 6 , MR 1670862 . Kuga , Michio ( 1993 ) , Galois ' dream : group theory and differential equations , Boston , MA : Birkhäuser Boston , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8176 @-@ 3688 @-@ 3 , MR 1199112 . Kurzweil , Hans ; Stellmacher , Bernd ( 2004 ) , The theory of finite groups , Universitext , Berlin , New York : Springer @-@ Verlag , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 40510 @-@ 0 , MR 2014408 . Lay , David ( 2003 ) , Linear Algebra and Its Applications , Addison @-@ Wesley , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 201 @-@ 70970 @-@ 4 . Mac Lane , Saunders ( 1998 ) , Categories for the Working Mathematician ( 2nd ed . ) , Berlin , New York : Springer @-@ Verlag , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 98403 @-@ 2 . Michler , Gerhard ( 2006 ) , Theory of finite simple groups , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 86625 @-@ 5 . Milne , James S. ( 1980 ) , Étale cohomology , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 08238 @-@ 7 Mumford , David ; Fogarty , J. ; Kirwan , F. ( 1994 ) , Geometric invariant theory 34 ( 3rd ed . ) , Berlin , New York : Springer @-@ Verlag , ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 540 @-@ 56963 @-@ 3 , MR 1304906 . Naber , Gregory L. ( 2003 ) , The geometry of Minkowski spacetime , New York : Dover Publications , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 486 @-@ 43235 @-@ 9 , MR 2044239 . 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Weyl , Hermann ( 1952 ) , Symmetry , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 02374 @-@ 8 . = = = Historical references = = = Borel , Armand ( 2001 ) , Essays in the History of Lie Groups and Algebraic Groups , Providence , R.I. : American Mathematical Society , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8218 @-@ 0288 @-@ 5 Cayley , Arthur ( 1889 ) , The collected mathematical papers of Arthur Cayley , II ( 1851 – 1860 ) , Cambridge University Press . O 'Connor , J.J ; Robertson , E.F. ( 1996 ) , The development of group theory . Curtis , Charles W. ( 2003 ) , Pioneers of Representation Theory : Frobenius , Burnside , Schur , and Brauer , History of Mathematics , Providence , R.I. : American Mathematical Society , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8218 @-@ 2677 @-@ 5 . von Dyck , Walther ( 1882 ) , " Gruppentheoretische Studien ( Group @-@ theoretical Studies ) " , Mathematische Annalen ( in German ) 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 44 , doi : 10 @.@ 1007 / BF01443322 . 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= Bloodletting ( The Walking Dead ) = " Bloodletting " is the second episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . It initially aired on AMC in the United States on October 23 , 2011 . The episode was written by Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson . In this episode , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) rush to save the life of Rick 's son , Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) , and discover a possible haven in the process . Production commenced in Newnan , Georgia at Newnan High School in early July 2011 , after attaining approval from the city council and the Coweta County School System . The episode featured guest appearances from Scott Wilson , Lauren Cohan , Emily Kinney and Pruitt Taylor Vince , amongst several other recurring actors and actresses for the series . " Bloodletting " was well received by television critics , who praised the character development in the episode . Upon airing , it gained 6 @.@ 70 million viewers and garnered a 3 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . = = Plot = = In a flashback , Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) is talking with other mothers about a fight she had with her husband , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) . Rick 's partner , Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) , pulls up in a police cruiser and tells Lori that Rick has been severely wounded in a highway shootout . Lori then tells her and Rick 's son , Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) the news , causing him to break down in tears . In the present , Carl has been accidentally shot by a man named Otis ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) , who was hunting for deer . Otis brings Rick , Carl and Shane to a veterinarian named Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) , for whom Otis works as a farm hand . Hershel lives with his daughters Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) and Beth ( Emily Kinney ) , Beth 's boyfriend Jimmy ( James Allen McCune ) , and Otis ' wife Patricia ( Jane McNeill ) . He treats Carl , but he reveals that the bullet was broken into six fragments . Rick must donate blood to Carl in order to keep him alive . Lori , Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) , Carol Peletier ( Melissa McBride ) , Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) and Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) are still searching for Carol 's daughter Sophia ( Madison Lintz ) , when they overhear a gunshot . Meanwhile , on the highway , Dale Horvath ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) believes that T @-@ Dog ( IronE Singleton ) has contracted a blood infection from a wound he received in the previous episode , and both search for antibiotics , but they fail to find any . At the Greene home , Hershel reveals that Carl needs major surgery to live , and that he will need a respirator . Otis suggests that they might find supplies at a nearby high school – where the Federal Emergency Management Agency has set up a trailer – although the place is likely overrun with walkers . Otis and Shane decide to get the supplies , while Maggie retrieves Lori from the group and brings her to the Greene home . Rick and Hershel discuss the walker epidemic ; Rick believes there is no cure , while Hershel has faith that there could be one . The group searching for Sophia returns to the highway , where Daryl reveals that he has a bag containing painkillers and doxycycline antibiotics that T @-@ Dog can take . Shane and Otis retrieve the supplies , but are spotted by walkers . The two have no choice but to barricade themselves in the high school . = = Production = = " Bloodletting " was written by Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson . In June 2011 , it was announced that Scott Wilson , Lauren Cohan , and Pruitt Taylor Vince would appear on the second season as recurring characters . In an interview with TV Guide , Gale Anne Hurd explained that Wilson 's character , Hershel Greene , served as a patriarchal figure for the group . She continued : " He 's a veterinarian with a great sense of humanity and a very unique take on the [ walkers ] . " According to Hurd , Scott Wilson was cast because of his " tremendous scope and gravitas " . Hurd also stated that Cohan 's character , Greene 's daughter Maggie , was a woman in her twenties who eventually becomes a romantic interest for Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) . Further , Cohan added in an interview with the Philadelphia Daily News that Maggie was a Christian from a sheltered background . In preparation for her role , she spent a few months in Los Angeles , California to work with a dialect coach . Emily Kinney also joined the cast as Hershel 's younger daughter and Maggie 's half @-@ sister , Beth . Principal photography commenced in Newnan , Georgia at Newnan High School in July 2011 , after approval was received from the city council and the Coweta County School System . Site preparation initiated on July 1 , and filming began at the gymnasium of the school over a period of four days from July 7 – 8 and again from July 11 – 12 . The location was temporarily renovated to mirror an abandoned Federal Emergency Management Agency camp . Michael Riley , the production manager for the episode , contacted the Newnan Police Department to collaborate with producers . Because of the large size of the filming location , Riley 's production company notified surrounding neighborhoods , to avoid inconvenience . " Bloodletting " begins with a flashback of Rick Grimes ' relationship with Lori , before she became romantically linked to Shane . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Robert Kirkman asserted that it " speaks to Shane and his relationship to Lori and Rick in the early days . " He continued : " A lot of people think of Shane as a clear villain and that he did a bad thing . But if you really analyze that situation , he ’ s a good guy and has done the right thing at every turn . Because he 's done that , and it ’ s not working out for him , it ’ s driving him crazy . So we really wanted to show that he ’ s a tragic figure much more than a villainous figure . It ’ s just a series of unfortunate situations that have led to him slowly losing himself in this world . Popping back in time and showing his concern for Rick and how he cares for Lori and Carl , I thought that would be a good thing to do . " During a scene on the road , Daryl reveals a plastic bag of Merle 's drug stash he originally kept in hiding from the crew , only bringing it out to aid T @-@ Dog 's rising fever . In the bag are doxycyclin ( because , Daryl explains , Merle occasionally catches the clap ) , painkillers , ecstasy , and methamphetamine . The meth is blue , leading to speculations that it was a reference to the famous blue meth prepared by Walter White in the television series , Breaking Bad . In his interview in the after @-@ show Talking Dead , Kirkman stated that the scene was " a little Easter egg we were doing for AMC fans . " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Bloodletting " was first broadcast on October 23 , 2011 in the United States on AMC . The episode received 6 @.@ 70 million viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . An encore presentation gained an additional 2 @.@ 077 million viewers and garnered a 1 @.@ 0 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . Along with becoming the highest @-@ rated program on basic cable for the night , " Bloodletting " became the second highest @-@ rated program of the week on basic cable , scoring higher than the season finale of Jersey Shore , but garnering less than a game between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Jets as part of the 2011 NFL season . Total viewership and ratings for the episode were moderately down from the previous episode , " What Lies Ahead " , which was watched by 7 @.@ 26 million viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to the Nielsen ratings . = = = Critical response = = = The episode was well received by television critics . Ology writer Josh Harrison gave the episode a nine out of ten rating , and opined that the episode was a " home run episode " for the series . Harrison continued : " Its central conflict is intense , its action is solid , and its new arrivals are engaging characters in their own right . Light on the gore and heavy on the drama — just how I like my Sunday night zombie adventures . " Scott Meslow from The Atlantic gave the episode a positive review , deeming it as an improvement from the previous episode , and appreciated that the episode had opened up new plot points for future episodes to come . Meslow wrote , " At the bare minimum , The Walking Dead should be exciting , and the final moments of " Bloodletting " provides more than enough action . " Echoing similar sentiments , Catherine Gee of The Daily Telegraph gave the episode a 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , and compared it to the second season premiere , opining : " It may have been a calmer episode but there was no shortage of story to chew on . " Joe Oesterle of Mania.com commended the opening sequence of the episode , and praised the performances of Lincoln and Bernthal . Oesterle wrote , " Andrew Lincoln and Jon Bernthal [ ... ] gave a fine bit of acting , and I found it interesting how the character Rick started looking and walking a little bit zombish after giving blood . The scenes between the two men were moving , and if you listened close you could decipher the main differences between these two cowboy cops . Rick is bound and determined to get back to his wife and let her know their son is in mortal danger , without ever doubting his own ability to successfully complete the mission , while Shane on the other hand is not quite as automatically selfless and heroic . " In conclusion , Oesterle gave " Bloodletting " a ' B ' grade . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 5 out of ten , signaling a " great " response . Goldman stated that it was an improvement over the last episode , and that it had a great scare moment and cliffhanger . Similarly , Paste 's Josh Jackson gave the episode an 8 @.@ 3 out of ten rating , signifying a " commendable " rating . Steve West of Cinema Blend expressed that " Bloodletting " was superior to the previous episode , opining that it was " a character strengthening episode . " He continued : " Even those throwaway threads are immensely important to what ’ s about to go down at the Green farm . " Some television critics were less enthusiastic about the episode . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club felt that the episode was inferior to the previous episode , deeming it tedious . He wrote , " ' Bloodletting ' was a step down from last week 's première , mostly because it focused more on conversations than scares . Much as I want this show to find some way to do its characters right , those conversations were bland , providing no new information beyond , hey , it would suck to have your son get shot in front of you , huh ? " Concluding his review , Handlen gave the episode a ' B – ' grade . In concurrence , Nate Rawlings of Time stated : " For an episode titled ' Bloodletting ' there was surprisingly little of it last night . What we got instead were outpourings of emotion and frustration . Two entries in , and it 's already clear that the show wants to strike a balance between gore and humanity . " Andrew Conrad of the Chicago Tribune was unhappy with the episode ; he expressed disappointment with the low amount of zombie sequences , writing , " It must be a bit of a relief for the show 's make @-@ up department , but I 'd like to see at least one walker every ten minutes or so . "
= Typhoon Maria ( 2006 ) = Typhoon Maria was a weak typhoon which brushed the southeastern coast of Japan during early August 2006 . The seventh named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season , Maria formed out of a tropical depression over the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean . On August 5 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the depression as a tropical storm while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) kept it as a depression . The storm quickly strengthened into a typhoon the next day , reaching its peak intensity with winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) early on August 6 . The storm gradually weakened as it began to recurve , causing it to parallel the southeastern coast of Japan . On August 9 , Maria weakened into a tropical depression and later into an extratropical cyclone before dissipating on August 15 . Maria had only minor effects in Japan , mainly heavy rains which were estimated to have peaked over 400 mm ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) on the Izu Peninsula . One person was killed after being struck by lightning and six others were injured . = = Meteorological history = = On August 3 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring a tropical depression located to the southeast of Minami Torishima Island . The depression slowly developed as it moved towards the west @-@ northwest . At 1630 UTC on August 5 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing system while it was located about 740 km ( 460 mi ) east @-@ northeast of the northern Mariana Islands . Deep convection was present around the center of circulation but the overall structure of the storm resembled a subtropical cyclone . However , the storm was likely to intensify as it was located within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear with favorable diffulence aloft . Later that day , the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and gave it the name Maria ; a name submitted by the United States and a common Chamorro feminine name . Maria continued towards the west @-@ northwest along the edge of a broad subtropical ridge located east of Japan . As the JMA issued their first advisory , the JTWC designated the system as Tropical Depression 09W while located about 280 km ( 175 mi ) east @-@ northeast of Iwo Jima . Early the next day , the JMA classified Maria as a severe tropical storm with winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) while the JTWC reported that Maria had just become a tropical storm with winds reaching 75 km / h ( 45 mph 1 @-@ minute winds ) . The storm also had a slight northward relocation . Tracking towards the northwest , the storm intensified into a typhoon and reached its peak intensity with winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph 10 @-@ minute winds ) and minimum pressure of 975 hPa ( mbar ) at 0900 UTC . Around the same time , the JTWC assessed the storm to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph 1 @-@ minute winds ) . However , the JTWC operationally classified Maria as a minimal typhoon with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph 1 @-@ minute winds ) on August 7 . On August 7 , a banding eye feature developed with deep convection around the eastern portion of the storm . Later that day , the storm sharply recurved towards the northeast and paralleled the southern coastline of Honshu . As Maria made the turn , dry air began to enter the system , causing it to weaken . Along with the dry air , wind shear began to increase and the JMA downgraded Maria to a severe tropical storm early on August 8 . The storm continued to weaken as it came very close to landfall near Tokyo , Japan on August 9 . Both agencies downgraded Maria to a tropical depression early on August 9 , with the JTWC issuing their final advisory at that time . Maria remained a tropical depression for another 24 hours before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 10 while located about 835 km ( 520 mi ) east @-@ northeast of Tokyo . The extratropical remnants turned towards the north and dissipated late on August 14 over the Sea of Okhotsk . = = Preparations and impact = = Weather officials warned residents about heavy rains , strong winds , and high waves in the Tōkai region , Kantō region , Kōshin 'etsu region , and the Izu Islands between August 8 and 9 . Seven flights out of Tokyo at Haneda airport were cancelled due to Maria . The JR Ito Line , an express train line , was temporarily shut down as a result of rain . As Maria brushed Japan , it produced heavy rains over the southeastern areas of the country . Yokota Air Base recorded 38 @.@ 1 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) of rainfall and winds up to 34 km / h ( 21 mph ) . Parts of the Izu Peninsula recorded rainfall in excess of 400 mm ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) over a two @-@ day span , peaking at 458 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) in Tokyo . In Gifu Prefecture , thunderstorms associated with the typhoon resulted in a landslide that knocked out power to 510 residences . One man was injured and two cows died after a small farm was severely damaged by high winds . Flooding and landslides affected dozens of homes in Chōshi , Chiba , prompting the evacuation of 63 families . One person was killed in Tokyo after being struck by lightning . Five people were injured when a plane headed for Tokyo encountered turbulence produced by Maria .
= Climate of India = The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography , making generalisations difficult . Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . Many regions have starkly different microclimates . The nation has four seasons : winter ( January and February ) , summer ( March , April and May ) , a monsoon ( rainy ) season ( June to September ) , and a post @-@ monsoon period ( October , November and December ) . India 's geography and geology are climatically pivotal : the Thar Desert in the northwest and the Himalayas in the north work in tandem to effect a culturally and economically important monsoonal regime . As Earth 's highest and most massive mountain range , the Himalayas bars the influx of frigid katabatic winds from the icy Tibetan Plateau and northerly Central Asia . Most of North India is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter ; the same thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer . Though the Tropic of Cancer — the boundary between the tropics and subtropics — passes through the middle of India , the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical . As in much of the tropics , monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable : epochal droughts , floods , cyclones , and other natural disasters are sporadic , but have displaced or ended millions of human lives . There is one scientific opinion which states that South Asia is likely to see such climatic events , along with their aleatory unpredictability , to change in frequency and are likely to increase in severity . Ongoing and future vegetative changes and current sea level rises and the attendant inundation of India 's low @-@ lying coastal areas are other impacts , current or predicted , that are attributable to global warming . = = History = = During the Triassic period of some 251 – 199 @.@ 6 Ma , the Indian subcontinent was part of a vast supercontinent known as Pangaea . Despite its position within a high @-@ latitude belt at 55 – 75 ° S — as opposed to its current position between 5 and 35 ° N , latitudes now occupied by Greenland and parts of the Antarctic Peninsula — India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost @-@ free weather , though with well @-@ defined seasons . India later merged into the southern supercontinent Gondwana , a process beginning some 550 – 500 Ma . During the Late Paleozoic , Gondwana extended from a point at or near the South Pole to near the equator , where the Indian craton ( stable continental crust ) was positioned , resulting in a mild climate favourable to hosting high @-@ biomass ecosystems . This is underscored by India 's vast coal reserves — much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence — the fourth @-@ largest reserves in the world . During the Mesozoic , the world , including India , was considerably warmer than today . With the coming of the Carboniferous , global cooling stoked extensive glaciation , which spread northwards from South Africa towards India ; this cool period lasted well into the Permian . Tectonic movement by the Indian Plate caused it to pass over a geologic hotspot — the Réunion hotspot — now occupied by the volcanic island of Réunion . This resulted in a massive flood basalt event that laid down the Deccan Traps some 60 – 68 Ma , at the end of the Cretaceous period . This may have contributed to the global Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , which caused India to experience significantly reduced insolation . Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed aerosols such as sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid , similar to those found in the atmosphere of Venus ; these precipitated as acid rain . Elevated carbon dioxide emissions also contributed to the greenhouse effect , causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared . Further climatic changes 20 million years ago , long after India had crashed into the Laurasian landmass , were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms . The formation of the Himalayas resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air , preventing it from reaching India ; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been . = = Regions = = India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions , ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north , where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall . The nation 's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert . The Himalayas , along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan , prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in , keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes . Simultaneously , the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture @-@ laden southwest summer monsoon winds that , between June and October , provide the majority of India 's rainfall . Four major climatic groupings predominate , into which fall seven climatic zones that , as designated by experts , are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation . Groupings are assigned codes ( see chart ) according to the Köppen climate classification system . = = = Tropical wet = = = A tropical rainy climate governs regions experiencing persistent warm or high temperatures , which normally do not fall below 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . India hosts two climatic subtypes- tropical monsoon climate , tropical wet and dry climate that fall under this group . 1 ) The most humid is the tropical wet climate — also known as a tropical monsoon climate — that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast , the Western Ghats , and southern Assam . India 's two island territories , Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , are also subject to this climate . Characterised by moderate to high year @-@ round temperatures , even in the foothills , its rainfall is seasonal but heavy — typically above 2 @,@ 000 mm ( 79 in ) per year . Most rainfall occurs between May and November ; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year . December to March are the driest months , when days with precipitation are rare . The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions . 2 ) In India a tropical wet and dry climate is more common . Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate , it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats . Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Summer is exceedingly hot ; temperatures in low @-@ lying areas may exceed 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during May , leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.The rainy season lasts from June to September ; annual rainfall averages between 750 – 1 @,@ 500 mm ( 30 – 59 in ) across the region . Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September , most precipitation in India falls on Tamil Nadu , leaving other states comparatively dry . The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone : it receives between 1 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 000 mm ( 59 to 79 in ) of rainfall each year in the western part , and 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 mm ( 79 to 118 in ) in the eastern part . The coolest month of the year , on average , is January ; April and May are the warmest months . Average temperatures in January range from 14 to 25 ° C ( 57 to 77 ° F ) , and average temperatures in April range from 25 to 35 ° C ( 77 to 95 ° F ) . July is on average the wettest month : over 330 mm ( 13 in ) of rain falls on the delta . = = = Tropical dry = = = A tropical arid and semi @-@ arid climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through evapotranspiration exceeds that from precipitation ; it is subdivided into three climatic subtypes- tropical semi @-@ arid steppe , arid climate , tropical and sub @-@ tropical steppe climate . 1 ) The first , a tropical semi @-@ arid steppe climate , ( Hot semi @-@ arid climate ) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills . The region , which includes Karnataka , inland Tamil Nadu , western Andhra Pradesh , and central Maharashtra , gets between 400 – 750 millimetres ( 15 @.@ 7 – 29 @.@ 5 in ) annually . It is drought @-@ prone , as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon . Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal , north interior and south interior . Of these , the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3 @,@ 638 @.@ 5 mm per annum , far in excess of the state average of 1 @,@ 139 mm ( 45 in ) . In contrast to norm , Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India . North of the Krishna River , the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall ; to the south , significant post @-@ monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November . In December , the coldest month , temperatures still average around 20 – 24 ° C ( 68 – 75 ° F ) . The months between March to May are hot and dry ; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 ° C , with 320 millimetres ( 13 in ) precipitation . Hence , without artificial irrigation , this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture . 2 ) Most of western Rajasthan experiences an arid climatic regime ( Hot desert climate ) . Cloudbursts are responsible for virtually all of the region 's annual precipitation , which totals less than 300 millimetres ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) . Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July , August , and September . Such rainfall is highly erratic ; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so . Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous downdrafts and other factors . The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot ; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , with daily maxima occasionally topping 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . During winters , temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia . There is a large diurnal range of about 14 ° C ( 25 @.@ 2 ° F ) during summer ; this widens by several degrees during winter . To the west , in Gujarat , diverse climate conditions obtain . The winters are mild , pleasant , and dry with average daytime temperatures around 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) and nights around 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) with virtually full sun and clear nights . Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) and nights no lower than 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) . In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above , but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable . Relief comes with the monsoon . Temperatures are around 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) but humidity is very high ; nights are around 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . Most of the rainfall occurs in this season , and the rain can cause severe floods . The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season . 3 ) East of the Thar Desert , the Punjab @-@ Haryana @-@ Kathiawar region experiences a tropical and sub @-@ tropical steppe climate . Haryana 's climate resembles other states of the northern plains : extreme summer heat of up to 50 ° C and winter cold as low as 1 ° C. May and June are hottest ; December and January are coldest . Rainfall is varied , with the Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest . About 80 % of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July – September , which can cause flooding . The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold . Areas near the Himalayan foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry . Punjab 's three @-@ season climate sees summer months that spans from mid @-@ April to the end of June . Temperatures typically range from – 2 ° C to 40 ° C , but can reach 47 ° C ( 117 ° F ) in summer and − 4 ° C in winter . The zone , a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid sub @-@ tropical savanna and forests , experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert . Average annual rainfall is 300 – 650 millimetres ( 11 @.@ 8 – 25 @.@ 6 in ) , but is very unreliable ; as in much of the rest of India , the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation . Daily summer temperature maxima rise to around 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) ; this results in natural vegetation typically comprises short , coarse grasses . = = = Subtropical humid = = = Most of Northeast India and much of North India are subject to a humid subtropical climate . Though they experience hot summers , temperatures during the coldest months may fall as low as 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Due to ample monsoon rains , India has only one subtype of this climate under the Köppen system : Cwa . In most of this region , there is very little precipitation during the winter , owing to powerful anticyclonic and katabatic ( downward @-@ flowing ) winds from Central Asia . Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters . Winter rainfall — and occasionally snowfall — is associated with large storm systems such as " Nor 'westers " and " Western disturbances " ; the latter are steered by westerlies towards the Himalayas . Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful thunderstorms associated with the southwest summer monsoon ; occasional tropical cyclones also contribute . Annual rainfall ranges from less than 1 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 39 in ) in the west to over 2 @,@ 500 millimetres ( 98 in ) in parts of the northeast . As most of this region is far from the ocean , the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a continental climate predominate ; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions , ranging from 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) in north @-@ central India to 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) in the east . = = = Mountain = = = India 's northernmost areas are subject to a montane , or alpine , climate . In the Himalayas , the rate at which an air mass 's temperature falls per kilometre ( 3 @,@ 281 ft ) of altitude gained ( the dry adiabatic lapse rate ) is 9 @.@ 8 ° C / km . In terms of environmental lapse rate , ambient temperatures fall by 6 @.@ 5 ° C ( 11 @.@ 7 ° F ) for every 1 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 281 ft ) rise in altitude . Thus , climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the snow line can coexist within several hundred metres of each other . Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes , high diurnal temperature variability , temperature inversions , and altitude @-@ dependent variability in rainfall are also common . The northern side of the western Himalayas , also known as the trans @-@ Himalayan belt , has a cold desert climate . It is a region of barren , arid , frigid and wind @-@ blown wastelands . Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior . The leeward side ( northern face ) of the mountains receives less rain . The southern slopes of the western Himalayas , well @-@ exposed to the monsoon , get heavy rainfall . Areas situated at elevations of 1 @,@ 070 – 2 @,@ 290 metres ( 3 @,@ 510 – 7 @,@ 510 ft ) receive the heaviest rainfall , which decreases rapidly at elevations above 2 @,@ 290 metres ( 7 @,@ 513 ft ) . Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months.The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 921 ft ) . Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre ( ~ 2 in ; 330 ft ) increase . Elevations above 6 @,@ 000 metres ( 19 @,@ 685 ft ) never experience rain ; all precipitation falls as snow . = = Seasons = = The India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) designates four climatological seasons : Winter , occurring from December to March . The year 's coldest months are December and January , when temperatures average around 10 – 15 ° C ( 50 – 59 ° F ) in the northwest ; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator , peaking around 20 – 25 ° C ( 68 – 77 ° F ) in mainland India 's southeast . Summer or pre @-@ monsoon season , lasting from April to June ( April to July in northwestern India ) . In western and southern regions , the hottest month is April ; for northern regions of India , May is the hottest month . Temperatures average around 32 – 40 ° C ( 90 – 104 ° F ) in most of the interior . Monsoon or rainy season , lasting from July to September . The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon , which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June . Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October . South India typically receives more rainfall . Post @-@ monsoon or autumn season , lasting from October to November . In the northwest of India , October and November are usually cloudless . Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season . The Himalayan states , being more temperate , experience an additional season , spring , which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India . Traditionally , Indians note six seasons or Ritu , each about two months long . These are the spring season ( Sanskrit : vasanta ) , summer ( grīṣma ) , monsoon season ( varṣā ) , autumn ( śarada ) , winter ( hemanta ) , and prevernal season ( śiśira ) . These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts . The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months . = = = Winter = = = Once the monsoons subside , average temperatures gradually fall across India . As the Sun 's vertical rays move south of the equator , most of the country experiences moderately cool weather ; temperatures change by about per degree of latitude . December and January are the coldest months , with mean temperatures of in Indian Himalayas . Mean temperatures are higher in the east and south . In northwestern India region , virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November , resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings ; as in much of the Deccan Plateau , they register at 16 – 20 ° C ( 61 – 68 ° F ) . However , from January to February , " western disturbances " bring heavy bursts of rain and snow . These extra @-@ tropical low @-@ pressure systems originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea . They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies , which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India 's range of latitude . Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas , they are unable to proceed further , and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas . There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude ( 450 – 6500 metres ) . The climate varies from hot and sub @-@ humid tropical ( 450 – 900 metres ) in the southern low tracts , warm and temperate ( 900 – 1800 metres ) , cool and temperate ( 1900 – 2400 metres ) and cold glacial and alpine ( 2400 – 4800 metres ) in the northern and eastern high elevated mountain ranges . By October , nights and mornings are very cold . Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end . Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow . The spring season starts from mid February to mid April . The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season . The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June . The landscape lushes green and fresh . During the season streams and natural springs are replenished . The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion , floods and landslides . Out of all the state districts , Dharamsala receives the highest rainfall , nearly about 3 @,@ 400 mm ( 134 in ) . Spiti is the driest area of the state , where annual rainfall is below 50 mm . The six Himalayan states ( Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Sikkim , Northern West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh ) experience heavy snowfall , Manipur and Nagaland are not located in the Himalayas but experience snowfall ; in Jammu and Kashmir , blizzards occur regularly , disrupting travel and other activities . The rest of North India , including the Indo @-@ Gangetic Plain and Madhya Pradesh almost never receives snow . Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing , though never for more one or two days . Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 ° C ( 61 to 70 ° F ) . Nighttime temperatures average 2 – 8 ° C ( 36 – 46 ° F ) . In the plains of Punjab , lows can fall below freezing , dropping to around − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) in Amritsar . Frost sometimes occurs , but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog , which frequently disrupts daily life ; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15 – 20 days annually . In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain , hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June . The highest temperature is often registered in May which is the hottest time . Like the rest of the north , Bihar also experiences dust @-@ storms , thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season . Dust storms having a velocity of 48 – 64 km / h ( 30 – 40 mph ) are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June . The hot winds ( loo ) of Bihar plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8 – 16 km / h ( 5 – 10 mph ) . These hot winds greatly affects human comfort during this season . Rain follows . The rainy season begins in June . The rainiest months are July and August . The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon . There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 71 in ) . Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state ; the third lies in the area around Netarhat . The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October . Eastern India 's climate is much milder , experiencing moderately warm days and cool nights . Highs range from 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) in Patna to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in Kolkata ( Calcutta ) ; lows average from 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) in Patna to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in Kolkata . In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south @-@ western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels . Capital Bhopal averages low of 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) and high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the Brahmaputra River . The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent , which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents . It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds , keeping them from travelling northwards , and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region instead . The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the Taklamakan and Gobi . The mountain ranges prevent western winter disturbances in Iran from travelling further east , resulting in much snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of Punjab and northern India . Despite being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds , the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds , thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh . The Himalayas , which are often called " The Roof of the World " , contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles . Ten of Asia 's largest rivers flow from there . The two Himalayan states in the east , Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh , receive substantial snowfall . The extreme north of West Bengal centred on Darjeeling experiences snowfall , but only rarely . In South India , particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra , parts of Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh , somewhat cooler weather prevails . Minimum temperatures in western Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh hover around 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) ; in the southern Deccan Plateau , they reach 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) . Coastal areas — especially those near the Coromandel Coast and adjacent low @-@ elevation interior tracts — are warm , with daily high temperatures of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) and lows of around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . The Western Ghats , including the Nilgiri Range , are exceptional ; lows there can fall below freezing . This compares with a range of 12 – 14 ° C ( 54 – 57 ° F ) on the Malabar Coast ; there , as is the case for other coastal areas , the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather . The region averages 800 millimetres ( 31 in ) per year , most of which falls between October and December . The topography of the Bay of Bengal and the staggered weather pattern prevalent during the season favours the northeast monsoon , which has a tendency to cause cyclones and hurricanes rather than steady precipitation . As a result , the coast is hit by what can mildly be termed as inclement weather almost every year between October and January . = = = Summer = = = Summer in northwestern India starts from April and ends in July , and in the rest of the country from March to June . The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer . The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April ; for most of North India , it is May . Temperatures of 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season . Another striking feature of summer is the Loo ( wind ) . These are strong , gusty , hot , dry winds that blow during the day in India . Direct exposure to these winds may be fatal . In cooler regions of North India , immense pre @-@ monsoon squall @-@ line thunderstorms , known locally as " Nor 'westers " , commonly drop large hailstones . In Himachal Pradesh , Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot ( except in alpine zone which experience mild summer ) with the average temperature ranging from 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) to 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . Winter lasts from late November till mid March . Snowfall is generally common in alpine tracts that are above 2 @,@ 200 metres ( 7 @,@ 218 ft ) , especially those in the higher- and trans @-@ Himalayan regions . Near the coast the temperature hovers around 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) , and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity . In southern India , the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast . By May , most of the Indian interior experiences mean temperatures over 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) , while maximum temperatures often exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . In the hot months of April and May , western disturbances , with their cooling influence , may still arrive , but rapidly diminish in frequency as summer progresses . Notably , a higher frequency of such disturbances in April correlates with a delayed monsoon onset ( thus extending summer ) in northwest India . In eastern India , monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades , resulting in shorter summers there . Altitude affects the temperature to a large extent , with higher parts of the Deccan Plateau and other areas being relatively cooler . Hill stations , such as Ootacamund ( " Ooty " ) in the Western Ghats and Kalimpong in the eastern Himalayas , with average maximum temperatures of around 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , offer some respite from the heat . At lower elevations , in parts of northern and western India , a strong , hot , and dry wind known as the Looblows in from the west during the daytime ; with very high temperatures , in some cases up to around 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) ; it can cause fatal cases of sunstroke . Tornadoes may also occur , concentrated in a corridor stretching from northeastern India towards Pakistan . They are rare , however ; only several dozen have been reported since 1835 . = = = Monsoon = = = The southwest summer monsoon , a four @-@ month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India 's weather , is Earth 's most productive wet season . A product of southeast trade winds originating from a high @-@ pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean , the monsoonal torrents supply over 80 % of India 's annual rainfall . Attracted by a low @-@ pressure region centred over South Asia , the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest . These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream , which itself results from rising summer temperatures over Tibet and the Indian subcontinent . The void left by the jet stream , which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet , then attracts warm , humid air . The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean . This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial intertropical convergence zone ( ITCZ ) , a low @-@ pressure belt of highly unstable weather , northward towards India . This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the Tibetan Plateau 's uplift , which accompanied the Eocene – Oligocene transition event , a major episode of global cooling and aridification which occurred 34 – 49 Ma . The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches : the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . The latter extends towards a low @-@ pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch . The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May , when it lashes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal . It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the Malabar Coast of Kerala . By 9 June , it reaches Mumbai ; it appears over Delhi by 29 June . The Bay of Bengal branch , which initially tracks the Coromandal Coast northeast from Cape Comorin to Orissa , swerves to the northwest towards the Indo @-@ Gangetic Plain . The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas . By the first week of July , the entire country experiences monsoon rain ; on average , South India receives more rainfall than North India . However , Northeast India receives the most precipitation . Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August ; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October . As India further cools during September , the southwest monsoon weakens . By the end of November , it has left the country . Monsoon rains impact the health of the Indian economy ; as Indian agriculture employs 600 million people and composes 20 % of the national GDP , good monsoons correlate with a booming economy . Weak or failed monsoons ( droughts ) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth . Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables , rivers . = = = Post @-@ monsoon = = = During the post @-@ monsoon months of October to December , a different monsoon cycle , the northeast ( or " retreating " ) monsoon , brings dry , cool , and dense air masses to large parts of India . Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country , resulting in clear , sunny skies . Though the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ( " post @-@ monsoon " ) season , other sources designate only three seasons . Depending on location , this period lasts from October to November , after the southwest monsoon has peaked . Less and less precipitation falls , and vegetation begins to dry out . In most parts of India , this period marks the transition from wet to dry seasonal conditions . Average daily maximum temperatures range between 28 and 34 ° C ( 82 and 93 ° F ) . The northeast monsoon , which begins in September , lasts through the post @-@ monsoon seasons , and only ends in March . It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean ( opposite from the summer monsoon ) . They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest . However , the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India 's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching Cape Comorin and rest of Tamil Nadu , meaning that the state , and also some parts of Kerala , experience significant precipitation in the post @-@ monsoon and winter periods . However , parts of West Bengal , Orissa , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the northeast monsoon . = = Statistics = = Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities ; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types . Figures have been grouped by the four @-@ season classification scheme used by the IMD ; year @-@ round averages and totals are also displayed . = = = Temperature = = = = = = Precipitation = = = = = Disasters = = Climate @-@ related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property . Droughts , flash floods , cyclones , avalanches , landslides brought on by torrential rains , and snowstorms pose the greatest threats . Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms , which usually track from north to south ; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions . Hail is also common in parts of India , causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat . = = = Floods and landslides = = = In the Lower Himalaya , landslides are common . The young age of the region 's hills result in labile rock formations , which are susceptible to slippages . Rising population and development pressures , particularly from logging and tourism , cause deforestation . The result , denuded hillsides , exacerbates the severity of landslides , since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water . Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low @-@ intensity landslides . Avalanches occur in Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , and Sikkim . Floods are the most common natural disaster in India . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , the floods can kill thousands and displace millions . Excess , erratic , or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops . Almost all of India is flood @-@ prone , and extreme precipitation events , such as flash floods and torrential rains , have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades , coinciding with rising temperatures . Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain . = = = Cyclones = = = Tropical cyclones , which are severe storms spun off from the Intertropical Convergence Zone , may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions . Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal . Cyclones bring with them heavy rains , storm surges , and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies . In the North Indian Ocean Basin , the cyclone season runs from April to December , with peak activity between May and November . Each year , an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 km / h ( 39 mph ) form ; of these , two strengthen into true tropical cyclones , which have sustained gusts greater than 117 km / h ( 73 mph ) . On average , a major ( Category 3 or higher ) cyclone develops every other year . During summer , the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating , giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones . The 1737 Calcutta cyclone , the 1970 Bhola cyclone , and the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone rank among the most powerful cyclones to strike India , devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh . Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal , Orissa , Andhra Pradesh , and Tamil Nadu . India 's western coast , bordering the more placid Arabian Sea , experiences cyclones only rarely ; these mainly strike Gujarat and , less frequently , Kerala . Cyclone 05B , a supercyclone that struck Orissa on 29 October 1999 , was the deadliest in more than a quarter @-@ century . With peak winds of 160 miles per hour ( 257 km / h ) , it was the equivalent of a Category 5 hurricane . Almost two million people were left homeless ; another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone . Officially , 9 @,@ 803 people died from the storm ; unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10 @,@ 000 . = = = Droughts = = = Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water . In some parts of India , the failure of the monsoons result in water shortages , resulting in below @-@ average crop yields . This is particularly true of major drought @-@ prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra , northern Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Western Orissa , Gujarat , and Rajasthan . In the past , droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines . These include the Bengal famine of 1770 , in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died ; the 1876 – 1877 famine , in which over five million people died ; the 1899 famine , in which over 4 @.@ 5 million died ; and the Bengal famine of 1943 , in which over five million died from starvation and famine @-@ related illnesses . All such episodes of severe drought correlate with El Niño @-@ Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) events . El Niño @-@ related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output . Nevertheless , ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean — in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 ° C ( 5 ° F ) — have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation , resulting in unusually wet weather across India . Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s . A contrasting phenomenon is that , instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean , an ENSO @-@ related oceanic low pressure convergence centre forms ; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia , desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season . This reversed air flow causes India 's droughts . The extent that an ENSO event raises sea surface temperatures in the central Pacific Ocean influences the extent of drought . = = = Heat waves = = = A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in the frequency , persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991 @-@ 2000 , when compared to the period between 1971 – 80 and 1981 @-@ 90 . A severe heat wave in Orissa in 1998 , resulted in nearly 1300 deaths . Based on observations , heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005 . The 2015 Indian heat wave killed more than 2 @,@ 500 people . = = Extremes = = = = = Extreme Temperatures : Low = = = India 's lowest recorded temperature was − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) in Dras , Ladakh , in eastern Jammu and Kashmir ; the reading was taken with non @-@ standard equipment . Figures as low as − 30 @.@ 6 ° C ( − 23 ° F ) have been taken in Leh , further east in Ladakh . However , temperatures on the disputed but Indian @-@ controlled Siachen Glacier near Bilafond La ( 5 @,@ 450 metres or 17 @,@ 881 feet ) and Sia La ( 5 @,@ 589 metres or 18 @,@ 337 feet ) have fallen below − 55 ° C ( − 67 ° F ) , while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , or hurricane @-@ force winds ranking at 12 — the maximum — on the Beaufort scale . These conditions , not hostile actions , caused more than 97 % of the roughly 15 @,@ 000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the Siachen conflict . = = = Extreme Temperatures : High = = = The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 19 May 2016 in Phalodi , Jodhpur District , Rajasthan at 51 @.@ 0 ° C ( 123 @.@ 8 ° F ) . Before this , the highest reliable temperature reading was 50 @.@ 6 ° C ( 123 @.@ 1 ° F ) in Alwar , Rajasthan in 1955 . The India Meteorological Department doubts the validity of 55 ° C ( 131 ° F ) readings reported in Orissa during 2005 . = = = Rain = = = The average annual precipitation of 11 @,@ 872 millimetres ( 467 in ) in the village of Mawsynram , in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya , is the highest recorded in Asia , and possibly on Earth . The village , which sits at an elevation of 1 @,@ 401 metres ( 4 @,@ 596 ft ) , benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal . However , since the town of Cherrapunji , 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to the east , is the nearest town to host a meteorological office — none has ever existed in Mawsynram — it is officially credited as being the world 's wettest place . In recent years the Cherrapunji @-@ Mawsynram region has averaged between 9 @,@ 296 and 10 @,@ 820 millimetres ( 366 and 426 in ) of rain annually , though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years . India 's highest recorded one @-@ day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005 , when Mumbai received more than 650 mm ( 26 in ) ; the massive flooding that resulted killed over 900 people . = = = Snowfall = = = Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir such as Baramulla district in the east and the Pir Panjal Range in the southeast experience exceptionally heavy snowfall . In southern areas around Jammu the climate is typically monsoonal , though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 – 100 mm ( 2 – 4 in ) of rain monthly from January and March . In the hot season , Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) while in July and August , very heavy — though erratic — rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres ( 26 in ) . Rainfall declines in September ; by October conditions are extremely dry , with temperatures of around 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) . Across from the Pir Panjal range , the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwestern cloudbands . Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea , Srinagar receives as much as 25 inches ( 635 mm ) of rain from this source , with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 mm ( 3 @.@ 3 inches ) per month . = = = Leh and the Zanskars = = = North of the main Himalaya Range , even the southwestern cloudbands break up or founder ; hence the climate of Leh and the Zanskars is extremely dry and cold . Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm ( 4 inches ) per year and humidity is very low . This region is almost entirely above 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 750 ft ) above sea level ; thus winters are extremely cold . In the Zanskars , the average January temperature is − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) with extremes as low as − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) . All rivers freeze over ; locals cross unbridged rivers in winter because summer glacier melt deepens the waters and inhibits fording . Summer in Leh and the Zanskars are a pleasantly warm 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , but the low humidity and thin air can render nights cold . Kashmir 's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967 , when 8 @.@ 4 metres ( 27 @.@ 6 ft ) fell in Gulmarg , though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to 12 metres ( 39 @.@ 4 ft ) in several Kashmiri districts . In February 2005 , more than 200 people died when , in four days , a western disturbance brought up to 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) of snowfall to parts of the state . = = Global warming = = Current sea level rise , increased cyclonic activity , increased ambient temperatures , and increasingly fickle precipitation patterns are effects of global warming that have affected or are projected to impact India . Thousands of people have been displaced by ongoing sea level rises that have submerged low @-@ lying islands in the Sundarbans . Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat , threatening the flow rate of the Ganges , Brahmaputra , Yamuna , and other major rivers ; the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of farmers depend on these rivers . A 2007 World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) report states that the Indus River may run dry for the same reason . Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as Assam . Ecological disasters , such as a 1998 coral bleaching event that killed off more than 70 % of corals in the reef ecosystems off Lakshadweep and the Andamans and was brought on by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming , are also projected to become increasingly common . Meghalaya and other northeastern states are also concerned that rising sea levels will submerge much of Bangladesh and spawn a refugee crisis . If severe climate changes occurs , Bangladesh and parts of India that border it may lose vast tracts of coastal land . The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that , if the predictions relating to global warming made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change come to fruition , climate @-@ related factors could cause India 's GDP to decline by up to 9 % . Contributing to this would be shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice , production of which could fall by 40 % . Around seven million people are projected to be displaced due to , among other factors , submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 ° C ( 3 @.@ 6 ° F ) . Such shifts are not new . Earlier in the Holocene epoch ( 4 @,@ 800 – 6 @,@ 300 years ago ) , parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes ; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation , which coincided with stronger monsoons . Kashmir 's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600 @,@ 000 years ago . = = Atmospheric pollution = = Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India often concentrate over the Ganges Basin . Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer @-@ faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the Bay of Bengal . Dust and black carbon , which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas , can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau . The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and convect upwards , increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid @-@ troposphere and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols .
