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= Destiny 's Child =
Destiny 's Child was an American girl group whose final and best @-@ known line @-@ up comprised Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , and Michelle Williams . Formed in 1990 in Houston , Texas , Destiny 's Child members began their musical endeavors as Girl 's Tyme comprising , among others , Knowles , Rowland , LaTavia Roberson and LeToya Luckett . After years of limited success , they were signed in 1996 to Columbia Records as Destiny 's Child . Destiny 's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the 1999 release of their best @-@ selling second album , The Writing 's on the Wall , which contained the number @-@ one singles " Bills , Bills , Bills " and " Say My Name " . Despite critical and commercial success , the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil , as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group 's manager Mathew Knowles , citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland .
Both Roberson and Luckett were soon replaced with Williams and Farrah Franklin ; however , in 2000 , Franklin left , leaving the group as a trio . Their third album , Survivor , which contains themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group 's experience , contains the worldwide hits " Independent Women " , " Survivor " and " Bootylicious " . In 2002 , they announced a hiatus and re @-@ united two years later for the release of their fourth and final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) . Destiny 's Child has sold more than 60 million records worldwide to date . Billboard magazine ranks the group as one of the greatest musical trios of all time , the ninth most successful artist / band of the 2000s , and placed the group 68th in its All @-@ Time Hot 100 Artists list in 2008 .
= = History = =
= = = 1990 – 97 : Early beginnings and Girl 's Tyme = = =
In 1990 , Beyoncé Knowles met rapper LaTavia Roberson while auditioning for a girl group . Based in Houston , Texas , they were joined to a group that performed rapping and dancing . Kelly Rowland , who relocated to Knowles 's house because of family issues , joined them in 1992 . Originally named Girl 's Tyme , they were eventually cut down to six members including Támar Davis and sisters Nikki and Nina Taylor . With Knowles and Rowland , Girl 's Tyme attracted nationwide attention : west @-@ coast R & B producer Arne Frager flew to Houston to see them . He brought them to his studio , The Plant Recording Studios , in Northern California , with focus on Knowles 's vocals because Frager thought she had personality and the ability to sing . With efforts to sign Girl 's Tyme to a major record deal , Frager 's strategy was to debut the group in Star Search , the biggest talent show on national TV at the time . However , they lost the competition because , according to Knowles , their choice of song was wrong ; they were actually rapping instead of singing .
Because of the group 's defeat , Knowles 's father , Mathew , voluntarily dedicated his time to manage them . Mathew Knowles cut down the original lineup to four , with the removal of Davis and the Taylor sisters and the inclusion of LeToya Luckett in 1993 . Aside from spending time at their church in Houston , Girl 's Tyme practiced in their backyards and at Headliners Salon , owned by Knowles 's mother , Tina . The group would test routines in the salon , when it was on Montrose Boulevard in Houston , and sometimes would collect tips from the customers . Their try out would be critiqued by the people inside . During their school days , Girl 's Tyme performed at local gigs . When summer came , Mathew Knowles established a " boot camp " to train them in dance and vocal lessons . After rigorous training , they began performing as opening acts for established R & B groups of that time such as SWV , Dru Hill and Immature . Tina Knowles designed the group 's attire for their performances .
Over the course of the early years in their career , Girl 's Tyme changed their name to Something Fresh , Cliché , the Dolls , and to Destiny . The group signed with Elektra Records with the name Destiny , but were dropped several months later before they could release an album . The pursuit of a record deal affected the Knowles family : in 1995 , Mathew Knowles resigned from his job as a medical @-@ equipment salesman , a move that reduced Knowles 's family 's income by half , and her parents briefly separated due to the pressure . In 1996 , they finally changed their name to Destiny 's Child , which was taken from a passage in the Book of Isaiah . Mathew Knowles helped in negotiating a record deal with Columbia Records , which signed the group that same year . Prior to signing with Columbia , the group had recorded several tracks in Oakland , California produced by D 'wayne Wiggins of Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! , including " Killing Time " , which upon the label 's recognition that Destiny 's Child had a " unique quality " , was included in the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black .
= = = 1998 – 2000 : Breakthrough and lineup changes = = =
Destiny 's Child released their self @-@ titled debut album in the United States on February 17 , 1998 , featuring productions by Tim & Bob , Rob Fusari , Jermaine Dupri , Wyclef Jean , Dwayne Wiggins and Corey Rooney . Destiny 's Child peaked at number sixty @-@ seven on the Billboard 200 and number fourteen on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums . It managed to sell over one million copies in the United States , earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The remix version to the album 's lead single , " No , No , No " , reached number one on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow @-@ up single , " With Me Part 1 " failed to reproduce the success of " No , No , No " . Meanwhile , the group featured on a song from the soundtrack album of the romantic drama Why Do Fools Fall in Love and " Get on the Bus " had a limited release in Europe and other markets . In 1998 , Destiny 's Child garnered three Soul Train Lady of Soul awards including Best New Artist for " No , No , No " . Knowles considered their debut successful but not huge , claiming as a neo soul record it was too mature for the group at the time .
After the success of their debut album , Destiny 's Child re @-@ entered the studio quickly , bringing in a new lineup of producers , including Kevin " She 'kspere " Briggs and Rodney Jerkins . Coming up with The Writing 's on the Wall , they released it on July 27 , 1999 and it eventually became their breakthrough album . The Writing 's on the Wall peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and number two on R & B chart in early 2000 . " Bills , Bills , Bills " was released in 1999 as the album 's lead single and reached the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their first US number @-@ one single . The Writing 's on the Wall has been credited as Destiny 's Child 's breakthrough album , spurring their career and introducing them to a wider audience . The main key to the group 's breakthrough was the album 's third single , " Say My Name " , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks . The successful release of the singles bolstered the album 's sales , eventually selling over eight million copies in the United States , gaining eight @-@ time platinum certification by the RIAA . The Writing 's on the Wall sold more than 11 million copies worldwide and was one of the top @-@ selling albums of 2000 .
In December 1999 , Luckett and Roberson attempted to split with their manager , claiming that he kept a disproportionate share of the group 's profits and unfairly favored Knowles and Rowland . While they never intended to leave the group , when the video for " Say My Name " surfaced in February 2000 , Roberson and Luckett found out that two new members were joining Knowles and Rowland . Prior to the video premiere , Knowles announced on TRL that original members Luckett and Roberson had left the group . They were replaced by Michelle Williams , a former backup singer to Monica , and Farrah Franklin , an aspiring singer @-@ actress . Shortly after her stint with Monica , Williams was introduced to Destiny 's Child by choreographer Braden Larson aka " Peanut Orlando " , and was flown to Houston where she stayed with the Knowles family .
In March 2000 , Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and their former bandmates for breach of partnership and fiduciary duties . Following the suit , both sides were disparaging towards each other in the media . Five months after joining , Franklin left the group . The remaining members claimed that this was due to missed promotional appearances and concerts . According to Williams , Franklin could not handle stress . Franklin , however , disclosed that she left because of the negativity surrounding the strife and her inability to assert any control in the decision making . Her departure was seen as less controversial . Williams , on the other hand , disclosed that her inclusion in the group resulted in her " battling insecurity " : " I was comparing myself to the other members , and the pressure was on me . "
Towards the end of 2000 , Roberson and Luckett dropped the portion of their lawsuit aimed at Rowland and Knowles in exchange for a settlement , though they continued the action against their manager . As part of the agreement , both sides were prohibited from speaking about each other publicly . Roberson and Luckett formed another girl group named Anjel but also left it due to issues with the record company . Although band members were affected by the turmoil , Destiny 's Child 's success continued . The following years of their career were seen as the group 's most successful stretch , becoming a pop culture phenomenon . " Say My Name " became their second number @-@ one and biggest single to date . The fourth single from The Writing 's on the Wall , " Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' " , also became a top @-@ ten hit . During this time , Destiny 's Child began performing as an opening act at the concerts of pop singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera .
With Williams in the new lineup , Destiny 's Child released a theme song for the soundtrack to the film version of Charlie 's Angels . Released as a single in October 2000 , " Independent Women Part 1 " spent eleven consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 from November 2000 to January 2001 , the longest @-@ running number @-@ one single of Destiny 's Child 's career and of that year in the United States . The successful release of the single boosted the sales of the soundtrack album to Charlie 's Angels to 1 @.@ 5 million by 2001 . In 2000 , Destiny 's Child won Soul Train 's Sammy Davis Jr . Entertainer of the Year award .
= = = 2001 – 2003 : Survivor , subsequent releases , hiatus and side projects = = =
At the 2001 Billboard Music Awards , Destiny 's Child won several accolades , including Artist of the Year and Duo / Group of the Year , and again won Artist of the Year among five awards they snagged in 2001 . In September 2000 , the group took home two at the sixth annual Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards , including R & B / Soul Album of the Year , Group for The Writing 's on the Wall . Destiny 's Child recorded their third album , Survivor , from mid @-@ 2000 until early 2001 . In the production process , Knowles assumed more control in co @-@ producing and co @-@ writing almost the entire album . Survivor hit record stores in the spring of 2001 and entered the Billboard 200 at number one , selling over 663 @,@ 000 copies in its first week sales . The first three singles , " Independent Women Part I " , " Survivor " and " Bootylicious " reached the top three in the United States and were also successful in other countries ; the first two were consecutive number @-@ one singles in the United Kingdom . The album was certified four @-@ time platinum in the United States and double platinum in Australia . It sold 6 million copies as of July 27 , 2001 .
In the wake of the September 11 attacks , Destiny 's Child canceled a European tour and performed in a concert benefit for the survivors . In October 2001 , the group released a holiday album , 8 Days of Christmas , which contained updated versions of several Christmas songs . The album managed to reach number thirty @-@ four on the Billboard 200 . In February 2001 , Destiny 's Child won two Grammy awards for " Say My Name " : Best R & B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R & B Song . They also earned an American Music Award for Favorite Soul / R & B Band / Duo . Also in 2001 , Destiny 's Child sang backup vocals for Solange Knowles , who was the lead , on the theme song to the animated Disney Channel series The Proud Family . In March 2002 , a remix compilation titled This Is the Remix was released to win fans over before a new studio album would be released . The remix album reached number 29 in the United States . The lead single " Survivor " was by some interpreted as a response to the strife between the band members , although Knowles claimed it was not directed at anybody . Seeing it as a breach of the agreement that barred each party from public disparagement , Roberson and Luckett once again filed a lawsuit against Destiny 's Child and Sony Music , shortly following the release of This Is the Remix . In June 2002 , remaining cases were settled in court .
In late 2000 , Destiny 's Child announced their plan to embark on individual side projects , including releases of solo albums , an idea by their manager . In 2002 , Williams released her solo album , Heart to Yours , a contemporary gospel collection . The album reached number one on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart . In the same date Heart to Yours hit stores , Destiny 's Child released their official autobiography , Soul Survivors . Rowland collaborated with hip hop artist Nelly on " Dilemma " , which became a worldwide hit and earned Rowland a Grammy ; she became the first member of Destiny 's Child to have achieved a US number @-@ one single . In the same year , Knowles co @-@ starred with Mike Myers in the box @-@ office hit Austin Powers in Goldmember . She recorded her first solo single , " Work It Out " , for the film 's soundtrack . To capitalize on the success of " Dilemma " , Rowland 's solo debut album Simply Deep was brought forward from its early 2003 release to September 2002 . Rowland 's career took off internationally when Simply Deep hit number one on the UK Albums Chart . In the same year , she made her feature film debut in the horror film Freddy vs. Jason . Meanwhile , Knowles made her second film , " The Fighting Temptations " , and appeared as featured vocalist on her then @-@ boyfriend Jay @-@ Z 's single " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " , which paved the way for the release of her debut solo album .
As an upshot from the success of " Dilemma " , Knowles ' debut album , Dangerously in Love , was postponed many times until June 2003 . Knowles was considered the most successful among the three solo releases . Dangerously in Love debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 317 @,@ 000 copies . It yielded the number @-@ one hits " Crazy in Love " , and " Baby Boy " ; and the top @-@ five singles " Me , Myself and I " and " Naughty Girl " . The album was certified 4x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It remains as Knowles ' best @-@ selling album to date , with sales of 4 @.@ 9 million copies in the United States , as of July 2009 . Worldwide , the album has sold more than eleven million copies . Knowles solo debut was well received by critics , earning five Grammy awards in one night for Dangerously in Love , tying the likes of Norah Jones , Lauryn Hill , and Alicia Keys for most Grammys received in one night by a female artist . In November 2003 , Williams appeared as Aida on Broadway . In January 2004 , she released her second gospel album , Do You Know .
Dwayne Wiggins , who had produced their first recordings as Destiny 's Child , filed suit in 2002 against his former counsel ( Bloom , Hergott , Diemer & Cook LLP ) seeking $ 15 million in damages for lessening his contractual agreement with the group without his consent , effectively nullifying his original contract that offered Sony Music / Columbia Destiny 's Child 's exclusive recording services for an initial seven years , in exchange for " certain royalties " , instead of royalties only from the first three albums . The case was settled for an undisclosed amount . In June 2003 , Mathew Knowles announced that Destiny 's Child would expand back to a quartet , revealing Knowles ' younger sister , Solange , as the latest addition to the group . Destiny 's Child had previously recorded songs with Solange and shared the stage when she temporarily replaced Rowland after she broke her toes while performing . Their manager , however , said the idea was used to test reactions from the public . In August 2003 , Knowles herself confirmed that her sister would not be joining in the group , and instead promoted Solange 's debut album , Solo Star , released in January 2003 .
= = = 2004 – 2006 : Destiny Fulfilled and # 1 's = = =
Three years after the hiatus , members of Destiny 's Child reunited to record their fourth and final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled . The album introduces the trio to a harder , " urban " sound , and songs featured are conceptually interrelated . Destiny Fulfilled saw equality in the trio : each member contributed to writing on the majority songs , as well as becoming executive producers aside from their manager . Released on November 15 , 2004 , Destiny Fulfilled failed to top Survivor ; the album reached number two the following week , selling 497 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , compared to 663 @,@ 000 for the previous album . Certified three @-@ time platinum in the United States , it was still one of the best @-@ selling albums of 2005 , selling over eight million copies worldwide ; it pushed the group back into the position of the best @-@ selling female group and American group of the year . Four singles were released from the album : the lead " Lose My Breath " , " Soldier " , " Cater 2 U " and " Girl " ; the first two reached number three in the United States . " Soldier " " Cater 2 U " were certified platinum by the RIAA in 2006 .
To promote the album , Destiny 's Child embarked on their worldwide concert tour , Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It Tour . On June 11 , 2005 , while at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona , Spain , the group announced before 16 @,@ 000 people their official breakup . Destiny 's Child claimed , however , that naming it Destiny Fulfilled was not a coincidence of sort . Right in the making of the album , they planned to part ways after their fourteen @-@ year career as a group to facilitate their continued pursuit in individual aspirations . Knowles stated that their destinies were already fulfilled . The group exclusively sent a letter to MTV about the decision :
We have been working together as Destiny 's Child since we were 9 , and touring together since we were 14 . After a lot of discussion and some deep soul searching , we realized that our current tour has given us the opportunity to leave Destiny 's Child on a high note , united in our friendship and filled with an overwhelming gratitude for our music , our fans , and each other . After all these wonderful years working together , we realized that now is the time to pursue our personal goals and solo efforts in earnest ... No matter what happens , we will always love each other as friends and sisters and will always support each other as artists . We want to thank all of our fans for their incredible love and support and hope to see you all again as we continue fulfilling our destinies .
— Destiny 's Child , MTV
Destiny 's Child released their greatest hits album , # 1 's , on October 25 , 2005 . The compilation includes their number @-@ one hits including " Independent Woman Part 1 " , " Say My Name " and " Bootylicious " . Three new tracks were recorded for the compilation including " Stand Up for Love " , which was recorded for the theme song to the World Children 's Day , and " Check on It " , a song Knowles recorded for The Pink Panther 's soundtrack . Record producer David Foster , his daughter Amy Foster @-@ Gillies and Knowles wrote " Stand Up for Love " as the anthem to the World Children 's Day , an annual worldwide event to raise awareness and funds for children causes . Over the past three years , more than $ 50 million have been raised to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities and other children 's organizations . Destiny 's Child lent their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 program . # 1 's was also released as a DualDisc , featuring the same track listing , seven videos of selected songs and a trailer of the concert DVD Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta . The DVD was filmed during the Atlanta visit of the Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin ' It tour , and was released on March 28 , 2006 . It has been certified platinum by the RIAA , denoting shipments of over one million units . The title of the compilation fueled a ripple as it contained number @-@ one singles , although not exclusively . While the liner notes of the compilation does not present any information regarding commercial performances of the songs featured , writer Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine suggested that the name could only be " a marketing angle " . Despite this , journalist Chris Harris of MTV said that it " lives up to its name " .
= = Disbandment and aftermath = =
Destiny 's Child reunited for a farewell performance at the 2006 NBA All @-@ Star Game on February 19 in Houston , Texas ; however , Knowles commented , " It 's the last album , but it 's not the last show . " Their final televised performance was at the Fashion Rocks benefit concert in New York a few days later . On March 28 , 2006 , Destiny 's Child was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame , the 2,035th recipient of the coveted recognition . At the 2006 BET Awards , Destiny 's Child won Best Group , a category they also earned in 2005 and 2001 .
After their formal disbandment , all members continued on their solo projects including LeToya Luckett , who released her debut solo album , LeToya , in July 2006 , peaking at number @-@ one on the Billboard 200 . Knowles co @-@ starred in the 2006 comedy film The Pink Panther , for which she recorded the number @-@ one single " Check on It " . She landed a role in Dreamgirls , the film adaptation of the 1981 hit Broadway musical about a 1960s singing group loosely based on Motown all @-@ female group The Supremes . In the film , she portrays the Diana Ross @-@ based character Deena Jones . Inspired by her role in the film , she went to crafting her second solo album , aptly titled B 'Day , released on September 4 , 2006 in the United States to coincide her birthday . Knowles ' music video to her single " Get Me Bodied " features Rowland , Williams , and Knowles ' sister Solange . The video was released on the B 'Day Anthology Video Album in April 2007 . Knowles said : " It really sets the tone of the video , because you feel like you 're there for part of the experience . "
In 2007 , Rowland released her second solo album , Ms. Kelly . On June 26 , 2007 , the group made a mini @-@ reunion at the 2007 BET Awards . Knowles performed " Get Me Bodied " with special guests Williams , Solange Knowles , and Mo 'Nique . After her performance , Knowles introduced Rowland who performed her single " Like This " with Eve . On the September 2 , 2007 Los Angeles stop of The Beyoncé Experience tour , Knowles sang a snippet of " Survivor " with Rowland and Williams , it was the first time they were singing a song together since the last date on their world tour , Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin ' It . The latter two rendered a " Happy Birthday " song to Knowles . The performance was featured in Knowles ' tour DVD , The Beyoncé Experience Live , released on November 20 , 2007 . In spring 2008 Rowland released a repackaged , reworked version of her 2007 album under the title Ms. Kelly Deluxe . This in turn spawned a UK Top 20 single with her newly recorded cover of the Seventies Bobby Womack track " Daylight " , which featured Gym Class Heroes rapper Travis McCoy . Knowles recorded a cover of Billy Joel 's " Honesty " , which was included on a Mathew Knowles / Music World CD released only in Japan towards the end of June 2008 to celebrate the tenth @-@ year anniversary of Destiny 's Child . Williams released her first non @-@ Gospel third solo album , Unexpected , in October 2008 , with several of the tracks boasting an uptempo Euro @-@ dance flavour . The following month , Knowles released her third studio solo album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce . LeToya Luckett released her second album , Lady Love , in the summer of 2009 . Also , that summer Williams made history by becoming the first African @-@ American actress to play murderous chorus @-@ girl Roxie Hart in the London West End run of the stage musical Chicago . In June 2010 , Rowland released " Commander " , the first single from her third album Here I Am . Knowles then released new albums in 2011 , 2013 , 2016 , which were named 4 , Beyoncé and Lemonade respectively .
The Associated Press reported in October 2012 that Destiny 's Child was a potential collaborator during Beyoncé 's performance at Super Bowl XLVII , set to take place February 3 , 2013 , following the release of the group 's second compilation album Playlist : The Very Best of Destiny 's Child . It was essentially a re @-@ release of their first with a difference of four songs and an updated track @-@ listing . On January 10 , 2013 , Beyoncé announced that the group would release its third compilation album titled Love Songs later that month on January 29 . This album differs from the first two compilations in that it features mostly album @-@ only selections as well as the newly recorded song " Nuclear " . The next day , Legacy Recordings , which is responsible for the release of Playlist and Love Songs , posted " Nuclear " on the group 's official SoundCloud account , jointly with Mashable.com , where the song was posted along with a message reading , " Sony Music has exclusively given Mashable the audio for ' Nuclear ' , the first song from Destiny 's Child since the group broke up in 2005 . " During the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , the members of Destiny 's Child performed " Bootylicious " , " Independent Women " and Knowles ' " Single Ladies " . On April 16 , 2013 it was announced on Destiny 's Child website that a video anthology will be released on June 4 , 2013 titled Destiny 's Child Video Anthology . The anthology consisting of 16 music videos , is the group 's third release through Legacy Recordings . The trio released " Say Yes " in June 2014 , a song credited to Williams , featuring Knowles and Rowland . They performed the song together during the 2015 Stellar Awards . The live version of the song was Mastered for iTunes in April 2015 .
= = Members timeline = =
= = Artistry = =
= = = Style and themes = = =
Destiny 's Child recorded R & B songs with styles that encompasses urban , contemporary , and dance @-@ pop . Destiny 's Child revealed that R & B singer Janet Jackson is one of their influences . Ann Powers of The New York Times described Destiny 's Child music as " fresh and emotional ... these ladies have the best mixes , the savviest samples and especially the most happening beats . " In the same publication , Jon Pareles noted that the sound that defines Destiny 's Child , aside from Knowles ' voice , " is the way its melodies jump in and out of double @-@ time . Above brittle , syncopated rhythm tracks , quickly articulated verses alternate with smoother choruses . " The group usually harmonize their vocals in their songs , especially on the ballads . In most instances of their songs , each member sings one verse and chimes in at the chorus . In Survivor , each members sings lead in the majority of the album : " ... everybody is a part of the music ... Everybody is singing lead on every song , and it 's so great — because now Destiny 's Child is at the point vocally and mentally that it should be at . " Knowles , however , completely led songs like " Brown Eyes " and " Dangerously in Love " . The group explored their lyrics to man @-@ to @-@ woman relationship , and sisterhood and female empowerment anthems .
Survivor contains themes interpreted by the public as a reference to the group 's internal conflict . The title track , " Survivor " , which set the theme used throughout the album , features the lyrics " I 'm not gonna blast you on the radio ... I 'm not gonna lie on you or your family ... I 'm not gonna hate you in the magazine " caused LaTavia and LeToya Luckett to file a lawsuit against the group ; the lyrics were perceived to be a violation over their agreement following a settlement in court . In an interview , Knowles commented : " The lyrics to the single ' Survivor ' are Destiny 's Child 's story , because we 've been through a lot , ... We went through our drama with the members ... Any complications we 've had in our 10 @-@ year period of time have made us closer and tighter and better . " In another song called " Fancy " , which contains the lyrics " You always tried to compete with me , girl ... find your own identity " , was interpreted by critic David Browne , in his review of the album for Entertainment Weekly magazine , as a response to the lawsuit . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic summarized Survivor as " a determined , bullheaded record , intent on proving Destiny 's Child has artistic merit largely because the group survived internal strife . ... It 's a record that tries to be a bold statement of purpose , but winds up feeling forced and artificial . " Despite the albums receiving critical praise , Knowles ' close involvement has occasionally generated criticism . Knowles wrote and co @-@ produced the bulk of Survivor . Browne suggested that her help made Survivor a " premature , but inevitable , growing pains album " .
= = = Public image = = =
Destiny 's Child were compared to The Supremes , a 1960s American female singing group , with Knowles being compared to Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross ; Knowles , however , has dismissed the notion . Coincidentally , Knowles starred in the film adaptation of the 1981 Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Deena Jones , the front woman of the Dreams , a female singing group based on the Supremes . With Knowles ' wide role assumed in the production of Survivor , Gil Kaufman of MTV noted that " it became clear that Beyoncé was emerging as DC 's unequivocal musical leader and public face " . Her dominance to the creative input in the album made the album " very much her work " . For Lola Ogunnaike of The New York Times , " It 's been a long @-@ held belief in the music industry that Destiny 's Child was little more than a launching pad for Beyoncé Knowles 's inevitable solo career . "
In the wake of Knowles ' Dangerously in Love , rumors spread about a possible split of Destiny 's Child after each member had experienced success and had ongoing projects . Comparisons were drawn to Justin Timberlake , who did not return to band ' N Sync after his breakthrough debut solo album , Justified . Rowland responded to such rumors , announcing they were back in the studio together . The group claimed that the reunion was destined to happen and that their affinity to each other kept them cohesive . Margeaux Watson , arts editor at Suede magazine , suggests that " the star does not want to appear disloyal to her former partners , " and called Beyoncé 's decision to return to the group " a charitable one " . Knowles ' mother , Tina , wrote a 2002 @-@ published book , titled Destiny 's Style : Bootylicious Fashion , Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny 's Child , an account of how fashion had an impact on Destiny 's Child 's success .
Whilst Knowles was compared to Ross , Kelly Rowland perhaps considered to be Destiny 's Child deputy leader has been equated to Mary Wilson , the Supremes 's second lead singer . Wilson declared about their second lead singer -position in the groups as " Same as our situation .... " and about the possibility to emerge as solo artist , she says " It 's very difficult , but it can be done . You 've got to really want to give that and that way it will work . " . Rowland performed live with Wilson and Cindy Birdsong of The Supremes at the Motown 45th anniversary , in 2004 . After the international success of her worldwide hit singles " Dilemma " and " Stole " and of her debut album Simply Deep , music critics wrote of Rowland as an emancipated and different artist from Beyoncé , that has established herself as a solo singer and songwriter . In the first three albums of the group , Rowland sang her solo verses and bridges in a lot of songs ( like in the hit singles " Bills , Bills , Bills " , " Independent Woman " , " Survivor " and " Bootylicious " ) , led choruses ( " Say My Name " ) and harmonized Knowles ( " No , No , No " and " Jumpin ' Jumpin ' " ) , but in Destiny Fulfilled she conquered more space in all songs of the album .
= = Discography = =
Destiny 's Child ( 1998 )
The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 )
Survivor ( 2001 )
8 Days of Christmas ( 2001 )
Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 )
= = Tours = =
Headlining
1999 European Tour ( 1999 )
2002 World Tour ( 2002 )
Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It ( 2005 @-@ 06 )
Co @-@ headlining
Total Request Live Tour ( with 3LW , Dream , Jessica Simpson , City High , Eve and Nelly with the St. Lunatics ) ( 2001 )
Opening act
SWV World Tour ( opened for SWV ) ( 1996 )
Evolution Tour ( opened for Boyz II Men ) ( 1998 )
FanMail Tour ( opened for TLC ) ( 1999 )
Introducing IMx Tour ( opened for IMx ) ( 2000 )
Christina Aguilera in Concert ( opened for Christina Aguilera ) ( 2000 )
( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour ( opened for Britney Spears ) ( 2000 )
= = Solo careers = =
The group has sold over 60 million records , but sales can be credited entirely only to Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland , only Destiny 's Child members from its foundation to its disbandment . Original lineup with Roberson and Luckett has sold 25 million records , while the trio lineup with Williams has sold over 35 million copies worldwide .
Beyoncé has released seventeen albums ( including six studio albums , four extended plays , four live albums , one soundtracks and two compilation albums ) , seven video albums , sixty @-@ seven singles ( including ten as a featured artist , eight promotional singles and five charity singles ) , fifty @-@ four charted songs on Billboard Hot 100 and fifty @-@ eight music video , gained more than 5 billion views and 10 million subscribers on her VEVO channel , selling over 118 million records worldwide , and a further 60 million with Destiny 's Child . Her biggest hits are Work It Out , 03 Bonnie & Clyde , Crazy in Love , Baby Boy , Naughty Girl , Check on It , Déjà Vu , Irreplaceable , Listen , Beautiful Liar , Until the End of Time , If I Were a Boy , Single Ladies , Diva , Sweet Dreams , Halo , Sweet Dreams , Video Phone , Telephone , Run the World , Best Thing I Never Had , Love on Top , Countdown , XO , Drunk in Love , Partition , 7 / 11 , Formation and Sorry , which Crazy In Love , Baby Boy , Naughty Girl , Check On It , Single Ladies ( Put A Ring On It ) and Telephone reached top 20 on the Billboard Year @-@ End Hot 100 singles Chart in 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 respectively and topped the chart with Irreplaceable in 2007 . She also received a 5 @-@ star album rating from Rolling Stone based on her sixth album Lemonade in 2016 , which only 23 albums received such rating since 2000 . It also makes her the first female African @-@ American solo artist to receive a 5 @-@ star rating from Rolling Stone .
She has embarked on seven concert tours , three residency shows , three notable concerts and 37 notable live performances . Her work has earned her several awards and nominations , including 20 Grammy Awards ( she is the most nominated woman in the award 's history also ) , eight Billboard Music Awards , six American Music Awards , and 3 World Music Awards , from almost 600 international awards nomination . Beyoncé also transitioned into acting in several commercials and eight films , including " Austin Powers in Goldmember " , " The Pink Panther " and " Dreamgirls " . She also has its own fashion house , cosmetics and fragrances .
Kelly Rowland has released nine albums ( including four studio albums , two extended plays , and three compilation albums ) , one video album , forty @-@ three singles ( including nineteen as a featured artist and five promotional singles ) , four charted songs , forty @-@ nine music video and two workout DVDs , selling over 27 million records worldwide , and a further 60 million with Destiny 's Child . In her solo career , she has also reached 742 million views on YouTube , combining her VEVO channel with her other videos as a solo lead and featuring singer . Her biggest hits are Dilemma , Stole , Can 't Nobody , Train on a Track , Here We Go , Like This , Work , Daylight , Breathe Gentle , When Love Takes Over , Commander , Invincible , Motivation , What a Feeling , Down for Whatever , Neva End , Kisses Down Low and One Life , which Dilemma reached No.4 on the Billboard Year @-@ End Hot 100 singles Chart in 2002 and No.11 on Billboard Decade @-@ End Hot 100 Singles Chart , while Motivation peaked at No.58 in 2011 's Year @-@ End Chart . She has embarked on six concert tours and 39 notable live performances . Her work has earned her several awards and nominations , including 4 Grammy Awards , one Billboard Music Awards , one International Dance Music Awards , and one Soul Train Music Awards , winning in total 41 international awards from 88 worldwide nomination as a solo artist . Rowland also transitioned into acting in several commercials , seventeen telefilms and six films , including " Freddy Vs . Jason " and " The Seat Filler " . She also worked as a television personality , in seven television programs , including the English and American version of " The X @-@ Factor " .
Michelle Williams has released five albums ( including four studio albums and one compilation albums ) , sixteen singles ( including three as a featured artist and three promotional singles ) , one charted song and fourteen music video . As a member of Destiny 's Child she has sold over 35 million records worldwide . Her biggest hits are Heard a Word , Do You Know , We Break The Dawn , The Greatest , Hello Heartbreak , Waiting on You , If We Had Your Eyes and Say Yes . She has embarked on several notable live performances and promotional concerts . Her work has earned her several awards and nominations , including one Grammy Award , one MOBO Awards , one Stellar Awards , and one Gospel Touch Music Awards , winning in total 10 international awards from 28 worldwide nomination as a solo artist . Williams also transitioned into theater acting , in hit shows and musicals like " Aida " , " The Color Purple " , " Chicago " , " What My Husband Doesn 't Know " and " Fela ! " . She also worked as actress roles and TV personality in several commercials and eleven TV shows and telefilms , including " Strictly Come Dancing " .
LeToya Luckett has released two studio albums ( and a third upcoming studio album ) , fifteen singles ( including four as a featured artist and four promotional singles ) and nine music video . As a member of Destiny 's Child she has sold 25 million records worldwide . Her biggest hits are Torn , She Don 't , Not Anymore , She Ain 't Got ... and Regret . She has embarked on several notable live performances and promotional concerts . Her work has earned her several awards and nominations , including 2 Grammy Award , one Urban Music Awards and one Groovevolt Music Awards , winning in total 4 international awards from 8 worldwide nomination as a solo artist . Luckett also transitioned into acting , in eleven films , including " Preacher 's Kid " , " Killers " and " From the Rough " , and seven television film and TV series , including " Treme " and " Single Ladies " .
= = = Albums and singles certifications = = =
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= Tameside =
The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England . It is named after the River Tame , which flows through the borough and spans the towns of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Audenshaw , Denton , Droylsden , Dukinfield , Hyde , Mossley , Longdendale and Stalybridge . Its western border is approximately 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east of Manchester city centre . It borders Derbyshire to the east , the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham to the north , the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport to the south , and the City of Manchester to the west . As of 2011 the overall population was 219 @,@ 324 .
The history of the area extends back to the Stone Age . There are over 300 listed buildings in Tameside and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments , which includes a castle of national importance . The settlements in Tameside were small townships centred on agriculture until the advent of the Industrial Revolution . The towns of the borough grew and became involved in the cotton industry , which dominated the local economy . The current borough was created in 1974 as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 . Since then the area has been administered by Tameside Borough Council , which has been judged by the Audit Commission to be " performing strongly " .
= = History = =
The history of the area stretches back up to 10 @,@ 000 years ; there are 22 Mesolithic sites in Tameside , the oldest dating to around 8 @,@ 000 BC ; 21 of the 22 sites are in the hilly uplands in the north east of the borough . Evidence of Neolithic and Bronze Age activity is more limited in the borough , although the Bronze Age Stalybridge Cairn is the most complete prehistoric funerary monument in the borough . The people in the area changed from hunter @-@ gatherers to farmers around 2500 BC – 1500 BC due to climate change . Werneth Low is the most likely Iron Age farmstead site in the borough , probably dating to the late 1st millennium BC . Before the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century AD , the area was probably part of the territory of the Brigantes , the Celtic tribe controlling most of what is now north west England .
The area came under control of the Roman Empire in the second half of the 1st century . Roads through the area were established from Ardotalia fort in Derbyshire to Mamucium ( Manchester ) west of Tameside and Castleshaw Roman fort in the north . Romano @-@ British finds in the borough include a bog body in Ashton Moss , occupation sites at Werneth Low , Harridge Pike , Roe Cross , and Mottram . A 4th @-@ century coin hoard was found in Denton and is one of only four hoards from the 4th century in the Mersey basin . A Byzantine coin from the 6th or 7th centuries , also found in Denton , indicates continued or renewed occupation once the Romans left Britain in the early 5th century .
Nico Ditch , an earthwork stretching from Stretford to Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , is evidence of Anglo @-@ Saxon activity in Tameside . It was probably dug between the 7th and 9th centuries and may have been used as a boundary between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria . Further evidence of Anglo @-@ Saxon era activity in Tameside comes from the derivation of settlement names from Old English such as -tun , meaning farmstead , and leah meaning clearing .
According to the Domesday Survey of 1086 , Tameside was divided into four manors , those of Tintwistle , Hollingworth , Werneth , and Mottram . The land east or the River Tame was in the Hundred of Hamestan in Cheshire and held by the Earl of Chester while to the west of the river was in the Hundred of Salford under Roger de Poitevin . These manors were divided to create further manors , so that by the 13th century most of them were owned by local families and remained in the hands of the same families until the 16th century . Manorialism continued as the main for of administration and governance until the mid @-@ 19th century .
The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on Tameside ; the area , whose main towns had previously been Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne and Mottram @-@ in @-@ Longdendale , was transformed from a collection of the rural , farming communities into mill towns . The towns of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Dukinfield , Hyde , Mossley and Stalybridge have been described as " amongst the most famous mills towns in the North West " . With only a brief interruption for the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861 to 1865 , factories producing and processing textiles were the main industry in Tameside from the late @-@ 18th century until the mid @-@ 20th century .
In 1964 , Dukinfield Borough Council convened a meeting of neighbouring local authorities with the aim of formulating a policy of cross @-@ authority social improvement for the districts in the Tame Valley . Following deindustrialisation , the area had suffered " gross @-@ neglect " and had large areas of housing unsuitable for human habitation . This joint enterprise comprised the nine districts that would become Tameside ten years later , plus the County Borough of Stockport . This collective agreed on creating " a linear park in the valley [ of the River Tame ] for the use of the townspeople and as a major recreational resource within the Manchester metropolis " .
Tameside was created on 1 April 1974 , by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten metropolitan districts of Greater Manchester . It took over the local government functions of nine districts which were formerly in the administrative counties of Lancashire and of Cheshire . In 1986 Tameside effectively became a unitary authority with the abolition of the Greater Manchester County Council .
A name for the metropolitan borough proved problematic . The Redcliffe @-@ Maud Report had used the name Ashton @-@ Hyde , but double @-@ barrelled names were prohibited for the new districts . Had Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne been a county borough , or had had a less common name , " it might have been chosen as the new name " for the new district . The eight other towns objected , adamant that " a new name should be found " . Thirty suggestions were put forward , including Brigantia , Clarendon , Hartshead , Kayborough , Tame , Ninetowns , and West Pennine , with Hartshead ( with reference to Hartshead Pike ) being the most popular throughout most of the consultation period . However , the name Tameside ( with reference to the River Tame , but a concocted name with no historical basis ) won 15 votes to Hartshead 's 10 in a final stage of voting .
The borough underwent a boundary review in 2002 . The review altered the areas covered by some wards to ensure councillors represented roughly equal numbers . Between 12 October 2006 – 8 January 2007 , a dispersal order was enforced in the Dukinfield and Newton Hyde areas of the borough . The move was designed to reduce anti @-@ social behaviour . A representative of Stalybridge police post said " Due to the serious nature of recent incidents in Dukinfield and Newton Hyde involving a number of confrontations between large groups of youths , the decision has been made to introduce a Dispersal Order " .
= = Geography = =
Tameside is bordered by the metropolitan boroughs of Stockport and Oldham to the south and north respectively , the city of Manchester to the west and the borough of High Peak in Derbyshire to the east . Tameside features flat lowlands in the west and highlands in the east where the western edge of the Pennines encroaches on the borough . The hills in the east include Hartshead Pike and Werneth Low which is also a country park . As well as coal measures running north @-@ south through the centre of the borough , there are areas of peat in the north east and there are large areas of boulder clay all over Tameside . Ashton Moss is a peat bog covering about 107 hectares ( 260 acres ) and Denton Moor is an area of about 81 hectares ( 200 acres ) of peat .
Waterways in Tameside include the rivers Medlock and Etherow , which form parts of Tameside 's western and eastern boundaries respectively , and the River Tame crosses the borough north to south , giving Tameside its name . The Ashton Canal , the Hollinwood Branch Canal , the Huddersfield Narrow Canal , and the Peak Forest Canal all run through the borough . There are also several reservoirs , including the Audenshaw Reservoirs . Greenspace accounts for 63 @.@ 5 % of the Tameside 's total area , domestic buildings and gardens comprise 17 @.@ 4 % , and the rest is made up of roads and non @-@ domestic buildings .
Localities within the boundaries of Tameside include : Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Audenshaw , Broadbottom , Carrbrook , Copley , Denton , Droylsden , Dukinfield , Flowery Field , Gee Cross , Godley , Godley Green , Guide Bridge , Hartshead Green , Hattersley , Haughton Green , Hazelhurst , Heyrod , Hollingworth , Hyde , Landslow Green , Luzley , Millbrook , Mossley , Mottram in Longdendale , Newton , Park Bridge , Roe Cross , Stalybridge , Warhill , and Woolley Bridge .
= = Governance = =
= = = Parliamentary constituencies = = =
The residents of the Tameside are represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by members of Parliament ( MPs ) for three constituencies . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , which also includes parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , is represented by Angela Rayner ( Labour ) . Denton and Reddish , which also covers parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , is represented by Andrew Gwynne ( Labour ) . Stalybridge and Hyde , which is entirely within Tameside , is represented by Jonathan Reynolds ( Labour ) . Tameside is part of the North West England constituency in the European Parliament . North West England elects eight MEPs , as at 2014 made up of three Labour members , three members of the United Kingdom Independence Party , and two Conservatives .
= = = Council = = =
Labour retained control of Tameside Council at the 2015 local elections . It holds 52 seats and the Conservatives hold the other five . The Executive Leader of the Council is Cllr Kieran Quinn .
Tameside Borough Council was assessed by the Audit Commission and judged to be " improving strongly " in providing services for local people . Overall the council was awarded " four star " status meaning it was " performing strongly " and " well above minimum requirements " , putting it in the top 38 % of all local authorities .
Civil parishes form the bottom tier of local government ; the parish councils are involved in planning , management of town and parish centres , and promoting tourism . Mossley is the only civil parish in Tameside . In 2001 9 @,@ 856 people lived there , 4 @.@ 6 % of the borough 's population .
Before becoming a civil parish , Mossley was a municipal borough . The unparished areas are : Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ( municipal borough ) , Audenshaw ( urban district ) , Denton ( urban district ) , Droylsden ( urban district ) , Dukinfield ( municipal borough ) , Hyde ( municipal borough ) , Longdendale ( urban district ) , and Stalybridge ( municipal borough ) . The status of each area before 1974 is shown in brackets . An urban district was a type of local government district which covered an urbanised area . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Audenshaw , Denton , Droylsden , and Mossley were previously in Lancashire . Dukinfield , Hyde , Longdendale , and Stalybridge were in Cheshire .
= = Demography = =
At the 2001 UK census , the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside had a total population of 213 @,@ 043 . Of the 89 @,@ 981 households in Tameside , 35 @.@ 7 % were married couples living together , 31 @.@ 0 % were one @-@ person households , 7 @.@ 8 % were co @-@ habiting couples and 9 @.@ 3 % were lone parents , following a similar trend to the rest of England .
The population density was 2 @,@ 065 / km2 ( 5 @,@ 350 / sq mi ) and for every 100 females , there were 94 @.@ 2 males . Of those aged 16 – 74 in Tameside , 35 @.@ 2 % had no academic qualifications , significantly higher than 28 @.@ 9 % in all of England . 4 @.@ 8 % of Tameside 's residents were born outside the United Kingdom , significantly lower than the national average of 9 @.@ 2 % . The largest minority group was Asian , at 4 @.@ 0 % of the population .
In 1841 , 8 @.@ 5 % of Tameside 's population was middle class compared to 14 % in England and Wales ; this increased to 13 @.@ 1 % in 1931 ( 15 % nationally ) and 37 @.@ 0 % in 2001 ( 48 % nationally ) . From 1841 to 1991 , the working class population of Tameside and across the country was in decline , falling steadily from 58 @.@ 0 % ( 36 % nationally ) to 22 @.@ 8 % in 1991 ( 21 % nationally ) . It has since increased slightly , up to 32 @.@ 9 % ( 26 % nationwide ) . The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers .
= = = Population change = = =
Although Tameside has only existed as a Metropolitan Borough since 1974 , the table below details the population change – including the percentage change since the last census 10 years earlier – in the area since 1801 using figures from the towns , villages , and civil parishes that would later become constituent parts of Tameside .
= = = Religion = = =
At the 2001 UK census , 75 @.@ 5 % of Tameside 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 2 @.@ 5 % Muslim , 1 @.@ 4 % Hindu , and 0 @.@ 1 % Buddhist . 12 @.@ 1 % had no religion , 0 @.@ 2 % had an alternative religion and 8 @.@ 1 % did not state their religion .
Tameside is covered by the Roman Catholic dioceses of Shrewsbury and Salford , and the Church of England dioceses of Manchester and Chester .
There are two Grade I listed churches in Tameside , St Anne 's Church , in Haughton , was built in 1881 in the Gothic Revival style by J Medland Taylor . St Michael and All Angels ' Church in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne is a 15th @-@ century parish church which was virtually rebuilt in the 19th century . A church on the site dates back to at least 1262 . St Lawrence 's Church , in Denton , is a Grade II * listed building and a timber framed church . It was remodelled by J Medland Taylor in 1872 .
= = Economy = =
TAMESIDE is currently undergoing a huge transformation through the Vision Tameside project which should be completed by 2018 .
Vision Tameside – a partnership between Tameside council and Tameside College – is an ambitious redevelopment strategy to bring greater economic prosperity and transform learning and skills in the borough .
It will deliver an exciting future for Tameside by attracting new businesses and creating jobs and opportunities for residents . Central to the project is a transformational three @-@ phase development of the Tameside College campus .
Three advanced learning centres are being built in central Ashton town and at the college ’ s Beaufort Road home . The new learning and skills centres will offer state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art facilities to equip them for the challenges of a changing economy requiring a highly skilled workforce .
Phase one comprises two sites . The new Clarendon Sixth Form College , which began taking students in the autumn of 2015 , was officially opened by Coronation Street actress Brooke Vincent on 9 March 2016 . The college theatre was named in Brooke ’ s honour .
An advanced technologies centre is being built on Stamford Street , Ashton . When it opens in 2017 it will provide a cutting @-@ edge learning facility to support the growth of advanced engineering and technology in Tameside .
Employers and students have been involved in the design of the workshop and laboratory spaces and the new equipment required to ensure Tameside retains its credentials as the manufacturing hub of Greater Manchester .
Phase two of VisionTameside will create an advanced skills centre for Tameside College alongside a new joint service centre for Tameside Council and partners . The skills centre will provide first @-@ class facilities for students studying a wide range of vocational subjects including hair and beauty , hospitality and catering , bakery and confectionery , travel and tourism and business skills .
Tameside Council ’ s joint public @-@ service centre will be a more cost @-@ effective , energy @-@ efficient and customer @-@ friendly building than the rambling Tameside Administrative Centre it is replacing . It will generate considerable cost savings and provide better access to services .
Ashton ’ s Victorian town hall and the old water board offices , which are both listed buildings , are being retained . Work should be completed in early 2018 .
Phase three will ensure the Beaufort Road campus offers learners modern , inspirational learning spaces . Alongside the new advanced technologies centre , they will have access to facilities for engineering , construction and the built environment , motor @-@ vehicle , sport and public services and health and social care provision
Provision for students with severe learning difficulties and / or disabilities will continue to be based at the Beaufort Road where a new sports academy was opened in February , 2015 , by former Manchester United and England footballer Paul Scholes .
In addition , Ashton ’ s old public baths , which lay derelict for many years , has been reborn as a high @-@ tech business incubator with help from the European Regional Development Fund and the Heritage Lottery Fund .
Work at the mid @-@ Victorian building , which closed as a swimming baths in 1975 , has involved cleaning , repairs and the replacement of external stonework . The new office space is housed inside a free @-@ standing timber @-@ clad pod within the former main pool .
The incubator has been established to support innovative set @-@ ups , predominantly in the creative , media and digital sectors . Such businesses have high growth potential and will bolster the competitiveness of the borough ’ s economy .
At the same time , Ashton ’ s award @-@ winning market has been refurbished with the installation of kiosks alongside traditional stalls .
The Ashton Arcades shopping centre opened in 1995 . The centre covers 13 @,@ 000 square metres ( 140 @,@ 000 sq ft ) on two floors with over 40 shops . In 2006 , after failing twice to gain permission to develop a site in the neighbouring borough of Stockport , IKEA announced plans to build its first town centre @-@ store in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne . The store is expected to create 500 new jobs as well as attract other businesses to the area . The store opened on 19 October 2006 and covers 27 @,@ 500 square metres ( 296 @,@ 000 sq ft ) At the time of its creation , the store was the tallest in Britain .
Life science industries have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester and are concentrated in Oldham and Tameside .
Average house prices in Tameside are the 7th highest out of the ten metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester , 11 @.@ 9 % below the average for the county .
At the 2001 UK census , Tameside had 152 @,@ 313 residents aged 16 to 74 . 2 @.@ 0 % of these people were students with jobs , 5 @.@ 7 % looking after home or family , 7 @.@ 9 % permanently sick or disabled and 3 @.@ 2 % economically inactive for other reasons .
In 2001 , of 96 @,@ 255 residents of Tameside in employment , the industry of employment was 21 @.@ 7 % manufacturing , 10 @.@ 4 % health and social work , 18 @.@ 2 % retail and wholesale , 10 @.@ 2 % property and business services , 7 @.@ 2 % construction , 6 @.@ 8 % transport and communications , 6 @.@ 4 % education , 5 @.@ 3 % public administration and defence , 4 @.@ 2 % finance , 4 @.@ 0 % hotels and restaurants , 0 @.@ 9 % energy and water supply , 0 @.@ 5 % agriculture , and 4 @.@ 0 % other . This was roughly in line with national figures , except for the proportion of jobs in agriculture which is less than half the national average , and property which was also below the national average . Manufacturing was 50 % more than the national average .
= = Landmarks = =
In February 2001 , Tameside had one Grade I listed buildings , 19 Grade II * , and 289 Grade II . The number of Grade I listed buildings in Tameside has increased to three , these are St Anne 's Church in Haughton ; St Michael and All Angels ' Church in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ; and Fairbottom Farm Barn , a 17th @-@ century farm building . In Tameside are three of Greater Manchester 's Sites of Special Scientific Interest , Boar Flat , part of Dark Peak , the Hollinwood Branch Canal and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal . The Huddersfield Narrow Canal runs for 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Huddersfield to Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ; it is protected for its biological interest , and is " the best example of a flowing eutrophic water system in Greater Manchester " .
There are three Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the borough , a Bronze Age cairn in Stalybridge , Buckton Castle , and Nico Ditch . Buckton Castle is a 12th @-@ century ringwork near Carrbrook . It was probably built for William de Neville and was the centre of lordship of Longdendale . The castle lay ruinous by 1360 , and has been described as " one of England 's most important castles " . Nico Ditch is an earthwork running from Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne in the east to Stretford in the west , in the borough of Trafford . It survives to a depth of 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) in some places and is up to 4 metres ( 13 ft ) wide .
Tameside has nine conservation areas : Ashton and Stalybridge town centres ; Carrbrook , Copley St.Paul 's , and Millbrook in Stalybridge ; Fairfield in Droylsden ; Mottram @-@ in @-@ Longdendale ; Portland Basin ; and St.Anne 's in Haughton .
The Museum of the Manchester Regiment is housed in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne 's town hall . The museum displays relics related to the Manchester Regiment including five Victoria Crosses awarded to members of the regiment . Park Bridge Heritage Centre in the Medlock Valley is a museum dedicated to the history of the settlement of Park Bridge and its industry . Broad Mills Heritage Site , in Broadbottom , preserves the remains of an early 19th @-@ century textile works . Art galleries in the borough include Astley Cheetham Art Gallery in Stalybridge and Central Art Gallery in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne .
Tameside has eight designated Local Nature Reserves which are Knott Hill , Hollinwood Branch Canal , Great Wood , Haughton Dale , Hulmes and Hardy Woods , Castle Clough and Cowbury Dale , Hurst Clough and Rocher Vale . Four more are to be designated .
= = Education = =
Since 2007 Tameside ’ s schools have been transformed as the result of multimillion @-@ pound investment .
Virtually every high school has been replaced or remodelled . Eighteen primary schools have been rebuilt in recent years and another 20 have undergone major remodelling . In addition , the borough has opened the first entirely new schools in its history : Inspire Academy on Mossley Road , Ashton , and Discovery Academy off Porlock Avenue , Hattersley . Both offer 420 places plus a nursery .
In 2015 , GSCE results improved more in Tameside than anywhere else in the North West , and the borough was one of the top 10 nationally for the most improved results .
At Key Stage 4 57 @.@ 3 % of pupils in the borough achieved five or more A * to C grades including English and maths – a 3 @.@ 6 % improvement on the previous year .
In terms of expected progress in English , 73 % of pupils make expected progress in Tameside compared to 71 % nationally . In maths 66 % of pupils make expected progress , in line with the national average of 67 % .
At Key Stage 2 , 80 % of pupils in Tameside achieved level 4 + in reading , writing and maths combined , sustaining the borough ’ s 6 % improvement in results from 2013 to 2014 .
= = Transport = =
Work on an extension of the Manchester Metrolink costing £ 260 million began in 2008 . Trams began to run to Droylsden in February , 2013 , and to Ashton in September , 2013 .
Ashton Bus Station is being converted into a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art transport interchange . A covered concourse will replace the five island platforms , and the site will be linked to the Metrolink terminus . It will have new waiting areas , bicycle parking , and better access to travel information and tickets . Improved pedestrian routes will take people into the town centre . Construction is expected to take two years and the interchange should be open by the end of 2018 .
The new Hyde Bus Station opened on August 23 , 2007 , having cost £ 3 @.@ 7 million .
Tameside Council is responsible for maintaining the public rights of way in the borough , including 145 mi ( 233 km ) of footpaths . In 2014 , the Government finally gave the go @-@ ahead to create a bypass between the M67 and the A628 as part of a £ 15 billion national transport spending plan .
The borough is served by 13 railway stations . Denton railway station is on the Stockport to Stalybridge Line . Fairfield railway station , Guide Bridge railway station , Hyde Central railway station , and Hyde North railway station are all on the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester . Broadbottom railway station , Flowery Field railway station , Godley railway station , Guide Bridge railway station , Hattersley railway station , and Newton for Hyde railway station are served by the Glossop Line between Glossop and Manchester . Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne railway station , Mossley railway station , and Stalybridge railway station are on the Huddersfield Line .
= = Twin towns = =
The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside has formal twinning links with places in China , France and Germany . ( The arrangement with Mutare , Zimbabwe has been suspended due to the political unrest in that country . )
Some localities were originally twinned with a place within the Metropolitan Borough prior to its creation in 1974 . In the list below the brackets show where the place was twinned with before 1974 and since when .
Bengbu , China , ( Tameside 1995 )
Colmar , France , ( Municipal Borough of Hyde , 1963 )
Champagnole , France ( Municipal Borough of Dukinfield , 1958 )
Chaumont , France , ( Municipal Borough of Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , 1956 )
Montigny @-@ le @-@ Bretonneux , France , and Kierspe , Germany ( Denton Town Twinning Association , 1992 and 2012 )
Villemomble , France , ( Droylsden Town Twinning Association , 1983 )
Armentières , France , ( Municipal Borough of Stalybridge , 1955 )
Hem , France , ( Municipal Borough of Mossley , 1972 )
Ruppichteroth , Germany , ( Longdendale Urban District , 1974 )
= = = Video clips = = =
Tameside MBC YouTube channel
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= Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency =
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) is an international financial institution which offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement guarantees . Such guarantees help investors protect foreign direct investments against political and non @-@ commercial risks in developing countries . MIGA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , United States . It was established in 1988 as an investment insurance facility to encourage confident investment in developing countries . MIGA 's stated mission is " to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries to support economic growth , reduce poverty , and improve people 's lives " . It targets projects that endeavor to create new jobs , develop infrastructure , generate new tax revenues , and take advantage of natural resources through sustainable policies and programs .
MIGA is owned and governed by its member states , but has its own executive leadership and staff which carry out its daily operations . Its shareholders are member governments which provide paid @-@ in capital and have the right to vote on its matters . It insures long @-@ term debt and equity investments as well as other assets and contracts with long @-@ term periods . The agency is assessed by the World Bank 's Independent Evaluation Group each year .
= = History = =
In September 1985 , the Board of Governors of the World Bank endorsed the Convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency . MIGA was established and became operational on April 12 , 1988 under the leadership of then @-@ Executive Vice President Yoshio Terasawa , becoming the fifth member institution of the World Bank Group . MIGA initially had $ 1 billion ( $ 1 @.@ 94 billion in 2012 dollars ) in capital and 29 member states . All members of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) were eligible to become members of the agency . MIGA was established as an effort to complement existing sources of non @-@ commercial risk insurance for investments in developing countries , and thereby improve investor confidence . The agency 's mandate to be apolitical has been said to be an advantage over private and national risk insurance markets . By serving as a multilateral guarantor , the agency reduces the likelihood of confrontations among the investor 's country and the host country .
MIGA 's inaugural investment guarantees were issued in 1990 to cover $ 1 @.@ 04 billion ( $ 1 @.@ 83 billion in 2012 dollars ) worth of foreign direct investment ( FDI ) comprising four individual projects . The agency also issued its first reinsurance contracts signed in collaboration with Export Development Canada and the United States ' Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) . That same year , MIGA held a conference in Ghana to promote investment . The agency joined the Berne Union , an international community of export credit and investment insurance providers in 1994 . In 1997 , MIGA issued the inaugural contract under its Cooperative Underwriting Program to support an energy project in Indonesia . In collaboration with the European Union Investment Trust Fund for Bosnia and Herzegovina , the agency set up a fund for investment guarantees amounting to $ 12 million ( $ 17 million in 2012 dollars ) . The agency also established the West Bank and Gaza Investment Guarantee Trust Fund with a capacity of $ 20 million ( $ 29 million in 2012 dollars ) . In 1998 the Council of Governors of MIGA adopted a resolution establishing a general capital increase of $ 850 million ( $ 1 @.@ 2 billion in 2012 dollars ) , and transferring a grant of $ 150 million ( $ 212 million in 2012 dollars ) from the IBRD . MIGA exceeded $ 1 billion ( $ 1 @.@ 4 billion in 2012 dollars ) in investment guarantees within a single year for the first time in 1999 . The agency also approved an Environmental Assessment and Disclosure Policy and began attempting to implement such standards for new projects .
In 2000 MIGA paid its first insurance claim since the agency 's founding . In 2001 MIGA 's issuance of new investment guarantees grew to $ 2 billion . The agency launched its Small Investment Program in 2005 in an effort to promote investment among small and medium enterprises . That same year , MIGA set up its Afghanistan Investment Guarantee Facility in an effort to promote FDI into Afghanistan . In 2007 MIGA issued investment guarantees for a Djibouti port , marking its first support in the form of Islamic finance . The agency also launched PRI @-@ Center.com as a portal for information on political risk management and investment insurance , which also contains its FDI information services . In 2009 , the Board of Directors enacted changes to MIGA 's operating procedures and authorized coverage for default of sovereign financial obligations . The agency also launched an annual publication titled World Investment and Political Risk which reports on trends in worldwide investment and corporate perceptions of prospects and risk , as well as shifts in the political risk insurance industry .
Although once dominated by large public and multilateral underwriters , private insurance firms accounted for approximately half of the political risk insurance market in 2007 . As a result , MIGA has paid closer attention to exceptionally risky countries that have little appeal to foreign investors , and has insured projects among nations in the global south . MIGA conducted a survey in 2010 which showed that political risk is the most important deterrent of long @-@ term foreign direct investment in developing countries , even more than economic uncertainty and poor public infrastructure . MIGA 's Council of Governors amended the agency 's convention in 2010 in an attempt to improve the organization 's effectiveness by expanding the range of investments eligible for political risk insurance .
= = Governance = =
MIGA is governed by its Council of Governors which represents its member countries . The Council of Governors holds corporate authority , but primarily delegates such powers to MIGA 's Board of Directors . The Board of Directors consists of 25 directors and votes on matters brought before MIGA . Each director 's vote is weighted in accordance with the total share capital of the member nations that director represents . MIGA 's board is stationed at its Washington , D.C. headquarters where it meets regularly and oversees the agency 's activities . The agency 's Executive Vice President directs its overall strategy and manages its daily operations . As of 15 July 2013 , Keiko Honda serves as Executive Vice President of MIGA .
= = Membership = =
MIGA is owned by its 181 member governments , consisting of 156 developing and 25 industrialized countries . The members are composed of 180 United Nations member states plus Kosovo . Membership in MIGA is available only to countries who are members of the World Bank , particularly the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development .
As of 2015 , the seven World Bank member states that are not MIGA members are Brunei , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , San Marino , Somalia , Tonga , and Tuvalu . ( The UN states that are non @-@ members of the World Bank , and thus MIGA , are Andorra , Cuba , Liechtenstein , Monaco , Nauru , and North Korea . ) The Holy See and Palestine are also non @-@ MIGA members . Bhutan is the most recent country to have joined MIGA , having done so in December 2014 .
= = Investment guarantees = =
MIGA offers insurance to cover five types of non @-@ commercial risks : currency inconvertibility and transfer restriction ; government expropriation ; war , terrorism , and civil disturbance ; breaches of contract ; and the non @-@ honoring of financial obligations . MIGA will cover investments such as equity , loans , shareholder loans , and shareholder loan guarantees . The agency may also insure investments such as management contracts , asset securitization , bonds , leasing activities , franchise agreements , and license agreements . The agency generally offers insurance coverage lasting up to 15 years with a possible five @-@ year extension depending on a given project 's nature and circumstances . When an event occurs that is protected by the insurance , MIGA can exercise the investor 's rights against the host country through subrogation to recover expenses associated with covering the claim . However , the agency 's convention does not require member governments to treat foreign investments in any special way . As a multilateral institution , MIGA is also in a position to attempt to sort out potential disputes before they ever turn into insurance claims .
The agency 's Small Investment Program aims to promote FDI into specifically small and medium enterprises . The program offers standard MIGA coverage types except it does not cover breaches of contract . Under the program , small and medium enterprises may take advantage of discounted insurance premiums and no application fees , which are not available to larger investors . To qualify an investment for the Small Investment Program , MIGA defines small and medium enterprise projects as having 300 or fewer employees , total assets not to exceed $ 15 million and annual revenues not to exceed $ 15 million . MIGA limits the request amount for the investment guarantee to $ 10 million , and will guarantee only up to 10 years with a possible 5 @-@ year extension .
MIGA 's annual reports offer an overview of the agency 's business .
= = Financial performance = =
MIGA prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States GAAP which are audited by KPMG .
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= William Burges =
William Burges ( / ˈbərdʒɛs / ; 2 December 1827 – 20 April 1881 ) was an English architect and designer . Among the greatest of the Victorian art @-@ architects , he sought in his work to escape from both nineteenth @-@ century industrialisation and the Neoclassical architectural style and re @-@ establish the architectural and social values of a utopian medieval England . Burges stands within the tradition of the Gothic Revival , his works echoing those of the Pre @-@ Raphaelites and heralding those of the Arts and Crafts movement .
Burges 's career was short but illustrious ; he won his first major commission for Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral in Cork in 1863 , when he was 35 , and he died , in 1881 , at his Kensington home , The Tower House , aged only 53 . His architectural output was small but varied . Working with a long @-@ standing team of craftsmen , he built churches , a cathedral , a warehouse , a university , a school , houses and castles . Burges 's most notable works are Cardiff Castle , constructed between 1866 and 1928 , and Castell Coch ( 1872 – 91 ) , both of which were built for John Crichton @-@ Stuart , 3rd Marquess of Bute . Other significant buildings include Gayhurst House , Buckinghamshire ( 1858 – 65 ) , Knightshayes Court ( 1867 – 74 ) , the Church of Christ the Consoler ( 1870 – 76 ) , St Mary 's , Studley Royal ( 1870 – 78 ) in Yorkshire , and Park House , Cardiff ( 1871 – 80 ) .
Many of his designs were never executed or were subsequently demolished or altered . His competition entries for cathedrals at Lille ( 1854 ) , Adelaide ( 1856 ) , Colombo , Brisbane ( 1859 ) , Edinburgh ( 1873 ) , and Truro ( 1878 ) were all unsuccessful . He lost out to George Edmund Street in the competition for the Royal Courts of Justice ( 1866 – 67 ) in The Strand . His plans for the redecoration of the interior of St Paul 's Cathedral ( 1870 – 77 ) were abandoned and he was dismissed from his post . Skilbeck 's Warehouse ( 1865 – 66 ) was demolished in the 1970s , and work at Salisbury Cathedral ( 1855 – 59 ) , at Worcester College , Oxford ( 1873 – 79 ) and at Knightshayes Court had been lost in the decades before .