= Ontario Highway 427 = King 's Highway 427 ( pronounced " four twenty @-@ seven " ) , also known as Highway 427 and colloquially as the 427 , is a 400 @-@ series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects the Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) and Gardiner Expressway with York Regional Road 7 ( formerly Highway 7 ) via Highway 401 . An arterial extension , known as York Regional Road 99 , continues 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) north to Zenway Boulevard . It is Ontario 's second busiest freeway by volume and third busiest in North America , behind Highway 401 and Interstate 405 in California . Like Highway 401 , a portion of the route is divided into a collector @-@ express system with twelve to fourteen continuous lanes . Notable about Highway 427 are its several multi @-@ level interchanges ; the junctions with QEW and Highway 401 are two of the largest interchanges in Ontario and were constructed between 1967 and 1971 , while the interchanges with Highway 409 and Highway 407 are more recent and were completed in 1992 and 1995 , respectively . Highway 427 is the main feeder to Toronto Pearson International Airport from the north and south . However , while much of the traffic comes from Highway 407 , Highway 401 ( eastbound ) , and the QEW / Gardiner Expressway makes use of the freeway for airport access , it serves the western portion of Toronto ( Etobicoke ) , the northeastern portion of Mississauga ( Malton ) , the southeastern portion of Brampton ( Claireville ) , and the western portion of Vaughan ( Woodbridge ) . The section between Highway 401 and Dundas Street is a heavily traversed transit corridor ; GO Transit , MiWay , and the Toronto Transit Commission ( TTC ) all operate express buses along this section of the highway . First designated in 1972 , Highway 427 follows what was originally a two lane roadway known as Highway 27 , as well as a short freeway north of Highway 401 known as the Airport Expressway . Both routes were upgraded throughout the 1950s and 1960s , eventually becoming intertwined into the present configuration in 1972 . The freeway was extended north from Pearson Airport to Highway 7 over the following twenty years . A short arterial extension was later built , though this section is designated as York Regional Road 99 ( Zenway Boulevard ) . Plans have been announced to extend Highway 427 north to Major Mackenzie Drive with funding beginning in 2017 ; no further timeline has been provided as of 2015 . = = Route description = = Highway 427 is the second busiest freeway in Canada with an average of 300 @,@ 000 vehicles that use it between the QEW and Highway 401 per day . The section between Burnhamthorpe Road and Rathburn Road has an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) count of 353 @,@ 100 . The route is 19 @.@ 9 km ( 12 @.@ 4 mi ) long . At its southern terminus , the route begins at Coules Court , where Brown 's Line becomes Highway 427 . Alderwood Plaza , located on the east side of the route , has a parking lot which provides access to the highway ; this is the only at @-@ grade access along the length of the route . The four lane road splits into a divided highway and descends below Evans Avenue . The highway weaves through a complicated interchange , providing northbound access to Evans Avenue and the Gardiner Expressway , and southbound access to The Queensway , QEW / Gardiner Expressway , and Evans Avenue . North of the interchange , the lanes from Brown 's Line diverge and form the collector lanes of a collector @-@ express system . Flyover ramps to and from the QEW / Gardiner pass over the southbound lanes and converge to form the express lanes . This collector @-@ express system serves to divide local traffic from freeway @-@ to @-@ freeway traffic ; the express lanes provide access between the QEW / Gardiner Expressway and Highway 401 , while the collector lanes provide local access between those interchanges . After crossing Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) tracks , the freeway interchanges with Dundas Street . A set of criss @-@ crossing ramps provide access between the collector and express lanes north of here , referred to as The Basketweave . The highway passes beneath Bloor Street West but does not provide direct access . Instead , it provides ramps to parallel arterial roads ; The East Mall and The West Mall run parallel with the freeway from Evans Avenue to Rathburn Road . A full interchange is provided shortly after with Burnhamthorpe Road , southwest of Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute . Across from the college , an offramp provides access from the southbound lanes to Holiday Drive and The West Mall . Following the offramp , to the north , is a partial interchange with Rathburn Road , which provides access from the northbound lanes and to the southbound lanes . Transfers provide a second and final opportunity to cross between express and collector lanes , or vice versa , south of the complicated 1 @.@ 56 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 60 sq mi ) Highway 401 interchange . A final set of ramps along the collector @-@ express system provides access to and from the southbound lanes and Eringate Drive , after which the collectors diverge , and the express lanes cross the southbound collectors . The collector lanes provide access to and from Eglinton Avenue then transition into Highway 27 , while the express lanes interchange with Highway 401 and continues the route of Highway 427 north . The Highway 427 express lanes and flyover ramps to / from Highway 401 are constructed around the Richview Memorial Cemetery . Highway 427 passes through the sprawling interchange and becomes displaced approximately 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the west . Despite its size , there are no ramps to provide access from southbound Highway 427 to eastbound Highway 401 and vice versa , as this connection is handled by Highway 409 . Highway 427 crosses Renforth Drive and then curves to the east of Runway 24R and 24L of Pearson Airport . Shortly thereafter , it crosses and interchanges with Dixon Road and Airport Road , between which it forms the demarcation line . Several ramps diverge at this point to provide access to Pearson Airport , and the freeway narrows to eight lanes . From here to Finch Avenue , the freeway follows the boundary line between Toronto and Mississauga . It encounters the third multi @-@ level junction along its length , with Highway 409 , which provides access to the airport as well as the southbound to eastbound movement that cannot be performed at the interchange with Highway 401 to the south . Highway 427 continues straight north and narrows again to six lanes . After crossing the Kitchener GO line , it passes west of Woodbine Racetrack and beneath Rexdale Boulevard , Morning Star Drive , and Finch Avenue West , the first and last interchange with the route . The freeway bends slightly eastward , diverging from the Mississauga – Toronto boundary , and crosses the West Humber River where it drains from Claireville Reservoir . Approaching the fourth and final sprawling interchange , it crosses Steeles Avenue and enters Vaughan . It passes beneath Highway 407 and crosses through an undeveloped area before terminating at its final interchange with Highway 7 . The mainline continues north as a four lane arterial road to Zenway Boulevard and is designated as York Regional Road 99 . = = History = = = = = QEW to Highway 401 = = = Although Highway 427 was not officially designated until 1972 , several sections of freeway were already in place prior to that date . The designation was applied following the completion of the interchanges at the QEW and Highway 401 as well as the expansion of the section between them into a collector @-@ express system . Highway 27 was designated as a two lane road travelling north from Highway 2 ( Lake Shore Boulevard ) towards Barrie . As Toronto grew outwards following the annexation of various municipalities , the Ontario Department of Highways ( DHO ) began planning for a bypass of the city , aptly named the Toronto Bypass . A significant portion of this bypass was designed to be incorporated into the Transprovincial Highway , now Highway 401 . The remainder was designed to follow the existing right @-@ of @-@ way of Highway 27 between the QEW and Richview Sideroad ( now Eglinton Avenue ) . Construction of the Toronto Bypass began near Yonge Street in 1949 ( along present @-@ day Highway 401 ) and on the four @-@ laning of Highway 27 in 1953 . The Highway 27 work involved the construction of two interchanges : a three @-@ way stack at Highway 401 and a large cloverleaf at the QEW , the latter of which would become one of the worst bottlenecks in the province a decade after its completion , according to Minister of Transportation Charles MacNaughton . By September 1956 , it was possible to bypass Toronto entirely on the four lane divided highway composed of Highway 401 and Highway 27 . Highway 401 was extended to the west soon after , but Highway 27 remained a two lane highway north of it . = = = Airport Expressway 1964 @-@ 1971 = = = During the early 1960s , Toronto International Airport was expanded with the construction of the Aeroquay One terminal . To serve the expected demand of the expansion , the DHO built a new four lane freeway north from Highway 401 at Renforth Drive . This new route , which roughly followed the same route as Highway 427 as far as Dixon / Airport Road , was known as the Toronto Airport Expressway and was opened on January 3 , 1964 . It featured a connection with the western terminus of Richview Sideroad at the southern end of the interchange with Highway 401 as well as an interchange with Renforth Drive . = = = Expansion = = = In 1963 , it was announced by MacNaughton that Highway 401 would be widened from a four lane highway to a collector @-@ express system , modelled after the Dan Ryan Expressway in Chicago . Plans were soon developed to apply this model to the QEW between Highway 27 and Royal York Road and to Highway 27 between the QEW and Highway 401 , and were unveiled to Etobicoke council on October 13 , 1966 . Design work followed and was completed by May 1967 . This reconstruction once again involved the junctions with the QEW and Highway 401 , which were reconfigured into complicated multi @-@ level interchanges to permit free @-@ flow movement ; construction began in September 1968 . The widening of Highway 27 required the demolition and rebuilding of overpasses at Bloor Street , Burnhamthorpe Road and Rathburn Road constructed just over a decade earlier . The junction with the QEW was built over 48 @.@ 5 ha ( 120 acres ) and required the construction of 19 bridges and the equivalent of 42 km ( 26 mi ) of two lane roadway . The junction with Highway 401 sprawls over 156 ha ( 385 acres ) and required the construction of 28 bridges and the equivalent of 46 @.@ 6 km ( 29 mi ) of two lane roadway , the largest interchange in Canada . The former was opened to traffic on November 14 , 1969 , while the latter required several more years of construction staging , fully opening on December 4 , 1971 ( though portions were opened in the weeks prior to that ) , just prior to Highway 27 's renumbering as Highway 427 . The rest of the route was rebuilt prior to the completion of these interchanges . The completed project resulted in the creation of Highway 427 between the QEW and Dixon / Airport Road , north of which traffic was defaulted onto Indian Line . The entire Airport Expressway was removed to make way for the new interchange , but the new route still included direct access to the airport . = = = Extensions beyond Highway 401 = = = Ultimately , it was planned to extend Highway 427 north along Indian Line to the future Highway 407 , where ramps would direct northbound traffic onto Highway 27 . An extension north of Dixon / Airport Road began in 1976 as part of the work to build Highway 409 , and it included the construction of the interchange between the two freeways . By the beginning of 1980 , this work was completed , and construction was progressing on the section north to Rexdale Boulevard , which opened by the end of the year . In 1982 , Construction began on the next section of Highway 427 , which would extend it to Albion Road , north of the West Humber River . This project included the extension of Finch Avenue west from Highway 27 to Steeles Avenue West and was completed in late 1984 . As part of the initial phase of Highway 407 , Highway 427 was extended north to Highway 7 in Vaughan and began with the construction of the interchange between the two in 1988 . With the interchange only half @-@ completed , the extension was opened in late 1991 . By 1994 , the final at @-@ grade intersections — one at Morning Star Drive , and another as a left turn to the southbound lanes with eastbound Highway 409 — were replaced , making Highway 427 a fully controlled @-@ access freeway for its entire length . = = Future = = An environmental assessment has been completed on a northward extension of Highway 427 to Major Mackenzie Drive to relieve traffic issues on Highway 7 and provide improved access to the Canadian Pacific Intermodal Terminal . A temporary arterial road extension was opened in the autumn of 2008 by York Region and designated as Regional Road 99 . This road serves to provide improved access to Highway 27 and Highway 50 , but will be removed when construction begins on the freeway extension . Technical designs have been prepared for the approved route as far as Major Mackenzie Drive , but no timeline has been set for construction yet beyond inclusion in the 2017 provincial budget . A section of Highway 427 between Campus Road @-@ Fasken Drive and Steeles Avenue is being expanded to four lanes in each direction as of 2015 . This project includes the installation of high @-@ mast lighting , median barriers , and the addition of an HOV lane in both directions . Completion is scheduled for fall 2017 . On March 3 , 2016 , the Ontario government approved the extension of Highway 427 north towards Major Mackenzie Drive , along with road widening from 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) south of Albion Road to Highway 7 . Construction would start in 2017 , and the extension and widening would be completed by 2020 . In addition , the government will also install high occupancy toll lanes , which will run from south of Highway 409 towards north of Rutherford Road . These toll lanes will be completed in 2021 . = = Exit list = = The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 427 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . All exits are unnumbered .
= Helicobacter pylori = Helicobacter pylori , previously Campylobacter pylori , is a gram @-@ negative , microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach . It was identified in 1982 by Australian scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren , who found that it was present in a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers , conditions not previously believed to have a microbial cause . It is also linked to the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer . However , over 80 % of individuals infected with the bacterium are asymptomatic , and it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology . More than 50 % of the world 's population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract . Infection is more prevalent in developing countries , and incidence is decreasing in Western countries . H. pylori 's helical shape ( from which the genus name is derived ) is thought to have evolved to penetrate the mucoid lining of the stomach . = = Signs and symptoms = = Up to 85 % of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications . Acute infection may appear as an acute gastritis with abdominal pain ( stomach ache ) or nausea . Where this develops into chronic gastritis , the symptoms , if present , are often those of non @-@ ulcer dyspepsia : stomach pains , nausea , bloating , belching , and sometimes vomiting or black stool . Individuals infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20 % lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers and a 1 to 2 % risk of acquiring stomach cancer . Inflammation of the pyloric antrum is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers , while inflammation of the corpus ( body of the stomach ) is more likely to lead to gastric ulcers and gastric carcinoma . However , H. pylori possibly plays a role only in the first stage that leads to common chronic inflammation , but not in further stages leading to carcinogenesis . A meta @-@ analysis conducted in 2009 concluded the eradication of H. pylori reduces gastric cancer risk in previously infected individuals , suggesting the continued presence of H. pylori constitutes a relative risk factor of 65 % for gastric cancers ; in terms of absolute risk , the increase was from 1 @.@ 1 % to 1 @.@ 7 % . H. pylori has been associated with colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer . It may also be associated with eye disease . = = Microbiology = = H. pylori is a helix @-@ shaped ( classified as a curved rod , not spirochaete ) Gram @-@ negative bacterium about 3 μm long with a diameter of about 0 @.@ 5 μm . It is microaerophilic ; that is , it requires oxygen , but at lower concentration than is found in the atmosphere . It contains a hydrogenase which can be used to obtain energy by oxidizing molecular hydrogen ( H2 ) produced by intestinal bacteria . It produces oxidase , catalase , and urease . It is capable of forming biofilms and can convert from spiral to a possibly viable but nonculturable coccoid form , both likely to favor its survival and be factors in the epidemiology of the bacterium . H. pylori possesses five major outer membrane protein families . The largest family includes known and putative adhesins . The other four families are porins , iron transporters , flagellum @-@ associated proteins , and proteins of unknown function . Like other typical Gram @-@ negative bacteria , the outer membrane of H. pylori consists of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) . The O antigen of LPS may be fucosylated and mimic Lewis blood group antigens found on the gastric epithelium . The outer membrane also contains cholesterol glucosides , which are found in few other bacteria . H. pylori has four to six lophotrichous flagella ; all gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species are highly motile owing to flagella . The characteristic sheathed flagellar filaments of Helicobacter are composed of two copolymerized flagellins , FlaA and FlaB . = = = Microscopy = = = H. pylori can be demonstrated in tissue by Gram stain , Giemsa stain , haematoxylin @-@ eosin stain , Warthin @-@ Starry silver stain , acridine @-@ orange stain , and phase @-@ contrast microscopy . = = = Genome = = = H. pylori consists of a large diversity of strains , and the genomes of three have been completely sequenced . The genome of the strain " 26695 " consists of about 1 @.@ 7 million base pairs , with some 1 @,@ 576 genes . The two sequenced strains show large genetic differences , with up to 6 % of the nucleotides differing . = = = Transcriptome = = = In 2010 , Sharma et al. presented a comprehensive analysis of transcription at single @-@ nucleotide resolution by differential RNA @-@ seq which confirmed the known acid induction of major virulence loci such as the urease ( ure ) operon or the cag pathogenicity island ( see below ) . More importantly , this study identified a total of 1 @,@ 907 transcriptional start sites , 337 primary operons , and 126 additional suboperons , and 66 monocistrons . Until 2010 , only about 55 transcriptional start sites ( TSSs ) were known in this species . Notably , 27 % of the primary TSSs are also antisense TSSs , indicating that — similar to E. coli — antisense transcription occurs across the entire H. pylori genome . At least one antisense TSS is associated with about 46 % of all open reading frames , including many housekeeping genes . Most ( about 50 % ) of the 5 ' UTRs are 20 – 40 nucleotides ( nt ) in length and support the AAGGag motif located about 6 nt ( median distance ) upstream of start codons as the consensus Shine – Dalgarno sequence in H. pylori . = = = = Genes involved in virulence and pathogenesis = = = = Study of the H. pylori genome is centered on attempts to understand pathogenesis , the ability of this organism to cause disease . About 29 % of the loci have a colonization defect when mutated . Two of sequenced strains have an around 40 @-@ kb @-@ long Cag pathogenicity island ( a common gene sequence believed responsible for pathogenesis ) that contains over 40 genes . This pathogenicity island is usually absent from H. pylori strains isolated from humans who are carriers of H. pylori but remain asymptomatic . The cagA gene codes for one of the major H. pylori virulence proteins . Bacterial strains with the cagA gene are associated with an ability to cause ulcers . The cagA gene codes for a relatively long ( 1186 @-@ amino acid ) protein . The cag pathogenicity island ( PAI ) has about 30 genes , part of which code for a complex type IV secretion system . The low GC @-@ content of the cag PAI relative to the rest of the Helicobacter genome suggests the island was acquired by horizontal transfer from another bacterial species . = = Pathophysiology = = = = = Adaptation to the stomach ’ s acidic environment = = = To avoid the acidic environment of the interior of the stomach ( lumen ) , H. pylori uses its flagella to burrow into the mucus lining of the stomach to reach the epithelial cells underneath , where the pH is more neutral . H. pylori is able to sense the pH gradient in the mucus and move towards the less acidic region ( chemotaxis ) . This also keeps the bacteria from being swept away into the lumen with the bacteria ’ s mucus environment , which is constantly moving from its site of creation at the epithelium to its dissolution at the lumen interface . H. pylori is found in the mucus , on the inner surface of the epithelium , and occasionally inside the epithelial cells themselves . It adheres to the epithelial cells by producing adhesins , which bind to lipids and carbohydrates in the epithelial cell membrane . One such adhesion , BabA , binds to the Lewis b antigen displayed on the surface of stomach epithelial cells . Another such adhesion , SabA , binds to increased levels of sialyl @-@ Lewis x antigen expressed on gastric mucosa . In addition to using chemotaxis to avoid areas of low pH , H. pylori also neutralizes the acid in its environment by producing large amounts of urease , which breaks down the urea present in the stomach to carbon dioxide and ammonia . The ammonia , which is basic , then neutralizes stomach acid . = = = Inflammation , gastritis , and ulcer = = = H. pylori harms the stomach and duodenal linings by several mechanisms . The ammonia produced to regulate pH is toxic to epithelial cells , as are biochemicals produced by H. pylori such as proteases , vacuolating cytotoxin A ( VacA ) [ this damages epithelial cells , disrupts tight junctions and causes apoptosis ] , and certain phospholipases . Cytotoxin associated gene CagA can also cause inflammation and is potentially a carcinogen . Colonization of the stomach by H. pylori can result in chronic gastritis , an inflammation of the stomach lining , at the site of infection . Helicobacter cysteine @-@ rich proteins ( Hcp ) , particularly HcpA ( hp0211 ) , are known to trigger an immune response , causing inflammation . Chronic gastritis is likely to underlie H. pylori @-@ related diseases . Ulcers in the stomach and duodenum result when the consequences of inflammation allow stomach acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin to overwhelm the mechanisms that protect the stomach and duodenal mucous membranes . The location of colonization of H. pylori , which affects the location of the ulcer , depends on the acidity of the stomach . In people producing large amounts of acid , H. pylori colonizes near the pyloric antrum ( exit to the duodenum ) to avoid the acid @-@ secreting parietal cells at the fundus ( near the entrance to the stomach ) . In people producing normal or reduced amounts of acid , H. pylori can also colonize the rest of the stomach . The inflammatory response caused by bacteria colonizing near the pyloric antrum induces G cells in the antrum to secrete the hormone gastrin , which travels through the bloodstream to parietal cells in the fundus . Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to secrete more acid into the stomach lumen , and over time increases the number of parietal cells , as well . The increased acid load damages the duodenum , which may eventually result in ulcers forming in the duodenum . When H. pylori colonizes other areas of the stomach , the inflammatory response can result in atrophy of the stomach lining and eventually ulcers in the stomach . This also may increase the risk of stomach cancer . = = = The cag pathogenicity island = = = The pathogenicity of H. pylori may be increased by genes of the cag pathogenicity island ; about 50 – 70 % of H. pylori strains in Western countries carry it . Western people infected with strains carrying the cag PAI have a stronger inflammatory response in the stomach and are at a greater risk of developing peptic ulcers or stomach cancer than those infected with strains lacking the island . Following attachment of H. pylori to stomach epithelial cells , the type IV secretion system expressed by the cag PAI " injects " the inflammation @-@ inducing agent , peptidoglycan , from their own cell walls into the epithelial cells . The injected peptidoglycan is recognized by the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor ( immune sensor ) Nod1 , which then stimulates expression of cytokines that promote inflammation . The type @-@ IV secretion apparatus also injects the cag PAI @-@ encoded protein CagA into the stomach 's epithelial cells , where it disrupts the cytoskeleton , adherence to adjacent cells , intracellular signaling , cell polarity , and other cellular activities . Once inside the cell , the CagA protein is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by a host cell membrane @-@ associated tyrosine kinase ( TK ) . CagA then allosterically activates protein tyrosine phosphatase / protooncogene Shp2 . Pathogenic strains of H. pylori have been shown to activate the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) , a membrane protein with a TK domain . Activation of the EGFR by H. pylori is associated with altered signal transduction and gene expression in host epithelial cells that may contribute to pathogenesis . A C @-@ terminal region of the CagA protein ( amino acids 873 – 1002 ) has also been suggested to be able to regulate host cell gene transcription , independent of protein tyrosine phosphorylation . A great deal of diversity exists between strains of H. pylori , and the strain with which one is infected is predictive of the outcome . = = = Cancer = = = Two related mechanisms by which H. pylori could promote cancer are under investigation . One mechanism involves the enhanced production of free radicals near H. pylori and an increased rate of host cell mutation . The other proposed mechanism has been called a " perigenetic pathway " , and involves enhancement of the transformed host cell phenotype by means of alterations in cell proteins , such as adhesion proteins . H. pylori has been proposed to induce inflammation and locally high levels of TNF @-@ α and / or interleukin 6 ( IL @-@ 6 ) . According to the proposed perigenetic mechanism , inflammation @-@ associated signaling molecules , such as TNF @-@ α , can alter gastric epithelial cell adhesion and lead to the dispersion and migration of mutated epithelial cells without the need for additional mutations in tumor suppressor genes , such as genes that code for cell adhesion proteins . The strain of H. pylori to which a person is exposed may influence the risk of developing gastric cancer . Strains of H. pylori that produce high levels of two proteins , vacuolating toxin A ( VacA ) and the cytotoxin @-@ associated gene A ( CagA ) , appear to cause greater tissue damage than those that produce lower levels or that lack those genes completely . These proteins are directly toxic to cells lining the stomach and signal strongly to the immune system that an invasion is underway . As a result of the bacterial presence , neutrophils and macrophages set up residence in the tissue to fight the bacteria assault . = = = Survival of H. pylori = = = The pathogenesis of H. pylori depends on its ability to survive in the harsh gastric environment characterized by acidity , peristalsis , and attack by phagocytes accompanied by release of reactive oxygen species . In particular , H. pylori elicits an oxidative stress response during host colonization . This oxidative stress response induces potentially lethal and mutagenic oxidative DNA adducts in the H. pylori genome . Vulnerability to oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage occurs commonly in many studied bacterial pathogens , including Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Hemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , S. mutans , and H. pylori . For each of these pathogens , surviving the DNA damage induced by oxidative stress appears to be supported by transformation @-@ mediated recombinational repair . Thus , transformation and recombinational repair appear to contribute to successful infection . Transformation ( the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium ) appears to be part of an adaptation for DNA repair . H. pylori is naturally competent for transformation . While many organisms are competent only under certain environmental conditions , such as starvation , H. pylori is competent throughout logarithmic growth . All organisms encode genetic programs for response to stressful conditions including those that cause DNA damage . In H. pylori , homologous recombination is required for repairing DNA double @-@ strand breaks ( DSBs ) . The AddAB helicase @-@ nuclease complex resects DSBs and loads RecA onto single @-@ strand DNA ( ssDNA ) , which then mediates strand exchange , leading to homologous recombination and repair . The requirement of RecA plus AddAB for efficient gastric colonization suggests , in the stomach , H. pylori is either exposed to double @-@ strand DNA damage that must be repaired or requires some other recombination @-@ mediated event . In particular , natural transformation is increased by DNA damage in H. pylori , and a connection exists between the DNA damage response and DNA uptake in H. pylori , suggesting natural competence contributes to persistence of H. pylori in its human host and explains the retention of competence in most clinical isolates . RuvC protein is essential to the process of recombinational repair , since it resolves intermediates in this process termed Holliday junctions . H. pylori mutants that are defective in RuvC have increased sensitivity to DNA @-@ damaging agents and to oxidative stress , exhibit reduced survival within macrophages , and are unable to establish successful infection in a mouse model . Similarly , RecN protein plays an important role in DSB repair in H. pylori . An H. pylori recN mutant displays an attenuated ability to colonize mouse stomachs , highlighting the importance of recombinational DNA repair in survival of H. pylori within its host . = = Diagnosis = = Colonization with H. pylori is not a disease in and of itself , but a condition associated with a number of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract . Testing for H. pylori is recommended if peptic ulcer disease or low @-@ grade gastric MALT lymphoma is present , after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer , first @-@ degree relatives h gastric cancer , and in certain cases of dyspepsia , not routinely . Several ways of testing exist . One can test noninvasively for H. pylori infection with a blood antibody test , stool antigen test , or with the carbon urea breath test ( in which the patient drinks 14C — or 13C @-@ labelled urea , which the bacterium metabolizes , producing labelled carbon dioxide that can be detected in the breath ) . Also , a urine ELISA test with a 96 % sensitivity and 79 % specificity is available . None of the test methods is completely failsafe . Even biopsy is dependent on the location of the biopsy . Blood antibody tests , for example , range from 76 % to 84 % sensitivity . Some drugs can affect H. pylori urease activity and give false negatives with the urea @-@ based tests . The most accurate method for detecting H. pylori infection is with a histological examination from two sites after endoscopic biopsy , combined with either a rapid urease test or microbial culture . = = Prevention = = H. pylori is a major cause of certain diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract . Rising antibiotic resistance increases the need to search for new therapeutic strategies ; this might include prevention in form of vaccination . Much work has been done on developing viable vaccines aimed at providing an alternative strategy to control H. pylori infection and related diseases , including stomach cancer . Researchers are studying different adjuvants , antigens , and routes of immunization to ascertain the most appropriate system of immune protection ; however , most of the research only recently moved from animal to human trials . An economic evaluation of the use of a potential H. pylori vaccine in babies found its introduction could , at least in the Netherlands , prove cost @-@ effective for the prevention of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer . A similar approach has also been studied for the United States . The presence of bacteria in the stomach may be beneficial , reducing the prevalence of asthma , rhinitis , dermatitis , inflammatory bowel disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease , and esophageal cancer by influencing systemic immune responses . Recent evidence suggests that nonpathogenic strains of H. pylori may be beneficial , e.g. , by normalizing stomach acid secretion , and may play a role in regulating appetite , since its presence in the stomach results in a persistent but reversible reduction in the level of ghrelin . = = Treatment = = Once H. pylori is detected in a person with a peptic ulcer , the normal procedure is to eradicate it and allow the ulcer to heal . The standard first @-@ line therapy is a one @-@ week " triple therapy " consisting of proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and the antibiotics clarithromycin and amoxicillin . Variations of the triple therapy have been developed over the years , such as using a different proton pump inhibitor , as with pantoprazole or rabeprazole , or replacing amoxicillin with metronidazole for people who are allergic to penicillin . Such a therapy has revolutionized the treatment of peptic ulcers and has made a cure to the disease possible . Previously , the only option was symptom control using antacids , H2 @-@ antagonists or proton pump inhibitors alone . An increasing number of infected individuals are found to harbor antibiotic @-@ resistant bacteria . This results in initial treatment failure and requires additional rounds of antibiotic therapy or alternative strategies , such as a quadruple therapy , which adds a bismuth colloid , such as bismuth subsalicylate . For the treatment of clarithromycin @-@ resistant strains of H. pylori , the use of levofloxacin as part of the therapy has been suggested . Ingesting lactic acid bacteria exerts a suppressive effect on H. pylori infection in both animals and humans , and supplementing with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium @-@ containing yogurt improved the rates of eradication of H. pylori in humans . Symbiotic butyrate @-@ producing bacteria which are normally present in the intestine are sometimes used as probiotics to help suppress H. pylori infections as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy . Butyrate itself is an antimicrobial which destroys the cell envelope of H. pylori by inducing regulatory T cell expression ( specifically , FOXP3 ) and synthesis of an antimicrobial peptide called LL @-@ 37 , which arises through its action as a histone deacetylase inhibitor . The substance sulforaphane , which occurs in broccoli and cauliflower , has been proposed as a treatment . Periodontal therapy or scaling and root planing has also been suggested as an additional treatment . = = Prognosis = = H. pylori colonizes the stomach and induces chronic gastritis , a long @-@ lasting inflammation of the stomach . The bacterium persists in the stomach for decades in most people . Most individuals infected by H. pylori will never experience clinical symptoms despite having chronic gastritis . About 10 – 20 % of those colonized by H. pylori will ultimately develop gastric and duodenal ulcers . H. pylori infection is also associated with a 1 – 2 % lifetime risk of stomach cancer and a less than 1 % risk of gastric MALT lymphoma . In the absence of treatment , H. pylori infection — once established in its gastric niche — is widely believed to persist for life . In the elderly , however , infection likely can disappear as the stomach 's mucosa becomes increasingly atrophic and inhospitable to colonization . The proportion of acute infections that persist is not known , but several studies that followed the natural history in populations have reported apparent spontaneous elimination . Mounting evidence suggests H. pylori has an important role in protection from some diseases . The incidence of acid reflux disease , Barrett 's esophagus , and esophageal cancer have been rising dramatically at the same time as H. pylori 's presence decreases . In 1996 , Martin J. Blaser advanced the hypothesis that H. pylori has a beneficial effect : by regulating the acidity of the stomach contents . The hypothesis is not universally accepted as several randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate worsening of acid reflux disease symptoms following eradication of H. pylori . Nevertheless , Blaser has reasserted his view that H. pylori is a member of the normal flora of the stomach . He postulates that the changes in gastric physiology caused by the loss of H. pylori account for the recent increase in incidence of several diseases , including type 2 diabetes , obesity , and asthma . His group has recently shown that H. pylori colonization is associated with a lower incidence of childhood asthma . = = Epidemiology = = At least half the world 's population is infected by the bacterium , making it the most widespread infection in the world . Actual infection rates vary from nation to nation ; the developing world has much higher infection rates than the West ( Western Europe , North America , Australasia ) , where rates are estimated to be around 25 % . The age at which this bacterium is acquired seems to influence the possible pathologic outcome of the infection ; people infected with it at an early age are likely to develop more intense inflammation that may be followed by atrophic gastritis with a higher subsequent risk of gastric ulcer , gastric cancer , or both . Acquisition at an older age brings different gastric changes more likely to lead to duodenal ulcer . Infections are usually acquired in early childhood in all countries . However , the infection rate of children in developing nations is higher than in industrialized nations , probably due to poor sanitary conditions , perhaps combined with lower antibiotics usage for unrelated pathologies . In developed nations , it is currently uncommon to find infected children , but the percentage of infected people increases with age , with about 50 % infected for those over the age of 60 compared with around 10 % between 18 and 30 years . The higher prevalence among the elderly reflects higher infection rates in the past when the individuals were children rather than more recent infection at a later age of the individual . In the United States , prevalence appears to be higher in African @-@ American and Hispanic populations , most likely due to socioeconomic factors . The lower rate of infection in the West is largely attributed to higher hygiene standards and widespread use of antibiotics . Despite high rates of infection in certain areas of the world , the overall frequency of H. pylori infection is declining . However , antibiotic resistance is appearing