Beyond architecture , Burges designed metalwork , sculpture , jewellery , furniture and stained glass . Art Applied to Industry , a series of lectures he gave to the Society of Arts in 1864 , illustrates the breadth of his interests ; the topics covered including glass , pottery , brass and iron , gold and silver , furniture , the weaver 's art and external architectural decoration . For most of the century following his death , Victorian architecture was neither the subject of intensive study nor sympathetic attention and Burges 's work was largely ignored . However the revival of interest in Victorian art , architecture , and design in the later twentieth century has led to a renewed appreciation of Burges and his work .
= = Early life and travels = =
Burges was born on 2 December 1827 , the son of Alfred Burges ( 1796 – 1886 ) , a wealthy civil engineer . Alfred made a considerable fortune , some £ 113 @,@ 000 ( £ 11 @,@ 101 @,@ 266 in 2016 adjusted for inflation ) at his death , enabling his son to devote his life to the study and practice of architecture without requiring that he actually earn a living .
Burges entered King 's College School , London , in 1839 to study engineering , his contemporaries there including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Michael Rossetti . He left in 1844 to join the office of Edward Blore , surveyor to Westminster Abbey . Blore was an established architect , having worked for both William IV and Queen Victoria , and had made his reputation as a proponent of the Gothic Revival . In 1848 or 1849 , Burges moved to the offices of Matthew Digby Wyatt . Wyatt was as prominent an architect as Blore , evidenced by his leading role in the direction of The Great Exhibition in 1851 . Burges 's work with Wyatt , particularly on the Medieval Court for this exhibition , was influential on the subsequent course of his career . During this period , he also worked on drawings of medieval metalwork for Wyatt 's book , Metalwork , published in 1852 , and assisted Henry Clutton with illustrations for his works .
Of equal importance to Burges 's subsequent career was his travelling . Burges believed that all architects should travel , remarking that it was " absolutely necessary to see how various art problems have been resolved in different ages by different men . " Enabled by his private income , Burges moved through England , then France , Belgium , Holland , Switzerland , Germany , Spain , Italy , Greece and finally into Turkey . In total , he spent some 18 months abroad developing his skills and knowledge by sketching and drawing . What he saw and drew provided a repository of influences and ideas that he used and re @-@ used for the whole of his career . Although he never went beyond Turkey , the art and architecture of the East , both Near and Far , had a significant impact on him ; his fascination with Moorish design found ultimate expression in the Arab Room at Cardiff Castle , and his study of Japanese techniques influenced his later metalwork . Burges received his first important commission at the age of 35 , but his subsequent career did not see the development that might have been expected . His style had already been formed over the previous twenty years of study , thinking and travelling . J. Mordaunt Crook , the foremost authority on Burges , writes that , " once established , after twenty years ' preparation , his ' design language ' had merely to be applied , and he applied and re @-@ applied the same vocabulary with increasing subtlety and gusto . "
= = Early works = =
In 1856 Burges established his own architectural practice in London at 15 Buckingham Street , The Strand . Some of his early pieces of furniture were created for this office and were later moved to The Tower House , Melbury Road , Kensington , the home he built for himself towards the end of his life . His early architectural career produced nothing of major note , although he won prestigious commissions for Lille Cathedral , the Crimea Memorial Church and the Bombay School of Art . None were built to Burges 's designs . His failed entry for the Law Courts in the Strand , if successful , would have given London its own Carcassonne , the plans being described by the architectural writers Dixon and Muthesius as " a re @-@ creation of a thirteenth century dream world [ with ] a skyline of great inventiveness . " In 1859 , he submitted a French @-@ inspired design for St John 's Cathedral in Brisbane , Australia , which was rejected . He also provided designs for Colombo Cathedral in Ceylon and St Francis Xavier 's Cathedral , Adelaide , without success . In 1855 , however , he obtained a commission for the reconstruction of the chapter house of Salisbury Cathedral . Henry Clutton was the lead architect but Burges , as assistant , contributed to the restoration of the sculpture and to the general decorative scheme . Much was lost in restorations of the 1960s . More lasting was Burges 's work of 1858 onwards in the substantial remodelling of Gayhurst House , in Buckinghamshire , for Robert Carrington , 2nd Baron Carrington . Rooms there contain some of his large signature fireplaces , with carving by Burges 's long @-@ time collaborator Thomas Nicholls , in particular those in the Drawing Room which include motifs from Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained . He also designed a circular lavatory for the male servants , which Jeremy Cooper describes as being " surmounted by a growling Cerberus , each of his three heads inset with bloodshot glass eyes . "
In 1859 Burges began work with Ambrose Poynter on the Maison Dieu , Dover , which was completed in 1861 . Emulation of the original medieval style can be seen in his renovation of the grotesque animals and in the coats of arms incorporated into his new designs . Burges later designed the Council Chamber , added in 1867 , and in 1881 began work on Connaught Hall in Dover , a town meeting and concert hall . The new building contained meeting rooms and mayoral and official offices . Although Burges designed the project , most of it was completed after his death by his partners , Pullan and Chapple . In 1859 – 60 , Burges took over the restoration of Waltham Abbey from Poynter , working with Poynter 's son Edward Poynter and with furniture makers Harland and Fisher . He commissioned Edward Burne @-@ Jones of James Powell & Sons to make three stained @-@ glass windows for the east end , representing the Tree of Jesse .
In 1861 – 2 , Burges was commissioned by Charles Edward Lefroy , secretary to the Speaker of the House of Commons , to build All Saints Church , Fleet as a memorial to Lefroy 's wife . She was the daughter of James Walker , who established the marine engineering company of Walker and Burges with Burges 's father Alfred , and this family connection brought Burges the commission . Pevsner says of Fleet that " it has no shape , nor character nor notable buildings , except one , " that one being All Saints . The church is of red brick and Pevsner considered it " astonishingly restrained . " The interior too is simply decorated but the massive sculpture , particularly of the tomb of the Lefroys and of the gabled arch below which the tomb originally stood , is quintessentially Burges , Crook describing it as " not so much muscular ( gothic ) as muscle @-@ bound . "
= = Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral , Cork = =
Despite early competition setbacks , Burges was sustained by his belief that Early French provided the answer to the crisis of architectural style that beset mid @-@ Victorian England , writing " I was brought up in the thirteenth century belief and in that belief I intend to die " ; and in 1863 , at the age of 35 , he finally secured his first major commission , for Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral , Cork . Burges 's diary records his delight at the result : " Got Cork ! "
The competition for Saint Fin Barre 's occurred as a result of widespread dissatisfaction with the existing church of 1735 which the Dublin Builder described as " a shabby apology for a cathedral which has long disgraced Cork . " It was to be the first new cathedral built in the British Isles since St Paul 's . The proposed budget was low , at £ 15 @,@ 000 , but Burges ignored this constraint , producing a design that he admitted would cost twice as much . Despite the protestations of fellow competitors , it won , though the final cost was to be in excess of £ 100 @,@ 000 .
Burges , who had worked in Ireland before , at the Church of St Peter , Carrigrohane , at the Holy Trinity Church Templebreedy , at Frankfield and at Douglas , enjoyed strong local support , including that of the Bishop , John Gregg . In addition , as the Ireland Handbook notes , Burges " combined his love of medievalism with a conspicuous display of Protestant affluence " which was an important factor at a time when the established Anglican Church in Ireland was seeking to assert its predominance .
For the exterior , Burges re @-@ used some of his earlier unexecuted plans , the overall design from the Crimea Memorial Church and St John 's Cathedral , Brisbane , the elevations from Lille Cathedral . The main problem of the building was its size . Despite the prodigious efforts of its fundraisers , and despite Burges exceeding the original budget , Cork was still unable to afford a really large cathedral . Burges overcame this obstacle by using the grandeur of his three @-@ spired exterior to offset the lesser scale of the remainder of the building .
Although the cathedral is modest in size , it is very richly ornamented . As was his usual practice , from his office in Buckingham Street and in the course of many site visits , Burges oversaw all aspects of the design , including the statuary , the stained glass and the furniture , charging 10 % rather than his usual 5 % , owing to the high level of his personal involvement . He drew designs for every one of the 1 @,@ 260 sculptures that adorn the West Front and decorate the building inside and out . He sketched cartoons for the majority of the 74 stained glass windows . He designed the mosaic pavement , the altar , the pulpit and the bishop 's throne . Lawrence and Wilson consider the result " undoubtedly [ Burges 's ] greatest work in ecclesiastical architecture " with an interior that is " overwhelming and intoxicating . " Through his ability , by the careful leadership of his team , by total artistic control , and by vastly exceeding the intended budget of £ 15 @,@ 000 , Burges produced a building that in size is little more than a large parish church but in impression is described in Lawrence and Wilson 's study as " a cathedral becoming such a city and one which posterity may regard as a monument to the Almighty 's praise . "
= = Architectural team = =
Burges inspired considerable loyalty within his team of assistants , and his partnerships were long @-@ lived . John Starling Chapple was the office manager , joining Burges 's practice in 1859 . It was Chapple , designer of most of the furniture for Castell Coch , who completed its restoration after Burges 's death . Second to Chapple was William Frame , who acted as clerk of works . Horatio Walter Lonsdale was Burges 's chief artist , contributing extensive murals for both Castell Coch and Cardiff Castle . His main sculptor was Thomas Nicholls who started with Burges at Cork , completing hundreds of figures for Saint Fin Barre 's Cathedral , worked with him on his two major churches in Yorkshire , and undertook all of the original carving for the Animal Wall at Cardiff . William Gualbert Saunders joined the Buckingham Street team in 1865 and worked with Burges on the development of the design and techniques of stained glass manufacture , producing much of the best glass for Saint Fin Barre 's . Ceccardo Egidio Fucigna was another long @-@ time collaborator who sculpted the Madonna and Child above the drawbridge at Castell Coch , the figure of St John over the mantelpiece in Lord Bute 's bedroom at Cardiff Castle and the bronze Madonna in the roof garden . Lastly , there was Axel Haig , a Swedish @-@ born illustrator , who prepared many of the watercolour perspectives with which Burges entranced his clients . Crook calls them " a group of talented men , moulded in their master 's image , art @-@ architects and medievalists to a man – jokers and jesters too – devoted above all to art rather than to business . "
= = Partnership with the Marquess of Bute = =
In 1865 , Burges met John Patrick Crichton @-@ Stuart , 3rd Marquess of Bute . This may have resulted from Alfred Burges 's engineering firm , Walker , Burges and Cooper , having undertaken work on the East Bute Docks in Cardiff for the second Marquess . The 3rd Marquess became Burges 's greatest architectural patron ; both were men of their times ; both had fathers whose industrial endeavours provided the means for their sons ' architectural achievements , and both sought to " redeem the evils of industrialism by re @-@ living the art of the Middle Ages " .
On his succession to the Marquessate at the age of one , Bute inherited an income of £ 300 @,@ 000 a year , and , by the time he met Burges , he was considered the richest man in Britain , if not the world . Bute 's wealth was important to the success of the partnership : as Burges himself wrote , " Good art is far too rare and far too precious ever to be cheap . " But , as a scholar , antiquarian , compulsive builder and enthusiastic medievalist , Bute brought more than money to the relationship and his resources and his interests allied with Burges 's genius to create what McLees considers to be " Bute 's most memorable overall achievement . "
However occasioned , the connection lasted the rest of Burges 's life and led to his most important works . To the Marquess and his wife , Burges was the " soul @-@ inspiring one " . The architectural writer Michael Hall considers Burges 's rebuilding of Cardiff Castle and the complete reconstruction of the ruin of Castell Coch , north of the city , as representing his highest achievements . In these buildings , Crook contends that Burges escaped into " a world of architectural fantasy " which Hall describes as " amongst the most magnificent the Gothic Revival ever achieved . "
= = = Cardiff Castle = = =
In the early nineteenth century , the original Norman castle had been enlarged and refashioned by Henry Holland for the 1st Marquess , the 3rd Marquess 's great @-@ grandfather . The 2nd Marquess occupied the castle on visits to his extensive Glamorgan estates , during which he developed modern Cardiff and created Cardiff Docks as the outlet for coal and steel from the South Wales Valleys , but did little to the castle itself , beyond completing the 1st Marquess 's work . The 3rd Marquess despised Holland 's efforts , describing the castle as having been " the victim of every barbarism since the Renaissance " , and , on his coming of age , engaged Burges to undertake rebuilding on a Wagnerian scale . Almost all of Burges 's usual team were involved , including Chapple , Frame and Lonsdale , creating a building which John Newman describes in Glamorgan : The Buildings of Wales as the " most successful of all the fantasy castles of the nineteenth century . "
Work began in 1868 with the 150 feet high Clock Tower , in Forest of Dean ashlar . The tower forms a suite of bachelor 's rooms , the Marquess not marrying until 1872 . They comprise a bedroom , a servant 's room and the Summer and Winter Smoking Rooms . Externally , the tower is a re @-@ working of a design Burges used for the unsuccessful Law Courts competition . Internally , the rooms are sumptuously decorated with gilding , carvings and cartoons , many allegorical in style , depicting the seasons , myths and fables . The Summer Smoking Room is the tower 's literal and metaphorical culmination . It rises two storeys high and has an internal balcony that , through an unbroken band of windows , gives views to Cardiff docks , one source of Bute 's wealth , the Bristol Channel , and the Welsh hills and valleys . The floor has a map of the world in mosaic and the sculpture is by Thomas Nicholls .
As the castle was developed , work continued with alterations to Holland 's Georgian range , including his Bute Tower , and to the medieval Herbert and Beauchamp Towers , and the construction of the Guest Tower and the Octagonal Tower . In plan , the castle broadly follows the arrangement of a standard Victorian stately home . The Bute Tower includes Lord Bute 's bedroom and ends in another highlight , the Roof Garden , with a sculpture of the Madonna by Fucigna . Bute 's bedroom has much religious iconography and a mirrored ceiling . The Marquess 's name , John , is repeated in Greek , ΙΩΑИΣ , along the ceiling beams . The Octagon Tower followed , including the oratory , built on the spot where Bute 's father died , and the Chaucer Room , the roof of which Mark Girouard cites as " a superb ... example of Burges 's genius in the construction of roofs . " The Guest Tower contains the site of the original kitchen at its base and above , the Nursery , decorated with painted tiles depicting Aesop 's Fables and characters from nursery rhymes .
The central block of the castle comprises the two storey banqueting hall , with the library below . Both are enormous , the former to act as a suitable reception hall where the Marquess could fulfil his civic duties , the latter to hold part of his vast library . Both include elaborate carvings and fireplaces , those in the banqueting hall depicting the castle itself in the time of Robert , Duke of Normandy , who was imprisoned there in 1126 – 1134 . The fireplace in the library contains five figures , four representing the Greek , Egyptian , Hebrew and Assyrian alphabets , while the fifth is said to represent Bute as a Celtic monk . The figures refer to the purpose of the room and to the Marquess , a noted linguist . The decoration of these large rooms is less successful than in the smaller chambers ; much was completed after Burges 's death and Girouard considers that the muralist , Lonsdale , " was required to cover areas rather greater than his talents deserved . " The central portion of the castle also included the Grand Staircase . Illustrated in a watercolour perspective prepared by Axel Haig , the staircase was long thought never to have been built but recent research has shown that it was constructed , only to be torn out in the 1930s , reputedly after the third Marchioness had " once slipped on its polished surface . " The staircase was not universally praised in the contemporary press ; the Building News writing that the design was " one of the least happy we have seen from Mr Burges 's pencil ... the contrasts of colour are more startling than pleasing . " The Arab Room in the Herbert Tower was the last room on which Burges was working when he fell ill in 1881 . Bute placed Burges 's initials , together with his own and the date , in the fireplace of that room as a memorial . The room was completed by Burges 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Richard Popplewell Pullan .
Following Burges 's death , further areas of the castle were developed along the lines he had set by , amongst others , William Frame . This included extensive reconstruction of the walls of the original Roman fort . The Animal Wall , completed in the 1920s by the 4th Marquess , originally stood between the castle moat and the city and has nine sculptures by Thomas Nicholls , with a further six sculpted by Alexander Carrick in the 1930s . The Swiss bridge , which once crossed the moat to the pre @-@ Raphaelite garden encompassed by the Animal Wall , was removed in the 1930s . The stables , which lie to the north , on the edge of Bute Park , were designed by Burges in 1868 – 69 .
Megan Aldrich contends that Burges 's interiors at Cardiff have " rarely [ been ] equalled ; " [ although ] " he executed few buildings as his rich fantastic gothic required equally rich patrons ( .. ) his finished works are outstanding monuments to nineteenth century gothic , " the suites of rooms he created at Cardiff being amongst " the most magnificent that the gothic revival ever achieved . " Crook goes further still , arguing that the rooms reach beyond architecture to create " three dimensional passports to fairy kingdoms and realms of gold . In Cardiff Castle we enter a land of dreams . "
The Castle was given to Cardiff City Corporation by the 5th Marquess of Bute in 1947 .
= = = Castell Coch = = =
In 1872 , while work at Cardiff Castle was proceeding , Burges presented a scheme for the complete reconstruction of Castell Coch , a ruined thirteenth @-@ century fort on the Bute estate to the north of Cardiff . Burges 's report on the possible reconstruction was delivered in 1872 but building was delayed until 1875 , in part because of the pressure of works at Cardiff Castle and in part because of an unfounded concern on behalf of the Marquess 's trustees that he was facing bankruptcy . The exterior comprises three towers , described by Newman as " almost equal to each other in diameter , [ but ] arrestingly dissimilar in height . " Burges 's main inspiration was the work of the almost contemporaneous French architect Eugène Viollet @-@ le @-@ Duc who was undertaking similar restoration and building work for Napoleon III . Viollet @-@ le @-@ Duc 's work at the Château de Coucy , The Louvre and particularly at the Château de Pierrefonds is echoed at Castell Coch , Burges 's Drawing Room roof drawing heavily on the octagonal , rib @-@ vaulted chambre de l 'Imperatrice at Pierrefonds . Burges 's other main source was the Château de Chillon , from which his conical , and conjectural , tower roofs are derived .
Severely damaged during Welsh rebellions in the early fourteenth century , Castell Coch fell into disuse and by the Tudor period , the antiquary John Leland described it as " all in ruin no big thing but high . " A set of drawings for the planned rebuilding exists , together with a full architectural justification by Burges . The castle reconstruction features three conical roofs to the towers that are historically questionable . According to Crook , Burges " supported his roofs with a considerable body of examples of doubtful validity ; the truth was that he wanted them for their architectural effect . "
The Keep Tower , the Well Tower and the Kitchen Tower comprise a series of apartments , of which the main sequence , the Castellan 's Rooms , lie within the Keep . They begin weakly , the Banqueting Hall , completed well after Burges 's death , being described by Newman as " dilute [ and ] unfocused " while Crook considers it " anaemic . " It contains a colossal chimney piece , carved by Thomas Nicholls . The identity of the central figure in the overmantel is uncertain ; Girouard states that it is King David while McLees suggests that it depicts St Lucius . The Drawing Room is a double @-@ height room with decoration that Newman describes as illustrating the " intertwined themes ( of ) the fecundity of nature and the fragility of life . " A stone fireplace by Nicholls features the Three Fates , spinning , measuring and cutting the thread of life . The murals around the walls draw on Aesop 's Fables with delicate drawings of animals in the Aesthetic Movement style .
The octagonal chamber with its great rib @-@ vault , modelled on Viollet @-@ le @-@ Duc 's chambers at Coucy and Pierrefonds , is decorated with drawings of butterflies and birds . Off the hall lies the Windlass Room , in which Burges delighted in assembling the fully functioning apparatus for the drawbridge , together with murder @-@ holes for expelling boiling oil . The Marquess 's bedroom provides some spartan relief before the culmination of the castle , Lady Bute 's Bedroom . Crook considers this room " pure Burges : an arcaded circle , punched through by window embrasures , and topped by a trefoil @-@ sectioned dome . " The decorative theme is ' love ' , symbolised by monkeys , pomegranates and nesting birds . The decoration was completed long after Burges 's death but his was the guiding spirit . " Would Mr Burges have done it ? " William Frame wrote to Thomas Nicholls in 1887 . Burges 's original design for the castle included a chapel to be built on the roof of the Well Tower . It was never finished and the remains were removed in the late nineteenth century .
Following Burges 's death in 1881 , work on the interior continued for another ten years . The castle was little used , the Marquess never came after its completion , and its main function was as a family sanatorium , although the Marchioness and her daughter , Lady Margaret Crichton @-@ Stuart , did occupy it for a period following the death of the Marquess in 1900 . In 1950 , the 5th Marquess of Bute handed the castle over to the Ministry of Works . McLees views it as " one of the greatest Victorian triumphs of architectural composition " , whilst Crook writes of Burges " recreating from a heap of rubble a fairy @-@ tale castle which seems almost to have materialised from the margins of a medieval manuscript . "
= = Later works = =
Bute 's commissions formed the major corpus of Burges 's work from the 1860s until his death . However , he continued to accept other appointments .
= = = Worcester College , Oxford = = =
The interiors of the Hall and Chapel of Worcester College , Oxford , had been designed by James Wyatt in 1776 – 90 . In 1864 , Burges was commissioned to overhaul Wyatt 's unremarkable designs for the Chapel by the Reverend H C O Daniel , a member of the College 's Senior Common Room and future Provost , who had known Burges when they were contemporaries at King 's College London . Burges 's extensive iconography envelopes the building , with animals and birds depicted on the end of pews , and Burges 's mosaic flooring astonished his contemporaries . Drawing on his rare knowledge of medieval techniques and working with his meticulous attention to detail , Burges created a chapel that Crook describes as " almost unique amongst High Victorian ecclesiastical interiors . " The richly symbolic iconography " and Masonic influences on the scheme of decoration are significant , Gillingham suggesting that Burges 's Freemasonry connections were a partial explanation for his appointment and noting that a " symbolic masonic commentary pervades the Chapel . Unusually , in the redecoration of the Chapel , Burges did not use members of his usual team . The stained glass and the ceiling paintings are by Henry Holiday , and the statues , lectern and candlesticks are by William Grinsell Nicholl .
In 1873 – 79 Burges also undertook a redecoration of the College 's Hall . The funds needed for the Hall were raised by an appeal in which the decorated wooden panels on the walls were individual gifts , incorporating the crests and shields of the donors . In some cases , where there were no known crests or shields , those of former members were substituted and Burges made several painted imitations of marbling on wood . The large window at the end of the Hall was also filled with the armorial bearings for which room had not been found in the panels . A fireplace was also inserted on the dais . Almost all of Burges 's work in the Hall was lost in a redevelopment of the 1960s in which Wyatt 's designs were reinstated , although the fireplace was removed to Knightshayes Court and the East Window , above the high table , was restored circa 2009 .
= = = Skilbeck 's Warehouse = = =
Skilbeck 's Warehouse , formerly at 46 Upper Thames Street , London , and now demolished , was a drysalter 's warehouse constructed by Burges in 1866 and is important as his only foray into industrial design . Burges was commissioned by the Skilbeck Brothers to re @-@ model an existing warehouse ; the result was influential , representing what one of Burges 's obituarists described as " probably the most successful attempt ever made to unite the requirements of art and mercantile convenience . " Bradley describes Burges 's re @-@ modelling as using " twin pointed bays under a single Gothic relieving arch and gable " . The use of exposed cast iron was revolutionary . Modern materials and technologies were combined with gothic iconography , an article of 1886 in The Ecclesiologist describing " the great crane supported by a corbel carved into a bust of a fair Oriental maid , symbolising the clime from which so much of the drysalter 's materials are brought , and over a circular window in the gable ( a ) ship bringing in its precious freight . " The total cost of the work was £ 1 @,@ 413 .
= = = Knightshayes Court = = =
The commission for the brand new house of Knightshayes Court was obtained from Sir John Heathcoat @-@ Amory in 1867 and the foundation stone was laid in 1869 . By 1874 , the building was still incomplete , owing to ongoing difficulties with Heathcoat @-@ Amory , who objected to many of Burges 's designs on the grounds of cost and of style . Although work had begun on the interior , the turbulent relationship between architect and client led to Burges 's sacking in 1874 and his replacement by John Dibblee Crace . Nevertheless , Knightshayes Court remains the only example of a medium @-@ sized Burges country house , built in a standard Victorian arrangement . Early French Gothic in style , it follows a standard neo @-@ Tudor plan of a large central block with projecting gables . The tower Burges planned was never built .
The interior was to have been a riot of Burgesian excess but not a single room was completed to Burges 's designs . Of the few interior features that were fully executed , much was altered or diluted by Heathcoat @-@ Amory and his successors . However some of the interiors , such as the library , vaulted hall and the arched red drawing room , remain or have been re @-@ instated .
Since the house passed to the National Trust in 1972 , major works of restoration and re @-@ creation have been undertaken and a number of pieces of Burges furniture , mostly not original to the house , are displayed . These include a bookcase from Buckingham Street and a chimney piece from the Hall at Worcester College , Oxford , where , in the 1960s , some decorative works by Burges were removed , although his redecoration of the college Chapel remains . The aim is , as far as possible , to reinstate the work of Burges and Crace .
= = = Park House = = =
Park House , Cardiff was built by Burges for Lord Bute 's engineer , James McConnochie , between 1871 and 1875 . With its steep roofs and boldly textured walls , Park House revolutionised Cardiff 's domestic architecture , and was highly influential , in the city and beyond . The impact of the building can be seen in many of Cardiff 's inner suburbs , where imitations of Park House and its features can frequently be identified . Cadw described it as " perhaps the most important 19th century house in Wales " , a position reflected in its status as a Grade I listed building .
The style of the house is Early French Gothic , with triangle and rectangle to the fore , although it is without the conical tower Burges considered appropriate both for his own home , The Tower House and for Castell Coch . Burges used various building stones for Park House : Pennant Sandstone for the walls , Bath Stone around the windows , entrance porch and plinths , with pillars in pink Peterhead granite from Aberdeenshire . The external frontage comprises four gables , the windows of the last gable concealing what Newman describes as " the major peculiarity of the interior . On entering , one is immediately confronted by the underside of the staircase , and has to skirt round it to reach the rest of the house . " The arrangement was not repeated at The Tower House , which is an almost reversed replica with added conical tower . The interior fittings are of high quality , including the massive , mahogany staircase and marble chimneypieces . Both the drawing room and the dining room have beamed ceilings . The whole is built with a solidity that was guaranteed by the use of the Marquess of Bute 's own workforce from Cardiff Docks .
= = = Christ the Consoler , St Mary 's and St Paul 's Cathedral = = =
Burges 's two finest gothic churches were also undertaken in the 1870s , the Church of Christ the Consoler , Skelton @-@ on @-@ Ure , and St Mary 's , Studley Royal . His patron , George Robinson , 1st Marquess of Ripon , although not as rich as Bute , was his equal in romantic medievalism and had been a friend of Bute 's at Oxford , which may account for the choice of Burges as architect . Both churches were built as memorial churches for Ripon 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Frederick Grantham Vyner , who was murdered by Greek bandits in 1870 . Vyner 's mother commissioned the Church of Christ the Consoler and his sister St Mary 's . Both begun in 1870 , Skelton was consecrated in 1876 and Studley Royal in 1878 .
The Church of Christ the Consoler , in the grounds of Newby Hall in North Yorkshire , is built in the Early English style . The exterior is constructed of grey Catraig stone , with Morcar stone for the mouldings . The interior is faced with white limestone , and richly fitted out with marble . The work was undertaken by members of Burges 's usual team , Gualbert Saunders making the stained glass , from cartoons by Lonsdale , and Nicholls sculpting the carvings . Leach and Pevsner describe the scheme of stained glass as " uncommonly excellent . " It is particularly interesting as representing an architectural move from Burges 's favourite Early French style to an English inspiration . Pevsner considers it : " Of determined originality ; the impression is one of great opulence , even if of a somewhat elephantine calibre . "
The Church of St Mary , Studley Royal , is also in the Early English style and is located in the grounds of Studley Royal Park at Fountains Abbey , in North Yorkshire . As at Christ the Consoler , the exterior is of grey limestone , with a two @-@ stage west tower topped with a soaring spire . The interior is equally spectacular , exceeding Skelton in richness and majesty , Leach commenting that " everything is precisely calculated as to its visual impact . " The theme , previously used at Gayhurst , is Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained . The stained glass , by Saunders & Co , is of particularly high quality . Pevsner describes St Mary 's as " a dream of Early English glory " and Crook writes , " [ although ] Cork Cathedral may stand as Burges 's greatest Gothic work , Studley Royal is his ' ecclesiastical ' masterpiece . " Burges also constructed an estate cottage in 1873 .
In 1870 , Burges was asked to draw up an iconographic scheme of internal decoration for St Paul 's Cathedral , unfinished since the death of Sir Christopher Wren . In 1872 , he was appointed architect and over the next five years produced what Crook describes as a " full @-@ blown scheme of early Renaissance decoration " for the interior which he intended would eclipse that of St Peter 's in Rome . However , as Crook writes , his plans were " rather too creative for most Classicists " and these artistic , and linked religious , controversies led to Burges 's dismissal in 1877 with none of his plans undertaken .
= = = Trinity College , Hartford , Connecticut = = =
In 1872 , Abner Jackson , the President of Trinity College , Connecticut , visited Britain , seeking models and an architect for a planned new campus for the college . Burges was chosen and he drew up a four @-@ quadrangled masterplan , in his Early French style . Lavish illustrations were produced by Axel Haig . However , the estimated cost , at just under one million dollars , together with the sheer scale of the plans , thoroughly alarmed the College Trustees . Only one sixth of the plan was executed , the present Long Walk , with Francis H. Kimball acting as local , supervising , architect , and Frederick Law Olmsted laying out the grounds . Crook considers the result , " unsatisfactory .. [ but important ] .. in its key position in the development of late nineteenth @-@ century American architecture . " Other critics have viewed Burges 's design more positively : the American architectural historian Henry @-@ Russell Hitchcock thought Trinity " perhaps the most satisfactory of all of [ Burges 's ] works and the best example anywhere of Victorian Gothic collegiate architecture " ; whilst Charles Handley @-@ Read suggested the college was " is in some ways superior to Butterfield 's Keble or Seddon 's Aberystwyth . "
= = = The Tower House = = =
From 1875 , although he continued to work on the completion of projects already begun , Burges received no further major commissions . The construction , decoration and furnishing of his own home , The Tower House , Melbury Road , Kensington , occupied much of the last six years of his life . Burges designed the house in the style of a substantial thirteenth century French townhouse . Of red brick , and in an L plan , the exterior is plain . The house is not large , its floor @-@ plan being little more than 50 feet square . But the approach Burges took to its construction was on a grand scale : the floor depths were sufficient to support rooms four or five times their size and the architect Richard Norman Shaw wrote of the concrete foundations as being suitable " for a fortress . " This approach , combined with Burges 's architectural skills and the minimum of exterior decoration , created a building that Crook describes as " simple and massive " . As was usual with Burges , many elements of earlier designs were adapted and included , the street frontage from the McConnochie House , the cylindrical tower and conical roof from Castell Coch and the interiors from Cardiff Castle .
The interior centres on the double @-@ height entrance hall , Burges having avoided the error that he had made at the McConnochie House when he placed a vast central staircase in the middle of the building . At The Tower House , the stair is consigned to the conical tower . The ground floor contains a drawing room , dining room and library , while the first floor holds bedroom suites and a study . If Burges shunned exterior decoration at The Tower House , he more than compensated internally . Each room has a complex iconographic scheme of decoration : that of the hall is Time , in the drawing room , Love , in Burges 's bedroom , the Sea . Massive fireplaces with elaborate overmantels were carved and installed , a castle in the Library and mermaids and sea @-@ monsters of the deep in his own bedroom . His brother @-@ in @-@ law , Pullan , wrote that " Chaucer and Tennyson 's poems were Mr Burges ' chief text @-@ books when engaged in designing these decorations . "
In designing the medieval interior to the house , Burges also illustrated his skill as a jeweller , metalworker and designer , and produced some of his best works of furniture including the Zodiac settle , the Dog Cabinet and the Great Bookcase , the last of which Charles Handley @-@ Read described as " occupying a unique position in the history of Victorian painted furniture . " The fittings were as elaborate as the furniture : the tap for one of the guest washstands was in the form of a bronze bull from whose throat water poured into a sink inlaid with silver fish . Within the Tower House Burges placed some of his finest metalwork ; the artist Henry Stacy Marks wrote " he could design a chalice as well as a cathedral ... His decanters , cups , jugs , forks and spoons were designed with an equal ability to that with which he would design a castle . "
Upon completion , the Tower House was sensationally received . In a survey of the architecture of the past fifty years , published by The Builder in 1893 , it was the only private town house to be included . Crook considers the house , the " synthesis of [ Burges 's ] career and a glittering tribute to his achievement . " The Tower House , which remains a private home , owned by Jimmy Page for many years , retains much of its internal structural decoration , but the furniture and contents that Burges designed for his home have been dispersed .
= = Metalwork and jewellery = =
Burges was a notable designer of Gothic @-@ inspired metalwork and jewellery , and he has been cited as " Pugin 's successor in the Gothic revival style . " Although Burges was foremost an architect , Edmund Gosse described his buildings as " more jewel than architecture " , and Crook states that " Burges 's genius as a designer is expressed to perfection in his jewellery and metalwork . " He began with religious artifacts ( candlesticks , chalices , pectoral crosses ) as individual commissions or as part of the decorative scheme for buildings over which he had complete artistic control . Examples include the chalices for St Michael 's Church , Brighton , the statue of the Angel which stands above St Fin Barre 's and which was his personal gift to the cathedral , and the Dunedin Crozier . This item , carved in ivory and depicting St George slaying the dragon , was made for the first Bishop of Dunedin . In 1875 Burges published the design in a French magazine as a thirteenth century original , an example of his delight in tricks and jokes . Similarly inventive were his designs for fish plates for Lord Bute , in which a service of eighteen plates is decorated with punning illustrations , such as a skating skate , and a winged perch seated on the branch of a tree . He also undertook commissions for other patrons , including the Sneyd dessert service . On 3 April 1872 , Burges produced a gothic @-@ style brooch for the marriage of the Marquess of Bute to Lady Bute . In September 1873 , he produced another brooch for the Marchioness , in the shape of a gothic G , a gold heraldic shield in enamel , encrusted with gems and pearls . He followed this with a necklace and earrings , an attempt to " design in Castellani 's archeological style . " Another example of the works that Burges created for Lady Bute as a present for her husband , was a silver cruet set , in the form of two medieval retainers carrying tiny barrels of salt and pepper ; the answer to the question of " what to give a man who ( could ) afford everything . "
Some of his most notable works , however , were those he created for himself , often with the proceeds of the winning of an architectural competition . Examples include the Elephant Inkstand , which Crook considers " the very epitome of its creator 's special genius " , the pair of jewelled decanters paid for with the fees for the plans of the Crimea Memorial Church and for his series of lectures , Art Applied to Industry , and the Cat Cup , created by Barkentin in commemoration of the Law Courts competition , of which Crook writes : " Its technical virtuosity sets standards for the Arts and Crafts phase . But the overall conception , the range of materials , the ingenuity , the inventiveness , the sheer gusto of the design , is peculiarly , triumphantly Burges . " Burges also designed more utilitarian articles which were nonetheless imbued with his love of allusion and punning , including silverware featuring mermaids , spiders and other creatures and a set of knives and forks for the Tower House , with the handles , carved by Nicholls , showing symbols of " meat and vegetables , veal , venision , onion , pea and so on . " He was also a knowledgeable critic , referred to by a contemporary as " one of the best judges of armour in Europe . " His large collection of armour was bequeathed to the British Museum upon his death .
The whereabouts of some of Burges 's most important pieces are unknown , but discoveries are sometimes made : a brooch which he designed as a wedding present for his friend John Pollard Seddon was identified on the BBC television series Antiques Roadshow and subsequently sold at auction for £ 31 @,@ 000 in August 2011 .
= = Stained glass = =
Burges played an important role in the renaissance of High Victorian stained glass . The provision of glass of appropriate colour and richness was central to many of his decorative themes , and he invested effort in working with the best cartoonists and manufacturers to achieve this . He also studied the history of glass production , writing in his second Art Applied to Industry lecture , " [ a ] use of antiquarian studies is to restore disused arts , and to get all the good we can out of them for our own improvement . " In the catalogue to the exhibition of stained glass cartoons from Cardiff Castle , Sargent pays tribute to " his deep knowledge of the history and techniques of glass manufacture " and Lawrence considers him a pioneer who , by his " painstaking studies , re @-@ established the principles of medieval decoration and used this to make [ his ] own bold and original statements . " The results were outstanding ; Lawrence wrote that Burges designed with " a vibrancy , an intensity and a brilliance which no other glass maker could match . " He acknowledges Burges 's debt to the manufacturers and craftsmen with whom he worked , in particular , Gualbert Saunders , whose " technique [ gave ] Burges 's glass its most distinctive characteristic , namely the flesh colour . This is unique , had no precedents and has had no imitators . " As well as at Saint Fin Barre 's , Burges designed stained glass for all of his own significant churches , for reconstructions of medieval churches undertaken by others , and for his secular buildings . He undertook significant work at Waltham Abbey with Edward Burne @-@ Jones , but much of his work there was destroyed in the Blitz . Crook writes , " At Waltham , Burges does not copy . He meets the Middle Ages as an equal . " .
Windows by Burges continue to be discovered . In 2009 , a stained glass window found in the vaults of Bath Abbey was confirmed as a design by Burges . The window , which was commissioned by Mallet and Company , featured on the Antiques Roadshow in early 2010 and is currently on display at the Bath Aqua Theatre of Glass . In March 2011 , two glass panels designed by Burges were purchased for £ 125 @,@ 000 by Cadw . The panels were part of a set of twenty Burges designed for the chapel at Castell Coch but were removed when the unfinished chapel was demolished . Ten of the panels were put on display at Cardiff Castle , and eight were used in the model of the chapel in the attic room of the Well Tower at Castell Coch ; the two purchased by Cadw were considered lost until they failed to sell at auction in Salisbury in 2010 . The Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Cadw , speaking after their purchase , said , " The panels show a variety of Welsh and British saints and key biblical figures and are of the highest quality Victorian stained glass . William Burges ' work attracts enormous worldwide attention and the price reflects the artistic genius of the man and the rare quality of these glass panels . "
Research has also led to being Burges properly credited with work previously attributed to others . In his 1958 volume on North Somerset and Bristol , Pevsner praises the " aesthetic quality " of the stained glass at the Church of St James , in Winscombe but erroneously describes it as " one of the best examples of Morris glass in existence and quite unrecorded . " In fact , the glass is by Burges .
= = Furniture = =
Burges 's furniture was , second to his buildings , his major contribution to the Victorian Gothic Revival ; as Crook writes , " More than anyone , it was Burges , with his eye for detail and his lust for colour , who created the furniture appropriate to High Victorian Gothic . " Enormous , elaborate and highly painted , Crook considers his " art furniture medieval in a way no other designer ever approached . " The first detailed study of Burges 's work in this area was by Charles Handley @-@ Read in his article in The Burlington Magazine of November 1963 , Notes on William Burges 's Painted Furniture . Despised as much as his buildings in the reaction against Victorian taste that occurred in the twentieth century , his furniture came back into fashion in the latter part of that century and now commands very high prices .
Burges 's furniture is characterised by its historical style , its mythological iconography , its vibrant painting and , often , by rather poor workmanship . The Great Bookcase collapsed in 1878 and required complete restoration . The painting of his furniture was central to Burges 's views on its purpose . Describing his ideal medieval chamber in the lecture on furniture , delivered as part of the Art Applied to Industry series , he writes of its fittings being " covered with paintings ; it not only did its duty as furniture , but spoke and told a story . " The designs were frequently collaborative , with artists from Burges 's circle completing the painted panels that they mostly comprise . The contributors were often notable , Vost 's sales catalogue for the Mirrored Sideboard suggesting that some of its panels were by Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne @-@ Jones .
Much of his early furniture , such as the Great Bookcase and the Zodiac settle , was designed for his offices at Buckingham Street and subsequently moved to the Tower House . The Great Bookcase was also part of Burges 's contribution to the Medieval Court at the 1862 International Exhibition . Others , such as the Yatman Cabinet , were created as commissions . Later pieces , such as the Crocker Dressing Table and the Golden Bed and its accompanying Vita Nuova washstand , were specifically made for suites of rooms at the Tower House . The Narcissus washstand was originally made for Buckingham Street and subsequently moved to Burges 's bedroom at the Tower House . John Betjeman , later Poet Laureate and a leading champion of the art and architecture of the Victorian Gothic Revival , was left the remaining lease on the Tower House , including some of the furniture , by E. R. B. Graham in 1961 . He gave the washstand to the novelist Evelyn Waugh who made it the centrepiece of his 1957 novel , The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold , in which Pinfold is haunted by the stand .
Examples of Burges 's painted furniture can be seen in major museums including the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Detroit Institute of Arts , the National Museum Wales and the Manchester Art Gallery . The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum , Bedford holds a particularly fine collection , begun with a large number of purchases from the estate of Charles and Lavinia Handley @-@ Read , including the Narcissus washstand , Burges 's bed and the Crocker Dressing Table . The most recent acquisition by the Bedford Museum is the Zodiac settle ( 1869 – 70 ) , painted by Henry Stacy Marks . The Museum paid £ 850 @,@ 000 for the settle , comprising a £ 480 @,@ 000 grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund , £ 190 @,@ 000 from the Trustees of the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery and £ 180 @,@ 000 from the Art Fund after the British government imposed an export ban on the work .
= = Personal life = =
Burges , who never married , was considered by his contemporaries to be eccentric , unpredictable , over @-@ indulgent and flamboyant . He was also physically unprepossessing , described by the wife of his greatest patron as " ugly Burges . " Short , fat , and so near @-@ sighted that he once mistook a peacock for a man , Burges appears to have been sensitive about his appearance and very few images of him exist . The known portraits are : a painting of 1858 by Edward John Poynter on a panel of the Yatman Cabinet ; a photograph from the 1860s , by an unknown author , showing Burges dressed as a court jester ; a sketch of 1871 in The Graphic by Theodore Blake Wirgman ; a pencil drawing in profile of 1875 by Edward William Godwin ; three posed photographs from 1881 by Henry Van der Weyde and a posthumous caricature by Edward Burne @-@ Jones .
Whatever his physical shortcomings , his personality , his conversation and his sense of humour were attractive and infectious , Crook commenting that " his range of friends [ covered ] the whole gamut of pre @-@ Raphaelite London . " Burges 's childlike nature occasioned comment ; Dante Gabriel Rossetti composing a limerick about him ( see box ) .
Robert Kerr 's novel of 1879 , The Ambassador Extraordinary , involves an architect Georgius Oldhousen , whom Crook considers to be based on Burges ; he is " not exactly young in years but is in an odd way youthful in appearance and in manners Georgius can never grow old ... His strong point is a disdain for Common Sense ... His vocation is Art ... [ a ] matter of Uncommon Sense . " Burges was a clubbable man . Elected to the Institute of British Architects in 1860 , in 1862 he was appointed to its Council and in 1863 was elected to the Foreign Architectural Book Society , the FABS , which comprised the RIBA elite and was limited to fifteen members . He became a member of the Athenaeum Club in 1874 , was a member of the Arts Club , the Medieval Society , the Hogarth Club , and was elected to the Royal Academy in the year of his death . As with many of his friends Burges also joined The Artists Rifles .
Burges was a fanatical collector , particularly of drawings and metalwork . He was also a Freemason . Other pursuits included ratting and opium . The influence of drugs on his life and his architectural output has been debated ; Crook speculating that it was in Constantinople , on his tour in the 1850s , that he first tasted opium and the Dictionary of Scottish Architects stating with certainty that his early death was brought about " at least partly as a result of his bachelor lifestyle of smoking both tobacco and opium . " The architectural writer Simon Jenkins speculated as to why Sir John Heathcoat @-@ Amory chose as his architect " an opium @-@ addicted bachelor Gothicist who dressed in medieval costume . " Burges 's own diary of 1865 includes the reference , " Too much opium , did not go to Hayward 's wedding " , and Crook concludes that " it is hard to resist the conclusion that [ opium ] reinforced the dreamier elements in his artistic make @-@ up " .
= = Death = =
Burges died , aged 53 , at The Tower House on 20 April 1881 . While on a tour of works at Cardiff , he caught a chill and returned to London , half @-@ paralysed , where he lay dying for some three weeks . Among his last visitors were Oscar Wilde and James Whistler . He was buried in the tomb he designed for his mother at West Norwood , London . On his death , John Starling Chapple , Burges 's office manager and close associate for more than twenty years , wrote " a constant relationship ... with one of the brightest ornaments of the profession has rendered the parting most severe . Thank God his work will live and ... be the admiration of future students . I have hardly got to realize my lonely position yet . He was almost all the world to me . " Lady Bute , wife of his greatest patron , wrote , " Dear Burges , ugly Burges , who designed such lovely things – what a duck . "
In Saint Fin Barre 's , together with memorials to his mother and sister , there is a memorial plaque to Burges , designed by him , and erected by his father . It shows the King of Heaven presiding over the four apostles , who hold open the Word of God . Under the inscription " Architect of this cathedral " is a simple shield and a small , worn , plaque with a mosaic surround , bearing Burges 's entwined initials and name . Legal complications obstructed Burges 's wish to be buried in the cathedral he had built . Burges 's own words on Saint Fin Barre 's , in his letter of January 1877 to the Bishop of Cork , sum up his career , " Fifty years hence , the whole affair will be on its trial and , the elements of time and cost being forgotten , the result only will be looked at . The great questions will then be , first , is this work beautiful and , secondly , have those to whom it was entrusted , done it with all their heart and all their ability . "
= = Legacy and influence = =
On Burges 's death in 1881 , his contemporary , the architect Edward William Godwin , said of him that " no one of the century of this country or any other that I know of , ever possessed that artistic rule over the kingdom of nature in a measure at all comparable with that which he shared in common with the creator of the Sphinx and the designer of Chartres . " But the Gothic Revival he championed with such force was in decline . Within twenty years his style was considered hopelessly outdated and owners of his works sought to eradicate all traces of his efforts . From the 1890s to the later twentieth century , Victorian art was under constant assault , critics writing of " the nineteenth century architectural tragedy " , ridiculing " the uncompromising ugliness " of the era 's buildings and attacking the " sadistic hatred of beauty " of its architects . Of Burges , they wrote almost nothing . His buildings were disregarded or altered , his jewellery and stained glass were lost or ignored , and his furniture was given away . The architectural historian Megan Aldrich writes , " He founded no school ... had few adherents outside the circle of his practice ... and trained no further generation of designers . " In comparison with more prolific contemporaries , he completed relatively few works and lost many architectural competitions . Burges 's collaborator , the artist Nathaniel Westlake , lamented " competitions are seldom given to the best man – look at the number poor Burges won , or should have won , and I think he executed only one . "
Almost his sole champion in the years after his death was his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Richard Popplewell Pullan . Primarily an illustrator , as well as a scholar and archaeologist , Pullan trained with Alfred Waterhouse in Manchester , before joining Burges 's office in the 1850s . In 1859 , he married Burges 's sister . Following Burges 's death in 1881 , Pullan lived at The Tower House and published collections of Burges 's designs , including Architectural Designs of William Burges ( 1883 ) and The House of William Burges ( 1886 ) . In his preface to Architectural Designs Pullan expressed the hope that illustrated volumes of his brother @-@ in @-@ law 's work " would be warmly welcomed and thoroughly appreciated , not only by his professional brethern , but by all men of educated taste in Europe and America . " This hope was not to be fulfilled for a hundred years but Burges 's work did continue to attract followers in Japan . Josiah Conder studied under him , and , through Conder 's influence , the notable Japanese architect Tatsuno Kingo was articled to Burges in the year before the latter 's death .
From the later twentieth century to the present a renaissance has occurred in the study of Victorian art , architecture and design and Crook contends that Burges 's place at the centre of that world , as " a wide @-@ ranging scholar , an intrepid traveller , a coruscating lecturer , a brilliant decorative designer and an architect of genius , " is again appreciated . Crook writes further that , in a career of only some twenty years , he became " the most brilliant architect @-@ designer of his generation , " and , beyond architecture , his achievements in metalwork , jewellery , furniture and stained glass place him as Pugin 's only " rival [ . ] as the greatest art @-@ architect of the Gothic Revival . "
= = Architectural scholarship = =
Burges 's limited output , and the general unpopularity of his work for much of the century following his death , meant that he was little studied . In a seventy @-@ one page guide to Cardiff Castle , published in 1923 , he is referenced only three times , and on each occasion his name is misspelt as " Burgess " . Pevsner 's 1951 volume on the exhibits at The Great Exhibition , High Victorian Design , makes no mention of him , despite his significant contributions to the Medieval Court . The 1950s saw the small beginnings of a reaction against the condemnation of all that the Victorian architects , including Burges , had produced . The exhibition of Victorian and Edwardian Decorative Arts held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1952 included five pieces of his furniture and four examples of his metalwork . This was followed by the foundation of the Victorian Society in 1958 . Victorian Architecture , a collection of essays edited by Peter Ferriday and published in 1963 , contained an article on him by Charles Handley @-@ Read , perhaps the first serious scholar of Burges . Handley @-@ Read took a measured view of Burges 's work writing that , " as a designer , he ( was ) apt to be aggressive rather than charming " , but he was in no doubt of Burges 's significance , writing of his best works as " indispensable examples of ' Victorian Conservanda ' . " The last thirty years , however , have seen a significant revival of interest . Burges 's rehabilitation can be dated to 1981 , the centenary of his death , when a major exhibition on his life and works was held , firstly at the National Museum Cardiff , until October 1981 , and then at the Victoria and Albert Museum , London , from November 1981 to January 1982 . The catalogue to that exhibition , entitled The Strange Genius of William Burges , was edited by J. Mordaunt Crook . A much smaller exhibition of his work was also held at the Crawford Municipal Art Gallery in Cork . In the same year , the only full study of Burges , Crook 's William Burges and the High Victorian Dream , was published . In the dedication to that volume , " In Mem . C.H.-R " , Crook acknowledges his debt to Charles Handley @-@ Read , whose notes on Burges Crook inherited following Handley @-@ Read 's suicide . A revised edition was published in February 2013 . Other sources include articles on Cardiff Castle and Castle Coch in Mark Girouard 's The Victorian Country House . The Buildings of England , The Buildings of Wales , The Buildings of Scotland and The Buildings of Ireland series provide comprehensive coverage of Burges 's works by county , although in the last two instances they are not yet complete . The current ( 2012 ) curator of Cardiff Castle , Matthew Williams , has also written a number of Burgesian / Bute articles for the architectural press . The Cathedral of Saint Fin Barre at Cork , by David Lawrence and Ann Wilson , covers Burges 's work in Ireland .
= = List of works = =
The chronological list of Burges 's major buildings is believed to be complete , although some minor works , or minimal additions to pre @-@ existing structures , have not been included . The list of furniture and other works is selective . No listing is given of his extensive creations of jewellery , metalwork and stained glass . Crook has a comprehensive , chronological , appendix of Burges 's work with indications as to whether the work is still in situ , was never executed , has been removed elsewhere , has been demolished or where the present location is unknown .
= = = Buildings = = =
= = = Unexecuted designs = = =
= = = Major pieces of furniture with locations = = =
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= New York State Route 173 =
New York State Route 173 ( NY 173 ) is a state highway located in the Syracuse area of central New York in the United States . It takes a slightly bow @-@ shaped route from NY 31 in the town of Van Buren to NY 5 in Chittenango , gently curving to the south of Downtown Syracuse in the center of its 30 @.@ 59 @-@ mile ( 49 @.@ 23 km ) routing . Even so , NY 173 briefly enters the Syracuse city limits near where it intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) . NY 173 passes through several suburbs of Syracuse , including Camillus , where it first meets NY 5 , and Manlius , where it has a short overlap with NY 92 .
NY 173 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to its modern alignment . The route itself has not been altered since ; however , the portion of the route from Onondaga to Manlius became part of NY 20N c . 1938 and a small section of the route within Manlius was included in NY 20SY when that highway was assigned in the early 1950s . Both designations were removed c . 1962 . All of NY 173 east of Onondaga was originally part of the Seneca Turnpike .
= = Route description = =
= = = West of Syracuse = = =
NY 173 begins at an intersection with NY 31 in Ionia , a hamlet within the town of Van Buren . The route heads southeast , intersecting several county roads as it proceeds through a rural , marshy area of Onondaga County as Warners Road . It crosses over the New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 or I @-@ 90 ) on its way into the hamlet of Warners , where it briefly follows Canton Street and crosses the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Rochester Subdivision rail line before becoming Warners Road once again as it follows the railroad east out of the community and into the town of Camillus .
The route parallels the track for roughly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , over which time it passes to the north of Greenlawn Memorial Park . As the trackage and the highway approach a point known as Amboy Station , NY 173 curves away from the railroad and heads southeast toward Amboy . After making the turn , NY 173 meets Pottery Road ( County Route 164 or CR 164 ) , a local road leading to Camillus Airport , a simple one @-@ runway facility located adjacent to the railroad line . NY 173 continues into and through Amboy , passing a large area of tailings that was once the site of the Syracuse Municipal Airport . The brownfields are bordered to the north by Ninemile Creek and to the south by the Old Erie Canal , both of which are traversed by NY 173 on its way into the densely populated Fairmount neighborhood of Camillus .
In Fairmount , NY 173 passes Reed Webster Park and turns to the east ahead of the Camillus Bypass , a limited @-@ access highway carrying NY 5 through the town . NY 173 parallels NY 5 for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before connecting to westbound NY 5 by way of a partial interchange ; the eastbound connection is made by way of Hinsdale Road ( CR 209 ) 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the west . East of the westbound on @-@ ramps , NY 173 passes over NY 5 and turns to the southeast ahead of an intersection with NY 297 . The route continues on through Fairmount , intersecting West Genesee Street ( CR 98 ) before becoming Onondaga Road and exiting the neighborhood upon entering the town of Onondaga .
Within Onondaga , NY 173 passes through both open areas with sparse development and areas containing built @-@ up residential neighborhoods . The route heads southeast to Onondaga Hill , a large community built up just east of Onondaga Community College . Here , it overlaps with NY 175 for about 100 yards ( 91 m ) before NY 175 forks off to the northeast into Syracuse . NY 173 continues eastward as the Seneca Turnpike , passing to the south of Community General Hospital before it enters the southernmost portion of Syracuse . This portion of the city is mostly residential , save for a smattering of businesses around NY 173 's junctions with NY 80 and US 11 . Near the midpoint of the route 's 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) stay in Syracuse , it crosses over Onondaga Creek , on the banks of which lie Faith Heritage School and Meachem Field . The route leaves the city limits shortly after passing under both directions of I @-@ 81 .
All of NY 173 west of Genesee Street in Camillus is maintained by Onondaga County . NY 173 is co @-@ designated with CR 204 from NY 31 to Bennetts Corners Road in Van Buren , CR 64 between Bennetts Corners Road and Canton Street in the hamlet of Warners , CR 57 from Canton Street to Thompson Road in Camillus , and CR 63 between Thompson Road and Genesee Street . Within Syracuse , NY 173 is maintained by the city . The remainder of the route in both Onondaga and Madison counties is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation .
= = = East of Syracuse = = =
East of Syracuse , the route passes through a narrow 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) portion of the town of Onondaga and the hamlet of Southwood before entering the adjacent town of DeWitt . It continues east , serving Clark Reservation State Park as it heads toward the community of Jamesville , located at the northern end of the Jamesville Reservoir on Butternut Creek . Here , NY 173 intersects NY 91 in the center of the hamlet . Past Jamesville , the homes that had lined the highway give way to open areas to the south and large quarries to the north . The route passes north of the Onondaga County Correctional Facility just east of Jamesville .
NY 173 continues on into the town of Manlius , where the homes gradually return as the highway enters the village of Manlius . Inside the village limits , the route becomes surrounded by homes once again as it crosses over Limestone Creek and enters the village 's business district . Here , it intersects and briefly overlaps NY 92 for roughly 250 yards ( 230 m ) between Fayette and Washington Streets . At Washington Street , NY 92 turns to the southeast towards Cazenovia while NY 173 continues northeastward out of the village . Now back in the surrounding town of Manlius , NY 173 passes south of Fayetteville – Manlius High School before entering another rural area near a point known as Eagle Village . The route continues northeast from there into Madison County .
Upon crossing the county line , NY 173 initially turns slightly eastward to follow a less pronounced northeasterly alignment . However , as the route approaches the Chittenango Creek valley , it gradually turns northward . At Brinkerhoff Hill , NY 173 enters the Chittenango village limits and descends into the valley , where it ends at an intersection with NY 5 in the village center at the base of the valley .
= = History = =
The portion of modern NY 173 between NY 175 in Onondaga and NY 5 in Chittenango was originally part of the original Seneca Turnpike . The Seneca Turnpike was originally the longest road in the state of New York when it was built in the 1800s . NY 173 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to the entirety of its modern alignment . Although NY 173 itself has not changed since that time , other routes have been overlaid on parts of NY 173 over the years . The segment of NY 173 between NY 175 in Onondaga and the east end of the NY 92 overlap in Manlius became part of NY 20N , a northerly alternate route of US 20 between Skaneateles and Cazenovia , c . 1938 . In the early 1950s , the portion of NY 173 concurrent with NY 92 in Manlius also became part of NY 20SY , a second , even more northern alternate route of US 20 between Marcellus and Cazenovia . The NY 20N and NY 20SY designations were removed c . 1962 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Steve Javie =
Steve Javie ( born January 17 , 1955 ) is an American retired professional basketball referee who refereed in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from the 1986 – 87 NBA season to the 2010 – 11 season . As of the beginning of the 2006 – 07 NBA season , Javie has officiated 1 @,@ 264 regular season , 190 playoff , and 18 NBA Finals games . According to Referee magazine , Javie was a highly regarded referee in the NBA , and he was respected within the officiating community for his game management skills . He was also notable during his NBA officiating career for his quickness in assessing technical fouls .
Prior to his NBA career , he played and graduated from La Salle College High School . He later played baseball for Temple University from 1974 to 1976 and later was an umpire in the Florida State League ( Class @-@ A ) from 1978 to 1981 . Transitioning to basketball , he officiated in the Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) from 1981 to 1986 .
= = Personal = =
= = = Early life = = =
Steve Javie was born on January 17 , 1955 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to Stan and Stella Javie . During his childhood , he attended and later graduated from La Salle College High School in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where he played baseball , football , and basketball , earning All @-@ League honors in baseball and basketball . Following high school , he continued a baseball career at Temple University . He graduated from the university in 1976 with a bachelor 's degree in business administration . As a prospect in baseball , Javie signed with the Baltimore Orioles minor league organization . He was released from the Orioles minor league system ( Class @-@ A ) after one year due to an arm injury suffered as a pitcher . Also is the proud owner of a beer distributor in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia . Supporting the city in each and every way he can .
= = = Family = = =
Steve Javie 's father , Stan Javie , was also a sports official . Stan Javie worked in the National Football League from 1951 to 1980 as a field judge and back judge , and was assigned to officiate four Super Bowls . In an interview with Referee magazine , Steve Javie described his father as " a guy you 'd go to war with . He had a passion . He was probably the official that everyone strives to be , but can 't , because you have to be yourself . I can 't be a Stan Javie and you can 't be , but if you took all the characteristics and makeup , you 'd want to be that kind of official . " His godfather , Johnny Stevens , was an American League umpire and worked four World Series in a career that spanned from 1948 to 1975 .
Javie resides in Blue Bell , Pennsylvania . He is married to Mary Ellen , whom he met in 1990 at the Philadelphia International Airport , where she was employed . The couple was married in August 1991 .
= = = Charity = = =
Along with his wife , Steve Javie started the Javie Foundation for Charity to raise money for the homeless , disabled , abused and neglected children . He hosts an annual fundraising golf tournament to support a variety of causes in the Philadelphia metropolitan area . The two @-@ day event , which also includes dinner , dance , and silent auction , has raised US $ 1 million since its inception .
In 2007 , he participated in a summer clinic at Don Guanella High School in Springfield , Pennsylvania , along with four other NBA officials , teaching developmentally challenged boys the rules of basketball and how to signal violations .
= = Baseball umpire = =
After his baseball playing career was over at age 22 , Javie began working at Johnson & Johnson in their baby products line . Becoming uninterested in his job at Johnson & Johnson , he decided to pursue an occupation within sports , and became a baseball umpire in 1978 . Having no prior experience as an arbiter , Javie attended an umpire school operated by Major League Baseball ( MLB ) umpire Bill Kinnamon . Upon completion of training , he was selected to work in the Florida State League . Looking to be promoted to the Class @-@ AA Eastern League , he was denied entrance into the league due to scheduling conflicts and later a players ' strike . In June 1981 , after two and a half years in the Florida State League , Javie left the organization over disagreements with executives due to the lack of promotion opportunities , and being forced to split from an experienced umpire crew that included Jerry Layne , who later worked in the major leagues .
= = Basketball referee = =
= = = CBA career = = =
While serving as an umpire , Javie had officiated basketball games at the high school level in Pennsylvania during the baseball off @-@ season . In addition , he was invited to NBA camps for prospective officials . Within a week of return home following the end of his umpiring career , Javie contacted his father 's friend , NBA referee Earl Strom , who assisted Javie in reaching then @-@ CBA supervisor Cecil Watkins about the possibility of working in the CBA . After officiating games in Philadelphia 's Baker League , he was hired by the CBA in the fall of 1981 . He arrived to the CBA with a " baseball mentality " and had to make quick decisions on the court because of the league 's reputation for fighting among players and arguing by coaches . During a game at The Armory in Albany , New York , Javie was chased down a staircase by then @-@ Albany Patroons coach Phil Jackson , who had received a technical foul . He worked CBA games for five years before being hired by the NBA in 1986 .
= = = NBA career = = =
= = = = Early years = = = =
Upon arriving in the NBA , Javie developed a reputation early for having a " quick trigger finger " , and he was believed to be one of the league leaders in calling technical fouls during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Reflecting on his early years in the league , Javie told Sports Illustrated in October 2000 , " I 'd get so mad I 'd lose control for two or three minutes , and that 's when I would miss calls . " Javie developed mentorships with referees Joe Crawford and Jack Madden to assist in the maturation process . Working his debut game with Crawford at the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit , Michigan , Javie received a grade of 40 points out of 100 by supervisor Darell Garretson . While reviewing game film later at the hotel , Crawford noted errors made throughout the game by himself . As a result of this film study , Javie learned that experienced officials make mistakes and admitting error will improve a referee 's ability in the long @-@ term . Ninety minutes after the conclusion of a game , Javie reviews game film . In addition to film review , Madden taught Javie not to lose focus when players and coaches were upset , and to walk away from them rather than becoming angry . Javie credited his mentors for success as a referee saying , " My mentors have made me what I am today . I 'm a little part of each of them . It 's their success in teaching me . "
= = = = On @-@ court controversies = = = =
Javie 's first public incident came during the 1990 – 91 NBA season in a game between the Portland Trail Blazers and Washington Bullets at the Capital Centre on April 4 , 1991 . Bullets ' forward Pervis Ellison was called for a personal foul and then threw the ball at referee Billy Spooner . Javie ran across the court to impose a technical foul on Ellison for this action . In the sequence of events that followed , Javie ejected Ellison after protesting the call , the Bullets ' head coach Wes Unseld for protesting the dismissal of Ellison , and the Bullets ' mascot , " Hoops " , for making gestures to incite the crowd . Rod Thorn , then the NBA 's vice president for operations , ruled that Javie overreacted in ejecting Ellison and would be subject to discipline . The extent of the disciplinary action was not disclosed . Javie reflected on the experience saying , " My fatal mistake was getting involved with Billy [ Spooner ] and Pervis [ Ellison ] in the first place . You have to be there for your partners , but most of the time you 've got to let them call their game . "
Nearly three years later in another game involving the Portland Trail Blazers , Trail Blazers radio broadcast analyst Mike Rice was ejected by Javie for disputing calls from his broadcast position . In the third quarter of the game in Indianapolis , Indiana , Rice made a " choke " gesture towards Javie in disagreement over a goaltending violation non @-@ call on shot attempt by Portland 's Cliff Robinson . After a verbal exchange between Javie and Rice , Rice was removed from the broadcast and escorted to the locker room area by arena security .