in H. pylori ; many metronidazole- and clarithromycin @-@ resistant strains are found in most parts of the world . H. pylori is contagious , although the exact route of transmission is not known . Person @-@ to @-@ person transmission by either the oral @-@ oral or fecal @-@ oral route is most likely . Consistent with these transmission routes , the bacteria have been isolated from feces , saliva , and dental plaque of some infected people . Findings suggest H. pylori is more easily transmitted by gastric mucus than saliva . Transmission occurs mainly within families in developed nations , yet can also be acquired from the community in developing countries . H. pylori may also be transmitted orally by means of fecal matter through the ingestion of waste @-@ tainted water , so a hygienic environment could help decrease the risk of H. pylori infection . = = Evolution = = H. pylori migrated out of Africa along with its human host circa 60 @,@ 000 years ago . Its subsequent evolution created seven prototypes — Europe ( isolated from Europe , the Middle East , India , and Iran ) , NE Africa ( from northeast Africa ) , Africa1 ( from countries in Western Africa and South Africa ) , Africa2 ( from South Africa ) , Asia2 ( from Northern India and among isolates from Bangladesh , Thailand , and Malaysia ) , Sahul ( from Australian Aboriginals and Papua New Guineans ) and East Asia with the subpopulations E Asia ( from East Asians ) , Maori ( from Taiwanese Aboriginals , Melanesians and Polynesians ) and Amerind ( Native Americans ) . The precursors of these prototypes have been named ancestral Europe1 , ancestral Europe2 , ancestral East Asia , ancestral Africa1 , ancestral Africa2 , and ancestral Sahul . These ancestral prototypes appear to have originated in Africa and Central and East Asia . European and African strains were introduced into the Americas along with its colonisation — both thousands of years ago and more recently in the slave trade . Recent research states that genetic diversity in H. pylori , like that of its host , decreases with geographic distance from East Africa . Using the genetic diversity data , researchers have created simulations that indicate the bacteria seem to have spread from East Africa around 58 @,@ 000 years ago . Their results indicate modern humans were already infected by H. pylori before their migrations out of Africa , and it has remained associated with human hosts since that time . = = History = = H. pylori was first discovered in the stomachs of patients with gastritis and ulcers in 1982 by Drs. Barry Marshall and Robin Warren of Perth , Australia . At the time , the conventional thinking was that no bacterium could live in the acid environment of the human stomach . In recognition of their discovery , Marshall and Warren were awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Before the research of Marshall and Warren , German scientists found spiral @-@ shaped bacteria in the lining of the human stomach in 1875 , but they were unable to culture them , and the results were eventually forgotten . The Italian researcher Giulio Bizzozero described similarly shaped bacteria living in the acidic environment of the stomach of dogs in 1893 . Professor Walery Jaworski of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków investigated sediments of gastric washings obtained by lavage from humans in 1899 . Among some rod @-@ like bacteria , he also found bacteria with a characteristic spiral shape , which he called Vibrio rugula . He was the first to suggest a possible role of this organism in the pathogenesis of gastric diseases . His work was included in the Handbook of Gastric Diseases , but it had little impact , as it was written in Polish . Several small studies conducted in the early 20th century demonstrated the presence of curved rods in the stomachs of many people with peptic ulcers and stomach cancers . Interest in the bacteria waned , however , when an American study published in 1954 failed to observe the bacteria in 1180 stomach biopsies . Interest in understanding the role of bacteria in stomach diseases was rekindled in the 1970s , with the visualization of bacteria in the stomachs of people with gastric ulcers . The bacteria had also been observed in 1979 , by Robin Warren , who researched it further with Barry Marshall from 1981 . After unsuccessful attempts at culturing the bacteria from the stomach , they finally succeeded in visualizing colonies in 1982 , when they unintentionally left their Petri dishes incubating for five days over the Easter weekend . In their original paper , Warren and Marshall contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by bacterial infection and not by stress or spicy food , as had been assumed before . Some skepticism was expressed initially , but within a few years multiple research groups had verified the association of H. pylori with gastritis and , to a lesser extent , ulcers . To demonstrate H. pylori caused gastritis and was not merely a bystander , Marshall drank a beaker of H. pylori culture . He became ill with nausea and vomiting several days later . An endoscopy 10 days after inoculation revealed signs of gastritis and the presence of H. pylori . These results suggested H. pylori was the causative agent . Marshall and Warren went on to demonstrate antibiotics are effective in the treatment of many cases of gastritis . In 1987 , the Sydney gastroenterologist Thomas Borody invented the first triple therapy for the treatment of duodenal ulcers . In 1994 , the National Institutes of Health stated most recurrent duodenal and gastric ulcers were caused by H. pylori , and recommended antibiotics be included in the treatment regimen . The bacterium was initially named Campylobacter pyloridis , then renamed C. pylori ( pylori being the genitive of pylorus , the circular opening leading from the stomach into the duodenum , from the Ancient Greek word πυλωρός , which means gatekeeper . ) . When 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and other research showed in 1989 that the bacterium did not belong in the genus Campylobacter , it was placed in its own genus , Helicobacter from the ancient Greek hělix / έλιξ " spiral " or " coil " . In October 1987 , a group of experts met in Copenhagen to found the European Helicobacter Study Group ( EHSG ) , an international multidisciplinary research group and the only institution focused on H. pylori . The Group is involved with the Annual International Workshop on Helicobacter and Related Bacteria , the Maastricht Consensus Reports ( European Consensus on the management of H. pylori ) , and other educational and research projects , including two international long @-@ term projects : European Registry on H. pylori Management ( Hp @-@ EuReg ) – a database systematically registering the routine clinical practice of European gastroenterologists Optimal H. pylori management in primary care ( OptiCare ) – a long @-@ term educational project aiming to disseminate the evidence based recommendations of the Maastricht IV Consensus to primary care physicians in Europe , funded by an educational grant from United European Gastroenterology
= Tropical Depression Five @-@ E ( 2008 ) = Tropical Depression Five @-@ E was a tropical depression which made landfall along the south @-@ western Mexican coastline in July 2008 . It was the fifth tropical cyclone of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season . The depression developed out of a weak tropical wave which formed off the coast of Africa on June 23 . The wave remained poorly organized throughout its journey through the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea . The wave entered the Eastern Pacific on July 2 after passing through Central America . The wave developed into an area of low pressure that afternoon . The low moved towards the northwest , paralleling the coastline . Continued development led to the eventual upgrade of the low to Tropical Depression Five @-@ E on July 5 . It was initially thought that the depression would become a tropical storm before landfall but the winds failed to increase above 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . The depression made a turn towards the north @-@ northwest and made landfall on July 7 . It dissipated shortly after landfall due to the mountainous terrain . The depression produced heavy rainfall in parts of southwestern Mexico , peaking at 12 @.@ 99 in ( 330 mm ) . These rains triggered flooding that killed two people and left roughly MXN 30 million ( $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) in damages . = = Meteorological history = = Tropical Depression Five @-@ E formed out of a weak tropical wave , associated with scattered convection , which formed off the coast of Africa on June 23 . The wave was moving towards the west at the rate of 23 mph ( 37 km / h ) , due to an area of high pressure located over the north @-@ central Atlantic Ocean leading to a prevailing easterly flow . Some cyclonic turning was noted and convection was on either side of the axis — the center of the storm — but was mainly in association with the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) . The wave remained very close to the intertropical convergence zone for the next several days without any further development . On June 26 , a small burst of moisture in the system was noted in the area of the wave , but no other notable development occurred . On July 2 , the wave moved over Central America and produced scattered areas of strong convection off the coast of Honduras . Later in the day , the center of the wave became elongated as determined by a QuikSCAT satellite pass . By the afternoon , the wave developed into an area of low pressure and a tropical cyclone formation alert was issued as the possibility of a tropical cyclone developing within 48 hours was present . Not long after the alert was issued , deep convection disappeared from the low while located 400 mi ( 645 km ) . Convection was anticipated to redeveloped later that night or early the next morning . The low was moving slowly towards the northwest due to a deep trough located over the Gulf of Mexico and a ridge of high pressure located over western Mexico . By the morning of July 3 , convection had redeveloped near the low and its forward motion quickly increased to 11 mph ( 18 km / h ) . The low remained disorganized for the next two days as it steadily moved towards the northwest . During the morning of July 5 , deep convection rapidly increased and banding features formed despite strong easterly wind shear . The convection persisted into the afternoon and the low was upgraded to Tropical Depression Five @-@ E accordingly . Weak steering currents persisted as the depression moved towards the northwest at 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) to 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . Following the storm 's upgrade , further development did not occur as the system tracked steadily towards the north @-@ northwest . Early on July 7 , the depression made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Rapid weakening followed shortly after landfall and the storm dissipated several hours later over the mountains of Mexico . = = Preparations and impact = = As Tropical Depression Five @-@ E approached Mexico , the country 's government released tropical storm watches and warnings for certain parts of the coastline . When the tropical depression formed on July 5 , the government issued a tropical storm warning from Acapulco to Zihuatanejo . Other interests in the Pacific Ocean were asked to keep an eye on the developing depression . The morning of July 6 , the Mexican government issued a tropical storm watch for Zihuatanejo to Manzanillo . The earlier tropical storm warning remained in effect , for another six hours , when the warning was demoted into a tropical storm watch . On the afternoon of July 6 , the government discontinued the tropical storm watch up to Acapulco . The remaining tropical storm watch was discontinued on July 7 , after the tropical depression had made landfall and began to weaken . The government 's weather center also released thirteen tropical cyclone bulletins and four warnings for personal caution . The tropical depression produced 5 @.@ 11 inches ( 130 mm ) of rain in Manzanillo , with other locations also experiencing isolated rainfall . Cerro de Ortega , Colima reported 12 @.@ 99 inches ( 330 mm ) of rain in a 24 @-@ hour period . The community of Ometepec reported 7 @.@ 88 inches ( 200 mm ) . Other locations reported moderate rainfall , ranging around 5 – 7 inches ( 130 – 180 mm ) . One person was swept away by flood waters , reaching 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) in depth . Heavy rains from the depression resulted in a traffic accident that killed one person and injured two others . In all , damages from the storm amounted to MXN 30 million ( $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) .
= Reflektor ( song ) = " Reflektor " is a song by Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire . It was released on September 9 , 2013 , as the first single from the band 's fourth studio album , Reflektor ( 2013 ) . Produced by James Murphy , Markus Dravs and the band itself , the song features a guest vocal appearance by David Bowie and was released on a limited edition 12 " vinyl credited to the fictional band , The Reflektors . Two music videos were made for the song , one regular and one interactive , both being released on the day of the song 's release . " Reflektor " was met with positive reviews , with critics often complimenting its musical approach . It also came second in NME 's list of best singles of 2013 . The song had a positive commercial performance , charting in several countries . = = Background and composition = = The band began working on the track in 2011 , with vocalist and guitarist Win Butler noting , " We recorded a little bit in Louisiana with the Haitian percussionists [ Willinson Duprate and Verrieux Zile ] and we kind of lived with that . It 's an incredibly long process . " Regular Arcade Fire collaborators Owen Pallett and Colin Stetson provided instrumental parts , alongside English musician David Bowie who provided vocals for the song . Regarding Bowie 's guest appearance on the track , multi @-@ instrumentalist Richard Reed Parry noted , " It was just after The Next Day had come out . He basically just came by the studio in New York while we were mixing , just to have a listen to the stuff we were doing . He offered to lend us his services because he really liked the song . In fact , he basically threatened us – he was like , ' If you don 't hurry up and mix this song , I might just steal it from you ! ' So we thought , well why don 't we go one better , why don 't you sing on our version ? Thankfully he obliged , and we were really happy about that . " " Reflektor " is a dance @-@ rock , indie rock , and disco song . The track 's lyrical content is , in part , influenced by the differences between Haitian life and that of the Western world , with vocalist and guitarist Win Butler noting , " I think that life [ in Haiti ] is incredibly difficult and it 's more amazing to see people that don 't have access to food or clean water throw a party . It 's not like I 'm trying to sing about their experiences . I was more learning from what I saw and applying it to my own life , lyrically . I 'm not trying to tell other people 's stories . We 're just trying to allow an experience to change you . " = = Critical reception = = " Reflektor " received critical acclaim from critics . Paste awarded the song a 9 @.@ 1 / 10 rating , commenting that the song " pretty much kicks ass " . Pitchfork awarded the song the " Best New Track " tag , labeling the song a " sleek , dark disco epic that doesn 't belong to the 1970s , ' 80s , ' 90s-- or any decade " . Rolling Stone praised it , saying " Arcade Fire are the most important band of the last decade , and the music lives up to their universe @-@ affirming mandate . " Reflektor " turns a shared sense of isolation into communion with a sleek , surging track that seamlessly integrates arty rock and diagonal funk , breaking down [ Arcade Fire ] ' s epic sound without scrimping on its essential cathartic thrust . " American Songwriter also praised the song saying " All seven @-@ plus minutes of the song feel absolutely vital , even if the arrangement suggests something more hedonistic . It 's a neat trick they pulled there . " NME placed the song at number two on their " 50 Best Tracks of 2013 " list , with only Daft Punk 's " Get Lucky " finishing above it . = = Music video = = A music video for " Reflektor " was released on September 9 , 2013 through YouTube . It was directed by Anton Corbijn , with art direction done by Anastasia Masaro . The video won the Best Art Direction award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . Katie Hasty of HitFix summarized the video , stating that " Corbijn 's black @-@ and @-@ white version of the " Reflektor " experience has its own quirks , too , as the band dons oversized papier mache heads like puppet versions of themselves , hunting down the Disco Ball Man and putting the doll versions of themselves in a shiny coffin . " An interactive music video was also made available to the public , which was directed by Vincent Morisset . However , it was made only accessible through the web browser Google Chrome . For this video , the user oversees dancer Axelle Munezero 's journey through the streets of Haiti . = = Packaging = = = = = Artwork = = = The single 's cover artwork makes no mention of the band 's name , and is instead credited to the fictional band , The Reflektors . The front cover features a silhouette image band 's core members . The album 's back cover features a woman touching one of the band 's Haitian veve images , used previously in a guerrilla marketing to promote Reflektor 's forthcoming release . = = = Fictional track listing = = = The remainder of the 12 " vinyl 's artwork suggests that it is a full @-@ length album by The Reflektors . A fictional album track listing , inspired by the song 's lyrical content , is featured on its back cover . = = Track listing = = Merge / Sonovox — MRG484 = = Credits and personnel = = Personnel adapted from the single 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = = Chart performance = = = " Reflektor " charted in several countries , peaking within the top 20 in Canada and Ireland . The song was the band 's highest @-@ charting song in Canada , their home country , and their first song in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart ( excluding " Ready to Start " which peaked while in the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart ) , where it peaked at number 99 .
= The Coral Island = The Coral Island : A Tale of the Pacific Ocean ( 1858 ) is a novel written by Scottish author R. M. Ballantyne . One of the first works of juvenile fiction to feature exclusively juvenile heroes , the story relates the adventures of three boys marooned on a South Pacific island , the only survivors of a shipwreck . A typical Robinsonade – a genre of fiction inspired by Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe – and one of the most popular of its type , the book first went on sale in late 1857 and has never been out of print . Among the novel 's major themes are the civilising effect of Christianity , 19th @-@ century British imperialism in the South Pacific , and the importance of hierarchy and leadership . It was the inspiration for William Golding 's dystopian novel Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) , which inverted the morality of The Coral Island ; in Ballantyne 's story the children encounter evil , but in Lord of the Flies evil is within them . In the early 20th century , the novel was considered a classic for primary school children in the UK , and in the United States it was a staple of high @-@ school suggested reading lists . Modern critics consider the book 's worldview to be dated and imperialist , but although less popular today , The Coral Island was adapted into a four @-@ part children 's television drama broadcast by ITV in 2000 . = = Background = = = = = Biographical background and publication = = = Born in Edinburgh in 1825 , and raised there , Ballantyne was the ninth of ten children and the youngest son . Tutored by his mother and sisters , his only formal education was a brief period at Edinburgh Academy in 1835 – 37 . At the age of 16 he travelled to Canada , where he spent five years working for the Hudson 's Bay Company , trading with the Native Americans for furs . He returned to Scotland in 1847 and for some years worked for the publisher Messrs Constable , first as a clerk and then as a partner in the business . During his time in Canada he had helped to pass the time by writing long letters to his mother – to which he attributed " whatever small amount of facility in composition [ he ] may have acquired " – and began his first book . Ballantyne 's Canadian experiences formed the basis of his first novel , The Young Fur Traders , published in 1856 , the year he decided to become a full @-@ time writer and embarked on the adventure stories for the young with which his name is popularly associated . Ballantyne never visited the coral islands of the South Pacific , relying instead on the accounts of others that were then beginning to emerge in Britain , which he exaggerated for theatrical effect by including " plenty of gore and violence meant to titillate his juvenile readership " . His ignorance of the South Pacific caused him to erroneously describe coconuts as being soft and easily opened ; a stickler for accuracy he resolved that in future , whenever possible , he would write only about things he had personal experience of . Ballantyne wrote The Coral Island while staying in a house on the Burntisland seafront opposite Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth in Fife . According to Ballantyne biographer Eric Quayle he borrowed extensively from an 1852 novel by the American author James F. Bowman , The Island Home . He also borrowed from John Williams ' Narrative of Missionary Enterprises ( 1837 ) , to the extent that cultural historian Rod Edmond has suggested that Ballantyne must have written one chapter of The Coral Island with Williams ' book open in front of him , so similar is the text . Edmond describes the novel as " a fruit cocktail of other writing about the Pacific " , adding that " by modern standards Ballantyne 's plagiarism in The Coral Island is startling " . Although the first edition is dated 1858 it was on sale in bookshops from early December 1857 ; dating books forward was a common practice at the time , especially during the Christmas period , to " preserve their newness " into the new year . The Coral Island is Ballantyne 's second novel , and has never been out of print . He was an exceedingly prolific author who wrote more than 100 books in his 40 @-@ year career . According to professor and author John Rennie Short , Ballantyne had a " deep religious conviction " , and felt it his duty to educate Victorian middle @-@ class boys – his target audience – in " codes of honour , decency , and religiosity " . The first edition of The Coral Island was published by T. Nelson & Sons , who in common with many other publishers of the time had a policy when accepting a manuscript of buying the copyright from the author rather than paying royalties ; as a result , authors generally did not receive any income from the sale of subsequent editions . Ballantyne received between £ 50 and £ 60 , equivalent to about £ 5800 as of 2012 , but when the novel 's popularity became evident and the number of editions increased he tried unsuccessfully to buy back the copyright . He wrote bitterly to Nelsons in 1893 about the copyrights they held on his books while he had earned nothing : " for thirty @-@ eight years [ you have ] reaped the whole profits " . The Coral Island – still considered a classic – was republished by Penguin Books in 1995 , in their Popular Classics series . = = = Literary and historical context = = = Published during the " first golden age of children 's fiction " , The Coral Island began a trend in boys ' fiction by using boys as the main characters , a device now commonplace in the genre . It preserves , according to literary critic Minnie Singh , the moralizing aspects of didactic texts , but does so ( and in this regard it is a " founding text " ) by the " congruence of subject and implied reader " : the story is about boys and written retrospectively as though by a boy , for an audience of boys . According to literary critic Frank Kermode , The Coral Island " could be used as a document in the history of ideas " . A scientific and social background for the novel is found in Darwinism , of the natural and the social kind . For instance , Charles Darwin 's 1842 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs was one of the best @-@ known contemporary accounts of the growth of coral . Published a year before Darwin 's Origin of Species ( whose ideas were already being circulated and discussed widely ) , The Coral Island reflects the then prevalent view of evolutionary theory ; the Victorian age based its imperialist ideology in part on the idea that evolution had resulted in " white , English superiority that was anchored in the notion of a civilized nation elected by God to rule inferior peoples . " Ballantyne had been reading books by Darwin and by his rival Alfred Russel Wallace ; in later publications he also acknowledged the naturalist Henry Ogg Forbes . The interest in evolutionary theory was reflected in much contemporary popular literature , and social Darwinism was an important factor contributing to the world view of the Victorians and their empire building . = = Plot summary = = The story is written as a first person narrative from the perspective of 15 @-@ year @-@ old Ralph Rover , one of three boys shipwrecked on the coral reef of a large but uninhabited Polynesian island . Ralph tells the story retrospectively , looking back on his boyhood adventure : " I was a boy when I went through the wonderful adventures herein set down . With the memory of my boyish feelings strong upon me , I present my book specially to boys , in the earnest hope that they may derive valuable information , much pleasure , great profit , and unbounded amusement from its pages . " The account starts briskly ; only four pages are devoted to Ralph 's early life and a further fourteen to his voyage to the Pacific Ocean on board the Arrow . He and his two companions – 18 @-@ year @-@ old Jack Martin and 13 @-@ year @-@ old Peterkin Gay – are the sole survivors of the shipwreck . The narrative is in two parts . The first describes how the boys feed themselves , what they drink , the clothing and shelter they fashion , and how they cope with having to rely on their own resources . The second half of the novel is more action @-@ packed , featuring conflicts with pirates , fighting between the native Polynesians , and the conversion efforts of Christian missionaries . Fruit , fish and wild pigs provide plentiful food , and at first the boys ' life on the island is idyllic . They build a shelter and construct a small boat using their only possessions : a broken telescope , an iron @-@ bound oar , and a small axe . Their first contact with other humans comes after several months when they observe two large outrigger canoes in the distance , one pursued by the other . The two groups of Polynesians disembark on the beach and engage in battle ; the victors take fifteen prisoners , and kill and eat one immediately . But when they threaten to kill one of the three women captured , along with two children , the boys intervene to defeat the pursuers , earning them the gratitude of the chief , Tararo . The next morning they prevent another act of cannibalism . The natives leave , and the boys are alone once more . More unwelcome visitors then arrive in the shape of British pirates , who make a living by trading or stealing sandalwood . The three boys hide in a cave , but Ralph is captured when he ventures out to see if the intruders have left , and is taken on board the pirate schooner . He strikes up a friendship with one of the crew , Bloody Bill , and when the ship calls at the island of Emo to trade for more wood Ralph experiences many facets of the island 's culture : the popular sport of surfing , the sacrificing of babies to eel gods , rape , and cannibalism . Rising tensions result in the inhabitants attacking the pirates , leaving only Ralph and Bloody Bill alive . The pair succeed in making their escape in the schooner , but Bill is mortally wounded . He makes a death @-@ bed repentance for his evil life , leaving Ralph to sail back to the Coral Island alone , where he is reunited with his friends . The three boys sail to the island of Mango , where a missionary has converted some of the population to Christianity . There they once again meet Tararo , whose daughter Avatea wishes to become a Christian against her father 's wishes . The boys attempt to take Avatea in a small boat to a nearby island the chief of which has been converted , but en route they are overtaken by one of Tararo 's war canoes and taken prisoner . They are released a month later after the arrival of another missionary , and Tararo 's conversion to Christianity . The " false gods " of Mango are consigned to the flames , and the boys set sail for home , older and wiser . They return as adults for another adventure in Ballantyne 's 1861 novel The Gorilla Hunters , a sequel to The Coral Island . = = Genre and style = = All Ballantyne 's novels are , in his own words , " adventure stories for young folks " , and The Coral Island is no exception . It is a Robinsonade , a genre of fiction inspired by Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) , one of the most popular of its type , and one of the first works of juvenile fiction to feature exclusively juvenile heroes . Susan Maher , professor of English , notes that in comparison to Robinson Crusoe such books generally replaced some of the original 's romance with a " pedestrian realism " , exemplified by works such as The Coral Island and Frederick Marryat 's 1841 novel Masterman Ready , or the Wreck of the Pacific . Romance , with its attention to character development , was only restored to the genre of boys ' fiction with Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island argues literary critic Lisa Honaker . The Coral Island , for all its adventure , is greatly occupied with the realism of domestic fiction ( the domain of the realist novel ) ; Ballantyne devotes about a third of the book to descriptions of the boys ' living arrangements . The book exhibits a " light @-@ hearted confidence " in its description of an adventure that was above all fun . As Ralph says in his preface : " If there is any boy or man who loves to be melancholy and morose , and who cannot enter with kindly sympathy into the regions of fun , let me seriously advise him to shut my book and put it away . It is not meant for him . " Professor of English M. Daphne Kutzer has observed that " the swift movement of the story from coastal England to exotic Pacific island is similar to the swift movement from the real world to the fantastic in children 's fantasy " . To a modern reader Ballantyne 's books can seem overly concerned with accounts of flora and fauna , an " ethnographic gloss " intended to suggest that their settings are real places offering adventures to those who can reach them . They can also seem " obtrusively pious " , but according to John Rennie Short , the moral tone of Ballantyne 's writing is compensated for by his ability to tell a " cracking good yarn in an accessible and well @-@ fashioned prose style " . = = Themes = = The major themes of the novel revolve around the influence of Christianity , the importance of social hierarchies , and the inherent superiority of civilised Europeans over the South Sea islanders ; Martine Dutheil , professor of English , considers the novel " a key text mapping out colonial relations in the Victorian period " . The basic subject of the novel is popular and widespread : " castaway children assuming adult responsibilities without adult supervision " , and The Coral Island is considered the classic example of such a book . The supposed civilising influence of missionaries in spreading Christianity among the natives of the South Seas is an important theme of the second half of the story ; as Jack remarks to Peterkin , " all the natives of the South Sea Islands are fierce cannibals , and they have little respect for strangers " . Modern critics view this aspect of the novel less benevolently ; Jerry Phillips , in a 1995 article , sees in The Coral Island the " perfect realiz [ ation ] " of " the official discourse of 19th century Pacific imperialism " , which he argues was " obsessed with the purity of God , Trade , and the Nation . " The importance of hierarchy and leadership is also a significant element . The overarching hierarchy of race is informed by Victorian concepts , influenced by the new theories of evolution proposed by Darwin and others . In morals and culture , the natives are placed lower on the evolutionary ladder than are Europeans , as is evidenced in the battle over the native woman Avatea , which pits " the forces of civilization versus the forces of cannibalism " . Another hierarchy is seen in the organisation of the boys . Although Jack , Ralph and Peterkin each have a say in how they should organise themselves , ultimately the younger boys defer to Jack , " a natural leader " , particularly in a crisis , forming a natural hierarchy . The pirates also have a hierarchy , but one without democracy , and as a consequence are wiped out . The hierarchy of the natives is imposed by savagery . Ballantyne 's message is that leaders should be respected by those they lead , and govern with their consent . This educational message is especially appropriate considering Ballantyne 's adolescent audience , " the future rulers of the world " . Modern critics find darker undertones in the novel . In an essay published in College English in 2001 , Martine Dutheil states that The Coral Island can be thought of as epitomising a move away from " the confidence and optimism of the early Victorian proponents of British imperialism " toward " self @-@ consciousness and anxiety about colonial domination " . She locates this anxiety in what she calls the " rhetoric of excess " that features in the descriptions of cannibalism , and especially in the accounts of Fijian savagery provided by Bloody Bill ( most notably that of the sacrifice of children to the eel gods ) and the missionary , a representative of the London Missionary Society , an " emblematic figure of colonial fiction " . Others have also linked popular boys ' fiction of the period with imperialism ; Joseph Bristow 's Empire Boys ( 1991 ) claimed to see an " ' imperialist manhood , ' which shaped British attitudes towards empire and masculinity . " The novel 's portrayal of Pacific culture and the effects of colonisation are analyzed in studies such as Brian Street 's The Savage in Literature : Representations of ' Primitive ' Society in English Fiction ( 1975 ) and Rod Edmond 's Representing the South Pacific : Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin ( 1998 ) . The domination imposed by " geographical mapping of a territory and policing of its native inhabitants " is an important theme in the novel both specifically and in general , in the topography of the island as mapped by the boys and the South Pacific 's " eventual subjugation and conversion to Christianity " , a topic continued in Stevenson 's Treasure Island . The exploration of the relationship between nature and evangelical Christianity is another typically Victorian theme . Coral connects the two ideas . Literary critic Katharine Anderson explains that coral jewellery , popular in the period , had a " pious significance " . The " enchanted garden " of coral the boys discover at the bottom of their island 's lagoon is suggestive of " missionary encounters with the societies of the Pacific Island " . In Victorian society coral had been given an " evangelical framing " , and the little " coral insect " responsible for building coral reefs mirrored the " child reader 's productive capacity as a fundraiser for the missionary cause " ; literary critic Michelle Elleray discusses numerous children 's books from the early to mid @-@ 19th century , including The Coral Island , in which coral plays such an educational role . The novel 's setting provides the backdrop for a meditation in the style of Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , who promoted an educational setting in which lessons are provided by direct interactions with the natural world rather than by books and coercive teachers . Singh points out that Rousseau , in Emile , or On Education , promotes the reading and even imitation of Robinson Crusoe ; literary critic Fiona McCulloch argues that the unmediated knowledge the boys gain on their coral island resembles the " direct language for children " Rousseau advocates in Emile . = = Critical reception = = The Coral Island was an almost instant success , and was translated into almost every European language within fifty years of its publication . It was widely admired by its contemporary readers , although modern critics view the text as featuring " dated colonialist themes and arguably racist undertones " . Ballantyne 's blend of blood @-@ thirsty adventure and pious imperialism appealed not just to his target juvenile audience but also to their parents and teachers . He is today mainly remembered for The Coral Island , to the exclusion of much of his other work . The novel was still considered a classic for English primary school children in the early 20th century . In the United States it was long a staple of suggested reading lists for high @-@ school students ; such a list , discussed in a 1915 article in The English Journal , recommends the novel in the category " Stories for Boys in Easy Style " . A simplified adaptation of the book was recommended in the 1950s for American 12 – 14 year olds . Although mostly neglected by modern scholars and generally considered to be dated in many aspects , in 2006 it was voted one of the top twenty Scottish novels at the 15th International World Wide Web Conference . = = Influence = = Robert Louis Stevenson 's 1882 novel Treasure Island was in part inspired by The Coral Island , which he admired for its " better qualities " , as was J. M. Barrie 's character Peter Pan ; both Stevenson and Barrie had been " fervent boy readers " of the novel . Novelist G. A. Henty was also influenced by Ballantyne 's audience @-@ friendly method of didactism . William Golding 's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies was written as a counterpoint to ( or even a parody of ) The Coral Island , and Golding makes explicit references to it . At the end of the novel , for instance , one of the naval officers who rescues the children mentions the book , commenting on the hunt for one of their number , Ralph , as a " jolly good show . Like the Coral Island " . Jack also makes an appearance in Lord of the Flies as Jack Merridew , representing the irrational nature of the boys . Indeed , Golding 's three central characters – Ralph , Piggy and Jack – are caricatures of Ballantyne 's heroes . Despite having enjoyed The Coral Island many times as a child , Golding strongly disagreed with the views that it espoused , and in contrast Lord of the Flies depicts the English boys as savages themselves , who forget more than they learn , unlike Ballantyne 's boys . Golding described the relationship between the two books by saying that The Coral Island " rotted to compost " in his mind , and in the compost " a new myth put down roots " . Neither is the idyllic nature of Ballantyne 's coral island to be found on Stevenson 's treasure island , which is unsuitable for settlement " but exists merely as a site from which to excavate treasure , a view consistent with the late @-@ Victorian imperial mission " according to Honaker . = = Television adaptations = = The Coral Island was adapted into a children 's television series in a joint venture between Thames Television and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 1980 , first shown on Australian and British television in 1983 . It was also adapted into a four @-@ part children 's television drama by Zenith Productions , broadcast by ITV in 2000 .
= Rudolf Wanderone = Rudolf Walter Wanderone Jr . ( January 19 , 1913 – January 15 , 1996 ; originally spelled Wanderon ) was an American professional pocket billiards player , also known as " Minnesota Fats " . Though he never won a major pool tournament as " Fats " , he was perhaps the most publicly recognized pool player in the United States – not only as a player , but also as an entertainer . Wanderone was inducted in 1984 into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame for his decades @-@ long public promotion of pool . Wanderone began playing at a young age in New York City . As a teenager , he became a traveling pool hustler . Later , in his 30s , he moved to southern Illinois where he met and married his first wife , Evelyn . During World War II , he hustled servicemen in Norfolk , Virginia . With the end of the war , Wanderone returned to Illinois and entered semi @-@ retirement . Wanderone adopted the nickname " Minnesota Fats " from a character in the 1961 film The Hustler , claiming that the character was based upon him . He parlayed the association with the film into his own book deals and television appearances , including a series of matches with rival Willie Mosconi . Later in life , Wanderone divorced Evelyn and moved to Nashville , Tennessee , where he married his second wife , Theresa , with whom he remained until his death . = = Early life and career = = Rudolf Walter Wanderon Jr. was born in New York City to Rosa and Rudolf Wanderon , Swiss immigrants . He was born in 1913 but sometimes hinted he was born earlier , even as early as 1900 . The surname was later changed to Wanderone . Known as " Rudy " to friends and family , Wanderone started playing pool as a child while living in Washington Heights , Manhattan . In 1923 , he traveled to Europe with his father where he received training from German balkline billiards champion Erich Hagenlocher . His first prominent match was in 1926 when he competed against former nine @-@ ball champion " Cowboy " Weston ( Wanderone won , handily ) . Wanderone left school in the eighth grade and became a traveling pool hustler , spending much of the 1920s playing at a pool hall called Cranfield 's in New York City , where Wanderone received his first nickname after beating another hustler known as " Smart Henry " . The intensity of their competition led Wanderone 's friend , Titanic Thompson , to dub Wanderone " Double @-@ Smart " . By the mid @-@ 1930s , during the Great Depression , Wanderone had become a manager of a pool hall , owned by a friend , in Anacostia , southeast Washington , D.C. He had acquired more notoriety and nicknames , including " Triple @-@ Smart Fats " , " New York Fats " , " Broadway Fats " , and " Chicago Fats " , attracting action from other hustlers , including the then unknown Luther " Wimpy " Lassiter . In 1941 , Wanderone and friend Jimmy Castras arrived in southern Illinois — major hustling center on a fast track to televised tournament play — and settled in Du Quoin , Illinois , where he continued hustling . Eventually he met Evelyn Inez Graff ; they married two months to the day later , on May 7 , 1941 . Following their wedding , the Wanderones settled in Dowell , Illinois . In 1942 , the couple moved to Norfolk , Virginia . Norfolk had become a key mustering point for US soldiers , as well as a shipbuilding center . The growing population led to an enormous interest in gambling ; Wanderone , in partnership with fellow hustler Lassiter , quickly recognized the financial possibilities . Following World War II , however , the action " dried up " soon , and the Wanderones returned to Little Egypt . For a period throughout the 1950s , Wanderone entered semi @-@ retirement , making only occasional hustling trips to New York City . = = " Minnesota Fats " = = In 1961 , the film version of Walter Tevis ' novel The Hustler was released . The film tells the story of a pool shark named " Fast Eddie " Felson and his quest to beat the greatest pool player in America , " Minnesota Fats " . World Champion Willie Mosconi served as a technical advisor and trick shot stunt man for the film . Wanderone almost immediately dropped his " New York Fats " nickname , adopted the name " Minnesota Fats " and began spreading the story that the character was based on him . Tevis denied this for the rest of his life . Wanderone 's notoriety as " Minnesota Fats " led to a job as executive vice @-@ president of billiard table manufacturer Rozel Industries , playing exhibition matches and giving demonstrations . Rozel , in 1965 , published Wanderone 's first book : Minnesota " Fats " Book of Billiards . On January 17 , 1965 , he appeared on the television game show What 's My Line , successfully stumping the panel . In 1966 , he wrote his autobiography , The Bank Shot , and Other Great Robberies , with Sports Illustrated journalist , Tom Fox . His first TV game show , Minnesota Fats Hustles the Pros , debuted in 1967 , featuring " Fats " playing against other pro players . In 1967 he completed and published an instructional paperback , Minnesota Fats on Pool , which was reprinted through 1976 in large @-@ quantity editions , then reissued as a hardcover in 1993 , and remains to this day commonly available . The next year , on January 24 , 1968 , Wanderone was a guest on The Joey Bishop Show . By 1970 , Celebrity Billiards with Minnesota Fats , another short @-@ lived TV game show series , featured Wanderone playing against celebrity guests such as Sid Caesar . In a feature film , The Player ( produced in December 1970 , in Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) , Wanderone played himself as " Minnesota Fats " and was featured prominently on the promotional poster . The screenplay was written and directed by Thomas DeMartini , also starred pool pro Jack Colavita , and had a limited release in 1971 by International Cinema . That same year Wanderone was a guest on both The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( September 21 , 1971 ) , on which he hustled Carson out of US $ 1 , and the British David Frost Show ( October 13 , 1971 ) . His fame as " Fats " had already made it difficult for Wanderone to hustle effectively , so he relied more and more on exhibition games for income . By 1979 , Wanderone was well @-@ known enough to be playing himself as a celebrity guest star on a Season 2 episode of the popular TV detective drama Vega $ , titled " the Usurper " , the episode featured " Fats " and pro Jimmy Mataya playing one another in a game of pool . In 1980 , while visiting a one @-@ mile stretch of St. Louis , Wanderone had to double his order of autographed pictures after he was stopped thirty @-@ seven times . During this trip he was beaten by Michael Boulton 4 out of 10 times in games of pool . = = Rivalry with Willie Mosconi = = Wanderone enjoyed promoting a feud with world champion Mosconi over how to present pool – either as a rough @-@ and @-@ tumble gambling game ( Wanderone ) or as a genteel pastime and art form ( Mosconi ) . Mosconi 's widow , Flora , said of the rivalry , " My husband hated Minnesota Fats because he felt that [ Wanderone ] was always hurting the image of the game instead of helping it . " Wanderone would state smugly , " I may have ' given away ' a few games to deserving competitors , but I have never lost a real money game since I was old enough to spell ' Weeli Mesconi ' . " The two competed on Valentine 's Day ( February 14 ) , 1978 in a televised match on ABC 's Wide World of Sports . With almost 11 million viewers , the game was the second @-@ highest rated episode of the show for that year , behind only the Muhammad Ali vs. Leon Spinks rematch . The game was held at New York 's Waldorf Astoria Hotel , and was announced by Howard Cosell . Although Wanderone lost the game , he won the audience with his banter , and with his joking manner . Mosconi on the other hand was reportedly perceived as cold . " Fats " lost a number of rematches to Mosconi in the following years . However , in the nationally @-@ broadcast Resorts International Shoot @-@ Out of October 1984 – Wanderone 's last notable TV appearance – he finally turned the tables on his rival . The event began with a trick shot competition between four players : Wanderone , Mosconi , Steve Mizerak , and Allen Hopkins . Next , Hopkins and Fats played against Mosconi and Mizerak in doubles seven @-@ ball , then nine @-@ ball . Wanderone and Mosconi ultimately played a one @-@ on @-@ one game of seven @-@ ball ; Wanderone won the match . During the exhibition , a very quiet and genteel Mosconi blocked Wanderone 's rough @-@ and @-@ tumble banter by wearing ear plugs ; yet that failed to stop Wanderone from putting on a show for his fans . In an interview , Wanderone was asked about his strategy to defeat Mosconi , and replied that he had thought to himself , " I 'll make [ the 7 ball ] on the break and end it ... then I 'll help carry Willie out on a stretcher . " = = Later life = = The Billiard Congress of America in 1984 inducted Wanderone into its Hall of Fame for " Meritorious Service " in recognition of his contributions to helping popularize the game of pool . In 1984 , Wanderone abandoned his wife , Evelyn ; they divorced a year later . Wanderone moved into the Hermitage Hotel in downtown Nashville , Tennessee in 1985 , remaining there for several years . In 1992 , while undergoing surgery for a knee injury , he suffered a massive heart attack , but survived . In 1993 , he met and married his second wife , Theresa Ward Bell . He lived in Bell 's Nashville house until his death on January 15 , 1996 , four days shy of his 83rd birthday ( although some sources , including The New York Times , erroneously gave the date of his death on January 18 ) . Wanderone had no known children . Singer Etta James said she believed that he was her biological father , having reportedly been told this by her mother , as well as by others who knew her mother and whom James described as " people who were there and should know " . However , there is no published evidence of such a relationship . James and Wanderone are only known to have met once , in 1987 . In her autobiography , Rage to Survive , James recounted their meeting , writing that Wanderone neither confirmed nor denied his paternity . According to James , he told her that he did not recall the details of his life at the time of her conception well enough to know whether he could have been the father . The epitaph on his tombstone reads : " Beat every living creature on Earth . ' St. Peter , rack ' em up . – Fats ' " . = = Personal character = = Wanderone was known for ostentation , self @-@ aggrandizement , tall tales , fast @-@ talk , and entertaining banter . He was even publicly recognized by famed boaster Muhammad Ali as better at boasting . His critical biographer , R. A. Dyer , documents that Wanderone completely fabricated a " here @-@ by @-@ fate " tale about a car wreck which brought the player to Little Egypt ; it was a tale that Wanderone encouraged to spread and further embellished in his autobiography , to lend an air of the mystical to his public persona . He made false claims about beating Willie Mosconi so frequently that Mosconi filed a slander lawsuit , to little avail . According to Dyer , Wanderone was notorious for non @-@ stop chatter on subjects about which he knew little , or stories about himself . At the beginning of his first TV match against Mosconi , Wanderone claimed " I 've never lost [ a game ] for money in my life ; beat everyone that ever lived . " Yet , as Dyer concedes , " Pool hustlers are , by nature , liars . And by this measure , Minnesota Fats was just a very , very good pool hustler . " Wanderone was a lover of animals , and was reported to have had dozens of cats and dogs simultaneously , and to have devoted a lot of time to finding homes for strays . " I 'm crazy about every living creature " , he wrote in The Bank Shot . " It doesn 't matter what it happens to be . I even love insects ; in fact , I wouldn 't swat a fly or a mosquito for a whole barrel of gold . " Remembered well for his turns of phrase and his puns , Wanderone once wrote , " If you happened to drive from Mobile to Dowell [ Illinois ] with a carload of pool hustlers , you would get bit so hard and so often that you would need a malaria vaccine and a new bankroll as well " , a reference not only to the area 's notorious mosquitos but also the predatory nature of hustlers . Wanderone is remembered for saying on his way out a pool room door , " Boys , the only difference between me and everybody else is that everybody else drives around in a Volkswagen , and Minnesota Fats drives around in a Duesenberg . " Wanderone would go virtually anywhere to help promote the game , and he was a crowd @-@ pleaser . Wanderone owned various limousines throughout his career . He once toured the country in a colorful Lincoln limo , with his extended moniker painted along the side panels in translucent paint , changing colors as it moved with the reflections from the sun : " Minnesota Fats , King of Pool " . His 1980 Cadillac Fleetwood limo was later in the Nashville auto museum , until the facility closed . Wanderone was notorious for his spontaneous wit . When he was named the " uncrowned king " of pool because he never got actively involved in tournament circles ( due to being too busy hustling ) , his reply : " You judge a king by the size of his wallet and his palace . You can leave the crown in the toilet . "
= Itchy & Scratchy Land = " Itchy & Scratchy Land " is the fourth episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 2 , 1994 . Wanting a perfect family vacation , the Simpson family visits Itchy & Scratchy Land , dubbed " The Violentest Place On Earth " ( a direct reference to Disneyland 's self @-@ description as " The Happiest Place On Earth " ) . The trip starts out great , but things take a turn for the worse when a horde of Itchy and Scratchy robots go on a murderous rampage . It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Wes Archer . = = Plot = = Bart and Lisa see a commercial for an amusement park named Itchy & Scratchy Land , and immediately want to visit it . Marge has already booked a family vacation to a bird sanctuary , but after revealing that the theme park has a place for adults , Bart and Lisa win their parents over , on the condition that they will not embarrass Marge as on previous holidays . After a long car journey , they reach the Itchy & Scratchy Land parking lot , where they are then flown to the park by a helicopter and told by the pilot that nothing can " possibly " ( he pronounces it " possi @-@ bligh , " then hastily corrects himself ) go wrong . Marge is slightly uneasy with the many references to violence at the park , but has an enjoyable time visiting the various violent attractions , which include a parade filled with Itchy and Scratchy robots . Homer and Marge eventually tire out and spend time away from the kids at the nearby " Parents Island " as Bart and Lisa continue having fun . Bart and Lisa also visit a movie theater , where a documentary about the history of Itchy & Scratchy is being presented , including clips of the old Itchy & Scratchy films " Scratchtasia " and " Pinnitchio " . Although going well , the family 's vacation is ruined when Bart launches a stink bomb into an actor 's Itchy suit and is arrested by park security . When Bart arrives in a cell , he finds Homer , who is in there for kicking another Itchy character " in the butt . " Marge is informed of her son 's and husband 's transgressions through the park 's public address system and is immediately embarrassed . Meanwhile , Professor Frink , chief of the animatronic robots in the park parades , tells the other staff that ( according to chaos theory ) all the Itchy & Scratchy robots will turn on their masters ; this happens seconds after he makes the announcement . Bart and Homer are released and just as Marge is lecturing them , all power is cut and a horde of Itchy and Scratchy robots advance towards them . One of the park staff refuses to let them escape on the helicopter with them due to Homer and Bart 's misdeeds at the park . Homer frantically throws everything he can at them and discovers that the flash of a camera short circuits the robots ' systems . The Simpsons then grab dozens of cameras from a closed gift shop and defeat the entire Itchy & Scratchy army . The family is thanked for saving the park and agree that it was their best vacation ever . Regardless , Marge demands that they never speak of the trip again , as she is still embarrassed by the actions of Homer and Bart. = = Production = = " Itchy & Scratchy Land " , written by the entire writing team but credited to John Swartzwelder , was a very difficult episode to produce . It involved creating an entirely new environment , which meant large amount of writing and all new sets . At the time that the episode was produced , new , more stringent censorship laws had been put in place . As a result , the Fox network tried to stop the writers from including Itchy & Scratchy cartoons in episodes . In response , the writers created this episode , which they decided would be as violent as possible . The network threatened that if the episode was produced , they would cut the Itchy & Scratchy parts out themselves , but relented when showrunner David Mirkin threatened to tell the media . The writers nevertheless promised to try not to overdo the violence and in some scenes the violence was cut . Although the episode was quite difficult to animate , " Itchy & Scratchy Land " was " a dream come true " for the animators , as they enjoyed animating scenes filled with violence . = = Cultural references = = Much of Itchy & Scratchy Land parodies Disneyland , such as the electric light parade . Euro Itchy & Scratchy Land is a parody of Disneyland Resort Paris , then known as EuroDisney , which at the time was failing . Several scenes , such as the helicopter ride , the logo visible on the helicopter 's side , and certain story elements parody the Michael Crichton book and film Jurassic Park . Other parts of the episode , such as the park 's claim to be the " theme park of the future , " and the plot of the robots at the park rebelling are based on another Crichton story , Westworld . " Scratchtasia " is a reference to the Sorcerer 's Apprentice segment of the Disney film Fantasia , with several shots and the music parodying it exactly . The parody segment is also one of the few moments in the show where Scratchy actually defeats Itchy ( chopping him up like Mickey Mouse chopped up the Broom from the original Fantasia segment ) , although Itchy immediately retaliates and wins yet again . " Pinnitchio " is a parody of the 1940 Disney film Pinocchio . T.G.I. McScratchy 's , " where it 's constantly New Year 's Eve , " is a parody of Pleasure Island , a former nightclub section of Walt Disney World 's Downtown Disney , where New Year 's Eve was celebrated every night at midnight . Hans Moleman being attacked by predatory birds while in the phone booth is a spoof of the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film The Birds . Walt Disney 's alleged antisemitism is spoofed in the character of Roger Meyers , Sr. in his cartoon Nazi Supermen Are Our Superiors . The sound made by the vehicle which takes Bart to the detention facility resembles the one made by the ground shuttles carrying the fighter pilots inside the Rebel Base in Star Wars Episode 4 : A New Hope . Marge 's Amish flashback recalls Peter Weir 's 1985 film Witness , while that involving Homer and Bart unintentionally scaring swimmers on a beach recalls Steven Spielberg 's Jaws . The episode of Itchy and Scratchy that Bart and Lisa watch is called " The Last Traction Hero " , a parody of the 1993 film Last Action Hero . The Simpson Family 's journey to Itchy and Scratchy Land parodies the film , National Lampoon 's Vacation , in such scenes as when Bart asks to stop at a nearby restaurant and Homer replies ' No ' , Homer nearly falling asleep at the wheel , and the rest of the events following until they reach the park . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Itchy & Scratchy Land " finished 67th in ratings for the week of September 26 — October 2 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 0 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 6 million viewing households . It was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills , 90210 , The X @-@ Files and tied with Melrose Place . Itchy and Scratchy Land has met with positive reviews . " Scratchtasia " is one of David Mirkin 's favorite Itchy & Scratchy cartoons . The episode placed seventh in a 2003 Entertainment Weekly list of the top 25 episodes , the authors remarking that , " When the animatronics attack , the showdown between man and machine — okay , Homer and a giant robot mouse — is an uproarious rebuttal to capitalism run amok . " Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood called it " an untypical episode , with an especially thin plot . But anyone that 's been to Disneyland will get the point . " The episode is number six on MSNBC 's top ten The Simpsons episodes list , compiled in 2007 . In 2014 , The Simpsons writers picked " Scratchtasia " from this episode as one of their nine favorite " Itchy & Scratchy " episodes of all time .
= Bart 's Inner Child = " Bart 's Inner Child " is the seventh episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 11 , 1993 . In the episode , Marge finally realizes that she 's no fun due to her excessive nagging and seeks help from the self @-@ help guru , Brad Goodman , who uses Bart 's irreverent attitude as a new example of how people should behave . The entire town of Springfield begins to act like Bart , who at first enjoys things but begins to feel that his role as a troublemaker is usurped . During the inaugural " Do What You Feel " festival , several things go wrong and the town decides to stop acting like Bart. The episode was written by George Meyer and was the first episode of the show to be directed by Bob Anderson . Actor Albert Brooks guest stars in the episode as Brad Goodman , a self @-@ help guru modelled after John Bradshaw . It was Brooks ' third of five appearances on the show . Singer James Brown guest stars as himself ; he sings his 1965 song " I Got You ( I Feel Good ) " . In 2006 , Brooks was named the best Simpsons guest star by IGN , while Brown 's appearance has been described as " hilariously over @-@ the @-@ top " . The episode features cultural references to several films , television shows , and songs , including the 1939 film Gone with the Wind , Scott Joplin 's piano rag " The Entertainer " , and the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner cartoons . In its original broadcast , " Bart 's Inner Child " finished 40th in the weekly ratings with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 8 , and was viewed in 11 @.@ 12 million households . = = Plot = = Homer sees an advertisement in the newspaper for a free trampoline . He rushes to the address from the advertisement , where Krusty the Clown is giving it away , and brings it home . While Bart and Lisa are thrilled by it , Marge is concerned about the potential dangers . Homer brushes her worries aside ; he has plans of turning their backyard into a theme park , and decides to charge a fee to use the trampoline . Inevitably , however , people start getting hurt , and Homer finally takes Marge 's advice to get rid of the trampoline . After failing at his various attempts to do so , Bart steps in to help Homer . They chain the trampoline to a pole using a bike lock and wait for Snake Jailbird to steal it . Homer and Marge argue later that night . Homer admits that while Marge was right that getting the trampoline was a mistake , he adds that he 's at least willing to go out and try new things while she 's bossy , boring and just nags all the time . Marge , of course , disagrees with this , but after asking Bart and Lisa what they think , she discovers that they agree with their father 's assessment about her . Marge becomes offended that people see her that way and goes to her sisters ' apartment . While at Patty and Selma 's apartment , the twins introduce her to an infomercial featuring self @-@ help guru , Brad Goodman , who can supposedly help people like Marge with their chronic nagging . After Marge encourages Homer to watch a Brad Goodman video with her , she becomes more tolerant and the two start getting along better . After seeing how out of control Bart is , the family goes to see Brad Goodman 's live lecture in the hopes that it will change him . Bart interrupts the lecture , but Brad Goodman encourages the town to follow Bart 's spontaneous attitude . Soon , the whole town starts acting like Bart , who at first enjoys things , but eventually becomes upset by it . Lisa explains that it 's because he 's lost his unique identity as a rebel with everyone else in town acting like him . To celebrate their new @-@ found attitude , the town holds a " Do What You Feel " festival . However , the festival soon goes awry because those responsible for building the stages and maintaining the rides " didn ’ t feel like " doing a thorough job , resulting in a runaway Ferris wheel causing chaos . Arguments begin , as everybody has been encouraged to always say exactly what is on their mind , and a riot soon breaks out . Bart is quickly blamed for starting the whole " do as you feel " trend , even with Reverend Lovejoy pointing out that Brad Goodman was the one who encouraged them to act like Bart in the first place . The town chases after him , prompting Homer to save Bart by driving in a float . Despite the very slow speed of the float , the town gives up the chase and goes to the old mill to get some cider . The Simpson family returns home , where they try to figure out what the lesson of the episode was . Homer claims that Bart should have been a better role model , but Marge comes to Bart 's defense by saying that self @-@ improvement is best left to people who live in big cities . But then Lisa says that self @-@ improvement can be accomplished , but through hard work and not a quick fix . Homer concludes that they 're all fine the way they are and the family starts to watch TV . = = Production = = " Bart 's Inner Child " was written by George Meyer and directed by Bob Anderson . It was Anderson 's directorial debut on The Simpsons . Meyer 's inspiration for the episode came from the fact that he was going through therapy at the time and he thought it would be a good idea " to send up these self @-@ help gurus " . Actor Albert Brooks guest starred in the episode as Brad Goodman . It was Brooks ' third appearance on the show after playing Jacques in " Life on the Fast Lane " and Cowboy Bob in " The Call of the Simpsons " . He would later guest star as Hank Scorpio in " You Only Move Twice " , Tab Spangler in " The Heartbroke Kid " , and Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie . Executive producer David Mirkin describes Brooks as " really weird to direct " because " almost every one of his takes is flawless , but each one has different material . He makes up the stuff as he goes . " He uses a combination of the jokes in the script and his own material and because many of his takes are different , it is difficult for the producers to decide which lines to use . Goodman was based on the American self @-@ help author John Bradshaw , who popularized such psychological ideas as the " wounded inner child " and the dysfunctional family . Singer James Brown guest stars as himself . Brown makes an appearance at the " Do What You Feel " festival , during which he sings his 1965 song " I Got You ( I Feel Good ) " . After a bandstand collapses , he proclaims " Hey , wait a minute , hold on here ! This bandstand wasn 't double @-@ bolted ! " He described the experience as " good , clean , and humorous . And we need more of that around . " According to Mirkin , the writers like to give guest stars awkward lines which then sound funny coming from them . They knew Brown would not be " the greatest actor in the world " but still " gave him these incredibly hilarious , stiff lines that killed . " Mirkin described Brown 's line as " horrible " but because of Brown 's reading , " you have something that just sounds perfectly wrong and it makes it funny . " In his book Planet Simpson , Chris Turner describes James Brown 's performance as " hilariously over @-@ the @-@ top " and uses it as an example of how the early seasons of the show would include celebrity cameos and not point out the " enormity of their fame " . = = Cultural references = = The episode features cultural references to several films , television shows , and songs . The scene with a field full of injured children from the trampoline is a reference to the field of injured soldiers shot in the film Gone with the Wind . There is a sequence of Homer trying to push the trampoline off of a cliff , but once he pushes it over the edge , it lands on a pillar of rock and bounces back up . This is a reference to the Chuck Jones @-@ directed Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner Looney Tunes cartoons . The background imitates the desert landscape from the cartoons . At church , Reverend Lovejoy plays the classic rag " The Entertainer " by Scott Joplin on the organ . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Bart 's Inner Child " finished 40th in the weekly ratings during the week of November 8 – 14 , 1993 with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 8 , and was viewed in 11 @.@ 12 million households . It was the highest rated show on Fox that week . In 2006 , Albert Brooks was named the best Simpsons guest star by IGN , who said he " captivate [ s ] the audience with his unique characters " . In Planet Simpson , Chris Turner also praised Brooks ' performance , writing that " Brooks went for a subtle , slow @-@ burn lampoon rather than broad caricature : his Goodman doesn 't ooze insincerity , he just lightly dribbles it . [ ... ] Through a dozen little touches , Brooks created a timeless Simpsons character . " MSNBC 's Patrick Enwright listed the episode as his ninth favorite in the show in 2007 , saying it " brilliantly skewers new @-@ agey self @-@ help gurus " and adding that " it 's also noteworthy for clever pop @-@ cultural references . " The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , described it as " A very bizarre episode in which everyone just has a good time . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote : " A certified classic , ' Child ' mocks the self @-@ help field and makes a good point along the way . Of course , it does all this with scads of clever moments and becomes a great show . As one who works in psychology , it 's hard to resist this program 's spoofery . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of B + and described Homer 's escapades with the trampoline as " the episode 's brightest spot . " Turner described the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner homage as " one of the show 's most overt and inspired tributes to the Warner cartoons . " Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 .
= Haunting Ground = Haunting Ground , known in Japan as Demento ( デメント ) , is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 in 2005 . The story follows Fiona Belli , a young girl who wakes up in the dungeon of a castle after being involved in a car accident . She quickly befriends Hewie , a White Shepherd roaming the castle . With his aid , Fiona seeks to escape the castle and unravel the mysteries of it and its inhabitants . The game shares many similarities with Capcom 's earlier survival horror title Clock Tower 3 , and has been described as a spiritual successor to the Clock Tower series . The player controls Fiona as they explore the environment , evade and hide from enemy pursuers , and occasionally fight against the castle 's inhabitants . Hewie is a central part to the gameplay , and accompanies Fiona throughout the game . He can be given orders to explore the environment , attack enemies , and otherwise aid in Fiona 's survival . Haunting Ground was first revealed in September 2004 . Capcom added the dog mechanic during development thinking retailers and players alike would not enjoy a survival horror title with a lone female protagonist . The game was released in April of next year garnering mixed to average reviews . The graphics and presentation were praised , as well as the sexual overtones which were described as " disturbing " and " off @-@ putting . " Hewie was credited for giving the game a unique feel . However , the story was found to be cliché , and some of the gameplay was noted as predictable and dated . Haunting Ground was re @-@ released digitally in Japan for the PlayStation 3 in 2015 . = = Gameplay = = Haunting Ground is a survival horror game with similar gameplay elements to Clock Tower 3 . The player controls Fiona Belli directly and gives commands to her canine companion , Hewie . Fiona can run and perform a backstep maneuver , both of which reduce stamina . She can also crouch down to hide from enemy pursuers . Fiona can kick and tackle enemies as well , but tackling also reduces stamina . Losing too much stamina will result in Fiona becoming exhausted , causing her movements to slow down or possibly stop altogether . Exhaustion can be revived with certain items or with time . Fiona can interact with the environment by checking items , opening doors , and climbing ladders . The player can utilize hiding spots to evade pursuers . Other areas act as retaliation points that allow Fiona to use her environment to counterattack against her enemy , although some of these locations can only be used once . Commanding Hewie is an integral part of Haunting Ground 's gameplay . At the beginning of the game , he won 't be completely friendly and obey all of Fiona 's commands . The player will have to build a friendship and gain his trust in order to survive the game . Hewie can be told to sniff out items , check suspicious areas or items , attack an enemy , or called back to Fiona 's side . The player can praise Hewie by petting and feeding him , both which can heal his vitality . Likewise , he can be scolded when he won 't listen to commands . He can be told to " stand ready " before attacking , which will increase his attack power . Enemies can hear footsteps and other sounds . When Fiona is in a dangerous situation , she may fall into a panic . During panic mode , visibility gets worse , the menu can 't be opened , and she will begin running on her own , tripping and falling into walls . Panic mode will elapse after some time , or certain items can be used to calm her down . If Fiona sustains a significant amount of damage , she will slow down and become unable to backstep . If she receives too much damage she can die . Damage heals with time or items can be used to bring her vitality back to normal . While some items are used to heal Fiona and Hewie , others are used to damage enemies . Some can be thrown while others are set like traps for the enemy to walk over . Some items are found by searching while others can be crafted in refining rooms . = = Plot = = Fiona Belli is an 18 @-@ year @-@ old girl who recently moved to college . While visiting her parents , she is involved in a car accident , and awakens in a cage in the dungeon of a castle . Her memories of the incident are hazy . Noting that the cage that keeps her prisoner has been left unlocked , she steps out , but is startled by a large , fierce animal that runs past her . She quickly begins searching for answers and a way out of the castle . Soon , she befriends the animal that initially frightened her , a White Shepherd named Hewie . As Fiona begins to unravel the mystery in which she finds herself , she learns that she is the carrier of the Azoth , which , for unknown reasons , is sought after by Riccardo , the castle 's keeper . The first enemy Fiona encounters is Debilitas , a large , mentally disabled groundskeeper who thinks of Fiona as one of his dolls . Fiona then makes contact with a mysterious man named Lorenzo , who seems to want to help her escape . He tells her that to do so , she needs a staff from the chapel . However , upon taking the staff , Debilitas corners Fiona and Hewie , forcing a confrontation . After eliminating Debilitas , Fiona soon finds her next enemy , Daniella , the icy maid . Daniella covets Fiona 's ability to smell , taste , touch , feel , and " experience pleasure . " She is especially jealous that Fiona can create life ( via a fertile womb ) . Daniella is defeated when she is impaled with a shard of broken glass from a ceiling window . The third villain is Riccardo , who wields a flintlock pistol . For the majority of the game , Riccardo keeps his face hidden under a hood . Upon revealing himself however , Fiona is shocked to see her dead father 's face . Riccardo reveals that he and her father , Ugo , are clones . He murdered Ugo in the car accident as revenge for leaving the castle and marrying Fiona 's mother . He plans to use Fiona ( by means of her womb and use of her Azoth ) to bring about his own rebirth , so that he may live forever . As they fight atop a water tower , Hewie rescues Fiona by attacking Riccardo , causing him to fall from the summit . The final enemy is Lorenzo , who seemed to be an ally , but who now menaces Fiona in several different forms . Fiona first meets him as an old , crippled man . He tells Fiona that Riccardo was always the problem child , and that he created both Riccardo and Ugo in an attempt to find a body with an Azoth which he could use to gain immortality . Ugo had the Azoth , but left the castle to marry Ayla . Now with Riccardo dead , Lorenzo believes that Fiona is his , so he can take the Azoth she inherited from her father . He chases after Fiona , but she is able to crush him in a rock press . However , she soon encounters a resurrected , youthful Lorenzo ; the life energy he acquired from Riccardo 's body has allowed him mastery over his own aging process . With the help of Hewie , Fiona causes Lorenzo to fall into a pit of lava . At this point , the castle begins to shake and collapse , and Lorenzo returns as a flaming skeleton . He chases Fiona as she heads for the exit , and attempts to block her escape , but as they reach the door , he finally dies , and Fiona and Hewie eventually leave the castle . = = Development and release = = Capcom began development knowing they wanted to make a survival horror game with a lead female character . Believing that the female lead would not bode well with retailers and players alike , they added in a dog partner that could attack enemies . After this change , they further designed the gameplay around this partner mechanic . On September 24 , 2004 , Capcom debuted Haunting Ground under its Japanese name Demento at the Tokyo Game Show after launching a teaser page on their official website two days prior . While the text was in Japanese only , the English translation of the teaser page read : " One person awakes / Continuation of a nightmare / An unknown place / Fraught with insanity . " Capcom released the game in Japan on April 21 , 2005 , in Europe and Australia on April 29 , 2005 , and in North America on May 10 , 2005 . Critics have described the game as a spiritual successor to the Clock Tower series , although it has never been officially declared as such . In July 2012 , Haunting Ground appeared to be slated for a PlayStation 3 re @-@ release as a " PS2 Classic " , having been rated by the ESRB with Sony Computer Entertainment named as the publisher . On April 21 , 2015 , it was re @-@ released for the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Store exclusively in Japan . = = Reception = = Haunting Ground received " average " reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . The game 's sexuality was noted as a positive point by critics . IGN wrote , " Haunting Ground 's combination of high @-@ end presentation , disturbing sexuality , and psychological mindjobbing makes it one of the most interesting games of the last couple of months , " and selected it as the " Game of the Month " for May 2005 . They described it as an " interesting horror experience " that would appeal to " old @-@ school adventure fans " , although they found weakness in the narrative , calling it " clichéd " storytelling . GameSetWatch also felt the sexuality of the game was a positive ; " Disparaging Haunting Ground for its copious objectification of women is a facile task , and so is discrediting its storytelling for the gratuitous exposure . Easy , easy , to fetishize a horny maid , a half @-@ naked young blonde in dire straits and at the mercy of grasping , perverted men . But it 's precisely that off @-@ putting sexuality that makes Daniella terrifying , that makes Fiona 's circumstances so explicitly repugnant , that sharpens Haunting Ground 's fear factor to a knife in the gut . " 1UP.com praised the graphics , character models and environments , arguing that the game featured " some of the most detailed , lavish 3D environments Capcom has ever produced . " They did however feel the game was dated compared to the newly released Resident Evil 4 , stating it " isn 't without merit , it 's just that the merits are buried deep in an occasionally thrilling , mostly ' been there , done that ' game of indistinct origin . " GamePro stated that " despite a few fresh ideas , Haunting Ground is no classic . The thin story relies too often on cliché and titillation , the villains aren 't terribly frightening , and the gameplay becomes too predictable too quickly . Ultimately , this is Resident Evil Lite with a dog . " Despite this , they praised the cinematic presentation and found the visuals as " stark but appealing . " GameSpot noted that Hewie , despite being well @-@ trained , occasionally did not obey orders , adding realism to the game . They found the relationship between Fiona and Hewie and its gameplay mechanics give Haunting Ground " its own special place in the horror genre " . They believed the gameplay to have flaws , " but if you 're a big horror fan and don 't mind something different , Haunting Ground is worth a look . " Other critics also praised the use of Hewie . Just Adventure called him " adorable " and " an asset of the utmost value , " whilst 1UP.com named him " one of the best @-@ implemented efforts " of a dog in video gaming . In a retrospective analysis , Kill Screen 's Zach Budgor compared Haunting Ground 's " psychological landscape " to Dario Argento 's 1977 film Suspiria . He commended the game for making symbolic choices in its design , over more literal and sensible choices , creating a dreamlike atmosphere . The game 's grotesque expressionism was also highlighted . Budgor found that removing the player 's control at critical points highlights Fiona 's subjectivity , with the sounds and images expressing ideas of " violation , transgression , and bodily autonomy . " He also found the drive for the enemies to kill Fiona creates a continuous tension , as its unclear nature lends to an uncomfortable confusion for both Fiona and the player .