During the 2002 – 03 NBA season , Javie was fined $ 1 @,@ 000 by the league for a verbal altercation with Pat Riley , then @-@ head coach of the Miami Heat .
In a January 2007 game between the Philadelphia 76ers and Denver Nuggets , Denver point guard Allen Iverson received two technical fouls and was ejected from the game in the fourth quarter . Iverson was quoted postgame about Javie , telling the press , " I thought I got fouled on that play , and I said I thought that he was calling the game personal , and he threw me out , his fuse is real short anyway , and I should have known that I couldn 't say anything anyway . It 's been something personal with me and him since I got in the league . This was just the perfect game for him to try and make me look bad . " Iverson was fined $ 25 @,@ 000 for his remarks , as well as for " verbal abuse of a game official " .
= = = = Income tax evasion trial = = = =
In January 1999 , Javie was the only one of fifteen referees to be acquitted of tax evasion charges as a result of not reporting income he received by downgrading airline tickets provided by the league . Other referees were sentenced to probation or a period of house arrest , and ordered to pay the taxes . He fought the charges because he believed he did not intentionally do anything wrong . Discussing the trial , Javie told Referee magazine , " My job is about my name . My dad taught me your name is the most important thing . I had to fight for my name . " During the trial , Javie argued that he didn 't owe taxes on more than $ 84 @,@ 000 in income over three years because the money was value @-@ earned from frequent flyer miles , which are non @-@ taxable . He later described the trial as " the hardest two weeks " of his life .
= = = = Memorable games = = = =
In April 2003 , Javie was the referee in Michael Jordan 's final game of his fifteen @-@ year NBA career . During a game break towards the end of regulation , Javie congratulated Jordan on his career and told him he was a " class act " . Javie then turned around and told the younger players on the court , " You could do a lot worse than modeling yourselves after this guy . "
= = = = Retirement = = = =
Javie announced his retirement before the beginning of the 2011 – 12 season .
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= Finnieston Crane =
The Finnieston Crane or Stobcross Crane is a disused giant cantilever crane in the centre of Glasgow , Scotland . It is no longer in working order , but is retained as a symbol of the city 's engineering heritage . The crane was used for loading cargo , in particular steam locomotives , onto ships to be exported around the world .
It is one of four such cranes on the River Clyde , a fifth one having been demolished in 2007 , and one of only eleven giant cantilever cranes remaining worldwide . The crane can be seen in the background of news broadcasts from BBC Pacific Quay .
= = History = =
Queens Dock was opened in August 1877 as a 61 acres ( 25 ha ) dock for exporting goods from the centre of Glasgow . A 130 tonnes ( 130 long tons ; 140 short tons ) steam crane was constructed west of the current one in the 1890s , until it was demolished to make way for a proposed bridge crossing between Finnieston Quay and Mavisbank Quay that was never built . The present crane , constructed as a replacement , was the last giant cantilever crane to be built on the Clyde .
It was commissioned in June 1928 by the Clyde Navigation Trust , the operators of the port and dock facilities in Glasgow , completed in 1931 and commenced operation in 1932 . The tower was built by Cowans , Sheldon & Company of Carlisle and the cantilever by the Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company , under the supervision of Daniel Fife , mechanical engineer to the Clyde Navigation Trust . The contract to build the crane did not go to Sir William Arrol & Co . , who had significant experience in dock cranes , and built a number of other cranes along the Clyde including the Titan Clydebank , although Arrol was involved in the design of the foundations .
The total cost of the crane and foundations was GB £ 69 @,@ 000 , 85 % of which was met by the Trust . It is properly known as the " Stobcross Crane " or " Clyde Navigation Trustees crane # 7 " , but its proximity to Finnieston Quay , and the fact that it was intended to replace the previous Finnieston Crane , has led to its being popularly known as the Finnieston Crane .
= = Public artwork = =
In the summer of 1987 , a full @-@ size replica locomotive made from straw by local sculptor George Wyllie was hauled from the old Hyde Park Works in Springburn and suspended from the crane , then hauled back to Springburn and burned to reveal the metal framework underneath .
After Wyllie 's death in May 2012 , a giant question mark was suspended from the crane in an acknowledgement of his work . In 2013 , microphones were attached to the crane by American artist Bill Fontana , to record the sounds made by the structure .
= = Purpose = =
Connected to a spur of the Stobcross Railway , the crane 's primary purpose was the lifting of heavy machinery , such as tanks and steam locomotives , onto ships for export . As many as 30 @,@ 000 locomotives were hauled through the streets of Glasgow by Clydesdale horses , traction engines and diesel tractors , from the works at Springburn to the crane for export to the British Empire . The crane is ( as of 1988 ) not in working order , but is retained as a symbol of the city 's engineering heritage .
= = Design = =
The Finnieston Crane is a giant cantilever crane , 174 feet ( 53 m ) tall with a 152 feet ( 46 m ) cantilever jib . It has a lifting capacity of 175 tons , and could perform a full rotation in three and a half minutes . It can be ascended either by a steel staircase or an electric lift , the only example of such a personnel lift in Britain . It is also the only crane fitted with a horizontal rail to permit movement of the jigger hoist , an auxiliary crane intended to handle lighter loads .
The docks serviced by the crane were closed in 1969 , and have since been filled in and redeveloped . The North Rotunda ( part of the defunct Clyde Harbour Tunnel ) stands to the east of the crane , and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre and the Clyde Auditorium to the west .
It is one of four such cranes on the Clyde , after the Fairfield Titan was demolished in 2007 , and one of only eleven giant cantilever cranes remaining worldwide . The crane can be seen in the background of Reporting Scotland broadcasts from BBC Pacific Quay and also in the backdrop of The Riverside Show on STV Glasgow .
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= Let It Down =
" Let It Down " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . The recording was co @-@ produced by Phil Spector and employs the latter 's Wall of Sound production technique to lavish effect . Its brash opening and choruses contrast with the ethereal quality of the verses – a loud / soft approach that has been credited with influencing indie bands during the 1980s and 1990s .
Harrison wrote the song in 1968 and offered it to the Beatles in January 1969 for inclusion on what became their Let It Be album ( 1970 ) , also produced by Spector . It is one of several Harrison compositions that were turned down by the band and subsequently found acclaim on his first solo release following their break @-@ up . Harrison biographers recognise " Let It Down " as an erotic love song , perhaps written to a woman other than Pattie Boyd , his wife at the time . Separated by eighteen months , the song 's conception and recording marked two periods of romantic intrigue involving Harrison , Boyd and their friend Eric Clapton . Author Ian Inglis describes " Let It Down " as " a dynamic and passionate depiction of lust and desire " .
Harrison recorded the song in London , backed by a large cast of musicians , including the whole of Clapton 's newly formed band Derek and the Dominos , Gary Brooker , Gary Wright , Bobby Keys and the group Badfinger . With its dense mix of horns , orchestral strings and heavy rock instrumentation , commentators identify " Let It Down " as an extreme example of Spector 's influence on All Things Must Pass , an influence that also provided a disruptive element during the album 's creation . An acoustic version of " Let It Down " , also taped in 1970 but with overdubs recorded in 2000 , appeared as a bonus track on the 30th anniversary edition of All Things Must Pass .
= = Background and composition = =
According to Pattie Boyd 's recollection in 2007 , her marriage to George Harrison was already " in trouble " by the time he wrote his 1969 hit song " Something " , dedicated to her . Harrison and Boyd were married in January 1966 , having met two years before on the set of the Beatles ' film A Hard Day 's Night , but by 1968 , his dedication to meditation and Eastern mysticism had begun to divide the couple . Boyd writes of an associated issue at this time : " And there were other women ... George was fascinated by the god Krishna who was always surrounded by young maidens . He came back from India [ in June 1968 ] wanting to be some kind of Krishna figure , a spiritual being with lots of concubines . He actually said so . "
Harrison wrote " Let It Down " in late 1968 . The song features the same major @-@ seventh chord voicings that intrigued Bob Dylan during that year 's Thanksgiving holidays , when the two musicians collaborated on " I 'd Have You Anytime " in upstate New York . In the absence of any discussion of the track by Harrison in his 1980 autobiography , commentators have identified " Let It Down " as a sensual love song .
Harrison 's musical biographer , Simon Leng , describes the lyrics as being among its composer 's " most tactile " , full of " sexual passion " and " images of sight and touch " . The verses , he suggests , " [ revel ] in the kind of sensory luxury any Krishna devotee is required to reject " . Leng also notes the " clear climactic overtones " evident in the choruses , where Harrison urges his lover to " Let your hair hang all around me ... / Let your love flow and astound me . " Musically , the composition features contrasting moods between the ethereal , ballad @-@ like verses and the more strident choruses .
Author Ian Inglis terms " Let It Down " an " unashamedly erotic " song that most likely describes " an act , or acts , of infidelity " . " Two lovers hide behind a veil of nonchalance , but both are equally aware of the other 's intentions , " Inglis suggests , with specific reference to the third verse :
While you look so sweetly and divine
I can feel you here
See your eyes are busy kissing mine ...
The message behind the verses ' recurring lines " I do , I do " and " Should someone be looking at me " has invited conflicting interpretations . Leng suggests that in the first of these lines , Harrison might be restating his marriage vow , and that the second line is an early example of the singer viewing his life " as a battle with an unseen enemy waiting to pounce " . To Inglis , the characters in " Let It Down " are engaged in an adulterous affair , with the " constant threat " of being discovered – hence the conclusion to verse one : " Hiding it all behind anything I see / Should someone be looking at me . "
Harrison biographer Gary Tillery observes of this period when the song was written : " Despite his spiritual hunger , [ for Harrison ] the temptations of a rock star were still too much to resist . He had affairs with other women , and he became less guarded about them with Pattie . " One such affair took place shortly after the couple 's return from New York , in December 1968 , and involved Charlotte Martin , a French model who had just ended a relationship with Harrison 's friend and occasional collaborator Eric Clapton . Harrison invited Martin to stay at Kinfauns , the home he shared with Boyd in Esher , south of London , whereupon , according to Boyd : " She didn 't seem remotely upset about Eric ... "
= = The Beatles ' Get Back sessions = =
Harrison and Boyd returned to England just before Christmas 1968 , ready for the start of the Beatles ' ill @-@ fated Get Back film project , released as Let It Be in May 1970 , a month after their break @-@ up . On 1 January 1969 , author Peter Doggett writes , Harrison arrived at Apple 's central London headquarters in an " exuberant " mood , inspired by his recent music @-@ making with Dylan and fellow Woodstock residents the Band , and " enjoying the frisson of sharing his home with two beautiful women " .
Harrison put forward " Let It Down " , along with as many as nine other compositions , during the Get Back sessions . On 2 January , before the arrival of bandmates Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr for the first day of filming , he debuted the song to John Lennon at Twickenham Film Studios , in south @-@ west London . Tapes from this session reveal Lennon struggling with the song 's chord changes , during a run @-@ through that authors Doug Sulpy and Ray Schweighardt describe as an " excellent performance by George ... seriously marred by John 's distracting accompaniment on guitar " . Once the film project was under way , a combination of Lennon 's barbed criticism of Harrison 's songwriting and McCartney 's attempts to " dominate " him musically , as Starr later put it , resulted in Harrison walking out on 10 January , apparently having quit the band for good . Doggett observes that , for Harrison , there had been " no relief from the tension " that week , since an upset Boyd had recently left Kinfauns to stay with friends in London .
Following Harrison 's return to the Beatles , and the film project 's relocation to their familiar Apple Studio , the band rehearsed " Let It Down " briefly on 25 and 29 January . Author Bruce Spizer writes of the song being embellished with " gospel @-@ style organ runs " , played by future Apple Records artist Billy Preston , during these late January sessions . Although the Beatles dedicated more time to it than to Harrison songs such as " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Hear Me Lord " , the track was dropped without being recorded , due to a lack of interest from Lennon and McCartney .
= = = Phil Spector 's involvement = = =
After engineer Glyn Johns had failed to compile a satisfactory album from the Get Back tapes throughout 1969 , the project passed to American producer Phil Spector , via the latter 's connection with Beatles manager Allen Klein . Like Lennon , Harrison welcomed Spector 's involvement , and he offered a glowing endorsement of the producer 's talents on the sleeve of Ike & Tina Turner 's album River Deep – Mountain High . In January 1970 , Spector was in London discussing the possibility of producing a solo album by Harrison when the latter invited him to a recording session for Lennon 's Plastic Ono Band single " Instant Karma ! " After this session , Spector urged Harrison to record his album , which would become the triple set All Things Must Pass . In 2011 , Spector recalled of the material that Harrison had amassed , such as " Let It Down " : " He had literally hundreds of songs , and each one was better than the rest . He had all this emotion built up ... I don 't think he had played them to anybody , maybe Pattie . "
= = Production = =
= = = Initial recording = = =
With Spector as his co @-@ producer , Harrison taped the basic track for " Let It Down " in London early in the summer of 1970 . Similar to the " libidinous detour " provided by " I Dig Love " , Leng views the inclusion of " Let It Down " on All Things Must Pass as " a brief sensory interlude " from the predominant spiritual concerns found on the album . In his discussion of the song , Inglis notes that this period coincided with heightened suspicion on Boyd 's part regarding her husband 's womanising , while music journalist John Harris has written of there being an element of intrigue during the All Things Must Pass sessions , through Clapton 's growing infatuation with Boyd . This development was an open secret to the musicians with whom Clapton formed Derek and the Dominos at this time – his fellow Delaney & Bonnie bandmates Bobby Whitlock , Jim Gordon and Carl Radle – and to an apparently indifferent Harrison . Clapton sought refuge in heroin from his " torment " , Harris writes , while pouring his feelings for Boyd into the songs that Derek and the Dominos would soon record for their album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs ( 1970 ) .
Having also toured with Delaney & Bonnie in December 1969 , Harrison used Gordon ( on drums ) , Radle ( bass ) and the band 's horn section , Bobby Keys and Jim Price , on the session for " Let It Down " . While Leng and Spizer both credit the Hammond organ and piano parts to Gary Wright and Gary Brooker , respectively , and list Whitlock as a backing vocalist only , Whitlock maintains that he played the organ on the recording , " with the Leslie cranked [ up ] " , and that Billy Preston was the pianist . In addition to Harrison and Clapton on electric guitars , Leng and Spizer list Pete Ham , Tom Evans and Joey Molland of Apple band Badfinger as acoustic rhythm guitarists on the track .
With its choruses presented in what Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley describes as " thundering , echo @-@ drenched crescendo " , " Let It Down " received a hard rock arrangement that recalls the sound of Wright 's former band Spooky Tooth . Like Huntley , authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter recognise the song as the most obvious example of Spector 's influence on the album . In their book Eight Arms to Hold You , Madinger and Easter also credit the producer with " creating havoc " during the making of All Things Must Pass . According to Harrison 's later recollections and those of Molland , Klaus Voormann and orchestral arranger John Barham , Spector 's erratic behaviour and alcohol intake became a further burden on Harrison , alongside his marital problems and the death of his mother in July 1970 . During a session at Apple Studio , Spector fell over and broke his arm ; that and other " health issues " left Harrison to do much of the production work alone through to 12 August .
= = = Overdubbing and mixing = = =
While convalescing in Los Angeles , Spector wrote to Harrison with ideas for each of the early mixes completed in his absence , leaving his most detailed suggestions for " Let It Down " . Once Spector had returned to London , later in August , he and Harrison worked at Trident Studios , overseeing remixes as the recordings were transferred from 8- to 16 @-@ track tape – a process that allowed for greater flexibility when overdubbing further instruments and vocal parts . Among the subsequent overdubs on " Let It Down " , Keys added " a wailing sax ( old rock and roll style ) " , as the producer had described it in his letter , to complement " all that madness at the end [ of the song ] " . Barham 's string arrangements for All Things Must Pass were also recorded at this point ; in the case of " Let It Down " , former Melody Maker editor Richard Williams has written of Barham and Spector " extract [ ing ] a very unusual texture " from their combination of strings and horns .
In Leng 's description , the finished recording opens with Harrison 's " heaviest @-@ ever intro " – the " shattering concoction " of Harrison and Clapton 's " angry " guitar riffs , " sledgehammer " drums from Gordon , and Wright 's " roaring " Hammond organ – before the music " slips into the cool waters of a balmy , smooth sensuality " for the first verse . The horns similarly adopt contrasting musical textures , providing a soft , " Moonlight Bay " -like setting , as Spector put it , during the song 's quieter moments . From its aggressive sound over the intro and choruses , Harrison 's slide guitar reverts to a warmer tone , on a track that Leng views as Harrison developing his " unique voice " on slide guitar . Leng also highlights the " gospel passion " of Clapton and Whitlock 's vocal contributions , as the so @-@ called " George O 'Hara @-@ Smith Singers " .
= = Release and reception = =
" Let It Down " was released on All Things Must Pass in November 1970 , sequenced between the two minimalist , Band @-@ influenced tracks " Behind That Locked Door " and " Run of the Mill " . Writing in 1977 of the acclaim afforded the album on release , author Nicholas Schaffner described All Things Must Pass as the " crowning glory " of Harrison and Spector 's respective careers , and concluded : " Spector was at last working with a talent comparable with his own . The producer 's cosmic sound proved a perfect complement to the artist 's cosmic vision . " Author Robert Rodriguez groups " Let It Down " with other Beatles @-@ era compositions such as " All Things Must Pass " , " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Wah @-@ Wah " , as the " essential components " of an album that was " revelatory , helping the public understand that , with a talent this big alongside two acknowledged geniuses [ in Lennon and McCartney ] , no wonder the group could not remain intact " . In his album review for the NME , Alan Smith noted " Let It Down " ' s " big fuzzy " introduction against its verses ' " quiet acid float " and admired the " romantic delicacy and perception " of Harrison 's lyrics . " No matter the quality of the music , " Smith added , " his words never let him down . "
In a retrospective review for Rolling Stone , James Hunter cited the " grooving " performance on " Let It Down " as an example of how All Things Must Pass represents " a rock orchestra recorded with sensitivity and teeth and faraway mikes " . Writing for Rough Guides , Chris Ingham considers that without Spector 's Wall of Sound excesses , Harrison 's triple album " wouldn 't be the magnificently overblown item that it is " . Ingham comments on " the sheer size of the sound " on tracks such as " Let It Down " , " Wah @-@ Wah " and " What Is Life " , all of which " build up a head of steam that could only be generated by multiple live takes of dozens of musicians playing their hearts out " .
Bruce Spizer has written of the " unfortunate " decision that saw " Let It Down " rejected by the Beatles in 1969 , since " it is one of George 's most exquisite and sensual love songs . " Elliot Huntley finds the same decision " perverse " and enthuses : " I simply don 't have enough hyperbole for ' Let It Down ' ... Spector really earns his corn on this track ... " Huntley writes that the song 's much @-@ admired " soft / loud approach " would be " ripped off by every indie band in the world a generation later " , a point to which John Bergstrom of PopMatters adds : " How many guitar @-@ driven , echo @-@ drenched bands have come around since [ All Things Must Pass ] , mixing powerful rave @-@ ups with moody , reflective down @-@ tempo numbers and a spiritual bent ? ... [ One ] listen to ' Let It Down ' , and you 'll understand a big part of how ' Dream Pop ' came to be . "
Also impressed with the song 's musical moods , Ian Inglis writes : " The switches between periods of pulsating rhythm and interludes of musical calm echo the ebb and flow of seduction itself . Like a painter who uses contrasting colors to create tension and movement , Harrison is ... using the tools of the songwriter to create a dynamic and passionate depiction of lust and desire . " Madinger and Easter describe the track as " an absolutely apocalyptic production " and " the best example of Spector running rampant with the ' Wall of Sound ' " . Writing in his book Phil Spector : Out of His Head , Richard Williams views " Let It Down " as " the record 's most thrilling track " , adding that it " picks the listener up and , in the best Spector tradition , never lets him down , building an electrifying tension between the subdued , reverential verses and the roaring chorus " . In September 2014 , the song appeared as Harrison 's selection on the solo Beatles EP 4 : John Paul George Ringo , exclusive to iTunes .
= = Other versions = =
= = = Alternative mixes = = =
Madinger and Easter write of the revelatory nature of the various rough mixes of " Let It Down " , which were made at different stages of the recording process and first issued , unofficially , during the mid 1990s . Available on bootleg compilations such as the multi @-@ disc Making of All Things Must Pass and Songs for Patti – The Mastertape Version , the mixes demonstrate the layers of instrumentation that were combined to form the commercially released recording – ranging from a sparse backing of just guitar , bass and drums , to the larger sound following brass and slide guitar overdubs . Madinger and Easter write that " Let It Down " was " a much rougher , rockin ' track in its initial phase " , and the mixes provide a " fascinating view " of how the song could have ended up without the heavy production favoured by Spector . AllMusic critic Bruce Eder similarly admires the " raw band track " , where the mix " puts Harrison 's voice up real close where it sounds amazingly good " .
= = = Acoustic version = = =
At London 's Abbey Road Studios on 20 May 1970 , Harrison performed " Let It Down " among a selection of songs for Spector , with a view to narrowing down the amount of material that they would be recording for All Things Must Pass . Along with compositions that have yet to see release , including " Window , Window " , " Nowhere to Go " , " Cosmic Empire " and " Mother Divine " , this solo acoustic version of " Let It Down " became available in 1994 on a bootleg titled Beware of ABKCO ! In January 2001 , Harrison included the song , along with a similar run @-@ through of " Beware of Darkness " , as one of five bonus tracks on the 30th anniversary reissue of All Things Must Pass ; in his liner notes , he states that he had been unaware that the session was ever recorded . Harrison added acoustic lead guitar to the song , as well as a string @-@ synthesizer part played by Ray Cooper , both recorded at Harrison 's home studio , FPSHOT , during 2000 .
While viewed as an " inessential " extra by Hunter in his review for Rolling Stone , this alternative version does provide " a taste of fluid , jazzy Harrison guitar " , Leng writes . Titled " Let It Down ( Alternate Version ) " , it also appears on the 2014 Apple Years 1968 – 75 reissue of All Things Must Pass . On the website Something Else ! , Nick DeRiso writes of Harrison 's stated regret at Spector 's overuse of reverberation on the album , and opines that " [ This ] stripped @-@ down version of ' Let It Down ' best illustrates how so much of Harrison 's pent @-@ up songcraft instantly resonated , even as first drafts . "
= = = Cover versions = = =
In 2010 , Brazilian singer Maria Gadú contributed an acoustic version of " Let It Down " to Tudo Passa , a Harrison tribute album recorded by various Brazilian musicians . Backed by the band Big Black Delta , Harrison 's son Dhani performed the song on the US television show Conan in September 2014 . This appearance was part of the show 's " George Harrison Week " , celebrating the release of the Apple Years 1968 – 75 box set . Dhani Harrison subsequently performed the song at George Fest , a multi @-@ artist concert tribute to his father 's music , held at the Fonda Theatre , Los Angeles , on 28 September that same year .
= = Personnel = =
The musicians who performed on " Let It Down " are believed to be as follows :
George Harrison – vocals , electric guitar , slide guitar , backing vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar , backing vocals
Gary Wright – organ
Gary Brooker – piano
Carl Radle – bass
Jim Gordon – drums
Bobby Keys – saxophones
Jim Price – trumpet , trombone , horn arrangement
John Barham – string arrangement
Pete Ham – acoustic guitar
Tom Evans – acoustic guitar
Joey Molland – acoustic guitar
uncredited – shaker
Bobby Whitlock – backing vocals
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= Holly & Ivy =
Holly & Ivy is a 1994 Christmas album and sixteenth overall by American singer Natalie Cole . It was released on October 4 , 1994 , by Elektra ; it is Cole 's first album featuring Christmas music and serves as a follow @-@ up to Take a Look ( 1993 ) . Cole co @-@ produced the album with American music producer Tommy LiPuma , with whom she worked on Unforgettable ... with Love . Holly & Ivy consists of twelve tracks , including eleven covers of Christmas standards and carols , and one original song written by Gerry Goffin and Michael Masser . Cole promoted the album as " non @-@ traditional " in interviews and performances .
Upon release , critics gave generally positive reviews of the album , praising its composition and Cole 's interpretations of the covered material . The album was moderately successful in the United States and was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on March 20 , 1996 , for 500 @,@ 000 sales shipments . The album peaked at number 36 on the Billboard 200 chart . The album spawned one single : " No More Blue Christmas " . In support of the album , Cole filmed a television special , " Natalie Cole 's Untraditional Traditional Christmas " , at State University of New York Performing Arts Center in Purchase , New York ; it premiered on WNET on December 7 , 1994 .
= = Background = =
In an interview with Clarence Waldron from Jet , Cole said the idea of recording a Christmas album started after a telephone call from producer and longtime friend Michael Masser , with whom Cole had worked on the songs " Someone That I Used to Love " from the 1980 album Don 't Look Back and " Miss You Like Crazy " . Cole described the telephone call from Masser as unexpected ; Masser told her , " I 've got this beautiful Christmas song I wrote just for you " . When they met , Messer played " No More Blue Christmas " ; after the session they both agreed to record a Christmas album . Cole described the decision to form a Christmas album as leaving her " running around in April , looking for Christmas songs " . Cole expressed hope that the album would remind her fans about " the true spirit of the holiday season " . She wanted it to communicate that Christmas is " a time for families to reflect and not just wait until the holidays to be a family " . Cole 's twin sister Timolin Cole said , " Christmas Eve has always been a magical time with Natalie " when she could connect with family over holiday traditions .
One of the main inspirations of the record came from her father 's Christmas album The Magic of Christmas ( 1960 ) . Cole called the album one of " the nicest , warmest Christmas albums that I 've heard " . She described the original version of " The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) " as " a darling sweet song " that has yet to be imitated by other original Christmas songs . In an interview with NPR , Cole said in the beginning of her career , " the last thing [ she ] wanted to do was sing [ her ] dad 's music " and that " it took 15 years into [ her ] career before [ she ] felt comfortable and confident enough to even attempt at singing my father 's music " . The album includes three cover version of her father 's songs ; " Caroling , Caroling " , " The First Noel " , and " The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) " done in tribute to him . Waldron said the album was " keeping the holiday spirit in the family " . Cole would later re @-@ record " The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) " as a posthumous duet with her father on her 1999 Christmas album The Magic of Christmas . The song also appears on Cole 's 2008 Christmas album ( Caroling , Caroling : Christmas with Natalie Cole ) and her 1995 collaborative Christmas live album with Plácido Domingo and José Carreras ( A Celebration of Christmas ) .
= = Composition = =
Holly & Ivy is a Christmas album influenced by R & B and gospel elements . Cole said she wanted to explore other genres , saying , " she just likes to expand a little , every now and then " and staying true to her soulful roots . She described the album as " a non traditional album " and said , " Though we do ' Silent Night ' , ' Merry Christmas Baby ' , and a wonderful gospel version of ' Joy to the World ' , ( featuring L.A. ' s Friendly Baptist Church choir ) we move around a lot " . In its biography of Cole , Billboard identified the album and the following album Stardust as " continu [ ing ] Cole 's exploration of American pop standards " .
The album 's opening track is " Jingle Bells , " a classic Christmas song that is reinvented with a " jazzy , sassy " sound . The second and third tracks are covers of Nat King Cole 's " Caroling , Caroling " and " The First Noel " respectively . The fourth song is " No More Blue Christmas ' " ; Billboard called the song " a soulful , torch @-@ like burner " . " Christmas Medley " contains excerpts from " Jingle Bell Rock " , " Winter Wonderland " , " Little Drummer Boy " , and " I 'll Be Home for Christmas " . A writer from Billboard picked out " a pure blues ' Merry Christmas Baby ' " as a highlight of the album .
Waldron described Cole 's interpretation of the seventh track , " Joy to the World " , as " tak [ ing ] listeners to church on her gospel flavored rendition " , while a writer from Billboard called it " rollicking " . The eighth and ninth tracks are covers of Vera Lynn 's " The Little Boy That Santa Claus Forgot " and Ida Zecco 's " A Song for Christmas " respectively . The tenth track is a cover of " Silent Night " . " The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) " is the third and final cover of Nat King Cole on the album ; David Browne of Entertainment Weekly described the decision to cover " The Christmas Song " with no vocals from her father benefited the song , which he said worked better " alone , not as a duet with the dead " . The album concludes with the title track " Holly and Ivy " , which Waldron called a " touching Christmas ballad " and described Cole 's vocal performance as belonging to " one of the sweetest songbirds " .
= = Promotion = =
Cole promoted Holly & Ivy by headlining a special edition of the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) series Great Performances , titled " Natalie Cole 's Untraditional Traditional Christmas " ; the program was directed by Patricia Birch and was filmed at the State University of New York Performing Arts Center in Purchase , New York . It featured special appearances by the New York Restoration Choir and Sesame Street character Elmo . The show premiered on WNET on December 7 , 1994 , and was later was released on a VHS home video cassette that was distributed by Warner Music Vision . KCET @-@ TV aired the program along with two other Christmas specials , " Perry Como 's Irish Christmas " and " A Christmas Special With Luciano Pavarotti " . It was Cole 's first television special .
The Christmas special served as the album 's primary promotional medium . No More Blue Christmas ' " was released as the lead single from the album . Cole promoted the single with a performance on her Christmas special . The program received a lukewarm reception from critics . Chris Willman from the Los Angeles Times said the program 's title was misleading because " it 's hard to find anything the slightest bit untraditional about [ it ] " . Willman commended the 1960s influence reminiscent of her father 's Christmas songs and said the special was " a good @-@ enough live video counterpart " to the album with an obvious inclusion of ' The Christmas Song ' " . John J. O 'Conner of The New York Times gave it a negative review , saying , " a couple of new songs are forgettable " and describing Cole 's performance as " sweetly , and somewhat lifelessly " , and the production as unable to leave a lasting impression on the viewers . O 'Connor also said Cole 's rendition of " The Christmas Song " was the highlight of the show and , " Ms. Cole once again dips in the repertory of her incomparable father " . He compared the program to " Perry Como 's Irish Christmas " and said both had " the same lulling level " . Following Cole 's death on December 31 , 2015 , PBS released a statement saying " we are grateful to have been able to capture [ Cole 's ] extraordinary artistry for generations to come " through her Great Performances solo specials including her Christmas special .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Holly & Ivy was released in October 1994 and received positive reviews from music critics . Reviews frequently made comparisons with Cole 's father 's album The Magic of Christmas . AllMusic 's Robert Taylor gave the album three stars out of five , and said Cole 's album " does not have the same ' classic ' quality of her dad 's ' The Christmas Album ' " , but described it as a " fine outing " ; he further praised Cole 's choice of holiday classics and lesser known songs such as " The Little Boy That Santa Claus Forgot " and " No More Blue Christmas " . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a " B " rating , praising the possible influence from her appearance on Frank Sinatra 's Duets and her ability to make " the usual yuletide tunes brassy and bustling ; when she and the musicians swagger through ' Winter Wonderland ' , it 's like Christmas Eve at the Copa " ; Browne also wrote about Cole 's decision to stay away from traditionally Christmas images and sounds , instead " opt [ ing ] for a simple black evening dress on the cover " in comparison to Mariah Carey 's Merry Christmas , which was released the same year . He said Cole 's voice stays " warm and toasty " even when the material is lowered " from overly gushy arrangements " . Billboard 's review , which was edited by Paul Verna , Marilyn A. Gillen , and Peter Cronin , described the album as the " rarest of Christmas albums : an elegant set with appeal that could outlast the season " . Waldron said the album " already has become a top favorite among music lovers this season " .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Holly & Ivy became a moderate commercial success in the United States , peaking on the Billboard 200 at number 36 and on Billboard 's R & B Albums chart at number 20 . It also peaked at number 25 on Billboard 's Catalog Albums chart on January 6 , 1996 . Holly & Ivy also peaked on the U.S. Top Holiday Albums at number 6 , on February 27 , 2013 , roughly nineteen years after its release , becoming Cole 's only Christmas album to appear on that chart . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
The following credits are adapted from AllMusic :
Managerial
Performance credits
Visuals and imagery
Instruments
Production and composition
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
The follow release history was adapted from Amazon and AllMusic .
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= It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing =
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " is a song co @-@ written and performed by Canadian country music singer @-@ songwriter Shania Twain . The track was composed by Twain and her then @-@ husband Robert John " Mutt " Lange , and produced by Lange . It was released on February 9 , 2004 as the eighth and final single from Twain 's album Up ! , and the fifth to impact the North American market . Disparate to the remainder of Up ! , " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " is a ballad that Twain labeled to be the sole heartbreak song on the album . Musically , it lies within the country pop genre while its lyrics speak of misery .
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " received mixed reviews from music critics . Commercially , the single performed well in Canada , where it peaked at number four , and mildly in United States ' country and adult contemporary markets . It peaked at number seventy @-@ one on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number eighteen on Hot Country Singles & Tracks . Although an official music video for " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " was never filmed , it was given a promotional music video taken from a performance for the concert film Up ! Live in Chicago ( 2003 ) . Contestant Michael Lynche performed a cover version of " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " on a Twain @-@ themed episode of the ninth season of the singing competition American Idol .
= = Background = =
After collaborating on her great successes The Woman in Me ( 1995 ) and Come on Over ( 1997 ) , Twain and her then @-@ husband Robert John " Mutt " Lange decided to take a musical hiatus . The two relocated to Switzerland , settled down , and had a child , Eja , in August 2001 . Twain felt content and was in a very positive state of mind , which inspired Up ! ( 2002 ) . She and Lange conceptualized the album to be very positive , optimistic , and uplifting ; they desired to evade dark subject matters , yet still be profound through optimism . In doing so , they co @-@ wrote every track on Up ! , in which few tracks were ballads , something Twain considered a small ratio compared to the nineteen songs on the album . She explained it was not done deliberately , but influenced by her and Lange 's state of mind at the time , adding , " There just didn 't seem to be enough room for [ ballads ] " . One of the ballads was " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " , which Twain deemed necessary to come down in tempo . She said the song was very powerful and , as with each track on Up ! , was significant to her . Twain said of the track , " This is the only heartbreak song on the new CD . [ ... ] a chance for all of us to catch our breath here . " " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " was later selected as the eighth and final single from Up ! , fifth to impact the North American music market . It was released to country radio on February 9 , 2004 and to adult contemporary radio on March 22 , 2004 . A live CD single and digital download were taken from Up ! Live in Chicago , and released on March 9 , 2004 with the same cover as the video album . CD singles and 7 " singles were later issued by Mercury Nashville Records on March 30 , 2004 .
= = Composition = =
" It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " is a ballad that lies within a fine line of country pop , most instrumentation are typical of country music , yet it does not sound distinctively country . The country " Green " version is of three minutes and nineteen seconds in length , and the pop " Red " version is of three minutes and twenty seconds in length . Paul Cognata of The Daily Campus stated , " Twain decides to deeply cross the line into pop music in her song , ' It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing . ' Since there isn 't any type of country @-@ feel in it , the song sounds like a typical pop ballad that could be found on Kiss 95 @.@ 7 . " It is set in common time and has a slow tempo of 76 beats per minute . Written in the key of D ♭ major , " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " follows the chord progression G – Am7 – F9 . Twain 's vocals span two octaves , from A ♭ 3 to D5 . Its lyrics reflect misery and burden .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " received mixed reviews from music critics . Ron Rollins of Dayton Daily News believed the song was " catchier " under its pop format from the Red CD of Up ! . Eric R. Danton of the Hartford Courant felt his heartstrings weakly tugged by " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " , and added , " The whole endeavor feels like a calculated and spectacularly cynical attempt to make money while expending as little effort as possible . " Carol Tannehill of The News @-@ Sentinel called the song one of the hottest singles on country and pop radio at the time . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic noted the song 's absence from Twain 's Greatest Hits ( 2004 ) album ; however , he said it was not greatly missed . In 2004 , " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " was listed as a " Winning Song " in the country genre by Broadcast Music Incorporated ( BMI ) . The song was nominated for " Song of the Year " at the 2004 Canadian Country Music Association Awards , but lost to Carolyn Dawn Johnson 's " Die of a Broken Heart " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " debuted at number fifty @-@ seven in mid @-@ March 2004 , and eventually peaked at number four in mid @-@ April 2004 on the Canadian Singles Chart . On the week ending May 8 , 2004 , " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " debuted at number seventy @-@ six on the United States ' main singles chart , the Billboard Hot 100 . In the succeeding week , the track jumped to its peak position at number seventy @-@ one . It spent a total of seven weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . On the week ending February 21 , 2004 , " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " entered the US Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart at number fifty . The following week , the track ascended to number forty @-@ three , and , after thirteen weeks on the chart , on the week ending May 15 , 2004 , it reached its peak at number eighteen , where it remained for three consecutive weeks . In all , the single managed to remain aboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for twenty weeks . " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " also charted on the US Adult Contemporary chart , where it peaked at number sixteen on the week ending May 29 , 2004 .
= = Live performances = =
Twain first performed the song as part of her setlist for an outdoor concert on July 5 , 2003 at Nowlan Park in Kilkenny , Ireland . She then performed it at another concert on July 12 , 2003 at Hyde Park in London , England . The singer last performed " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " on July 27 , 2003 at a free outdoor concert held in Grant Park in Chicago , filmed for the Up ! Live in Chicago ( 2003 ) concert film . The singer donned a tan , multi @-@ patterned halter top and black , sequined wide leg trousers , and performed sitting on a stool placed at the end of the runaway . The recording of the performance at Grant Park was used as a promotional music video for the single .
= = Cover version = =
Contestant Michael Lynche performed a cover version of " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " on a Twain @-@ themed episode of the ninth season of the singing competition American Idol , aired on April 27 , 2010 . Lynche performed the contemporary R & B @-@ oriented rendition of song sitting on the staircase of the show 's stage . His performance was received well by judges Ellen DeGeneres ( who compared Lynche 's delivery to that of Luther Vandross ) , Kara DioGuardi , and Randy Jackson ; judge Simon Cowell felt Lynche 's song selection poor , deeming the song too feminine for him . Sitting in the audience after serving as a guest mentor , Twain herself was moved to tears listening to Lynche 's rendition . Eric Ditzian of MTV News desired for the contestant to tap into his R & B and soul music roots further and concluded , " Last night 's performance was hardly the stuff of Luther Vandross , as Randy Jackson and Simon Cowell maintained , but it 's a comparison that Mike should take to heart . " Leslie Grey Steeler of The Palm Beach Post acknowledged Lynche was usually cheesy in his performances , but favored his rendition of " It Only Hurts when I 'm Breathing " , saying , " I loved it " and calling it " awesome " . Mary T. Kelly of Salon.com commented , " Big Mike went back to good , ole country basics and sang the song sweet , simple and pure . Tammy Tyree would have been proud . " Lynche was placed in the bottom three that week , and later eliminated .
= = Track listings = =
Live CD / Digital Download
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " ( Live from Up ! Live in Chicago ) – 3 : 42
CD / 7 " single
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " ( Green Version ) – 3 : 20
" It Only Hurts When I 'm Breathing " ( Red Version ) – 3 : 19
= = Charts = =
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= Olivia de Havilland =
Olivia Mary de Havilland ( born July 1 , 1916 ) is a British @-@ American former actress whose career spanned from 1935 to 1988 . She is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood . She appeared in forty @-@ nine feature films , and was one of the leading movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood . She is best known for her early screen performances in The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) and Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and her later award @-@ winning performances in To Each His Own ( 1946 ) , The Snake Pit ( 1948 ) , and The Heiress ( 1949 ) . Born in Tokyo to English parents , de Havilland and her younger sister , actress Joan Fontaine , moved to California in 1919 . They were raised by their mother Lilian , a former stage actress who taught them dramatic art , music , and elocution . De Havilland made her acting debut in amateur theatre in Alice in Wonderland and later appeared in a local production of Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , which led to her playing Hermia in Max Reinhardt 's stage production of the same play and a movie contract with Warner Bros.
Olivia de Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream in 1935 . She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite popular leading men , including Errol Flynn , with whom she made eight films . They became one of Hollywood 's most popular romantic on @-@ screen pairings . She achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedy films , such as The Great Garrick ( 1937 ) , and in Westerns , such as Dodge City ( 1939 ) . Her natural beauty and refined acting style made her particularly effective in historical period dramas , such as Anthony Adverse ( 1936 ) , and romantic dramas , such as Hold Back the Dawn ( 1941 ) . In her later career , she was most successful in drama films , such as Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) , and unglamorous roles in psychological dramas including Hush … Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) .
As well as her film career , de Havilland continued her work in the theatre , appearing three times on Broadway , in Romeo and Juliet ( 1951 ) , Candida ( 1952 ) , and A Gift of Time ( 1962 ) . She also worked in television , appearing in the successful miniseries , Roots : The Next Generations ( 1979 ) , and television feature films , such as Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna , for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . During her film career , de Havilland won two Academy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , two New York Film Critics Circle Awards , the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress , and the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup . For her contributions to the motion picture industry , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . For her lifetime contribution to the arts , she received the National Medal of Arts from President George W. Bush , and was appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d 'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy .
After romantic relationships with Howard Hughes , James Stewart , and John Huston , de Havilland married author Marcus Goodrich , with whom she had a son , Benjamin . Following her divorce from Goodrich in 1953 , she moved to Paris and married Pierre Galante , an executive editor for the French journal Paris Match , with whom she had a daughter , Gisèle . In 1962 she published Every Frenchman Has One , an account of her life in France . De Havilland and Joan Fontaine are the only siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category . A lifelong rivalry between the two resulted in an estrangement that lasted over three decades . She has lived in Paris since 1956 , and celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1 , 2016 .
= = Early life = =
De Havilland was born on July 1 , 1916 , in Tokyo , Japan , to English parents . Her father , Walter ( August 31 , 1872 – May 23 , 1968 ) , served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney . Her mother , Lilian Augusta ( née Ruse ; June 11 , 1886 – February 20 , 1975 ) , was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a stage actress . Lilian also sang with the Master of the King 's Music , Sir Walter Parratt , and toured England with the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams . Olivia 's paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland ( 1882 – 1965 ) , an aircraft designer and founder of the de Havilland aircraft company . Lilian and Walter met in Japan in 1913 and were married the following year . They moved into a large house in Tokyo , where Lilian gave informal singing recitals for the European colony . The marriage was not a happy one due in part to Walter 's infidelities . Olivia 's younger sister Joan — later known as actress Joan Fontaine — was born on October 22 , 1917 . In February 1919 Lilian persuaded her husband to take the family back to England to a climate better suited for their ailing daughters . They sailed aboard the SS Siberia Maru to San Francisco , where the family stopped to treat Olivia 's tonsillitis .
After Joan developed pneumonia , Lilian decided to remain with her daughters in California , where they eventually settled in the village of Saratoga , 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of San Francisco . Her father abandoned the family and returned to his Japanese housekeeper , who eventually became his second wife .
Olivia was raised to appreciate the arts , beginning with ballet lessons at the age of four , and piano lessons a year later . She learned to read before she was six , and her mother , who occasionally taught dramatic art , music , and elocution , had her reciting passages from Shakespeare to strengthen her diction . During this period her younger sister Joan first started calling her " Livvie " — a nickname that would last throughout her life . De Havilland entered Saratoga Grammar School in 1922 and did well in her studies . She enjoyed reading , writing poetry , and drawing , and once represented her grammar school in a county spelling bee , coming in second place . In 1923 , Lilian had a new Tudor @-@ style house built at 231 La Paloma Avenue ( now 20250 ) , where the family resided until the early 1930s .
In April 1925 , after her divorce was finalized , Lilian married George Milan Fontaine , a department store manager for O. A. Hale & Co. in San Jose . Fontaine was a good provider and respectable businessman , but his strict parenting style generated animosity and later rebellion in both of his new stepdaughters .
De Havilland continued her education at Los Gatos High School , near Saratoga in Los Gatos , CA . There she excelled in oratory and field hockey and participated in school plays and the school drama club , eventually becoming the club 's secretary . With plans of becoming a schoolteacher of English and speech , she also attended Notre Dame Convent in Belmont . In 1933 de Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in Alice in Wonderland , a production of the Saratoga Community Players based on the novel by Lewis Carroll . She also appeared in several school plays , including The Merchant of Venice and Hansel and Gretel . Her passion for drama eventually led to a confrontation with her stepfather , who forbade her from participating in further extracurricular activities . When he learned that she had won the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet in a school fund @-@ raising production of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , he gave her an ultimatum to either stay home or not return home . Not wanting to let her school and classmates down , she left home forever , moving in with a family friend .
After graduating from high school in 1934 , de Havilland was offered a scholarship to Mills College in Oakland to pursue her chosen career as an English teacher . She was also offered the role of Puck in the Saratoga Community Theater production of Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream . That summer , Austrian director Max Reinhardt came to California for a major new production of the same play to premiere at the Hollywood Bowl . After one of Reinhardt 's assistants saw her perform in Saratoga , he offered her the second understudy position for the role of Hermia . One week before the premiere , the understudy Jean Rouverol and lead actress Gloria Stuart both left the project , leaving eighteen @-@ year @-@ old de Havilland to play Hermia . Impressed with her performance , Reinhardt offered her the part in the four @-@ week autumn tour that followed . During that tour , Reinhardt received word that he would direct the Warner Bros. film version of his stage production , and he offered her the film role of Hermia . With her mind still set on becoming a teacher , de Havilland initially wavered , but eventually Reinhardt and executive producer Henry Blanke persuaded her to sign a five @-@ year contract with Warner Bros. on November 12 , 1934 , with a starting salary of two hundred dollars a week .
= = Career = =
= = = Early films , 1935 – 37 = = =
De Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , which was filmed at Warner Bros. studios from December 19 , 1934 , to March 9 , 1935 . During the production , de Havilland picked up film acting techniques from the film 's co @-@ director William Dieterle , and camera techniques from cinematographer Hal Mohr , who was impressed with her questions about his work . By the end of filming , she had learned the effect of lighting and camera angles on how she appeared on screen and how to find her best lighting . Following premieres in New York and Beverly Hills , the film was released on October 30 , 1935 . Despite the publicity campaign , the film generated little enthusiasm with audiences . While the critical response was mixed , de Havilland 's performance was praised by The San Francisco Examiner critic . In his review in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle , Winston Burdett noted that de Havilland " acts graciously and does greater justice to Shakespeare 's language than anyone else in the cast " . Two minor comedies followed , Alibi Ike with Joe E. Brown and The Irish in Us with James Cagney . In both films , she played the sweet and charming love interest — a role into which she would later become typecast . After the experience of being a Reinhardt player , de Havilland felt disappointed being assigned these routine heroine roles . In March de Havilland and her mother moved into an apartment at the Chateau des Fleurs at 6626 Franklin Avenue in Hollywood .
In July 1935 Warner Bros. paired de Havilland with an unknown Australian actor named Errol Flynn in the swashbuckler film Captain Blood ( 1935 ) . According to film historian Tony Thomas , both actors had " classic good looks , cultured speaking voices , and a sense of distant aristocracy about them " . Filmed between August 5 and October 29 , 1935 , Captain Blood gave de Havilland the opportunity to appear in her first costumed historical romance and adventure epic — a genre to which she was well suited , given her beauty and elegance . In the film , she played Arabella Bishop , the niece of a Jamaica plantation owner , who purchases at auction an Irish physician wrongly condemned to servitude . The on @-@ screen chemistry between de Havilland and Flynn was evident from their first scenes together , where clashes between her character 's spirited hauteur and his character 's playful braggadocio did not mask their mutual attraction to each other . Unlike her two previous roles , Arabella is a feisty young woman who knows what she wants and is willing to fight for it . The bantering tone of their exchanges in the film — the healthy give @-@ and @-@ take and mutual respect — became the basis for their on @-@ screen relationship in subsequent films . Captain Blood was released on December 28 , 1935 , and received good reviews and wide public appeal . De Havilland 's performance was singled out in The New York Times and Variety . The film was nominated for four Academy Awards , including Best Picture . The popular success of the film , as well as the critical response to the on @-@ screen couple , led to seven additional collaborations .
In 1936 de Havilland appeared in Mervyn LeRoy 's historical period drama Anthony Adverse with Fredric March . Based on the popular novel by Hervey Allen , the film follows the adventures of an orphan raised by a Scottish merchant , whose pursuit of fortune separates him from the innocent peasant girl he loves , marries , and eventually loses . De Havilland played the peasant girl Angela who , after being separated from her slave trader husband , becomes opera star Mademoiselle Georges , the mistress of Napoleon . The film earned six Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture . It also garnered de Havilland good exposure and the opportunity to portray a character as she develops over time . Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune found her later scenes as Mademoiselle Georges " not very credible " , but Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times called her " a winsome Angela " . That same year , she was reunited with Flynn in Michael Curtiz 's period action film The Charge of the Light Brigade , set during the Crimean War which became a box office success . During the film 's production , de Havilland renegotiated her contract with Warner Bros. and signed a seven @-@ year contract on April 14 , 1936 , with a starting weekly salary of five hundred dollars ( equivalent to $ 8 @,@ 500 in 2015 ) . Toward the end of the year , twenty @-@ year @-@ old de Havilland and her mother moved to 2337 Nella Vista Avenue in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles .
In 1937 de Havilland had her first top billing in Archie Mayo 's comedy Call It a Day , about a middle class English family struggling with the romantic effects of spring fever during the course of a single day . De Havilland played daughter Catherine Hilton , who falls in love with the handsome artist hired to paint her portrait . The film did not do well at the box office and did little to advance her career . She fared better in Mayo 's screwball comedy It 's Love I 'm After with Leslie Howard and Bette Davis . De Havilland played Marcia West , a young debutante and theater fan enamored with a Barrymore @-@ like matinee idol who decides to help the girl 's fiancé by pretending to be an abominable cad . The film received good reviews , with Variety calling it " fresh , clever , excellently directed and produced , and acted by an ensemble that clicks from start to finish " , and praising de Havilland .
That same year , de Havilland made two more period films , beginning with The Great Garrick , a fictional romantic comedy about the eighteenth @-@ century English actor 's encounter with jealous players from the Comédie @-@ Française who plot to embarrass him on his way to Paris . Wise to their prank , Garrick plays along with the ruse determined to get the last laugh — even on a lovely young aristocrat , de Havilland 's Germaine Dupont , whom he mistakenly believes to be one of the players . With her refined demeanor and diction , de Havilland delivers a performance that is " lighthearted and thoroughly believable " , according to Judith Kass . Variety praised the film , calling it " a production of superlative workmanship " .
Despite the positive reviews , the film did not do as well at the box office . Her final film that year was Michael Curtiz 's romantic drama Gold Is Where You Find It , a film about the late nineteenth century conflict in the Sacramento Valley between gold miners and their hydraulic equipment and farmers whose land is being flooded . De Havilland played the daughter of a farmer , Serena Ferris , who falls in love with the mining engineer responsible for the flooding . The film was released in February 1938 , and was her first appearance in three @-@ strip Technicolor .
= = = Movie stardom , 1938 – 40 = = =
In September 1937 de Havilland was selected by Warner Bros. studio head Jack L. Warner to play Maid Marian opposite Errol Flynn in The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) . The Technicolor production was filmed on location between September 26 , 1937 , and January 14 , 1938 , at Bidwell Park , Busch Gardens , and Lake Sherwood in California . Directed by William Keighley and Michael Curtiz , the film is about the legendary Robin Hood , a Saxon knight who opposes the corrupt and brutal Prince John and his Norman lords while good King Richard is away fighting in the Third Crusade . The King 's ward , Maid Marian , initially opposes Robin but later supports him after learning his true intentions of helping his oppressed people . No mere bystander to events , Marian risks her life to save Robin by providing his men a plan for his escape . As defined by de Havilland , Marian is both a beautiful fairy @-@ tale heroine and a spirited , intelligent woman " whose actions are governed by her mind as well as her heart " , according to author Judith Kass . The Adventures of Robin Hood was released on May 14 , 1938 , and was an immediate critical and commercial success , earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture . It went on to become one of the most popular adventure films of the Classical Hollywood era .
The popularity of The Adventures of Robin Hood brought de Havilland a new level of fame as a movie star , but this new status was not reflected in her subsequent film assignments at Warner Bros. Her next several roles were more routine and less challenging . In the romantic comedy Four 's a Crowd ( 1938 ) , de Havilland played Lorri Dillingwell , a dizzy rich girl being romanced by a conniving PR man looking to land an account with her eccentric grandfather . In Ray Enright 's romantic comedy Hard to Get ( 1938 ) , she played another dizzy rich girl , Margaret Richards , whose desire to exact revenge on a gas station attendant leads to her own comeuppance . While de Havilland was certainly capable of playing these kinds of characters , her personality was better suited to stronger and more dramatic roles , according to Judith Kass . By this time , de Havilland had serious doubts about her career at Warner Bros.
Some film scholars consider 1939 to be the high point of the golden age of Classical Hollywood , producing classics in many genres , including the Western . Warner Bros. produced Michael Curtiz 's sprawling Technicolor adventure Dodge City , Flynn and de Havilland 's first Western film . Set during the American Civil War , the film is about a Texas trailblazer who witnesses the brutal lawlessness of Dodge City , Kansas , and becomes sheriff to clean up the town . De Havilland played Abbie Irving , whose initial hostility towards Flynn 's character Wade Hatton is transformed by events , and the two fall in love — by now a proven formula for their on @-@ screen relationships . Curtiz 's action sequences , Sol Polito 's cinematography , Max Steiner 's expansive film score , and perhaps the " definitive saloon brawl in movie history " all contributed to the film 's success . Variety described the film as " a lusty western , packed with action " . For de Havilland , playing yet one more supporting love interest in a limited role , Dodge City represented the emotional low point of her career to that point . She later said , " I was in such a depressed state that I could hardly remember my lines . "
In a letter to a colleague dated November 18 , 1938 , film producer David O. Selznick wrote , " I would give anything if we had Olivia de Havilland under contract to us so that we could cast her as Melanie . " The film he was preparing to shoot was Gone with the Wind , and Jack L. Warner was unwilling to lend her out for the project . De Havilland had read the novel , and unlike most other actresses , who wanted the Scarlett O 'Hara role , she wanted to play Melanie Hamilton — a character whose quiet dignity and inner strength she understood and felt she could bring to life on the screen . De Havilland turned to Warner 's wife Anne for help . Warner later recalled , " Olivia , who had a brain like a computer concealed behind those fawn @-@ like eyes , simply went to my wife and they joined forces to change my mind . " Warner relented , and de Havilland was signed to the project a few weeks before the start of principal photography on January 26 , 1939 .
Set in the American South during the nineteenth century , the film is about the strong @-@ willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner in love with the husband of her sister @-@ in @-@ law , Melanie , whose kindness stands in sharp contrast to those around her . According to film historian Tony Thomas , de Havilland 's skillful and subtle performance effectively presents this character of selfless love and quiet strength in a way that keeps her vital and interesting throughout the film . Gone with the Wind had its world premiere in Atlanta , Georgia , on December 15 , 1939 , and was well received . Frank S. Nugent of The Times wrote that de Havilland 's Melanie " is a gracious , dignified , tender gem of characterization " , and John C. Flinn , Sr. , in Variety called her " a standout " . The film won ten Academy Awards , including Best Picture , and de Havilland received her first nomination for Best Supporting Actress .
Melanie was someone different . She had very , deeply feminine qualities ... that I felt were very endangered at that time , and they are from generation to generation , and that somehow they should be kept alive , and ... that 's why I wanted to interpret her role . ... The main thing is that she was always thinking of the other person , and the interesting thing to me is that she was a happy person ... loving , compassionate .
Within days of completing her work in Gone with the Wind in June 1939 , de Havilland returned to Warner Bros. and began filming Michael Curtiz 's historical drama The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex with Bette Davis and Errol Flynn . She had hoped her work on Selznick 's prestige picture would lead to first @-@ rate roles at Warner Bros. , but instead she received third billing below the title as the Queen 's lady @-@ in @-@ waiting . In early September she was lent out to Samuel Goldwyn Productions for Sam Wood 's romantic caper film Raffles with David Niven , about a high society cricketer and jewel thief . De Havilland would later complain , " I had nothing to do with that style of film . " In early 1940 de Havilland refused to appear in several films assigned to her , initiating the first of her suspensions at the studio . She agreed to play in Curtis Bernhardt 's musical comedy drama My Love Came Back with Jeffrey Lynn and Eddie Albert , who played a classical music student turned swing jazz bandleader . De Havilland played violinist Amelia Cornell , whose life becomes complicated by the support of a wealthy sponsor . In his review in The New York Times , Bosley Crowther described the film as " a featherlight frolic , a rollicking roundelay of deliciously pointed nonsense " , noting that de Havilland " plays the part with pace and wit " .
That same year , de Havilland was reunited with Flynn in their seventh film together , Michael Curtiz 's Western adventure Santa Fe Trail , set against the backdrop of abolitionist John Brown 's fanatical anti @-@ slavery attacks in the days leading up to the American Civil War . The mostly fictional story follows West Point cadets J. E. B. Stuart , played by Flynn , and George Armstrong Custer , played by Ronald Reagan , as they make their way west — both vying for the affection of de Havilland 's Kit Carson Halliday . Unlike some of her previous adventure film roles , Kit is a vital , interesting , and confident character who knows her mind and plays a pivotal role in the story . Playing Kit in a provocative , tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek manner , de Havilland creates a character of real substance and dimension , according to Tony Thomas . Following a world premiere on December 13 , 1940 , at the Lensic Theatre in Santa Fe , New Mexico — attended by cast members , reporters , the governor , and over 60 @,@ 000 fans — Santa Fe Trail went on to become one of the top grossing films of 1940 . De Havilland , who accompanied Flynn on the well @-@ publicized train ride to Santa Fe , did not attend the premiere , having been diagnosed with appendicitis that morning and rushed into surgery .
= = = War years , 1941 – 44 = = =
Following her emergency surgery , de Havilland began a long period of convalescence in a Los Angeles hospital during which time she rejected several scripts offered to her by Warner Bros. , leading to another suspension . In 1941 she appeared in three commercially successful films , beginning with Raoul Walsh 's romantic comedy The Strawberry Blonde with James Cagney . Set during the Gay Nineties , the story involves a man who marries an outspoken advocate for women 's rights after a rival steals his glamorous " strawberry blonde " girlfriend , and later discovers he ended up with a loving and understanding wife . Her performance revealed a growing confidence playing comedic roles , and a real talent for combining the qualities of kindness and love with a refined sense of naughtiness , according to film historian Tony Thomas . The film was a critical and commercial success . In Mitchell Leisen 's romantic drama Hold Back the Dawn with Charles Boyer for Paramount Pictures , de Havilland transitioned to a different type of role for her — an ordinary , decent small @-@ town teacher whose life and sexuality are awakened by a sophisticated European gigolo , whose own life is positively affected by her love . Leisen 's careful direction and guidance appealed to de Havilland — much more than the workmanlike approach of her Warner Bros. directors . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote , " Olivia de Havilland plays the school teacher as a woman with romantic fancies whose honesty and pride are her own — and the film 's — chief support . Incidentally , she is excellent . " Her performance earned de Havilland her second Academy Award nomination — this time for Best Actress .
In July 1941 de Havilland was reunited with Errol Flynn for their eighth and final movie together , Raoul Walsh 's Western adventure epic They Died with Their Boots On . The film is loosely based on the courtship and marriage of George Armstrong Custer and Elizabeth " Libbie " Bacon . Flynn and de Havilland had a falling out the previous year — mainly over the roles she was being given — and she did not intend to work with him again . Even Flynn acknowledged , " She was sick to death of playing ' the girl ' and badly wanted a few good roles to show herself and the world that she was a fine actress . " After she learned from Warner that Flynn had come to his office saying he needed her in the film , de Havilland accepted . Screenwriter Lenore Coffee was brought in to add several romantic scenes , and improve the overall dialogue . The result is a film that includes some of their finest work together . Their last appearance on screen is Custer 's farewell to his wife . " Errol was quite sensitive , " de Havilland would later remember , " I think he knew it would be the last time we worked together . " Flynn 's final line in that scene would hold special meaning for her : " Walking through life with you , ma 'am , has been a very gracious thing . " They Died with Their Boots On was released on November 21 , 1941 , and while some reviewers criticized the film 's historical inaccuracies , most applauded the action sequences , cinematography , and acting . Thomas M. Pryor of The New York Times found de Havilland " altogether captivating " . The film went on to earn $ 2 @,@ 550 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 41 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , Warner Bros. ' s second biggest money @-@ maker of that year .
In 1942 de Havilland appeared in Elliott Nugent 's romantic comedy The Male Animal with Henry Fonda , about an idealistic professor fighting for academic freedom while trying to hold onto his job and his wife Ellen . While her role was not particularly challenging , de Havilland 's delineation of an intelligent , good @-@ natured woman trying to resolve the unsettling circumstances of her life played a major part in the film 's success , according to Tony Thomas . The film was a critical and commercial success , with Bosley Crowther of The Times noting that de Havilland " concocts a delightfully pliant and saucy character as the wife " . That year she also appeared in John Huston 's drama In This Our Life with Bette Davis . Based on the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel of the same name by Ellen Glasgow , the story is about two sisters whose lives are destroyed by the anger and jealousy of one of the sisters . Crowther gave the film a negative review , but noted de Havilland 's " warm and easy performance " . During production , de Havilland and Huston began a romantic relationship that would last three years .
According to de Havilland , one of the few truly satisfying roles she played for Warner Bros. was the title character in Norman Krasna 's romantic comedy Princess O 'Rourke ( 1943 ) with Robert Cummings . Filmed in July and August 1942 , the story is about a European princess in Washington , D.C. , visiting her diplomat uncle , who is trying to find her an American husband . Intent on marrying a man of her own choosing , she boards a plane heading west and ends up falling in love with an American pilot who is unaware of her true identity . The film was released on October 23 , 1943 , and did well at the box office . Bosley Crowther called it " a film which is in the best tradition of American screen comedy " , and found de Havilland 's performance " charming " .
I wanted to do complex roles , like Melanie for example , and Jack Warner saw me as an ingénue . I was really restless to portray more developed human beings . Jack never understood this , and ... he would give me roles that really had no character or quality in them . I knew I wouldn 't even be effective .
After fulfilling her seven @-@ year Warner Bros. contract in 1943 , de Havilland was informed that six months had been added to her contract for times she had been on suspension . The law then allowed studios to suspend contract players for rejecting a role , and the period of suspension could be added to the contract period . Most contract players accepted this , but a few tried to change the system , including Bette Davis , who mounted an unsuccessful lawsuit against Warner Bros. in the 1930s . On August 23 , 1943 , on the advice of her lawyer , Martin Gang , de Havilland took Warner Bros. to court , citing an existing California labor law that forbade an employer from enforcing a contract against an employee for longer than seven years . In November 1943 the California Superior Court found in de Havilland 's favor , and Warner Bros. immediately appealed . On December 8 , 1944 , the California Court of Appeals for the Second District ruled in her favor . The decision was one of the most significant and far @-@ reaching legal rulings in Hollywood , reducing the power of the studios and extending greater creative freedom to performers . California 's resulting " seven @-@ year rule " , also known as Labor Code Section 2855 , is still known today as the De Havilland Law . Her legal victory , which cost her $ 13 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 170 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) in legal fees , won de Havilland the respect and admiration of her peers , among them her own sister Joan Fontaine , who later commented , " Hollywood owes Olivia a great deal . " Warner Bros. reacted to de Havilland 's lawsuit by circulating a letter to other studios that had the effect of a " virtual blacklisting " . As a consequence , de Havilland did not work at a film studio for nearly two years .