= Lepidoptera = The Lepidoptera ( / ˌlɛpᵻˈdɒptərə / lep @-@ i @-@ DOP @-@ tər @-@ ə ) is an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies ( both called lepidopterans ) . 180 @,@ 000 species of Lepidoptera are described , in 126 families and 46 superfamilies , 10 % of the total described species of living organisms . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world , encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies , skipper butterflies , and moth @-@ butterflies . The term was coined by Linnaeus in 1735 and is derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος ( scale ) and πτερόν ( wing ) . The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution . Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought , and is among the four most speciose orders , along with the Hymenoptera , Diptera , and Coleoptera . Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features , some of the most apparent being the scales covering their bodies and wings , and a proboscis . The scales are modified , flattened " hairs " , and give butterflies and moths their extraordinary variety of colors and patterns . Almost all species have some form of membranous wings , except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless . Like most other insects , butterflies and moths are holometabolous , meaning they undergo complete metamorphosis . Mating and the laying of eggs are carried out by adults , normally near or on host plants for the larvae . The larvae are commonly called caterpillars , and are completely different from their adult moth or butterfly forms , having a cylindrical body with a well @-@ developed head , mandible mouth parts , three pairs of thoracic legs and from none up to five pairs of prolegs . As they grow , these larvae change in appearance , going through a series of stages called instars . Once fully matured , the larva develops into a pupa , referred to as a chrysalis in the case of butterflies and a cocoon in the case of moths . A few butterflies and many moth species spin a silk case or cocoon prior to pupating , while others do not , instead going underground . The Lepidoptera have , over millions of years , evolved a wide range of wing patterns and coloration ranging from drab moths akin to the related order Trichoptera , to the brightly colored and complex @-@ patterned butterflies . Accordingly , this is the most recognized and popular of insect orders with many people involved in the observation , study , collection , rearing of , and commerce in these insects . A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a lepidopterist . Butterflies and moths play an important role in the natural ecosystem as pollinators and as food in the food chain ; conversely , their larvae are considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture , as their main source of food is often live plant matter . In many species , the female may produce from 200 to 600 eggs , while in others , the number may approach 30 @,@ 000 eggs in one day . The caterpillars hatching from these eggs can cause damage to large quantities of crops . Many moth and butterfly species are of economic interest by virtue of their role as pollinators , the silk they produce , or as pest species . = = Etymology = = The word Lepidoptera comes from the Latin word for " scaly wing " , from the Ancient Greek λεπίς ( lepis ) meaning scale and πτερόν ( pteron ) meaning wing . Sometimes , the term Rhopalocera is used to group the species that are butterflies , derived from the Ancient Greek ῥόπαλον ( rhopalon ) and κέρας ( kæras ) meaning " club " and " horn " , respectively , coming from the shape of the antennae of butterflies . The origins of the common names " butterfly " and " moth " are varied and often obscure . The English word butterfly is from Old English buttorfleoge , with many variations in spelling . Other than that , the origin is unknown , although it could be derived from the pale yellow color of many species ' wings suggesting the color of butter . The species of Heterocera are commonly called moths . The origins of the English word moth are more clear , deriving from the Old English moððe " ( cf . Northumbrian dialect mohðe ) from Common Germanic ( compare Old Norse motti , Dutch mot and German Motte all meaning " moth " ) . Perhaps its origins are related to Old English maða meaning " maggot " or from the root of " midge " , which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva , usually in reference to devouring clothes . The etymological origins of the word " caterpillar " , the larval form of butterflies and moths , are from the early 16th century , from Middle English catirpel , catirpeller , probably an alteration of Old North French catepelose : cate , cat ( from Latin cattus ) + pelose , hairy ( from Latin pilōsus ) . = = Distribution and diversity = = The Lepidoptera are among the most successful groups of insects . They are found on all continents , except Antarctica , and inhabit all terrestrial habitats ranging from desert to rainforest , from lowland grasslands to montane plateaus , but almost always associated with higher plants , especially angiosperms ( flowering plants ) . Among the most northern dwelling species of butterflies and moths is the Arctic Apollo ( Parnassius arcticus ) , which is found in the Arctic Circle in northeastern Yakutia , at an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level . In the Himalayas , various Apollo species such as Parnassius epaphus have been recorded to occur up to an altitude of 6 @,@ 000 m above sea level . Some lepidopteran species exhibit symbiotic , phoretic , or parasitic lifestyles , inhabiting the bodies of organisms rather than the environment . Coprophagous pyralid moth species , called sloth moths , such as Bradipodicola hahneli and Cryptoses choloepi , are unusual in that they are exclusively found inhabiting the fur of sloths , mammals found in Central and South America . Two species of Tinea moths have been recorded as feeding on horny tissue and have been bred from the horns of cattle . The larva of Zenodochium coccivorella is an internal parasite of the coccid Kermes species . Many species have been recorded as breeding in natural materials or refuse such as owl pellets , bat caves , honeycombs or diseased fruit . As of 2007 , there was roughly 174 @,@ 250 lepidopteran species described , with butterflies and skippers estimated to comprise around 17 @,@ 950 , and moths making up the rest . The vast majority of Lepidoptera are to be found in the tropics , but substantial diversity exists on most continents . North America has over 700 species of butterflies and over 11 @,@ 000 species of moths , while about 400 species of butterflies and 14 @,@ 000 species of moths are reported from Australia . The diversity of Lepidoptera in each faunal region has been estimated by John Heppner in 1991 based partly on actual counts from the literature , partly on the card indices in the Natural History Museum ( London ) and the National Museum of Natural History ( Washington ) , and partly on estimates : = = External morphology = = Lepidoptera are morphologically distinguished from other orders principally by the presence of scales on the external parts of the body and appendages , especially the wings . Butterflies and moths vary in size from microlepidoptera only a few millimeters long , to conspicuous animals with a wingspan greater than 25 centimetres , such as the Monarch butterfly and Atlas moth . Lepidopterans undergo a four @-@ stage lifecycle : egg ; larva or caterpillar ; pupa or chrysalis ; and imago ( plural : imagines ) / adult and show many variations of the basic body structure , which have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution . = = = Head = = = The head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found . Like the adult , the larva also has a toughened , or sclerotized head capsule . Here , two compound eyes , and chaetosema , raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to Lepidoptera , occur , though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots . The antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between different sexes . The antennae of butterflies are usually filiform and shaped like clubs , those of the skippers are hooked , while those of moths have flagellar segments variously enlarged or branched . Some moths have enlarged antennae or ones that are tapered and hooked at the ends . The maxillary galeae are modified and form an elongated proboscis . The proboscis consists of one to five segments , usually kept coiled up under the head by small muscles when it is not being used to suck up nectar from flowers or other liquids . Some basal moths still have mandibles , or separate moving jaws , like their ancestors , and these form the family Micropterigidae . The larvae , called caterpillars , have a toughened head capsule . Caterpillars lack the proboscis and have separate chewing mouthparts . These mouthparts , called mandibles , are used to chew up the plant matter that the larvae eat . The lower jaw , or labium , is weak , but may carry a spinneret , an organ used to create silk . The head is made of large lateral lobes , each having an ellipse of up to six simple eyes . = = = Thorax = = = The thorax is made of three fused segments , the prothorax , mesothorax , and metathorax , each with a pair of legs . The first segment contains the first pair of legs . In some males of the butterfly family Nymphalidae , the fore legs are greatly reduced and are not used for walking or perching . The three pairs of legs are covered with scales . Lepidoptera also have olfactory organs on their feet , which aid the butterfly in " tasting " or " smelling " out its food . In the larval form there are 3 pairs of true legs , with up to 11 pairs of abdominal legs ( usually eight ) and hooklets , called apical crochets . The two pairs of wings are found on the middle and third segments , or mesothorax and metathorax , respectively . In the more recent genera , the wings of the second segment are much more pronounced , although some more primitive forms have similarly sized wings of both segments . The wings are covered in scales arranged like shingles , which form an extraordinary variety of colors and patterns . The mesothorax is designed to have more powerful muscles to propel the moth or butterfly through the air , with the wing of this segment ( fore wing ) having a stronger vein structure . The largest superfamily , the Noctuidae , has their wings modified to act as tympanal or hearing organs . The caterpillar has an elongated , soft body that may have hair @-@ like or other projections , three pairs of true legs , with none to 11 pairs of abdominal legs ( usually eight ) and hooklets , called apical crochets . The thorax usually has a pair of legs on each segment . The thorax is also lined with many spiracles on both the mesothorax and metathorax , except for a few aquatic species , which instead have a form of gills . = = = Abdomen = = = The abdomen , which is less sclerotized than the thorax , consists of 10 segments with membranes in between , allowing for articulated movement . The sternum , on the first segment , is small in some families and is completely absent in others . The last two or three segments form the external parts of the species ' sex organs . The genitalia of Lepidoptera are highly varied and are often the only means of differentiating between species . Male genitals include a valva , which is usually large , as it is used to grasp the female during mating . Female genitalia include three distinct sections . The females of basal moths have only one sex organ , which is used for copulation and as an ovipositor , or egg @-@ laying organ . About 98 % of moth species have a separate organ for mating , and an external duct that carries the sperm from the male . The abdomen of the caterpillar has four pairs of prolegs , normally located on the third to sixth segments of the abdomen , and a separate pair of prolegs by the anus , which have a pair of tiny hooks called crotchets . These aid in gripping and walking , especially in species that lack many prolegs ( e. g. larvae of Geometridae ) . In some basal moths , these prolegs may be on every segment of the body , while prolegs may be lost completely in other groups , which are more adapted to boring and living in sand ( e. g . , Prodoxidae and Nepticulidae , respectively ) . = = = Scales = = = The wings , head , and parts of the thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales , a feature from which the order derives its name . Most scales are lamellar , or blade @-@ like and attached with a pedicel , while other forms may be hair @-@ like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics . The lumen or surface of the lamella has a complex structure . It gives color either by colored pigments it contains , or through structural coloration with mechanisms that include photonic crystals and diffraction gratings . Scales function in insulation , thermoregulation , producing pheromones ( in males only ) , and aiding gliding flight , but the most important is the large diversity of vivid or indistinct patterns they provide , which help the organism protect itself by camouflage or mimicry , and which act as signals to other animals including rivals and potential mates . = = Internal morphology = = = = = Reproductive system = = = In the reproductive system of butterflies and moths , the male genitalia are complex and unclear . In females the three types of genitalia are based on the relating taxa : ' monotrysian ' , ' exoporian ' , and ' ditrysian ' . In the monotrysian type is an opening on the fused segments of the sterna 9 and 10 , which act as insemination and oviposition . In the exoporian type ( in Hepaloidae and Mnesarchaeoidea ) are two separate places for insemination and oviposition , both occurring on the same sterna as the monotrysian type , i.e. 9 and 10 . The ditrysian groups have an internal duct that carries sperm , with separate openings for copulation and egg @-@ laying . In most species , the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes , although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue . Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their lifecycles , called the endocrine system . The first insect hormone prothoracicotropic hormone ( PTTH ) operates the species lifecycle and diapause . This hormone is produced by corpora allata and corpora cardiaca , where it is also stored . Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi . While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH , the corpora allata also produces juvenile hormones , and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones . = = = Digestive system = = = In the digestive system , the anterior region of the foregut has been modified to form a pharyngeal sucking pump as they need it for the food they eat , which are for the most part liquids . An esophagus follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop . The midgut is short and straight , with the hindgut being longer and coiled . Ancestors of lepidopteran species , stemming from Hymenoptera , had midgut ceca , although this is lost in current butterflies and moths . Instead , all the digestive enzymes , other than initial digestion , are immobilized at the surface of the midgut cells . In larvae , long @-@ necked and stalked goblet cells are found in the anterior and posterior midgut regions , respectively . In insects , the goblet cells excrete positive potassium ions , which are absorbed from leaves ingested by the larvae . Most butterflies and moths display the usual digestive cycle , but species with different diets require adaptations to meet these new demands . = = = Circulatory system = = = In the circulatory system , hemolymph , or insect blood , is used to circulate heat in a form of thermoregulation , where muscles contraction produces heat , which is transferred to the rest of the body when conditions are unfavorable . In lepidopteran species , hemolymph is circulated through the veins in the wings by some form of pulsating organ , either by the heart or by the intake of air into the trachea . = = = Respiratory system = = = Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran 's respiratory system . Three different tracheaes supply and diffuse oxygen throughout the species ' bodies . The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels , while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord , and the visceral tracheae supply the guts , fat bodies , and gonads . = = Polymorphism = = Polymorphism is the appearance of forms or " morphs " , which differ in color and number of attributes within a single species . In Lepidoptera , polymorphism can be seen not only between individuals in a population , but also between the sexes as sexual dimorphism , between geographically separated populations in geographical polymorphism , and between generations flying at different seasons of the year ( seasonal polymorphism or polyphenism ) . In some species , the polymorphism is limited to one sex , typically the female . This often includes the phenomenon of mimicry when mimetic morphs fly alongside nonmimetic morphs in a population of a particular species . Polymorphism occurs both at specific level with heritable variation in the overall morphological design of individuals , as well as in certain specific morphological or physiological traits within a species . Environmental polymorphism , in which traits are not inherited , is often termed as polyphenism , which in Lepidoptera is commonly seen in the form of seasonal morphs , especially in the butterfly families of Nymphalidae and Pieridae . An Old World pierid butterfly , the common grass yellow ( Eurema hecabe ) has a darker summer adult morph , triggered by a long day exceeding 13 hours in duration , while the shorter diurnal period of 12 hours or less induces a paler morph in the postmonsoon period . Polyphenism also occurs in caterpillars , an example being the peppered moth , Biston betularia . Geographical isolation causes a divergence of a species into different morphs . A good example is the Indian white admiral Limenitis procris , which has five forms , each geographically separated from the other by large mountain ranges . An even more dramatic showcase of geographical polymorphism is the Apollo butterfly ( Parnassius apollo ) . Because the Apollos live in small local populations , thus having no contact with each other , coupled with their strong stenotopic nature and weak migration ability , interbreeding between populations of one species practically does not occur ; by this , they form over 600 different morphs , with the size of spots on the wings of which varies greatly . Sexual dimorphism is the occurrence of differences between males and females in a species . In Lepidoptera , it is widespread and almost completely set by genetic determination . Sexual dimorphism is present in all families of the Papilionoidea and more prominent in the Lycaenidae , Pieridae , and certain taxa of the Nymphalidae . Apart from color variation , which may differ from slight to completely different color @-@ pattern combinations , secondary sexual characteristics may also be present . Different genotypes maintained by natural selection may also be expressed at the same time . Polymorphic and / or mimetic females occur in the case of some taxa in the Papilionidae primarily to obtain a level of protection not available to the male of their species . The most distinct case of sexual dimorphism is that of adult females of many Psychidae species which have only vestigial wings , legs , and mouthparts as compared to the adult males that are strong fliers with well @-@ developed wings and feathery antennae . = = Reproduction and development = = Species of Lepidoptera undergo holometabolism or " complete metamorphosis " . Their lifecycle normally consists of an egg , a larva , a pupa , and an imago or adult . The larvae are commonly called caterpillars , and the pupae of moths encapsulated in silk are called cocoons , while the uncovered pupae of butterflies are called chrysalides . = = = Lepidopterans in diapause = = = Unless the species reproduces year @-@ round , a butterfly or moth may enter diapause , a state of dormancy that allows the insect to survive unfavorable environmental conditions . = = = Mating = = = Males usually start eclosion ( emergence ) earlier than females and peak in numbers before females . Both of the sexes are sexually mature by the time of eclosion . Butterflies and moths normally do not associate with each other , except for migrating species , staying relatively asocial . Mating begins with an adult ( female or male ) attracting a mate , normally using visual stimuli , especially in diurnal species like most butterflies . However , the females of most nocturnal species , including almost all moth species , use pheromones to attract males , sometimes from long distances . Some species engage in a form of acoustic courtship , or attract mates using sound or vibration such as the polka @-@ dot wasp moth , Syntomeida epilais . Adaptations include undergoing one seasonal generation , two or even more , called voltinism ( Univoltism , bivoltism , and multivism , respectively ) . Most lepidopterans in temperate climates are univoltine , while in tropical climates most have two seasonal broods . Some others may take advantage of any opportunity they can get , and mate continuously throughout the year . These seasonal adaptations are controlled by hormones , and these delays in reproduction are called diapause . Many lepidopteran species , after mating and laying their eggs , die shortly afterwards , having only lived for a few days after eclosion . Others may still be active for several weeks and then overwinter and become sexually active again when the weather becomes more favorable , or diapause . The sperm of the male that mated most recently with the female is most likely to have fertilized the eggs , but the sperm from a prior mating may still prevail . = = = Lifecycle = = = = = = = Eggs = = = = Lepidoptera usually reproduce sexually and are oviparous ( egg @-@ laying ) , though some species exhibit live birth in a process called ovoviviparity . A variety of differences in egg @-@ laying and the number of eggs laid occur . Some species simply drop their eggs in flight ( these species normally have polyphagous larvae , meaning they eat a variety of plants e. g . , hepialids and some nymphalids ) while most lay their eggs near or on the host plant on which the larvae feed . The number of eggs laid may vary from only a few to several thousand . The females of both butterflies and moths select the host plant instinctively , and primarily , by chemical cues . The eggs are derived from materials ingested as a larvae and in some species , from the spermataphores received from males during mating . An egg can only be 1 / 1000 the mass of the female , yet she may lay up to her own mass in eggs . Females lay smaller eggs as they age . Larger Females lay larger eggs . The egg is covered by a hard @-@ ridged protective outer layer of shell , called the chorion . It is lined with a thin coating of wax , which prevents the egg from drying out . Each egg contains a number of micropyles , or tiny funnel @-@ shaped openings at one end , the purpose of which is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg . Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species , but they are all either spherical or ovate . The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies , but eggs laid prior to winter , especially in temperate regions , go through diapause , and hatching may be delayed until spring . Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer . These butterflies are usually temperate species ( e. g . Nymphalis antiopa ) . = = = = Larvae = = = = The larvae or caterpillars are the first stage in the lifecycle after hatching . Caterpillars , are " characteristic polypod larvae with cylindrical bodies , short thoracic legs , and abdominal prolegs ( pseudopods ) " . They have a toughened ( sclerotised ) head capsule with an adfrontal suture formed by medial fusion of the sclerites , mandibles ( mouthparts ) for chewing , and a soft tubular , segmented body , that may have hair @-@ like or other projections , three pairs of true legs , and additional prolegs ( up to five pairs ) . The body consists of thirteen segments , of which three are thoracic and ten are abdominal . Most larvae are herbivores , but a few are carnivores ( some eat ants or other caterpillars ) and detritivores . Different herbivorous species have adapted to feed on every part of the plant and are normally considered pests to their host plants ; some species have been found to lay their eggs on the fruit and other species lay their eggs on clothing or fur ( e. g . , Tineola bisselliella , the common clothes moth ) . Some species are carnivorous and others are even parasitic . Some lycaenid species such as Maculinea rebeli are social parasites of Myrmica ants nests . A species of Geometridae from Hawaii has carnivorous larvae that catch and eat flies . Some pyralid caterpillars are aquatic . The larvae develop rapidly with several generations in a year ; however , some species may take up to 3 years to develop , and exceptional examples like Gynaephora groenlandica take as long as seven years . The larval stage is where the feeding and growing stages occur , and the larvae periodically undergo hormone @-@ induced ecdysis , developing further with each instar , until they undergo the final larval @-@ pupal molt . The lepidopteran pupa , known as a chrysalis in the case of butterflies , has functional mandibles with appendages fused or glued to the body in most species , while the pupal mandibles are not functional in others . The larvae of both butterflies and moths exhibit mimicry to deter potential predators . Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their heads to appear snake @-@ like . Many have false eye @-@ spots to enhance this effect . Some caterpillars have special structures called osmeteria ( family Papilionidae ) , which are exposed to produce smelly chemicals used in defense . Host plants often have toxic substances in them and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage . This helps make them unpalatable to birds and other predators . Such unpalatability is advertised using bright red , orange , black , or white warning colors . The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects . Insects , in turn , develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival . This " arms race " has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants . = = = = Wing development = = = = No form of wing is externally visible on the larva , but when larvae are dissected , developing wings can be seen as disks , which can be found on the second and third thoracic segments , in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments . Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing , and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane , which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct . Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar , when they increase dramatically in size , are invaded by branching tracheae from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins , and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing . Near pupation , the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the hemolymph , and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile , by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle , they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa ( in obtect pupae ) . Within hours , the wings form a cuticle so hard and well @-@ joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings . = = = = Pupa = = = = After about five to seven instars , or molts , certain hormones , like PTTH , stimulate the production of ecdysone , which initiates insect molting . Then , the larva puparium , a sclerotized or hardened cuticle of the last larval instar , develops into the pupa . Depending on the species , the pupa may be covered in silk and attached to many different types of debris , or may not be covered at all . The pupa stays attached to the leaf by silk spun by the caterpillar before it spins the silk for the full pupa . Features of the imago are externally recognizable in the pupa . All the appendages on the adult head and thorax are found cased inside the cuticle ( antennae , mouthparts , etc . ) , with the wings wrapped around , adjacent to the antennae . While encased , some of the lower segments are not fused , and are able to move using small muscles found in between the membrane . Moving may help the pupa , for example , escape the sun , which would otherwise kill it . The pupa of the Mexican jumping bean moth ( Cydia deshaisiana ) does this . The larvae cut a trapdoor in the bean ( species of Sebastiania ) and use the bean as a shelter . With a sudden rise in temperature , the pupa inside twitches and jerks , pulling on the threads inside . Wiggling may also help to deter parasitoid wasps from laying eggs on the pupa . Other species of moths are able to make clicks to deter predators . The length of time before the pupa ecloses ( emerges ) varies greatly . The monarch butterfly may stay in its chrysalis for two weeks , while other species may need to stay for more than 10 months in diapause . The adult emerges from the pupa either by using abdominal hooks or from projections located on the head . The mandibles found in the most primitive moth families are used to escape from their cocoon ( e. g . , Micropterigoidea ) . = = = = Adult = = = = Most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion , only needing a few days to find a mate and then lay their eggs . Others may remain active for a longer period ( from one to several weeks ) , or go through diapause and overwintering as monarch butterflies do , or waiting out environmental stress . Some adult species of Microlepidoptera go through a stage where no reproductive @-@ related activity occurs , lasting through summer and winter , followed by mating and oviposition in the early spring . While most butterflies and moths are terrestrial , many species of Pyralidae are truly aquatic with all stages except the adult occurring in water . Many species from other families such as Arctiidae , Nepticulidae , Cosmopterygidae , Tortricidae , Olethreutidae , Noctuidae , Cossidae , and Sphingidae are aquatic or semiaquatic . = = Behavior = = = = = Flight = = = Flight is an important aspect of the lives of butterflies and moths , and is used for evading predators , searching for food , and finding mates in a timely manner , as lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion . It is the main form of locomotion in most species . In Lepidoptera , the fore wings and hind wings are mechanically coupled and flap in synchrony . Flight is anteromotoric , or being driven primarily by action of the fore wings . Although lepidopteran species reportedly can still fly when their hind wings are cut off , it reduces their linear flight and turning capabilities . Lepidopteran species have to be warm , about 77 to 79 ° F ( 25 to 26 ° C ) , to fly . They depend on their body temperature being sufficiently high and since they cannot regulate it themselves , this is dependent on their environment . Butterflies living in cooler climates may use their wings to warm their bodies . They will bask in the sun , spreading out their wings so that they get maximum exposure to the sunlight . In hotter climates butterflies can easily overheat , so they are usually active only during the cooler parts of the day , early morning , late afternoon or early evening . During the heat of the day , they rest in the shade . Some larger thick @-@ bodied moths ( e.g. Sphingidae ) can generate their own heat to a limited degree by vibrating their wings . The heat generated by the flight muscles warms the thorax while the temperature of the abdomen is unimportant for flight . To avoid overheating , some moths rely on hairy scales , internal air sacs , and other structures to separate the thorax and abdomen and keep the abdomen cooler . Some species of butterflies can reach fast speeds , such as the southern dart , which can go as fast as 48 @.@ 4 km / h . Sphingids are some of the fastest flying insects , some are capable of flying at over 50 km / h ( 30 mi / h ) , having a wingspan of 35 – 150 mm . In some species , sometimes a gliding component to their flight exists . Flight occurs either as hovering , or as forward or backward motion . In butterfly and moth species , such as hawk moths , hovering is important as they need to maintain a certain stability over flowers when feeding on the nectar . = = = = Navigation = = = = Navigation is important to lepidoptera species , especially for those that migrate . Butterflies , which have more species that migrate , have been shown to navigate using time @-@ compensated sun compasses . They can see polarized light , so can orient even in cloudy conditions . The polarized light in the region close to the ultraviolet spectrum is suggested to be particularly important . Most migratory butterflies are those that live in semiarid areas where breeding seasons are short . The life histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies . Other theories include the use of landscapes . Lepidoptera may use coastal lines , mountains , and even roads to orient themselves . Above sea , the flight direction is much more accurate if the coast is still visible . Many studies have also shown that moths navigate . One study showed that many moths may use the Earth 's magnetic field to navigate , as a study of the moth heart and dart suggests . Another study , of the migratory behavior of the silver Y , showed , even at high altitudes , the species can correct its course with changing winds , and prefers flying with favourable winds , suggesting a great sense of direction . Aphrissa statira in Panama loses its navigational capacity when exposed to a magnetic field , suggesting it uses the Earth 's magnetic field . Moths exhibit a tendency to circle artificial lights repeatedly . This suggests they use a technique of celestial navigation called transverse orientation . By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light , such as the Moon , they can fly in a straight line . Celestial objects are so far away , even after traveling great distances , the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible ; further , the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field or on the horizon . When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation , the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance , in addition to being often below the horizon . The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light , causing airborne moths to come plummeting downwards , and at close range , which results in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source . Other explanations have been suggested , such as the idea that moths may be impaired with a visual distortion called a Mach band by Henry Hsiao in 1972 . He stated that they fly towards the darkest part of the sky in pursuit of safety , thus are inclined to circle ambient objects in the Mach band region . = = = = Migration = = = = Lepidopteran migration is typically seasonal , as the insects moving to escape dry seasons or other disadvantageous conditions . Most lepidopterans that migrate are butterflies , and the distance travelled varies . Some butterflies that migrate include the mourning cloak , painted lady , American lady , red admiral , and the common buckeye . The most well @-@ known migrations are those of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly from Mexico to northern United States and southern Canada , a distance of about 4 @,@ 000 – 4 @,@ 800 km ( 2 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 mi ) . Other well @-@ known migratory species include the painted lady and several of the danaine butterflies . Spectacular and large @-@ scale migrations associated with the monsoons are seen in peninsular India . Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and stable hydrogen isotopes . Moths also undertake migrations , an example being the uraniids . Urania fulgens undergoes population explosions and massive migrations that may be not surpassed by any other insect in the Neotropics . In Costa Rica and Panama , the first population movements may begin in July and early August and depending on the year , may be very massive , continuing unabated for as long as five months . = = = Communication = = = Pheromones are commonly involved in mating rituals among species , especially moths , but they are also an important aspect of other forms of communication . Usually , the pheromones are produced by either the male or the female and detected by members of the opposite sex with their antennae . In many species , a gland between the eighth and ninth segments under the abdomen in the female produces the pheromones . Communication can also occur through stridulation , or producing sounds by rubbing various parts of the body together . Moths are known to engage in acoustic forms of communication , most often as courtship , attracting mates using sound or vibration . Like most other insects , moths pick up these sounds using tympanic membranes in their abdomens . An example is that of the polka @-@ dot wasp moth ( Syntomeida epilais ) , which produces sounds with a frequency above that normally detectable by humans ( about 20 kHz ) . These sounds also function as tactile communication , or communication through touch , as they stridulate , or vibrate a substrate like leaves and stems . Most moths lack bright colors , as many species use coloration as camouflage , but butterflies engage in visual communication . Female cabbage butterflies , for example , use ultraviolet light to communicate , with scales colored in this range on the dorsal wing surface . When they fly , each down stroke of the wing creates a brief flash of ultraviolet light which the males apparently recognize as the flight signature of a potential mate . These flashes from the wings may attract several males that engage in aerial courtship displays . = = Ecology = = Moths and butterflies are important in the natural ecosystem . They are integral participants in the food chain ; having co @-@ evolved with flowering plants and predators , lepidopteran species have formed a network of trophic relationships between autotrophs and heterotrophs , which are included in the stages of Lepidoptera larvae , pupae , and adults . Larvae and pupae are links in the diets of birds and parasitic entomophagous insects . The adults are included in food webs in a much broader range of consumers ( including birds , small mammals , reptiles , etc . ) . = = = Defense and predation = = = Lepidopteran species are soft bodied , fragile , and almost defenseless , while the immature stages move slowly or are immobile , hence all stages are exposed to predation . Adult butterflies and moths are preyed upon by birds , lizards , amphibians , dragonflies , and spiders . Caterpillars and pupae fall prey not only to birds , but also to invertebrate predators and small mammals , as well as fungi and bacteria . Parasitoid and parasitic wasps and flies may lay eggs in the caterpillar , which eventually kill it as they hatch inside its body and eat its tissues . Insect @-@ eating birds are probably the largest predators . Lepidoptera , especially the immature stages , are an ecologically important food to many insectivorous birds , such as the great tit in Europe . An " evolutionary arms race " can be seen between predator and prey species . The Lepidoptera have developed a number of strategies for defense and protection , including evolution of morphological characters and changes in ecological lifestyles and behaviors . These include aposematism , mimicry , camouflage , and development of threat patterns and displays . Only a few birds , such as the nightjars , hunt nocturnal lepidopterans . Their main predators are bats . Again , an " evolutionary race " exists , which has led to numerous evolutionary adaptations of moths to escape from their main predators , such as the ability to hear ultrasonic sounds , or even to emit sounds in some cases . Lepidopteran eggs are also preyed upon . Some caterpillars , such as the zebra swallowtail butterfly larvae , are cannibalistic . Some species of Lepidoptera are poisonous to predators , such as the monarch butterfly in the Americas , Atrophaneura species ( roses , windmills , etc . ) in Asia , as well as Papilio antimachus , and the birdwings , the largest butterflies in Africa and Asia , respectively . They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues . Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins . Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently , learning not to eat those species . A predator which has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future , thus saving many other species , as well . Toxic butterflies and larvae tend to develop bright colors and striking patterns as an indicator to predators about their toxicity . This phenomenon is known as aposematism . Some caterpillars , especially members of Papilionidae , contain an osmeterium , a Y @-@ shaped protrusible gland found in the prothoracic segment of the larvae . When threatened , the caterpillar emits unpleasant smells from the organ to ward off the predators . Camouflage is also an important defense strategy , which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment . Some lepidopteran species blend with their surroundings , making them difficult to spot by predators . Caterpillars can exhibit shades of green that match its host plant . Others look like inedible objects , such as twigs or leaves . For instance , the mourning cloak fades into the backdrop of trees when it folds its wings back . The larvae of some species , such as the common Mormon ( Papilio polytes ) and the western tiger swallowtail look like bird droppings . For example , adult Sesiidae species ( also known as clearwing moths ) have a general appearance sufficiently similar to a wasp or hornet to make it likely the moths gain a reduction in predation by Batesian mimicry . Eyespots are a type of automimicry used by some butterflies and moths . In butterflies , the spots are composed of concentric rings of scales in different colors . The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect attention of predators . Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator 's instinct to attack these wing patterns . Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera . Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species ( the mimic ) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species ( the model ) . Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known in the example between the limenitidine viceroy butterfly in relation to the inedible danaine monarch . The viceroy is , in fact , more toxic than the monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry . In Müllerian mimicry , inedible species , usually within a taxonomic order , find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators that need to learn about the insects ' inedibility . Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well @-@ known Müllerian complexes . The adults of the various species now resemble each other so well , the species cannot be distinguished without close morphological observation and , in some cases , dissection or genetic analysis . Moths evidently are able to hear the range emitted by bat ] s , which in effect causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers because bats are a main predator of moths . Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that cause it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack . Tiger moths in a defense emit clicks within the same range of the bats , which interfere with the bats and foil their attempts to echolocate it . = = = Pollination = = = Most species of Lepidoptera engage in some form of entomophily ( more specifically psychophily and phalaenophily for butterflies and moths , respectively ) , or the pollination of flowers . Most adult butterflies and moths feed on the nectar inside flowers , using their probosces to reach the nectar hidden at the base of the petals . In the process , the adults brush against the flowers ' stamens , on which the reproductive pollen is made and stored . The pollen is transferred on appendages on the adults , which fly to the next flower to feed and unwittingly deposit the pollen on the stigma of the next flower , where the pollen germinates and fertilizes the seeds . Flowers pollinated by butterflies tend to be large and flamboyant , pink or lavender in color , frequently having a landing area , and usually scented , as butterflies are typically day @-@ flying . Since butterflies do not digest pollen ( except for heliconid species , ) more nectar is offered than pollen . The flowers have simple nectar guides , with the nectaries usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs , reached by the long " tongue " of the butterflies . Butterflies such as Thymelicus flavus have been observed to engage in flower constancy , which means they are more likely to transfer pollen to other conspecific plants . This can be beneficial for the plants being pollinated , as flower constancy prevents the loss of pollen during different flights and the pollinators from clogging stigmas with pollen of other flower species . Among the more important moth pollinator groups are the hawk moths of the family Sphingidae . Their behavior is similar to hummingbirds , i.e. , using rapid wing beats to hover in front of flowers . Most hawk moths are nocturnal or crepuscular , so moth @-@ pollinated flowers ( e.g. , Silene latifolia ) tend to be white , night @-@ opening , large , and showy with tubular corollae and a strong , sweet scent produced in the evening , night , or early morning . A lot of nectar is produced to fuel the high metabolic rates needed to power their flight . Other moths ( e.g. , noctuids , geometrids , pyralids ) fly slowly and settle on the flower . They do not require as much nectar as the fast @-@ flying hawk moths , and the flowers tend to be small ( though they may be aggregated in heads ) . = = = Mutualism = = = Mutualism is a form of biological interaction wherein each individual involved benefits in some way . An example of a mutualistic relationship would be that shared by yucca moths ( Tegeculidae ) and their host , yucca flowers ( Liliaceae ) . Female yucca moths enter the host flowers , collect the pollen into a ball using specialized maxillary palps , then move to the apex of the pistil , where pollen is deposited on the stigma , and lay eggs into the base of the pistil where seeds will develop . The larvae develop in the fruit pod and feed on a portion of the seeds . Thus , both insect and plant benefit , forming a highly mutualistic relationship . Another form of mutualism occurs between some larvae of butterflies and certain species of ants ( e. g . Lycaenidae ) . The larvae communicate with the ants using vibrations transmitted through a substrate , such as the wood of a tree or stems , as well as using chemical signals . The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather honeydew secretions . = = = Parasitism = = = Only 41 species of parasitoid lepidopterans are known ( 1 @-@ Pyralidae ; 40 @-@ Epipyropidae ) . The larvae of the greater and lesser wax moths feed on the honeycomb inside bee nests and may become pests ; they are also found in bumblebee and wasp nests , albeit to a lesser extent . In northern Europe , the wax moth is regarded as the most serious parasitoid of the bumblebee , and is found only in bumblebee nests . In some areas in southern England , as much as 80 % of nests can be destroyed . Other parasitic larvae are known to prey upon cicadas and leaf hoppers . In reverse , moths and butterflies may be subject to parasitic wasps and flies , which may lay eggs on the caterpillars , which hatch and feed inside its body , resulting in death . Although , in a form of parasitism called idiobiont , the adult paralyzes the host , so as not to kill it but for it to live as long as possible , for the parasitic larvae to benefit the most . In another form of parasitism , koinobiont , the species live off their hosts while inside ( endoparasitic ) . These parasites live inside the host caterpillar throughout its lifecycle , or may affect it later on as an adult . In other orders , koinobionts include flies , a majority of coleopteran , and many hymenopteran parasitoids . Some species may be subject to a variety of parasites , such as the gypsy moth ( Lymantaria dispar ) , which is attacked by a series of 13 species , in six different taxa throughout its lifecycle . In response to a parsitoid egg or larva in the caterpillar 's body , the plasmatocytes , or simply the host 's cells can form a multilayered capsule that eventually causes the endoparasite to asphyxiate . The process , called encapsulation , is one of the caterpillar 's only means of defense against parasitoids . = = = Other biological interactions = = = A few species of Lepidoptera are secondary consumers , or predators . These species typically prey upon the eggs of other insects , aphids , scale insects , or ant larvae . Some caterpillars are cannibals , and others prey on caterpillars of other species ( e. g . Hawaiian Eupithecia ) . Those of the 15 species in Eupithecia that mirror inchworms , are the only known species of butterflies and moths that are ambush predators . Four species are known to eat snails . For example , the Hawaiian caterpillar , ( H. molluscivora ) , uses silk traps , in a manner similar to that of spiders , to capture certain species of snails ( typically Tornatellides ) . Larvae of some species of moths in the Tineidae , Gelechioidae , and Noctuidae ( family / superfamily / families , respectively ) , besides others , feed on detritus , or dead organic material , such as fallen leaves and fruit , fungi , and animal products , and turn it into humus . Well @-@ known species include the cloth moths ( Tineola bisselliella , T. pellionella , and T. tapetzella ) , which feed on detritus containing keratin , including hair , feathers , cobwebs , bird nests ( particularly of domestic pigeons , Columba livia domestica ) and fruits or vegetables . These species are important to ecosystems as they remove substances that would otherwise take a long time to decompose . In 2015 it was reported that wasp bracovirus DNA was present in Lepidoptera such as Monarch butterflies , silkworms and moths . These were described in some newspaper articles as examples of a naturally occurring genetically engineered insects . = = Evolution and systematics = = = = = History of study = = = Linnaeus in Systema Naturae ( 1758 ) recognized three divisions of the Lepidoptera : Papilio , Sphinx and Phalaena , with seven subgroups in Phalaena . These persist today as 9 of the superfamilies of Lepidoptera . Other works on classification followed including those by Michael Denis & Ignaz Schiffermüller ( 1775 ) , Johan Christian Fabricius ( 1775 ) and Pierre André Latreille ( 1796 ) . Jacob Hübner described many genera , and the Lepidopteran genera were catalogued by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer and Georg Friedrich Treitschke in a series of volumes on the Lepidopteran fauna of Europe published between 1807 and 1835 . Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich @-@ Schäffer ( several volumes , 1843 – 1856 ) , and Edward Meyrick ( 1895 ) based their classifications primarily on wing venation . Sir George Francis Hampson worked on the ' Microlepidoptera ' during this period and Philipp Christoph Zeller published The Natural History of the Tineinae also on Microlepidoptera ( 1855 ) . Among the first entomologists to study fossil insects and their evolution was Samuel Hubbard Scudder ( 1837 – 1911 ) , who worked on butterflies . He published a study of the Florissant deposits of Colorado , including the exceptionally preserved Prodryas persephone . Andreas V. Martynov ( 1879 – 1938 ) recognized the close relationship between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera in his studies on phylogeny . Major contributions in the 20th century included the creation of the monotrysia and ditrysia ( based on female genital structure ) by Borner in 1925 and 1939 . Willi Hennig ( 1913 – 1976 ) developed the cladistic methodology and applied it to insect phylogeny . Niels P. Kristensen , E. S. Nielsen and D. R. Davis studied the relationships among monotrysian families and Kristensen worked more generally on insect phylogeny and higher Lepidoptera too . While it is often found that DNA @-@ based phylogenies differ from those based on morphology , this has not been the case for the Lepidoptera ; DNA phylogenies correspond to a large extent to morphology @-@ based phylogenies . Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups , most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic : Microlepidotera and Macrolepidoptera , Heterocera and Rhopalocera , Jugatae and Frenatae , Monotrysia and Ditrysia . = = = Fossil record = = = The fossil record for Lepidoptera is lacking in comparison to other winged species , and tending not to be as common as some other insects in the habitats that are most conducive to fossilization , such as lakes and ponds , and their juvenile stage has only the head capsule as a hard part that might be preserved . The location and abundance of the most common moth species are indicative that mass migrations of moths occurred over the Palaeogene North Sea , which is why there is a serious lack of moth fossils . Yet there are fossils , some preserved in amber and some in very fine sediments . Leaf mines are also seen in fossil leaves , although the interpretation of them is tricky . Putative fossil stem group representatives of Amphiesmenoptera ( the clade comprising Trichoptera and Lepidoptera ) are known from the Triassic . The earliest known fossil lepidopteran is Archaeolepis mane from the Jurassic , about 190 million years ago in Dorset , UK . The fossil belongs to a small primitive moth @-@ like species , and its wings are showing scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with Trichoptera ( Caddisflies ) . Only two more sets of Jurassic lepidopteran fossils have been found , as well as 13 sets from the Cretaceous , which all belong to primitive moth @-@ like families . Many more fossils are found from the Tertiary , and particularly the Eocene Baltic amber . The oldest genuine butterflies of the superfamily Papilionoidea have been found in the Paleocene MoClay or Fur Formation of Denmark . The best preserved fossil lepidopteran is the Eocene Prodryas persephone from the Florissant Fossil Beds . = = = Phylogeny = = = Lepidoptera and Trichoptera ( caddisflies ) are more closely related to each other than to any other insect order , sharing many similarities that are lacking in others ; for example the females of both orders are heterogametic , meaning they have two different sex chromosomes , whereas in most species the males are heterogametic and the females have two identical sex chromosomes . The adults in both orders display a particular wing venation pattern on their forewings . The larvae of both orders have mouth structures and gland with which they make and manipulate silk . Willi Hennig grouped the two sister orders into the Amphiesmenoptera superorder . This group probably evolved in the Jurassic , having split from the now extinct order Necrotaulidae . Lepidoptera descend from a diurnal moth @-@ like common ancestor that either fed on dead or living plants . Micropterigidae , Agathiphagidae and Heterobathmiidae are the oldest and most basal lineages of Lepidoptera . The adults of these families do not have the curled tongue or proboscis , that are found in most members order , but instead have chewing mandibles adapted for a special diet . Micropterigidae larvae feed on leaves , fungi , or liverworts ( much like the Trichoptera ) . Adult Micropterigidae chew the pollen or spores of ferns . In the Agathiphagidae , larvae live inside kauri pines and feed on seeds . In Heterobathmiidae the larvae feed on the leaves of Nothofagus , the southern beech tree . These families also have mandibles in the pupal stage , which help the pupa emerge from the seed or cocoon after metamorphosis . The Eriocraniidae have a short coiled proboscis in the adult stage , and though they retain their pupal mandibles with which they escaped the cocoon , their mandibles are non @-@ functional thereafter . Most of these non @-@ ditrysian families , are primarily leaf miners in the larval stage . In addition to the proboscis , there is a change in the scales among these basal lineages , with later lineages showing more complex perforated scales . With the evolution of the Ditrysia in the mid @-@ Cretaceous , there was a major reproductive change . The Ditrysia , which comprise 98 % of the Lepidoptera , have two separate openings for reproduction in the females ( as well as a third opening for excretion ) , one for mating , and one for laying eggs . The two are linked internally by a seminal duct . ( In more basal lineages there is one cloaca , or later , two openings and an external sperm canal . ) Of the early lineages of Ditrysia , Gracillarioidea and Gelechioidea are mostly leaf miners , but more recent lineages feed externally . In the Tineoidea , most species feed on plant and animal detritus and fungi , and build shelters in the larval stage . The Yponomeutoidea is the first group to have significant numbers of species whose larvae feed on herbaceous plants , as opposed to woody plants . They evolved about the time that flowering plants underwent an expansive adaptive radiation in the mid @-@ Cretaceous , and the Gelechioidea that evolved at this time also have great diversity . Whether the processes involved coevolution or sequential evolution , the diversity of the Lepidoptera and the angiosperms increased together . In the so @-@ called " Macrolepidoptera " , which constitutes about 60 % of lepidopteran species , there was a general increase in size , better flying ability ( via changes in wing shape and linkage of the forewings and hindwings ) , reduction in the adult mandibles , and a change in the arrangement of the crochets ( hooks ) on the larval prolegs , perhaps to improve the grip on the host plant . Many also have tympanal organs , that allow them to hear . These organs evolved eight times , at least , because they occur on different body parts and have structural differences . The main lineages in the Macrolepidoptera are the Noctuoidea , Bombycoidea , Lasiocampidae , Mimallonoidea , Geometroidea and Rhopalocera . Bombycoidea plus Lasiocampidae plus Mimallonoidea may be a monophyletic group . The Rhopalocera , comprising the Papilionoidea ( butterflies ) , Hesperioidea ( skippers ) , and the Hedyloidea ( moth @-@ butterflies ) , are the most recently evolved . There is quite a good fossil record for this group , with the oldest skipper dating from 56 million years ago . = = = Taxonomy = = = Taxonomy is the classification of species in selected taxa , the process of naming being called nomenclature . There are over 120 families in lepidoptera , in 45 to 48 superfamilies . Lepidoptera have always been , historically , classified in five suborders , one of which is of primitive moths that never lost the morphological features of its ancestors . The rest of the moths and butterflies make up ninety @-@ eight percent of the other taxa , making Ditrysia . More recently , findings of new taxa , larvae and pupa have aided in detailing the relationships of primitive taxa , phylogenetic analysis showing the primitive lineages to be paraphyletic compared to the rest of Lepidoptera lineages . Recently lepidopterists have abandoned clades like suborders , and those between orders and superfamilies . Zeugloptera is a clade with Micropterigoidea being its only superfamily , containing the single family Micropterigidae . Species of Micropterigoidea are practically living fossils , being one of the most primitive lepidopteran groups , still retaining chewing mouthparts ( mandibles ) in adults , unlike other clades of butterflies and moths . About 120 species are known worldwide , with more than half the species in the genus Micropteryx in the Paleartic region . There are only 2 known in North America ( Epimartyria ) , with many more being found Asia and the southwest Pacific , particularly New Zealand with about 50 species . Glossata contains a majority of the species , with the most obvious difference is non @-@ functioning mandibles , and elongated maxillary galeae or the proboscis . The basal clades still retaining some of the ancestral features of the wings such as similarly shaped fore- and hindwings with relatively complete venation . Glossata also contains the division Ditrysia , which contains 98 % of all described species in Lepidoptera . Aglossata it is the second most primitive lineage of lepidoptera ; being first described in 1952 by Lionel Jack Dumbleton . Agathiphagidae and Heterobathmiidae are the only families in Aglossata . Agathiphagidae only contains about 2 species in its genus Agathiphaga . Agathiphaga queenslandensis and Agathiphaga vitiensis , being found along the north @-@ eastern coast of Queensland , Australia , and in Fiji to Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands , respectively . Heterobathmiina was first described by Kristensen and Nielsen in 1979 . There are about 10 species , which are day @-@ flying , metallic moths , confined to southern South America , the adults eat the pollen of Nothofagus or Southern Beech and the larvae mine the leaves . = = Relationship to people = = = = = Culture = = = Artistic depictions of butterflies have been used in many cultures including as early as 3500 years ago , in Egyptian hieroglyphs . Today , butterflies are widely used in various objects of art and jewelry : mounted in frames , embedded in resin , displayed in bottles , laminated in paper , and in some mixed media artworks and furnishings . Butterflies have also inspired the " butterfly fairy " as an art and fictional character . In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly , for example in Ancient Greece , where the word for butterfly ψυχή ( psyche ) also means soul and breath . In Latin , as in Ancient Greece , the word for " butterfly " papilio was associated with the soul of the dead . The skull @-@ like marking on the thorax of the Death 's @-@ head Hawkmoth has helped these moths , particularly A. atropos , earn a negative reputation , such as associations with the supernatural and evil . The moth has been prominently featured in art and movies such as Un Chien Andalou ( by Buñuel and Dalí ) and The Silence of the Lambs , and in the artwork of the Japanese metal band Sigh 's album Hail Horror Hail . According to Kwaidan : Stories and Studies of Strange Things , by Lafcadio Hearn , a butterfly was seen in Japan as the personification of a person 's soul ; whether they be living , dying , or already dead . One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guestroom and perches behind the bamboo screen , the person whom you most love is coming to see you . However , large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad omens . When Taira no Masakado was secretly preparing for his famous revolt , there appeared in Kyoto so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened — thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil . In the ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan , the brilliantly colored image of the butterfly was carved into many temples , buildings , jewelry , and emblazoned on incense burners in particular . The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a jaguar and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors . The close association of butterflies to fire and warfare persisted through to the Aztec civilization and evidence of similar jaguar @-@ butterfly images has been found among the Zapotec , and Maya civilizations . = = = Pests = = = The larvae of many Lepidopteran species are major pests in agriculture . Some of the major pests include Tortricidae , Noctuidae , and Pyralidae . The larvae of the Noctuidae genus Spodoptera ( armyworms ) , Helicoverpa ( corn earworm ) , or Pieris brassicae can cause extensive damage to certain crops . Helicoverpa zea larvae ( cotton bollworms or tomato fruitworms ) are polyphagous , meaning they eat a variety of crops , including tomatoes and cotton . Butterflies and moths are one of the largest taxa to solely feed and be dependent on living plants , in terms of the number of species , and they are in many ecosystems , making up the largest biomass to do so . In many species , the female may produce anywhere from 200 to 600 eggs , while in some others it may go as high as 30 @,@ 000 eggs in one day . This can create many problems for agriculture , where many caterpillars can affect acres of vegetation . Some reports estimate that there have been over 80 @,@ 000 caterpillars of several different taxa feeding on a single oak tree . In some cases , phytophagous larvae can lead to the destruction of entire trees in relatively short periods of time . Ecological ways of removing pest lepidoptera species are becoming more economically viable , as research has shown ways like introducing parasitic wasp and flies . For example , Sarcophaga aldrichi , a fly which deposited larvae feed upon the pupae of the Forest Tent Caterpillar Moth . Pesticides can affect other species other than the species they are targeted to eliminate , damaging the natural ecosystem . Another good biological pest control method is the use of pheromone traps . A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects . Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used . A pheromone @-@ impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a Delta trap , water @-@ pan trap , or funnel trap . Species of moths that are detritivores would naturally eat detritus containing keratin , such as hairs or feathers . Well known species are cloth moths ( T. bisselliella , T. pellionella , and T. tapetzella ) , feeding on foodstuffs that people find economically important , such as cotton , linen , silk and wool fabrics as well as furs ; furthermore they have been found on shed feathers and hair , bran , semolina and flour ( possibly preferring wheat flour ) , biscuits , casein , and insect specimens in museums . = = = Beneficial insects = = = Even though most butterflies and moths affect the economy negatively , some species are a valuable economic resource . The most prominent example is that of the Domesticated silkworm moth ( Bombyx mori ) , the larvae of which make their cocoons out of silk , which can be spun into cloth . Silk is and has been an important economic resource throughout history . The species Bombyx mori has been domesticated to the point where it is completely dependent on mankind for survival . A number of wild moths such as Bombyx mandarina , and Antheraea species , besides others , provide commercially important silks . The preference of the larvae of most Lepidopteran species to feed on a single species or limited range of plants is used as a mechanism for biological control of weeds in place of herbicides . The pyralid cactus moth was introduced from Argentina to Australia , where it successfully suppressed millions of acres of Prickly pear cactus . Another species of the Pyralidae , called the alligator weed stem borer ( Arcola malloi ) , was used to control the aquatic plant known as alligator weed ( Alternanthera philoxeroides ) in conjunction with the alligator weed flea beetle ; in this case , the two insects work in synergy and the weed rarely recovers . Breeding butterflies and moths , or butterfly gardening / rearing , has become an ecologically viable process of introducing species into the ecosystem to benefit it . Butterfly ranching in Papua New Guinea permits nationals of that country to " farm " economically valuable insect species for the collectors market in an ecologically sustainable manner . = = = Food = = = Lepidoptera feature prominently in entomophagy as food items on almost every continent . While in most cases , adults , larvae or pupae are eaten as staples by indigenous people , beondegi or silkworm pupae are eaten as a snack in Korean cuisine while Maguey worm is considered a delicacy in Mexico . In the Carnia region of Italy , children catch and eat ingluvies of the toxic Zygaena moths in early summer . The ingluvies , despite having a very low cyanogenic content , serve as a convenient , supplementary source of sugar to the children who can include this resource as a seasonal delicacy at minimum risk . = = = Health = = = Some larvae of both moths and butterflies have a form of hair that has been known to be a cause of human health problems . Caterpillar hairs sometimes have toxins in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries ( Urticarial dermatitis and atopic asthma to osteochondritis , consumption coagulopathy , renal failure , and intracerebral hemorrhage ) . Skin rashes are the most common , but there have been fatalities . Lonomia is a frequent cause of envenomation in humans in Brazil , with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005 . Lethality ranging up to 20 % with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage . These hairs have also been known to cause kerato @-@ conjunctivitis . The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and mucous membranes such as the eyes . Once they enter such tissues , they can be difficult to extract , often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane . This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting . The hairs easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor environments because of their small size , which makes it difficult for them to be vented out . This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor environments . = = = Lists = = = List of butterflies of Australia List of butterflies of Canada List of butterflies of Great Britain List of butterflies of India List of butterflies of Minorca List of butterflies of North America List of butterflies of Taiwan List of butterflies of Tobago List of fritillaries ( butterflies ) List of moths
= Pleione ( star ) = Pleione ( 28 Tauri , BU Tauri ) is a binary star in the Pleiades star cluster ( M45 ) , located roughly 390 light years away in the constellation of Taurus . Pleione was not given a Bayer designation , but did receive a Flamsteed number — hence its designation 28 Tauri . Since the star is located close to Atlas , it 's difficult for stargazers to distinguish with the naked eye , even though it 's a hot type B star 190 times more luminous than the Sun . Pleione rotates even faster than Achernar on its axis , close to its breakup velocity . The brighter star of the binary pair , component A , is a classical Be star with certain distinguishing traits : periodic phase changes and a complex circumstellar environment composed of two gaseous disks at different angles to each other . Although some research on the system has been performed , stellar characteristics of the orbiting B component are not well known . Pleione is the seventh brightest star in the Pleiades , after Taygeta . = = Visibility = = With an apparent magnitude of + 5 @.@ 05 in V , the star is rather difficult to make out with the naked eye , especially since its close neighbour Atlas is 3 @.@ 7 times brighter and located less than 5 arcminutes away . Beginning in October of each year , Pleione along with the rest of the cluster can be seen rising in the east in the early morning before dawn . To see it after sunset , one will need to wait until December . By mid @-@ February , the star is visible to virtually every inhabited region of the globe , with only those south of 66 ° unable to see it . Even in cities like Cape Town , South Africa , at the tip of the African continent , the star rises almost 32 ° above the horizon . Due to its declination of roughly + 24 ° , Pleione is circumpolar in the northern hemisphere at latitudes greater than 66 ° North . Once late April arrives , the cluster can be spotted briefly in the deepening twilight of the western horizon , soon to disappear with the other setting stars . Pleione is classified as a Gamma Cassiopeiae type variable star , with brightness fluctuations that range between a 4 @.@ 8 and 5 @.@ 5 visual magnitude . Its variable star designation is BU Tauri . The SIMBAD astronomical database lists its spectral class as B8IVev , although the current classification recognized by many researchers is B8IVpe . The suffix " ev " stands for " Spectral emission that exhibits variability " whilst the suffix " pe " refers to " Emission lines with peculiarity " . In the case of Pleione , the " peculiar " emissions come from gaseous circumstellar disks formed of material being ejected from the star . There has been significant debate as to the star 's actual distance from Earth . The debate revolves around the different methodologies to measure distance — parallax being the most central , but photometric and spectroscopic observations yielding valuable insights as well . Before the Hipparcos mission , the estimated distance for the Pleiades star cluster was around 135 parsecs or 440 light years . However , when the Hipparcos Catalogue was published in 1997 , the new parallax measurement indicated a much closer distance of about 119 ± 1 @.@ 0 pc ( 388 ± 3 @.@ 2 ly ) , triggering substantial controversy among astronomers . If the Hipparcos estimate were accurate , some astronomers contend , then stars in the cluster would have to be fainter than Sun @-@ like stars — a notion that would challenge some of the fundamental precepts of stellar structure . Interferometric measurements taken in 2004 by the Hubble Telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensors and corroborated by studies from Caltech and NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory showed the original estimate of 135 pc or 440 ly to be the correct figure . However a recent study published in 2009 has argued otherwise , publishing a new parallax measurement of 8 @.@ 32 mas with a very tight error factor of 0 @.@ 13 mas yielding a distance of 120 @.@ 2 ± 1 @.@ 9 pc or 392 @.@ 0 ± 6 @.@ 0 ly . Which distance estimate future astrometric calculations will corroborate remains to be seen , although the upcoming Gaia mission with its expected launch in late 2012 could well prove to be the ultimate arbiter in this debate . = = Properties = = In 1942 Otto Struve , one of the early researchers of Be Stars , stated that Pleione is " the most interesting member of the Pleiades cluster " . Like many of the stars in the cluster , Pleione is a blue @-@ white B @-@ type main sequence dwarf star with a temperature of about 12 @,@ 000 Kelvin . It has a bolometric luminosity of 190 L ☉ assuming a distance of roughly 120 pc . With a radius of 3 @.@ 2 R ☉ and mass that is 3 @.@ 4 M ☉ , Pleione is considerably smaller than the brightest stars in the Pleiades . Alcyone for instance has a radius that is 10 R ☉ with a luminosity 2 @,@ 400 L ☉ , making it roughly 30 times more voluminous than Pleione and about 13 times brighter . = = = Be star = = = Pleione is a classical Be star , often referred to as an " active hot star " . Classical Be stars are B @-@ type stars close to the main sequence with an " e " added on , signifying that Pleione exhibits emission lines in its spectrum rather than absorption lines , which is what stars usually show . Emission lines usually indicate that a star is surrounded by gas . In the case of a Be star , the gas is typically in the form of an equatorial disk , resulting in electromagnetic radiation that emanates not just from the photosphere , but from the disk as well . The geometry and kinematics of this gaseous circumstellar environment are therefore best explained by a " Keplerian " disk — one that is supported against gravity by rotation rather than gas or radiation pressure . Circumstellar disks like this are sometimes referred to as " decretion disks " , which is material being actively ejected by the star as opposed to " accretion disks " which involves material falling toward the star . Be Stars are fast rotators ( > 200 km / s ) with a large stellar wind and high mass loss rate , hence the causative factors behind these gaseous rings . Due to its apparent brightness , the star most recognized for its fast rotation is Achernar , a phenomenon which causes it to be highly oblate . Its rotational velocity , however , of 251 km / s is considerably slower than Pleione 's 329 km / s . As a result , Pleione actually revolves on its axis once every 11 @.@ 8 hours compared to Achernar 's 48 @.@ 4 hours . The Sun by comparison takes 25 @.@ 3 days to turn on its axis . Pleione is spinning so fast that it is close to the estimated breakup velocity for a B8V star of about 370 – 390 km / s . Another Be star whose rotational velocity is extremely fast is Alpha Arae at 470 km / s — a speed so extreme that it is on the verge of exploding . What makes Pleione particularly unique is that it alternates between three different phases : 1 ) normal B star , 2 ) Be star and 3 ) Be shell star . The cause is likely the surrounding gaseous disk which in many Be stars will appear , then disappear , possibly reforming at a later time . Material in the disc is attracted back towards the star by the pull of gravity , but if it has enough energy it can escape into space , contributing to the stellar wind . Sometimes , Be stars will form multiple gas rings or " decretion disks " , each with its own evolution , creating complex circumstellar dynamics . As a result of such dynamics , Pleione exhibits prominent long @-@ term photometric and spectroscopic variations encompassing a period of about 35 years . In fact , during the last 100 years , Pleione has demonstrated notable phase changes — as a Be phase until 1903 , a B phase ( 1905 – 1936 ) , a B @-@ shell phase ( 1938 – 1954 ) , and another Be phase ( 1955 – 1972 ) . It then entered a Be @-@ shell phase in 1972 . Then , the star developed many shell absorption lines in its spectrum . At the same time , the star showed a decrease in brightness , beginning at the end of 1971 . After reaching the minimum brightness in late 1973 , the star gradually brightened . In 1989 , Pleione entered a Be phase and stayed as a Be star until the summer of 2005 . The most recent disk responsible for these phase changes was formed in 1972 . What 's intriguing , however , is that Pleione 's long @-@ term polarimetric observations show the intrinsic polarization angle has changed , providing direct evidence for a spatial motion of the disk axis . Because Pleione has a stellar companion with a relatively close orbit , the shift in the polarization angle has been attributed to the companion causing a precession ( wobble ) of the disk , with a precession period of roughly 81 years . Recent photometric and spectroscopic observations from 2005 to 2007 indicate that a new disk has formed around the equator — thus constituting a double disk phenomenon with disks at different angles . The inclination angle of the new disk is estimated at 60 ° whereas the previous disk was inclined at around 30 ° . Such a misaligned double @-@ disk structure has never been observed before among Be stars . Thus , Pleione provides a rare opportunity to investigate the forming process of a new disk and the consequent interaction between the two . = = Star system = = Pleione is known to be a speckle binary , although its orbital parameters have yet to be fully established . In 1996 a group of Japanese and French astronomers discovered that Pleione is a single @-@ lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 218 @.@ 0 days and a large eccentricity of 0 @.@ 6 . The Washington Double Star Catalogue lists an angular separation between the two components of 0 @.@ 2 arcseconds — an angle which equates to a distance of about 24 AU , assuming a distance of 120 parsecs . = = Ethnological influences = = = = = Mythology = = = Pleione was an Oceanid nymph of Mount Kyllene in Arkadia ( southern Greece ) , one of the three thousand daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys . The nymphs in Greek mythology were the spirits of nature ; oceanids , spirits of the sea . Though considered lesser divinities , they were still very much venerated as the protectors of the natural world . Each oceanid was thence a patroness of a particular body of water — be it ocean , river , lake , spring or even cloud — and by extension activities related thereto . The sea @-@ nymph , Pleione , was the consort of Atlas , the Titan , and mother of the Hyas , Hyades and Pleiades . = = = Etymology = = = When names were assigned to the stars in the Pleiades cluster , the bright pair of stars in the East of the cluster were named Atlas and Pleione , while the seven other bright stars were named after the mythological Pleiades ( the ' Seven Sisters ' ) . The term " Pleiades " was used by Valerius Flaccus to apply to the cluster as a whole , and Riccioli called the star Mater Pleione . There is some diversity of opinion as to the origin of the names Pleione and Pleiades . There are three possible derivations of note . Foremost is that both names come from the Greek word πλεῖν , ( pr. ple ' -ō ) , meaning " to sail " . This is particularly plausible given that ancient Greece was a seafaring culture and because of Pleione 's mythical status as an Oceanid nymph . Pleione , as a result , is sometimes referred to as the " sailing queen " while her daughters the " sailing ones " . Also , the appearance of these stars coincided with the sailing season in antiquity ; sailors were well advised to set sail only when the Pleiades were visible at night , lest they meet with misfortune . Another derivation of the name is the Greek word Πλειόνη ( pr. plêionê ) , meaning " more " , " plenty " , or " full " — a lexeme with many English derivatives like pleiotropy , pleomorphism , pleonasm , pleonexia , plethora and Pliocene . This meaning also coincides with the biblical Kīmāh and the Arabic word for the Pleiades — Al Thurayya . In fact , Pleione may have been numbered amongst the Epimelides ( nymphs of meadows and pastures ) and presided over the multiplication of the animals , as her name means " to increase in number " . Finally , the last comes from Peleiades ( Greek : Πελειάδες , " doves " ) , a reference to the sisters ' mythical transformation by Zeus into a flock of doves following their pursuit by Orion , the giant huntsman , across the heavens . = = = Modern legacy = = = In the best @-@ selling 1955 nature book published by Time @-@ Life called The World We Live In , there is an artist 's impression of Pleione entitled Purple Pleione . The illustration is from the famed space artist Chesley Bonestell and carries the caption : " Purple Pleione , a star of the familiar Pleiades cluster , rotates so rapidly that it has flattened into a flying saucer and hurled forth a dark red ring of hydrogen . Where the excited gas crosses Pleione 's equator , it obscures her violet light . " Given its mythical connection with sailing and orchids , the name Pleione is often associated with grace , speed and elegance . Some of the finest designs in racing yachts have the name Pleione , and the recent Shanghai Oriental Art Center draws its inspiration from an orchid . Fat Jon in his new album Hundred Eight Stars has a prismatic track dedicated to 28 Tauri .
= So Amazin ' = So Amazin ' is the third studio album by American singer Christina Milian . The album , her first studio release since 2004 's It 's About Time , was released by Island Records on May 16 , 2006 in the United States . Unlike previous records , which had contributions from many producers , Milian wrote and produced So Amazin ' primarily with hip hop producers Cool & Dre . During production , Milian was mentored by L.A. Reid and executive producer Jay @-@ Z of Def Jam Recordings . The album 's musical style is primarily urban and R & B , in contrast to the pop sounds of Milian 's previous albums , a change suggested by Island Def Jam . Following criticism over her previous albums for a lack of consistency , Milian had ten of the album 's tracks produced by Cool & Dre . Lyrically , the album was inspired by Milian 's breakup with Nick Cannon . So Amazin ' was completed within a three @-@ month period , and Milian received writing credit for nine of the album 's songs . The album debuted and peaked at number 11 on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and sold a total of 163 @,@ 000 copies . Internationally , the album charted in the United Kingdom , France and Switzerland . The album 's only single , " Say I " , featuring rapper Jeezy , saw peak positions of number four in the UK , and number 21 in the United States . The critical response to So Amazin ' was mixed . The album 's production and " Say I " were generally praised , while several critics did not feel that the album showcased Milian 's personality . One week after the release of So Amazin ' , Milian was dropped from Island Records . = = Background = = Milian 's previous release , It 's About Time ( 2004 ) , was her second studio album , but served as her debut in the US . The critical response to the album was mixed to generally negative . The club tracks , most notably lead single " Dip It Low " , were praised ; however , the ballads were said to be disappointing . The album only performed modestly commercially ; it debuted and peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 album chart , selling a total of 382 @,@ 000 copies , but managed to achieve Silver certification in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry . The album received a Grammy Award nomination for " Best Contemporary R & B Album " in 2005 . Following the album 's release , Milian was cast in a lead role in the horror film Pulse , starring alongside Kristen Bell and Ian Somerhalder . Milian traveled to Romania for filming , and later discovered that her then @-@ boyfriend Nick Cannon had cheated on her while she was away . Milian said in an interview , " it was heartbreaking for me . I was a good girl , a really loyal girl – and I got beat real . " Whereas Milian 's previous albums had pop and R & B stylings , she was encouraged by Island Def Jam to target a new audience and release an urban record . Explaining the change , Milian said that one of her main problems was that previous releases would often find mainstream success , but would be relatively unsuccessful on urban radio . As an R & B artist , she wanted to build her core audience – a true fan base that would support her through time – to increase her career 's longevity . The main purpose of her genre change was to go back to the streets and add to her core audience . = = Production = = To create a more urban record , Milian had a list of producers that she wanted to work with for So Amazin ' . She said that in most cases , even when she had R & B producers , most songs would end up being pop instead of R & B. L.A. Reid suggested to Milian that she should work with Cool & Dre , with whom she ended up working with as the first people to start off the album . Although Milian was originally supposed to work with several different music producers , she felt that the chemistry they had in the first week was so " instant and real " that she felt she could not get a better " vibe " with anybody else other than them . Together , they produced four songs in the first few days , which prompted Milian to ask her label if she could continue working with the duo . At the same time , Cool & Dre called their managers to ask if they could continue working with Milian . Milian felt that it was " just the perfect connection " , and that working with them " just felt so original " . The singer described Cool & Dre as " beat makers " , rather than just hip @-@ hop producers , and believed that she was really able to express herself lyrically through their music . Milian ended up working with Cool & Dre on the majority of the production of the album , producing ten of the album 's eleven tracks together . Milian also wrote the track " Y 'all Ain 't Nothin ' " with Ne @-@ Yo , which was produced by The Heavyweights . Features on the album include Three 6 Mafia , Young Jeezy , and Dre of Cool & Dre . While working on the song , " Who 's Gonna Ride " , Dre ran into Three 6 Mafia at the studio and they agreed to feature on the song . The album completed within a three @-@ month period , whereas Milian 's previous albums would take six months to a year . Milian received writing credit for nine songs on the album . Milian did not try to write mainstream records for the radio ; rather , she wrote about " everything , about your life and concentrate on you doing you . " For previous albums , Milian wrote about things that had happened in the past , whereas for So Amazin ' , she focused on the present . She compared the writing process to writing a diary ; whenever she would experience something that she thought would be important , she would write it down for future reference . Milian felt that by writing down true experiences , her songs were like " captured emotion " . When writing songs , Milian said that the amount of time it took to write varied . It would depend on what she was writing about , what was going on in her life , and if it pertained to that exact moment . Sometimes the process was quick , but other times it could take several hours to write an entire song . Although Milian was a songwriter since her teenagers years , she only felt real growth during the production sessions when Dre told her , " there are no rules " . Previously , Milian would write songs that followed rules , where she would have a hook , a verse , and another verse with similar sound and melody . For So Amazin , she wrote with a " no rules theory " , which was her biggest obstacle while recording the album . She said , " It was just , you know what ? I can change up the melody I can do different things . Sometimes I might get stuck but wait half an hour and it 'll come to you and end up being hot . So that 's probably my biggest obstacle , just stepping away from doing the usual that I know and stepping into something new . Once I got past all that , it was just easy . With flying colors , I started writing all the records . " = = Composition = = Milian described So Amazin ' as a " consistent , very real and personal album " . A problem Milian had with her previous album , It 's About Time , was that it did not flow . The various pop and urban influences in that album confused the audience , and Milian wanted So Amazin ' to paint a picture ; " you get led down the whole way , you kinda get to see my growth through one album " . Wanting a more consistent approach for her new album , Milian collaborated with only one team of producers , which made for a greater representation of a " more mature , settled " Milian . The purpose of the album was to record an album that had more realness , so that female fans could relate to what she was singing about . Milian felt that Cool & Dre brought their own style of beats to the album , giving it a " raw feel " and " street credibility " . Marcello " Cool " Valenzano of Cool & Dre said that " we come from an R & B background , and we bringing [ sic ] something new to the table , a style we think is hot . " For So Amazin ' , Milian knew that she needed to record material that had a " realness " . She wanted to make dance tracks , but also wanted to express more of herself at the same time . Milian found the album to be " so much more real and urban and street " than her previous albums . The single , " Say I " , is an inspirational and motivational record ; Milian wanted to make a record that would be an inspiration to both her and her fans . Focusing on an urban audience , Milian said the record was " way more an urban record than anything I 've ever done . " The singer felt it was necessary to have Young Jeezy feature because he spoke for the streets , and thought his rap was " a very real message . It pertained to his life . " The track , " Twisted " , was one of the first songs recorded for the album . Lyrically , the song is about liking someone so much that you " can 't even go about [ your ] day in a normal way " . Milian compared the urban vibe of both tracks and said they were huge records , " where the music is just big and the hook is just big and you can ’ t help but sing [ along ] . " Dre features on two tracks , " So Amazing " and " Hot Boy " , which both have a club vibe . Milian thought " So Amazing " had a similar vibe to several performance records she had done in the past . Milian raps in the track and described it as being " really street and sexy " . She also said " Hot Boy " is a " hot one for the streets and for the club and for performance . " " Foolin ' " was written when Milian heard an old record and sampled the line , " if you 're foolin , only foolin " . Hearing the original track , Milian knew she needed to write something original , and wrote about an ex @-@ boyfriend , whom she nicknamed " Mr. Big " , that was still interested in Milian but had a new girlfriend . The album 's final track , " She Don 't Know " , has a Latin vibe and features a Spanish guitar . Being Cuban , Milian wanted to incorporate a Spanish record on the album , and sings in English and Spanish in the song . Taking inspiration from Latin soap operas , Milian wanted to portray a very " dramatic feel " in the song . Lyrically , the song is about two people falling in love ; however , the man has a girlfriend who does not know about the new relationship or that he has moved on . Milian wrote So Amazin ' based on her own life , and each record pertained to a different aspect , especially focused on relationships . During early production of the album , Milian was dealing with her break @-@ up with actor Nick Cannon and wrote several records based on that . While writing the mid @-@ tempo track " My Lovin ' Goes " , Milian felt she turned a new leaf . She said , " you see the change in So Amazin ' where life was just really coming into place . I was finally becoming the woman that I feel that I am right now . Also , I was leaving old love behind and learning about new types of love . Which is great , whether it be life , and also the dating scene is really nice . " Two tracks which Milian wrote about Cannon were " Gonna Tell Everybody " and " Who 's Gonna Ride " . When Milian and Cool & Dre had discussions , her break @-@ up with Cannon was regularly mentioned . Milian felt a need to express herself , and writing became therapeutic for Milian ; she was able to get through the break @-@ up by writing songs . The production by Cool & Dre also inspired Milian to write the tracks , as she felt comfortable with them and was able to be open . Milian wrote the hip @-@ hop ballad " Gonna Tell Everybody " about " thinking that I had something good , what happens when it 's over , and going forward with my life . " The track was one of the final songs that Milian wrote about the break @-@ up as it " helped me get it all out " . While the record is about a break @-@ up , it focuses more on closure and moving past it . Milian and Cool & Dre used the melody of the Bone Thugs @-@ n @-@ Harmony song " Tha Crossroads " and changed the lyrics " and I 'm gonna miss everybody " to " and I 'm gonna tell everybody " . The other song , " Who 's Gonna Ride " , has a more street and gangster vibe , and contain more raw lyrics . Milian wrote the track with Dre , which she said helped because hip hop artists write about real things in their lives and are not afraid to say anything . While writing the track , Milian let her guard down and wrote what she was feeling and tried to be real . Lyrically , the song also deals with " the girls that come around and try to take your man . Or the groupie girls that are around , paying attention to the guys on TV that only hang out with them for those reasons . " Milian also said " Who 's Gonna Ride " was the hardest song to write because it was not safe , unlike previous songs she had written . The singer explained writing the lyrics was not hard , but the difficulty came from being real and actually writing about her true feelings . When writing the lyrics , Milian removed several lines that she thought were too harsh . = = Commercial performance = = So Amazin ' debuted and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard 200 , selling 54 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and 163 @,@ 000 copies in total . Internationally , the album peaked at number 55 on the Swiss Albums Chart , 67 on the UK Albums Chart , and 139 on the France Albums Chart . The album 's lead single , " Say I " , featured rapper Young Jeezy and had a music video , directed by Ray Kay . The single peaked at number four in the UK , and number 21 in the United States . In June 2006 , Milian 's representative confirmed that she had left Island Def Jam . Although she was dropped from the label , Milian continued to promote the album through live appearances , performing on Power 106 's Summer Splash . Milian hoped to take " Gonna Tell Everybody " , the proposed second single , to another label and shoot a video , but was not able to . Milian revealed in an interview with Rap @-@ Up that she was dropped a week after the release of her album . Milian stated that before the release of So Amazin ' , the label and L.A. Reid knew that the album would not have immediate large sales , since she was targeting a new urban audience , but promised to support her . However , after a week , L.A. Reid called to notify Milian that she had been dropped . The singer believed that it was a budget cut , and the label opted to spend money on Rihanna instead . Milian also dispelled rumors that she was originally offered Rihanna 's song " SOS " . = = Critical reception = = The critical response to So Amazin ' was mixed . Metacritic gave the album a Metascore — a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 12 critical reviews — of 59 , signifying mixed or average reviews . David Peisner of Maxim gave the album three out of five stars and said that Milian 's " talent is real " , and commended her " silky and sassy " voice . He praised Cool & Dre 's " badass " production , as well as " intoxicating " lead single " Say I " . Clover Hope of Billboard wrote that Milian tried to transform from " sweet pop sweetheart " to " peppy urban soulstress " , but the album could not " pinpoint her true identity " and could " only [ scratch ] the surface of who she really is . " Hope praised lead single , " Say I " , describing it as " instantly rousing " . Dan Gennoe of Yahoo ! Music UK said that the production by Cool & Dre ensured for " a cohesive whole , with a clear , unmistakable identity " . He praised single " Say I " , saying it " shimmies to a feisty ghetto strut and Shaft @-@ sized orchestrals " , as well as " Twisted " , " Hot Boy " and " Just A Little Bit " . He described So Amazin ' as " almost the perfect R & B album " , only missing " a couple of killer singles " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that while Milian claimed that she was " proudly displaying the various sides of her multifaceted personality " , he felt that " only personality displayed on So Amazin ' is that of her contemporaries and predecessors " . He felt that contrary to the album 's title , " So Amazin ' proves to be anything but " . Andy Kellman , of review website Allmusic , felt that So Amazin ' was " Milian 's strongest album yet , if only by a narrow margin " . He said that the album was short on ideas , with Cool & Dre using beats from some of their recent hits . He felt that Milian 's weakness was ballads , which were " more like placeholders that merely apply some forced variety to the album " ; but described the club tracks as " perfectly functional and appealing " . Spence Dookey of IGN gave the album a 6 @.@ 9 out of 10 and said that " Milian glistens most brightly on the tracks that are the most stripped down , such as ' Gonna Tell Everybody ' " . He said given the nature of the style of music Milian was practicing , " there 's a fair share of rump shaking club jams offsetting the more slow tempo fare " . Dookey described single " Say I " as " a poundingly theatrical ditty " , and " Foolin ' " as one of the " few tracks that genuinely attempts to lift Milian up from the generic R & B / club stylings " . The reviewer found the overall sound was the album 's biggest flaw ; " the production rings with a sense of detached hollowness ... The result is an album severely lacking any of the warmth that usually accompanies R & B. Milian 's hauntingly beautiful voice deserves to be wrapped in a sunny glow of organic vibes . " Quentin B. Huff of PopMatters praised the album , " despite a few lyrical hiccups , a couple of lackluster hooks , and some obvious influences . " = = Track listing = = " Say I " ( featuring Jeezy ) ( Bunny Sigler , Jay Jenkins , Phil Hurtt , Andre Lyon , Marcello Valenzano , Jazmine Sullivan ) – 3 : 33 " Twisted " ( Lyon , Sullivan , Valenzano , Leon Ware ) – 4 : 00 " Gonna Tell Everybody " ( Anthony Henderson , Steven Howse , Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O 'Kelly Isley , Jr . , Ronald Isley , Lyon , Milian , Eddie Montilla , Valenzano ) – 4 : 20 " Who 's Gonna Ride " ( featuring Three 6 Mafia ) ( Paul Beauregard , Albert Bouchard , Jordan Houston , Lyon , Milian , David Roter , Valenzano ) – 4 : 10 " So Amazing " ( featuring Dre ) ( Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) – 3 : 20 " Hot Boy " ( featuring Dre ) ( Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) – 3 : 53 " Foolin ' " ( Lyon , Milian , Pam Sawyer , Valenzano , Ware ) – 4 : 05 " My Lovin ' Goes " ( Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) – 4 : 00 " Just a Little Bit " ( Vinnie Barrett , Bobby Eli , John Freeman Jr . , Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) – 3 : 05 " Y 'all Ain 't Nothin ' " ( Milian , Ne @-@ Yo , Melvin Sparkman ) – 4 : 18 " She Don 't Know " ( Jeff Barnell , Bernard Dahan , Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) – 4 : 35 Bonus tracks " Wind You Up " ( Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) ( Japanese bonus track ) – 3 : 42 " Tonight " ( Lyon , Milian , Valenzano ) ( UK / Japanese bonus track ) – 3 : 40 = = Personnel = = = = Charts = =
= Lotus ( Christina Aguilera album ) = Lotus is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Christina Aguilera , released on November 9 , 2012 by RCA Records . Its music incorporates pop styles with elements of dance @-@ pop , rock in the form of upbeat songs and piano @-@ driven ballads . Aguilera described the album as a " rebirth " , drawing inspiration from events in her life , her appearance on The Voice , and her divorce . The album was recorded at Aguilera 's home studio . As executive producer , she collaborated with a wide range of producers , including new partners Alex da Kid , Max Martin , Lucas Secon and Tracklacers . Upon its release , Lotus received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its lyrics and found its music conventional . It debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 , with first @-@ week sales of 73 @,@ 408 units . Internationally , the album charted moderately , but obtained higher positions in Canada and Russia where the album reached the top 10 . Two singles were released from the album in North America . The first single " Your Body " charted within the top 40 of most countries . The second one , " Just a Fool " , was a duet with fellow The Voice coach Blake Shelton and peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Though not released as a single , " Let There Be Love " topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart at number 1 . In August 2013 , along with a letter to her fans , Aguilera released a music video for the song . = = Background = = After the release of Aguilera 's sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) , which failed to generate her usual sales , she divorced from her husband Jordan Bratman , starred in a film called Burlesque , and recorded its accompanying soundtrack . The singer then became a coach on NBC 's singing contest show The Voice and appeared as a guest vocalist on Maroon 5 's single " Moves Like Jagger " ( 2011 ) , which spent four weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Following these events , Aguilera announced that she wanted to record her seventh album , stating that she wanted high @-@ quality and personal songs to record . She stated that the album would be a " culmination of everything I 've experienced up until this point ... I 've been through a lot since the release of my last album , being on ( The Voice ) , having had a divorce ... This is all sort of a free rebirth for me . " She went on to say that " I 'm embracing many different things , but it 's all feel @-@ good , super @-@ expressive [ and ] super @-@ vulnerable . " She further expressed that the album would be about " self @-@ expression and freedom " because of the personal struggles she had overcome during the last couple of years . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in 2012 , Aguilera revealed that the album was taking a while to record because " I don 't like to just get songs from producers . I like them to come from a personal place ... I 'm very excited . It 's fun , exciting , introspective , it 's going to be great " . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Aguilera said that the album was a " very multi @-@ layered , very heartfelt record " reflecting different sides of her personality . On Lotus , Aguilera worked with new producers , notably Alex da Kid and Max Martin . Alex da Kid , who first teamed with Aguilera in the song " Castle Walls " from T.I. ' s No Mercy ( 2010 ) , commented about Aguilera 's approach in recording Lotus , " She definitely had a strong opinion , but she 'll go with the best idea in the room . That 's really rare for someone that 's had so much success . " Speaking about working with Max Martin , Aguilera said , " Max is legendary in the business . He 's known about me but we haven 't crossed paths . [ ... ] It 's taken us a decade in the same business and watching each other from a distance , so for us to now come together and respect each other 's work ethic and how we like to be heard and making a marriage out of it , I think ' Your Body ' is the best culmination of that . " Aguilera announced via Twitter on September 12 , 2012 that the album would be titled Lotus . The album artwork was shot by fashion photographer Enrique Badulescu . Aguilera unveiled the cover on October 5 , where she is shown nude with her long , blonde hair covering her nipples , while her vulva is shaded by a white light ; she extends her arms emerging from a lotus flower . It received a generally positive response from critics ; Tiffany Lee from Yahoo ! Music complimented Aguilera 's figure , while Sam Lansky from Idolator drew comparisons to the cover of her fourth studio album , Stripped ( 2002 ) . Lotus was released on November 13 , 2012 by RCA Records , but was leaked online on November 5 . = = Composition = = Lotus incorporates pop styles with elements of dance @-@ pop , rock in the form of upbeat songs and piano @-@ driven ballads . It opens with the track " Lotus Intro " , which was inspired by Aguilera 's passion for " chill @-@ out " electronica . The song has a " hypnotic " yet " dark , serious " tone that develops and matures as it progresses , depicting Aguilera 's rebirth , similar to the life cycle of a lotus flower . " Army of Me " is a dance @-@ pop and euro @-@ dance empowerment anthem , with a pounding drum beat and rock guitars . Aguilera described the song as an update version of her 2003 hit " Fighter " , describing it as a " Fighter 2 @.@ 0 " . The up @-@ tempo track " Red Hot Kinda Love " combines a variety of genres , including dance and disco , " subtle " tones of Latin , hip hop , and pop . " Make the World Move " , featuring Cee Lo Green , is a track which incorporates dance , R & B and soul genres . The next track and first single from Lotus is " Your Body " . It incorporates electropop and R & B genres and has a trace of dubstep in the middle eight . Lyrically , it discusses anonymous sex with a random man . " Let There Be Love " features dance @-@ pop , electronic dance music and pop genres with elements from electronica and trance . The power ballad " Sing for Me " tells how Aguilera was born to sing . " Blank Page " is a piano @-@ driven ballad about apologies , regrets , closure , and making peace . " Cease Fire " is a rock @-@ tinged track that features electronic and dubstep infusion . Lyrically , it is a plea to her partner to stop the fighting for the greater good of their relationship . " Around the World " has a ragga influence and refers to Aguilera 's 2001 hit " Lady Marmalade " as she whispers " Voulez @-@ vous coucher avec moi , ce soir ? " . The pop track " Circles " is an anti @-@ haters song and is influenced by the alternative rock genre . " Best of Me " is a power ballad about a failed relationship and how to not let others knock you down . " Just a Fool " , the last track of Lotus and its second single , is a duet with Blake Shelton . The song is a country pop ballad about the pain of a break @-@ up . = = Promotion = = = = = Singles = = = To promote Lotus , two singles were released from the album . " Your Body " was released on September 17 , 2012 as Lotus 's lead single . The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised Aguilera 's vocals and the collaboration with Max Martin . It debuted and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 27 , 2012 , becoming the highest @-@ debut single during that week . Internationally , " Your Body " was a moderate success , peaking within the top 40 of most countries . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Melina Matsoukas ; it portrays Aguilera as a killer dressed in pink , one who delights in wooing physically fit men to their demise . Sam Lansky from Idolator provided a favorable review of the clip and described it as one of Aguilera 's best videos . The second and final single from Lotus , the duet " Just a Fool " with Blake Shelton , was released on December 4 , 2012 . It debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 17 , 2012 and peaked at number 71 in its second week charting . As of September 2014 , the single has sold over 74 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies in United States . = = = Live performances = = = Besides releasing singles to promote the album , Aguilera also performed several tracks from Lotus on a number of shows . On November 2 , 2012 , she performed " Your Body " on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , alongside Jimmy Fallon and The Roots . Aguilera and Cee Lo Green performed " Make the World Move " together on the third season of The Voice on November 13 , 2012 . The singer performed a medley of three songs , " Lotus Intro " , " Army of Me " and " Let There Be Love " at the 40th American Music Awards on November 18 , 2012 , held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles , California . On November 19 , 2012 , Aguilera performed " Just a Fool " with Blake Shelton on The Voice . The following day , she performed " Let There Be Love " on The Voice with her team contestants , Sylvia Yacoub and Dez Duron . On The Ellen DeGeneres Show , the singer performed " Just a Fool " again with Shelton on December 7 , 2012 . Aguilera also performed " Blank Page " at the 39th People 's Choice Awards on January 9 , 2013 . = = Critical reception = = Lotus received generally mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 56 , based on 12 reviews . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe called it " a good start in the effort to refocus attention on Aguilera 's skills " , but observed " several tracks that sound mindlessly repetitive as sedentary listening experiences " . Q called it " generic " and felt that " nothing really stands out " . Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club felt that the album " often plays it safe " and accused Aguilera of " dumbing down her voice or lyrics for the sake of lightweight tunes or prevailing trends . " Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly found the album 's " self @-@ empowerment anthems ... as contradictory as they are unoriginal " and criticized its production for " digitally smother [ ing ] " Aguilera 's vocals and " draining all the emotion " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani asserted that because it is " Aguilera 's shortest album since her debut , it boasts less filler , but also fewer obvious standouts . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times felt that the album 's conventional direction is " its biggest crime , more than its musical unadventurousness or its emphasis on bland self @-@ help lyrics or its reluctance to lean on [ ... ] Aguilera 's voice , the thing that makes her special " . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone dismissed it as a " vitriol @-@ tsunami of a record " . In a positive review , AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that Aguilera " feels comfortable in this familiar , slightly freshened territory " . Simon Price of The Independent felt that the album 's " best moments are its electro @-@ pop numbers " . Kitty Empire of The Observer characterized its subject matter as " wiffle of the highest order " , but wrote that " one of the pleasures of Aguilera is that she can use polysyllables , even when talking the rot that fills women 's mags " . Although she criticized the album 's " upbeat pop anthems " , Melody Lau of Exclaim ! found Aguilera to be " reinvigorated " and felt that she " shines most when she 's direct , honest and vulnerable " . Celina Murphy of Hot Press felt that Lotus 's " safer " direction and Aguilera 's " default mode " makes the album an improvement from Bionic . At the end of 2012 , Lotus was ranked at number 17 on the list " 20 Best Pop Albums of 2012 " by Spin . In contrast , Entertainment Weekly named it the worst album of 2012 . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Lotus debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 73 @,@ 408 units . This was considerably lower than Aguilera 's previous album , Bionic ( 2010 ) , which opened at number three with sales of 110 @,@ 000 units , thereby becoming Aguilera 's English @-@ language studio album with the lowest first week sales . The following week it fell to number seventeen with sales of 52 @,@ 558 copies . In Canada , Lotus peaked at number 7 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified gold by Music Canada for shipments of 40 @,@ 000 copies there on January 10 . The album debuted and peaked at 28 on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 9 @,@ 422 , becoming her lowest @-@ charting album there . Internationally , Lotus underperformed , only reaching the top 20 and top 30 in most countries . As of August 2014 , the album had sold over 290 @,@ 000 units in the United States , as reported by Nielsen SoundScan . It has additionally sold over 687 @,@ 000 tracks there . = = Track listing = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Lotus . Notes ^ [ a ] signifies a vocal producer ^ [ b ] signifies a co @-@ producer Sampling credits " Red Hot Kinda Love " contains samples from " The Whole World Ain 't Nothing But a Party " , as performed by Mark Radice and " 54 @-@ 46 Was My Number " , as performed by Toots and the Maytals . " Make the World Move " contains a portion of the composition " Let 's Find Out " , written by Armando Trovajoli . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . Vocals – Christina Aguilera Background vocals – Christina Aguilera , Candice Pillay , Max Martin , Aimée Proal , Stacie Orrico , Shellback Featured artists – Cee Lo Green , Blake Shelton Producers – Alex da Kid , Chris Braide , Busbee , Mike Del Rio , Jayson DeZuzio , Dem Jointz , Jason Gilbert , Jamie Hartman , Aeon " Step " Manahan , Max Martin , Steve Robson , Lucas Secon , Shellback , Supa Dups , Tracklacers Vocal producers – Christina Aguilera , Claude Kelly , Candice Pillay Executive producer – Christina Aguilera Keyboards – Chris Braide , Steve Daly , Jon Keep , Max Martin , Steve Robson , Shellback Strings – Alisha Bauer , Marisa Kuney , Songa Lee , Rodney Wirtz String arrangements – Chris Braide , Jamie Hartman , Steve Robson , Pete Whitfield Bass – J Browz , Tyler Chester , Steve Daly , John Garrison Synthesizers – Steve Daly , Jon Keep Programming – Chris Braide , Aeon " Step " Manahan , Steve Robson , Lucas Secon , Shellback Engineers – John Hanes , Pete Hofmann , Sam Holland , Josh Mosser , Sam Miller , Oscar Ramirez , Lucas Secon , Shellback , Justin Stanley , Vocal engineers – Scott Hendricks , Sam Holland , Graham Marsh ( producer ) , Oscar Ramirez Assistant engineer – Phil Seaford A & Rs – Christina Aguilera , Keith Naftaly Photography – Enrique Badulescu = = Charts = = = = Certifications and sales = = = = Release history = =
= Abdul Amir al @-@ Jamri = Sheikh Abdul Amir al @-@ Jamri ( pronunciation ; SHAYK @-@ AHB @-@ dehl @-@ ah @-@ MEER @-@ al @-@ JAHM @-@ ree Arabic : شيخ عبدالأمير الجمري ; 1 March 1938 – 18 December 2006 ) was one of the most prominent Shia clerics and opposition leaders in Bahrain . He was also a writer and a poet . Born in the village of Bani Jamra , al @-@ Jamri became a Hussaini khatib ( Shia preacher ) after finishing primary school . At the age of 21 , he began his Islamic studies , first in Bahrain and later in the religious institute of Al Najaf , Iraq , where he remained for 11 years . He returned to Bahrain in 1973 and was elected to the newly formed parliament . The parliament was dissolved two years later by the Emir , Isa bin Salman al @-@ Khalifa , after it had rejected the State Security Law . In 1977 , al @-@ Jamri was appointed as a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain . He held the position until 1988 , when he was briefly arrested due to his criticism of the government . Al @-@ Jamri is most notable for his role during the 1990s uprising in Bahrain . As the lead figure of the opposition , he succeeded in bringing Islamists , liberals and leftists together against the monarchy . The events began in the form of petitions in 1992 and 1994 calling for restoration of the parliament and reinstatement of the suspended constitution , but led to widespread violence and the death of 40 individuals . Due to his civil rights activity , al @-@ Jamri was imprisoned between April and September 1995 , before being arrested again in January 1996 and imprisoned until July 1999 , which was followed by a year and a half of house arrest . In January 2001 , al @-@ Jamri was released along with other opposition activists . The new emir , Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa , proposed a reform plan , the National Action Charter of Bahrain , which was accepted by the opposition and later gained widespread popular support . A year later , Hamad issued a new constitution which al @-@ Jamri said fell short of the opposition 's demands . Disappointed , al @-@ Jamri soon fell ill , suffering from a series of strokes and eventually dying of multiple organ failure . = = Early life and Islamic studies = = Al @-@ Jamri was born in the village of Bani Jamra , Northern Bahrain , on 1 March 1938 . His full name was Abdul Amir bin Mansoor bin Mohammed bin Abdulrasool bin Mohammed bin Hussain bin Ebrahim bin Makki bin Suleiman bin Makki al @-@ Jamri al @-@ Bahrani ( Arabic : عبدالأمير بن منصور بن محمد بن عبدالرسول بن محمد بن حسين بن إبراهيم بن مكي بن سليمان بن مكي الجمري البحراني ) , although he was also known by his kunya Abu Jameel ( Arabic : أبو جميل ) . His father – known as Mansoor or Nasir – was a Quranic teacher , owner of a textile workshop , and head of a " devout Shia family " . Al @-@ Jamri 's father taught him the Quran and basics of Islamic prayer when he was 6 , although died four years later . Al @-@ Jamri finished formal education at Budaiya primary school when he was 12 , before becoming a Hussaini khatib ( Shia preacher ) , learning from other well @-@ known khatibs in his village such as his cousin , the renovator Shia khatib Mulla Atiya al @-@ Jamri . He also obtained a job in the Manama Souq , working there until 1962 . In 1957 , al @-@ Jamri married his cousin 's granddaughter , Zahra ' Yousif Atiya al @-@ Jamri , who was 16 at the time . In his book The Story of My Life , al @-@ Jamri devoted a section to speak about his marriage , in which he described it as a happy one and praised his wife for her patience and loyalty . They had 10 children together : 7 sons and 3 daughters . One of their sons is Mansoor Al @-@ Jamri , editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Al @-@ Wasat newspaper . In 1959 , al @-@ Jamri began his religious studies in Bahrain . He was taught by Sheikh Abdulla al @-@ Bahrani ( died 1961 ) and Sheikh Baqir al @-@ Asfoor . In 1962 , following the death of his mentor , al @-@ Jamri traveled to Iraq to study Islamic theology and law in the religious institute of Al Najaf . Mentored for two years by Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al @-@ Sadr and Abu al @-@ Qasim al @-@ Khoei , he reached the stage of independent research ( Bahth al @-@ kharij ; Arabic : بحث الخارج ) , the highest level of study in religious seminaries . He also wrote several religious articles which were published in Iraqi newspapers and magazines . In the country , al @-@ Jamri used the pseudonym Abdulla Mansoor Mohammed in order to avoid trouble when passing through customs in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and Iraq , where it was believed that the prefix " Abdul " should only be used with the name of God . The pseudonym also helped him evade Iraq 's Ba 'athist regime of Saddam Hussein following an anti @-@ Ba 'athist speech which al @-@ Jamri gave in 1970 . Spending 11 years in Iraq , al @-@ Jamri returned to Bahrain in 1973 . Between 1973 and 1981 , al @-@ Jamri was a frequent host on Bahrain TV , giving religious talks on Islamic occasions such as Ramadan and Ashura . In 1985 , he founded a small hawza in the mosque next to his house . = = Member of Parliament = = Bahrain became independent from the United Kingdom in 1971 and the Constituent Assembly of 1972 had drafted a new constitution by 1973 . Like his study colleague Isa Qassim , al @-@ Jamri initially wanted to complete his religious studies and did not care much about politics . His mentor in Iraq , Mohammad Baqir al @-@ Sadr , issued a binding fatwā for participation in the 1973 parliamentary election . Al @-@ Jamri and five others formed the " Religious Bloc " which adopted a wide program including supporting the labor 's union and demands , forbidding trade of alcoholic beverages , and separating men and women in education institutes . The bloc also called for prohibiting male doctors from treating female patients ( especially in pregnancy ) as well as other demands connected to traditional Islamic customs . Al @-@ Jamri was elected to the National Assembly of Bahrain , ranking second behind Isa Qassim . In August 1975 , the constitution was suspended and the assembly dissolved by the Emir , Isa bin Salman al @-@ Khalifa , after it had rejected the State Security Law . The act – also known as " the precautionary law " – was proposed by the British adviser Ian Henderson . It gave police wide powers of arrest and allowed individuals to be held in prison without trial or charge for up to three years ( renewable ) for suspicion " that they might be a threat to the state " . Al @-@ Jamri was a member of a foreign relations committee , and an outspoken critic of the State Security Law . = = 1977 – 1988 = = In the period from 1975 to 2001 , the Emir ruled by decree . Human rights activists and opposition leaders made repeated allegations of systematic torture , the arbitrary arrest of thousands , and assassinations , all of which were denied by the authorities . Bahrain 's Shia population widely claimed that they were being discriminated against by the government , and that they were being treated as second class citizens . = = = Judge = = = In 1977 , the government offered al @-@ Jamri the opportunity to serve as a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain ( Shia branch ) . Al @-@ Jamri agreed after Abu al @-@ Qasim al @-@ Khoei issued him with a religious permit to do so . The decision was controversial within Bahrain , as many Shia clerics had refused to participate in the government @-@ run judiciary ever since its foundation in the 1920s . Al @-@ Jamri held the position until June 1988 , when he was suspended due to his criticism of the government . = = = Political activism = = = Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution , and continuing throughout the 1980s , the intensity of Bahrain 's political situation sharply increased . Al @-@ Jamri , who was then participating in several petitions , was questioned multiple times and put under strict surveillance by the Security and Intelligence Service . In 1984 , the Islamic Enlightenment institution , with which al @-@ Jamri was associated , was closed by the government . The government also closed other places of meeting and prohibited public seminars . Al @-@ Jamry however opened his house for daily meetings , also offering a weekly space for public debates ; he continued to do so despite several government attempts to stop him . In 1988 , the situation came to a head when al @-@ Jamri ignored a final warning by the government . In June , he was dismissed from his job as a judge . In August , his son @-@ in @-@ law Abduljalil Khalil was arrested and sentenced to seven years imprisonment . In September , his elder son Mohamed Jameel was arrested and sentenced to ten years . The authorities then ordered al @-@ Jamri 's arrest ; on 6 September , Colonel Adel Flaifel and a number of security forces arrived at his house . Al @-@ Jamri 's wife rushed to the nearby mosque and called people from its speakers . Amid neighbors ' protests , security forces decided to let al @-@ Jarmi go after only an hour 's detention . = = Role during the 1990s uprising = = = = = Background = = = There was a time of civil strife in Bahrain from 1994 to 1999 , during which leftists , liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms . The uprising was the largest in the country 's history , and included widespread demonstrations and violence . In 1992 , a petition was signed by 280 leading figures in civil society , demanding the restoration of parliament , reinstatement of the suspended constitution , the release of political prisoners , and the start of a reconciliation dialogue . The government rejected their demands and instead set up a thirty @-@ member appointed " Shura council " assigned with " commenting " on government proposed legislation . In 1994 , another petition was launched with the same demands , this time open to all citizens . Organizers said that they had collected over 20 @,@ 000 signatures . Violence broke out in June 1994 when riot police used tear gas on 1 @,@ 500 demonstrators who had organized a sit @-@ in in front of the Ministry of Labor . The protesters were campaigning against the increasing rate of unemployment , which had reached 15 percent . Over the following years , many opposition leaders were arrested and others exiled . Some protesters used Molotov cocktails to attack " police stations , banks and commercial properties " . Riot police used tear gas and rubber bullets , some of which were fired at the crowd from police helicopters . It was also reported that police used live ammunition in some cases . Overall , about forty people were killed , including several detainees who were in police custody ( allegedly due to torture ) , and at least three policemen . During the uprising , al @-@ Jamri " rose to prominence " , becoming the lead figure among the opposition , who saw him as " their father figure and spiritual mentor . " To the Shia , he was their " spiritual leader " . He was a " chief architect " and a signatory of the 1992 and 1994 petitions . He was also the informal leader of the U.K.-based Bahrain Freedom Movement . Al @-@ Jamri , himself a Shia Islamist , had good relations with secular and liberal opposition forces and united them into " an effective opposition movement " . Due to his civil rights activity , the pro @-@ democracy cleric was arrested and placed under house arrest for years . = = = First arrest = = = In 1995 , following clashes between security forces and students , the government accused al @-@ Jamri of having links to Iran and seeking to establish an " Islamic republic " in Bahrain . Al @-@ Jamri denied the accusations . Nevertheless , on 1 April the government imposed a blockade on al @-@ Jamri 's home of Bani Jamra , placing him and 18 members of his family under house arrest . At least one man was killed and 16 others injured during clashes with police . That day became known locally as the Black Saturday . Two weeks later , al @-@ Jamri was transferred to a detention center . Along with other opposition figures he was released on 25 September 1995 , following a deal with the government to calm down the situation in return for opening up talks on the restoration of parliament . Tens of thousands of Bahrainis gathered to welcome al @-@ Jamri following his release . He gave a speech in which he promised to stay loyal to the hopes and sufferings of the Bahraini people . = = = Second arrest , trial and conviction = = = On 23 October , al @-@ Jamri and other released opposition activists began a 10 @-@ day hunger strike in his house to protest what they called the government 's failure to fulfill its pledges . Tens of thousands gathered in solidarity with the activists on the final day of the hunger strike ( 1 November ) . On 21 January 1996 al @-@ Jamri was detained again along with 7 other opposition leaders , including Abdulwahab Hussain and Hassan Mushaima , following the collapse of the talks . The arrests provoked further unrest . The activists denied the charges of forming a militia group called " Bahraini Hizbullah " or receiving support from Iran . Al @-@ Jamri spent 3 and a half years in prison , during which he allegedly spent the first 9 months in solitary confinement and was closely observed during the remaining period . On 21 February 1999 , about three years after his arrest , al @-@ Jamri 's trial before the State Security Court began . On 7 July , the court convicted him on charges of " spying and inciting unrest against the royal family " . Al @-@ Jamri was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and fined BD5.7 million ( US $ 15 million ) . British politician George Galloway , Human Rights Watch , International Pen and Amnesty International led campaigns in solidarity with al @-@ Jamri . The latter also named him a prisoner of conscience . = = = Release , reconciliation and disappointment = = = Emir Isa bin Salman died suddenly on 6 March and was succeeded by his eldest son , Hamad bin Isa al Khalifa . The new emir pardoned al @-@ Jamri and released him a day after his conviction ( 8 July ) , but placed him under house arrest until 23 January 2001 . Before getting pardoned , al @-@ Jamri had to appear on nationaltelevision and read a " humiliating letter of apology " to the Emir . Repeated meetings between commissioners of the Emir and al @-@ Jamri were held during the house arrest period . Subsequent days saw the release of further political prisoners , and exiles were allowed to return . On 8 February , al @-@ Jamri and 3 other opposition leaders — Abdulla al @-@ Ghuraifi , Abdulwahab Hussain and Ali Rabea — met with the emir to discuss his reform plans , the National Action Charter of Bahrain . The Charter called for the introduction of a constitutional monarchy , an independent judiciary , and a bicameral legislature composed of a lower house of elected representatives and an upper house of appointed legislators . The Charter also granted equal rights between men and women , and recognised all Bahraini citizens as having equal political rights , including the entitlement to elections and political candidacy . In the 8 February meeting , the government promised that " the new political arrangements will not invalidate the 1973 constitution and that the upper appointed house will be for consultation only . " The next day , after leading Friday prayer , al @-@ Jamri delivered a famous speech , starting with " Allah is my witness , I have missed you as much as Jacob missed Joseph " , before Abdulwahab announced that the opposition had decided to accept the reform plan . The National Action Charter was voted on in a referendum on 14 and 15 February , gaining massive popular support ( 98 @.@ 4 % ) . In November 2001 , the Al Wefaq Shia political society was founded , with al @-@ Jamri being seen as its mentor . On 14 February 2002 , the Emir introduced the new constitution of 2002 , which gave him wide @-@ ranging powers and gave the upper appointed house more powers than the elected lower house , including the right to legislate . The " honeymoon " period between the opposition and government was over ; al @-@ Jamri stated his disappointment with the new constitution , stating that it fell short of the opposition 's demands . " [ T ] his is not the type of parliament we had demanded , " he said . = = Illness and death = = Then under house arrest , in May 2000 al @-@ Jamri suffered a heart attack . He was taken to the Bahrain Defence Force Hospital , where he underwent surgery . During his stay at the hospital , he was visited by the King and Prime Minister . In May 2002 , al @-@ Jamri traveled to Germany for spinal surgery . While undergoing medical checkups , it was discovered he had a thrombus behind his eye , which had developed when he was in prison . Following the surgery he suffered a stroke , also developing kidney problems and a blood infection , soon falling into a coma . He woke from the coma on 30 June , but shortly after suffered a second stroke , resulting in internal bleeding , and incapacitating him for the rest of his life . On 27 January 2003 , al @-@ Jamri was transferred from Germany to Sultan bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City in Saudi Arabia , where his medical condition improved slightly . He returned to Bahrain on 12 July and was welcomed by hundreds of his supporters . His medical condition deteriorated again as he suffered from repeated respiratory problems and another stroke , and in the end he lost the ability to speak . In the early morning of 18 December 2006 , al @-@ Jamri was rushed by ambulance from his home to Salmaniya Medical Complex , where he was announced dead . The cause of death was heart and kidney failure . = = Aftermath = = = = = Funeral = = = Although al @-@ Jamri 's death was announced in the morning , the mourning processions only began after the sunset Maghrib prayer . The funeral course was changed several times . Ultimately , it began at 6 : 00 in Muqsha village before moving along the west side of Budaiya highway to Bani Jamra , where al @-@ Jamri was buried at 10 : 00 . The weather was extremely cold for Bahrain , yet thousands showed up wearing black mourning clothes and carrying black flags . According to a number of Al @-@ Wasat writers , the funeral was the largest in the modern history of Bahrain . = = = Successor = = = Following the 2002 deterioration of his health , al @-@ Jamri 's position as a political and religious leader of Bahrain 's Shia opposition was taken over by his lifelong friend , Ayatollah Isa Qassim . Qassim was less revolutionary than al @-@ Jamri , having opposed the 1992 and 1994 petitions , but his views were kept private , in part as a sign of respect for al @-@ Jamri . Al @-@ Jamri 's role as leader of the opposition remained empty , as the opposition became fragmented . = = Publications = = Al @-@ Jamri wrote several books and poems ( in Arabic ) . He kept writing poems even when he became bedridden . His books include : Women in Islam . Islamic Duties . Islamic Teachings . The story of my life .