De Havilland became a naturalized citizen of the United States on November 28 , 1941 . During the war years , she actively sought out ways to express her patriotism and contribute to the war effort . In May 1942 she joined the Hollywood Victory Caravan , a three @-@ week train tour of the country that raised money through the sale of war bonds . Later that year she began attending events at the Hollywood Canteen , meeting and dancing with the troops . In December 1943 de Havilland joined a USO tour that traveled throughout the United States , Alaska , and the South Pacific , visiting wounded soldiers in military hospitals . She earned the respect and admiration of the troops for visiting the isolated islands and battlefronts in the Pacific . She survived flights in damaged aircraft and a bout with viral pneumonia requiring several days ' stay in one of the island barrack hospitals . She would later remember , " I loved doing the tours because it was a way I could serve my country and contribute to the war effort . "
= = = Vindication and recognition , 1945 – 52 = = =
After the California Court of Appeals ruling freed her from her Warner Bros. contract , de Havilland signed a two @-@ picture deal with Paramount Pictures . In June 1945 she began filming Mitchell Leisen 's drama To Each His Own , about an unwed mother who gives up her child for adoption and then spends the rest of her life trying to undo that decision . De Havilland insisted on bringing in Leisen as director , trusting his eye for detail , his empathy for actors , and the way he controlled sentiment in their previous collaboration , Hold Back the Dawn . The role required de Havilland to age nearly thirty years over the course of the film — from an innocent small town girl to a shrewd , ruthless businesswoman devoted to her cosmetics company . While de Havilland never formally studied acting , she did read Stanislavsky 's autobiography My Life in Art and applied one of his " methods " for this role . To help her define her character during the four periods of the story , she used a different perfume for each period . She also lowered the pitch of her voice incrementally in each period until it became a mature woman 's voice . Her performance earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1946 — her first Oscar . According to film historian Tony Thomas , the award represented a vindication of her long struggle with Warner Bros. and confirmation of her abilities as an actress .
De Havilland 's next two roles were also challenging . In Robert Siodmak 's psychological thriller The Dark Mirror ( 1946 ) , de Havilland played twin sisters Ruth and Terry Collins — one loving and normal , the other psychotic . In addition to the technical problems of showing her as two characters interacting with each other on screen at the same time , de Havilland needed to portray two separate and psychologically opposite people . While the film was not well received by critics — Variety said the film " gets lost in a maze of psychological gadgets and speculation " — de Havilland 's performance was praised by Tony Thomas , who called her final scene in the film " an almost frighteningly convincing piece of acting " . De Havilland would later state that playing the evil sister haunted her for years . In his review in The Nation , James Agee wrote that " her playing is thoughtful , quiet , detailed , and well sustained , and since it is founded , as some more talented playing is not , in an unusually healthful @-@ seeming and likable temperament , it is an undivided pleasure to see . " While appearing in a summer stock production of What Every Woman Knows in Westport , Connecticut — her second professional stage appearance — de Havilland began dating Marcus Goodrich , a Navy veteran , journalist , and author of the 1941 novel Delilah . They were married on August 26 , 1946 .
I met a young woman who was very much like Virginia , about the same age and physical description , as well as being a schizophrenic with guilt problems . ... What struck me most of all was the fact that she was rather likable and appealing . It hadn 't occurred to me before that a mental patient could be appealing , and it was that that gave me the key to the performance .
De Havilland was also widely praised for her performance as Virginia Cunningham in Anatole Litvak 's drama The Snake Pit ( 1948 ) , one of the first films to attempt a realistic portrayal of mental illness and an important exposé of the harsh conditions in state mental hospitals , according to film critic Philip French . Based on a novel by Mary Jane Ward and produced by Darryl F. Zanuck , the film is about a woman placed in a mental institution by her husband to help her recover from a nervous breakdown . Virginia Cunningham was one of the most difficult of all her film roles , requiring significant preparation both mentally and physically — she deliberately lost weight to help create her gaunt appearance on screen . She consulted regularly with psychiatrists hired as consultants for the film , and visited Camarillo State Mental Hospital to research her role and observe the patients . The extreme physical discomfort of the hydrotherapy and simulated electric shock therapy scenes were especially challenging for the slight 5 @-@ foot @-@ 3 @-@ inch ( 160 cm ) actress . In her performance , she conveyed her mental anguish by physically transforming her face with furrowed brow , wild staring eyes , and grimacing mouth . According to author Judith Kass , de Havilland delivered a performance both " restrained and electric " , portraying varied and extreme aspects of her character — from a shy young woman to a tormented and disoriented woman . For her performance in The Snake Pit , de Havilland received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress , and the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup .
In 1949 de Havilland appeared in William Wyler 's period drama The Heiress ( 1949 ) , the fourth in a string of critically acclaimed performances . After seeing the play on Broadway , de Havilland called Wyler and urged him to fly to New York to see what she felt would be a perfect role for her . Wyler obliged , loved the play , and with de Havilland 's help arranged for Paramount to secure the film rights . Adapted for the screen by Ruth and Augustus Goetz and based on the 1880 novel Washington Square by Henry James , the film is about a young naïve woman who falls in love with a young man , over the objections of her emotionally abusive father who suspects the man of being a gold digger . As she had done in Hold Back the Dawn , de Havilland portrays a character 's transformation from a shy trusting innocent to a guarded mature woman over a period of years . Her delineation of Catherine Sloper is developed through carefully crafted movements , gestures , and facial expressions that convey a submissive and inhibited young woman . Her timid voice , nervous hands , downcast eyes , and careful movements all communicate what the character is too shy to verbalize . Throughout the production , Wyler pressed de Havilland hard to elicit the requisite visual points of the character . In the scene where Catherine returns home after being jilted , the director had the actress carry a suitcase filled with heavy books up the stairs to convey the weight of Catherine 's trauma physically instead of using a planned speech in the original script . The Heiress was released in October 1949 and was well received by critics . For her performance , de Havilland received the New York Film Critics Award , the Golden Globe Award , and the Academy Award for Best Actress — her second Oscar .
After giving birth to her first child , Benjamin , on September 27 , 1949 , de Havilland took time off from making films to be with her infant . She turned down the role of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire , later explaining that becoming a mother was a " transforming experience " and that she could not relate to the character . In 1950 her family moved to New York City , where she began rehearsals for a major new stage production of Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ; it was her lifelong ambition to play Juliet on the stage . The play opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on March 11 , 1951 , to mixed reviews , with some critics believing the thirty @-@ five year old actress was too old for the role . The play closed after forty @-@ five performances . Undaunted , de Havilland accepted the title role in the stage production of George Bernard Shaw 's comedy Candida , which opened at the National Theatre on Broadway in April 1952 . While reviews of the play were mixed , de Havilland 's performance was well received , and following the scheduled thirty @-@ two performances , she went on tour with the company and delivered 323 additional performances , many to sold @-@ out audiences . While de Havilland achieved major accomplishments during this period of her career , her marriage to Goodrich — eighteen years her senior — had grown strained due to his unstable temperament . In August 1952 de Havilland filed for divorce , which became final the following year .
= = = New life in Paris , 1953 – 62 = = =
Of course the thing that staggers you when you first come to France is the fact that all the French speak French — even the children . Many Americans and Britishers who visit the country never quite adjust to this , and the idea persists that the natives speak the language just to show off or be difficult .
In April 1953 , at the invitation of the French government , de Havilland traveled to the Cannes Film Festival , where she met Pierre Galante , an executive editor for the French journal Paris Match . Following a long @-@ distance courtship and the requisite nine @-@ month residency requirement , de Havilland and Galante married on April 2 , 1955 , in the village of Yvoy @-@ le @-@ Marron , and settled together in a three @-@ story house near Bois de Boulogne park in the Rive Droite section of Paris . That same year , de Havilland returned to the screen in Terence Young 's period drama That Lady ( 1955 ) , about a Spanish princess and her unrequited love for King Philip II of Spain , whose respect she earned in her youth after losing an eye in a sword fight defending his honor . According to Tony Thomas , the film uses authentic Spanish locations effectively , but suffers from a convoluted plot and excessive dialogue , and while de Havilland delivered a warm and elegant performance as Ana de Mendoza , the film was disappointing . Following her appearances in the romantic melodrama Not as a Stranger ( 1955 ) and The Ambassador 's Daughter ( 1956 ) — neither of which were successful at the box office — de Havilland gave birth to her second child , Gisèle Galante , on July 18 , 1956 .
De Havilland returned to the screen in 1958 in Michael Curtiz 's Western drama The Proud Rebel , a film about a former Confederate soldier whose wife was killed in the war and whose son lost the ability to speak after witnessing the tragedy . De Havilland played Linnett Moore , a tough yet feminine frontier woman who cares for the boy and comes to love his father . The movie was filmed on location in Utah , where de Havilland learned to hitch and drive a team of horses and handle a gun for her role . The Proud Rebel was released May 28 , 1958 , and was well received by audiences and critics . In his review for The New York Times , A. H. Weiler called the film a " truly sensitive effort " and " heartwarming drama " , and praised de Havilland 's ability to convey the " warmth , affection and sturdiness needed in the role " .
One of de Havilland 's most noted performances during this period was in Guy Green 's romantic drama Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) with Rossano Brazzi . Filmed in Florence and Rome , and based on Elizabeth Spencer 's novel of the same name , the film is about a middle @-@ class American tourist on extended vacation in Italy with her beautiful twenty @-@ six @-@ year @-@ old daughter , who is mentally disabled as a result of a childhood accident . Faced with the prospect of her daughter falling in love with a young Italian , the mother struggles with conflicting emotions about her daughter 's future . De Havilland projects a calm maternal serenity throughout most of the film , only showing glimpses of the worried mother anxious for her child 's happiness . The film was released on February 9 , 1962 , and was well received , with a Hollywood Reporter reviewer calling it " an uncommon love story ... told with rare delicacy and force " , and Variety noting that the film " achieves the rare and delicate balance of artistic beauty , romantic substance , dramatic novelty and commercial appeal " . Variety singled out de Havilland ’ s performance as " one of great consistency and subtle projection " .
In early 1962 de Havilland traveled to New York and began rehearsals for Garson Kanin 's stage play A Gift of Time . Adapted from the autobiographical book Death of a Man by Lael Tucker Wertenbaker , the play explores the emotionally painful struggle of a housewife forced to deal with the slow death of her husband , played by Henry Fonda . The play opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway to positive notices , with de Havilland receiving her best reviews as a stage actress . Theater critic Walter Kerr praised her final scene , writing , " As darkness gathers , the actress gains in stature , taking on the simple and resolute willingness to understand . " The New York World Telegram and Sun reviewer concluded , " It is Miss de Havilland who gives the play its unbroken continuity . This distinguished actress reveals Lael as a special and admirable woman . " She stayed with the production for ninety performances . The year 1962 also saw the publication of de Havilland 's first book , Every Frenchman Has One , a lighthearted account of her often amusing attempts to understand and adapt to French life , manners , and customs . The book sold out its first printing prior to the publication date and went on to become a bestseller .
= = = Later films and television , 1963 – 88 = = =
In 1964 de Havilland appeared in her last two leading roles in feature films — both psychological thrillers . In Walter Grauman 's Lady in a Cage she played a wealthy poet who gets trapped in her mansion 's elevator and faces the threat of three terrorizing hooligans in her own home . This was the only controversial film in her career — it was banned in England — and critics responded negatively to the graphic violence and cruelty shown on screen . A. H. Weiler of The New York Times called it a " sordid , if suspenseful , exercise in aimless brutality " . That same year , de Havilland appeared in Robert Aldrich 's Hush … Hush , Sweet Charlotte with her close friend Bette Davis . After Joan Crawford left the picture due to illness , Davis had Aldrich fly to Switzerland to persuade a reluctant de Havilland to accept the role of Miriam Deering , a cruel , conniving character hidden behind the charming façade of a polite and cultured lady . De Havilland 's quiet , restrained performance provided a counterbalance to Davis 's ranting characterization . Film historian Tony Thomas described her performance as " a subtle piece of acting " that was " a vital contribution to the effectiveness of the film " . The film was well received and earned seven Academy Award nominations .
As film roles became more difficult to find — a common problem shared by many Hollywood veterans from her era — de Havilland began working in television dramas , despite her dislike of the networks ' practice of breaking up story lines with commercials . Her first venture into the medium was a teleplay directed by Sam Peckinpah called Noon Wine ( 1966 ) on ABC Stage 67 , a dark tragedy about a farmer 's act of murder that leads to his suicide . The production and her performance as the farmer 's wife Ellie were well received . In 1972 she starred in her first television feature film , The Screaming Woman , about a wealthy woman recovering from a nervous breakdown . In 1979 she appeared in the ABC miniseries Roots : The Next Generations in the role of Mrs. Warner , the wife of a former Confederate officer played by Henry Fonda . The miniseries was seen by an estimated 110 million people — nearly one @-@ third of American homes with television sets . Throughout the 1970s , de Havilland 's film work was limited to smaller supporting roles and cameo appearances . Her last feature film was The Fifth Musketeer ( 1979 ) .
During this period , de Havilland began doing speaking engagements in cities across the United States with a talk entitled " From the City of the Stars to the City of Light " , a program of personal reminiscences about her life and career . She also attended tributes to Gone with the Wind . In the 1980s , her television work included an Agatha Christie television film Murder Is Easy ( 1982 ) , the television drama The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana ( 1982 ) in which she played The Queen Mother , and the 1986 ABC miniseries North and South , Book II . Her most notable performance of the decade was in the television film Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna ( 1986 ) as Dowager Empress Maria , which earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film . In 1988 de Havilland appeared in the HTV romantic television drama The Woman He Loved — it was her final screen performance .
= = = Retirement and remembrance , 1989 – present = = =
In retirement , de Havilland remained active in the film community . In 1998 she traveled to New York to help promote a special showing of Gone with the Wind . In 2003 she appeared as a presenter at the 75th Academy Awards . In 2004 Turner Classic Movies produced a retrospective piece called Melanie Remembers in which she was interviewed for the sixty @-@ fifth anniversary of the original release of Gone with the Wind . In June 2006 she made appearances at tributes commemorating her 90th birthday at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art .
On November 17 , 2008 , at the age of 92 , de Havilland received the National Medal of Arts , the highest honor conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the people of the United States . The medal was presented to her by President George W. Bush , who commended her " for her persuasive and compelling skill as an actress in roles from Shakespeare 's Hermia to Margaret Mitchell 's Melanie . Her independence , integrity , and grace won creative freedom for herself and her fellow film actors . " The following year , de Havilland narrated the documentary I Remember Better When I Paint ( 2009 ) , a film about the importance of art in the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease . On September 9 , 2010 , de Havilland was appointed a Chevalier ( knight ) of the Légion d 'honneur , the highest decoration in France , awarded by French President Nicolas Sarkozy , who told the actress , " You honor France for having chosen us . " In February the following year she appeared at the César Awards in France , where she was greeted with a standing ovation . De Havilland celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1 , 2016 .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships = = =
Although known as one of Hollywood 's most exciting on @-@ screen couples , de Havilland and Errol Flynn were never involved in a romantic relationship . Upon first meeting her at Warner Bros. in August 1935 , Flynn was drawn to the nineteen @-@ year @-@ old actress with " warm brown eyes " and " extraordinary charm " . In turn , de Havilland fell in love with him , but kept her feelings inside , later recalling , " He never guessed I had a crush on him ... it never occurred to me that he was smitten with me , too . " Flynn would later write , " By the time we made The Charge of the Light Brigade , I was sure that I was in love with her . " Flynn finally professed his love on March 12 , 1937 , at the Coronation Ball for King George VI at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , where they slow danced together to " Sweet Leilani " at the hotel 's Cocoanut Grove nightclub . " I was deeply affected by him , " she would later remember , " It was impossible for me not to be . " The evening ended on a sobering note , however , with de Havilland insisting that despite his separation from his wife Lili Damita , he needed to divorce her before their relationship could proceed . Flynn reunited with his wife later that year , and de Havilland never acted on her feelings for Flynn .
In July 1938 de Havilland began dating business tycoon , aviator , and filmmaker Howard Hughes , who had just completed his record @-@ setting flight around the world in 91 hours . In addition to escorting her about town , he gave the actress her first flying lessons . She would later remember , " He was a rather shy man ... and yet , in a whole community where the men every day played heroes on the screen and didn 't do anything heroic in life , here was this man who was a real hero . " In December 1939 de Havilland began a romantic relationship with actor James Stewart . At the request of Irene Mayer Selznick , the actor 's agent asked Stewart to escort de Havilland to the New York premiere of Gone with the Wind at the Astor Theater on December 19 , 1939 . Over the next few days , Stewart took her to the theater several times and to the 21 Club . They continued to see each other back in Los Angeles , where Stewart provided occasional flying lessons and romance . According to de Havilland , Stewart proposed marriage to her in 1940 , but she felt that he was not ready to settle down . Their relationship ended in late 1941 when de Havilland began a romantic relationship with film director John Huston while making In This Our Life . " John was a very great love of mine " , she would later admit , " He was a man I wanted to marry . "
= = = Marriages and children = = =
On August 26 , 1946 , she married Marcus Goodrich , a Navy veteran , journalist , and author of the 1941 novel Delilah . The marriage ended in divorce in 1953 . They had one child , Benjamin Goodrich , who was born on December 1 , 1949 . He was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma at the age of nineteen , but was able to graduate from the University of Texas . He worked as a statistical analyst for Lockheed Missiles and Space Company in Sunnyvale , California , and as an international banking representative for the Texas Commerce Bank in Houston . He died on October 1 , 1991 , in Paris at the age of forty @-@ one of heart disease brought on by treatments for Hodgkin 's disease , three weeks before the death of his father .
On April 2 , 1955 , de Havilland married Pierre Galante , an executive editor for the French journal Paris Match . Her marriage to Galante prompted de Havilland to move to Paris . The couple separated in 1962 but continued to live in the same house for another six years to raise their children together . Galante moved across the street and the two remained close , even after the finalization of the divorce in 1979 . She looked after him during his final bout with lung cancer prior to his death in 1998 . They had one child , Gisèle Galante , who was born on July 18 , 1956 . After studying law at the Université de Droit de Nanterre School of Law , she worked as a journalist in France and the United States . Since 1956 , de Havilland has lived in the same three @-@ story house near Bois de Boulogne park in the Rive Droite section of Paris .
= = = Religion and politics = = =
De Havilland was raised in the Episcopal Church and has remained an Episcopalian throughout her life . After moving to France , she became one of the first women lectors at the American Cathedral in Paris , where she was on the regular rota for Scripture readings . As recently as 2012 , she was still doing readings on major feast days , including Christmas and Easter . " It 's a task I love , " she once said . In describing her preparation for her readings , de Havilland once observed , " You have to convey the deep meaning , you see , and it has to start with your own faith . But first I always pray . I pray before I start to prepare , as well . In fact , I would always say a prayer before shooting a scene , so this is not so different , in a way . " De Havilland prefers to use the Revised English Bible for its poetic style . She raised her son Benjamin in the Episcopal Church and her daughter Gisèle in the Roman Catholic Church , the faith of the child 's father .
As a United States citizen , de Havilland became involved in politics as a way of exercising her civic responsibilities . She campaigned for Franklin D. Roosevelt 's re @-@ election in 1944 . After the war , she joined the Independent Citizens ' Committee of the Arts , Sciences and Professions , a national public policy advocacy group that included Bette Davis , Gregory Peck , and Humphrey Bogart in its Hollywood chapter . In June 1946 she was asked to deliver speeches for the committee that reflected the Communist Party line — the group was later identified as a Communist front organization . Disturbed at seeing a small group of Communist members manipulating the committee , de Havilland removed the pro @-@ Communist material from her speeches and rewrote them to reflect Harry S. Truman 's anti @-@ Communist platform . She later recalled , " I realized a nucleus of people was controlling the organization without a majority of the members of the board being aware of it . And I knew they had to be Communists . "
She organized a fight to regain control of the committee from its pro @-@ Soviet leadership , but her reform efforts failed . Her resignation from the committee triggered a wave of resignations from eleven other Hollywood figures , including future President Ronald Reagan . In 1958 she was secretly called before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee and recounted her experiences with the Independent Citizens ' Committee .
= = = Sibling rivalry = = =
De Havilland and her sister Joan Fontaine are the only siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category . According to biographer Charles Higham , the sisters always had an uneasy relationship , starting in early childhood when Olivia had trouble accepting the idea of having a younger sister , and Joan resenting her mother 's favoritism for her older sister . This tension was made worse by Fontaine 's frequent childhood illnesses , which led to her mother 's overly protective expression , " Livvie can , Joan can 't . " Of the two sisters , de Havilland was the first to become an actress , and for several years Fontaine was overshadowed by her accomplishments . When Mervyn LeRoy offered Fontaine a personal contract , her mother told her that Warner Bros. was " Olivia 's studio " and that she could not use the name " de Havilland " . In 1942 de Havilland and Fontaine were both nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress — de Havilland for Hold Back the Dawn , and Fontaine for Suspicion . When Fontaine 's name was announced as winner , de Havilland reacted graciously saying , " We 've got it ! " According to biographer Charles Higham , Fontaine rejected de Havilland 's attempts to congratulate her , and de Havilland was offended and embarrassed .
Their relationship was further strained in 1946 when Fontaine made negative comments to an interviewer about de Havilland 's new husband . When she read her sister 's remarks , de Havilland was deeply hurt and waited for an apology that was never offered . The following year after accepting her first Academy Award for To Each His Own , de Havilland was approached backstage by Fontaine who wanted to congratulate her ; de Havilland turned away from her sister . They did not speak to each other for the next five years , and their silence may have caused the estrangement between Fontaine and her own daughters , who secretly maintained a relationship with de Havilland . Following her divorce from Goodrich , de Havilland resumed contact with her sister , coming to her apartment in New York and spending Christmas together there in 1961 . The final break between the sisters occurred in 1975 from a disagreement over their mother 's cancer treatment — de Havilland wanted to consult other doctors and supported exploratory surgery ; Fontaine disagreed . Fontaine also claimed that de Havilland did not notify her of their mother 's death while she was touring with a play — de Havilland in fact had sent a telegram , which took two weeks to reach her sister . The sibling feud ended with Fontaine 's death on December 15 , 2013 . The following day , de Havilland released a statement saying she was " shocked and saddened " by the news .
= = Career assessment and legacy = =
De Havilland 's career spanned fifty @-@ three years , from 1935 to 1988 . During that time , she appeared in forty @-@ nine feature films , and was one of the leading movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood . She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite popular male stars , including Errol Flynn , with whom she made her breakout film Captain Blood in 1935 . They would go on to make seven more feature films together , and became one of Hollywood 's most popular romantic on @-@ screen pairings . Her range of performances included roles in most major movie genres . Following her film debut in the Shakespeare adaptation A Midsummer Night 's Dream , de Havilland achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedies , such as The Great Garrick and Hard to Get , and Western adventure films , such as Dodge City and Santa Fe Trail . Her natural beauty and refined acting style made her particularly effective in historical period dramas , such as Anthony Adverse , The Adventures of Robin Hood , Gone with the Wind , and The Heiress , and romantic dramas , such as Hold Back the Dawn and To Each His Own . In her later career , she was most successful in drama films , such as In This Our Life and Light in the Piazza , and psychological dramas playing unglamorous characters in films such as The Dark Mirror , The Snake Pit , and Hush ... Hush , Sweet Charlotte .
During her career , de Havilland won two Academy Awards ( To Each His Own and The Heiress ) , two Golden Globe Awards ( The Heiress and Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna ) , two New York Film Critics Circle Awards ( The Snake Pit and The Heiress ) , the National Board of Review Award and the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup ( The Snake Pit ) , and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination ( Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna ) .
For her contributions to the motion picture industry , de Havilland received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6762 Hollywood Boulevard on February 8 , 1960 . Since her retirement in 1988 , her lifetime contribution to the arts has been honored on two continents . In 1998 she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Hertfordshire in England .
In 2006 , she was inducted into the Online Film & Television Association Award Film Hall of Fame . On November 17 , 2008 , President George W. Bush presented de Havilland the National Medal of Arts , the highest honor given for achievement in the arts conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the American people . On September 9 , 2010 , de Havilland was appointed a Chevalier ( knight ) of the Légion d 'honneur , the highest decoration in France , awarded by French President Nicolas Sarkozy .
The moving image collection of Olivia de Havilland is held at the Academy Film Archive , which preserved a nitrate reel of a screen test for " Danton , " Max Reinhardt ’ s never @-@ produced follow @-@ up to “ A Midsummer Night ’ s Dream ” ( 1935 ) .
= = Honors and awards = =
= = Filmography = =
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= New York State Route 590 =
New York State Route 590 ( NY 590 ) is a 4 @.@ 98 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 01 km ) north – south state highway located in the eastern suburbs of Rochester , New York , in the United States . The route is a limited @-@ access northward extension of Interstate 590 ( I @-@ 590 ) that begins at the Can of Worms , an interchange between I @-@ 490 , I @-@ 590 , and NY 590 on the boundary between the town of Brighton and the city of Rochester , and ends at a roundabout with Titus Avenue in the town of Irondequoit . NY 590 is known as the Sea Breeze Expressway , a name derived from the small community of Sea Breeze located near the highway 's former northern terminus at Culver Road near the southern shore of Lake Ontario .
The portion of NY 590 between the Can of Worms and NY 104 is part of the northeastern quadrant of the Rochester Outer Loop , a series of expressways that form a beltway around the city of Rochester . At NY 104 , the Outer Loop turns west to follow NY 104 through Irondequoit . The Sea Breeze Expressway was built in stages from the 1950s to the 1960s and carried various designations until 1970 , when the entirety of the Rochester – Sea Breeze highway was designated as part of NY 47 . It was redesignated as NY 590 in 1980 . In the late 2000s , the section of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue was reconfigured into a two @-@ lane road named Sea Breeze Drive , and NY 590 was truncated to end at Titus Avenue .
= = Route description = =
The four @-@ lane I @-@ 590 becomes NY 590 upon passing under I @-@ 490 at the Can of Worms on the eastern edge of Rochester . It heads northeast into Brighton and through the remainder of the interchange , passing under the ramp connecting I @-@ 490 west to I @-@ 590 south , the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Rochester Subdivision , and the ramps from NY 590 south to I @-@ 490 in succession before widening to six lanes and turning northward ahead of a diamond interchange with Blossom Road , once designated as NY 286A . Between Blossom Road and NY 286 ( Browncroft Boulevard ) , NY 590 slowly turns to the northwest , passing through densely populated neighborhoods located adjacent to the Rochester – Brighton boundary . It reaches the city line and reenters Rochester upon meeting NY 286 .
The lone portion of NY 590 within the city of Rochester runs due north – south , acting as a divider between residential neighborhoods to the west and the Irondequoit Creek valley ( much of which is part of Ellison Park ) to the east . Little more than a half mile after entering the city , NY 590 exits the city and enters the neighboring town of Irondequoit . Here , the freeway turns to the northwest to avoid the area surrounding the intersection of North Winton Road and NY 404 ( Empire Boulevard ) . After passing under North Winton Road , NY 590 resumes its northward trek and connects to NY 404 by way of a modified cloverleaf interchange . The expressway continues onward , separating a large residential area from Irondequoit Bay Park West as it progresses toward a northbound @-@ only exit with Norton Street . One half @-@ mile to the north of Norton , NY 590 meets NY 104 via a large interchange .
Due to the terrain surrounding the interchange and the location of the Irondequoit Bay Bridge , NY 104 is forced to run parallel to NY 590 for a short distance between the Keeler Street Expressway and NY 590 's next exit , a diamond interchange connecting to East Ridge Road . Through this stretch , NY 590 — now just four lanes wide — runs in between NY 104 westbound and NY 104 eastbound . At East Ridge Road , NY 104 turns to the northeast to cross Irondequoit Bay while NY 590 continues north through residential areas toward Sea Breeze . The road has an at @-@ grade intersection with Sunrise Crescent , a private residential street , before meeting Titus Avenue at a roundabout that serves as NY 590 's northern terminus . Past this point , the right @-@ of @-@ way of NY 590 continues north to Culver Road at the Lake Ontario shoreline as a divided two @-@ lane street named Sea Breeze Drive .
Traveling southbound on NY 590 , two significant movements are restricted due to the composition of the expressway . One is at Blossom Road in Brighton , where traffic entering NY 590 southbound cannot access I @-@ 490 due to the location of the exit 5 ( left exit ) flyover , which begins north of the Blossom Road onramp . This movement was possible prior to the reconstruction of the Can of Worms , as the original connection point between the Sea Breeze Expressway and I @-@ 490 was south of the Blossom Road interchange . In Irondequoit , there are no southbound exits between East Ridge Road and NY 404 ; thus , there is no access to either NY 104 or Norton Street . An access road between NY 590 at Titus Avenue and the Irondequoit Bay Bridge was planned to provide access from NY 590 southbound to NY 104 eastbound and from NY 104 westbound to NY 590 northbound , but it was never completed .
= = History = =
= = = Construction and designation = = =
The origins of NY 590 date back to the start of the 1950s when work first began on the Sea Breeze Expressway , a part @-@ divided highway , part limited @-@ access highway that extended from Rochester north to the Lake Ontario shoreline at Sea Breeze . The highway was built in stages from north to south , with the first section — a divided highway connecting Culver Road to East Ridge Road in Irondequoit — opening to traffic in the early 1950s as a realignment of NY 18 . The northern end of the roadway was situated just west of the Irondequoit Bay outlet , where Irondequoit Bay meets Lake Ontario . Construction on the next segment , a limited @-@ access extension south to Empire Boulevard ( U.S. Route 104 or US 104 ) , began in the mid @-@ 1950s . The new roadway was completed in the late 1950s , at which time it became part of a rerouted US 104 .
By 1960 , construction was underway on the final piece , a second extension south to the Eastern Expressway ( I @-@ 490 ) in eastern Rochester . The under @-@ construction highway generally paralleled Winton Road , then designated as part of NY 47 . The new extension was completed c . 1961 , but went unnumbered until c . 1962 when NY 47 was realigned north of Blossom Road to follow the expressway north to the Empire Boulevard interchange , where it ended at US 104 . The remainder of the Sea Breeze Expressway from I @-@ 490 to Blossom Road became part of NY 47 c . 1965 following the completion of what is now I @-@ 590 from the Can of Worms to Elmwood Avenue .
From 1970 to 1980 , the Sea Breeze Expressway underwent a series of designation changes . On January 1 , 1970 , NY 47 was extended northward to encompass the entirety of the Sea Breeze Expressway . The change resulted in overlaps with US 104 from Empire Boulevard to the new Keeler Street Expressway , which was built south of Ridge Road in the late 1960s as a realignment of US 104 , and NY 18 from East Ridge Road to Culver Road , from where NY 18 continued east along Lake Road to Webster . Both overlaps proved to be temporary : US 104 was realigned c . 1971 to cross Irondequoit Bay on the Irondequoit Bay Bridge while NY 18 was truncated c . 1973 to end in Rochester 's Kodak Park .
In the late 1970s , the state of New York submitted a proposal to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials that would substantially alter how the Outer Loop was numbered . As part of the plan , the NY 47 designation would be eliminated while most of the northeastern section of the Outer Loop — from I @-@ 490 in Rochester to NY 104 ( former US 104 ) to Irondequoit — would become the northernmost part of I @-@ 590 . A replacement designation for NY 47 north of NY 104 was not named at the time . Most of the proposed changes took effect on March 18 , 1980 , when NY 47 was eliminated ; however , I @-@ 590 was modified to end at its junction with I @-@ 490 . In its place , the Rochester – Irondequoit leg of the Outer Loop was assigned NY 590 , which continued north to Sea Breeze over former NY 47 .
= = = Sea Breeze Drive = = =
= = = = Project origins = = = =
In 1995 , Irondequoit Town Supervisor David Schantz proposed the idea of converting the portion of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue into a parkway that would serve as a " gateway " into Irondequoit . He presented the idea to Jim Walsh , the United States Representative representing Irondequoit , who later secured $ 8 million from the federal government for the project . Another $ 4 @.@ 5 million of funding was also devoted to the project from the state of New York . Planning for the project began in mid @-@ 2004 . In late 2006 , the Irondeqout Town Board chose a configuration calling for the number of lanes on NY 590 to be reduced to two and for four intersections to be replaced with roundabouts as its " preferred alternative " .
The final project design was presented on February 6 , 2008 , in the last of five public meetings on the project . Under the plan , the section of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue would be reduced to a two @-@ lane , 25 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 40 km / h ) parkway and named " Sea Breeze Drive " . Its signalized intersections with Titus Avenue , Durand Boulevard , and Seneca and Point Pleasant Roads would be converted into roundabouts as part of the reconstruction . Also , the portion of NY 590 north of Durand Boulevard would be realigned to meet Culver Road at a new intersection farther west along the lakeshore . The realignment would open up 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) of waterfront land along the shore of Irondequoit Bay that had previously been occupied by the expressway . The town of Irondequoit would then acquire the former right @-@ of @-@ way of NY 590 from the state of New York for future recreational uses in a transaction that would officially cost the town $ 1 .
Public opinion on the proposed project was split . Many residents supported the project , stating it would improve the safety of the highway ; however , others believed that the reduction in lanes would result in increased traffic on Culver Road , which runs parallel to NY 590 through Irondequoit , and that the roundabouts would make navigating the highway difficult .
= = = = Construction = = = =
On July 15 , 2008 , the town of Irondequoit let a $ 12 @.@ 8 million contract for the Sea Breeze Drive project , a mark that was within the $ 14 million accumulated in funding by this time . Ground was officially broken on the project on July 28 as part of a ceremony attended by several Rochester @-@ area dignitaries . Among those present were Jim Walsh and David Schantz , both of whom played large roles in making the project a reality . The corridor was subsequently reduced to two lanes as the southbound lanes of NY 590 were reconfigured to handle both directions of traffic while work ensued on permanently narrowing the northbound lanes to a single lane . Northbound traffic on NY 590 was realigned to use the new northbound lane on August 17 , 2009 .
The first two of the roundabouts to reach operational status were those at Point Pleasant Road and Durand Boulevard . The Point Pleasant Road roundabout opened to traffic on September 8 , 2009 , by which time the Durand Boulevard roundabout was also ready for use . The Titus Avenue roundabout was completed in late 2009 , while work on the Seneca Road junction was delayed until October 2009 due to the proximity of the intersection to the side of the hill overlooking Irondequoit Bay . Although the original plans for the project had already accounted for the issue , the plans had to be revised to comply with new federal standards regarding the use of steel pilings for supporting the hillside . Work on the roundabout finally began on October 12 . The Seneca Road roundabout and the new alignment of Sea Breeze Drive north of Durand Boulevard were completed in the first half of 2010 .
The completion date for the project , dubbed " the largest public works project ever done in the town of Irondequoit " by then @-@ Town Supervisor Mary Ellen Heyman , was pushed back several times . It was originally set for May 2010 , but was subsequently pushed back to late August or early September . It was finally completed in October 2010 with the installation of a decorative ship mast structure at the Durand Boulevard roundabout . Following the project 's completion , NY 590 was truncated to Titus Avenue and ownership and maintenance of Sea Breeze Drive was transferred to the town of Irondequoit . According to New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) official Rick Papaj , the state turned Sea Breeze Drive over to the town because the portion of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue had low traffic volumes and was situated in a residential area . Papaj added , " [ the portion of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue ] didn 't make sense ( to us ) anymore . 590 effectively ends at Route 104 . "
= = Exit list = =
The entire route is in Monroe County .
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= United States rainfall climatology =
The characteristics of United States rainfall climatology differ significantly across the United States and those under United States sovereignty . Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western , southern , and southeast Alaska annually . During the winter , and spring , Pacific storm systems bring Hawaii and the western United States most of their precipitation . Nor 'easters moving down the East coast bring cold season precipitation to the Carolinas , Mid @-@ Atlantic and New England states . Lake @-@ effect snows add to precipitation potential downwind of the Great Lakes , as well as Great Salt Lake and the Finger Lakes during the cold season . The snow to liquid ratio across the contiguous United States averages 13 : 1 , meaning 13 inches ( 330 mm ) of snow melts down to 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of water .
During the summer , the North American monsoon combined with Gulf of California and Gulf of Mexico moisture moving around the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening air @-@ mass thunderstorms to the southern tier of the country as well as the Great Plains . Equatorward of the subtropical ridge , tropical cyclones enhance precipitation across southern and eastern sections of the country , as well as Puerto Rico , the United States Virgin Islands , the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , and American Samoa . Over the top of the ridge , the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes . Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains , Midwest , and Great Lakes during the warm season , contributing up to 10 % of the annual precipitation to the region .
The El Niño – Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution , by altering rainfall patterns across the West , Midwest , the Southeast , and throughout the tropics . There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America , while droughts are becoming more frequent in the western portions .
= = General = =
The eastern part of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian , the mountains of the Pacific Northwest , the Willamette Valley , and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation , with average rainfall exceeding 30 inches ( 760 mm ) per year . The drier areas are the Desert Southwest , Great Basin , valleys of northeast Arizona , eastern Utah , and central Wyoming . Increased warming within urban heat islands leads to an increase in rainfall downwind of cities .
= = Alaska = =
Juneau averages over 50 inches ( 1 @,@ 270 mm ) of precipitation a year , while other areas in southeast Alaska receive over 275 inches ( 6 @,@ 980 mm ) . South central Alaska does not get nearly as much rain as the southeast of Alaska , though it does get more snow . On average , Anchorage receives 16 inches ( 406 mm ) of precipitation a year , with around 75 inches ( 1 @,@ 905 mm ) of snow . The northern coast of the Gulf of Alaska receives up to 150 inches ( 3 @,@ 800 mm ) of precipitation annually . Across western sections of the state , the northern side of the Seward Peninsula is a desert with less than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation annually , while some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 inches ( 2 @,@ 540 mm ) of precipitation . Inland , often less than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) falls a year , but what precipitation falls during the winter tends to stay throughout the season . La Niña events lead to drier than normal conditions , while El Niño events do not have a correlation towards dry or wet conditions . Precipitation increases by 10 to 40 percent when the Pacific decadal oscillation is positive .
= = West = =
From September through May , extratropical cyclones from the Pacific Ocean move inland into the region due to a southward migration of the jet stream during the cold season . This shift in the jet stream brings much of the annual precipitation to the region , and also brings the potential for heavy rain events . The West Coast occasionally experiences ocean @-@ effect showers , usually in the form of rain at lower elevations south of the mouth of the Columbia River . These occur whenever an Arctic air mass from western Canada is drawn westward out over the Pacific Ocean , typically by way of the Fraser Valley , returning shoreward around a center of low pressure . Strong onshore flow is brought into the mountain ranges of the west , focusing significant precipitation into the Rocky Mountains , with rain shadows occurring in the Harney Basin , Great Basin , the central valley of California , and the lower Colorado River valley . In general , rainfall amounts are lower on the southern portions of the West coast . The biggest recipients of the precipitation are the coastal ranges such as the Olympic Mountains , the Cascades , and the Sierra Nevada range . Lesser amounts fall upon the Continental Divide . Cold @-@ season precipitation into this region is the main supply of water to area rivers , such as the Colorado River and Rio Grande , and also acts as the main source of water to people living in this portion of the United States . During El Niño events , increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly , zonal , storm track . California also enters a wet pattern when thunderstorm activity within the tropics associated with the Madden – Julian oscillation nears 150E longitude . During La Niña , increased precipitation is diverted into the Pacific Northwest due to a more northerly storm track .
= = = Lake @-@ effect snow off Great Salt Lake = = =
The southern and southeastern sides of the Great Salt Lake receive significant lake @-@ effect snow . Since the Great Salt Lake never freezes , the lake @-@ effect can affect the weather along the Wasatch Front year around . The lake @-@ effect largely contributes to the 55 inches ( 140 cm ) to 80 inches ( 200 cm ) annual snowfall amounts recorded south and east of the lake , with average snowfall amounts exceeding 600 inches ( 1 @,@ 500 cm ) in the Wasatch Mountains . The snow , which is often very light and dry due to the desert climate , is referred to as " The Greatest Snow on Earth " in the mountains . Lake @-@ effect snow contributes to approximately 6 @-@ 8 snowfalls per year in Salt Lake City , with approximately 10 % of the city 's precipitation being contributed by the phenomenon .
= = = North American Monsoon = = =
The North American Monsoon ( NAM ) occurs from early July into September , originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid @-@ July . This allows the wet season to start in the Southwest during the summer rather than early fall as seen across the remainder of the West . Within the United States , it affects Arizona , New Mexico , Nevada , Utah , Colorado , West Texas , and California . The North American monsoon is known to many as the Summer , Southwest , Mexican or Arizona monsoon . It is also sometimes called the Desert Monsoon as a large part of the affected area is desert .
When precipitable water values near 1 @.@ 32 inches ( 34 mm ) , brief but often torrential thunderstorms can occur , especially over mountainous terrain . This activity is occasionally enhanced by the passage of retrograding ( westward @-@ moving ) upper cyclones moving under the subtropical ridge and the entrainment of the remnants of tropical storms . Tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific contribute to the moisture within the monsoon system , and bring up to 20 percent of the average annual rainfall to southern California . Flash flooding is a serious danger during the monsoon season . Dry washes can become raging rivers in an instant , even when no storms are visible as a storm can cause a flash flood tens of miles away . Lightning strikes are also a significant danger . Because it is dangerous to be caught in the open when these storms suddenly appear , many golf courses in Arizona have thunderstorm warning systems .
As much as 45 % of the annual rainfall across New Mexico occurs during the summer monsoon . Many desert plants are adapted to take advantage of this brief wet season . Because of the monsoons , the Sonoran and Mojave are considered relatively " wet " when ranked among other deserts such as the Sahara . Monsoons play a vital role in managing wildfire threat by providing moisture at higher elevations and feeding desert streams . Heavy monsoon rain can lead to excess winter plant growth , in turn a summer wildfire risk . A lack of monsoon rain can hamper summer seeding , reducing excess winter plant growth but worsening drought .
= = Great Plains = =
Downslope winds off the Rocky Mountains can aid in forming the dry line . Major drought episodes in the midwestern United States are associated with an amplification of the upper tropospheric subtropical ( or monsoon ) ridge across the West and Plains , along with a weakening of the western edge of the " Bermuda high " . During the summer , a southerly low @-@ level jet draws moisture from the Gulf of Mexico . Additional moisture comes from more local sources , especially transpiring vegetation . Maximum precipitation generally occurs in late spring and early summer , with minimum precipitation in winter . During La Niña events , the storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal conditions ( in the form of increased snowfall ) to the Midwestern states , as well as hot and dry summers .
The convective season for the Plains ranges between May and September . Organized systems of thunderstorms known as mesoscale convective systems develop over the region during this period , with a bulk of the activity occurring between midnight and 6 a.m. local time . The time of maximum precipitation during the day gradually varies from late afternoon near the slopes of the Rockies to early morning near the Ohio River valley , in part reflecting the west @-@ to @-@ east propagation of mesoscale convective systems . Mesoscale convective systems bring 30 to 70 percent of the annual warm season rainfall to the Plains . An especially long @-@ lived and well @-@ organized type of mesoscale convective system called a mesoscale convective complex produces on average 8 % to 18 % of the annual warm season rainfall across the Plains and Midwest . Squall lines account for 30 % of the large thunderstorm complexes which move through the region .
= = Gulf Coast and Southeast = =
= = = Cold season = = =
The subtropical jet stream brings in upper level moisture from the Pacific Ocean during the cold season . Ahead of storm systems , significant moisture becomes drawn in from the Gulf of Mexico , which increases moisture within the atmospheric column and leads to precipitation ahead of extratropical cyclones . During the El Niño portion of ENSO , increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal , and more southerly , polar jet stream . Rare ocean effect snows are possible along the coast of eastern Florida . In the area around Memphis , Tennessee and across the state of Mississippi , there are two rainfall maxima in the winter and spring . Across Georgia and South Carolina , the first of the annual precipitation maxima occurs in late winter , during February or March . Alabama has an annual rainfall maximum in winter or spring and a dry summer .
= = = Warm season = = =
During the summer , the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic Ocean strengthens , bringing in increasingly humid air from the warm Atlantic , Caribbean , and Gulf of Mexico . Once precipitable water values exceed 1 @.@ 25 inches ( 32 mm ) , afternoon and evening thunderstorms break out at the western periphery of the subtropical ridge across the Southeast on a daily basis . Summer is the time of the second rainfall maximum during the year across Georgia , and the time of the main rainfall maximum in Florida . Evidence shows that increased air pollution is causing rainfall to reach a maximum in intensity during the middle of the week . During the late summer and fall , tropical cyclones move into the region from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico , supplying portions of the area with one @-@ quarter of their annual rainfall , on average . Fall is the time of the rainfall minimum across Louisiana . Sometimes , Gulf moisture sneaks up the Front Range of Rockies as far north as the northern High Plains , bringing higher dewpoint air into states such as Wyoming and Montana .
= = Great Lakes = =
= = = Cold season = = =
Extratropical cyclones can bring moderate to heavy snowfall during the cold season . On the backside of these systems , particularly those moving through the eastern United States , lake effect snowfall is possible . Low level cold in the winter sweeping in from Canada combine with relatively warmer , unfrozen lakes to produce dramatic lake @-@ effect snow on the eastern and southern shores of the Great Lakes . Lake @-@ effect precipitation produces a significant difference between the snowfall around the Great Lakes , sometimes within small distances . Lake effect snowfall accounts for 30 to 60 percent of the annual snowfall near the coasts of the Great Lakes . Lake Erie has the distinction of being the only great lake capable of completely freezing over during the winter due to its relative shallowness . Once frozen , the resulting ice cover alleviates lake @-@ effect snow downwind of the lake . The influence of the Great Lakes allows the region to lie within a Humid Continental Climate regime .
= = = Warm season = = =
Late spring through summer is the wettest time of the year for the region . Weather systems in the westerlies that cause precipitation move along jet stream , which migrates north into the region by summer . This also increases the likelihood for severe weather to develop due to stronger upper @-@ level divergence in its vicinity . Mesoscale convective complexes move into the region from the Plains from May through August , with June the peak month for Michigan . These systems contribute about 2 % of the annual precipitation for the region . Also , remnants of tropical cyclones occasionally move northward into the region , though their overall contribution to precipitation across the region is minimal . From the spring through the summer , areas near the shores of the relatively cooler Great Lakes develop sea breezes , which lowers rainfall amounts near the immediate coastline .
= = Northeast = =
Average precipitation across the region show maxima along the coastal plain and along the mountains of the Appalachians . Between 28 inches ( 710 mm ) and 62 inches ( 1 @,@ 600 mm ) of precipitation falls annually across the area . Seasonally , there are slight changes to precipitation distribution through the year . For example , Burlington , Vermont has a summer maximum and a winter minimum . In contrast , Portland , Maine has a fall and winter maximum , with a summer minimum in precipitation . Temporally , a maximum in precipitation is seen around three peak times : 3 a.m. , 10 a.m. , and 6 p.m. During the summer , the 6 p.m. peak is most pronounced .
= = = Cold season = = =
Coastal extratropical cyclones , known as nor 'easters , bring a bulk of the wintry precipitation to the region during the cold season as they track parallel to the coastline , forming along the natural temperature gradient of the Gulf stream before moving up the coastline . The Appalachian Mountains largely shield New York City and Philadelphia from picking up any lake @-@ effect snow , though ocean @-@ effect snows are possible near Cape Cod . The Finger Lakes of New York are long enough for lake @-@ effect precipitation . Lake @-@ effect snow from the Finger Lakes occurs in upstate New York until those lakes freeze over . Bay @-@ effect snows fall downwind of Delaware Bay , Chesapeake Bay , and Massachusetts Bay when the basic criteria are met . Ocean effect snows are possible downwind of the Gulf Stream across the Southeast .
= = = Warm season = = =
During the summer and early fall , mesoscale convective systems can move into the area from Canada and the Great Lakes . Tropical cyclones and their remains occasionally move into the region from the south and southwest . Recently , the region has experienced a couple heavy rainfall events that exceeded the 50 @-@ year return period , during October 1996 and October 1998 , which suggest an increase in heavy rainfall along the coast .
= = Pacific islands = =
= = = Hawaii = = =
Snow , although not usually associated with tropics , falls at higher elevations on the Big Island , on Mauna Loa as well as Mauna Kea , which reaches an altitude of 13 @,@ 796 feet ( 4 @,@ 205 m ) in some winter months . Snow only rarely falls on Maui 's Haleakala . Mount Waiʻaleʻale ( Waiʻaleʻale ) , on the island of Kauai , is notable for its extreme rainfall , as it has the second highest average annual rainfall on Earth , with 460 inches ( 12 @,@ 000 mm ) . Storm systems affect the state with heavy rains between October and March . Showers are common across the island chain , but thunderstorms are relatively rare . Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography , divisible into windward ( Koʻolau ) and leeward ( Kona ) regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains . The Kona coast is the only area in Hawaii with a summer precipitation maximum . Windward sides face the east to northeast trade winds and receive much more rainfall ; leeward sides are drier and sunnier , with less rain and less cloud cover . In the late winter and spring during El Niño events , drier than average conditions can be expected in Hawaii .
= = = Northern Marianas = = =
The islands have a tropical marine climate moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds . There is a dry season which stretches from December to June , and a rainy season from July to November . Saipan 's average annual precipitation is 82 @.@ 36 inches ( 2 @,@ 092 mm ) , with 67 percent falling during the rainy season . Typhoons frequent the island chain , which can lead to excessive rainfall .
= = = Guam = = =
Guam 's climate is moderated by east to northeast trade winds through the year . The average annual rainfall for the island is 86 inches ( 2 @,@ 200 mm ) . There is a distinct dry season from January to June , and a rainy season from July to December . Typhoons frequent the island , which can lead to excessive rainfall . During El Niño years , dry season precipitation averages below normal . However , the threat of a tropical cyclone is over triple what is normal during El Niño years , so extreme shorter duration rainfall events are possible .
= = = American Samoa = = =
American Samoa 's climate regime is dominated by southeast trade winds . The island dependency is wet , with annual rainfall averaging near 120 inches ( 3 @,@ 000 mm ) at the airport , with amounts closer to 200 inches ( 5 @,@ 100 mm ) in other areas . There is a distinct rainy season when tropical cyclones occasionally visit between November and April . The dry season lasts from May to October . During El Niño events , precipitation averages about 10 percent above normal , while La Niña events lead to precipitation amounts which average close to 10 percent below normal .
= = Atlantic islands = =
= = = Puerto Rico = = =
There is a pronounced rainy season from April to November across the commonwealth , encompassing the annual hurricane season . Due to the commonwealth 's topography , rainfall varies greatly across the island . Pico del Este averages 171 @.@ 09 inches ( 4 @,@ 346 mm ) of rainfall yearly while Magueyes Island averages only 29 @.@ 32 inches ( 745 mm ) a year . Despite known changes in tropical cyclone activity due to changes in the El Niño / Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) , there is no known relationship between rainfall in Puerto Rico and the ENSO cycle . However , when values of the North Atlantic oscillation are high during the winter , precipitation is lower than average for Puerto Rico . There have not been any documented cases of snow falling within Puerto Rico , though occasionally it is brought in from elsewhere as a publicity stunt .
= = = United States Virgin Islands = = =
The climate of the United States Virgin Islands has sustained easterly trade winds through the year . There is a rainy season which lasts from September to November , when hurricanes are more prone to visit the island chain . The average rainfall through the island chain ranges from 51 @.@ 55 inches ( 1 @,@ 309 mm ) at Annually to 37 @.@ 79 inches ( 960 mm ) at East Hill .
= = Changes due to global warming = =
Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation . As average global temperatures have risen , average global precipitation has also increased . Precipitation has generally increased over land north of 30 ° N from 1900 to 2005 , but declined over the tropics since the 1970s . Eastern portions of North America have become wetter . There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century , as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts — especially in the tropics and subtropics . Over the contiguous United States , total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6 @.@ 1 percent per century since 1900 , with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region ( 11 @.@ 6 percent per century ) and the South ( 11 @.@ 1 percent ) . Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease ( − 9 @.@ 25 percent ) . From this excess precipitation , crop losses are expected to increase by US $ 3 billion ( 2002 dollars ) annually over the next 30 years .
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= Tropical Storm Toraji ( 2007 ) =
Tropical Storm Toraji was a short @-@ lived and minimal tropical cyclone that brought inundating rainfall to areas of Southeast Asia in July 2007 . The name Toraji was contributed to the western Pacific typhoon naming list by North Korea and stands for a broad bell flower ( Playtycodon gradniflorus ) . The third named storm of the annual typhoon season , Toraji developed from an area of disturbed weather within the South China Sea on July 4 . As a result of its northwesterly track , the tropical depression moved over Hainan shortly after tropical cyclogenesis . Upon its emergence into the Gulf of Tonkin on July 5 , Toraji quickly intensified into a tropical storm with winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) ; this would be the tropical cyclone 's peak intensity for its entire duration . However , the JMA indicated that tropical storm intensity had been reached a day earlier . On the evening of July 5 , Toraji made its final landfall on Dongxing , Guangxi before rapidly deteriorating inland and degenerating into a remnant low @-@ pressure area by the following day .
During its two @-@ day duration , Toraji brought heavy rainfall to areas of southeastern China and Vietnam . Prior to impacting China , 147 @,@ 000 people were evacuated from potentially affected regions . In that country , the storm 's effects were spread out over a 800 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 km2 ( 310 @,@ 000 – 460 @,@ 000 sq mi ) area . The torrential rainfall produced by the tropical storm damaged agricultural land and destroyed several hundred homes , while damaging many more . Total damage in China was estimated at CN ¥ 73 million ( $ 9 @.@ 6 million ) . Despite making landfall near the border of Vietnam and China , effects in the former were generally minimal . However , several fishing boats capsized offshore ; these sinkings did not result in any deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
In early July 2007 , an area of disturbed weather began to persist in the South China Sea roughly 155 mi ( 250 km ) southeast of Hainan . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on July 3 after the storm had organized sufficiently , however , other tracking agencies did not indicate that tropical cyclogenesis had occurred at the time . However , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began to monitor the disturbance for potential signs of tropical cyclogenesis at 0100 UTC later that day , At the time , the storm system was situated in an area of weak to moderate wind shear , exposing the disturbance 's low @-@ level circulation center . Despite the prevailing conditions and proximity to land , the storm continued to organize , and as such the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert for the system at 0130 UTC the following day .
As it tracked in a general northwesterly direction , intensification continued , and both the JMA and JTWC consequently upgraded the disturbance to tropical storm intensity at 0600 UTC on July 4 , giving the storm the name Toraji . Meanwhile , the Hong Kong Observatory ( HKO ) upgraded the same system to tropical depression status . At the same time , Toraji made its first landfall on Hainan Island . According to the JMA , the tropical storm had winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 42 inHg ) . As the cyclone passed over the island , Toraji weakened marginally , and whilst the HKO and JMA maintained their prior intensities for the system , the JTWC downgraded Toraji to tropical depression status at 1800 UTC before a subsequent re @-@ upgrade as the cyclone emerged into the Gulf of Tonkin early the following day . Once over open water , modest intensification ensued , with the storm reaching peak intensity at 1800 UTC on July 4 with winds still at 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) and a pressure of 994 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 36 inHg ) . Six hours later on the following day , the HKO upgraded Toraji to tropical storm intensity . After having tracked north @-@ northwestward along the western periphery of a subtropical ridge , Toraji made its final landfall near Cẩm Phả , Vietnam at approximately 1200 UTC on July 5 at the same intensity . Six hours later , all three agencies downgraded Toraji to tropical depression intensity . By that time , the JTWC had ceased the issuance of tropical cyclone products on the storm . However , the JMA and HKO continued to monitor the system until 0000 UTC on July 5 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Due to the impending threat of Toraji , Chinese officials evacuated over 147 @,@ 000 people from areas potentially affected by the cyclone . Upon making its first landfall in China , Toraji became the first of six tropical cyclones to move ashore the country in the first three quarters of 2007 . The system 's effects were spread out over a region approximately 800 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 km2 ( 310 @,@ 000 – 460 @,@ 000 sq mi ) in area . In Guangxi , Toraji caused extensive impacts . In Dongxing , a weather station clocked gusts peaking at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Associated rains destroyed approximately 16 @,@ 600 acres ( 6 @,@ 700 ha ) of farm and agricultural land , and the resulting flooding caused the collapse of 376 homes . An additional 946 residences sustained at least partial damage . In China , the total economic loss resulting from Toraji was estimated at approximately CN ¥ 73 million ( $ 9 @.@ 6 million ) .
In preparation for the tropical storm , the Government of Vietnam redirected all boats back to port in Ha Long Bay . A hundred people were evacuated from low @-@ lying areas prone to landslides . Off of Vietnam , late reports indicated that several small fishing vessels were sunk by Toraji in Quảng Ninh Province , located in the northern part of the country . However , no deaths resulted in these sinkings . On Bach Long Vi , a station recorded 152 mm ( 5 @.@ 98 in ) of rain . Further inland , damage from Toraji in Vietnam remained generally minimal . Throughout northern areas of the country , an average of 155 mm ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) of rain fell , leading to flooding and landslides . At least 27 homes were damaged and 13 others were destroyed by the storm , leaving millions of Vietnamese dong in losses . A power station at a nearby military base was also damaged during the storm , causing roughly ₫ 40 million ( US $ 2 @,@ 240 ) in damage .
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= Dartford Crossing =
The Dartford @-@ Thurrock River Crossing , commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel , is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England , connecting Dartford in Kent to the south to Thurrock in Essex to the north . It consists of two bored tunnels and the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge , a cable stayed bridge . The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London , it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom , with an average daily use of over 130 @,@ 000 vehicles . It opened in stages : the west tunnel in 1963 , the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991 . The crossing forms part of the M25 motorway 's route , though it is not under motorway restrictions itself . It has been described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain , and suffers from heavy traffic and congestion .
The crossing 's development started in the late 1930s , but was interrupted due to the Second World War and resumed in the 1950s . The original tunnel catered for a single lane of traffic in each direction , but rising traffic levels required the second tunnel to be built . The M25 connected to the tunnels at both ends when completed in 1986 , and this increased traffic put pressure on the tunnels ' capacity . A Private Finance Initiative scheme was started in 1988 to build the bridge . The combined crossing now handles four lanes of traffic in each direction .
The crossing had always been tolled , and from 1 April 2003 this became a charge , though since 2008 it has been free from 10 pm to 6 am . An electronic charging scheme ( Dart Charge ) began in November 2014 . As a result , the charge can no longer be paid in cash and the old toll booths have been removed . A residents ' scheme is available , offering further discounts for people living near the crossing .
= = Location = =
The crossing spans the River Thames between Dartford , Kent , to the south and Thurrock , Essex , to the north . It is about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of the centre of London , outside the Greater London boundary . The two tunnels are 1 @,@ 430 metres ( 4 @,@ 690 ft ) long , while the cable @-@ stayed bridge is 137 metres ( 449 ft ) high with a main span of 450 metres ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) . The high @-@ speed rail line High Speed 1 from St Pancras International Station to Ebbsfleet International Station passes under the crossing approach roads on the north side of the river , at a near right angle .
The design capacity is 135 @,@ 000 vehicles per day , but in practice the crossing can carry as much as 160 @,@ 000 . It has been described by the Highways Agency as " a vital transport link for the national and South East economies " and by the Secretary of State for Transport , Patrick McLoughlin as " a crucial part of the country ’ s strategic road network " . It is signed as a major destination on London 's orbital route , the M25 , though the crossing and its approach road are an all @-@ purpose road ( the A282 ) , allowing traffic prohibited from motorways to use it . Southbound traffic crosses the four lane bridge , while northbound traffic uses both of the two lane road tunnels . However , the bridge is sometimes closed due to bad weather , such as high winds , or for maintenance . On these occasions , traffic uses the tunnels in both directions .
= = = Alternative routes = = =
The crossing is the easternmost road crossing of the River Thames , and the only one that is east of Greater London . The next nearest vehicle crossings to the west are the Woolwich Ferry and the Blackwall Tunnel , both well within East London . There is no official diversion route through London for high vehicles . When the bridge is closed , vehicles over 5 @.@ 03 metres ( 16 @.@ 5 ft ) are diverted around the M25 in the opposite direction .
A number of new crossings have been proposed as relief for the Dartford Crossing . The proposed Thames Gateway Bridge to the west was given planning permission in December 2004 , but was cancelled in November 2008 when Boris Johnson became Mayor of London . Johnson subsequently proposed the Gallions Reach Ferry , a ferry crossing in the same location , as an alternative . The Lower Thames Crossing is a proposal for an alternative crossing , most likely a tunnel , to the east . Thurrock Council suggest that this crossing will be essential for managing congestion . In July 2014 , the government announced it would develop further plans for an alternative route . Option A is an additional crossing at the current location , while option C is a new crossing east of Gravesend .
= = Charges = =
A free @-@ flow electronic charging system called Dart Charge came into force in November 2014 based on automatic number plate recognition . The charge can be paid online , by text message or by phone in advance or by midnight the day after crossing , but can no longer be paid in cash since the old toll booths have been removed . Charges are payable between 6am and 10pm and this is indicated on overhead @-@ gantry signs . The schedule of charge , however , is not displayed at any location on either of the approaching roads . Reduced charges are available to users with a pre @-@ pay account and holders of DART @-@ Tags , a device held in a vehicle that is detected at the payment booth , automatically deducting the charge from a pre @-@ paid account . The charges for the crossing as of November 2014 are as follows :
The charge payment booths for both directions of travel are located on the south side of the crossing . Various categories of vehicles are exempt from the charge , including emergency services vehicles , military vehicles and those exempt from Vehicle Excise Duty on the grounds of disability . The charge may generally be suspended when it would ease congestion , such as when there is a continuous queue of traffic travelling under 10 mph from either junction 4 ( between Sevenoaks and Bromley ) or junction 28 ( near Brentwood ) on the M25 .
The charges vary according to the type of vehicle . Motorcycles are free but there are standard charges for cars , two @-@ axle goods vehicles and larger vehicles with more than two axles . Drivers who fail to pay the charge are issued with a penalty charge notice . There are no signs warning of penalty charges .
Since 2008 , a local residents ' scheme gives 50 free crossings to car drivers resident in the Dartford and Thurrock council areas for an annual registration fee of £ 10 , with additional crossings at 20p each . On 1 March 2014 , this scheme was extended to include privately owned 2 @-@ axle goods vehicles . A further option was introduced giving unlimited free crossings for £ 20 annually .
= = History = =
= = = First tunnel = = =
The idea of a tunnel crossing was first proposed by the Ministry of Transport in 1924 . Initial reports at the start of the year suggested a crossing between Tilbury and Gravesend , replacing a ferry service , but this had been rejected by July in favour of a route further upstream , near Dartford . By 1929 , the total cost of building the tunnel had been estimated at £ 3M . The tunnel was planned to be part of a general orbital route around London and was provisionally known as part of the " South Orbital Road " .
The first engineering work to take place was a compressed air driven pilot tunnel , which was drilled between 1936 and 1938 . Work on the tunnel was delayed due to World War II , and resumed in 1959 , using a Greathead Shield , similar to the work on the Blackwall Tunnel some 60 years earlier . The delay in work due to the war allowed the tunnel 's design to be improved , which included a better ventilation system . After negotiations with the Ministry of Transport , Kent and Essex County Councils successfully levied a toll on the tunnel in 1960 , before opening . The two @-@ lane bore tunnel opened to traffic on 18 November 1963 , costing £ 13M . It initially served approximately 12 @,@ 000 vehicles per day .
The toll was originally two shillings and sixpence , equivalent to 12.5p post @-@ decimalisation , and approximately equivalent in purchasing power to £ 2 @.@ 00 in 2015 . The Dartford Tunnel Act 1967 gave Kent and Essex County Councils authority to change the tolls , and in December 1977 , the toll was raised from 25p to 35p for cars , 40p to 55p for 2 axle goods vehicles , and 60p to 85p for HGVs . By 1984 , the toll for cars had risen to 60p .
= = = Second tunnel = = =
The tunnel was expected to carry two million vehicles a year but by 1970 was carrying over eight million . That year , Michael Heseltine , then a transport minister , announced that a second tunnel would be built in conjunction with the North Orbital Road , later to become the M25 .
Construction was approved in April 1971 , with an initial expected opening date in 1976 . Work was delayed due to a lack of funds , which was resolved by EEC funding granted in 1974 . The second tunnel opened in May 1980 , allowing each tunnel to handle one direction of traffic , by which time the joint capacity of the two tunnels had increased to 65 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . Connection of the crossing to the M25 was completed on the northerly Essex side in September 1982 ( Junction 31 ) , and to the southerly Kent side in September 1986 ( Junction 1a ) . Following the completion of the M25 in 1986 , the daily demand had grown to 79 @,@ 000 vehicles .
= = = Queen Elizabeth II Bridge = = =
During the early 1980s , it was anticipated that traffic through the tunnel would rise on the completion of the M25 in 1986 . At the time , the expectation was that other routes in London would be improved instead , diverting 15 % of traffic away from the tunnel . In 1985 , the Transport Minister , Lynda Chalker , announced that the number of toll booths would be increased to 12 each way , but concern grew that two tunnels would not be able to cope with the full demands of a completed M25 .
Between September 1985 and December 1986 , proposals for improvements to the Dartford Crossing underwent several changes , and in 1986 , a Trafalgar House consortium won a bid to build a new bridge at Dartford crossing , valued at £ 86M . At the time there were several other privately financed projects planned or under construction in the UK , including the Second Severn Crossing . From 1981 until the establishment of the Private Finance Initiatives ( PFIs ) in the late 1980s , private investment projects were governed by the Ryrie Rules which dictated that " any privately @-@ financed solution must be shown to be more cost @-@ effective than a publicly @-@ financed alternative , and that privately @-@ financed expenditure by nationalised industries could not be additional to public expenditure provision , which would be reduced by the amount of private financed borrowed . "
On 31 July 1988 , a Private Finance Initiative concession was enabled under the Dartford @-@ Thurrock Crossing Act 1988 , which transferred control of the crossing from Kent and Essex county councils to Dartford River Crossing Limited , a private company managed by Rodney Jones . The company would also bear the debt of the bridge , then under construction , " financed 100 % by debt , with no equity contribution " . The private company was at risk of not recuperating their costs , but ultimately the Dartford scheme demonstrated that the Ryrie Rules were no longer a barrier to the private financing of public infrastructure projects . The concession was scheduled for 20 years from the transfer date , with a stipulation that it could end when debts had been paid off , which was agreed to have been achieved on 31 March 2002 . According to the International Handbook on Public @-@ Private Partnership , the chief financing for the project came from a " 20 @-@ year subordinated loan stock , 16 @-@ year loan stock and £ 85 million as a term loan from banks " .
Construction of bridge started immediately after the creation of the PFI in 1988 . It was designed by German engineer Hellmut Homberg , and the two main caissons supporting the bridge piers were constructed in the Netherlands . Each caisson was designed to withstand a bridge strike of a ship weighing up to 65 @,@ 000 tonnes and travelling up to 18 @.@ 5 kilometres per hour ( 11 @.@ 5 mph ) The towers are about 61 metres ( 200 ft ) high , and it took a team of around 56 to assemble the bridge structure . During construction of the approach road , a World War II bomb was found in its path , which required closure of the entire crossing .
The bridge was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 30 October 1991 . The total cost of construction was £ 120 million ( £ 246 million as of 2015 ) , including £ 30m for the approach roads . The proposed name had been simply the Dartford Bridge , but Thurrock residents objected and suggested the Tilbury Bridge , leading to a compromise . At the time of opening , it had the longest cable @-@ stayed span of any bridge in Europe . It is the only bridge across the Thames downstream of Central London to be opened since Tower Bridge in 1894 .
= = = Charging scheme = = =
In 2000 , the European Union issued a directive that value @-@ added tax should be charged on all road tolls , including the Dartford Crossing . The Government opposed the directive and said it would bear the additional cost . It was anticipated that the tolls would be removed on 1 April 2003 under the original PFI scheme contract . However , the Highways Agency decided that the tolls would become a " charge " , under a charging scheme under powers introduced by the Transport Act 2000 to introduce charging schemes on any trunk road bridge or tunnel at least 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) in length .
Under the 2000 Transport Act , the A282 Trunk Road ( Dartford @-@ Thurrock Crossing charging scheme ) Order 2002 allowed the continuation of the crossing fee , which officially became a charge and not a toll on 1 April 2003 . Management of the crossing was contracted to Le Crossing Company Limited on behalf of the Highways Agency . In September 2009 the Highways Agency made a new contract with Connect Plus ( M25 ) Limited . As well as maintaining the crossing , the contract required the company to widen around 40 miles of the M25 and to refurbish a tunnel on the A1 ( M ) at Hatfield . In October 2009 , the Government announced its intention to sell the crossing as part of a public sector deficit reduction strategy . The announcement was unpopular with local residents , who encouraged drivers to sound their horns in protest when using the crossing . After the change of government following the 2010 Election , the new prime minister David Cameron announced that the crossing might still be sold , despite local opposition , particularly from Gareth Johnson , member of parliament for Dartford . Subsequently , the chancellor George Osborne announced that charges would be increased instead to cover the budget deficit .
Under the 2008 Charging Order introduced on 15 November 2008 , charges between 10pm and 6am were discontinued , but standard daytime rates increased , starting at £ 1 @.@ 50 for cars . On 7 October 2012 the charges increased to £ 2 for cars , £ 2 @.@ 50 for 2 axle goods vehicles and £ 5 for multi @-@ axle goods vehicles . By 2012 , local businesses were complaining that the crossing 's charge booths were impeding local growth . The government announced that a new electronic charging system would be introduced in 2014 . Drivers would be able to pay by phone , text , online or in shops . The charge is proposed to increase to £ 2 @.@ 50 for cars , £ 3 for 2 @-@ axle goods vehicles and £ 6 for multi @-@ axle vehicles . A later report stated that drivers evading the charge could be fined as much as £ 105 .
Preparation work on the free @-@ flow scheme started in April 2014 . Concerns have been raised about reliability , with a Highways Agency report predicting that it could lose up to £ 6m of unpaid charges per year . In September , the Highways Agency announced that the new scheme would start to operate at the end of November , though related works to remove barriers would continue until April 2015 . Subsequently , the date for removal of the booths was confirmed as 30 November . Drivers can browse to the official charge website and pay for credits to use the crossing at a discount .
= = Traffic = =
A total of 1 @,@ 486 @,@ 929 @,@ 267 vehicles have used the crossing as of 31 March 2014 . The highest recorded daily usage was 181 @,@ 990 vehicles on 23 July 2004 ; since then traffic levels have decreased . From April 2013 to March 2014 , 49 @,@ 645 @,@ 356 vehicles used the crossing : a daily average of 136 @,@ 015 vehicles . The total income for the financial year ended 31 March 2012 was £ 72 @,@ 147 @,@ 091 , while the corresponding figure for the following financial year was £ 80 @,@ 331 @,@ 662 .
Bicycles are not permitted on the crossing , but cyclists can be carried across the crossing by the transport authority at no charge . Cyclists report to the crossing control offices on either side , using a free telephone service . The transfer takes around 15 to 30 minutes .
In October 1963 , London Transport ordered five double decker buses based on the Ford Thames Trader chassis for special duties , taking cyclists through the Dartford Tunnel . These had a lower deck purpose @-@ built for carrying bicycles , with upper deck seats for cyclists . Access was via a stairwell to the upper deck starting several feet above the level of the road , accessible from special platforms built at either end of the tunnel ; there was also a ladder built into the side of the bodywork for access elsewhere . The design was criticised for failing to protect any passenger from falling off the vehicle , and running costs were estimated at £ 2 @,@ 550 per month , with only £ 45 revenue . The service was reduced to one bus in April 1964 and then cancelled in 1965 , to be replaced by the current transfer service . One of these buses has been preserved .
The transport of hazardous goods through the crossing is governed by the European ADR Agreement . The Dartford Crossing is class C , which restricts transporting goods such as nitrates and flammable liquids . The introduction of the ADR scheme initially caused confusion , and for a short time , transporting aerosols through the tunnel was banned . Certain hazardous goods vehicles , together with some oversize and abnormal loads ( if permitted ) may require escorting by Highways Agency Traffic Officers . The crossing authority must hold exercises in conjunction with the emergency services . In 2006 Exercise Orpheus was held , involving the closure of both road tunnels for five hours .
The tunnel is patrolled by Highways Agency Traffic Officers . Officers may stop and direct traffic on the crossing and its approach roads , and must be in uniform to exercise their powers . The crossing is subject to a 50 mph speed limit for all vehicles , which is enforced by safety cameras . Between October 2012 and June 2014 , 24 @,@ 229 drivers were caught speeding , with some travelling as fast as 94 mph . A spokesman from the Highways Agency said the cameras were " helping us improve safety and make journeys more reliable " .
= = = Congestion = = =
The crossing is the busiest in the United Kingdom . Because the design capacity has been exceeded , the crossing is subject to major traffic congestion and disruption , particularly when parts are closed because of accidents or bad weather . Though the Government was adamant that the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge should be designed to avoid closure due to high winds , the bridge has nevertheless had to close on occasions . In February 2014 , during the winter storms , it was closed on the 12th owing to 60 mph winds , and again on the evening of 13th – 14th .
At busy times there was significant delay at the payment booths when these existed . There are numerous junctions on either side of the crossing , and because it is not under motorway restrictions , a high proportion of local traffic mixes with long distance traffic , for example travelling from the North and Midlands onwards to Continental Europe . In 2004 , a BBC survey reported that the crossing was " the most stressful section of the M25 " while in 2009 , the crossing was listed in a Royal Automobile Club report as the fourth most congested road in Britain . Though Highways England have reported greatly improved journey times since automatic charging was introduced , Gareth Johnson claims otherwise and has insisted that the Lower Thames Crossing , along with improved signing around Dartford , are better options to reduce congestion .
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= Queen 's University =
Queen 's University at Kingston ( commonly shortened to Queen 's University or Queen 's ) is a public research university located in Kingston , Ontario , Canada . Founded on 16 October 1841 via a royal charter issued by Queen Victoria , the university predates the founding of Canada by 26 years . Queen 's holds more than 1 @,@ 400 hectares ( 3 @,@ 500 acres ) of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex , England . Queen 's is organized into ten undergraduate , graduate and professional faculties and schools .
The Church of Scotland established Queen 's College in 1841 with a royal charter from Queen Victoria . The first classes , intended to prepare students for the ministry , were held 7 March 1842 with 13 students and two professors . Queen 's was the first university west of the maritime provinces to admit women , and to form a student government . In 1883 , a women 's college for medical education affiliated with Queen 's University was established . In 1888 , Queen 's University began offering extension courses , becoming the first Canadian university to do so . In 1912 , Queen 's secularized and changed to its present legal name .
Queen 's is a co @-@ educational university , with more than 23 @,@ 000 students , and with over 131 @,@ 000 living alumni worldwide . Notable alumni include government officials , academics , business leaders and 56 Rhodes Scholars . The university was ranked 4th in Canada by Maclean 's University Ranking Guide for 2015 , 206th in the 2015 – 2016 QS World University Rankings , 251 – 300th in the 2015 – 2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and 201 – 300 in the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities . Queen 's varsity teams , known as the Golden Gaels , compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport .
= = History = =
= = = Nineteenth century = = =
Queen 's was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s . A draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839 , with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during a session in 1840 . On 16 October 1841 , a royal charter was issued through Queen Victoria . Queen 's resulted from years of effort by Presbyterians of Upper Canada to found a college for the education of ministers in the growing colony and to instruct the youth in various branches of science and literature . They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow . Classes began on 7 March 1842 , in a small wood @-@ frame house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students .
The college moved several times during its first eleven years , before settling in its present location . Prior to Canadian Confederation , the college was financially supported by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland , the Canadian government and private citizens . After Confederation the college faced ruin when the federal government withdrew its funding and the Commercial Bank of the Midland District collapsed , a disaster which cost Queen 's two @-@ thirds of its endowment . The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other officials created a fundraising campaign across Canada .
The risk of financial ruin continued to worry the administration until the final decade of the century . They actively considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s . With the additional funds bequeathed from Queen 's first major benefactor , Robert Sutherland , the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence . Queen 's was given university status on 17 May 1881 . In 1883 , Women 's Medical College was founded at Queen 's with a class of three . Theological Hall , completed in 1880 , originally served as Queen 's main building throughout the late 19th century .
= = = Twentieth century = = =
In 1912 , Queen 's separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queen 's University at Kingston . Queen 's Theological College remained in the control of the Presbyterian Church in Canada , until 1925 , when it joined the United Church of Canada , where it remains today . The university faced another financial crisis during World War I , from a sharp drop in enrolment due to the military enlistment of students , staff , and faculty . A $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 fundraising drive and the armistice in 1918 saved the university . Approximately 1 @,@ 500 students participated in the war and 187 died . Months before Canada joined World War II , US President Franklin D. Roosevelt , came to Queen 's to accept an honorary degree and , in a broadcast heard around the world , voiced the American policy of mutual alliance and friendship with Canada . During World War II , 2 @,@ 917 graduates from Queen 's served in the armed forces , suffering 164 fatalities . The Memorial Room in Memorial Hall of the John Deutsch University Centre lists those Queen 's students who died during the world wars .
Queen 's grew quickly after the war , propelled by the expanding postwar economy and the demographic boom that peaked in the 1960s . From 1951 to 1961 , enrolment increased from just over 2 @,@ 000 students to more than 3 @,@ 000 . The university embarked on a building program , constructing five student residences in less than ten years .
Following the reorganization of legal education in Ontario in the mid @-@ 1950s , Queen 's Faculty of Law opened in 1957 in the newly built John A. Macdonald Hall . Other construction projects at Queen 's in the 1950s included the construction of Richardson Hall to house Queen 's administrative offices , and Dunning Hall . By the end of the 1960s , like many other universities in Canada , Queen 's tripled its enrolment and greatly expanded its faculty , staff , and facilities , as a result of the baby boom and generous support from the public sector . By the mid @-@ 1970s , the number of full @-@ time students had reached 10 @,@ 000 . Among the new facilities were three more residences and separate buildings for the Departments of Mathematics , Physics , Biology and Psychology , Social Sciences and the Humanities .
During this period Schools of Music , Public Administration ( now part of Policy Studies ) , Rehabilitation Therapy , and Urban and Regional Planning were established at Queen 's . The establishment of the Faculty of Education in 1968 on land about a kilometre west of the university inaugurated the university 's west campus .
Queen 's celebrated its sesquicentennial anniversary in 1991 , and was visited by Charles , Prince of Wales , and his then @-@ wife , Diana , to mark the occasion . The Prince of Wales presented a replica of the 1841 Royal Charter granted by Queen Victoria , which had established the university ; the replica is displayed in the John Deutsch University Centre . The first female chancellor of Queen 's University , Agnes Richardson Benidickson , was installed on 23 October 1980 . In 1993 , Queen 's received Herstmonceux Castle as a donation from alumnus Alfred Bader . The castle is used by the university as the Bader International Study Centre .
= = = Twenty @-@ first century = = =
In 2001 the Senate Educational Equity Committee ( SEEC ) studied the experiences of visible minority and Aboriginal faculty members at Queen 's after a black female professor left , alleging that she had experienced racism . Following this survey SEEC commissioned a study which found that many perceived a ' Culture of Whiteness ' at the university . The report concluded that “ white privilege and power continues to be reflected in the Eurocentric curricula , traditional pedagogical approaches , hiring , promotion and tenure practices , and opportunities for research ” at Queen ’ s . The university 's response to the report is the subject of continuing debate . The administration implemented measures to promote diversity beginning in 2006 , such as the position of diversity advisor and the hiring of " dialogue monitors " to facilitate discussions on social justice .
In May 2010 , Queen 's University joined the Matariki Network of Universities , an international group of universities created in 2010 , which focuses on strong links between research and undergraduate teaching .
= = Campus = =
The university grounds lies within the neighbourhood of Queen 's in the city of Kingston , Ontario . The university 's main campus is bordered to the south by Lake Ontario , Kingston General Hospital to the southeast , city parks to the east , and by residential neighbourhoods , known as the Kingston student ghetto or the university district , in all other directions . The campus grew to its present size of 40 ha ( 99 acres ) through gradual acquisitions of adjacent private lands , and remains the university 's largest landholding . The campus 's original site and holds the majority of its facilities . In addition to its main campus in Kingston , Queen 's owns several other properties around Kingston , as well as in Central Frontenac Township , Ontario , Rideau Lakes , Ontario , and East Sussex , England .
The buildings at Queen 's vary in age , from Summerhill which opened in 1839 , to the new Queen 's School of Medicine building , which opened in 2011 . Grant Hall , completed in 1905 , is considered the university 's most recognizable landmark . It is named after Rev. George Munro Grant who served as Queen 's seventh principal . The building is used to host concerts , lectures , meetings , exams , and convocations . Two buildings owned and managed by the university have been listed as National Historic Sites of Canada . The Kingston General Hospital is the oldest operating public hospital in Canada . The Roselawn House , which is located east of the west campus , is the core component of the university 's Donald Gordon Centre .
= = = Libraries , museums and galleries = = =
Queen 's University Libraries include six campus libraries in five facilities housing 2 @.@ 2 million physical items and 400 @,@ 000 electronic resources , including e @-@ books , serial titles and databases . The library 's budget in 2007 – 2008 was $ 18 @.@ 1 million , with $ 9 @.@ 8 million dedicated to acquisitions . The libraries are Bracken Health Sciences Library , Education Library , Lederman Law Library , Stauffer Humanities and Social Sciences Library and Engineering & Science Library . The W.D. Jordan Special Collections and Music Library notably harbors early @-@ dated books from 1475 to 1700 . The Engineering & Science Library and the W.D. Jordan Library Special Collections and Music Library share facilities , known as Douglas Library .
Queen 's operates the Miller Museum of Geology , an earth @-@ science teaching museum which features an Earth Science and Geological Collections of 10 000 Minerals , and 865 fossils as well as an exhibit of the geology of the Kingston area . The museum is largely used as an earth @-@ science teaching museum for local schools and natural @-@ science interest groups in eastern Ontario . The permanent exhibits feature dinosaurs , dinosaur eggs , fossils of early multi @-@ celled animals and land tracks fossilized from 500 million years ago .
Queen 's art collections are housed at the Agnes Etherington Art Centre . The art centre owes its namesake to Agnes Etherington , whose house was donated to the university and is being used as an art museum . Opened in 1957 , it contains over 14 @,@ 000 works of art , including works by Rembrandt , and Inuit art . The Union Gallery , an art gallery opened in 1994 , is run by the university 's student body and faculty . The gallery is dedicated to the promotion of contemporary art .
= = = Housing and student facilities = = =
The university has eighteen student residences : Adelaide Hall , Ban Righ Hall , Brandt House , Chown Hall , Gordon House , Brockington House , Graduate Residence , Harkness Hall , John Orr Tower Apartments , Leggett Hall , Leonard Hall , McNeill House , Morris Hall , Smith House , Victoria Hall , Waldron Tower , Watts Hall and Jean Royce Hall . The largest is Victoria Hall , built in 1965 , which houses nearly 900 students . In September 2010 , 83 @.@ 3 percent of first @-@ year students lived on campus , part of the 26 percent of the overall undergraduate population which lived on campus . Residents were represented by two groups , the Main Campus Residents ' Council , which represents the main campus , and the Jean Royce Hall Council , which represents the west campus ( Jean Royce Hall , Harkness International Hall and the Graduate Residence ) . They were responsible for representing resident concerns , providing entertainment services , organizing events and upholding rules and regulations . In 2012 , the Main Campus and Jean Royce Hall Residents ' Councils were amalgamated into one organization , called ResSoc , standing for Residence Society .
The Student Life Centre is the centre of student governance and student directed social , cultural , entertainment and recreational activities . The Student Life Centre consists of the John Deutsch University Centre ( JDUC ) , Grey House , Carruthers Hall , Queen ’ s Journal House , MacGillivray @-@ Brown Hall , and the non @-@ athletic sections of Queen 's Centre . Collectively , these buildings provide 10 @,@ 500 square metres ( 113 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of space to the Queen 's community . The JDUC contains the offices of a number of student organizations , including the Alma Mater Society of Queen 's University , as well as retail and food services . The university has sixteen food outlets located throughout the campus , as well as three major residence dining facilities .
= = = Off @-@ campus facilities = = =
Queen 's has off @-@ campus faculties located in the Kingston area and abroad . The university has a second campus located in Kingston , known as the west campus . The west campus , acquired in 1969 , is 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) west of the main campus , and covers 27 ha ( 67 acres ) of land . The west campus has two student residences , the Faculty of Education , the Coastal Engineering Lab , and several athletic facilities , including the Richardson Memorial Stadium . In May 2007 , the university approved the designs for the Isabel Bader Centre for Performing Arts , also located in Kingston . The new centre for performing arts was expected to open in 2014 .
The university owns a research facility in Rideau Lakes , Ontario , known as the Queen 's University Biological Station . Opened during the 1950s , the field station encompasses approximately 3 @,@ 000 ha ( 7 @,@ 400 acres ) of property , a range of habitat types typical of Eastern Ontario , and many species of conservation concern in Canada .
Queen ’ s has an agreement with Novelis Inc. to acquire a 20 @-@ hectare ( 49 @-@ acre ) property adjacent to the company 's research and development centre in Kingston . The agreement is part of the plan to establish an innovative technology park located at the corner of Princess and Concession streets , which is to be called Innovation Park at Queen 's University . The property was acquired for $ 5 @.@ 3 million , a portion of the $ 21 million grant Queen 's received from the Ontario government last spring to pioneer this innovative new regional R & D " co @-@ location " model . Queen 's leases approximately 7 @,@ 900 square metres ( 85 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of the Novelis R & D facilities to accommodate faculty @-@ led research projects that have industrial partners and small and medium @-@ size companies with a research focus and a desire to interact with Queen 's researchers . The remainder of the government funds support further development of the technology park to transform the property into a welcoming and dynamic site for business expansion and relocation .
The Bader International Study Centre ( BISC ) is housed in Herstmonceux Castle , East Sussex , England , which was donated to Queen 's in 1993 by alumnus Alfred Bader . BISC is academically fully integrated with Queen 's , although financially self @-@ sufficient . Its mission is to provide academic programs for undergraduate students whose academic interests are oriented toward the United Kingdom , Europe and the European Union , continuing @-@ education programs for executives and other professional or “ special interest ” groups , a venue for conferences and meetings , a base for international graduate students and other scholars undertaking research in the United Kingdom and Europe and as an enhanced educational , social and cultural environment for the local community , using the unique heritage of the castle . The opportunity to study at the BISC is not limited to Queen 's students . Queen 's has academic exchange agreements with Canadian and foreign universities .
= = = Sustainability = = =
Queen 's Sustainability Office , which was created in 2008 , is charged with the university 's green initiatives and creating awareness about environmental issues . The office is headed by a Sustainability Manager , who works with the university , external community groups and the government . In 2009 , with the signing of the agreement , the Ontario Universities Committed to a Greener World , Queen 's had pledged to transform its campus into a model of environmental responsibility . Queen 's was the second Ontario university to sign the University and College Presidents ’ Climate Change Statement of Action for Canada , in 2010 .
The university campus received a B grade from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card for 2011 .
= = Administration = =
Academics at Queen 's is organized into ten undergraduate , graduate and professional faculties and schools . The governance of the university is conducted through the Board of Trustees , the Senate , and the University Council , all three of which were established under the Royal Charter of 1841 . The Board is responsible for the university 's conduct and management and its property , revenues , business , and affairs . Ex officio governors of the Board include the university 's chancellor , principal and the rector . The Board has 34 other trustees , 33 of which are elected by the various members of the university community , including elected representatives from the student body . The representative from Queen 's Theological College is the only appointed trustee .
The Senate is responsible for determining all academic matters affecting the university as a whole , including student discipline . The Senate consists of 17 ex officio positions granted to the principal and vice @-@ chancellor , the vice @-@ principals of the university , the senior dean of each faculty , dean of student affairs , the deputy provost , and the presidents of the undergraduate , graduate and faculty associations . The Senate also consists of 55 other members , appointed or elected by various communities of the university including elected representatives of the student body .
The Royal Charter of 1841 was amended to include the University Council in 1874 . The Council is a composite of the Board of Trustees , senators and an equal number of elected graduates . It serves as both an advisory and an ambassadorial body to the university as a whole and is responsible for the election of the chancellor . Although it is not directly involved in operations , the Council may bring to the Senate or Board of Trustees any matter that it believes affects Queen 's well @-@ being . The Council meets once per year , typically in May .
The Chancellor is the highest officer and the ceremonial head of the university . The office was created in 1874 and first filled in 1877 , although it was only enshrined in law in 1882 after its amendment into the Royal Charter of 1841 . The responsibilities of the chancellor includes presiding over convocations , conferring degrees , chairing the annual meetings of the Council and is an ex officio , voting member of the Board of Trustees . A person is elected to the office of chancellor on a three @-@ year term by the Council unless there is more than one candidate , in which case an election is conducted among Queen 's graduates .
The Principal acts as the chief executive officer of the university under the authority of the Board and the Senate , and supervises and directs the academic and administrative work of the university and of its teaching and non @-@ teaching staff . Since1974 , principals have been appointed for five @-@ year terms , renewable subject to review . The formal authority for the appointment of the Principal rests under the Royal Charter with the Board of Trustees although recent principals have been selected by a joint committee of trustees and senators . Daniel Woolf has served as the twentieth principal , serving since 1 September 2009 . The office of the vice @-@ chancellor has typically been held by the incumbent principal . In 1961 , an amendment was secured by the Board to separate the office of principal from vice @-@ chancellor if it wished . The first , and only person to ever hold the office of vice @-@ chancellor , but not the office of principal , was William Archibald Mackintosh .
= = = Finances = = =
The university completed the 2011 – 12 year with revenues of $ 769 @.@ 9 million and expenses of $ 773 @.@ 3 million , yielding a deficit of $ 3 @.@ 4 million . Government grants made up 48 percent of the 2011 – 12 operating budget . Student fees made up 28 percent of the 2010 – 11 operating budget . As of 30 April 2012 , Queen 's endowment was valued at C $ 584 @.@ 4 million .
The university has been registered as an educational charitable organization by Canada Revenue Agency since 1 January 1967 . As of 2011 , the university registered primarily as a post @-@ secondary institution , with 70 percent of the charity dedicated to management and maintenance . The charity has 21 percent dedicated towards research , while the remaining 8 percent has been dedicated towards awards , bursaries and scholarships . Proceeds from the charity also go toward Queen 's Theological College ( as an affiliated college ) and the Bader International Study Centre at Herstmonceaux Castle .
= = Academics = =
Queen 's is a publicly funded research university , and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada . The full @-@ time undergraduate programs comprise the majority of the school 's enrolment , made up of 16 @,@ 339 full @-@ time undergraduate students . In 2009 the two largest programs by enrolment were the social sciences , with 3 @,@ 286 full @-@ time and part @-@ time students , followed by engineering , with 3 @,@ 097 full @-@ time and part @-@ time students . The university conferred 3 @,@ 232 bachelor 's degrees , 153 doctoral degrees , 1 @,@ 142 master 's degrees , and 721 first professional degrees in 2008 – 2009 .
= = = Reputation = = =
Queen 's University has consistently been ranked one of Canada 's top universities . The 2015 – 2016 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 206th in the world , and the tenth in Canada . In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) rankings , the university ranked 201 – 300th in the world and ranked 8 – 16 in Canada . In the same year , ARWU had also ranked Queen 's 151 – 200th globally in the field of social sciences and in clinical medicine . The 2015 – 2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed Queen 's 251 – 300th in the world , and 14 – 15th in Canada . In terms of national rankings , Maclean 's ranked Queen 's 4th in their 2015 Medical Doctoral university rankings . Queen 's University Faculty of Law was ranked third nationally in Maclean 's 2013 rankings for common law schools in Canada .
The Queen 's School of Business has received significant recognition in the past years . The School of Business placed 48th in the world , in the 2012 Business Insiders business school rankings . In Eduniversal 's 2012 ranking of business schools , the School of Business was rated as a 5 palmes business school , placing the school 37th globally , and fourth nationally . In the 2011 edition of Mines ParisTech 's evaluation of universities , The School of Business was also found to have the most number of graduates employed as Chief Executive Officers ( or equivalent ) in a Fortune Global 500 , out of any university in Canada , and 38th globally . Queen 's had also ranked 90th in the world , and first in Canada in the 2013 Times Higher Education Alma Mater Index , which ranks institutions by the number of degrees they have awarded to CEOs of Fortune Global 500 companies . In an employability survey published by the New York Times in October 2011 , when CEOs and chairpersons were asked to select the top universities which they recruited from , the university placed 74th in the world , and fifth in Canada . In Bloomberg L.P. ' s 2014 rankings of business schools , the school ranked second in Canada , and 10th out of all business schools outside the United States .
The full @-@ time MBA program at Queen 's has also received significant recognition . In Bloomberg 's 2014 rankings of MBA programmes outside the United States , the school was ranked ninth , and second in Canada . The QS ranking of North American MBA programs placed the School of Business 16th in North America , and 3rd in Canada . In the Financial Times rankings on EMBA programs , Queen 's joint degree business programs with Cornell University 's Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management was ranked 45th in the world . In the same rankings , the Financial Times ranked the Queen 's School of Business 's individual EMBA program 92nd in the world , and fourth in Canada . The Queen 's Economics Department is ranked first in Canada and 24th in the world based on the publication records of its graduate students .
= = = Research = = =
In Research Infosource 's 2011 ranking of Canada 's 50 top research universities , Queen 's ranked 11th , with sponsored research income of $ 197 @.@ 016 million . With an average of $ 237 @,@ 900 per faculty member , Queen 's ranked Canada 's sixth most research @-@ intensive university . The federal government is the largest funding source , providing 49 @.@ 8 percent of Queen 's research budget , primarily through grants . Corporations contribute another 26 @.@ 3 percent of the research budget . In terms of research performance , High Impact Universities 2010 ranked Queen 's 185th out of 500 universities . The Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan ( HEEACT ) , an organization which evaluates universities based on the performance of scientific papers , ranked Queen 's 272nd .
The university operates six research centres and institutes , the Centre for Neuroscience Studies , GeoEngeering Centre , High Performance Computing Virtual Laboratory , Human Mobility Research Centre , Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute , and the Southern African Research Centre . The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 's director , Arthur B. McDonald , is a member of the university 's physics department . The observatory managed the SNO experiment , which demonstrated that the solution to the solar neutrino problem was that neutrinos change flavour ( type ) as they propagate through the Sun . The SNO experiment proved that a non @-@ zero mass neutrino exists . This was a major breakthrough in cosmology . A research paper published on 17 October 2013 has offered new perspectives on the star death . These astronomers believe that " the brightest exploding stars , called super @-@ luminous supernovae , are powered by magnetars — small and incredibly dense neutron stars , with gigantic magnetic fields . In October 2015 , Arthur B. McDonald and Takaaki Kajita ( University of Tokyo ) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physics for illustration of neutrino change identities and identification of mass . This is the first Nobel Prize awarded to a Queen 's University researcher . In 1976 urologist Alvaro Morales , along with his colleagues , developed the first clinically effective immunotherapy for cancer by adapting the Bacille Calmette @-@ Guérin tuberculosis vaccine for treatment of early stage bladder cancer .
Queen 's University has a joint venture with McGill University , operating an academic publishing house known as the McGill @-@ Queen 's University Press . It publishes original peer @-@ reviewed and books in all areas of the social sciences and humanities . While the press 's emphasis is on providing an outlet for Canadian authors and scholarship , the press also publishes authors throughout the world . The press has over 2 @,@ 800 books in print . The publishing house was known as the McGill University Press in 1963 prior to it amalgamating with Queen 's in 1969 .
= = = Admission = = =
The requirements for admission differ between students from Ontario , other provinces in Canada , and international students due to the lack of uniformity in marking schemes . In 2013 , 29 % of applications to full @-@ time , first @-@ year studies were accepted . In 2014 , 66 transfer students were admitted from a pool of 600 making its acceptance rate 11 % for those who had attended other post @-@ secondary institutions . In 2013 , the secondary school average for full @-@ time first @-@ year students at Queen 's was 89 % overall , with the Commerce , Education and Engineering faculties having the highest entrance averages at 91 @.@ 7 % , 90 @.@ 8 % , and 90 @.@ 6 % respectively . The application process emphasizes the mandatory Personal Statement of Experience ( PSE ) . The statement expresses how the applicant 's personal experiences may contribute to the university . It focuses on qualifications and involvement outside of academics and is an important factor in determining admission . Several faculties require applicants to submit a supplementary essay .
Students may apply for financial aid such as the Ontario Student Assistance Program and Canada Student Loans and Grants through the federal and provincial governments . The financial aid provided may come in the form of loans , grants , bursaries , scholarships , fellowships , debt reduction , interest relief , and work programs . In the 2010 – 11 academic year , Queen 's provided $ 36 @.@ 5 million worth of student need @-@ based and merit @-@ based financial assistance .
= = Student life = =
The student body of Queen 's is represented by two students ' unions , the Alma Mater Society ( AMS ) for all undergraduate students and the Society of Graduate and Professional Students for graduate students . The AMS of Queen 's University is the oldest undergraduate student government in Canada . The AMS recognizes more than 200 student clubs and organizations . All accredited extracurricular organizations at Queen 's fall under the jurisdiction of either the AMS , or the Society of Graduate and Professional Students . The organizations and clubs accredited at Queen 's cover a wide range of interests including academics , culture , religion , social issues , and recreation . The oldest accredited club at Queen 's is the Queen 's Debating Union , which was formed in 1843 as the Dialectic Society . The Dialectic Society served as a form of student government , until the AMS was formed from the dialectic society in 1858 . The Queen 's Bands is a student marching band founded in 1905 , which claims to be the largest and oldest student marching band in Canada . Fraternities and sororities have been banned at the university , since a ruling made by the AMS in 1933 . The ruling was passed in response to the formation of two fraternities in the 1920s . No accredited sororities have ever existed at Queen 's .
The AMS also manages the Student Constable peer to peer security service at the university . They are responsible for ensuring the safety of patrons and staff at sanctioned events and venues across the campus , enforcing governing regulations of the AMS and uphold regulations stipulated in the Liquor Licence Act of Ontario . Student Constables do not serve as the university 's primary security service as they are legally not peace officers , nor are they registered as a private security service under the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services . The university 's administration operates its own security service which is registered in Ontario as a private security service . As of March 2012 , the Student Constables are funded through a mandatory $ 10 fee levied on undergraduates annually by the AMS .
The Agnes Benidickson Tricolour Award and induction in the Tricolour Society is the highest tribute that can be paid to a student for valuable and distinguished service to the University in non @-@ athletic , extra @-@ curricular activities .
= = = Media = = =
Queen 's University 's student population operates a number of media outlets throughout the campus environment . The Queen 's Journal is Queen 's main student newspaper . During the academic year , the Queen 's Journal publishes two issues a week , until the last month of the semester , when only one issue is published each week . In total the Queen 's Journal publishes 40 issues a year . The newspaper was established in 1873 , making it one of the oldest student newspapers in Canada . The other weekly student publication from Queen 's is the Golden Words , a weekly satirical humour publication managed by the Engineering Society .
Queen 's student population runs a radio station , CFRC . Queen 's radio station is the longest running campus @-@ based broadcaster in the world , and the second @-@ longest @-@ running radio station in the world , surpassed only by the Marconi companies . The first public broadcast of the station was on 27 October 1923 when the football game between Queen 's and McGill was called play @-@ by @-@ play . Since 2001 , the station has broadcast on a 24 @-@ hour schedule . Since 1980 , the university has had a student @-@ run television service , known as Queen 's TV . The television station airs every weekday on its website , and every Wednesday on local television .
= = = Sport = = =
Sport teams at Queen 's University are known as the Golden Gaels . The Golden Gaels sports teams participate in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport 's Ontario University Athletics conference for most varsity sports . Varsity teams at Queen 's include basketball , cross country , Canadian football , ice hockey , rowing , rugby , soccer and volleyball . The Men 's Rugby team has won the OUA Championship the past 3 years ( 2012 – 14 ) The athletics program at Queen 's University dates back to 1873 . With 39 regional and national championships , Queen 's football program has secured more championships than any other sport team at Queen 's , and more than any other football team in Canada . Queen 's and the University of Toronto are the only universities to have claimed Grey Cups ( 1922 , 1923 and 1924 ) , now the championship trophy for the Canadian Football League . Queen ’ s also competed for the Stanley Cup in 1894 – 95 , 1898 – 99 and 1905 – 06 .
Queen 's University has a number of athletic facilities open to both their varsity teams as well as to their students . The stadium with the largest seating capacity at Queen 's is Richardson Memorial Stadium . Built in 1971 , the stadium seats over 10 @,@ 000 and is home to the varsity football team . The stadium has also played host for a number of international games including Canada 's second round 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification games and the inaugural match for the Colonial Cup , an international rugby league challenge match . Other athletic facilities at Queen 's include the Athletic and Recreation Centre , which houses a number of gymnasiums and pools ; Tindall Field , a multi @-@ season playing field and jogging track ; Nixon Field , home to the school 's rugby teams ; and West Campus Fields , which is used by a number of varsity teams and student intramural leagues .
= = Insignias and other representations = =
= = = Coat of Arms = = =
The coat of arms appeared as early as 1850 , but was not registered with the College of Arms until 1953 . The coat of arms was registered with the Scottish equivalent of the College of Arms , the Lord Lyon King of Arms , in 1981 and with the Canadian Heraldic Authority during Queen 's sesquicentennial celebrations in 1991 . The coat of arms is based on that of the University of Edinburgh , the institution after which Queen 's was modelled .
The Coat of Arms consists of a gold shield with red edges , divided into four triangular compartments by a blue , diagonal St. Andrew 's Cross . A golden book , symbolizing learning , sits open at the centre of the cross . In each of the four compartments is an emblem of the university 's Canadian and British origins : a pine tree for Canada , a thistle for Scotland , a rose for England , and a shamrock for Ireland . The border is decorated with eight gold crowns , symbolic of Queen Victoria and the university 's Royal Charter .
= = = Motto and song = = =
Queen 's motto , chosen from Isaiah 33 : 6 is Sapientia et Doctrina Stabilitas . The Latin motto is literally translated as " Wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times , " and has been in use since the 1850s . A number of songs are commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement , convocation , and athletic contests , including the " Queen 's College Colours " ( 1897 ) also known as " Our University Yell " and " Oil Thigh " , with words by A.E. Lavell , sung to the tune ' John Brown 's Body ' . Oil Thigh , which was created in 1891 , consists of the old song " Queen 's College Colours " . The name " Oil Thigh " comes from the chorus of the song , which begins with the Gaelic words oil thigh . The modern version of the song was crafted in 1985 , when a line was changed to include Queen 's woman athletes in the cheer .
= = = Symbols = = =
Queen 's official colours are gold , blue , and red . Queen 's colours are also used on the school flag . It displays three vertical stripes one for each colour . In the upper left corner on the blue stripe is a crown in yellow symbolizing the royal charter . The university also has a ceremonial flag , which is reserved for official university uses . The ceremonial flag is a square design of the Queen 's coat of arms .
The university also has a tartan made up of six colours , each representing an academic discipline : blue ( medicine ) , red ( arts & science ) , gold ( applied science ) , white ( nursing science ) , maroon ( commerce & MBA ) , light blue ( Kinesiology and Physical Education ) , and Purple ( theology ) . The tartan was created in 1966 by Judge John Matheson and is registered under the Scottish Tartans Authority .
= = Notable people = =
Queen 's graduates have found success in a variety of fields , heading diverse institutions in the public and private sectors . In 2011 , there were over 131 @,@ 000 alumni , living in 156 countries . Queen 's faculty and graduates have won many awards including the Turing Award and the Victoria Cross . As of 2009 , 56 Queen 's students and graduates had been awarded the Rhodes Scholarship .
Notable politicians who were once Chancellor include Robert Borden , Prime Minister of Canada , Roland Michener , Governor General of Canada , and provincial premiers Peter Lougheed and Charles Avery Dunning . Many alumni have gained international prominence for serving in government , such as Prince Takamado , member of the Imperial House of Japan ; and Kenneth O. Hall , formerly Governor General of Jamaica . The 28th Governor General of Canada , David Johnston , was a former graduate and faculty member of the university . Three Canadian premiers graduated from Queen 's , William Aberhart , the 7th Premier of Alberta , Frank McKenna , the 27th Premier of New Brunswick , and Kathleen Wynne , the 25th Premier of Ontario . The 14th Premier of Alberta , Alison Redford studied at the university for two years . Thomas Cromwell , a Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada was also a graduate from the university .
Business leaders who studied at Queen 's include Derek Burney , former chairman and CEO of Bell Canada , Donald J. Carty , chairman of Virgin America and Porter Airlines and former chairman and CEO of AMR Corporation , Earle McLaughlin , former president and CEO of Royal Bank of Canada , Gordon Nixon , president and CEO of the Royal Bank of Canada , and Elon and Kimbal Musk , founders of OneRiot , SpaceX and Tesla Motors . David A. Dodge , the former Governor of the Bank of Canada ( 2001 @-@ 2008 ) and the university 's chancellor ( 2008 – 2014 ) is similarly a Queen 's graduate .
Notable Queen 's faculty and graduates include Adolfo de Bold who won the prestigious Gairdner Foundation Award in 1986 for the discovery and isolation of atrial natriuretic peptide . In 2015 , Queen 's astrophysicist Arthur B. McDonald received the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental research elucidating neutrino change identities and mass . Sandford Fleming , an engineer and inventor who was known for proposing worldwide standard time zones also served as the Chancellor of Queen 's .
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= French cuisine =
French cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from France .
In the 14th century Guillaume Tirel , a court chef known as " Taillevent " , wrote Le Viandier , one of the earliest recipe collections of medieval France . During that time , French cuisine was heavily influenced by Italian cuisine . In the 17th century , chefs François Pierre La Varenne and Marie @-@ Antoine Carême spearheaded movements that shifted French cooking away from its foreign influences and developed France 's own indigenous style . Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine , playing different roles regionally and nationally , with many variations and appellation d 'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) ( regulated appellation ) laws .
French cuisine was codified in the 20th century by Auguste Escoffier to become the modern haute cuisine ; Escoffier , however , left out much of the local culinary character to be found in the regions of France and was considered difficult to execute by home cooks . Gastro @-@ tourism and the Guide Michelin helped to acquaint people with the rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of the French countryside starting in the 20th century . Gascon cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France . Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country .
Knowledge of French cooking has contributed significantly to Western cuisines and its criteria are used widely in Western cookery school boards and culinary education . In November 2010 , French gastronomy was added by the UNESCO to its lists of the world 's " intangible cultural heritage " .
= = History = =
= = = Middle Ages = = =
In French medieval cuisine , banquets were common among the aristocracy . Multiple courses would be prepared , but served in a style called service en confusion , or all at once . Food was generally eaten by hand , meats being sliced off in large pieces held between the thumb and two fingers . The sauces were highly seasoned and thick , and heavily flavored mustards were used . Pies were a common banquet item , with the crust serving primarily as a container , rather than as food itself , and it was not until the very end of the Late Middle Ages that the shortcrust pie was developed . Meals often ended with an issue de table , which later changed into the modern dessert , and typically consisted of dragées ( in the Middle Ages , meaning spiced lumps of hardened sugar or honey ) , aged cheese and spiced wine , such as hypocras .
The ingredients of the time varied greatly according to the seasons and the church calendar , and many items were preserved with salt , spices , honey , and other preservatives . Late spring , summer , and autumn afforded abundance , while winter meals were more sparse . Livestock were slaughtered at the beginning of winter . Beef was often salted , while pork was salted and smoked . Bacon and sausages would be smoked in the chimney , while the tongue and hams were brined and dried . Cucumbers were brined as well , while greens would be packed in jars with salt . Fruits , nuts and root vegetables would be boiled in honey for preservation . Whale , dolphin and porpoise were considered fish , so during Lent , the salted meats of these sea mammals were eaten .
Artificial freshwater ponds ( often called stews ) held carp , pike , tench , bream , eel , and other fish . Poultry was kept in special yards , with pigeon and squab being reserved for the elite . Game was highly prized , but very rare , and included venison , wild boar , hare , rabbit , and birds . Kitchen gardens provided herbs , including some , such as tansy , rue , pennyroyal , and hyssop , which are rarely used today . Spices were treasured and very expensive at that time – they included pepper , cinnamon , cloves , nutmeg , and mace . Some spices used then , but no longer today in French cuisine are cubebs , long pepper ( both from vines similar to black pepper ) , grains of paradise , and galengale . Sweet @-@ sour flavors were commonly added to dishes with vinegars and verjus combined with sugar ( for the affluent ) or honey . A common form of food preparation was to finely cook , pound and strain mixtures into fine pastes and mushes , something believed to be beneficial to make use of nutrients .
Visual display was prized . Brilliant colors were obtained by the addition of , for example , juices from spinach and the green part of leeks . Yellow came from saffron or egg yolk , while red came from sunflower , and purple came from Crozophora tinctoria or Heliotropium europaeum . Gold and silver leaf were placed on food surfaces and brushed with egg whites . Elaborate and showy dishes were the result , such as tourte parmerienne which was a pastry dish made to look like a castle with chicken @-@ drumstick turrets coated with gold leaf . One of the grandest showpieces of the time was roast swan or peacock sewn back into its skin with feathers intact , the feet and beak being gilded . Since both birds are stringy , and taste unpleasant , the skin and feathers could be kept and filled with the cooked , minced and seasoned flesh of tastier birds , like goose or chicken .
The most well known French chef of the Middle Ages was Guillaume Tirel , also known as Taillevent . Taillevent worked in numerous royal kitchens during the 14th century . His first position was as a kitchen boy in 1326 . He was chef to Philip VI , then the Dauphin who was son of John II . The Dauphin became King Charles V of France in 1364 , with Taillevent as his chief cook . His career spanned sixty @-@ six years , and upon his death he was buried in grand style between his two wives . His tombstone represents him in armor , holding a shield with three cooking pots , marmites , on it .
= = = Ancien Régime = = =
Under the ancien régime , Paris was the central hub of culture and economic activity , and as such , the most highly skilled culinary craftsmen were to be found there . Markets in Paris such as Les Halles , la Mégisserie , those found along Rue Mouffetard , and similar smaller versions in other cities were very important to the distribution of food . Those that gave French produce its characteristic identity were regulated by the guild system , which developed in the Middle Ages . In Paris , the guilds were regulated by city government as well as by the French crown . A guild restricted those in a given branch of the culinary industry to operate only within that field .
There were two basic groups of guilds – first , those that supplied the raw materials ; butchers , fishmongers , grain merchants , and gardeners . The second group were those that supplied prepared foods ; bakers , pastry cooks , saucemakers , poulterers , and caterers . There were also guilds that offered both raw materials and prepared food , such as the charcutiers and rôtisseurs ( purveyors of roasted meat dishes ) . They would supply cooked meat pies and dishes as well as raw meat and poultry . This caused issues with butchers and poulterers , who sold the same raw materials . The guilds served as a training ground for those within the industry . The degrees of assistant @-@ cook , full @-@ fledged cook and master chef were conferred . Those who reached the level of master chef were of considerable rank in their individual industry , and enjoyed a high level of income as well as economic and job security . At times , those in the royal kitchens did fall under the guild hierarchy , but it was necessary to find them a parallel appointment based on their skills after leaving the service of the royal kitchens . This was not uncommon as the Paris cooks ' guild regulations allowed for this movement .
During the 16th and 17th centuries , French cuisine assimilated many new food items from the New World . Although they were slow to be adopted , records of banquets show Catherine de ' Medici ( 1519 – 1589 ? ) serving sixty @-@ six turkeys at one dinner . The dish called cassoulet has its roots in the New World discovery of haricot beans , which are central to the dish 's creation , but had not existed outside of the New World until its exploration by Christopher Columbus .
Haute cuisine ( pronounced : [ ot kɥizin ] , " high cuisine " ) has foundations during the 17th century with a chef named La Varenne . As author of works such as Le Cuisinier françois , he is credited with publishing the first true French cookbook . His book includes the earliest known reference to roux using pork fat . The book contained two sections , one for meat days , and one for fasting . His recipes marked a change from the style of cookery known in the Middle Ages , to new techniques aimed at creating somewhat lighter dishes , and more modest presentations of pies as individual pastries and turnovers . La Varenne also published a book on pastry in 1667 entitled Le Parfait confitvrier ( republished as Le Confiturier françois ) which similarly updated and codified the emerging haute cuisine standards for desserts and pastries .
Chef François Massialot wrote Le Cuisinier roïal et bourgeois in 1691 , during the reign of Louis XIV . The book contains menus served to the royal courts in 1690 . Massialot worked mostly as a freelance cook , and was not employed by any particular household . Massialot and many other royal cooks received special privileges by association with the French royalty . They were not subject to the regulation of the guilds ; therefore , they could cater weddings and banquets without restriction . His book is the first to list recipes alphabetically , perhaps a forerunner of the first culinary dictionary . It is in this book that a marinade is first seen in print , with one type for poultry and feathered game , while a second is for fish and shellfish . No quantities are listed in the recipes , which suggests that Massialot was writing for trained cooks .
The successive updates of Le Cuisinier roïal et bourgeois include important refinements such as adding a glass of wine to fish stock . Definitions were also added to the 1703 edition . The 1712 edition , retitled Le Nouveau cuisinier royal et bourgeois , was increased to two volumes , and was written in a more elaborate style with extensive explanations of technique . Additional smaller preparations are included in this edition as well , leading to lighter preparations , and adding a third course to the meal . Ragout , a stew still central to French cookery , makes its first appearance as a single dish in this edition as well ; prior to that , it was listed as a garnish .
= = = Late 18th century – early 19th century = = =
The French Revolution was integral to the expansion of French cuisine , because it effectively abolished guilds . This meant any one chef could now produce and sell any culinary item he wished . Marie @-@ Antoine Carême was born in 1784 , five years before the onset of the Revolution . He spent his younger years working at a pâtisserie until being discovered by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand @-@ Périgord , who would later cook for the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte . Prior to his employment with Talleyrand , Carême had become known for his pièces montées , which were extravagant constructions of pastry and sugar architecture .
More important to Carême 's career was his contribution to the refinement of French cuisine . The basis for his style of cooking came from his sauces , which he named mother sauces . Often referred to as fond , meaning " foundations " , these base sauces , espagnole , velouté , and béchamel , are still known today . Each of these sauces would be made in large quantities in his kitchen , as they were then capable of forming the basis of multiple derivatives . Carême had over one hundred sauces in his repertoire . In his writings , soufflés appear for the first time . Although many of his preparations today seem extravagant , he simplified and codified an even more complex cuisine that had existed beforehand . Central to his codification of the cuisine were Le Maître d 'hôtel français ( 1822 ) , Le Cuisinier parisien ( 1828 ) and L 'Art de la cuisine française au dix @-@ neuvième siècle ( 1833 – 5 ) .
= = = Late 19th century – early 20th century = = =
Georges Auguste Escoffier is commonly acknowledged as the central figure to the modernization of haute cuisine and organizing what would become the national cuisine of France . His influence began with the rise of some of the great hotels in Europe and America during the 1880s – 1890s . The Savoy Hotel managed by César Ritz was an early hotel in which Escoffier worked , but much of his influence came during his management of the kitchens in the Carlton from 1898 until 1921 . He created a system of " parties " called the brigade system , which separated the professional kitchen into five separate stations .
These five stations included the " garde manger " that prepared cold dishes ; the " entremettier " prepared starches and vegetables , the " rôtisseur " prepared roasts , grilled and fried dishes ; the " saucier " prepared sauces and soups ; and the " pâtissier " prepared all pastry and desserts items . This system meant that instead of one person preparing a dish on one 's own , now multiple cooks would prepare the different components for the dish . An example used is " oeufs au plat Meyerbeer " , the prior system would take up to fifteen minutes to prepare the dish , while in the new system , the eggs would be prepared by the entremettier , kidney grilled by the rôtisseur , truffle sauce made by the saucier and thus the dish could be prepared in a shorter time and served quickly in the popular restaurants .
Escoffier also simplified and organized the modern menu and structure of the meal . He published a series of articles in professional journals which outlined the sequence , and then he finally published his Livre des menus in 1912 . This type of service embraced the service à la russe ( serving meals in separate courses on individual plates ) , which Félix Urbain Dubois had made popular in the 1860s . Escoffier 's largest contribution was the publication of Le Guide Culinaire in 1903 , which established the fundamentals of French cookery . The book was a collaboration with Philéas Gilbert , E. Fetu , A. Suzanne , B. Reboul , Ch . Dietrich , A. Caillat and others . The significance of this is to illustrate the universal acceptance by multiple high @-@ profile chefs to this new style of cooking .
Le Guide Culinaire deemphasized the use of heavy sauces and leaned toward lighter fumets , which are the essence of flavor taken from fish , meat and vegetables . This style of cooking looked to create garnishes and sauces whose function is to add to the flavor of the dish , rather than mask flavors like the heavy sauces and ornate garnishes of the past . Escoffier took inspiration for his work from personal recipes in addition to recipes from Carême , Dubois and ideas from Taillevent 's Viander , which had a modern version published in 1897 . A second source for recipes came from existing peasant dishes that were translated into the refined techniques of haute cuisine .
Expensive ingredients would replace the common ingredients , making the dishes much less humble . The third source of recipes was Escoffier himself , who invented many new dishes , such as pêche Melba and crêpes Suzette . Escoffier updated Le Guide Culinaire four times during his lifetime , noting in the foreword to the book 's first edition that even with its 5 @,@ 000 recipes , the book should not be considered an " exhaustive " text , and that even if it were at the point when he wrote the book , " it would no longer be so tomorrow , because progress marches on each day . "
= = = Mid @-@ 20th century – late 20th century = = =
The 1960s brought about innovative thought to the French cuisine , especially because of the contribution of Portuguese immigrants who had come to the country fleeing the forced drafting to the Colonial Wars Portugal was fighting in Africa . Many new dishes were introduced , as well as techniques . This period is also marked by the appearance of the " Nouvelle Cuisine . "
The term nouvelle cuisine has been used many times in the history of French cuisine which emphasized the freshness , lightness and clarity of flavor and inspired by new movements in world cuisine . In the 1740s , Menon first used the term , but the cooking of Vincent La Chapelle and François Marin was also considered modern . In the 1960s , Henri Gault and Christian Millau revived it to describe the cooking of Paul Bocuse , Jean and Pierre Troisgros , Michel Guérard , Roger Vergé and Raymond Oliver . These chefs were working toward rebelling against the " orthodoxy " of Escoffier 's cuisine . Some of the chefs were students of Fernand Point at the Pyramide in Vienne , and had left to open their own restaurants . Gault and Millau " discovered the formula " contained in ten characteristics of this new style of cooking .
The first characteristic was a rejection of excessive complication in cooking . Second , the cooking times for most fish , seafood , game birds , veal , green vegetables and pâtés was greatly reduced in an attempt to preserve the natural flavors . Steaming was an important trend from this characteristic . The third characteristic was that the cuisine was made with the freshest possible ingredients . Fourth , large menus were abandoned in favor of shorter menus . Fifth , strong marinades for meat and game ceased to be used . Sixth , they stopped using heavy sauces such as espagnole and béchamel thickened with flour based " roux " , in favor of seasoning their dishes with fresh herbs , quality butter , lemon juice , and vinegar . Seventh , they used regional dishes for inspiration instead of haute cuisine dishes . Eighth , new techniques were embraced and modern equipment was often used ; Bocuse even used microwave ovens . Ninth , the chefs paid close attention to the dietary needs of their guests through their dishes . Tenth and finally , the chefs were extremely inventive and created new combinations and pairings .
Some have speculated that a contributor to nouvelle cuisine was World War II when animal protein was in short supply during the German occupation . By the mid @-@ 1980s food writers stated that the style of cuisine had reached exhaustion and many chefs began returning to the haute cuisine style of cooking , although much of the lighter presentations and new techniques remained .
= = National cuisine = =
There are many dishes that are considered part of French national cuisine today .
A meal often consists of three courses , hors d 'œuvre or entrée ( introductory course , sometimes soup ) , plat principal ( main course ) , fromage ( cheese course ) or dessert , sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert .
Hors d 'œuvre
Plat principal
Pâtisserie
Dessert
= = Regional cuisine = =
French regional cuisine is characterized by its extreme diversity and style . Traditionally , each region of France has its own distinctive cuisine .
= = = Paris and Île @-@ de @-@ France = = =
Paris and Île @-@ de @-@ France are central regions where almost anything from the country is available , as all train lines meet in the city . Over 9 @,@ 000 restaurants exist in Paris and almost any cuisine can be obtained here . High @-@ quality Michelin Guide @-@ rated restaurants proliferate here .
= = = Champagne , Lorraine , and Alsace = = =
Game and ham are popular in Champagne , as well as the special sparkling wine simply known as Champagne . Fine fruit preserves are known from Lorraine as well as the quiche Lorraine . Alsace is influenced by the Alemannic food culture ; as such , beers made in the area are similar to the style of bordering Germany . Dishes like choucroute ( the French word for sauerkraut ) are also popular .
= = = Nord Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais , Picardy , Normandy , and Brittany = = =
The coastline supplies many crustaceans , sea bass , monkfish and herring . Normandy has top quality seafood , such as scallops and sole , while Brittany has a supply of lobster , crayfish and mussels . Normandy is home to a large population of apple trees ; apples are often used in dishes , as well as cider and Calvados . The northern areas of this region , especially Nord , grow ample amounts of wheat , sugar beets and chicory . Thick stews are found often in these northern areas as well . The produce of these northern regions is also considered some of the best in the country , including cauliflower and artichokes . Buckwheat grows widely in Brittany as well and is used in the region 's galettes , called jalet , which is where this dish originated .
= = = Loire Valley and central France = = =
High @-@ quality fruits come from the Loire Valley and central France , including cherries grown for the liqueur Guignolet and the ' Belle Angevine ' pears . The strawberries and melons are also of high quality . Fish are seen in the cuisine , often served with a beurre blanc sauce , as well as wild game , lamb , calves , Charolais cattle , Géline fowl , and high @-@ quality goat cheeses . Young vegetables are used often in the cuisine , as are the specialty mushrooms of the region , champignons de Paris . Vinegars from Orléans are a specialty ingredient used as well .
= = = Burgundy and Franche @-@ Comté = = =
Burgundy and Franche @-@ Comté are known for their wines . Pike , perch , river crabs , snails , game , redcurrants , blackcurrants are from both Burgundy and Franche @-@ Comté . Amongst savorous specialties accounted in the Cuisine franc @-@ comtoise from the Franche @-@ Comté region are Croûte aux morilles , Poulet à la Comtoise , trout , smoked meat and cheese such as Mont d 'Or , Comté ( cheese ) and Morbier ( cheese ) which are at the palate best eaten hot or cold , the exquisite Coq au vin jaune and especial dessert gâteau de ménage . Charolais beef , poultry from Bresse , sea snail , honey cake , Chaource and Epoisses cheese are specialties of the local cuisine of Burgundy . Dijon mustard is also a specialty of Burgundy cuisine . Crème de Cassis is a popular liquor made from the blackcurrants . Oil are used in the cooking here , types include nut oils and rapeseed oil .
= = = Lyon @-@ Rhône @-@ Alpes = = =
Fruit and young vegetables are popular in the cuisine from the Rhône valley . Poultry from Bresse , guinea fowls from Drôme and fish from the Dombes lakes and mountain in Rhône @-@ Alpes streams are key to the cuisine as well . Lyon and Savoy supply high quality sausages while the Alpine regions supply their specialty cheeses like Beaufort , Abondance , Reblochon , Tomme and Vacherin . Mères lyonnaises are a particular type of restaurateur relegated to this region that are the regions bistro . Celebrated chefs from this region include Fernand Point , Paul Bocuse , the Troisgros brothers and Alain Chapel . The Chartreuse Mountains are in this region , and the liquor Chartreuse is produced by the Grande Chartreuse monks .
= = = Poitou @-@ Charentes and Limousin = = =
Oysters come from the Oléron @-@ Marennes basin , while mussels come from the Bay of Aiguillon . High @-@ quality produce comes from the region 's hinterland , especially goat cheese . This region and in the Vendée is grazing ground for Parthenaise cattle , while poultry is raised in Challans . The region of Poitou @-@ Charentes purportedly produces the best butter and cream in France . Cognac is also made in the region along the Charente River . Limousin is home to the high @-@ quality Limousin cattle , as well as high quality sheep . The woodlands offer game and high @-@ quality mushrooms . The southern area around Brive draws its cooking influence from Périgord and Auvergne to produce a robust cuisine .
= = = Bordeaux , Périgord , Gascony , and Basque country = = =
Bordeaux is known for its wine , with certain areas offering specialty grapes for wine @-@ making . Fishing is popular in the region for the cuisine , sea fishing in the Bay of Biscay , trapping in the Garonne and stream fishing in the Pyrenees . The Pyrenees also support top quality lamb , such as the " Agneau de Pauillac " , as well as high quality sheep cheeses . Beef cattle in the region include the Blonde d 'Aquitaine , Boeuf de Chalosse , Boeuf Gras de Bazas , and Garonnaise . High quality free @-@ range chicken , turkey , pigeon , capon , goose and duck prevail in the region as well . Gascony and Périgord cuisines includes high quality patés , terrines , confits and magrets . This is one of the regions notable for its production of foie gras or fattened goose or duck liver . The cuisine of the region is often heavy and farm based . Armagnac is also from this region , as are high quality prunes from Agen .
France has several regions where people consume rat like Bordeaux .
= = = Toulouse , Quercy , and Aveyron = = =
Gers , a department of France , is within this region and has high quality poultry , while La Montagne Noire and Lacaune area offers high quality hams and dry sausages . White corn is planted heavily in the area both for use in fattening the ducks and geese for foie gras and for the production of millas , a cornmeal porridge . Haricot beans are also grown in this area , which are central to the dish cassoulet . The finest sausage in France is commonly acknowledged to be the saucisse de Toulouse , which also finds its way into their version of cassoulet of Toulouse . The Cahors area produces a high quality specialty " black wine " as well as high @-@ quality truffles and mushrooms .
This region also produces milk @-@ fed lamb . Unpasteurized ewe 's milk is used to produce the Roquefort in Aveyron , while in Laguiole is producing unpasteurized cow 's milk cheese . The Salers cattle produce quality milk for cheese , as well as beef and veal products . The volcanic soils create flinty cheeses and superb lentils . Mineral waters are produced in high volume in this region as well . Cabécou cheese is from Rocamadour , a medieval settlement erected directly on a cliff , in the rich countryside of Causses du Quercy . This area is one of the region ’ s oldest milk producers ; it has chalky soil , marked by history and human activity , and is favourable for the raising of goats .
= = = Roussillon , Languedoc , and Cévennes = = =
Restaurants are popular in the area known as Le Midi . Oysters come from the Etang de Thau , to be served in the restaurants of Bouzigues , Meze , and Sète . Mussels are commonly seen here in addition to fish specialties of Sète , Bourride , Tielles and Rouille de seiche . In the Languedoc jambon cru , sometimes known as jambon de montagne is produced . High quality Roquefort comes from the brebis ( sheep ) on the Larzac plateau . The Les Cévennes area offers mushrooms , chestnuts , berries , honey , lamb , game , sausages , pâtés and goat cheeses . Catalan influence can be seen in the cuisine here with dishes like brandade made from a purée of dried cod wrapped in mangold leaves . Snails are plentiful and are prepared in a specific Catalan style known as a cargolade . Wild boar can be found in the more mountainous regions of the Midi .