= Hualālai = Hualālai ( pronounced [ huwəˈlaːlɐi ] in Hawaiian ) is an active volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands . It is the westernmost , third @-@ youngest and the third most active of the five shield volcanoes that form the island of Hawaiʻi , following Kīlauea and the much larger Mauna Loa . Its peak stands 8 @,@ 271 feet ( 2 @,@ 521 m ) above sea level . Hualālai is estimated to have risen above sea level about 300 @,@ 000 years ago . Despite maintaining a very low level of activity since its last eruption in 1801 , Hualālai is still considered active , and is expected to erupt again some time within the next century . The relative unpreparedness of the residents in the area caused by the lull in activity would worsen the consequences of such an event . The area near the volcano has been inhabited for centuries by Hawaiian natives , dating back to before recorded history . The coast west of Hualālai in particular had several royal complexes . The volcano is also important ecologically , is home to many rare species and several nature reserves near the summit , and is a popular hiking attraction . Today the coast near Hualālai is dotted by vacation resorts , some built on historic flows , and a National Historical Park . = = Geology = = = = = Structural features = = = Hualālai stands at 8 @,@ 271 ft ( 2 @,@ 521 m ) with a prominence of 3 @,@ 071 ft ( 936 m ) . It is the westernmost of the five major volcanoes which form the island of Hawaiʻi . Being in the post @-@ shield stage of development , Hualālai is overall much rougher in shape and structure than the more youthful Mauna Loa and Kīlauea . Hualālai 's structure is denoted by three rift zones : a well @-@ developed one approximately 50 ° to the northwest , a moderately developed one to the southeast , and a poorly developed one trending northwards about 3 mi ( 5 km ) east of the summit . There are over 100 cinder and spatter cones arranged along these rift zones . Hualālai has no summit caldera , although there is a collapse crater about 0 @.@ 3 mi ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) across atop a small lava shield . Much of the southern slope ( above the modern town of Kailua @-@ Kona ) consists of lava flows covered by a layer of volcanic ash from 10 to 100 cm ( 4 to 39 in ) thick . In comparison with the other volcanoes of the island of Hawaiʻi , it is the third tallest , third oldest , third most active , and second smallest , making up just 7 % of the island . A major subfeature of Hualālai is Puʻu Waʻawaʻa , Hawaiian for " many @-@ furrowed hill " , a volcanic cone standing 372 m ( 1 @,@ 220 ft ) tall and measuring over 1 @.@ 6 km ( 1 mi ) in diameter . It extends for 9 km ( 6 mi ) , and has a prominence of 275 m ( 902 ft ) , north of the summit at 19 ° 46 ′ 15 ″ N 155 ° 49 ′ 56 ″ W. The cone is constructed of trachyte , a type of volcanic lava that exists at no other volcano on Hawaiʻi . Trachyte flows move more slowly than the typically " runny " Hawaiian lavas , a characteristic caused by its high ( over 62 % ) silica composition ( typical basalt is only 50 % silica ) . Geologists hypothesize that Puʻu Waʻawaʻa originally formed during a pumice eruption a little over 100 @,@ 000 years ago , and has continued to build itself since then , with at least three distinct trachyte flows recognized . The eruptions , although partially covered by flows from Hualālai and Mauna Loa , have built a distinctive structure known as the Puʻu Anahulu ridge . The westward @-@ facing flank of Hualālai forms a large underwater slump known as the North Kona slump . An area of about 1 @,@ 000 km2 ( 390 sq mi ) , the slump consists of an intricate formation of beaches and scarps 2 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 500 m ( 6 @,@ 600 to 14 @,@ 800 ft ) below the waterline . This area was explored more closely in a 2001 joint Japan @-@ United States project to explore the volcano 's flanks , utilizing the Remotely operated vehicle ROV Kaikō . Data collected showed that the lava flows there originated in shallow water 500 to 1 @,@ 000 m ( 1 @,@ 600 to 3 @,@ 300 ft ) deep , and that unlike similar slumps at other volcanoes , the slump at Hualālai formed gradually . Haulālai is a known source for xenoliths , rock from the Earth 's mantle that have been brought up in lava flows . Many prehistoric deposits , as well as those from the 1801 event , contain xenoliths of large size and abundant quantity . = = = History = = = Lava attributed to a shield @-@ stage Hualālai has been found just offshore of the volcano 's northwest rift zone . Tholeiitic basalt , indicative of the submarine subphase of the volcano 's construction , has been found in wells driven into the volcano at a depth of 75 ft ( 23 m ) . These lavas persisted until an estimated 130 @,@ 000 years ago . Hualālai entered the post @-@ shield stage , the stage it is presently in , about 100 @,@ 000 years ago . Pumice and trachyte eruptions at Puʻu Waʻawaʻa may be a sign of this change . Geological mapping of the volcano has indicated that as much as 80 % of the volcano 's surface has been topped by lava flows during the last 5 @,@ 000 years , entirely composed of shield alkalic basalt . More than half of this is under 3 @,@ 000 years old , and about 12 % is less than 1 @,@ 000 years of age . Between the years 1700 and 2016 , eruptions originated from six vents ; four of these lava flows poured into the sea to the west coast . = = Eruptive history = = Hualālai is the third most active volcano making up the island of Hawaiʻi , behind Kīlauea and Mauna Loa . Although the two larger volcanos have each erupted over 150 times in the last 1 @,@ 000 years , Hualālai has done so but 3 times . The recurrence of activity at the volcano seems to be every 200 to 300 years . A recent calm period , with almost no earthquake or magmatic activity at Hualālai , has seen the growth of homes , businesses , and resorts on the mountain 's flanks . The most recent major activity at the volcano was in 1929 , when an intense earthquake swarm rocked Hualālai , most likely caused by magmatic action near the volcano 's peak . Although it has been relatively placid in the recent past , Hualālai is still potentially active , and is expected to erupt again within the next 100 years . = = = Lava stratigraphy = = = The USGS has divided the exposed lava flows and tephra erupted by Hualālai volcano during the last 112 @,@ 000 years into 419 rock units of 8 chronostratigraphic age groups . These are summarized in the table below : = = = 1800 – 1801 eruption = = = Hualālai last erupted in 1800 – 1801 . This eruption produced very fluid alkalic basalt lava flows that entered the ocean off the western tip of Hawaiʻi island . Although five vents were active at the time , only two produced flows that eventually reached the ocean . The total output volume of the flow is estimated at over 300 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 0 @.@ 072 cu mi ) . One volcanic vent , situated high on the slope , produced a large a 'a flow , dubbed the Kaʻūpūlehu flow , that reached the ocean as two distinct lobes . On its way down , it overran a village and a valuable 3 mi ( 5 km ) fishing pond . There is a local legend that after the failure of several offerings of animals and other items to the gods , the flow was finally stopped when Kamehameha I threw a lock of his own hair into the fire . The Ka 'ūpūlehu flow is also known for the particularly large quantity of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths that came up with it . The other major outflow from the event reached the sea south of Kiholo Bay , destroying the village of Kaʻūpūlehu . This 1801 flow , known as the Huʻehuʻe flow , formed Keahole Point where Kona International Airport is now located , 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) north of Kailua @-@ Kona . The eruption at Hualālai was concurrent with an eruption at the nearby Mauna Loa . It is theorized that , in the near past , Hualālai has had synchronous eruptions with both Mauna Loa and Kilauea . = = = Recent activity = = = Hualālai last erupted in 1801 . A severe earthquake swarm shook the volcano in 1929 , lasting about a month . This caused $ 100 @,@ 000 worth of damage to the Kona district ( $ 1 @.@ 2 million as of 2010 ) , and two earthquakes with magnitudes of 5 @.@ 5 and 6 @.@ 5 were felt as far away as Honolulu . This was probably caused by magma movement near the surface , but there was no surface activity or eruption . The 2006 Hawaii earthquake , with epicenter just to the north in Kiholo Bay near Māhukona , caused much damage in the area . = = = Future monitoring = = = Although Hualālai last erupted over 200 years ago , it will erupt again in the near future , as a 200 – 300 year estimated pause in activity is coming to an end . It presents a distinct hazard to the communities around it as well ; for example , in the event of an eruption similar to the 1801 event , Kailua @-@ Kona , which is 15 mi ( 24 km ) from the volcano 's summit , could be covered completely in a matter of hours . According to the USGS Lava Flow Hazard Zones , on a scale of 5 to 9 , all of Hualālai is listed as threat level 4 . For comparison , almost all of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa is listed as threat levels 1 through 3 . The flanks of the volcano do not pose a lower threat to the population than the area near the rift zones because the distance is short and the slopes are steep ; lava poses as much of a threat as it does near its source . Since 1991 , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory ( HVO ) has maintained a seismic recording station 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) east of Hualālai 's summit to monitor the volcano . During this time , not a single earthquake swarm or harmonic tremor , indicative of activity at the volcano , has occurred . Although Hualālai does experience several magnitude 4 earthquakes per year , these are attributed to a deep source off the coast of the north @-@ western rift zone and are not related to the movement of magma . The USGS is currently in the process of upgrading its aging monitoring and telemetry equipment , using American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds . The agency plans to add another seismometer and three more sensors to help monitor activity . In addition , the HVO uses GPS to measure slight changes in tilt and slope of Hualālai , indicative of magmatic movement . A survey has been conducted every two years since 1986 , but as of 2010 changes have been recorded . = = Human history = = Hualālai has been a home to native people since ancient times . Centuries ago , the Ahu A Umi Heiau was built on the dry plateau east of the mountain . The Kaloko @-@ Honokōhau National Historic Park lies on the shore west of Hualālai , over the site of an ancient Hawaiian settlement . Although it is called kekaha ʻaʻole wai ( lands without water ) , the rugged volcanic terrain attracted much sea life , making it an appealing place to settle . There are two main attractions within the park : the Kaloko fishpond , an area of loko kuapa ( rockwall fishponds ) constructed of interlocking rocks across a natural embayment on the coast , and Honokōhau , a former extensive settlement on the south side of the park . Kamakahonu , Holualoa Bay , and Keauhou Bay were favored retreats of Hawaiian royalty long before the westernization of Hawaii . It was here that Kamehameha I rested after his eight @-@ year campaign to unite the Hawaiian isles . His death in 1819 triggered social chaos . Mokuaikaua Church , built for missionaries in 1837 of lava rock and crushed coral , still stands today . Huliheʻe Palace , where many of Hawaii 's last kings spent their time , has been maintained as a museum since 1927 . Today , the coast west of Hualālai is a popular location for vacation resorts , since the rain shadow of the mountain causes many sunny days . The first , Kona Village resort , was built in 1961 . Since then the Four Seasons Resort and the Kūkiʻo golf course and vacation home complex have also been built on the 1800 flow . Both the Kona Village Resort and the Four Seasons Resort were damaged by the tsunami generated by the 2011 Sendai earthquake . The Hawaii Belt Road traverses the western slopes with an upper route called the Mamalahoa Highway and lower route named for Queen Kaʻahumanu . Much of the Kona coffee crop grows on Hualālai 's western slope near the town of Holualoa . The family of early coffee merchant Henry Nicholas Greenwell owned a large ranch on the western side of the volcano . The road from Kailua @-@ Kona up the slopes of Hualālai is named for Frank " Palani " Greenwell . Hawaii Route 200 known as the Saddle Road , crosses the plateau north of Hualālai , where the Pohakuloa Training Area provides a remote training ground for the United States Army and United States Marine Corps . = = Recreational significance = = Hualālai 's many interesting features , most especially its volcanic cones , make it a popular destination for hikers . Although it is relatively easy to climb , much of the land at and around the summit of the volcano is owned by Kamehameha Schools , which routinely denies access to hikers attempting to climb it . As most , if not all , routes up to Hualālai pass through the estate , hiking on Hualālai is more or less illegal . However , the laws are not stringently enforced , and many hikers slip through anyway . One of the most popular mountaineering features is Luamakami and its sister Puhia Pele , two pit craters on Hualālai that are the deepest on the island . Puhia Pele , also known as " Pele 's Pit " , has been explored to a depth of 862 ft ( 263 m ) , and Luamakami is known to be even deeper . The walls are scalable with the proper technical equipment . = = Ecology and environment = = Although some of Hualālai is bare volcanic rock , most of it is covered by some form of vegetation . Bushes , ferns , and grass are common , and even a few ōhiʻa lehua trees ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) grow along the summit . Many of the collapse craters in particular have vegetation , and a few even have respectably @-@ sized " vertical forests " inside , including several Eucalyptus tree groves . The volcano is populated by many birds and animals ; the coast in particular attracts many fish and sea @-@ dependent animals , such as the green sea turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) and the black @-@ winged stilt ( Himantopus himantopus ) . Hualālai averages 18 @.@ 27 in ( 46 cm ) of rainfall per year . The summit gets more rain than the coast and is typically obscured in heavy cloud cover and vog . Several ecological reserves lie on the flanks of Hualālai . The Puʻu Waʻa Waʻa forest sanctuary was established in 1992 ( along with the Laupahoehoe sister reserve on Mauna Kea ) as a testbed for long term ecological research about Hawaiian moist forest and dry forest biomes , and lies within a mile of the volcano 's summit on its northwestern flank . Elevation differs from sea level near the coastal edge to 6 @,@ 300 ft ( 1 @,@ 920 m ) near the summit . Median annual rainfall is about 46 @.@ 7 in ( 119 cm ) . Plentiful lava flows from the 19th century provide unique niches for vegetative and soil growth in the region . The southern section of the reserve , closest to the summit , has been split into a bird sanctuary . The Honuaula forest reserve on the southwestern flank of the volcano at 19 ° 30 ′ 25 ″ N 155 ° 54 ′ 41 ″ W , preserves an extensive koa ( Acacia koa ) forest stand , with smaller Naio ( Myoporum sandwicense ) and Māmane ( Sophora chrysophylla ) trees and an undergrowth of ʻĀkala ( Rubus hawaiensis ) and various ferns . The reserve measures 655 acres ( 265 ha ) and protects an ecosystem that has since been largely deforested in the surrounding area . The Wai Aha spring reserve on the lower slopes of the mountain is somewhat swampy and is home to the flowering evergreen ōhiʻa ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) , the woody climber ʻIeʻie ( Freycinetia arborea ) , and a dense undergrowth of ʻAmaʻu ( Sadleria cyatheoides ) .
= WhiteWater World = WhiteWater World is a water park situated in the suburb of Coomera on the Gold Coast , Australia . It is owned and operated by Ardent Leisure . After years of planning and a year of construction , WhiteWater World opened to the public on 8 December 2006 . The ten Australian beach culture themed attractions cost approximately A $ 56 million . These included The Green Room , Super Tubes Hydrocoaster , The Rip , The BRO , Temple of Huey , Cave of Waves , Wiggle Bay , and Pipeline Plunge . Since then , four additional water slides : two called Little Rippers , one called The Wedgie and one called the Triple Vortex , have been added . WhiteWater World was designed to be very efficient in its water use . Since opening , the quantity of visitors has consistently been above expectations . Ardent Leisure has submitted a development application for the expansion of the water park and plans to add five new attractions . = = History = = = = = Development = = = In 2004 , Macquarie Leisure began planning a water park to be located next to the company 's existing Dreamworld theme park . Dreamworld 's Chief Executive Officer Stephen Gregg and General Manager of Special Projects Bob Tan visited water parks around the world to discover the most thrilling and cutting @-@ edge water rides available . Later Tan was quoted saying " ... the drawing board for the new park was a restaurant napkin in a little cafe in the US " . On 28 November 2005 , Macquarie Leisure announced it would invest $ 56 million on the Dreamworld Water Park project , with construction commencing shortly there @-@ after . The existing Dreamworld car park was redesigned to accommodate more cars and the addition of a water park in the southern portion . Construction of the water park began in January 2006 . In June , two of the three slide towers were complete , with several slides in the early phases of construction . One month later , several attractions were announced by the park with others being speculated upon . Some attractions were nearing completion in September and all the planned attractions had been revealed by October . WhiteWater World opened three weeks ahead of schedule on 8 December 2006 after a week of previews . The park opened with ten attractions , including The Green Room , The Rip , Super Tubes Hydrocoaster , The BRO , The Temple of Huey ( 3 individual slides ) , Pipeline Plunge , Wiggle Bay and the Cave of Waves . At this time , the park featured many Australian and world firsts : The Rip and Super Tubes Hydrocoaster were both Australian firsts ; The BRO was a world first ; and The Green Room was Australia 's biggest Tornado slide . After six months of operation Macquarie Leisure announced that WhiteWater World attracted 247 @,@ 360 visitors , producing a revenue of $ 8 @.@ 7 million and a profit of $ 4 million . = = = Performance = = = WhiteWater World performed above expectations after opening with approximately 23 @,@ 000 guests between 8 December and 31 December 2006 . WhiteWater World continued to exceed Macquarie Leisure 's expectations during its first year of operation . The first year saw 493 @,@ 227 guests , exceeding the 450 @,@ 000 estimate , earning the park over $ 8 @.@ 4 million in revenue . The park continued to perform well in subsequent years with an 18 @.@ 4 % increase in attendance in 2008 . In June 2009 , Macquarie Leisure was renamed to Ardent Leisure as part of a corporate repositioning which saw the company split from Macquarie . In August 2010 , Ardent Leisure announced a decline in revenue and profits in its theme park division . It stated that a capital expenditure plan had been endorsed which would " ... strengthen ride inventory and consumer appeal " . WhiteWaterWorld is currently ranked as one of the world 's most water efficient parks because of its sustainable water management and environmentally friendly technology . = = = Expansion = = = In September 2007 , the park added two attractions : a pair of ProSlide Cannon Bowls called The Little Rippers and an events venue called The Shell . A month later , WhiteWater World submitted a development application to the Gold Coast City Council to extend the water park . The main feature of the application was a 25 @-@ metre ( 82 ft ) tower featuring three new water slides : two Mammoth slides and a Tornado Tantrum Alley . The expansion proposal also featured a lazy river and a large water play area . After two years , the application was approved by the council . The expansion plans have been delayed due to the 2007 @-@ 2010 financial crisis . In December 2009 , it was reported that WhiteWater World planned to add a WhiteWater West AquaLoop . However Village Roadshow Theme Parks , owner of competitor Wet 'n'Wild Gold Coast , attempted to negotiate an exclusivity agreement with the manufacturer . Three months later in February 2010 , it was announced that WhiteWater World would build an alternative attraction built by ProSlide before the April school holidays . The Wedgie , a ProSlide Superloop , opened on 1 April 2011 . It was the first ride in Australia to feature a trap door release and was marketed as Australia 's first looping water slide . In 2011 , WhiteWater World 's contract with Nickelodeon was terminated and Nickelodeon 's Pipeline Plunge was renamed Pipeline Plunge . In September 2014 , the park added ' Triple Vortex ' , a two @-@ person tube slide by ProSlide . = = Attractions = = WhiteWater World features several water slide attractions ( all built by ProSlide ) , a large wave pool and separate children and toddler areas . There are food and beverage outlets , retail stores , a surf school , a function area and numerous shaded areas with seating . The park features three water slide towers , each featuring a collection of slides grouped by the level of thrill . The park also features three family @-@ oriented water attractions separate from the towers . All of the park 's attractions have an Australian beach culture theme . The slide tower near the entrance contains the park 's main thrill slides . The Wedgie is a body slide featuring a trap @-@ door release into a near @-@ vertical 17 @-@ metre ( 56 ft ) drop . Riders then enter a fast , downward @-@ spiralling turn and reach speeds of nearly 45 kilometres per hour ( 28 mph ) before they are slowed in a run @-@ out chute . The ride was the first ProSlide SuperLOOP in the world . The Green Room consists of four people boarding a cloverleaf @-@ shaped tube in which they traverse a 66 @-@ metre ( 217 ft ) long tunnel followed by a 17 @-@ metre ( 56 ft ) drop into a funnel . Within the funnel , riders oscillate back and forth up the walls at the side and drop into a splash pool . Since its opening , The Green Room has been Australia 's largest ProSlide Tornado beating Wet 'n'Wild Water World 's Tornado in height and tunnel length . On the Super Tubes Hydrocoaster , three people sit on a 45 @-@ kilogram ( 99 lb ) raft , whose weight is mainly attributable to a large magnet on its underside . Riders experience several steep drops followed by magnet @-@ powered inclines , ending with a splashdown in a small pool . The Super Tubes Hydrocoaster was the second ProSlide Hydro Magnetic Rocket Slide in the world and continues to be Australia 's only water coaster . The second slide tower , along the park 's southern border , features two rides with more moderate thrill ratings . On The Rip , riders hop into a four @-@ person , cloverleaf @-@ shaped tube . They descend a dark tunnel before entering a large , open bowl . The raft circles the centre of the bowl then exits down through the centre and into a splashdown pool . The Rip is the first and currently the only ProSlide Behemoth Bowl in Australia . The BRO ( Blue Ringed Octopus ) is a water slide consisting of eight 120 @-@ metre ( 390 ft ) long lanes . From a height of 16 metres ( 52 ft ) , riders mount a personal mat and slide head first down an enclosed spiral tunnel before merging into open , parallel lanes to the finish . In 24 seconds , riders can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometres per hour ( 31 mph ) . The BRO has a capacity of 1000 riders per hour . When The BRO opened in 2006 , it was the largest ProSlide Octopus Racer in the world and is the only one in Australia . A third slide , Triple Vortex , was added to the tower in late 2014 . Pairs of riders will slide down an enclosed tube slide with three funnels , similar to miniature versions of the park 's Green Room funnel . The slide tower in the southeast corner of the park contains five slides designed for those who desire a mild thrill . Some of the slides on this tower interact with Dreamworld 's Cyclone roller coaster . The Little Rippers are two ProSlide duelling cannon bowl slides . The slides can accommodate guests riding in either one or two person tubes . Riders begin in one of two parallel chutes before entering tunnels and splitting off in opposite directions . Each tunnel has a steep drop into the bowl element of the ride , after which the raft drops down through the centre and into a run @-@ out chute . The other three slides on this tower are collectively known as The Temple of Huey . Guests can ride in a single or double tube . All three slides are ProSlide Pipelines . The three slides are individually named Broken Headz , Cut Snake and Screamin Right Handers and are 99 , 104 and 88 metres ( 325 , 341 and 289 feet ) long respectively . Broken Headz and Cut Snake are enclosed and Screamin Right Handers is an open flume . Three family @-@ oriented attractions are located on the ground level , detached from the three slide towers . Two of these are children 's areas and the third is a wave pool . Pipeline Plunge is a children 's area with four flume slides and hundreds of water activities . The area , originally called Nickelodeon 's Pipeline Plunge , is a large , multi @-@ level water play structure featuring an 1 @,@ 000 @-@ litre ( 220 imp gal ; 260 US gal ) tipping bucket which dumps water on guests every few minutes . It played host to two " Slime Fest " events in 2009 that included several live shows , a dunking chair and " Australia 's biggest sliming " where 1 @,@ 000 litres ( 220 imp gal ; 260 US gal ) of slime was dumped on park guests using green coloured water in the giant tipping bucket twice daily . The mass sliming returned in the 2010 / 2011 summer holidays as part of the Summer Funomenon . Pipeline Plunge is a WhiteWater West Aqua Play area . Wiggle Bay is a Wiggles themed toddler area featuring musical and interactive water play activities , a shallow pool and four Wiggles @-@ coloured water slides , located at the back of the area. these were manufactured by ProSlide . The interactive features are manufactured by WaterPlay . The Cave of Waves is a themed 2 @,@ 685 @-@ square @-@ metre ( 28 @,@ 900 sq ft ) wave pool which can generate waves of up to 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) high . Built by Murphy 's Waves of Scotland , the pool has a constant temperature of 26 degrees Celsius . The Get Wet Surf School makes use of the pool for its lessons outside of normal park operating hours . = = Other facilities = = In addition to its lineup of attractions , WhiteWater World also has a retail outlet , an events venue , cabanas , and several food and beverage outlets . The Beyond the Beach shop , located near the park 's entrance , sells surf and WhiteWater World branded merchandise . The shop contains a Kodak photo centre that allows guests to purchase on @-@ ride photos taken on the Super Tubes Hydrocoaster and photographs taken inside the park . Beyond the Beach also serves as the exit gates for the park . WhiteWater World operates three dining outlets in the peak holiday seasons : Bite Me Cafe , Sandman 's Cafe and Bar and Salty 's Kiosk . The widest range of meals is available from the Bite Me Cafe which operates all year round . Sandman 's Cafe and Bar is a licensed bar where guests can purchase alcoholic drinks and food options including Eagle Boys pizza . It is located on the park 's western border between the Cave of Waves and the splashdown of The Wedgie . Salty 's Kiosk is located next to The BRO and sells slushies , ice creams and other snack foods . Since September 2007 , WhiteWater World has hosted an undercover events venue , the largest at an Australian theme park , The Shell . The venue can cater for up to 2000 guests and is located on the southeast corner of WhiteWater World . From April 2011 , WhiteWater World has offered guests the hire of 12 luxury cabanas , located around the park . Each cabana is designed for up to four guests , who have access to deck chairs , couches , a coffee table , an iPod dock , towels and a mini refrigerator . = = Reception = = Prior to opening , WhiteWater World was criticised for being built during one of Australia 's worst droughts and in an area on Level 5 water restrictions . When designing WhiteWater World , Macquarie Leisure implemented measures to ensure that the park was one of the most water efficient water parks in the world through the minimisation of water loss . In October 2008 , staff at WhiteWater World stopped Paralympian Steve Simmonds from riding the slides . Simmonds was angry and stated that he felt like he was discriminated against . WhiteWater World cited manufacturer guidelines and safety concerns as the reasons behind the restrictions . During the first full year of operation , WhiteWater World attracted more visitors than the expected 450 @,@ 000 guests . Attendance records show close to 500 @,@ 000 guests attended the park during that period . In a review of several Australian entertainment attractions for The Australian , Scott Podmore rated WhiteWater World 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , outranking its main competitors Wet 'n'Wild Gold Coast and Sea World also on the Gold Coast and UnderWater World on the Sunshine Coast . Podmore stated that " WhiteWater World is a wonderful , diverse park offering something for everyone . " and that " WhiteWater World is fantastic for a splash , some R & R or some slippery big rides " . Podmore highlighted The Rip , The BRO , Little Rippers and Temple of Huey as the park 's top attractions . Before The Wedgie opened in April 2010 , several media reporters experienced the ride . Tanya Westthorp of the Gold Coast Bulletin described the ride as " ... not for the faint @-@ hearted " . She also stated that " ... disorientation prevails for a large chunk of the ride , but the thrill is unparalleled to any other waterslide " . Phil Lutton of the Brisbane Times wrote that the ride " ... is not only the fastest , most exhilarating water ride I 've ever tried but it lives up to its name in spades " .

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