= = = Provence @-@ Alpes @-@ Côte d 'Azur = = =
The Provence and Côte d 'Azur region is rich in quality citrus , vegetables , fruits , and herbs ; the region is one of the largest suppliers of all these ingredients in France . The region also produces the largest amount of olives , and creates superb olive oil . Lavender is used in many dishes found in Haute Provence . Other important herbs in the cuisine include thyme , sage , rosemary , basil , savory , fennel , marjoram , tarragon , oregano , and bay leaf . Honey is a prized ingredient in the region . Seafood proliferates throughout the coastal area and is heavily represented in the cuisine . Goat cheeses , air @-@ dried sausages , lamb , beef , and chicken are popular here . Garlic * and anchovies are used in many of the region 's sauces , as in Poulet Provençal , which uses white wine , tomatoes , herbs , and sometimes anchovies , and Pastis is found everywhere that alcohol is served . The cuisine uses a large amount of vegetables for lighter preparations . Truffles are commonly seen in Provence during the winter . Thirteen desserts in Provence are the traditional Christmas dessert , e.g. quince cheese , biscuits , almonds , nougat , apple , and fougasse .
Rice is grown in the Camargue , which is the northernmost rice growing area in Europe , with Camargue red rice being a specialty . Anibal Camous , a Marseillais who lived to be 104 , maintained that it was by eating garlic daily that he kept his “ youth ” and brilliance . When his eighty @-@ year @-@ old son died , the father mourned : “ I always told him he wouldn ’ t live long , poor boy . He ate too little garlic ! ” ( cited by chef Philippe Gion )
= = = Corsica = = =
Goats and sheep proliferate on the island of Corsica , and lamb are used to prepare dishes such as " stufato " , ragouts and roasts . Cheeses are also produced , with " brocciu " being the most popular . Chestnuts , growing in the Castagniccia forest , are used to produce flour , which is used in turn to make bread , cakes and polenta . The forest provides acorns used to feed the pigs and boars that provide much of the protein for the island 's cuisine . Fresh fish and seafood are common . The island 's pork is used to make fine hams , sausage and other unique items including coppa ( dried rib cut ) , lonzu ( dried pork fillet ) , figatella , salumu ( a dried sausage ) salcietta , Panzetta , bacon , figatellu ( smoked and dried liverwurst ) and prisuttu ( farmer 's ham ) . Clementines ( which hold an AOC designation ) , lemons , nectarines and figs are grown there . Candied citron is used in nougats , while and the aforementioned brocciu and chestnuts are also used in desserts . Corsica offers a variety of wines and fruit liqueurs , including Cap Corse , Patrimonio , Cédratine , Bonapartine , liqueur de myrte , vins de fruit , Rappu , and eau @-@ de @-@ vie de châtaigne .
= = Specialties by season = =
French cuisine varies according to the season . In summer , salads and fruit dishes are popular because they are refreshing and produce is inexpensive and abundant . Greengrocers prefer to sell their fruit and vegetables at lower prices if needed , rather than see them rot in the heat . At the end of summer , mushrooms become plentiful and appear in stews throughout France . The hunting season begins in September and runs through February . Game of all kinds is eaten , often in elaborate dishes that celebrate the success of the hunt . Shellfish are at their peak when winter turns to spring , and oysters appear in restaurants in large quantities .
With the advent of deep @-@ freeze and the air @-@ conditioned hypermarché , these seasonal variations are less marked than hitherto , but they are still observed , in some cases due to legal restrictions . Crayfish , for example , have a short season and it is illegal to catch them out of season . Moreover , they do not freeze well .
= = Foods and ingredients = =
French regional cuisines use locally grown vegetables , such as pomme de terre ( potato ) , blé ( wheat ) , haricots verts ( a type of French green bean ) , carotte ( carrot ) , poireau ( leek ) , navet ( turnip ) , aubergine ( eggplant ) , courgette ( zucchini ) , and échalotte ( shallot ) .
French regional cuisines use locally grown fungi , such as truffe ( truffle ) , champignon de Paris ( button mushroom ) , chanterelle ou girolle ( chanterelle ) , pleurote ( en huître ) ( oyster mushrooms ) , and cèpes ( porcini ) .
Common fruits include oranges , tomatoes , tangerines , peaches , apricots , apples , pears , plums , cherries , strawberries , raspberries , redcurrants , blackberries , grapes , grapefruit , and blackcurrants .
Varieties of meat consumed include poulet ( chicken ) , pigeon ( squab ) , canard ( duck ) , oie ( goose , the source of foie gras ) , bœuf ( beef ) , veau ( veal ) , porc ( pork ) , agneau ( lamb ) , mouton ( mutton ) , caille ( quail ) , cheval ( horse ) , grenouille ( frog ) , and escargot ( snails ) . Commonly consumed fish and seafood include cod , canned sardines , fresh sardines , canned tuna , fresh tuna , salmon , trout , mussels , herring , oysters , shrimp and calamari .
Eggs are fine quality and often eaten as : omelettes , hard @-@ boiled with mayonnaise , scrambled plain , scrambled haute cuisine preparation , œuf à la coque .
Herbs and seasonings vary by region , and include fleur de sel , herbes de Provence , tarragon , rosemary , marjoram , lavender , thyme , fennel , and sage .
Fresh fruit and vegetables , as well as fish and meat , can be purchased either from supermarkets or specialty shops . Street markets are held on certain days in most localities ; some towns have a more permanent covered market enclosing food shops , especially meat and fish retailers . These have better shelter than the periodic street markets .
= = Structure of meals = =
= = = Breakfast = = =
Le petit déjeuner ( breakfast ) is traditionally a quick meal consisting of tartines ( slices ) of French bread with butter and honey or jam , sometimes brioche , along with café au lait ( also called " café crème " ) , or black coffee , or tea , more rarely hot chicory . Children often drink hot chocolate in bowls or cups along with their breakfasts . Croissants , pain aux raisins or pain au chocolat ( also named chocolatine in the south of France ) are mostly included as a weekend treat . Breakfast of some kind is always served in cafés opening early in the day .
There also exist salty versions of the French breakfast . For example , " le petit déjeuner gaulois " or " petit déjeuner fermier " with the famous long narrow bread slices with soft white cheese topped or not by boiled ham , called " mouillettes " , which you dip in a soft @-@ boiled egg , along drinking some fruit juice and hot drink . Another variation called " le petit déjeuner chasseur " , meant to be very hearty , is served with pâté and other charcuterie products . A more classy version , called " le petit déjeuner du voyageur " proposes also delicatessens such as gizzard , bacon , salmon , omelet , or croque @-@ monsieur , with or without soft @-@ boiled egg and always with the traditional coffee / tea / chocolate along fruits or fruit juice . When the egg is cooked sunny @-@ side over the croque @-@ monsieur , it is called a croque @-@ madame . In Germinal and other novels , Émile Zola also reported the briquet : two long bread slices stuffed with butter , cheese and or ham . It can be eaten as a standing / walking breakfast , or meant as a " second " one before the lunch .
In the movie " Bienvenue chez les Ch 'tis " , Philippe Abrams ( Kad Merad ) and Antoine Bailleul ( Dany Boon ) share together countless breakfasts consisting of tartines de Maroilles ( a rather strong cheese ) along with their hot chicory .
= = = Lunch = = =
Le déjeuner ( lunch ) is a two @-@ hour mid @-@ day meal , but it has recently seen a trend towards the one @-@ hour lunch break . In some smaller towns and in the south of France , the two @-@ hour lunch may still be customary . Sunday lunches are often longer and are taken with the family . Restaurants normally open for lunch at noon and close at 2 : 30 pm . Some restaurants close on Monday during lunch .
In large cities , a majority of working people and students eat their lunch at a corporate or school cafeteria , which normally serve complete meals as described above ; it is therefore not usual for students to bring their own lunch food . Where the company does not operate a cafeteria , it is common for white @-@ collar workers to be given lunch vouchers as part of their employee benefits . These can be used in most restaurants , supermarkets and traiteurs ; however , workers having lunch in this way typically do not eat all three dishes of a traditional lunch due to price and time considerations . In smaller cities and towns , some working people leave their workplaces to return home for lunch , generating four rush hours during the day . Finally , an alternative also popular , especially among blue @-@ collar workers , is to lunch on a sandwich , possibly followed with a dessert ; both dishes can be found ready @-@ made at bakeries and supermarkets for budget prices .
= = = Dinner = = =
Le dîner ( dinner ) often consists of three courses , hors d 'œuvre or entrée ( appetizers or introductory course , sometimes soup ) , plat principal ( main course ) , and a cheese course or dessert , sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert . Yogurt may replace the cheese course , while a simple dessert would be fresh fruit . The meal is often accompanied by bread , wine and mineral water . Most of the time the bread would be a baguette which is very common in France and is made almost every day . Main meat courses are often served with vegetables , along with potatoes , rice or pasta . Restaurants often open at 7 : 30 pm for dinner , and stop taking orders between the hours of 10 : 00 pm and 11 : 00 pm . Some restaurants close for dinner on Sundays .
= = Beverages and drinks = =
In French cuisine , beverages that precede a meal are called apéritifs ( literally : that opens the appetite ) , and can be served with amuse @-@ bouches ( literally : mouth amuser ) . Those that end it are called digestifs .
Apéritifs
The apéritif varies from region to region : Pastis is popular in the south of France , Crémant d 'Alsace in the eastern region . Champagne can also be served . Kir , also called « Blanc @-@ cassis » , is a common and popular apéritif @-@ cocktail made with a measure of crème de cassis ( blackcurrant liqueur ) topped up with white wine . The word Kir Royal is used when white wine is replaced with a Champagne wine . A simple glass of red wine , such as Beaujolais nouveau , can also be presented as an apéritif , accompanied by amuse @-@ bouches . Some apéritifs can be fortified wines with added herbs , such as cinchona , gentian and vermouth . Trade names that sell well include Suze ( the classic gentiane ) , Byrrh , Dubonnet , Noilly Prat .
Digestifs
Digestifs are traditionally stronger , and include Cognac , Armagnac , Calvados and fruit alcohols .
= = Food establishments = =
= = = History = = =
The modern restaurant has its origins in French culture . Prior to the late 18th century , diners who wished to " dine out " would visit their local guild member 's kitchen and have their meal prepared for them . However , guild members were limited to producing whatever their guild registry delegated them to . These guild members offered food in their own homes to steady clientele that appeared day @-@ to @-@ day but at set times . The guest would be offered the meal table d 'hôte , which is a meal offered at a set price with very little choice of dishes , sometimes none at all .
The first steps toward the modern restaurant were locations that offered restorative bouillons , or restaurants – these words being the origin of the name " restaurant " . This step took place during the 1760s – 1770s . These locations were open at all times of the day , featuring ornate tableware and reasonable prices . These locations were meant more as meal replacements for those who had " lost their appetites and suffered from jaded palates and weak chests . "
In 1782 Antoine Beauvilliers , pastry chef to the future Louis XVIII , opened one of the most popular restaurants of the time – the Grande Taverne de Londres – in the arcades of the Palais @-@ Royal . Other restaurants were opened by chefs of the time who were leaving the failing monarchy of France , in the period leading up to the French Revolution . It was these restaurants that expanded upon the limited menus of decades prior , and led to the full restaurants that were completely legalized with the advent of the French Revolution and abolition of the guilds . This and the substantial discretionary income of the French Directory 's nouveau riche helped keep these new restaurants in business .
= = = Restaurant staff = = =
Larger restaurants and hotels in France employ extensive staff and are commonly referred to as either the kitchen brigade for the kitchen staff or dining room brigade system for the dining room staff . This system was created by Georges Auguste Escoffier . This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals that specialize in certain tasks . The following is a list of positions held both in the kitchen and dining rooms brigades in France :
= = = French cuisine = = =
The initial language of this article was French .
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= Lemur =
Lemurs ( / ˈliːmər / LEE @-@ mər ) are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar . The word " lemur " derives from the word lemures ( ghosts or spirits ) from Roman mythology and was first used to describe a slender loris due to its nocturnal habits and slow pace , but was later applied to the primates on Madagascar . As with other strepsirrhine primates , such as lorises , pottos , and galagos ( bush babies ) , lemurs share resemblance with basal primates . In this regard , lemurs are often confused with ancestral primates , when in actuality , lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes , but evolved independently .
Due to Madagascar 's highly seasonal climate , lemur evolution has produced a level of species diversity rivaling that of any other primate group . Until shortly after humans arrived on the island around 2 @,@ 000 years ago , there were lemurs as large as a male gorilla . Today , there are nearly 100 species of lemurs , and most of those species have been discovered or promoted to full species status since the 1990s ; however , lemur taxonomic classification is controversial and depends on which species concept is used . Even the higher @-@ level taxonomy is disputed , with some experts preferring to place most lemurs within the infraorder Lemuriformes , while others prefer Lemuriformes to contain all living strepsirrhines , placing all lemurs in superfamily Lemuroidea and all lorises and galagos in the superfamily Lorisoidea .
Ranging in weight from the 30 grams ( 1 @.@ 1 oz ) mouse lemur to the 9 kilograms ( 20 lb ) indri , lemurs share many common , basal primate traits , such as divergent digits on their hands and feet and nails instead of claws ( in most species ) . However , their brain @-@ to @-@ body size ratio is smaller than that of anthropoid primates , and among many other traits they share with other strepsirrhine primates , they have a " wet nose " ( rhinarium ) . Lemurs are generally the most social of the strepsirrhine primates and communicate more with scents and vocalizations than with visual signals . Many lemur adaptations are in response to Madagascar 's highly seasonal environment . Lemurs have relatively low basal metabolic rates and may exhibit seasonal breeding , dormancy ( such as hibernation or torpor ) , or female social dominance . Most eat a wide variety of fruits and leaves , while some are specialists . Although many share similar diets , different species of lemur share the same forests by differentiating niches .
Lemur research focused on taxonomy and specimen collection during the 18th and 19th centuries . Although field observations trickled in from early explorers , modern studies of lemur ecology and behavior did not begin in earnest until the 1950s and 1960s . Initially hindered by political instability and turmoil on Madagascar during the mid @-@ 1970s , field studies resumed in the 1980s and have greatly increased our understanding of these primates . Research facilities like the Duke Lemur Center have provided research opportunities under more controlled settings . Lemurs are important for research because their mix of ancestral characteristics and traits shared with anthropoid primates can yield insights on primate and human evolution . However , many lemur species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss and hunting . Although local traditions generally help protect lemurs and their forests , illegal logging , widespread poverty , and political instability hinder and undermine conservation efforts . Because of these threats and their declining numbers , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) considers lemurs to be the world 's most endangered mammals , noting that — as of 2013 — up to 90 % of all lemur species face extinction within the next 20 to 25 years .
= = Etymology = =
Carl Linnaeus , the founder of modern binomial nomenclature , gave lemurs their name as early as 1758 , when he used it in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae . He included three species under the genus Lemur : Lemur tardigradus ( the red slender loris , now known as Loris tardigradus ) , Lemur catta ( the ring @-@ tailed lemur ) , and Lemur volans ( the Philippine colugo , now known as Cynocephalus volans ) .
Although the term " lemur " was first intended for slender lorises , it was soon limited to the endemic Malagasy primates , which have been known as " lemurs " ever since . The name derives from the Latin term lemures , which refers to specters or ghosts that were exorcised during the Lemuria festival of ancient Rome . According to Linnaeus ' own explanation , the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris . Being familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme , Linnaeus adapted the term " lemur " for these nocturnal primates . However , Dunkel et al. noted in 2012 that it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost @-@ like appearance , reflective eyes , and ghostly cries of lemurs . It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that the some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors , but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India , according to Dunkel et al .
= = Evolutionary history = =
Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini . Like other strepsirrhine primates , such as lorises , pottos , and galagos , they share ancestral ( or plesiomorphic ) traits with early primates . In this regard , lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates ; however , lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes ( simians ) . Instead , they evolved independently in isolation on Madagascar . All modern strepsirrhines including lemurs are traditionally thought to have evolved from early primates known as adapiforms during the Eocene ( 56 to 34 mya ) or Paleocene ( 66 to 56 mya ) . Adapiforms , however , lack a specialized arrangement of teeth , known as a toothcomb , which nearly all living strepsirrhines possess . A more recent hypothesis is that lemurs descended from lorisoids ( loris @-@ like ) primates . This is supported by comparative studies of the cytochrome b gene and the presence of the strepsirrhine toothcomb in both groups . Instead of being the direct ancestors of lemurs , the adapiforms may have given rise to both the lemurs and lorisoids , a split that would be supported by molecular phylogenetic studies . The later split between lemurs and lorises is thought to have occurred approximately 62 to 65 mya according to molecular studies , although other genetic tests and the fossil record in Africa suggest more conservative estimates of 50 to 55 mya for this divergence . However , the oldest lemur fossils on Madagascar are actually subfossils dating to the Late Pleistocene .
Once part of the supercontinent Gondwana , the island of Madagascar has been isolated since it broke away from eastern Africa ( ~ 160 mya ) , Antarctica ( ~ 80 – 130 mya ) , and India ( ~ 80 – 90 mya ) . Since ancestral lemurs are thought to have originated in Africa around 62 to 65 mya , they must have crossed the Mozambique Channel , a deep channel between Africa and Madagascar with a minimum width of about 560 km ( 350 mi ) . In 1915 , paleontologist William Diller Matthew noted that the mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar ( including lemurs ) can only be accounted for by random rafting events , where very small populations rafted from nearby Africa on tangled mats of vegetation , which get flushed out to sea from major rivers . This form of biological dispersal can occur randomly over millions of years . In the 1940s , American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson coined the term " sweepstakes hypothesis " for such random events . Rafting has since been the most accepted explanation for the lemur colonization of Madagascar , but until recently this trip was thought to be very unlikely because strong ocean currents flow away from the island . In January 2010 , a report demonstrated that around 60 mya both Madagascar and Africa were 1 @,@ 650 km ( 1 @,@ 030 mi ) south of their present @-@ day positions , placing them in a different ocean gyre , producing currents that ran counter to what they are today . The ocean currents were shown to be even stronger than today , which would have pushed a raft along faster , shortening the trip to 30 days or less — short enough for a small mammal to survive easily . As the continental plates drifted northward , the currents gradually changed , and by 20 mya the window for oceanic dispersal had closed , effectively isolating the lemurs and the rest of the terrestrial Malagasy fauna from mainland Africa . Isolated on Madagascar with only a limited number of mammalian competitors , the lemurs did not have to compete with other evolving arboreal mammalian groups , such as squirrels . They were also spared from having to compete with monkeys , which evolved later . The intelligence , aggression , and deceptiveness of monkeys gave them an advantage over other primates in exploiting the environment .
= = = Distribution and diversity = = =
Lemurs have adapted to fill many open ecological niches since making their way to Madagascar . Their diversity in both behavior and morphology ( outward appearance ) rivals that of the monkeys and apes found elsewhere in the world . Ranging in size from the 30 g ( 1 @.@ 1 oz ) Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur , the world 's smallest primate , to the recently extinct 160 – 200 kg ( 350 – 440 lb ) Archaeoindris fontoynonti , lemurs evolved diverse forms of locomotion , varying levels of social complexity , and unique adaptations to the local climate .
Lemurs lack any shared traits that make them stand out from all other primates . Different types of lemurs have evolved unique combinations of unusual traits to cope with Madagascar 's harsh , seasonal climate . These traits can include seasonal fat storage , hypometabolism ( including torpor and hibernation ) , small group sizes , low encephalization ( relative brain size ) , cathemerality ( activity both day and night ) , and strict breeding seasons . Extreme resource limitations and seasonal breeding are also thought to have given rise to three other relatively common lemur traits : female social dominance , sexual monomorphism , and male – male competition for mates involving low levels of agonism , such as sperm competition .
Before the arrival of humans roughly 1500 to 2000 years ago , lemurs were found all across the island . However , early settlers quickly converted the forests to rice paddies and grassland through slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture ( known locally as tavy ) , restricting lemurs to approximately 10 % of the island 's area , ~ 60 @,@ 000 km2 ( 23 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . Today , the diversity and complexity of lemur communities increases with floral diversity and precipitation and is highest in the rainforests of the east coast , where precipitation and floral diversity are also at their highest . Despite their adaptations for weathering extreme adversity , habitat destruction and hunting have resulted in lemur populations declining sharply , and their diversity has diminished , with the recent extinction of at least 17 species in eight genera , known collectively as the subfossil lemurs . Most of the approximately 100 species and subspecies of lemur are either threatened or endangered . Unless trends change , extinctions are likely to continue .
Until recently , giant lemurs existed on Madagascar . Now represented only by recent or subfossil remains , they were modern forms that were once part of the rich lemur diversity that has evolved in isolation . Some of their adaptations were unlike those seen in their living relatives . All 17 extinct lemurs were larger than the extant ( living ) forms , some weighing as much as 200 kg ( 440 lb ) , and are thought to have been active during the day . Not only were they unlike the living lemurs in both size and appearance , they also filled ecological niches that either no longer exist or are now left unoccupied . Large parts of Madagascar , which are now devoid of forests and lemurs , once hosted diverse primate communities that included more than 20 lemur species covering the full range of lemur sizes .
= = = Taxonomic classification and phylogeny = = =
From a taxonomic standpoint , the term " lemur " originally referred to the genus Lemur , which currently contains only the ring @-@ tailed lemur . The term is now used in the colloquial sense in reference to all Malagasy primates .
Lemur taxonomy is controversial , and not all experts agree , particularly with the recent increase in the number of recognized species . According to Russell Mittermeier , the president of Conservation International ( CI ) , taxonomist Colin Groves , and others , there are nearly 100 recognized species or subspecies of extant ( or living ) lemur , divided into five families and 15 genera . Because genetic data indicates that the recently extinct subfossil lemurs were closely related to living lemurs , an additional three families , eight genera , and 17 species can be included in the total . In contrast , other experts have labeled this as taxonomic inflation , instead preferring a total closer to 50 species .
The classification of lemurs within the suborder Strepsirrhini is equally controversial , although the most experts agree on the same phylogenetic tree . In one taxonomy , infraorder Lemuriformes contains all living strepsirrhines in two superfamilies , Lemuroidea for all lemurs and Lorisoidea for the lorisoids ( lorisids and galagos ) . Alternatively , the lorisoids are sometimes placed in their own infraorder , Lorisiformes , separate from the lemurs . In another taxonomy published by Colin Groves , the aye @-@ aye was placed in its own infraorder , Chiromyiformes , while the rest of the lemurs were placed in Lemuriformes and the lorisoids in Lorisiformes .
Although it is generally agreed that the aye @-@ aye is the most basal member of the lemur clade , the relationship between the other four families is less clear since they diverged during a narrow 10 to 12 million @-@ year window between the Late Eocene ( 42 mya ) and into the Oligocene ( 30 mya ) . Although all studies place Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae as a sister clade to Indriidae and Lemuridae , some suggest that Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae diverged first , while others suggest that Indriidae and Lemuridae were the first to branch off .
Lemur taxonomy has changed significantly since the first taxonomic classification of lemurs by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 . One of the greatest challenges has been the classification of the aye @-@ aye , which has been a topic of debate up until very recently . Until Richard Owen published a definitive anatomical study in 1866 , early naturalists were uncertain whether the aye @-@ aye ( genus Daubentonia ) was a primate , rodent , or marsupial . However , the placement of the aye @-@ aye within the order Primates remained problematic until very recently . Based on its anatomy , researchers have found support for classifying the genus Daubentonia as a specialized indriid , a sister group to all strepsirrhines , and as an indeterminate taxon within the order Primates . Molecular tests have now shown Daubentoniidae is basal to all Lemuriformes , and in 2008 , Russell Mittermeier , Colin Groves , and others ignored addressing higher @-@ level taxonomy by defining lemurs as monophyletic and containing five living families , including Daubentoniidae .
Relationships among lemur families have also proven to be problematic and have yet to be definitively resolved . To further complicate the issue , several Paleogene fossil primates from outside Madagascar , such as Bugtilemur , have been classified as lemurs . However , scientific consensus does not accept these assignments based on genetic evidence , and therefore it is generally accepted that the Malagasy primates are monophyletic . Another area of contention is the relationship between the sportive lemurs and the extinct koala lemurs ( Megaladapidae ) . Formerly grouped in the same family due to similarities in dentition , they are no longer considered to be closely related due to genetic studies .
More taxonomic changes have occurred at the genus level , although these revisions have proven more conclusive , often supported by genetic and molecular analysis . The most noticeable revisions included the gradual split of a broadly defined genus Lemur into separate genera for the ring @-@ tailed lemur , ruffed lemurs , and brown lemurs due to a host of morphological differences .
Due to several taxonomic revisions by Russell Mittermeier , Colin Groves , and others , the number of recognized lemur species has grown from 33 species and subspecies in 1994 to approximately 100 in 2008 . With continuing cytogenetic and molecular genetic research , as well as ongoing field studies , particularly with cryptic species such as mouse lemurs , the number of recognized lemur species is likely to keep growing . However , the rapid increase in the number of recognized species has had its critics among taxonomists and lemur researchers . Since classifications ultimately depend on the species concept used , conservationists often favor definitions that result in the splitting of genetically distinct populations into separate species to gain added environmental protection . Others favor a more thorough analysis .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
Lemurs vary greatly in size . They include the smallest primates in the world and , until recently , also included some of the largest . They currently range in size from about 30 g ( 1 @.@ 1 oz ) for Madame Berthe 's mouse lemur ( Microcebus berthae ) up to 7 – 9 kg ( 15 – 20 lb ) for the indri ( Indri indri ) and diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) . When recently extinct species are considered , the size range extended up to that of a gorilla at 160 – 200 kg ( 350 – 440 lb ) for Archaeoindris fontoynonti .
Like all primates , lemurs have five divergent digits with nails ( in most cases ) on their hands and feet . Most lemurs possess a laterally compressed , elongated nail , called a toilet @-@ claw , on the second toe and use it for scratching and grooming . In addition to the toilet @-@ claw , lemurs share a variety of other traits with other strepsirrhine primates , which include a rhinarium ( or " wet nose " ) ; a fully functional vomeronasal organ , which detects pheromones ; a postorbital bar and the lack of postorbital closure ( a wall of thin bone behind the eye ) ; orbits ( bony sockets that enclose the eye ) that are not fully facing forward ; left and right mandible ( lower jaw ) bones that are not fully fused ; and a small brain @-@ to @-@ body mass ratio .
Additional traits shared with other prosimian primates ( strepsirrhine primates and tarsiers ) include a bicornuate ( two @-@ horned ) uterus and epitheliochorial placentation . Because their thumbs are only pseudo @-@ opposable , making their movement less independent of the other fingers , their hands are less than perfect at grasping and manipulating objects . On their feet , they have a widely abducted hallux ( first toe ) which facilitates the grasping of tree limbs . A common misconception is that lemurs have a prehensile tail , a trait found only in New World monkeys , particularly atelids , among primates . Lemurs also rely heavily on their sense of smell , a trait shared with most other mammals and early primates , but not with the visually oriented higher primates . This sense of smell is important in terms of marking territory as well as provide an indication of whether or not another lemur is a viable breeding partner .
Lemurs are a diverse group of primates in terms of morphology and physiology . Some lemurs , such as the sportive lemurs and indriids , have longer hind limbs than forelimbs , making them excellent leapers . Indriids also have a specialized digestive system for folivory , exhibiting enlarged salivary glands , a spacious stomach , and an elongated caecum ( lower gut ) that facilitates fermentation . The hairy @-@ eared dwarf lemur ( Allocebus trichotis ) reportedly has a very long tongue , allowing it to feed on nectar . Likewise , the red @-@ bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) has a feathery brush @-@ shaped tongue , also uniquely adapted to feed on nectar and pollen . The aye @-@ aye has evolved some traits that are unique among primates , making it stand out among the lemurs . Such traits include continuously growing , rodent @-@ like front teeth for gnawing through wood and hard seeds ; a highly mobile , filiform ( filament @-@ shaped ) middle finger for extracting food from tiny holes ; large , bat @-@ like ears for detecting hollow spaces within trees ; and use of self @-@ generated acoustical cues to forage .
Lemurs are unusual since they have great variability in their social structure , yet generally lack sexual dimorphism in size and canine tooth morphology . However , some species tend towards having larger females , and two species of true lemur ( genus Eulemur ) , the gray @-@ headed lemur ( E. albocollaris ) and the red lemur ( E. rufus ) , exhibit size differences in canine teeth . True lemurs show sexual dichromatism ( sexual differences in fur coloration ) , but the difference between the genders varies from strikingly obvious , as in the blue @-@ eyed black lemur ( E. macaco ) , to nearly imperceptible in the case of the common brown lemur ( E. fulvus ) .
Crypsis , or the inability of humans to visually distinguish between two or more distinct species , has recently been discovered among lemurs , particularly within the sportive lemurs ( Lepilemur ) and mouse lemurs ( Microcebus ) . With sportive lemurs , subspecies were traditionally defined based on slight morphological differences , but new genetic evidence has supported giving full species status to these regional populations . In the case of mouse lemurs , the gray mouse lemur ( M. murinus ) , golden @-@ brown mouse lemur ( M. ravelobensis ) , and Goodman 's mouse lemur ( M. lehilahytsara ) were considered the same species until recently , when genetic tests identified them as cryptic species .
= = = Dentition = = =
The lemur dentition is heterodont ( having multiple tooth morphologies ) and derives from an ancestral primate permanent dentition of 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 32 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 . Indriids , sportive lemurs , the aye @-@ aye , and the extinct sloth lemurs , monkey lemurs , and koala lemurs have reduced dentitions , having lost incisors , canines , or premolars . The ancestral deciduous dentition is 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 32 @.@ 1 @.@ 3 , but young indriids , aye @-@ ayes , koala lemurs , sloth lemurs , and probably monkey lemurs have fewer deciduous teeth .
There are also noticeable differences in dental morphology and tooth topography between lemurs . Indri , for instance , have teeth that are perfectly adapted for shearing leaves and crushing seeds . In the toothcomb of most lemurs , the bottom incisors and canine teeth are procumbent ( face forward rather than up ) and finely spaced , thus providing a tool for either grooming or feeding . For instance , indri use their toothcomb not only for grooming , but also to pry out the large seeds from the tough epicarp of Beilschmiedia fruits , while fork @-@ marked lemurs use their relatively long toothcomb to cut through tree bark to induce the flow of tree sap . The toothcomb is kept clean by the sublingua or " under @-@ tongue " , a specialized structure that acts like a toothbrush to remove hair and other debris . The sublingua extends below the tip of the tongue and is tipped with keratinized , serrated points that rake between the front teeth .
Only the aye @-@ aye , the extinct giant aye @-@ aye , and the largest of the extinct giant sloth lemurs lack a functional strepsirrhine toothcomb . In the case of the aye @-@ aye , the morphology of the deciduous incisors , which are lost shortly after birth , indicate that its ancestors had a toothcomb . These milk teeth are lost shortly after birth and are replaced by open @-@ rooted , continually growing ( hypselodont ) incisors .
The toothcomb in lemurs normally consists of six teeth ( four incisors and two canines ) , although indriids , monkey lemurs , and some sloth lemurs only have a four @-@ tooth toothcomb due to the loss of either a canine or an incisor . Because the lower canine is either included in the toothcomb or lost , the lower dentition can be difficult to read , especially since the first premolar ( P2 ) is often shaped like a canine ( caniniform ) to fill the canine 's role . In folivorous ( leaf @-@ eating ) lemurs , except for indriids , the upper incisors are greatly reduced or absent . Used together with the toothcomb on the mandible ( lower jaw ) , this complex is reminiscent of an ungulate browsing pad .
Lemurs are unusual among primates for their rapid dental development , particularly among the largest species . For example , indriids have relatively slow body growth but extremely fast tooth formation and eruption . By contrast , anthropoid primates exhibit slower dental development with increased size and slower morphological development . Lemurs are also dentally precocious at birth , and have their full permanent dentition at weaning .
Lemurs generally have thin tooth enamel compared to anthropoid primates . This may result in extra wear and breakage to the anterior ( front ) teeth due to heavy use in grooming , feeding , and fighting . Little other dental health information is available for lemurs , except that wild ring @-@ tailed lemurs at Berenty Private Reserve occasionally exhibit abscessed maxillary canines ( seen as open wounds on the muzzle ) and tooth decay , possibly due to the consumption of non @-@ native foods .
= = = Senses = = =
The sense of smell , or olfaction , is highly important to lemurs and is frequently used in communication . Lemurs have long snouts ( compared to the short snouts of haplorrhines ) that are traditionally thought to position the nose for better sifting of smells , although long snouts do not necessarily translate into high olfactory acuity since it is not the relative size of the nasal cavity that correlates with smell , but the density of olfactory receptors . Instead , the long snouts may facilitate better chewing .
The wet nose , or rhinarium , is a trait shared with other strepsirrhines and many other mammals , but not with haplorrhine primates . Although it is claimed to enhance the sense of smell , it is actually a touch @-@ based sense organ that connects with a well @-@ developed vomeronasal organ ( VNO ) . Since pheromones are usually large , non @-@ volatile molecules , the rhinarium is used to touch a scent @-@ marked object and transfer the pheromone molecules down the philtrum ( the nasal mid @-@ line cleft ) to the VNO via the nasopalatine ducts that travel through the incisive foramen of the hard palate .
To communicate with smell , which is useful at night , lemurs will scent mark with urine as well as scent glands located on the wrists , inside elbow , genital regions , or the neck . The scrotal skin of most male lemurs has scent glands . Ruffed lemurs ( genus Varecia ) and male sifakas have a gland at the base of their neck , while the greater bamboo lemur ( Prolemur simus ) and the ring @-@ tailed lemur have glands inside the upper arms near the axilla . Male ring @-@ tailed lemurs also have scent glands on the inside of their forearms , adjacent to a thorn @-@ like spur , which they use to gouge , and simultaneously , scent @-@ mark tree branches . They will also wipe their tails between their forearms and then engage in " stink fights " by waving their tail at their opponents .
Lemurs ( and strepsirrhines in general ) are considered to be less visually oriented than the higher primates , since they rely so heavily on their sense of smell and pheromone detection . The fovea on the retina ; which yields higher visual acuity , is not well @-@ developed . The postorbital septum ( or bony closure behind the eye ) in haplorrhine primates is thought to stabilize the eye slightly , allowing for the evolution of the fovea . With only a postorbital bar , lemurs have been unable to develop a fovea . Therefore , regardless of their activity pattern ( nocturnal , cathemeral , or diurnal ) , lemurs exhibit low visual acuity and high retinal summation . Lemurs can see a wider visual field , however , than anthropoid primates due to a slight difference in the angle between the eyes , as shown in the following table :
Although they lack a fovea , some diurnal lemurs have a cone @-@ rich , although less clustered , area centralis . This area centralis has a high rod @-@ to @-@ cone cell ratio in many diurnal species studied thus far , whereas diurnal anthropoids have no rod cells in their fovea . Once again , this suggests lower visual acuity in lemurs than in anthropoids . Furthermore , the rod @-@ to @-@ cone cell ratio can be variable even among diurnal species . For instance , Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) and the indri ( Indri indri ) have only a few large cones scattered along their predominantly rod @-@ dominated retina . The eyes of the ring @-@ tailed lemur contain one cone to five rods . Nocturnal lemurs such as mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs , on the other hand , have retinas made up entirely of rod cells .
Since cone cells make color vision possible , the high prevalence of rod cells in lemur eyes suggest they have not evolved color vision . The most studied lemur , the ring @-@ tailed lemur , has been shown to have blue @-@ yellow vision , but lacks the ability to distinguish red and green hues . Due to polymorphism in opsin genes , which code for color receptivity , trichromatic vision may rarely occur in females of a few lemur species , such as Coquerel 's sifaka ( Propithecus coquereli ) and the red ruffed lemur ( Varecia rubra ) . Most lemurs , therefore , are either monochromats or dichromats .
Most lemurs have retained the tapetum lucidum , a reflective layer of tissue in the eye , which is found in many vertebrates . This trait is absent in haplorrhine primates , and its presence further limits the visual acuity in lemurs . The strepsirrhine choroidal tapetum is unique among mammals because it is made up of crystalline riboflavin , and the resulting optical scattering is what limits visual acuity . Although the tapetum is considered to be ubiquitous in lemurs , there appear to be exceptions among true lemurs , such as the black lemur and the common brown lemur , as well as the ruffed lemurs . Since the riboflavins in the tapetum have a tendency to dissolve and vanish when processed for histological investigation , however , the exceptions are still debatable .
Lemurs also have a third eyelid known as a nictitating membrane , whereas most other primates have a lesser developed plica semilunaris . The nictitating membrane keeps the cornea moist and clean by sweeping across the eye .
= = = Metabolism = = =
Lemurs have low basal metabolic rates ( BMR ) , which helps them to conserve energy during the dry season , when water and food are scarce . They can optimize their energy use by lowering their metabolic rate to 20 % below the values predicted for mammals of similar body mass . The red @-@ tailed sportive lemur ( Lepilemur ruficaudatus ) , for instance , reportedly has one of the lowest metabolic rates among mammals . Its low metabolic rate may be linked to its generally folivorous diet and relatively small body mass . Lemurs exhibit behavioral adaptations to complement this trait , including sunning behaviors , hunched sitting , group huddling , and nest sharing , in order to reduce heat loss and conserve energy . Dwarf lemurs and mouse lemurs exhibit seasonal cycles of dormancy to conserve energy . Before dry season , they will accumulate fat in white adipose tissue located at the base of the tail and hind legs , doubling their weight . At the end of the dry season , their body mass may fall to half of what it was prior to the dry season . Lemurs that do not experience states of dormancy are also able to shut down aspects of their metabolism for energy conservation .
= = Behavior = =
Lemur behavior is as variable as lemur morphology . Differences in diet , social systems , activity patterns , locomotion , communication , predator avoidance tactics , breeding systems , and intelligence levels help define lemur taxa and set individual species apart from the rest . Although trends frequently distinguish the smaller , nocturnal lemurs from the larger , diurnal lemurs , there are often exceptions that help exemplify the unique and diverse nature of these Malagasy primates .
= = = Diet = = =
Lemur diets are highly variable and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity , although general trends suggest that the smallest species primarily consume fruit and insects ( omnivory ) , while the larger species are more herbivorous , consuming mostly plant material . As with all primates , hungry lemurs might eat anything that is edible , whether or not the item is one of their preferred foods . For instance , the ring @-@ tailed lemur eats insects and small vertebrates when necessary and as a result it is commonly viewed as an opportunistic omnivore . Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur ( Mirza coquereli ) is mostly frugivorous , but will consume insect secretions during the dry season .
A common assumption in mammalogy is that small mammals cannot subsist entirely on plant material and must have a high @-@ calorie diet in order to survive . As a result , it was thought that the diet of tiny primates must be high in protein @-@ containing insects ( insectivory ) . Research has shown , however , that mouse lemurs , the smallest living primates , consume more fruit than insects , contradicting the popular hypothesis .
Plant material makes up the majority of most lemur diets . Members of at least 109 of all known plant families in Madagascar ( 55 % ) are exploited by lemurs . Since lemurs are primarily arboreal , most of these exploited species are woody plants , including trees , shrubs , or lianas . Only the ring @-@ tailed lemur , the bamboo lemurs ( genus Hapalemur ) , and the black @-@ and @-@ white ruffed lemur ( Varecia variegata ) are known to consume herbs . While Madagascar is rich in fern diversity , these plants are rarely eaten by lemurs . One possible reason for this is that ferns lack flowers , fruits , and seeds — common food items in lemur diets . They also occur close to the ground , while lemurs spend most of their time in the trees . Lastly , ferns have an unpleasant taste due to the high content of tannins in their fronds . Likewise , mangroves appear to be rarely exploited by lemurs due to their high tannin content . Some lemurs appear to have evolved responses against common plant defenses , however , such as tannins and alkaloids . The golden bamboo lemur ( Hapalemur aureus ) , for instance , eats giant bamboo ( Cathariostachys madagascariensis ) , which contains high levels of cyanide . This lemur can consume twelve times the typically lethal dose for most mammals on a daily basis ; the physiological mechanisms that protect it from cyanide poisoning are unknown . At the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in the United States , lemurs that roam the outdoor enclosures have been observed eating poison ivy ( Taxicodendron radicans ) , yet have shown no ill effects .
Many of the larger lemur species consume leaves ( folivory ) , particularly the indriids . However , some smaller lemurs such as sportive lemurs ( genus Lepilemur ) and woolly lemurs ( genus Avahi ) also primarily eat leaves , making them the smallest primates that do so . The smallest of the lemurs generally do not eat much leaf matter . Collectively , lemurs have been documented consuming leaves from at least 82 native plant families and 15 alien plant families . Lemurs tend to be selective in their consumption of the part of the leaf or shoot as well as its age . Often , young leaves are preferred over mature leaves .
Many lemurs that eat leaves tend to do so during times of fruit scarcity , sometimes suffering weight loss as a result . Most lemur species , including most of the smallest lemurs and excluding some of the indriids , predominantly eat fruit ( frugivory ) when available . Collectively , lemurs have been documented consuming fruit from at least 86 native plant families and 15 alien plant families . As with most tropical fruit eaters , the lemur diet is dominated by fruit from Ficus ( fig ) species . In many anthropoid primates , fruit is a primary source of vitamin C , but unlike anthropoid primates , lemurs ( and all strepsirrhines ) can synthesize their own vitamin C. Historically , captive lemur diets high in vitamin C @-@ rich fruits have been thought to cause hemosiderosis , a type of iron overload disorder , since vitamin C increases iron absorption . Although lemurs in captivity have been shown to be prone to hemosiderosis , the frequency of the disease varies across institutions and may depend on the diet , husbandry protocols , and genetic stock . Assumptions about the problem need to be tested separately for each species . The ring @-@ tailed lemur , for instance , seems to be less prone to the disorder than other lemur species .
Only eight species of lemur are known to be seed predators ( granivores ) , but this may be under @-@ reported since most observations only report fruit consumption and do not investigate whether the seeds are consumed as well . These lemurs include some indriids , such as the diademed sifaka ( Propithecus diadema ) , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) , the indri , and the aye @-@ aye . The aye @-@ aye , which specializes in structurally defended resources , can chew through Canarium seeds , which are harder than the seeds that New World monkeys are known to break open . At least 36 genera from 23 families of plants are targeted by lemur seed predators .
Inflorescences ( clusters of flowers ) of at least 60 plant families are eaten by lemurs ranging in size from the tiny mouse lemurs to the relatively large ruffed lemurs . If the flowers are not exploited , sometimes the nectar is consumed ( nectarivory ) along with the pollen ( palynivory ) . At least 24 native species from 17 plant families are targeted for nectar or pollen consumption .
Bark and plant exudates such as tree sap are consumed by a few lemur species . The exploitation of exudates has been reported in 18 plant species and only in the dry regions in the south and west of Madagascar . Only the Masoala fork @-@ marked lemur ( Phaner furcifer ) and Coquerel 's giant mouse lemur regularly consume tree sap . Bark has never been reported as an important food item in lemur diets , but at least four species eat it : the aye @-@ aye , the red @-@ tailed sportive lemur ( Lepilemur ruficaudatus ) , the common brown lemur ( Eulemur fulvus ) , and Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) . Most bark feeding is directly linked to exudate feeding , except for the aye @-@ aye 's bark feeding on Afzelia bijuga ( genus Afzelia ) at Nosy Mangabe in the northeast .
Soil consumption ( geophagy ) has also been reported and likely helps with digestion , provides minerals and salts , and helps absorb toxins . Sifakas have been observed eating soil from termite mounds , possibly adding beneficial intestinal flora to aid the digestion of cellulose from their folivorous diet .
= = = Social systems = = =
Lemurs are social and live in groups that usually include fewer than 15 individuals . Observed social organization patterns include " solitary but social " , " fission @-@ fusion " , " pair bonds " , and " multi @-@ male group " . Nocturnal lemurs are mostly solitary but social , foraging alone at night but often nesting in groups during the day . The degree of socialization varies by species , gender , location , and season . In many nocturnal species , for instance , the females , along with their young , will share nests with other females and possibly one male , whose larger home range happens to overlap one or more female nesting groups . In sportive lemurs and fork @-@ marked lemurs , one or two females may share a home range , possibly with a male . In addition to sharing nests , they will also interact vocally or physically with their range @-@ mate while they forage at night . Diurnal lemurs exhibit many of the social systems seen in monkeys and apes , living in relatively permanent and cohesive social groups . Multi @-@ male groups are the most common , just as they are in most anthropoid primates . True lemurs utilize this social system , often living in groups of ten or less . Ruffed lemurs have been shown to live in fission @-@ fusion societies , and Indri forms pair bonds .
Some lemurs exhibit female philopatry , where females stay within their natal range and the males migrate upon reaching maturity , and in other species both sexes will migrate . In some cases , female philopatry may help explain the evolution of female @-@ bonded multi @-@ male groups , such as those of the ring @-@ tailed lemur , Milne @-@ Edwards ' sifaka ( Propithecus edwardsi ) , and the Verreaux 's sifaka . Their ancestors may have been more solitary , with females that lived in mother @-@ daughter pairs ( or dyads ) . Over time , these dyads may have allied themselves with other neighboring mother @-@ daughter dyads in order to defend more distributed resources in a wide home range . If this is true , then multi @-@ male groups in lemurs may differ fundamentally in their internal structure from those in catarrhine primates ( Old World monkeys and apes ) .
The presence of female social dominance sets lemurs apart from most other primates and mammals ; in most primate societies , males are dominant unless females band together to form coalitions that displace them . However , many Eulemur species are exceptions and the greater bamboo lemur ( Prolemur simus ) does not exhibit female dominance . When females are dominant within a group , the way they maintain dominance varies . Ring @-@ tailed lemur males act submissively with or without signs of female aggression . Male crowned lemurs ( Eulemur coronatus ) , on the other hand , will only act submissively when females act aggressively towards them . Female aggression is often associated with , but not limited to , feeding .
There have been many hypotheses that have attempted to explain why lemurs exhibit female social dominance while other primates with similar social structures do not , but no consensus has been reached after decades of research . The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available . Indeed , female dominance has been shown to be linked to increased maternal investment . However , when reproductive costs and extreme seasonality of resources were compared across primates , other primates demonstrated male dominance under conditions that were similar to or more challenging than those faced by lemurs . In 2008 , a new hypothesis revised this model using simple game theory . It was argued that when two individuals were equally matched in fighting capacity , the one with the most need would win the conflict since it would have the most to lose . Consequently , the female , with higher resource needs for pregnancy , lactation , and maternal care , was more likely to win in resource conflicts with equally sized males . This , however , assumed monomorphism between sexes . The following year , a new hypothesis was proposed to explain monomorphism , stating that because most female lemurs are only sexually receptive for a day or two each year , males can utilize a more passive form of mate guarding : copulatory plugs , which block the female reproductive tract , preventing other males from successfully mating with her , and thus reducing the need for aggression and the evolutionary drive for sexual dimorphism .
In general , levels of agonism ( or aggression ) tend to correlate with relative canine height . The ring @-@ tailed lemur has long , sharp upper canine teeth in both sexes , and it also exhibits high levels of agonism . The Indri , on the other hand , has smaller canines and exhibits lower levels of aggression . When neighboring groups of the same species defend their territories , the conflict can take the form of ritualized defense . In sifakas , these ritualized combats involve staring , growling , scent @-@ marking , and leaping to occupy certain sections of the tree . The indri defends its home range with ritualized " singing " battles .
Like other primates , lemurs groom socially ( allogroom ) to ease tensions and solidify relationships . They groom in greeting , when waking up , when settling in for sleep , between mother and infant , in juvenile relations , and for sexual advances . Unlike anthropoid primates , who part the fur with the hands and pick out particles with the fingers or mouth , lemurs groom with their tongue and scraping with their toothcomb . Despite the differences in technique , lemurs groom with the same frequency and for the same reasons as anthropoids .
= = = Activity patterns = = =
The biological rhythm can vary from nocturnal in smaller lemurs to diurnal in most larger lemurs . Diurnality is not seen in any other living strepsirrhine . Cathemerality , where an animal is active sporadically both day and night , occurs among some of the larger lemurs . Few if any other primates exhibit this sort of activity cycle , either regularly or irregularly under changing environmental conditions . The most heavily studied cathemeral lemurs are the true lemurs . Although the mongoose lemur ( E. mongoz ) is the best @-@ documented example , every species in the genus studied has shown some degree of cathemeral behavior , although night activity is often restricted by light availability and moon periodicity . This type of behavior was first documented in the 1960s in true lemur species as well as other Lemuridae species , such as ruffed lemurs and bamboo lemurs . Initially described as " crepuscular " ( active at dawn and dusk ) , anthropologist Ian Tattersall stimulated additional research and coined the new term " cathemeral " , although many non @-@ anthropologists prefer the terms " circadian " or " diel " .
In order to conserve energy and water in their highly seasonal environment , mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs exhibit seasonal behavioral cycles of dormancy where the metabolic rate and body temperature are lowered . They are the only primates known to do so . They accumulate fat reserves in their hind legs and the base of their tail before the dry winter season , when food and water are scarce , and can exhibit daily and prolonged torpor during the dry season . Daily torpor constitutes less than 24 hours of dormancy , whereas prolonged torpor averages two weeks in duration and signals hibernation . Mouse lemurs have been observed experiencing torpor that lasts for several consecutive days , but dwarf lemurs are known to hibernate for six to eight months every year , particularly on the west coast of Madagascar .
Dwarf lemurs are the only primates known to hibernate for extended periods . Unlike other hibernating mammals from temperate regions , which have to awaken regularly for a few days , dwarf lemurs experience five months of continuous deep hibernation ( May through September ) . Before and after this deep hibernation , there are two months ( April and October ) of transition , where they will forage on a limited basis to reduce demands on their fat reserves . Unlike any other hibernating mammal , the body temperature of hibernating dwarf lemurs will fluctuate with the ambient temperature rather than remaining low and stable .
Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy conserve energy by selecting thermoregulated microhabitats ( such as tree holes ) , sharing nests , and reducing exposed body surfaces , such as by hunched sitting and group huddling . Also , the ring @-@ tailed lemur , ruffed lemurs , and sifakas are commonly seen sunning , thus using solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat .
= = = Locomotion = = =
Locomotor behavior in lemurs , both living and extinct , is highly varied and its diversity exceeds that of anthropoids . Locomotor postures and behaviors have included vertical clinging and leaping ( including saltatory behavior ) , seen in indriids and bamboo lemurs ; slow ( loris @-@ like ) arboreal quadrupedal locomotion , once exhibited by Mesopropithecus ; fast arboreal quadrupedal locomotion , seen in true lemurs and ruffed lemurs ; partially terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion , seen in the ring @-@ tailed lemur ; highly terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion , once exhibited by monkey lemurs such as Hadropithecus ; and sloth @-@ like suspensory locomotion , once exhibited by many of the sloth lemurs , such as Palaeopropithecus . The Lac Alaotra gentle lemur ( Hapalemur alaotrensis ) has even been reported to be a good swimmer . Sometimes these locomotor types are lumped together into two main groups of lemurs , the vertical clingers and leapers and the arboreal ( and occasionally terrestrial ) quadrupeds .
The jumping prowess of the indriids have been well documented and are popular among ecotourists visiting Madagascar . Using their long , powerful back legs , they catapult themselves into the air and land in an upright posture on a nearby tree , with both hands and feet tightly gripping the trunk . Indriids can leap up to 10 m ( 33 ft ) rapidly from tree trunk to tree trunk , an ability referred to as " ricochetal leaping " . Verreaux 's sifaka ( Propithecus verreauxi ) manages to do this in the spiny forests of southern Madagascar . It is unknown how it avoids impaling its palms on the thorn @-@ covered trunks of large plants such as Alluaudia . When distances between trees are too great , sifakas will descend to the ground and cross distances more than 100 m ( 330 ft ) by standing upright and hopping sideways with the arms held to the side and waving up and down from chest to head height , presumably for balance . This is sometimes described as a " dance @-@ hop " .
= = = Communication = = =
Lemur communication can be transmitted through sound , sight , and smell ( olfaction ) . The ring @-@ tailed lemur , for instance , uses complex though highly stereotyped behaviors such as scent @-@ marking and vocalizations . Visual signals are probably the least used by lemurs , since they lack many of the muscles used in common primate facial expressions . Given their poor vision , whole @-@ body postures are probably more noticeable . However , the ring @-@ tailed lemur has demonstrated distinct facial expressions including a threat stare , pulled back lips for submission , and pulled back ears along with flared nostrils during scent @-@ marking . This species has also been observed using yawns as threats . Their ringed tails also communicate distance , warn off neighboring troops , and help locate troop members . Sifakas are known to exhibit an open @-@ mouth play face as well as a submissive teeth @-@ baring grimace used in agonistic interactions .
Olfaction is particularly important to lemurs , except for the indri , which lacks most common lemur scent glands and has a greatly reduced olfactory region in the brain . Olfaction can communicate information about age , sex , reproductive status , as well as demarcate the boundaries of a territory . It is most useful for communication between animals that rarely encounter each other . Small , nocturnal lemurs mark their territories with urine , while the larger , diurnal species use scent glands located on various parts of their anatomy . The ring @-@ tailed lemur engages in " stink fights " by rubbing its tail across scent glands on its wrists , and then flicking its tail at other male opponents . Some lemurs defecate in specific areas , otherwise known as latrine behavior . Although many animals exhibit this behavior , it is a rare trait among primates . Latrine behavior can represent territorial marking and aid in interspecies signaling .
Compared to other mammals , primates in general are very vocal , and lemurs are no exception . Some lemur species have extensive vocal repertoires , including the ring @-@ tailed lemur and ruffed lemurs . Some of the most common calls among lemurs are predator alarm calls . Lemurs not only respond to alarm calls of their own species , but also alarm calls of other species and those of non @-@ predatory birds . The ring @-@ tailed lemur and a few other species have different calls and reactions to specific types of predators . With mating calls , it has been shown that mouse lemurs that cannot be discerned visually respond more strongly to the calls of their own species , particularly when exposed to the calls of other mouse lemurs that they would encounter normally within their home range . Lemur calls can also be very loud and carry long distances . Ruffed lemurs use several loud calls that can be heard up to 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) away on a clear , calm day . The loudest lemur is the indri , whose calls can be heard up to 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) or more and thus communicate more effectively the territorial boundaries over its 34 to 40 hectares ( 0 @.@ 13 to 0 @.@ 15 sq mi ) home range . Both ruffed lemurs and the indri exhibit contagious calling , where one individual or group starts a loud call and others within the area join in . The song of the indri can last 45 seconds to more than 3 minutes and tends to coordinate to form a stable duet comparable to that of gibbons .
Tactile communication ( touch ) is mostly used by lemurs in the form of grooming , although the ring @-@ tailed lemur also clumps together to sleep ( in an order determined by rank ) , reaches out and touches adjacent members , and cuffs other members . Reaching out and touching another individual in this species has been shown to be a submissive behavior , done by younger or submissive animals towards older and more dominant members of the troop . Allogrooming , however , appears to occur more frequently between higher ranking individuals , a shared trait with other primate species . Unlike anthropoid primates , lemur grooming seems to be more intimate and mutual , often directly reciprocated . Anthropoids , on the other hand , use allogrooming to manage agonistic interactions . The ring @-@ tailed lemur is known to be very tactile , spending between 5 and 11 % of its time grooming .
= = = Predator avoidance = = =
All lemurs experience some predation pressure . Common defenses against predation include the use of alarm calls and predator mobbing , mostly among diurnal lemurs . The leaping abilities of lemurs may have evolved for predator avoidance rather than for travel , according to a study in kinematics . Nocturnal lemurs are difficult to see and track at night and decrease their visibility by foraging alone . They also try to avoid predators by using concealing sleeping locations , such as nests , tree holes , or dense vegetation , Some may also avoid areas frequented by predators by detecting the smell of their feces. and alternating between multiple sleeping locations . Even torpor and hibernation states among cheirogaleids may be partly due to high levels of predation . Infants are protected while foraging by either leaving them in the nest or by stashing them in a hidden location , where the infant remains immobile in the absence of the parent .
Diurnal lemurs are visible during the day , so many live in groups , where the increased number of eyes and ears helps aid in predator detection . Diurnal lemurs use and respond to alarm calls , even those of other lemur species and non @-@ predatory birds . The ring @-@ tailed lemur has different calls and reactions to different classes of predators , such as predatory birds , mammals , or snakes . Some lemurs , such as the indri , use crypsis to camouflage themselves . They are often heard but difficult to see in the trees due to the dappled light , earning them the reputation of being " ghosts of the forest " .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Except for the aye @-@ aye and the Lac Alaotra gentle lemur , lemurs are seasonal breeders with very short mating and birth seasons influenced by the highly seasonal availability of resources in their environment . Mating seasons usually last less than three weeks each year , with the female vagina opening up only during a few hours or days of her most receptive time of estrus . These narrow windows for reproduction and resource availability appear to relate to their short gestation periods , rapid maturation , and low basal metabolic rates , as well as the high energy costs of reproduction for females . This may also relate to the relatively high mortality rate among adult females and the higher proportion of adult males in some lemur populations — both unusual traits among primates . In both the aye @-@ aye and Lac Alaotra gentle lemur , birth ( parturition ) occurs over a six @-@ month period .
Lemurs time their mating and birth seasons so that all weaning periods are synchronized to match the time of highest food availability . Weaning occurs either before or shortly after the eruption of the first permanent molars in lemurs . Mouse lemurs are able to fit their entire breeding cycle into the wet season , whereas larger lemurs , such as sifakas , must lactate for two months during the dry season . Infant survival in some species , such as Milne @-@ Edwards ' sifaka , has been shown to be directly impacted by both environmental conditions and the rank , age , and health of the mother . The breeding season is also affected by geographical location . For example , mouse lemurs give birth between September and October in their native habitat in the Southern Hemisphere , but from May through June in the captive settings in the Northern Hemisphere .
Scent factors heavily into lemur reproduction . Scent @-@ marking activity escalates during the mating season . Pheromones may coordinate reproductive timing for females coming into estrus . Mating can be either monogamous or promiscuous for both males and females , and mating can include individuals from outside the group . Monogamous lemurs include the red @-@ bellied lemur ( Eulemur rubriventer ) and the mongoose lemur ( E. mongoz ) , although the mongoose lemur has been observed mating outside of its pair bond . Monogamy is most common among nocturnal species , although some exhibit scramble competition , sexual suppression of subordinates , or competitions between males that avoid direct fighting . In mouse lemurs , males utilize sperm plugs , developed enlarged testes during the mating season , and develop size dimorphism ( likely due to the enlarged testes ) . These indicate a mating system known as scramble competition polygyny , where males cannot defend females or the resources that might attract them .
The gestation period varies within lemurs , ranging from 9 weeks in mouse lemurs and 9 – 10 weeks in dwarf lemurs to 18 – 24 weeks in other lemurs . The smaller , nocturnal lemurs , such as mouse lemurs , giant mouse lemurs , and dwarf lemurs , usually give birth to more than one infant , whereas the larger , nocturnal lemurs , such as fork @-@ marked lemurs , sportive lemurs , and the aye @-@ aye usually have one offspring . Dwarf and mouse lemurs have up to four offspring , but both average only two . Ruffed lemurs are the only large , diurnal lemurs to consistently give birth to two or three offspring . All other lemurs have single births . Multiple births in lemurs are normally fraternal , and are known to occur in every five to six births in species such as the ring @-@ tailed lemur and some Eulemur .
After the offspring are born , lemurs either carry them around or stash them while foraging . When transported , the infants either cling to the mother 's fur or are carried in the mouth by the scruff . In some species , such as bamboo lemurs , infants are carried by mouth until they are able to cling to their mother 's fur . Species that park their offspring include nocturnal species ( e.g. mouse lemurs , sportive lemurs , and dwarf lemurs ) , bamboo lemurs , and ruffed lemurs . In the case of the ruffed lemurs , the young are altricial and the mothers build nests for them , much like the smaller , nocturnal lemur species . Woolly lemurs are unusual for nocturnal lemurs because they live in cohesive family groups and carry their single offspring with them rather than parking them . Alloparenting ( multiple or group parenting ) has been reported in all lemur families except the sportive lemurs and aye @-@ aye . Allonursing is also known to occur in several lemur groups . Even males have been observed caring for infants in species such as the red @-@ bellied lemur , mongoose lemur , eastern lesser bamboo lemur , silky sifaka , fat @-@ tailed dwarf lemur , and ruffed lemurs .
Yet another trait that sets most lemurs apart from anthropoid primates is their long lifespan together with their high infant mortality . Many lemurs , including the ring @-@ tailed lemur , have adapted to a highly seasonal environment , which has affected their birthrate , maturation , and twinning rate ( r @-@ selection ) . This helps them to recover rapidly from a population crash . In captivity , lemurs can live twice as long as they do in the wild , benefiting from consistent nutrition that meets their dietary requirements , medical advancements , and improved understanding of their housing requirements . In 1960 , it was thought that lemurs could live between 23 and 25 years . We now know that the larger species can live for more than 30 years without showing signs of aging ( senescence ) and still be capable of reproduction .
= = = Cognitive abilities and tool use = = =
Lemurs have traditionally been regarded as being less intelligent than anthropoid primates , with monkeys and apes often described as having more cunning , guile , and deceptiveness . Many lemur species , such as sifakas and the ring @-@ tailed lemur , have scored lower on tests designed for monkeys while performing as well as monkeys on other tests . These comparisons may not be fair since lemurs prefer to manipulate objects with their mouths ( rather than their hands ) and only take interest in objects when in captivity . Recent studies have shown that lemurs exhibit levels of technical intelligence on par with many other primates , although they manipulate objects less often . Tool use has not been witnessed by lemurs in the wild , although in captivity the common brown lemur and the ring @-@ tailed lemur have been demonstrated to be able to understand and use tools .
A few lemurs have been noted to have relatively large brains . The extinct Hadropithecus was as large as a large male baboon and had a comparably sized brain , giving it the largest brain size relative to body size among all prosimians . The aye @-@ aye also has a large brain @-@ to @-@ body ratio , which may indicate a higher level of intelligence . However , despite having a built @-@ in tool in the form of its thin , elongated middle finger , which it uses to fish for insect grubs , the aye @-@ aye has tested poorly in the use of extraneous tools .
= = Ecology = =
See above : Diet , Metabolism , Activity patterns , and Locomotion
Madagascar not only contains two radically different climatic zones , the rainforests of the east and the dry regions of the west , but also swings from extended drought to cyclone @-@ generated floods . These climatic and geographical challenges , along with poor soils , low plant productivity , wide ranges of ecosystem complexity , and a lack of regularly fruiting trees ( such as fig trees ) have driven the evolution of lemurs ' immense morphological and behavioral diversity . Their survival has required the ability to endure the persistent extremes , not yearly averages .
Lemurs have either presently or formerly filled the ecological niches normally occupied by monkeys , squirrels , woodpeckers , and grazing ungulates . With the diversity of adaptations for specific ecological niches , habitat selections among lemur families and some genera are often very distinct , thus minimizing competition . In nocturnal lemurs from the more seasonal forests in the west , up to five species can coexist during the wet season due to high food abundance . However , to endure the extreme dry season , three of the five species utilize different dietary patterns and their underlying physiological traits to allow them to coexist : fork @-@ marked lemurs feed on tree gum , sportive lemurs feed on leaves , and giant mouse lemurs sometimes feed on insect secretions . The other two species , the gray mouse lemur and the fat @-@ tailed dwarf lemur ( Cheirogaleus medius ) , avoid competition through reduced activity . The gray mouse lemur uses bouts of torpor , while the fat @-@ tailed dwarf lemur hibernates completely . Similarly , on the east coast entire genera focus on specific food to avoid too much niche overlap . True lemurs and ruffed lemurs are frugivorous , indriids are folivorous , and bamboo lemurs specialize in bamboo and other grasses . Once again , seasonal dietary differences as well as subtle differences in substrate preferences , forest strata used , activity cycle , and social organization enable lemur species to coexist , although this time the species are more closely related and have similar niches . A classic example involves resource partitioning between three species of bamboo lemur that live in close proximity in small forested areas : the golden bamboo lemur , the greater bamboo lemur , and the eastern lesser bamboo lemur ( Hapalemur griseus ) . Each utilizes either different species of bamboo , different parts of the plant , or different layers in the forest . Nutrient and toxin content ( such as cyanide ) help regulate food selection , though seasonal food preferences are also known to play a role .
Dietary regimes of lemurs include folivory , frugivory , and omnivory , with some being highly adaptable while others specialize on foods such as plant exudates ( tree gum ) and bamboo . In some cases , lemur feeding patterns directly benefit the native plant life . When lemurs exploit nectar , they may act as pollinators as long as the functional parts of the flower are not damaged . In fact , several unrelated Malagasy flowering plants demonstrate lemur @-@ specific pollination traits , and studies indicate that some diurnal species , such as the red @-@ bellied lemur and the ruffed lemurs , act as major pollinators . Two examples of plant species that rely on lemurs for pollination include traveller 's palm ( Ravenala madagascariensis ) and a species of legume @-@ like liana , Strongylodon cravieniae . Seed dispersal is another service lemurs provide . After passing through the lemur gut , tree and vine seeds exhibit lower mortality and germinate faster . Latrine behavior exhibited by some lemurs may help improve soil quality and facilitate seed dispersal . Because of their importance in maintaining a healthy forest , frugivorous lemurs may qualify as keystone mutualists .
All lemurs , particularly the smaller species , are affected by predation and they are important prey items for predators . Humans are the most significant predator of diurnal lemurs , despite taboos that occasionally forbid the hunting and eating of certain lemur species . Other predators include native euplerids , such as the fossa , feral cats , domestic dogs , snakes , diurnal birds of prey , owls , and crocodiles . Extinct giant eagles , including one or two species from the genus Aquila and the giant Malagasy crowned eagle ( Stephanoaetus mahery ) , as well as the giant fossa ( Cryptoprocta spelea ) , previously also preyed on lemurs , perhaps including the giant subfossil lemurs or their subadult offspring . The existence of these extinct giants suggests that predator @-@ prey interactions involving lemurs were more complex than they are today . Today , predator size only restricts owls to the smaller lemurs , usually 100 g ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) or less , while the larger lemurs fall victim to the larger diurnal birds of prey , such as the Madagascan harrier @-@ hawk ( Polyboroides radiatus ) and the Madagascar buzzard ( Buteo brachypterus ) .
= = Research = =
Similarities that lemurs share with anthropoid primates , such as diet and social organization , along with their own unique traits , have made lemurs the most heavily studied of all mammal groups on Madagascar . Research often focuses on the link between ecology and social organization , but also on their behavior and morphophysiology ( the study of anatomy in relation to function ) . Studies of their life @-@ history traits , behavior and ecology help understanding of primate evolution , since they are thought to share similarities with ancestral primates .
Lemurs have been the focus of monographic series , action plans , field guides , and classic works in ethology . However , few species have been thoroughly studied to date , and most research has been preliminary and restricted to a single locality . Only recently have numerous scientific papers been published to explain the basic aspects of behavior and ecology of poorly known species . Field studies have given insights on population dynamics and evolutionary ecology of most genera and many species . Long @-@ term research focused on identified individuals is in its infancy and has only been started for a few populations . However , learning opportunities are dwindling as habitat destruction and other factors threaten the existence of lemur populations across the island .
Lemurs are mentioned in sailors ' voyage logs as far back as 1608 and in 1658 that at least seven lemur species were described in detail by the French merchant , Étienne de Flacourt , who may also have been the only westerner to see and chronicle the existence of a giant ( now extinct ) lemur , which he called the tretretretre . Around 1703 merchants and sailors began bringing lemurs back to Europe , at which time James Petiver , an apothecary in London , described and illustrated the mongoose lemur . Starting in 1751 , the London illustrator George Edwards began describing and illustrating some lemur species , of which a few were included in various editions of Systema Naturae by Carl Linnaeus . In the 1760s and 1770s , French naturalists Georges @-@ Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon and Louis @-@ Jean @-@ Marie Daubenton began describing the anatomy of several lemur species . The first traveling naturalist to comment on lemurs was Philibert Commerçon in 1771 , although it was Pierre Sonnerat who recorded a greater variety of lemur species during his travels .
During the 19th century , there was an explosion of new lemur descriptions and names , which later took decades to sort out . During this time , professional collectors gathered specimens for museums , menageries , and cabinets . Some of the major collectors were Johann Maria Hildebrandt and Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major . From these collections , as well as increasing observations of lemurs in their natural habitats , museum systematists including Albert Günther and John Edward Gray continued to contribute new names for new lemur species . However , the most notable contributions from this century includes the work of Alfred Grandidier , a naturalist and explorer who devoted himself to the study of Madagascar 's natural history and local people . With the help of Alphonse Milne @-@ Edwards , most of the diurnal lemurs were illustrated at this time . However , lemur taxonomic nomenclature took its modern form in the 1920s and 1930s , being standardized by Ernst Schwarz in 1931 .
Although lemur taxonomy had developed , it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that the in @-@ situ ( or on @-@ site ) study of lemur behavior and ecology began to blossom . Jean @-@ Jacques Petter and Arlette Petter @-@ Rousseaux toured Madagascar in 1956 and 1957 , surveying many of its lemur species and making important observations about their social groupings and reproduction . In 1960 , the year of Madagascar 's independence , David Attenborough introduced lemurs to the West with a commercial film . Under the guidance of John Buettner @-@ Janusch , who founded the Duke Lemur Center in 1966 , Alison Jolly traveled to Madagascar in 1962 to study the diet and social behavior of the ring @-@ tailed lemur and Verreaux 's sifaka at Berenty Private Reserve . The Petters and Jolly spawned a new era of interest in lemur ecology and behavior and were shortly followed by anthropologists such as Alison Richard , Robert Sussman , Ian Tattersall , and many others . Following the political turmoil of the mid @-@ 1970s and Madagascar 's revolution , field studies resumed in the 1980s , thanks in part to the renewed involvement of the Duke Lemur Center under the direction of Elwyn L. Simons and the conservation efforts of Patricia Wright . In the decades that followed , huge strides have been made in lemur studies and many new species have been discovered .
Ex situ research ( or off @-@ site research ) is also popular among researchers looking to answer questions that are difficult to test in the field . For example , efforts to sequence the genome of the gray mouse lemur will help researchers understand which genetic traits set primates apart from other mammals and will ultimately help understand what genomic traits set humans apart from other primates . One of the foremost lemur research facilities is the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in Durham , North Carolina . It maintains the largest captive lemur population outside of Madagascar , which it maintains for non @-@ invasive research and captive breeding . Many important research projects have been carried out there , including studies of lemur vocalizations , basic locomotor research , the kinematics of bipedalism , the effects of social complexity transitive reasoning , and cognition studies involving a lemur 's ability to organize and retrieve sequences from memory . Other facilities , such as the Lemur Conservation Foundation , located near Myakka City , Florida , have also hosted research projects , such as one that looked at lemurs ' ability to preferentially select tools based on functional qualities .
= = Conservation = =
Lemurs are threatened by a host of environmental problems , including deforestation , hunting for bushmeat , live capture for the exotic pet trade , and climate change . All species are listed by CITES on Appendix I , which prohibits trade of specimens or parts , except for scientific purposes . As of 2005 , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) listed 16 % of all lemur species as critically endangered , 23 % as endangered , 25 % as vulnerable , 28 % as " data deficient " , and only 8 % as least concern . Over the next five years , at least 28 species were newly identified , none of which have had their conservation status assessed . Many are likely to be considered threatened since the new lemur species that have been described recently are typically confined to small regions . Given the rate of continued habitat destruction , undiscovered species could go extinct before being identified . Since the arrival of humans on the island approximately 2000 years ago , all endemic Malagasy vertebrates over 10 kg ( 22 lb ) have disappeared , including 17 species , 8 genera , and 3 families of lemurs . The IUCN Species Survival Commission ( IUCN / SSC ) , the International Primatological Society ( IPS ) , and Conservation International ( CI ) have included as many as five lemurs in their biennial " Top 25 Most Endangered Primates " . The 2008 – 2010 list includes the greater bamboo lemur , gray @-@ headed lemur ( Eulemur cinereiceps ) , blue @-@ eyed black lemur ( Eulemur flavifrons ) , northern sportive lemur ( Lepilemur septentrionalis ) , and silky sifaka . In 2012 , an assessment by the Primate Specialist Group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) concluded that 90 % of the then 103 described species of lemur should be listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List , making lemurs the most endangered group of mammals . The IUCN reiterated its concern in 2013 , noting that 90 % of all lemur species could be extinct within 20 to 25 years unless a $ 7 million USD 3 @-@ year conservation plan aimed at helping local communities can be implemented .
Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world , with a high population growth rate of 2 @.@ 5 % per year and nearly 70 % of the population living in poverty . The country is also burdened with high levels of debt and limited resources . These socioeconomic issues have complicated conservation efforts , even though the island of Madagascar has been recognized by IUCN / SSC as a critical primate region for over 20 years . Due to its relatively small land area — 587 @,@ 045 km2 ( 226 @,@ 659 sq mi ) — compared to other high @-@ priority biodiversity regions and its high levels of endemism , the country is considered one of the world 's most important biodiversity hotspots , with lemur conservation being a high priority . Despite the added emphasis for conservation , there is no indication that the extinctions that began with the arrival of humans have come to an end .
= = = Threats in the wild = = =
The greatest concern facing lemur populations is habitat destruction and degradation . Deforestation takes the form of local subsistence use , such as slash and burn agriculture ( referred to as tavy in Malagasy ) , the creation of pasture for cattle through burning , and legal and illegal gathering of wood for firewood or charcoal production ; commercial mining ; and the illegal logging of precious hardwoods for foreign markets . After centuries of unsustainable use , as well as rapidly escalating forest destruction since 1950 , less than 60 @,@ 000 km2 ( 23 @,@ 000 sq mi ) or 10 % of Madagascar 's land area remains forested . Only 17 @,@ 000 km2 ( 6 @,@ 600 sq mi ) or 3 % of the island 's land area is protected and due to dire economic conditions and political instability , most of the protected areas are ineffectively managed and defended . Some protected areas were set aside because they were naturally protected by their remote , isolated location , often on steep cliffs . Other areas , such as the dry forests and spiny forests of the west and south , receive little protection and are in serious danger of being destroyed .
Some species may be in risk of extinction even without complete deforestation , such as ruffed lemurs , which are very sensitive to habitat disturbance . If large fruit trees are removed , the forest may sustain fewer individuals of a species and their reproductive success may be affected for years . Small populations may be able to persist in isolated forest fragments for 20 to 40 years due to long generation times , but in the long term , such populations may not be viable . Small , isolated populations also risk extirpation by natural disasters and disease outbreaks ( epizootics ) . Two diseases that are lethal to lemurs and could severely impact isolated lemur populations are toxoplasmosis , which is spread by feral cats , and the herpes simplex virus carried by humans .
Climate change and weather @-@ related natural disasters also threaten lemur survival . For the last 1000 years , western and highland regions have been growing significantly drier , but in the past few decades , severe drought has become much more frequent . There are indications that deforestation and forest fragmentation are accelerating this gradual desiccation . The effects of drought are even felt in the rainforests . As annual rainfall decreases , the larger trees that make up the high canopy suffer increased mortality , failure to fruit , and decreased production of new leaves , which folivorous lemurs prefer . Cyclones can defoliate an area , knock down canopy trees , and create landslides and flooding . This can leave lemur populations without fruit or leaves until the following spring , requiring them to subsist on crisis foods , such as epiphytes .
Lemurs are hunted for food by the local Malagasy , either for local subsistence or to supply a luxury meat market in the larger cities . Most rural Malagasy do not understand what " endangered " means , nor do they know that hunting lemurs is illegal or that lemurs are found only in Madagascar . Many Malagasy have taboo , or fady , about hunting and eating lemurs , but this does not prevent hunting in many regions . Even though hunting has been a threat to lemur populations in the past , it has recently become a more serious threat as socioeconomic conditions deteriorate . Economic hardships have caused people to move around the country in search of employment , leading local traditions to break down . Drought and famine can also relax the fady that protect lemurs . Larger species , such as sifakas and ruffed lemurs , are common targets , but smaller species are also hunted or accidentally caught in snares intended for larger prey . Experienced , organized hunting parties using firearms , slings and blowguns can kill as many as eight to twenty lemurs in one trip . Organized hunting parties and lemur traps can be found in both non @-@ protected areas and remote corners of protected areas . National parks and other protected areas are not adequately protected by law enforcement agencies . Often , there are too few park rangers to cover a large area , and sometimes terrain within the park is too rugged to check regularly .
Although not as significant as deforestation and hunting , some lemurs , such as crowned lemurs and other species that have successfully been kept in captivity , are occasionally kept as exotic pets by Malagasy people . Bamboo lemurs are also kept as pets , although they only survive for up to two months . Live capture for the exotic pet trade in wealthier countries is not normally considered a threat due to strict regulations controlling their export .
= = = Conservation efforts = = =
Lemurs have drawn much attention to Madagascar and its endangered species . In this capacity , they act as flagship species , the most notable of which is the ring @-@ tailed lemur , which is considered an icon of the country . The presence of lemurs in national parks helps drive ecotourism , which especially helps local communities living in the vicinity of the national parks , since it offers employment opportunities and the community receives half of the park entrance fees . In the case of Ranomafana National Park , job opportunities and other revenue from long @-@ term research can rival that of ecotourism .
Starting in 1927 , the Malagasy government has declared all lemurs as " protected " by establishing protected areas that are now classified under three categories : National Parks ( Parcs Nationaux ) , Strict Nature Reserves ( Réserves Naturelles Intégrales ) , and Special Reserves ( Réserves Spéciales ) . There are currently 18 national parks , 5 strict nature reserves , and 22 special reserves , as well as several other small private reserves , such as Berenty Reserve and Sainte Luce Private Reserve , both near Fort Dauphin . All protected areas , excluding the private reserves , comprise approximately 3 % of the land surface of Madagascar and are managed by Madagascar National Parks , formerly known as l 'Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées ( ANGAP ) , as well as other non @-@ governmental organizations ( NGOs ) , including Conservation International ( CI ) , the Wildlife Conservation Society ( WCS ) , and the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . Most lemur species are covered by this network of protected areas , and a few species can be found in multiple parks or reserves .
Conservation is also facilitated by the Madagascar Fauna Group ( MFG ) , an association of nearly 40 zoos and related organizations , including the Duke Lemur Center , the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , and the Saint Louis Zoological Park . This international NGO supports Madagascar 's Parc Ivoloina , helps protect Betampona Reserve and other protected areas , and promotes field research , breeding programs , conservation planning , and education in zoos . One of their major projects involved the release of captive black @-@ and @-@ white ruffed lemurs , designed to help restock the dwindling population within Betampona Reserve .
Habitat corridors are needed for linking these protected areas so that small populations are not isolated . In September 2003 in Durban , South Africa , Madagascar 's former president Marc Ravalomanana promised to triple the size of the island 's protected areas in five years . This became known as the " Durban Vision " . In June 2007 , the World Heritage Committee included a sizable portion of Madagascar 's eastern rainforests as a new UNESCO World Heritage Site .
Debt relief may help Madagascar protect its biodiversity . With the political crisis in 2009 , illegal logging has proliferated and now threatens rainforests in the northeast , including its lemur inhabitants and the ecotourism that the local communities rely upon .
Captive lemur populations are maintained locally and outside of Madagascar in many zoos , although the diversity of species is limited . Sikafas , for instance , do not survive well in captivity , so few facilities have them . The largest captive lemur population can be found at the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) , whose mission includes non @-@ invasive research , conservation ( e.g. captive breeding ) , and public education . Another large lemur colony the Myakka City Lemur Reserve run by the Lemur Conservation Foundation ( LCF ) , which also hosts lemur research . In Madagascar , Lemurs ' Park is a free @-@ range , private facility southwest of Antananarivo that exhibits lemurs for the public while also rehabilitating captive @-@ born lemurs for reintroduction into the wild .
= = Cultural references = =
In Malagasy culture lemurs , and animals in general , have souls ( ambiroa ) which can get revenge if mocked while alive or if killed in a cruel fashion . Because of this , lemurs , like many other elements of daily life , have been a source of taboos , known locally as fady , which can be based around stories with four basic principles . A village or region may believe that a certain type of lemur may be the ancestor of the clan . They may also believe that a lemur 's spirit may get revenge . Alternatively , the animal may appear as a benefactor . Lemurs are also thought to impart their qualities , good or bad , onto human babies . In general , fady extend beyond a sense of the forbidden , but can include events that bring bad luck .
One example of lemur fady told around 1970 comes from Ambatofinandrahana in the Fianarantsoa Province . According to the account , a man brought a lemur home in a trap , but alive . His children wanted to keep the lemur as a pet , but when the father told them it was not a domestic animal , the children asked to kill it . After the children tortured the lemur , it eventually died and was eaten . A short time later , all the children died of illness . As a result , the father declared that anyone who tortures lemurs for fun shall " be destroyed and have no descendants . "
Fady can not only help protect lemurs and their forests under stable socioeconomic situations , but they can also lead to discrimination and persecution if a lemur is known to bring bad fortune , for instance , if it walks through town . In other ways , fady does not protect all lemurs equally . For example , although the hunting and eating of certain species may be taboo , other species may not share that same protection and are therefore targeted instead . Fady can vary from village to village within the same region . If people move to a new village or region , their fady may not apply to the lemur species that are locally present , making them available for consumption . Fady restrictions on lemur meat can be relaxed in times of famine and drought .
The aye @-@ aye is almost universally viewed unfavorably across Madagascar , though the tales vary from village to village and region to region . If people see an aye @-@ aye , they may kill it and hang the corpse on a pole near a road outside of town ( so others can carry the bad fortunes away ) or burn their village and move . The superstitions behind aye @-@ aye fady include beliefs that they kill and eat chickens or people , that they kill people in their sleep by cutting their aortic vein , that they embody ancestral spirits , or that they warn of illness , death , or bad luck in the family . As of 1970 , the people of the Marolambo District in the Toamasina Province feared the aye @-@ aye because they believed it had supernatural powers . Because of this , no one was allowed to mock , kill , or eat one .
There are also widespread fady about indri and sifakas . They are often protected from hunting and consumption because of their resemblance to humans and their ancestors , mostly due to their large size and upright or orthograde posture . The resemblance is even stronger for indri , which lack the long tail of most living lemurs . Known locally as babakoto ( " Ancestor of Man " ) , the indri is sometimes seen as the progenitor of the family or clan . There are also stories of an indri that helped a human down from a tree , so they are seen as benefactors . Other lemur fady include the belief that a wife will have ugly children if her husband kills a woolly lemur , or that if a pregnant woman eats a dwarf lemur , her baby will get its beautiful , round eyes .
Lemurs have also become popular in Western culture in recent years . The original 2005 animated film Madagascar was seen by an estimated 100 million people in theaters and 200 – 300 million people on DVD worldwide . Prior to this movie , Zoboomafoo , a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) children 's television series from 1999 to 2001 , helped to popularize sifakas by featuring a live Coquerel 's sifaka from the Duke Lemur Center as well as a puppet . A twenty @-@ episode series called Lemur Kingdom ( in the United States ) or Lemur Street ( in the United Kingdom and Canada ) aired in 2008 on Animal Planet . It combined the typical animal documentary with dramatic narration to tell the story of two groups of ring @-@ tailed lemurs at Berenty Private Reserve .
= = = Books cited = = =
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= Medieval Faire ( Canada 's Wonderland ) =
Originally themed around the Middle Ages , Medieval Faire is a section of Canada 's Wonderland , a theme park in Vaughan , Ontario , Canada . As such , early attractions created under Kings Entertainment Company were named after knights , Don Quixote , Vikings , dragons , bats , and beasts . Throughout the Paramount Parks era , the section 's new attractions lacked appropriate theming . The introduction of the Leviathan roller coaster to Medieval Faire in 2012 was the first major investment in the section since 2000 ; the park is now under ownership of Cedar Fair . The section includes four roller coasters ( The Bat , Dragon Fire , Leviathan , and Wild Beast ) and six other rides .
Over the years , atmosphere performers have disappeared from most sections of the park , including Medieval Faire . Two entertainment areas have remained constant in the section , a proscenium theatre and a stunt and acrobatic space surrounded by water . Currently named Wonderland Theatre , the indoor facility has hosted a variety of stage show revues , ice shows , and now an acrobatic production , Cirque Ambiente . A structure within Arthur 's Baye initially featured a pirate diving and acrobatics show , which has changed now to have a more generic theme ; it is currently branded Kinet – X.
Food in the section was originally themed to the era , with a large indoor pub and rib stand . The food later took on a more traditional North American cuisine , like a buffet and subs . Private events are held in the Courtyard facility .
= = Theming = =
A 1979 planning document describes the section : " A trip into the Middle Ages is in store for those visiting this area of Canada 's Wonderland . Rides , restaurants , boutiques and the 1 @,@ 200 seat air @-@ conditioned Heritage Theatre where live shows are performed daily , await our guests in the Medieval Faire . "
The section is entered through a fortresses ' walls , over a castle moat . The front facade of Wonderland Theatre , previously Canterbury Theatre , was designed as a castle , and the other buildings were designed to fit the same time period .
Artist and inventor Bill Lishman created two sculptures for this section of the park , as well as some smaller works for application to the buildings . The most prominent is a dragon at the entrance to the Dragon Fire , which had originally been intended to hold a sign , but the park management decided they liked it enough for it to be a standalone sculpture . Lishman was allowed to design it from scratch , as opposed to follow preset designs established before he was hired , taking him and assistant Richard Van Heuvelan two months to complete . The other main sculpture was the wild boar at Wild Beast , both this and the dragon being built at his home in Blackstock , Ontario , for about $ 75 @,@ 000 . Signs by Lishman included Sherwood Florist , Boo Boo 's Buggys , an ice cream cone , and for a popcorn counter .
Near to the First Aid building is the Medieval Faire washrooms . Initially themed in a medieval style , the thatched cottage was marked " Lords " and " Ladies " . Publicist Mike Filey told the press that many were confused by the doors , or even where washrooms were , and this was to be fixed for the second park season . In the opening year , an information and ticket booth was located in front of Arthur 's Baye ; tickets have since been phased out . Two designated smoking areas are in the section , one at the wall area next to the Prime Time Building , and the other by the Boar at the entrance to the Wild Beast .
= = Rides = =
This section of the park originally opened with five rides : Dragon Fyre , Wilde Beast , Viking 's Rage , Quixote 's Kettles , and Wilde Knight Mares . Steel roller coaster Dragon Fyre includes 4 inversions , and is now the only Arrow Dynamics coaster in existence to have counter @-@ clockwise turning corkscrews . Out and back wooden roller coaster Wilde Beast has 3000 feet of track , while Wilde Night Mares is a standing Enterprise ride featuring ten four @-@ seater gondolas rises 60 feet , tilting 90 degrees . Viking 's Rage , was the first of three pendulum rides the park operated ; unlike the now removed Jet Scream , the boat ride does not go upside down . Quixote 's Kettles features spinning kettles on a tilted platform . ( Two years before opening , Dragon Fire was simply called the Looping Corkscrew , and another ride was to be the Wildcat . )
In May 1981 , Canada 's Wonderland Director of Rides and Ground Services Jim Wilson told the Toronto Star that The Wilde Beast ( along with two of the other original coasters at the park , Scooby 's Ghoster Coaster , and the Mighty Canadian Minebuster ) was wooden thanks to the apparent popularity of different styles of rides . " Experiments " found that steel coasters weren 't as popular or enjoyable to the public , " the sound and feel all contribute to the thrill of the ride . People just didn 't like steel roller coasters . "
Early promotion for the Dragon Fyre highlighted all the safety measures , from an indirect reference to centrugal force to x @-@ raying welds . The most popular attraction in Medieval Faire , lines for Dragon Fyre were about half @-@ hour at their peak in 1982 , considered at the time the longest of any attraction at the park .
Over the years , only four major attractions were added to Medieval Faire . Added in 1987 , The Bat was a backwards looping roller coaster , including one loop and two lifts . The park addition included a shop named the Belfry . Later additions were Speed City Raceway ( 1997 ) , Drop Zone ( 1997 ) , and Cliffhanger ( 2000 ) .
During the 1990s , almost all the rides were renamed : Dragon Fyre , Wilde Beast , Quixote 's Kettles , Wilde Night Mares , and Viking 's Rage became Dragon Fire , Wild Beast , Spinovator , Nightmares , and The Rage . When the park was sold to Cedar Fair , Paramount @-@ specific ride names disappeared with Cliffhanger , Drop Zone becoming Riptide , Drop Tower , respectively .
In 2012 , the Leviathan joined the similarly named Behemoth at Canada 's Wonderland , stripping the Behemoth of its titles as tallest ride in Canada and fastest ride in Canada . It was the first new ride in Medieval Faire in more than a decade . Leviathan is ranked as the seventh tallest , and the eighth fastest roller coaster in the world . It is Canada 's Wonderland 's 16th roller coaster . The addition came quickly after the launch of the 230 @-@ foot @-@ tall Behemoth roller coaster in 2008 , and the 301 @-@ foot @-@ tall swing ride WindSeeker in the 2011 season .
= = Entertainment = =
There was initially a variety of street theatre present in the section : both a " town rustic " performing magic and " a wily wizard performing slight of hand " , a juggling jester , Robin Hood , and a singing Maid Marian who accompanied herself on the autoharp . Some outdoors performers existed in the section until at least 1987 . While Peanuts characters appear on International Street and in Planet Snoopy , and Halloween programming includes walk @-@ around characters , all regular season unlicensed atmosphere characters and entertainment have been removed from the park .
= = = Wonderland Theatre = = =
Established as the Canterbury Theatre , this castle @-@ fronted theatre spent a few years as the Paramount Theatre , and has gone from hosting Broadway @-@ style productions to ice shows , during the regular season , and adult @-@ targeted musicals during Halloween Haunt .
Early resources conflicted on the size of the theatre : most sources suggest 1100 seats , but a 1982 program suggested 1200 . The theatre is formatted as proscenium , and was considered ' ultra @-@ modern ' upon opening .
In the first season , Canterbury hosted Those Magnificent Movies ; " ... a salute to Hollywood " . The stage show lasted 45 minutes , with eight sets for eight segments , 20 singer @-@ dancers , and a crew of 18 . After an opening medley , a fantasy segment features " On the Good Ship Lollipop " , " Yellow Submarine " , " The Candy Man " , and " Be a Clown " . The next segment focused on the 1930s and 1940s , with " As Time Goes By " , " Cheek to Cheek " , and " I Got Rhythm " . A western segment includes a tribute to Oklahoma ! , while the sci @-@ fi segment features " Star Wars ( Main Theme ) " ( 1977 ) , John Williams ' " Superman Theme " from the 1978 Superman film , a segment from the Academy Award- nominated score of Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , and " Cantina Band " from Star Wars . The modern segment included " The Rose " , made famous by Bette Midler 's 1979 film of the same name , and Academy Award winning song " Fame " , from the 1980 film of the same name . The finale included " All I Need Is The Girl " from stage musical Gypsy : A Musical Fable and " Get Happy " , a 1930 song most associated with Judy Garland in Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . In all , there were 200 costumes . Entry to the show was a D ticket , or $ 1 @.@ 50 , and shows were performed by high school students . On some days , 1950s musical revue Rock Around The Clock would perform there , as opposed to Labatt 's International Showplace .
Later stage shows included Those Magnificent Movies , Fantasy , Superstars , Hot Ice , and School of Rock : Live in Concert . A cassette of recordings by the cast of Best of Broadway was released under the Taft Attractions label . At some point in the 1990s , a skating production was held at the theatre .
During Paramount ownership , the theatre was known as Paramount Theatre . Eventually , the Paramount Theatre stage was converted to an artificial ice surface , and renamed Wonderland Theatre . Two ice shows were presented , titled Endless Summer on Ice ( 2007 – 2009 ) and Snoopy Rocks ! on Ice ( 2010 – 2011 ) . The first production included Scooby @-@ Doo and outfits like s 'mores , while Snoopy , Charlie Brown , Lucy and Linus appeared in sequences of the latter . The show appeared at various other former Paramount Parks , and in each situation , the sequenced did vary between the Scooby @-@ anchored and Peanuts @-@ anchored productions .
Cirque Ambiente opened in Wonderland in 2012 ; located at Wonderland Theatre . The show is produced by Les Productions Haut @-@ Vol , who also produces the Wonder Mountain dive show and the shows in Arthur 's Baye . This isn 't the first " cirque " act at the park . Quebec 's Cirque du Tonnerre , featuring a contortionist from Cirque du Soleil , made an " exclusive Toronto appearance " at Wonderland in 1990 .
Of all the shows over the years , Wonderland estimates there have been 1300 performers . Jersey Boys choreographer Sergio Trujillo , television actor Matt Austin , and stage actress Erica Peck among them .
= = = Arthur 's Baye = = =
A large pond in the Medieval Faire has always hosted free performances , the shows have remained largely similar over the years , alternating only in choreography from year – to – year , as opposed to premise . In planning documents , the water was originally called Medieval Lake .
Labatt 's initially presented the Arthur 's Baye show , " The Plight of the Land Locked Pirates " . Described in the Guidebook , the " melodramatic stunt spectacular " was set on a " privateer ship " called the Sea Sceptre . Reports in 1980 suggested that the lake would have " ancient – looking sailing ships . " The show would feature two sets of actors battling in a show of acrobatics and pyrotechnics . Billy , the 13 @-@ year @-@ old hero of the show ( played by a 20 – year – old trampolinist ) , is kidnapped from the audience on shore and taken to the boat . Pirate Captain Evil Medieval and Billy 's mother , played by a teenaged boy , were the two other primary characters . The trapeze and trampoline show ends with the mother lowering the pirate flag and raising a heart flag .
In 2009 the show was re – titled simply as the Arthur 's Baye Dive Show , including trampoline and diving demonstrations , but no overarching plot . In 2011 , they were nominated for an IAAPA Brass Ring Award 2011 in the Live Entertainment category for Best Overall Production $ 50 @,@ 001 @-@ 100 @,@ 000 . In 2012 it was re – branded completely as Kinet – X. The show was produced by Les Productions Haut @-@ Vol from 2002 to 2010 .
= = Food = =
The largest facility in this area of the park is The Marketplace – International Buffet , originally called All 's Well Hall . In planning documents , it was simply called " Medieval Pub " . In the park 's opening season guidebook , the facility is listed as selling " bratwurst , sausages , beef and mushroom pie , smoked sausage , grilled frankfurter , sauerkraut , mashed potatoes , soft pretzels , pastries , with beer , wine , coffee , tea , milk , and soft drinks . " The self – serve restaurant had table service on request , and seated 528 ; Ginza Gardens in Grande Exposition of 1890 was the only other restaurant in the park with table service . A review of the restaurant in The Toronto Star describes the facility as the park 's flagship eatery , but it received mixed reviews . " The $ 2 @.@ 50 beef and mushroom pie has a good crust and as much beef as potato . Tiny mushrooms , but big on flavor . " Conversely , 50 cent pretzels " are strictly for teething tots – too cheewy . " The Marketplace currently serves an all – you – can – eat buffet , self described as " upscale " , offering meats like roast beef and fried chicken , pasta , a salad bar , a desert station , varied international cuisine , and other options . Marketplace has served a Mortal Meal , along with the Backlot Cafe elsewhere in the park , during Halloween Haunt in recent seasons .
While largely out of site from the bay for which it is named , Arthur 's Baye Mill & Bakery shared a building with store called The Market Place . The retail is now The Fun Shoppe , with the generically named Medieval Funnel Cakes . There is a Coca @-@ Cola Freestyle location at the funnel cake store .
Other original outlets were :
Yee Ribb Pytt : Barbecque ribs , smoked meat sandwich , and fries . Made by McCain , the fries were dubbed potato logs and Rubble spuds elsewhere in the park . Also listed in the guidebook were garden salad , coleslaw , melon , fruit drinks , soft drinks , and coffee .
Arthur 's Baye Mill & Bakery : Solely serving funnel cakes , at 90 cents . Teens taken to the park told the Star that " they look worse than they taste . "
Yorkshire Yogurt : " Freshly @-@ made frozen yoghurt with a touch of vanilla " , available in a cone , or with fresh fruit in a cup .
French Fryes and Shrymps : Battered and fried shrimp , a dozen served in a paper cone . " What a cruel fate for such healthy food , " suggested a Star food writer .
The introduction of Leviathan to the section in 2012 lead to an expansion of Thrill Burger 's front service counter and kitchen , to handle the expected increased volume of traffic to the section . Thrill Burger offers " our basic good quality burgers and fries " , along with chicken fingers and onion rings . The Mixitup Icee station was remade into the " Leviathan Icee Yard " , featuring even larger drink containers than previously , emulating the size of the new ride . A truck positioned outside the Flight Deck roller coaster in Action Zone was rethemed and moved to Medieval Faire . Other current food locations include a Dairy Queen , a Subway , and Medieval Funnel Cakes which shares a space with Fun Shoppe .
Used for corporate catering and other large groups , Courtyard was originally known as King 's Courtyard , until at least 1998 . Public entry to the area is through a gate located between Wonderland Theatre and Riptide . Occasionally , other events are held at the Courtyard : in June 1998 , the section hosted Alligators Alive ! , an educational show about the Floridian animals .
= = Other = =
The area features a variety of games , including an arcade . The park 's First Aid and Security Building , now home only to the First Aid Centre , is located in the Medieval Faire section beside the games . Along with Hanna – Barbera Land , this section of the park was recreated at Australia 's Wonderland .
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= Barry Voight =
Barry Voight ( born 1937 ) is an American volcanologist and engineer . He is also the brother of actor Jon Voight and songwriter Chip Taylor , and the uncle of actress Angelina Jolie . After attending a five @-@ year intensive dual @-@ degree program at the University of Notre Dame , Voight became a teaching assistant there while pursuing his Master 's degree . He studied at Cornell University and Columbia University , earning his Ph.D. in geology at the latter in 1965 . He worked as a professor of geology at several universities , including Pennsylvania State University , where he taught from 1964 until his retirement in 2005 . Voight 's publication on avalanches and other mass movements attracted the attention of United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) employee Rocky Crandell , who asked him to look at an expanding bulge at Mount St. Helens in Washington . Voight foresaw the bulge 's failure , followed by the collapse of the mountain 's north flank as well as a powerful eruption . His predictions came true as St. Helens erupted in 1980 ; Voight was then hired by the USGS to investigate the avalanche that marked the eruption . After his work at St. Helens brought him international recognition , Voight continued researching and guiding monitoring efforts at several active volcanoes throughout his career , including Nevado del Ruiz , Mount Merapi , and Soufrière Hills . For his research , publications , and disaster prevention work as a volcanologist and engineer , Voight has been honored with several awards and citations as a lecturer .
= = Early life and education = =
Voight was born in Yonkers , New York in 1937 . His brothers are actor Jon Voight and songwriter Chip Taylor , and actress Angelina Jolie is his niece .
Voight pursued a 5 @-@ year intensive dual @-@ degree program at the University of Notre Dame , receiving undergraduate degrees in geology ( 1959 ) and in civil engineering ( 1960 ) . He also received his Master 's degree in civil engineering from Notre Dame in 1961 . Voight attributes his interest in science to his mentors at Notre Dame , professors Ray Gutschick and Erhard Winkler . After spending one year studying at Cornell University , Voight transferred to Columbia University , where he graduated with a Ph.D. in geology in 1965 , studying under Fred Donath . While at Columbia , Voight was named a President 's Fellow .
= = Teaching career = =
Voight began teaching in 1961 , serving as a teaching assistant ( TA ) at the University of Notre Dame while pursuing his master 's degree in civil engineering . From 1961 − 1963 , he also served as a TA at Cornell and Columbia . In 1964 , he joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State ) as an assistant professor of geology , becoming a regular professor of geology and geotechnical engineering in 1978 . He remained at Penn State for more than four decades , retiring in June 2005 . While working at Penn State , Voight had a joint affiliation with the school 's Department of Mineral Engineering , teaching two courses , " Physical Geology for Engineers " and " Volcanology " . During his career , Voight also taught as a guest professor at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands in 1972 . He was a visiting professor at the University of Toronto in 1973 and at the University of California , Santa Barbara in 1981 . As of 2009 , he remains an emeritus professor at Penn State .
= = Volcanological work and research = =
= = = Early assignments = = =
Voight began his career as a geologist in 1971 , working for the United States Bureau of Mines . In 1978 , he published the first volume of a publication on avalanches , titled Rockslides and Avalanches . After the second volume was released in 1980 , the work became a benchmark in studying avalanches and other forms of mass movement .
Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , Voight was contacted by Rocky Crandell , a United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) employee working at the mountain . Crandell sought Voight 's expertise in landslides , hoping Voight would opine on a growing bulge , 270 feet ( 82 m ) in length , which had emerged on the mountain 's north face . In his report to Crandell and his associates , Voight insisted that the bulge could fail and collapse the volcano 's entire north sector . He suggested they begin monitoring the rate of movement of the bulge , worried that the collapse could trigger an eruption . He also advised hiring a local surveyor to take measurements , offending several of the geologists . Shortly after , Voight left the mountain and returned to teaching classes at Penn State . Just before the eruption , he published a paper summarizing his predictions , depicting the failure of the bulge and the collapse of the mountain 's north side followed by a violent eruption , all of which came true . After a magnitude 5 @.@ 1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide at 8 : 32 a.m. , the volcano erupted , causing USD $ 1 @.@ 1 billion in damage and killing 57 people . After the eruption , Voight accepted a position as a consultant for the USGS . He led the investigation into the volcano debris avalanche which had occurred during the volcano 's eruption , guiding other volcanologists including Harry Glicken , who built upon Voight 's preliminary research to create his report " Rockslide @-@ Debris Avalanche of May 18 , 1980 , Mount St. Helens Volcano , Washington " ( 1996 ) . Voight 's work won him international renown , and he later cited his experiences there as " career @-@ changing " . Although Voight already had a growing interest in volcanology , the eruption at Mount St. Helens propelled him to switch careers and dedicate himself to the field . His work helped to reinvigorate widespread interest in landslides and other phenomena at volcanoes which potentially pose a threat to life . After Mount St. Helens , Voight began work analyzing the volcanic hazards from several other active volcanoes .
In 1985 , Voight responded to the Armero tragedy , where more than 23 @,@ 000 died from an eruption from the Nevado del Ruiz volcano , by blaming human error . He felt that while totally accurate predictions of volcanic eruptions were impossible , unpreparedness for the disaster and inaction in preventing it exacerbated the death toll . In January 1986 , Voight visited Nevado del Ruiz responding to concerns from the Colombian government that the northeastern section of the volcano might cave in , causing another eruption . He established a monitoring network of reflectors and used laser ranging to track how the distances to these reflectors changed over time . When one reflector indicated lots of movement and large cracks became visible from the air , Voight began contemplating evacuation , but waited . By March 1986 , he realized the widening cracks were caused by the creep ( gradual shifting ) of one of the volcano 's glaciers , rather than rocks . After leaving Ruiz , Voight compiled the 14 @-@ page report " Countdown to Catastrophe " ( 1988 ) , which analyzed how volcanic hazard management had failed at Armero .
= = = Later studies = = =
When Voight began research at Mount Merapi in Java , Indonesia in 1988 , it was hardly known by volcanologists . It had been omitted in the Smithsonian Institution 's 1981 publication Volcanoes of the World , despite having close to a million people on its slopes as of 1996 . Voight set up meters to record movement within the volcano , and educated local scientists on volcanic monitoring . In July 1989 , he obtained a USD $ 250 @,@ 000 grant from the National Science Foundation 's Division of Natural and Manmade Hazard Mitigation for his proposal to predict eruptions at Merapi . After his funding ran out , he temporarily abandoned his research . An eruption from the volcano in 1994 produced pyroclastic flows that killed 63 people , including guests of a wedding ceremony . 23 people survived the eruption . Returning to Merapi the following year , Voight compared data from the dead and survivors including the extent of their burn areas , clothing worn , and lung damage . He concluded that protective , long @-@ sleeved clothing and masks enhance chances of survival when exposed to eruptive activity .
In April 1989 , Voight returned to Colombia to the volcano Galeras after being contacted by the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization . People in Pasto , located at the foot of the volcano , became alarmed by noises and shaking from Galeras . While Galeras proved far easier to climb than Nevado del Ruiz , land mines planted to hinder guerrilla forces dotted the slopes of the mountain . With USGS geologist Dick Janda , Voight drew a hazard map which included several populated areas within the danger zone . Before Voight left Galeras , the volcano underwent an unexpected phreatic eruption , which Voight and his team failed to predict . Although Pasto was unaffected , six scientists attending a United Nations workshop for natural disaster relief were killed . After reviewing deformation data from the day before the eruption , Voight discovered that no acceleration in the deformation process had occurred . He surmised that phreatic eruptions do not exhibit an acceleration in deformation before taking place and left after confirming that the volcano 's monitoring system functioned properly .
Voight 's fulfilled prediction that an avalanche at St. Helens could provoke a lateral eruption , an eruption from the volcano 's flank rather than its summit , attracted the attention of the government of Montserrat . Worried about an expanding lava dome at the Soufrière Hills volcano in March 1996 , the island 's government asked Voight to assess its potential for an avalanche that could generate an eruption . Voight thought it was unlikely that the crater would collapse , but expressed concern over a possible pyroclastic flow that could reach the city of Plymouth in approximately three minutes . The city of Plymouth and a village on the mountain were evacuated , and within three years , pyroclastic flows overtook the abandoned sites . Following these eruptions , Voight served as a member of the Risk Assessment Panel that advised Montserrat 's government , and co @-@ established the Caribbean Andesite Lava Island Precision Seismo @-@ geodetic Observatory ( CALIPSO ) with a team of scientists . Voight continued research at the island with Steven Sparks , a geoscientist at the University of Bristol , establishing SEA @-@ CALIPSO , an attempt to analyze Soufrière Hills utilizing seismic waves and explosions in the ocean . Amongst other findings , this effort detected a major fault trending north − west under Montserrat 's western side .
With his students , Voight has analyzed pyroclastic flows , volcanically @-@ induced seismicity , volcanic debris avalanches , and volcanic eruption prediction . Voight also served as a consultant geotechnical engineer for dams , tunnels , and nuclear power plants , helping plan engineering projects in France , India , Ireland , Somalia , Papua New Guinea , Canada , and Turkey , as well as the United States . Voight 's research interests in lava dome collapses , stratovolcanoes , monitoring of active volcanoes , and pyroclastic flows have taken him to Iceland , Columbia , Japan , the Kamchatka Peninsula , Indonesia , the West Indies , Italy , and Chile . Combining his knowledge of engineering and geological concepts , Voight developed the widely used anelastic strain recovery ( ASR ) method for measuring stress on deep rock . With a team of geologists , he also derived the material failure forecast method ( FFM ) , which predicts eruption times for volcanoes based on changes in the mountain 's surrounding seismic and deformation data . He currently serves as a member of the United States Geological Survey 's Volcano Hazards Response Team , and has responded to potentially eruptive volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , Indonesia , and Chile .
= = Recognition and legacy = =
Throughout his career , Voight has received multiple accolades and citations , for his research as a professor and for his professional work as a geologist and volcanologist . In 1984 , the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded him the George Stevenson Medal , recognizing one of his articles among " the best work published in [ their ] journals " . The same year , Voight earned an award for " significant original contribution to research in rock mechanics " from the United States National Committee on Rock Mechanics . For his help monitoring the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines in 1985 , he was granted a key to Legazpi , Albay , which had been threatened by Mayon 's impending eruption . 1989 saw another major year of honors for Voight , as he was named a MacQuarie Research Scholar and again garnered an award from the United States National Committee on Rock Mechanics for his original findings . Voight has appeared as a distinguished lecturer several times , including at the University of Utah 's College of Mining Engineering ( 1990 ) , the University of California , Santa Barbara ( 1992 ) , and the Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists ( 1992 ) . For his service as a professor at Penn State , Voight has been given two awards , specifically for his research . In 1991 , he gained a Faculty Scholar Medal for " Outstanding Achievement in the Physical Sciences and Engineering " . In 1990 , he received the Wilson Research Award from the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences for excellence in research . For " his research , teaching and consulting work " , the Engineering Geology Division of the Geological Society of America presented him with their 2010 Distinguished Practice Award . In 2013 he received the Thorarinsson Medal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior .
Recalling a conference which he attended where Voight appeared , Bill McGuire , Emeritus Professor of Geophysical & Climate Hazards at University College London , describes Voight as " an illustrious expert on volcano instability and landslides " . Citing Voight for his Distinguished Practice Award , colleague Richard Gray names him among his " profession 's brightest and productive members " . When Voight published his prediction mechanism , USGS geologist Robert I. Tilling praised it for being " a significant refinement in the interpretation of monitoring data " .
= = Major publications = =
In addition to many papers , Voight has authored at least 14 books since 1965 , some of his co @-@ authors including W. D. Gunther , R. T. Chase , Mary A. Voight , and George Stephens . His most recent book was published in 2012 .
Belousov , Alexander , Voight , Barry , and Belousova , Marina , 2007 , Directed blasts and blast @-@ generated pyroclastic density currents — A comparison of the Bezymianny 1956 , Mount St. Helens 1980 , and Soufrière Hills , Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits : Bulletin of Volcanology , v. 69 , pp. 701 – 740 .
Ida , R. , and B. Voight , eds . Models in Volcanology , Harry Glicken Memorial Volume . J. Vol , . Geochem . Res. 66 : 1 – 4 , 1995 .
Voight , B. , and D. Elsworth . Failure of volcano slopes . Geotechnique 46 ( 4 ) : 1 – 40 , 1997 .
Voight , B. , et al . Magma flow instability and cyclic activity at Soufriere Hills Volcano , Montserrat , B. W. I. Science , 1999 .
Voight , B. , et al . Remarkable cyclic ground deformation monitored in real time on Montserrat and its use in eruption forecasting . Geophys . Res. Lett . 25 ( 18 ) : 3405 – 3408 , 1998 .
Young , S. , B. Voight , S. R. J. Sparks , et al . ( co @-@ conv . ) . Eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano , Montserrat , B. W. I. Special Section , Geophy . Res. Lett . 25 ( 18 ) : 3387 – 3340 , and 25 ( 19 ) : 3651 – 3700 , 1998 .
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= Sarcosphaera =
Sarcosphaera is a fungal genus within the Pezizaceae family . It is a monotypic genus , containing the single species Sarcosphaera coronaria , commonly known as the pink crown , the violet crown @-@ cup , or the violet star cup . It is a whitish or grayish cup fungus , distinguished by the manner in which the cup splits into lobes from the top downward . It is commonly found in the mountains in coniferous woods under humus on the forest floor , and often appears after the snow melts in late spring and early summer . The fungus is widespread , and has been collected in Europe , Israel and the Asian part of Turkey , North Africa , and North America . In Europe , it is considered a threatened species in 14 countries . Although several taxa have been described as Sarcosphaera species since the introduction of the genus in 1869 , most lack modern descriptions , have been transferred to the related genus Peziza , or are considered synonymous with S. coronaria .
The fruit body , typically found partially buried in soil , is initially like a fleshy hollow ball , and may be mistaken for a puffball . Unlike the latter , it splits open from the top downwards to form a cup with five to ten pointed rays , reaching up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter . It is lavender @-@ brown on the inside surface , and whitish outside , but usually dingy from adhering soil . Characteristic microscopic features include asci that are amyloid ( so their tips stain blue at the tip with iodine ) , and smooth , blunt @-@ ended , ellipsoid spores with large oil droplets . Sarcosphaera coronaria — once thought to be a good edible — is not recommended for consumption , after several reports of poisonings causing stomach aches , and in one instance , death . The fruit bodies are known to bioaccumulate the toxic metalloid arsenic from the soil .
= = Taxonomy , classification , and phylogeny = =
The genus was first described by Bernhard Auerswald in 1869 , to accommodate the species then known as Peziza macrocalyx . Sarcosphaera coronaria was originally named Peziza coronaria by the Dutch scientist Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1778 , and underwent several name changes before being assigned its current name in 1908 by Joseph Schröter . The Greek genus name means " flesh ball " ; the Latin specific epithet , coronaria , refers to the crown @-@ like form of the open fruit body . The species is commonly known by various names , including the " crown fungus " , the " pink crown " , the " violet crown @-@ cup " , or the " violet star cup " .
Several taxa have been named as belonging to the genus Sarcosphaera over the years , but most lack modern descriptions and have not been reported since their original collections . For example , Sarcosphaera funerata was renamed by Fred Jay Seaver in 1930 based on the basionym Peziza funerata , originally described by Cooke in 1878 . Sarcosphaera gigantea was a species collected from Michigan , originally described as Pustularia gigantea by Heinrich Rehm in 1905 , and considered distinct from S. coronaria on the basis of its smaller spore size . Sarcosphaera ulbrichiana was described by Wilhem Kirschstein in 1943 . Other taxa have been reduced to synonymy with S. coronaria , or transferred to other genera . Sarcosphaera eximia ( originally Peziza eximia Durieu & Lév . 1848 , and later transferred to Sarcosphaera by René Maire ) , Sarcosphaera crassa ( considered by Zdeněk Pouzar in a 1972 publication to be the correct name for S. coronaria ) and Sarcosphaera dargelasii ( originally Peziza dargelasii Gachet 1829 , transferred to Sarcosphaera by Nannfeldt ) are now considered synonyms of S. coronaria . Sarcosphaera ammophila ( originally Peziza ammophila Durieu & Mont . ) and Sarcosphaera amplissima ( originally Peziza amplissima Fr . 1849 ) have since been transferred back to Peziza . The 10th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi ( 2008 ) considers Sarcosphaera to be monotypic , and Index Fungorum has only Sarcosphaera coronaria confirmed as valid .
In 1947 , Helen Gilkey described the genus Caulocarpa based on a single collection made in Wallowa County , Oregon . The type species , C. montana , was thought to be a truffle ( formerly classified in the now @-@ defunct Tuberales order ) because of its chambered fruit body and subterranean growth habit . It was later noted by mycologist James Trappe to strongly resemble Sarcosphaera . Thirty years later , Trappe revisited the original collection site in eastern Oregon and found fresh specimens that closely matched Gilkey 's original description . Some specimens , however , had opened up similar to Sarcosphaera , suggesting that the original specimens had " simply not emerged and often not opened due to habitat factors . " Microscopic examination of the preserved type material revealed the species to be Sarcosphaera coronaria ( then called S. crassa ) , and Caulocarpa is now considered a generic synonym of Sarcosphaera .
Sarcosphaera is classified in the family Pezizaceae of the order Pezizales . Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences suggests that Sarcosphaera forms a clade with the genera Boudiera and Iodophanus , and that the three taxa are a sister group to Ascobolus and Saccobolus ( both in the family Ascobolaceae ) . Species in the families Pezizaceae and Ascobolaceae are distinct from other Pezizalean taxa in the positive iodine reaction of the ascus wall . In a more recent ( 2005 ) phylogenetic analysis combining the data derived from three genes ( the large subunit ribosomal rRNA ( LSU ) , RNA polymerase II ( RPB2 ) , and beta @-@ tubulin ) , Sarcosphaera was shown to be closely related to the truffle genus Hydnotryopsis , corroborating earlier results that used only the LSU rDNA sequences .
= = Description = =
Sarcosphaera is partly hypogeous ( fruiting underground ) and emerges from the ground as a whitish to cream @-@ colored hollow ball . Young specimens are covered entirely by an easily removed thin protective membrane . As it matures , it splits open to expose the inner spore @-@ bearing layer ( hymenium ) . The cup is up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter , roughly spherical initially but breaking up into a series of five to ten raylike projections , which give the fruit body the shape of a crown . The outer surface of the cup is white , while the inner surface is lilac @-@ gray , although in age the color may fade to a brownish @-@ lavender color . The flesh is white , thick , and fragile . Some specimens may have a short , stubby stalk .
The spores are hyaline ( translucent ) , smooth , and ellipsoid with the ends truncate . They have dimensions of 11 @.@ 5 – 20 by 5 – 9 µm , and usually contain two large oil drops . The paraphyses ( sterile , filamentous cells interspersed among the asci , or spore @-@ producing cells ) are 5 – 8 µm wide at the tip , branched , septate ( with partitions that divide the cells into compartments ) , and constricted at the septa . The asci are cylindrical , and measure 300 – 360 by 10 – 13 µm ; the tips of the asci stain blue with Melzer 's reagent . The finely cylindrical paraphyses have slightly swollen tips and are forked at the base .
= = = Similar species = = =
Immature , unopened fruit bodies can be mistaken for truffles , but are distinguished by their hollow interior . Mature specimens somewhat resemble the " earthstar scleroderma " ( Scleroderma polyrhizum ) , but this yellowish @-@ brown species does not have the purple coloration of Sarcosphaera coronaria . Peziza ammophila ( formerly classified in the genus Sarcosphaera ) has an exterior surface that is colored brown to dark brown , and when young it is cup @-@ shaped . Neournula puchettii also has a pinkish @-@ colored hymenium , but it is smaller and always cup @-@ shaped . Geopora sumneriana is another cup fungus that superficially resembles S. coronaria in its form and subterranean growth habit ; however , the surface of its hymenium is cream @-@ colored with ochraceous tinges , and its outer surface is covered with brown hairs . Geopora sepulta may also be included as a potential lookalike to S. coronaria , as it is macroscopically indistinguishable from G. sumneriana .
= = = Edibility = = =
Sarcosphaera coronaria has no distinctive taste or odor , although one source says that as it gets older the odor becomes " reminiscent of rhubarb " . Although older literature describes it as a good edible species , modern literature does not recommended it for consumption . It gives some individuals gastrointestinal discomfort , reputedly similar to poisoning symptoms caused by morels . A number of poisonings attributed to this species have been reported from Europe , including one fatal poisoning in the Jura area in 1920 , following which a warning was issued not to eat it raw or in salads . Although the fruit bodies are edible after cooking , they are rarely collected by mushroom pickers , and have no commercial value .
The chemical composition of fruit bodies collected from Turkey has been analyzed , and the dried fruit bodies determined to contain the following nutritional components : protein , 19 @.@ 46 % ; fat , 3 @.@ 65 % ; ash , 32 @.@ 51 % ; carbohydrates , 44 @.@ 38 % ( including 6 @.@ 71 % as non @-@ digestible cellulose ) . Fresh fruit bodies have a moisture content of 84 @.@ 4 % . The mushrooms are a good source of the element vanadium , shown in a 2007 study to be present at a concentration of 0 @.@ 142 mg / kg ( dry weight ) .
= = Ecology , habitat and distribution = =
Historically , Sarcosphaera coronaria has been assumed to be saprobic , acquiring nutrients from breaking down decaying organic matter . The fungus , however , is only found with trees known to form mycorrhiza , and it is often locally abundant where it occurs , year after year in the same location , indicative of a mycorrhizal lifestyle . The results of a 2006 study of Pezizalean fungi further suggest that the species is an ectomycorrhizal symbiont , and more generally , that the Pezizales include more ectomycorrhizal fungi than previously thought .
The fruit bodies are found singly , scattered , or clustered together in broad @-@ leaf woods favoring beech , less frequently with conifers . A preference for calcareous soils has been noted , but they will also grow on acidic bedrock . Because their initial development is subterranean , young fruit bodies are easy to overlook , as they as usually covered with dirt or forest duff . They are more common in mountainous locations , and occur most frequently in the spring , often near melting snow . The fungus is distributed in 23 European countries , North Africa , and North America , from British Columbia eastward to Michigan and New York , south to Veracruz , Mexico . It has also been collected from Israel and the Asian part of Turkey . In Europe , the fungus is red @-@ listed in 14 countries , and is considered a threatened species by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi . It is short @-@ listed for inclusion in the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi . Threats to the species include loss and degradation of habitats due to clearcutting and soil disturbance .
= = Bioaccumulation = =
The fruit bodies can bioaccumulate the toxic heavy metal arsenic from the soil in the form of the compound methylarsonic acid . Although less toxic than arsenic trioxide , it is still relatively dangerous . Concentrations over 1000 mg / kg ( dry weight ) are often reached . As reported in one 2004 publication , a mature specimen collected near the town of Český Šternberk in the Czech Republic was found to have an arsenic content of 7090 mg / kg dry weight , the highest concentration ever reported in a mushroom . Typically , the arsenic content of mycorrhizal mushrooms collected from unpolluted areas is lower than 1 mg / kg . In a 2007 Turkish study of 23 wild edible mushroom species ( collected from areas not known to be polluted ) , S. coronaria had the highest concentration of arsenic at 8 @.@ 8 mg / kg dry weight , while the arsenic concentration of the other tested mushrooms ranged from 0 @.@ 003 mg / kg ( in Sarcodon leucopus ) to 0 @.@ 54 mg / kg ( in Lactarius salmonicolor ) .
= = = Cited books = = =
Jordan M. ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe . London , UK : Frances Lincoln . ISBN 0 @-@ 7112 @-@ 2378 @-@ 5 .
Kirk PM , Cannon PF , Minter DW , Stalpers JA ( 2008 ) . Dictionary of the Fungi ( 10th ed . ) . Wallingford , UK : CABI . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 85199 @-@ 826 @-@ 8 .
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= Eden Hazard =
Eden Michael Hazard ( French pronunciation : [ edɛn azaʁ ] ; born 7 January 1991 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays for Chelsea and the Belgium national team . He primarily plays as an attacking midfielder and a winger . Hazard 's creativity , speed , and technical ability are widely acknowledged . He has been described as " a superb passer " and has earned critical acclaim for his playing style , which has led to the media , coaches , and players drawing comparisons to FIFA Ballon d 'Or winners Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo . Hazard is often ranked by coaches , colleagues , and commentators as one of the best players in the world .
Hazard is the son of former Belgian footballers and began his football career in Belgium playing for local clubs Royal Stade Brainois and Tubize . In 2005 , he moved to France joining first division club Lille . Hazard spent two years in the club 's academy and , at the age of 16 , made his professional debut in November 2007 . He went on to become an integral part of Lille under manager Rudi Garcia , racking up over 190 appearances . In his first full season as a starter , he won the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Young Player of the Year award becoming the first non @-@ French player to win the award . In the 2009 – 10 season , Hazard captured the award again becoming the first player to win the award twice . He was also named to the league 's Team of the Year .
In the 2010 – 11 season , he was a part of the Lille team that won the league and cup double and , as a result of his performances , was named the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year becoming the youngest player to win the award . Hazard was also given the Bravo Award by Italian magazine Guerin Sportivo for his performances during the 2010 – 11 season . In June 2012 , after spending over eight years at Lille , Hazard signed for English club Chelsea , where he went on to win the UEFA Europa League in his first season and the PFA Young Player of the Year in his second . In the 2014 – 15 season , he helped Chelsea win the League Cup and Premier League , earning him the FWA Footballer of the Year and the PFA Players ' Player of the Year awards .
Hazard is a Belgium international , having represented his nation at under @-@ 17 and under @-@ 19 level . Hazard made his senior international debut in November 2008 , aged 17 , in a friendly match against Luxembourg . Nearly three years after his debut , Hazard scored his first international goal against Kazakhstan in October 2011 . He has since earned 70 caps , and was a member of the Belgian squad which reached the quarter @-@ finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup .
= = Early life = =
Hazard was born in La Louvière and grew up in Braine @-@ le @-@ Comte . His mother , Carine , and father , Thierry , were both footballers . His father spent most of his career playing at semi @-@ professional level with La Louvière in the Belgian Second Division . He played mainly as a defensive midfielder . His mother played as a striker in the Belgian Women 's First Division and stopped playing when she was three months pregnant with Eden . After playing football , both parents became sports teachers . Thierry retired from his position in 2009 in order to devote more time to his children .
Hazard is the eldest of four children . He has three brothers , all of whom play football , including Thorgan , who joined him at Chelsea in 2012 and had previously progressed through the youth ranks of Lille 's biggest rivals Lens . Hazard 's other younger brothers are Kylian and Ethan . On 15 July 2013 , Kylian joined White Star Bruxelles , but now plays for Zulte Waregem , while Ethan remains playing in the youth academy of Eden 's former club Tubize .
Hazard and his three brothers were raised in a comfortable environment with their parents ensuring they had whatever they needed to excel . The family lived " no more than three metres " from a football training ground and the brothers often ventured onto a training pitch through a small hole in order to hone and develop their skills .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Hazard began his football career playing for hometown club Royal Stade Brainois at the age of four . During his time at the club , one of his youth coaches described him as a " gifted " player . He added : " He knew everything . I had nothing to teach him " . Hazard spent eight years at the club before moving to Tubize . While at Tubize , he was spotted by a Lille scout while playing in a local tournament with the club . The scout 's subsequent report on the player prompted club officials to meet with Hazard 's father and offer the young player an aspirant ( youth ) contract .
Hazard 's parents accepted the offer from Lille with hopes that the training facilities in France would be better . Hazard 's father later admitted that the decision to let Eden and , later Thorgan , join clubs in the North of France was the best solution stating " They remained so close to home and , at the same time , they integrated at structures where they could grow , because in Belgium , unfortunately , it 's a little empty for the training of youth " .
= = = Lille = = =
Hazard joined Lille in 2005 and spent two years developing in the club 's local sports school , due to its youth academy in Luchin not being in operation at that time . On 28 May 2007 , he signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three year deal with Lille . At the start of the 2007 – 08 season , at the age of 16 , Hazard was promoted to the club 's reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , though he still played with Lille 's under @-@ 18 team in its league and the Coupe Gambardella . Hazard made his amateur debut on 1 September 2007 in a league match against Racing Club de France appearing as a second @-@ half substitute in a 3 – 1 defeat . He made his first start a week later in the team 's 1 – 0 defeat to Lesquin .
After spending the majority of October and the early part of November playing with the club 's under @-@ 18 team , on 14 November , due to several players being on international duty , Hazard was called up to the senior team by manager Claude Puel to participate in a friendly match against Belgian club Bruges on 16 November . He appeared as a substitute in the match and , as a result of his performance , was included in the 18 @-@ man squad to face Nancy in a league match on 24 November . Hazard , subsequently , made his professional debut in the match coming on as a substitute in the 78th minute .
Hazard returned to the club 's reserve team and spent December playing with the squad . Following the winter break , Hazard returned to the first team in January and made substitute appearances in three league matches against Metz , Sochaux , and Paris Saint @-@ Germain . Following the match against Paris Saint @-@ Germain , he was demoted back to amateur level where he played concurrently with the reserve team in the fourth division and the under @-@ 18 team in the Coupe Gambardella . On 17 May 2008 , he scored his first amateur goal in a 3 – 2 victory over Vitré . Hazard finished his amateur career with 11 appearances and one goal , helping the reserve team finished in fifth place , which was first among professional clubs ' reserve teams playing in the group .
= = = = 2008 – 09 season = = = =
For the 2008 – 09 season , Hazard was given the number 26 shirt after playing with the number 33 shirt in his debut season . He was also promoted to the senior team permanently by new manager Rudi Garcia . Early on , he made substitute appearances regularly making his season debut as a substitute on 14 September 2008 against Sochaux in a 1 – 1 draw . One of his substitute appearances proved beneficial against Auxerre on 20 September . With Lille trailing 2 – 1 in the waning minutes of the match , Hazard , after Lille took a corner kick , quickly scooped up a short clearance from Auxerre and took a right @-@ footed shot just outside the box . It beat the keeper and drew the score 2 – 2 in the 88th minute . With Lille 's confidence high , the club won the match 3 – 2 in injury time following a goal from Tulio de Melo . Hazard 's first career goal resulted in him becoming the youngest goalscorer in the club 's history .
Four days after scoring his first professional goal , Hazard made his first professional start in a 4 – 2 defeat on penalties to Montpellier in the Coupe de la Ligue . After featuring as a substitute in the team 's next five league matches , on 15 November , Hazard made his first professional league start against Saint @-@ Étienne . He capped the appearance by scoring the opening goal in the club 's 3 – 0 victory . His assured performances with the club resulted in Lille offering him a three year contract extension , which he agreed to on 18 November 2008 , tying him to the club until 2012 .
After featuring as a substitute in December , Hazard returned to the starting lineup in January . On 23 January , he scored the second goal in a 3 – 0 win over amateur club Dunkerque in Round of 32 of the Coupe de France . Two weeks later , he scored the match @-@ winning goal in a league match against Sochaux and , on 22 February , assisted on the winner against Monaco . In the Round of 16 of the Coupe de France , Hazard netted a goal in a 3 – 2 win over the competition 's defending champions Lyon . On 26 April , he scored the opening goal against Marseille , though Lille lost the match 2 – 1 . In the final ten league matches of the campaign , Hazard started eight and contributed to the team finishing in fifth place , which resulted in Lille qualifying for the newly created UEFA Europa League . After the season , he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Young Player of the Year , becoming the first international player to achieve the honor .
= = = = 2009 – 10 season = = = =
Following the 2008 – 09 season , constant media speculation occurred in numerous countries regarding Hazard 's availability on the transfer market . Despite Lille chairman Michel Seydoux declaring the player off limits and Hazard stating that he wanted to remain at the club for at least another season , several clubs declared interest in the player . These included English clubs Arsenal and Manchester United , Italian club Internazionale , and Spanish clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid . French football legend Zinedine Zidane personally recommended the player to the latter club .
Hazard began the 2009 – 10 season on a positive note scoring in Lille 's first competitive match of the season . The goal , contributing to the team 's 2 – 0 victory , came against Serbian club FK Sevojno in the first leg of the club 's third qualifying round match in the UEFA Europa League . On 27 August , he scored his second career European goal in the club 's second leg tie in the playoff round against Belgian club Genk . It was Lille 's final goal in the club 's 4 – 2 victory . The 6 – 3 aggregate scoreline assured the club progression to the Europa League group stage .
On 22 October , Hazard scored a goal in Lille 's important 3 – 0 victory over Italian club Genoa in the 84th minute after entering as a substitute 10 minutes prior . Upon receiving the ball on the left wing , Hazard proceeded to dash through the midfield dribbling past six Genoa defenders before finishing at the 18 @-@ yard box . A month later , Hazard was instrumental in Lille 's 5 – 1 thrashing of Czech club Slavia Prague as he was partly responsible for the opening goal — slicing through the defense and delivering a cross near post , which went off Slavia player Marek Suchý resulting in an own goal .
On 20 December , Hazard scored his first league goal of the season in the club 's 3 – 0 win over Le Mans . He also provided both the assists on the other two goals . On 30 January , Hazard scored the only goal in Lille 's win over Derby du Nord rivals Lens . The victory helped the club achieve stability in the league by keeping them in the UEFA Champions League places . It also ended a disaster of a week which saw Lille suffer elimination from both of France 's cup competitions . Five days later , Hazard and Lille reached an agreement on a contract extension , which will keep the player at the club until 2014 . On 11 March , Hazard scored the only goal in Lille 's victory over English club Liverpool in the first leg of the club 's UEFA Europa League tie converting a free kick in the 83rd minute . Three weeks later , Hazard provided two assists in the club 's 4 – 1 win over fellow title contenders Montpellier . The two passes brought his league tally to seven , tied for second in the league . For his impressive displays in the month of March , Hazard was given the UNFP Player of the Month award .
On 29 April , Hazard was nominated for the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year award . He was also nominated , for the second consecutive season , for the Young Player of the Year award . On 9 May , Hazard was awarded the UNFP Young Player of the Year trophy for the second consecutive season . He became the first player since its inception in 1994 to win the award twice . Hazard lost out on the Player of the Year award , which was awarded to Lyon striker Lisandro López .
= = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = =
Hazard began the 2010 – 11 campaign as a starter featuring in Lille 's first six league matches of the season , as well as matches in the UEFA Europa League . On 29 August 2010 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 1 – 1 draw with Nice . In late September , Hazard began to struggle with inconsistency and was benched by Garcia in an effort to " allow him ( Hazard ) to breathe and learn that his performances were insufficient " . Hazard , subsequently , appeared as a substitute in the team 's 2 – 1 defeat to Portuguese club Sporting in the Europa League and as a substitute in the next three league matches against Toulouse , Montpellier , and Lyon . Hazard later admitted that his first bout of inconsistency affected him stating " The first two months were a bit tough . I wouldn ’ t say that I began doubting my abilities , but I definitely went through a really patchy spell " .
On 7 October , Belgium national team manager Georges Leekens , citing Hazard 's recent spell on the bench at Lille , said that the player needed to work harder , both physically and mentally , to regain his past year 's form . The team 's assistant coach , Marc Wilmots , also stated that Hazard often displayed a lazy mentality while training with the national team . Garcia responded to Leekens comments the following day stating that he thought they were " excessive " and that " Eden is only 19 years old " and can still " make more progress in all areas . " Following Belgium 's match against Kazakhstan , in which Hazard failed to start or even appear on the substitute 's bench , Leekens responded to Garcia 's comments declaring that he would stand by his previous comments and that players must think about the team and not themselves . Hazard , himself , later reflected on Leekens and Garcia comments in February 2011 stating " I learned a lot during those few weeks , mentally speaking . And since then things have got better . The national side has had a fair bit to do with that – I get a lot out of being a part of it " .
Following the international break , Hazard recaptured his scoring form netting the final goal in Lille 's 4 – 1 victory over Caen in the Coupe de la Ligue on 27 October . Ten days later , he scored his second league goal of the season in a 3 – 1 win against the league table leaders Brest . On 21 November , Hazard assisted on both Lille 's goals in a 2 – 1 win over Monaco . The victory continued the club 's domestic unbeaten streak , which led to Lille topping the league table following an emphatic 6 – 3 victory against Lorient on 5 December . At the turn of the calendar year , Hazard scored in the team 's first match against amateur club Forbach in the Coupe de France . Lille won the match 3 – 1 . In the team 's following match , he assisted on goals scored by Moussa Sow and Gervinho in a 2 – 0 league victory over Nice .
On 19 January , Hazard scored the second goal in a 3 – 0 victory over Nancy . On 4 March , Lille officials confirmed that Hazard had added an extra year to his contract . The new deal tied him to the club until 2015 and also made him the highest paid player in Ligue 1 beginning with the 2011 – 12 season . In his first match after the news , Hazard scored the opening goal in Lille 's 2 – 1 away win over title rivals Marseille . The goal was scored on a left @-@ footed shot from almost 35 metres ( 38 yd ) out and was clocked at 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) .
On 2 April , Hazard capped his 100th league appearance with Lille by scoring the second goal in a 3 – 1 win over Caen . The goal tied his career @-@ high for goals in a season and also moved Lille eight points clear at the top of the league table . For his performances in the month of March , Hazard was named the UNFP Player of the Month for the second time in his career . On 19 April , after appearing as a first @-@ half substitute , he scored the opening goal in Lille 's 2 – 0 Coupe de France semi @-@ final victory over Nice . The victory inserted the club into the 2011 Coupe de France Final ; the club 's first appearance in the competition 's final since 1955 . On 7 May , Hazard converted a game @-@ winning free @-@ kick goal in the team 's 1 – 0 win over Nancy . Three days later , he was nominated for the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year award for the second consecutive season .
In the Coupe de France final , Hazard played 89 minutes as Lille defeated Paris Saint @-@ Germain 1 – 0 at the Stade de France . A week later , Lille clinched the Ligue 1 title by drawing 2 – 2 away to Paris Saint @-@ Germain , achieving the club 's first league championship since the 1953 – 54 season and the club 's first double since the 1945 – 46 season . The domestic cup and league title were the first two honours in Hazard 's career . On the day after Lille won the league , Hazard was named the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year becoming the youngest player ever to win the award . He was also rewarded with a place in the organization 's Team of the Year for the second consecutive season .
= = = = 2011 – 12 season = = = =
Ahead of the 2011 – 12 season , Hazard switched to the number 10 shirt . In Lille 's first competitive match of the season against Marseille in the 2011 Trophée des Champions , Hazard scored the team 's second goal , which put Lille up 2 – 0 . Marseille would later come back to win the match 5 – 4 . On 20 August , in the team 's third league match of the season , Hazard assisted on Lille 's opening goal , scored by Benoît Pedretti , in a 2 – 1 win over Caen . A month later on 10 September , he scored two goals in a 3 – 1 away victory against Saint @-@ Étienne . Fours days after , Hazard made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 2 – 2 group stage draw with Russian club CSKA Moscow .
In Lille 's next league match following his Champions League debut , he converted a penalty in a 2 – 2 draw with Sochaux . Three days after , Hazard scored the equalizing goal in a 1 – 1 draw against Bordeaux . Against Turkish outfit Trabzonspor on 27 September , he assisted on Lille 's only goal , scored by Moussa Sow , in a 1 – 1 draw . After going over two months without scoring a league goal , on 3 December , Hazard came on as a substitute and scored the match @-@ winning goal in a win over Ajaccio converting a penalty — described as an " Antonín Panenka @-@ style chipped penalty " . Two days later , Hazard was among several players nominated for the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) Team of the Year for the 2011 calendar year .
In Lille 's final match before the winter break , Hazard tied his career @-@ high for league goals in a season by scoring the team 's third goal in a 4 – 4 draw with Nice . After scoring the goal , Hazard celebrated by paying tribute to Molami Bokoto , a former Lille youth academy player who had died a day prior . In Lille 's first match following the 2011 – 12 winter break , Hazard scored his ninth goal of the campaign in a 6 – 0 away win over amateur club Chantilly in the Coupe de France . In the following month , Lille were defeated 2 – 0 by league rivals Marseille and eliminated from both national cup competitions .
On 28 January , Hazard scored the team 's opening goal converting a penalty in a 3 – 0 win over Saint @-@ Étienne . Two weeks later , he converted a free kick goal against Bordeaux . Lille had been trailing 4 – 1 prior to the goal and eventually recovered to draw the match at 4 – 4 , however , Bordeaux scored in injury time to secure a 5 – 4 win . On 3 March , Hazard scored both team goals in a 2 – 2 draw with Auxerre .
On 18 March , Hazard scored a goal and assisted on two others in a 4 – 0 win over local rivals Valenciennes . In Lille 's next match against Evian , Hazard converted a penalty and assisted on a goal by Dimitri Payet in a 3 – 0 win . The following week , on 1 April 2012 , Hazard converted a first @-@ half penalty and later assisted on another Payet goal to cap a 2 – 1 victory over Toulouse .
On 15 April , Hazard marked his 100 consecutive Ligue 1 appearance , which to date , is the longest current run in the French top flight , by scoring a goal and assisting on another in a 4 – 1 win over Ajaccio . A week later , Hazard scored another goal , this time in a 2 – 0 win over Dijon . On 29 April , in a vital league fixture against Paris Saint @-@ Germain , he converted his ninth penalty of the season to draw the match at 1 – 1 canceling out a goal from Javier Pastore . Hazard later contributed to Lille 's game @-@ winning goal after delivering a rabona @-@ style cross into the box , which was laid onto the path of striker Nolan Roux who , subsequently , converted the goal to give Lille a 2 – 1 win .
On 28 April , for the third consecutive season , Hazard was nominated for the UNFP Player of the Year award . Two weeks later , he was awarded the prestigious honour ahead of the likes of Olivier Giroud and Younès Belhanda . After capturing the award , Hazard became the second player in the awards ' history after former Paris Saint @-@ Germain striker Pauleta to achieve the honour in consecutive seasons . He was also included in the Team of the Year for the third straight season . On 20 May , Hazard appeared in his final match as a Lille player , coincidentally , against Nancy , the club he made his professional debut against . In the match , Hazard recorded his first professional hat @-@ trick in a 4 – 1 win .
= = = Chelsea = = =
I 'm signing for the [ this season 's ] Champions League winner .
On 4 June 2012 , Chelsea officially confirmed on its website that the club had agreed terms with Lille for the transfer of Hazard . The midfielder agreed personal terms with the club and passed a medical examination . The transfer fee was reported to be priced at £ 32 million .
Upon signing with Chelsea , Hazard told the club 's official website " I 'm delighted to finally arrive here . It 's a wonderful club and I can 't wait to get started " . Hazard was given the number 17 , which was previously worn by José Bosingwa . On 18 July , Hazard made his Chelsea debut in the club 's first pre @-@ season friendly against the Seattle Sounders and played the majority of the match , opening his Chelsea scoring account .
= = = = 2012 – 13 season = = = =
On 12 August 2012 , Hazard made his competitive debut for Chelsea in the 2012 FA Community Shield against Manchester City , which ended in a 3 – 2 defeat at Villa Park . A week later , he made his league debut against Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium . In the contest , Hazard provided the assist for Branislav Ivanović 's opening goal and , minutes later , won a penalty , which Frank Lampard converted , earning his side a 2 – 0 victory . He made his Stamford Bridge debut in the team 's next fixture , against Reading on 22 August , he won another penalty from which Lampard converted . Hazard also assisted on goals by Gary Cahill and Branislav Ivanović as Chelsea won 4 – 2 at Stamford Bridge . Three days later , Hazard scored his first goal as a Chelsea player in the team 's league match against Newcastle United after scoring a penalty . Chelsea won the match 2 – 0 .
Hazard made his Champions League debut for Chelsea in the team 's opening group stage game against Juventus . On 6 October , he scored his second goal for Chelsea in a 4 – 1 win against Norwich City . During December he scored in back @-@ to @-@ back games , in a 5 – 1 win against Leeds United in the League Cup , and an 8 – 0 league win against Aston Villa .
In January 2013 , Hazard scored a goal with his left @-@ foot from 25 yards in Chelsea 's 0 – 4 win over Stoke City , as Chelsea inflicted the first home defeat of the season on Stoke . He scored again in the following game , with an impressive strike from the edge of the area in a 2 – 2 draw at home to Southampton .
On 23 January 2013 , he was sent off in the Football League Cup semi @-@ final second leg game against Swansea City for kicking a ball out from underneath a ball boy who was lying on it in order to waste time . Chelsea went on to lose the tie 2 – 0 . Thereafter , he told Chelsea TV that he " apologised and the boy apologised " to each other . On 9 February , he scored on his return from suspension in a 4 – 1 win at home against Wigan Athletic .
On 21 February 2013 , Hazard came on as a substitute against Sparta Prague and scored an individual goal in stoppage time , to send Chelsea through to the last 16 on a 2 – 1 aggregate score . Again Hazard came off the bench to make an impact for Chelsea , scoring a goal and providing an assist to Ramires , as the Blues came back from 2 – 0 down to salvage a 2 – 2 draw against Manchester United in the quarter @-@ finals of the FA Cup on 10 March , setting up a replay at Stamford Bridge . On 17 March 2013 , Hazard put in a Man of the Match performance at Stamford Bridge in a 2 – 0 victory over West Ham United , assisting on Frank Lampard 's 200th Chelsea goal , then scoring a solo goal . On 11 May 2013 , at Villa Park , Hazard was the provider of Lampard 's brace against Aston Villa , which enabled Lampard to break Bobby Tambling 's all @-@ time goal scoring record for Chelsea . Hazard ended his debut campaign at Chelsea with 13 goals in all competitions .
= = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = =
One of Chelsea 's first games of the season was against Bayern Munich in the 2013 UEFA Super Cup , where Hazard played a vital role in the buildup to the first goal and scored the second , but went on to an eventual 5 – 4 defeat in the penalty shoot @-@ out . In October 2013 , Hazard , as a substitute , scored the game @-@ clinching goal in a 3 – 1 Premier League clash against Norwich City at Carrow Road , before scoring twice and assisting Samuel Eto 'o's first Chelsea goal in a comprehensive defeat of Cardiff City in the same competition . Hazard netted his fifth goal of the season against Schalke in a crucial 0 – 3 Champions League Group Stage win . In October , Hazard was part of the 23 @-@ man shortlist of players nominated for the prestigious FIFA Ballon d 'Or , awarded to the player who is voted the men 's world footballer of the year .
On 9 November 2013 , Hazard created Chelsea 's first goal against West Bromwich Albion , which was scored by Samuel Eto 'o . Later in the match Chelsea went 2 – 1 down , but Hazard scored a last minute penalty to clinch a point for his team . On 4 December 2013 , Hazard scored a brace in a 4 – 3 away victory over Sunderland , with coach José Mourinho claiming that Hazard delivered his best performance of the season . Sunderland manager Gus Poyet also praised Hazard for his individual impact on the game . Poyet said : " Eden Hazard was outstanding . He was unplayable , as a manager I haven 't come up against anyone like that . "
On 26 December 2013 , Hazard scored the only goal in Chelsea 's 1 – 0 victory over Swansea . In Chelsea 's next league match , Hazard scored a goal from 25 yards during Chelsea 's 2 – 1 victory over Liverpool . The following week , Hazard scored the opening goal in Chelsea 's 2 – 0 victory away to Hull City . After Hazard maintained his excellent form in Chelsea 's 1 – 0 victory over Manchester City at the Etihad Stadium on 3 February 2014 , Mourinho declared Hazard as the best young footballer in the world . Hazard scored his first Premier League hat @-@ trick against Newcastle United at Stamford Bridge on 8 February .
On 27 April 2014 , Hazard won the PFA Young Player of the Year award and finished as the runner @-@ up to Luis Suárez for the PFA Player of the Year award for his fine attacking performances under José Mourinho . After Chelsea 's Champions League exit against Atlético Madrid , Hazard claimed that Chelsea are only set up to counter @-@ attack . Mourinho responded by saying that Hazard " is not so mentally ready " to help his defence , blaming him for the first goal scored by the opponents . In May 2014 , Hazard was voted Chelsea 's Player of the Year in his second season at Stamford Bridge .
= = = = 2014 – 15 season = = = =
Upon Juan Mata 's departure from the club in January 2014 , Hazard was handed the number 10 shirt for Chelsea ahead of the 2014 – 15 season . On 5 October , he won a penalty against Arsenal after being fouled by Laurent Koscielny , and then converted it himself past Wojciech Szczęsny to open a 2 – 0 victory which made Chelsea the last unbeaten team in the league . In doing so , he maintained his 100 % penalty record out of 16 penalties . He also became the only player in Europe who has taken more than 15 penalties and scored all of them .
His first goals of the Champions League campaign came on 21 October , netting from the penalty @-@ spot and from open play in a 6 – 0 home win over Maribor . On 5 November , away to the Slovene team , he earned an 85th @-@ minute penalty but had it saved by Jasmin Handanović in a 1 – 1 draw . Hazard opened the scoring in Chelsea 's 2 – 0 win over Hull on 13 December , with the goal being only the second headed one of his entire career . The header came as a surprised for many , even Mourinho , who stated : " That he scored in the air , I was surprised . He jumps a lot but normally he closes his eyes . So I was surprised , but very good goal . "
On 12 February 2015 , Hazard signed a new five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract with Chelsea . After signing , Hazard said : " I ’ ve signed a new contract and I ’ m very happy because I ’ m playing for one of the best clubs in the world . " He played the full 90 minutes in the club 's victory in the League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 1 March , a 2 – 0 win over Tottenham .
On 18 April , Hazard scored the only goal in a home win over Manchester United , after he latched on to Oscar 's backheel pass to score past David de Gea . He was voted Man of the match thereafter for his performance . As a result of Hazard 's impressive performances throughout the 2014 @-@ 15 campaign , his manager declared him " one of the top three players in the world " . On 26 April Hazard was recognised as the best player of the season among his peers , winning the PFA Player of the Year . A week later , he scored the only goal as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace to win their first Premier League title since 2010 . He won a penalty after being fouled by James McArthur , and took it himself , heading in the rebound after it was saved by Julian Speroni .
On 26 May 2015 , Hazard was voted as Chelsea 's Player of the Year for the second year in a row . There are only four other players that have done it in the past , Juan Mata , Frank Lampard , Ray Wilkins , and John Hollins .
= = = = 2015 – 16 season = = = =
Hazard endured a difficult start to the 2015 – 16 season , missing a penalty in the Champions League group stage against Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 27 October , in the fourth round of the League Cup away to Stoke , Hazard was the only player to miss in Chelsea 's penalty shootout elimination , his attempt being saved by Jack Butland . Hazard endured a 2 @,@ 358 @-@ minute scoreless run across 30 matches until 31 January 2016 , when he scored from the penalty spot , his 50th goal for Chelsea in all competitions , in a 5 – 1 win over Milton Keynes Dons in the fourth round of the FA Cup .
In February 2016 , Hazard was scrutinised when he said it would " be difficult to say no " to a move to Paris Saint @-@ Germain . He remained scoreless in the league until 23 April , when he recorded two goals in a 4 – 1 victory at Bournemouth ; after the result interim manager Guus Hiddink insisted that Hazard would remain at Chelsea by next season . For the second consecutive season , Hazard scored the goal that decided the Premier League ; he came on as a substitute at home to Tottenham on 2 May , and scored an equaliser as Chelsea came from 0 – 2 down at half time to draw . The result gave the trophy to Leicester at Tottenham 's expense . On May 11 2016 , Hazard scored his fourth and final goal of the season against Liverpool , although Chelsea was unable to hold on to the lead , with fellow countryman Christian Benteke scoring in extra time to end the game in a 1 – 1 draw .
= = International career = =
= = = Youth = = =
Hazard played for various Belgian national youth teams , such as the under @-@ 17 and under @-@ 19 teams . With the under @-@ 17 team , he was a regular in the team making 17 appearances and scoring two goals . He played with the team in the Toto Cup , a yearly international youth tournament held in Austria and , also , played in the 2007 UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Football Championship , which Belgium hosted . In the tournament , Hazard scored his only goal in the team 's opening match against the Netherlands converting a penalty in a 2 – 2 draw . The match was a homecoming for Hazard , as it was played in Tubize , where he spent part of his youth career . Throughout the tournament , Hazard impressed media and coaches , which led to many in Belgium comparing him to Belgian football legend Enzo Scifo .
Belgium suffered elimination in the semi @-@ finals of the competition , losing to Spain 7 – 6 on penalties . Belgium were minutes away from a victory , courtesy of an own goal from David Rochela , which Hazard was particularly instrumental in , however Barcelona striker Bojan Krkić equalized for his nation to send the match into extra time . Due to finishing in third place at the tournament , Belgium qualified for the 2007 FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup , held in South Korea . Hazard was selected to participate and played in all three group stage matches , where Belgium were eliminated .
After playing at the FIFA U @-@ 17 World Cup in August and September 2007 , Hazard began earning call @-@ ups to the under @-@ 19 team the following month in October . His first appearance came in a 2008 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Football Championship qualification match against Romania coming on as a substitute in a 4 – 0 victory . He subsequently played in the next two group stage matches against Iceland and England . Belgium lost both matches . The negative results eliminated the country from the tournament . Due to being an underage player the previous year , Hazard was eligible for the under @-@ 19 team for the 2008 – 09 season . Due to his growing participation with Lille 's first team , Hazard was only allowed to play in 2009 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Football Championship qualification matches by his club and , as a result , missed the 2008 edition of the Milk Cup , which was held during Lille 's preseason .
On 7 October 2008 , Hazard scored his first under @-@ 19 goal in the team 's 5 – 0 victory over Estonia . Three days later , he scored a double in a 2 – 2 draw with Croatia . In the Elite Round , Hazard led the team in goals scoring three . In the opening match against the Republic of Ireland , he scored the lone goal . In the next match , Hazard was influential in the team 's 5 – 0 thrashing of Sweden scoring a goal and assisting on two others . In the team 's final match , they faced Switzerland . Belgium needed an outright victory to progress to the 2009 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Football Championship , but were eliminated from qualifying after drawing 1 – 1 with the Swiss , despite Hazard opening the scoring for Belgium in the 21st minute .
= = = Early senior = = =
On 18 November 2008 , Hazard was called up to the Belgium senior team , for the first time , by manager René Vandereycken for the team 's match against Luxembourg . Prior to making his national team debut with Belgium , Hazard was courted by French Football Federation officials who sought the player to play for the France national team as he had become eligible for French citizenship . Hazard did not respond to the courtship and later stated " Because of my presence in France for seven years , I feel 99 % Belgian and 1 % French , but the idea of French citizenship has never crossed my mind " .
Hazard made his highly anticipated debut for Belgium in the match against Luxembourg coming on as a substitute in the 67th minute for Wesley Sonck . On his debut , Hazard became the eighth youngest international player in Belgian football history , at 17 years and 316 days . On 12 August 2009 , after three consecutive substitute appearances with the team , he made his first start under coach Franky Vercauteren in the team 's 3 – 1 friendly loss to the Czech Republic . Following the resignation of Vercauteren , he was replaced with manager Dick Advocaat . Under Advocaat , Hazard became a starter in the team and , on 14 November 2009 , played a full match for the first time in his international career . In the match , which was played against Hungary , Hazard assisted on two goals in a 3 – 0 win .
In May 2010 , Advocaat was replaced as manager by Georges Leekens . After featuring as a starter in Leekens first three matches in charge , Hazard began appearing as a substitute for Belgium during the 2010 – 11 season . Leekens justified his benching of Hazard citing the players ' domestic performance , which had been underwhelming at the time , while also admitting that Hazard displayed a lack of desire in training with the national team and often neglected his defensive duties during international matches . After appearing as a substitute in two straight matches , Hazard returned to the starting lineup for the team 's November 2010 friendly match against Russia . In the match , which Belgium won 2 – 0 , Hazard assisted on the team 's opening goal scored by Romelu Lukaku .
After featuring as a starter in the team 's 1 – 1 draw with Finland in February 2011 , Hazard was relegated back to the substitute 's bench for the team 's important March 2011 UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches as Leekens preferred Nacer Chadli and Mousa Dembélé on the wings . In the team 's 29 March qualifier against Azerbaijan , he appeared as a second @-@ half substitute and assisted on the team 's final goal in a 4 – 1 win . Following the matches , French media began questioning why Hazard was struggling to be appreciated in his home country , while , at the same time , was being praised in France . Marc Wilmots , assistant coach of the national team , responded to the media reports stating " Some people only see Eden 's qualities " and " the French press are sometimes blinded by his moments of magic " .
In Belgium 's next competitive match against Turkey on 3 June 2011 , Hazard started the match , but was substituted out after 60 minutes . Disappointed with his performance and substitution , the midfielder retired to the locker room and was later spotted on television outside the stadium with his family eating a hamburger while the match was still ongoing . Following the episode , which has become known as Burgergate in Belgium , Hazard apologized for the defection , while Leekens attributed Hazard 's response to the substitution as " a young player making a mistake " .
On 4 August , Leekens announced that Hazard would be disciplined for his actions during the Turkey match and , as a result , would miss the team 's 10 August friendly match against Slovenia , as well as the team 's Euro qualifying return match against Azerbaijan on 2 September and friendly against the United States four days later . On 9 August , Hazard 's management group issued a press release to the Belgian media . The release detailed Hazard 's actions during the Turkey match , criticized the player 's three @-@ match suspension , as well as questioned Leekens constant criticism of Hazard . On 25 August , it was announced that Leekens had lifted Hazard 's suspension and the midfielder was subsequently named in the team to play the September fixtures . Leekens decided to lift the suspension after having a meeting with Hazard that was organized by the player 's agent .
On 7 October 2011 , nearly three years after his debut , Hazard scored his first international goal against Kazakhstan in a 4 – 1 victory . The victory inserted Belgium into second @-@ place position in its group in qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012 with the team needing a victory over Germany on 11 October to secure a place in the qualifying playoffs . In the match against Germany , Hazard played the entire match as Belgium failed to earn a place in the European Championship , losing 3 – 1 in Düsseldorf .
= = = 2014 World Cup and Euro 2016 = = =
Hazard made nine appearances in the Red Devils ' successful 2014 World Cup qualification campaign , scoring twice . The first of these came on 22 March against the Republic of Macedonia at the Philip II Arena , converting a penalty to conclude a 2 – 0 win after being fouled by Aleksandar Lazevski . Three days later in the reverse fixture , he beat two defenders before scoring the only goal of the game .
On 13 May 2014 , Hazard was named in Belgium 's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He assisted Dries Mertens ' winning goal in the team 's first game of the tournament , a 2 – 1 win against Algeria in Belo Horizonte . In Belgium 's second match , he assisted Divock Origi 's 88th @-@ minute goal , giving the Red Devils a 1 – 0 win over Russia and qualifying them for the knockout stage , eventually reaching the quarter @-@ finals .
On 7 June 2015 , due to the suspension of regular skipper Vincent Kompany , Hazard captained Belgium for the first time in a friendly against France at the Stade de France , scoring a penalty for Belgium 's final goal in a 4 – 3 victory . He won another penalty in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match on 3 September when fouled by Bosnia and Herzegovina 's Ognjen Vranješ , and converted it past his Chelsea clubmate Asmir Begović to conclude Belgium 's 3 – 1 comeback victory . Three days later , he finished Mertens ' cross with four minutes remaining , for the only goal in an away win over Cyprus . On 10 October , Hazard scored a spot @-@ kick again after Óscar Sonejee 's handball , in a 4 – 1 win over Andorra which sealed Belgium 's qualification to the continental championship for the first time since co @-@ hosting UEFA Euro 2000 .
Due to the absence of Kompany , Hazard was named captain of Belgium for the UEFA Euro 2016 finals .
= = Style of play = =
Hazard primarily plays as either an attacking midfielder or a winger and has been credited as being " possibly the outstanding talent in Europe right now " . At Lille under former manager Rudi Garcia , Hazard often played in the latter role in the team 's 4 – 3 – 3 formation and regularly switched flanks because he could use both feet . Following the departures of fellow play @-@ makers Yohan Cabaye and Gervinho in 2011 , during the 2011 – 12 season , Garcia played Hazard as a central attacking midfielder , while also allowing the player to roam back onto the wing if necessary . Two of Hazard 's most common exemplary traits are his pace and technical ability , which have been described as " astonishing " and " mesmerizing " , respectively .
At Chelsea , Hazard matured into a world class player and was primarily utilised as a left midfielder . His development into one of the world 's best players was highlighted in the 2014 – 15 Season ; during this season he won multiple awards and received praise from pundits and manager alike . Manager Jose Mourinho praised Hazard , saying that " He is already a top player and his evolution has been fantastic . He is still very young and he can become the best player in the world . " Hazard 's former teammate and Lille captain Rio Mavuba described Hazard as " a great player , with an immense talent . He ’ s actually not that big , but he ’ s so fast . He ’ s also very difficult to dispossess and his finishing is top notch " .
= = = Reception = = =
Hazard 's pace coupled with his finishing and inability to be dispossessed easily led to his former coach Claude Puel dubbing him " little Messi " , in reference to the Barcelona star . Puel 's sentiments were later echoed by former Marseille manager and media personality Rolland Courbis who commented " At times it looks to me like Lionel Messi on the right @-@ hand side " . Hazard 's " flair and tricky " style of play has been described as being similar to Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo ; a comparison later repeated by former French international Christophe Dugarry . His vision , described as being the trait he has improved on the most , has allowed him to develop into an effective passer .
In Belgium , Hazard 's talent and similar ascension up the country 's football hierarchy has led to comparisons to former Belgian international Enzo Scifo . Both players share the same birthplace and Scifo himself spent time with Hazard while he was in Tubize admitting " Eden , you know , I 've coached in Tubize . During the week , I took care of the young people at least once , and he , in those days , I immediately saw he had a secure future " .
However , despite the positive opinions , Hazard has endured criticism from some . In 2010 , former Belgium national team manager Georges Leekens questioned Hazard 's work @-@ rate . Lille youth academy director Jean @-@ Michel Vandamme countered both managers ' criticism by arguing that Hazard simply possesses an intellectual honesty that is out of the ordinary and unexpected of today 's footballer declaring " He is a real competitor , not a cheat , nor a moaner , because you don ’ t hear him complaining when he gets fouled " .
= = Outside football = =
= = = Personal life = = =
Hazard is married to Natacha Van Honacker . On 19 December 2010 , Belgian and French media announced that she had given birth to a baby boy , Yannis . She gave birth to their second son , Leo , in February 2013 , and a third son , Samy , in September 2015 .
= = = Sponsorship = = =
In 2012 , Hazard signed a sponsorship deal with American sportswear and equipment supplier , Nike . He appeared in an advert for the Nike Green Speed II alongside Mario Götze , Theo Walcott , Raheem Sterling , Christian Eriksen and Stephan El Shaarawy in November 2012 . Hazard features on the cover of EA Sports ' FIFA 15 video game in Belgium , the UK , the Netherlands and France , along with Lionel Messi .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
As of match played 15 May 2016 .
= = = International = = =
As of match played 1 July 2016 .
Note that the friendly against Luxembourg on 26 May 2014 is not a FIFA A @-@ match due to an excessive number of substitutions according to the Laws of the Game .
= = = International goals = = =
As of match played 1 July 2016 . Belgium score listed first , score column indicates score after each Hazard goal .
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Lille
Ligue 1 : 2010 – 11
Coupe de France : 2010 – 11
Chelsea
Premier League : 2014 – 15
Football League Cup : 2014 – 15
UEFA Europa League : 2012 – 13
= = = Individual = = =
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
UNFP Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year ( 3 ) : 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12
UNFP Player of the Month ( 3 ) : March 2010 , March 2011 , March 2012
Premier League Player of the Season ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
FWA Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
PFA Players ' Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
PFA Young Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013 – 14
PFA Team of the Year ( 3 ) : 2012 – 13 , 2013 – 14 , 2014 – 15
ESM Team of the Year : 2014 – 15
Chelsea Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 2013 – 14 , 2014 – 15
Chelsea Players ' Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2014 – 15
Bravo Award ( 1 ) : 2011
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= Jetpac Refuelled =
Jetpac Refuelled is a shooter video game developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Studios . It was first released worldwide on the Xbox Live Arcade service on 28 March 2007 . The game is the fourth and final instalment of the Jetman series and a remake of Ultimate Play the Game 's 1983 ZX Spectrum game , Jetpac . The game follows Jetman as he attempts to rebuild his rocket in order to explore different planets , whilst simultaneously defending himself from hostile aliens .
Details of the game were first leaked in February 2007 , shortly before Rare officially announced development later that month . During development process Rare attempted to ensure that the game did not feel too similar to the original Jetpac , whilst keeping the core mechanics . The game received mostly favourable reviews upon release . Critics praised the updated graphics and gameplay , however they criticised the overall repetitiveness of the game and its multiplayer mode . It was later included in Rare 's 2015 Xbox One retrospective compilation , Rare Replay .
= = Gameplay = =
The game is a remake of the original Jetpac with overhauled high @-@ definition graphics and 128 levels . It also features competitive gameplay over Xbox Live , leaderboards , and achievements . Similar to the first instalment , the player assumes control of Jetman and is presented in a horizontal wrap around which consists of six platforms on which Jetman can manoeuvre onto . Jetman has to first assemble his rocket , which spawns in separate parts that are scattered around a map , and then fills it with six fuel canisters before taking off to the next planet , where the procedure is repeated . In addition , Jetman has to defend himself from each planet 's hostile aliens , and collect valuable resources such as gold and platinum , which occasionally fall from the atmosphere , for bonus points .
Jetman 's only usable weapon in his laser . Weapon upgrades may also spawn around a map , which once picked up will give Jetman various upgrades to his weapon . Upgrades include as a wider fire spread , faster projectiles or higher damage . The player starts the game with three nuclear devices , which once used will eliminate all enemies from the screen . Jetman also has the ability to boost , which will temporarily make him move at a much faster speed , although boosts will need to recharge once they are depleted .
Jetpac Refuelled features a multiplayer mode that can be played either offline using a split screen or online via Xbox Live . In this mode , the player has to compete one @-@ on @-@ one in a race to build and refuel their craft before their opponent does . Fuel and rocket pickups can be stolen from opponents by shooting them or by using an EMP blast at close range . Lives are unlimited in multiplayer and the winner is determined by the highest score . A version of the original 1983 Jetpac is also included in the game .
= = Development = =
Details of a Jetpac remake were first leaked on a listing on the website of German rating board Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle on 6 February 2007 . Rare officially announced development of Jetpac Refuelled on 22 February 2007 .
In a retrospective interview , Rare designers Jens Restemeier and Nick Burton took interest in the @-@ then upcoming Xbox Live Arcade and offered to develop a new game for the service after the release of Rare 's Xbox 360 launch titles Perfect Dark Zero and Kameo . Rather than simply porting the original ZX Spectrum title to the Xbox 360 , the development team decided to expand Jetpac and experiment with new elements . The team ensured to keep the original core mechanics of the Jetpac whilst designing new features for the game . Restemeier also stated that the development process for an Xbox Live Arcade game differed from a retail title , owing to processing power limitations that had to be constantly synced over Xbox Live . Burton asserted that one of the differences with development on the Xbox Live Service was the way optimisations shifted from graphics and game logic , stating that this was more difficult than it would have been for an Xbox 360 title such as Kameo .
In a separate interview with Next @-@ Gen , Burton stated that during initial development of Jetpac Refuelled , senior management kept away entirely from the project . When Rare 's management allowed themselves to view the game , they offered the developers " a fresh eye and more frank criticism " . Further development took place before management were shown the game again in what was nicknamed a “ clean room ” test . Jetpac Refuelled , along with every title in the Jetman series , appeared in the retrospective August 2015 Xbox One compilation of 30 Ultimate Play The Game and Rare titles , Rare Replay .
= = Reception = =
The game was met with mostly favourable reviews upon release . Reviewers praised the updated graphics and addictive gameplay , however they criticised the overall repetitiveness of the game and its mediocre multiplayer mode . It received an aggregate score of 72 % from GameRankings based on 16 reviews , and an average score of 73 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 17 reviews . Kristan Reed of Eurogamer praised the visual makeover the new game , calling it " undoubtedly the best addition " to the series . Greg Stewart of GamesRadar labelled the updated graphics as " trippy " , preferring them over the " primitive " original . Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot praised the updated graphics as the best addition to the game , heralding them as " crisp , bright and colourful " and far superior to the original 1983 version . Jonathan Miller of IGN similarly thought the graphics were the strongest aspect of the game , praising the effects as " vibrant and colourful " whilst calling the ZX Spectrum version " nostalgically bad " . Miller also added that the updated visuals of the game made the experience feel " almost 10 times the game as the original " .
Reed criticised the repetitiveness of the game , stating that whilst 128 levels was good value for money , the gameplay was " merely a repeat " of what the player has already accomplished and that the multiplayer mode could prove " annoying very quickly " . Stewart also criticised the game 's repetitiveness and stated that he felt general gameplay was " shallow " , despite admitting it was addictive . Gerstmann similarly found the action repetitive and stated that there was " not enough variety " , especially in the multiplayer mode . However , Miller praised the gameplay as " fast , fun and addictive " , as he expected a game on the Xbox Live Arcade to be . Will Freeman of Video Gamer noted that the large number of levels caused the game to feel repetitive , but praised the overall addictiveness and fast pace of the game .
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= M @-@ 121 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 121 is a state trunkline highway in West Michigan . The highway follows Chicago Drive , a local roadway , from Zeeland to Grandville . Chicago Drive itself runs past the M @-@ 121 segment on either side from Holland to Wyoming . The roadway passes through rural farmland on a route that runs parallel to Interstate 196 ( I @-@ 196 ) . M @-@ 121 forms the main street through the center of Hudsonville as it runs southwest – northeast . It forms a major street through the unincorporated community of Jenison before M @-@ 121 terminates at I @-@ 196 in Grandville .
The M @-@ 121 designation has been used twice before in the state . The first was for a former routing of US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) , and the second was for a connection between I @-@ 69 , I @-@ 75 / US 23 and the airport in the Flint area . Since 2007 , M @-@ 121 has been used for a portion of the former M @-@ 21 in Ottawa County , which was formerly designated as state @-@ maintained " Old M @-@ 21 " . Future plans will reconfigure a section of the current highway from four lanes divided to four lanes undivided .
= = Route description = =
Chicago Drive , largely signed as M @-@ 121 , is a combination state trunkline highway and municipal street running from 8th Street in Holland to the intersection of Grandville and Clyde Park avenues at the border of Grand Rapids and Wyoming , approximately 23 @.@ 5 miles ( 37 @.@ 8 km ) in length . Running eastward , Chicago Drive picks up the Business Loop I @-@ 196 designation east of US 31 . The highway has the typical mix of industry and commercial properties for the area . At 112th Avenue , it turns northeasterly to run through Zeeland . The roadway changes names when it turns due east again , where it is named Main Avenue and Main Place , comprising the only section of the route not designated Chicago Drive .
Starting at the corner of Main Street and Chicago Drive , M @-@ 121 runs northeasterly out of Zeeland on Chicago Drive roughly parallel to I @-@ 196 . A CSX railroad line also parallels the road to the northwest . The trunkline is a four @-@ lane divided highway bordered by farms . Passing the Hudsonville Fair Grounds , Chicago Drive enters Hudsonville as the main street downtown . The highway continues to the northeast out of town through suburban residential areas to Jenison , where once again Chicago Drive is bordered by commercial properties . Through this area , the roadway is divided , utilizing Michigan lefts . The M @-@ 121 designation ends at the interchange with I @-@ 196 just across the Kent County line in Grandville .
The corridor from I @-@ 196 to its end in Grand Rapids is lined with businesses and few houses . The intersection of Chicago Drive and Wilson Avenue is downtown Grandville . In Wyoming from north of M @-@ 11 ( 28th Street ) to Burlingame Avenue , Chicago Drive run through a mostly industrial area with few commercial properties . Northeast of about Byron Center Avenue , Chicago Drive carries Business Spur I @-@ 196 ( BS I @-@ 196 ) . At the corner with Grandville and Clyde Park avenues , Chicago Drive ends and BS I @-@ 196 continues .
M @-@ 121 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the lowest traffic levels along M @-@ 121 were the 10 @,@ 103 vehicles daily at the western terminus in Zeeland ; the highest counts were the 20 @,@ 140 vehicles per day at the eastern terminus . None of M @-@ 121 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
There have been three roadways to carry the M @-@ 121 designation in Michigan .
= = = Previous routings = = =
M @-@ 121 was also used as the designation along two other roadways . In 1933 , it was used for a former routing of US 2 in the Upper Peninsula . In 1935 , this route was redesignated as a portion of a new M @-@ 5 and the M @-@ 121 designation was transferred to Bristol Road in Flint . This Flint @-@ area trunkline provided access to Bishop International Airport from both of the I @-@ 69 and I @-@ 75 / US 23 freeways until it was retired in 2003 . At that time , Bristol Road was returned to local control .
= = = Current routing = = =
From 1919 to 1926 , the current highway known as M @-@ 121 was designated M @-@ 51 . Then until 1974 , the trunkline was part of M @-@ 21 ; that designation was removed when I @-@ 196 was completed between those Zeeland and Grandville , and much of the route became an unsigned state trunkline designated Old M @-@ 21 , although it is locally referred to by its given name , Chicago Drive . The portion of Chicago Drive now signed as M @-@ 121 is 12 @.@ 763 miles ( 20 @.@ 540 km ) long ; it was given its designation in late 2007 .
= = Future = =
Portions of the four @-@ lane divided surface access highway along M @-@ 121 will become four @-@ lane undivided as the westbound lanes are shifted south away from unstable soil and parallel train tracks .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Pennsylvania Route 232 =
Pennsylvania Route 232 ( PA 232 ) is a 25 @.@ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 40 @.@ 6 km ) state highway located in southeastern Pennsylvania . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) and US 13 at the Oxford Circle in Philadelphia . The northern terminus is at PA 32 in the borough of New Hope , Bucks County , on the banks of the Delaware River . The route passes through the urban areas of Northeast Philadelphia as two @-@ lane undivided Oxford Avenue , serving the Lawncrest , Burholme , and Fox Chase neighborhoods . Upon entering Montgomery County , PA 232 becomes a two- to four lane road called Huntingdon Pike that passes through suburban areas , serving the communities of Rockledge , Huntingdon Valley , and Bryn Athyn . The route passes through more suburban development in Bucks County as Second Street Pike , running through Southampton and Richboro . In Wrightstown Township , PA 232 enters rural areas and becomes Windy Bush Road as it heads north to New Hope .
South of Penns Park , the road was originally known as the Fox Chase and Huntingdon Valley Turnpike or the Second Street Turnpike , a turnpike that connected farms in Bucks County to Philadelphia . In 1928 , PA 232 was designated between PA 532 in Northeast Philadelphia and PA 32 in New Hope , while PA 163 was designated onto current PA 232 between PA 73 in Philadelphia and PA 63 in Bethayres . PA 232 was rerouted south along PA 163 by 1940 and extended to the Oxford Circle by 1960 .
= = Route description = =
= = = Philadelphia = = =
PA 232 begins at Oxford Circle , where it intersects with Roosevelt Boulevard ( US 1 / US 13 ) and Cheltenham Avenue in Northeast Philadelphia . The Oxford Circle is a modified traffic circle that has direct access to the local lanes of the Roosevelt Boulevard , with the express lanes passing under it . Here the route continues north on Oxford Avenue , a two @-@ lane undivided surface road . The road passes through urban areas of businesses before turning northwest into areas of rowhomes . Upon reaching Har Nebo Cemetery , the route turns north through locations of homes and businesses and passes to the east of Naval Support Activity Philadelphia .
After passing the naval facility , Oxford Avenue continues northeast at the intersection with Robbins Street / Martins Mill Road . PA 232 runs north through the residential Lawncrest neighborhood and reaches an intersection with Cottman Avenue ( PA 73 ) in the Burholme neighborhood . From this junction , the route passes a mix of urban residential and commercial establishments as it comes to a bridge over CSX ’ s Trenton Subdivision at the Bleigh Avenue intersection and continues into the Fox Chase neighborhood , crossing SEPTA ’ s Fox Chase Line near the Fox Chase train station . Upon reaching the Rhawn Street intersection in the downtown area of Fox Chase , the road makes a turn to the northwest .
= = = Montgomery County = = =
Leaving Philadelphia at the Filmore Avenue intersection , PA 232 crosses into Montgomery County in the borough of Rockledge . Here the name of the road changes to Huntingdon Pike as it passes suburban homes and businesses . Upon intersecting Fox Chase Road / Shady Lane , the route turns north and widens to four lanes as it heads into Abington Township . Here , the road passes between the Hollywood neighborhood to the west and a shopping center to the east . Farther north , PA 232 runs through wooded residential areas as it comes to the Susquehanna Road intersection . The road turns northeast at this point and passes near more homes prior to running to the southeast of Holy Redeemer Hospital , at which point it widens into a divided highway . PA 232 crosses over the Pennypack Creek and the abandoned Fox Chase @-@ Newtown rail line as it enters Lower Moreland Township at the Moreland Road intersection . Here , the route passes over SEPTA ’ s West Trenton Line near the Bethayres Train Station and crosses Welsh Road / Philmont Avenue ( PA 63 ) in the community of Huntingdon Valley .
Past the PA 63 intersection , PA 232 narrows into a two @-@ lane undivided road and is lined with homes before passing a few businesses . The road continues into Bryn Athyn and runs through wooded residential areas before passing between the Bryn Athyn Cathedral to the west and Bryn Athyn College to the east . The route continues into less dense wooded residential development as it briefly forms the border between Lower Moreland Township to the west and Bryn Athyn to the east before fully entering Lower Moreland Township again . The road turns northeast as it passes near a few businesses at the Byberry Road intersection before heading through wooded residential subdivisions .
= = = Bucks County = = =
PA 232 crosses County Line Road and enters Upper Southampton Township , Bucks County . Here , the road is named Second Street Pike and it heads north into business areas as a three lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane , passing over Norfolk Southern ’ s Morrisville Line before crossing over the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) . The route crosses the abandoned Fox Chase @-@ Newtown rail line again near the former Southampton Station before intersecting Street Road ( PA 132 ) in the community of Southampton .
After this intersection , the road narrows back to two lanes and turns northeast into residential areas . PA 232 makes a curve to the north as it crosses Bristol Road into Northampton Township . The route turns northeast again and continues past more housing developments with a few businesses . At Richboro , the road passes shopping centers and businesses as Bustleton Pike merges into Second Street Pike and PA 232 continues due north . The route widens to four lanes and passes more commercial development as it crosses PA 332 . Following the PA 332 junction , the road narrows to two lanes and passes more residential areas . As the route approaches the Sacketts Ford Road intersection , the settings become more rural as the road passes near farms and woods with some homes .
The road crosses the Neshaminy Creek and turns northeast in Wrightstown Township . The road continues through agricultural areas and passes to the east of a quarry following the Swamp Road intersection . PA 232 curves north again and passes a mix of rural areas and residential and commercial development prior to crossing Durham Road ( PA 413 ) in the community of Penns Park . Now signed as Windy Bush Road , the road continues past wooded areas of homes . After the Pine Lane / Pineville Road intersection , the route enters Upper Makefield Township and continues through woodland before heading into farmland .
A short distance past the Street Road intersection , PA 232 passes into Solebury Township and crosses the Pidcock Creek . The road continues through a mix of farms and woods with some residential areas . As the route approaches Aquetong Road , the surroundings become more forested and the road parallels Dark Hollow Run , briefly passing through farm fields . The road enters the borough of New Hope , where it terminates at a junction with Main Street ( PA 32 ) .
= = History = =
In colonial times , the current alignment of PA 232 was referred to as the Middle Road because it was roughly midway between Old York Road and Bustleton Pike . What is now PA 232 in Montgomery County was originally chartered in 1846 as the Fox Chase and Huntingdon Valley Turnpike . This road was a turnpike that connected the Fox Chase area and ran through eastern Montgomery County to County Line Road at the Bucks County border . Further south into Philadelphia , the road was known variously as Oxford Avenue , Oxford Pike , and Oxford Turnpike . The Fox Chase and Huntingdon Valley Turnpike was also known as the Second Street Turnpike . The Second Street Pike continued the Huntington Pike north from the border of Montgomery and Bucks counties to Wrightstown in Bucks County and served as a route for farmers into Philadelphia .
In 1928 , PA 232 was designated between PA 532 in Northeast Philadelphia and PA 32 in New Hope , following Welsh Road to PA 63 in Bethayres before turning north along its current alignment . The present @-@ day route from PA 63 south to PA 73 in Philadelphia was designated as PA 163 . PA 232 was rerouted to head south and replace PA 163 by 1940 . The route was extended further south down Oxford Avenue to the Oxford Circle by 1960 . Since then , there have been no alignment changes to PA 232 .
= = Major intersections = =
= = PA 232 Alternate Truck = =
Pennsylvania Route 232 Alternate Truck is a truck route around a weight @-@ restricted bridge over a branch of Mill Creek in Wrightstown Township , on which trucks over 30 tons and combination loads over 35 tons are prohibited . The route follows Swamp Road , Worthington Mill Road , and PA 413 . It was signed in 2013 .
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= Cunard Line =
Cunard Line is an Anglo @-@ American cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton , England , operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc . It has been a leading operator of passenger ships on the North Atlantic , celebrating 175 years of operation in 2015 .
In 1839 , Nova Scotian Samuel Cunard was awarded the first British trans @-@ Atlantic steamship mail contract , and the next year formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam @-@ Packet Company together with Robert Napier , the famous Scottish steamship engine designer and builder , to operate the line 's four pioneer paddle steamers on the Liverpool – Halifax – Boston route . For most of the next 30 years , Cunard held the Blue Riband for the fastest Atlantic voyage . However , in the 1870s Cunard fell behind its rivals , the White Star Line and the Inman Line . To meet this competition , in 1879 the firm was reorganized as Cunard Steamship Company , Ltd to raise capital .
In 1902 , White Star joined the American owned International Mercantile Marine Co. and the British Government provided Cunard with substantial loans and a subsidy to build two superliners needed to retain its competitive position . Mauretania held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929 . The sinking of her running mate Lusitania in 1915 was one of the causes of the United States ' entering the First World War . In the late 1920s , Cunard faced new competition when the Germans , Italians and French built large prestige liners . Cunard was forced to suspend construction on its own new superliner because of the Great Depression . In 1934 , the British Government offered Cunard loans to finish Queen Mary and to build a second ship , Queen Elizabeth , on the condition that Cunard merged with the then ailing White Star line to form Cunard @-@ White Star Ltd . Cunard owned two @-@ thirds of the new company . Cunard purchased White Star 's share in 1947 ; the name reverted to the Cunard Line in 1950 .
Upon the end of World War II , Cunard regained its position as the largest Atlantic passenger line . By the mid @-@ 1950s , it operated 12 ships to the United States and Canada . After 1958 , trans @-@ Atlantic passenger ships became increasingly unprofitable because of the introduction of jet airliners . Cunard withdrew from its year round service in 1968 to concentrate on cruising and summer transatlantic voyages for vacationers . The Queens were replaced by Queen Elizabeth 2 ( QE2 ) , which was designed for the dual role .
In 1998 , Cunard was acquired by the Carnival Corporation , and accounted for 8 @.@ 7 % of that company 's revenue in 2012 . Five years later , QE2 was replaced on the transAtlantic runs by Queen Mary 2 ( QM2 ) . The line also operates Queen Victoria ( QV ) and Queen Elizabeth ( QE ) . At the moment , Cunard is the only shipping company to operate a scheduled passenger service between Europe and North America .
= = History = =
= = = Early years : 1840 – 1850 = = =
The British Government started operating monthly mail brigs from Falmouth , Cornwall , to New York in 1756 . These ships carried few non @-@ governmental passengers and no cargo . In 1818 , the Black Ball Line opened a regularly scheduled New York – Liverpool service with clipper ships , beginning an era when American sailing packets dominated the North Atlantic saloon @-@ passenger trade that lasted until the introduction of steamships . A Committee of Parliament decided in 1836 that to become more competitive , the mail packets operated by the Post Office should be replaced by private shipping companies . The Admiralty assumed responsibility for managing the contracts . Famed Arctic explorer , Admiral Sir William Edward Parry was appointed as Comptroller of Steam Machinery and Packet Service in April 1837 . Nova Scotians led by their young Assembly Speaker , Joseph Howe lobbied for steam service to Halifax . On his arrival in London in May 1838 , Howe discussed the enterprise with fellow Nova Scotian Samuel Cunard ( 1787 – 1865 ) , a shipowner who was also visiting London on business . Cunard and Howe were associates and Howe also owed Cunard £ 300 . ( £ 24 @,@ 360 in 2015 ) , Cunard returned to Halifax to raise capital , and Howe continued to lobby the British government . The Rebellions of 1837 were ongoing and London realized that the proposed Halifax service was also important for the military .
That November , Parry released a tender for North Atlantic monthly mail service to Halifax beginning in April 1839 using steamships with 300 horsepower . The Great Western Steamship Company , which had opened its pioneer Bristol – New York service earlier that year , bid £ 45 @,@ 000 for a monthly Bristol – Halifax – New York service using three ships of 450 horsepower . While British American , the other pioneer transatlantic steamship company did not submit a tender , the St. George Steam Packet Company , owner of Sirius , bid £ 45 @,@ 000 for a monthly Cork @-@ Halifax service and £ 65 @,@ 000 for a monthly Cork – Halifax – New York service . The Admiralty rejected both tenders because neither bid offered to begin services early enough .
Cunard , who was back in Halifax , unfortunately did not know of the tender until after the deadline . He returned to London and started negotiations with Admiral Parry , who was Cunard 's good friend from when Parry was a young officer stationed in Halifax 20 years earlier . Cunard offered Parry a fortnightly service beginning in May 1840 . While Cunard did not then own a steamship , he had been an investor in an earlier steamship venture , Royal William , and owned coal mines in Nova Scotia . Cunard 's major backer was Robert Napier , who was the Royal Navy 's supplier of steam engines . He also had the strong backing of Nova Scotian political leaders at the time when London needed to rebuild support in British North America after the rebellion .
Over Great Western 's protests , in May 1839 Parry accepted Cunard 's tender of £ 55 @,@ 000 for a three @-@ ship Liverpool – Halifax service with an extension to Boston and a supplementary service to Montreal . The annual subsidy was later raised £ 81 @,@ 000 to add a fourth ship and departures from Liverpool were to be monthly during the winter and fortnightly for the rest of the year . Parliament investigated Great Western 's complaints , and upheld the Admiralty 's decision . Napier and Cunard recruited other investors including businessmen James Donaldson , Sir George Burns , and David MacIver . In May 1840 , just before the first ship was ready , they formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company with initial capital of £ 270 @,@ 000 , later increased to £ 300 @,@ 000 . ( £ 24 @,@ 428 @,@ 873 in 2015 ) , Cunard supplied £ 55 @,@ 000 . Burns supervised ship construction , McIver was responsible for day @-@ to @-@ day operations , and Cunard was the " first among equals ' in the management structure . When MacIver died in 1845 , his younger brother Charles assumed his responsibilities for the next 35 years . ( For more detail of the first investors in the Cunard Line and also the early life of Charles Maciver , see Liverpool Nautical Research Society 's Second Merseyside Maritime History , pp. 33 – 37 1991 . )
In May 1840 the coastal paddle steamer Unicorn made the company 's first voyage to Halifax to begin the supplementary service to Montreal . Two months later the first of the four ocean @-@ going steamers of the Britannia Class , departed Liverpool . By coincidence , the steamer ’ s departure had patriotic significance on both sides of the Atlantic : she was named the Britannia , and sailed on July 4 . Even on her maiden voyage , however , her performance indicated that the new era she heralded would be much more beneficial for Britain than the US . At a time when the typical packet ship might take several weeks to cross the Atlantic , the Britannia reached Halifax in 12 days and 10 hours , averaging 8 @.@ 5 knots ( 15 @.@ 7 km / h ) , before proceeding to Boston . Such relatively brisk crossings quickly became the norm for the Cunard Line : during 1840 – 41 , mean Liverpool – Halifax times for the quartet were 13 days 6 hours to Halifax and 11 days 4 hours homeward . Two larger ships were quickly ordered , one to replace the Columbia , which sank at Seal Island , Nova Scotia in 1843 without loss of life . By 1845 , steamship lines led by Cunard carried more saloon passengers than the sailing packets . Three years later , the British Government increased the annual subsidy to £ 156 @,@ 000 so that Cunard could double its frequency . Four additional wooden paddlers were ordered and alternate sailings were direct to New York instead of the Halifax @-@ Boston route . The sailing packet lines were now reduced to the immigrant trade .
From the beginning Cunard 's ships used the line 's distinctive red funnel with two or three narrow black bands and black top . It appears that Robert Napier was responsible for this feature . His shipyard in Glasgow used this combination previously in 1830 on Thomas Assheton Smith 's private steam yacht " Menai " . The renovation of her model by Glasgow Museum of Transport revealed that she had vermilion funnels with black bands and black top .
Cunard 's reputation for safety was one of the significant factors in the firm 's early success . Both the first two transatlantic lines failed after major accidents . British and American collapsed after the President foundered in a gale and Great Western after Great Britain stranded because of a navigation error . Cunard 's orders to his masters were , " Your ship is loaded , take her ; speed is nothing , follow your own road , deliver her safe , bring her back safe – safety is all that is required . " In particular , Charles MacIver 's constant inspections were responsible for the firm 's safety discipline .
= = = New Competition : 1850 – 1879 = = =
In 1850 the American Collins Line and the British Inman Line started new Atlantic steamship services . The American Government supplied Collins with a large annual subsidy to operate four wooden paddlers that were superior to Cunard 's best , as they demonstrated with three Blue Riband @-@ winning voyages between 1850 and 1854 . Meanwhile , Inman showed that iron @-@ hulled , screw propelled steamers of modest speed could be profitable without subsidy . Inman also became the first steamship line to carry steerage passengers . Both of the newcomers suffered major disasters in 1854 . The next year , Cunard put pressure on Collins by commissioning its first iron @-@ hulled paddler , Persia . That pressure may well have been a factor in a second major disaster suffered by the Collins Line , the loss of its steamer Pacific . The Pacific sailed out of Liverpool just a few days before the Persia was due to depart on her maiden voyage , and was never seen again ; it was widely assumed at the time that the captain had pushed his ship to the limit in order to stay ahead of the new Cunarder , and had likely collided with an iceberg during what was a particularly severe winter in the North Atlantic . A few months later the Persia inflicted a further blow to the Collins Line , regaining the Blue Riband with a Liverpool – New York voyage of 9 days 16 hours , averaging 13 @.@ 11 knots ( 24 @.@ 28 km / h ) .
During the Crimean War Cunard supplied 11 ships for war service . Every British North Atlantic route was suspended until 1856 except Cunard 's Liverpool @-@ Halifax @-@ Boston service . While Collins ' fortunes improved because of the lack of competition during the war , it collapsed in 1858 after its subsidy for carrying mail across the Atlantic was reduced by the US Congress . Cunard emerged as the leading carrier of saloon passengers and in 1862 commissioned Scotia , the last paddle steamer to win the Blue Riband . Inman carried more passengers because of its success in the immigrant trade . To compete , in May 1863 Cunard started a secondary Liverpool @-@ New York service with iron @-@ hulled screw steamers that catered for steerage passengers . Beginning with China , the line also replaced the last three wooden paddlers on the New York mail service with iron screw steamers that only carried saloon passengers .
When Cunard died in 1865 , the equally conservative Charles MacIver assumed Cunard 's role . The firm retained its reluctance about change and was overtaken by competitors that more quickly adopted new technology . In 1866 Inman started to build screw propelled express liners that matched Cunard 's premier unit , the Scotia . Cunard responded with its first high speed screw propellered steamer , Russia which was followed by two larger editions . In 1871 both companies faced a new rival when the White Star Line commissioned the Oceanic and her five sisters . The new White Star record @-@ breakers were especially economical because of their use of compound engines . White Star also set new standards for comfort by placing the dining saloon midships and doubling the size of cabins . Inman rebuilt its express fleet to the new standard , but Cunard lagged behind both of its rivals . Throughout the 1870s Cunard passage times were longer than either White Star or Inman .
In 1867 responsibility for mail contracts was transferred back to the Post Office and opened for bid . Cunard , Inman and the German Norddeutscher Lloyd were each awarded one of the three weekly New York mail services . The fortnightly route to Halifax formerly held by Cunard went to Inman . Cunard continued to receive a £ 80 @,@ 000 subsidy ( equivalent to £ 6 @,@ 388 @,@ 398 in 2015 ) , while NDL and Inman were paid sea postage . Two years later the service was rebid and Cunard was awarded a seven @-@ year contract for two weekly New York mail services at £ 70 @,@ 000 per annum . Inman was awarded a seven @-@ year contract for the third weekly New York service at £ 35 @,@ 000 per year .
The Panic of 1873 started a five @-@ year shipping depression that strained the finances of all of the Atlantic competitors . In 1876 the mail contracts expired and the Post Office ended both Cunard 's and Inman 's subsidies . The new contracts were paid on the basis of weight , at a rate substantially higher than paid by the United States Post Office . Cunard 's weekly New York mail sailings were reduced to one and White Star was awarded the third mail sailing . Every Tuesday , Thursday and Saturday a liner from one of the three firms departed Liverpool with the mail for New York .
= = = Cunard Steamship Company Ltd : 1879 – 1934 = = =
To raise additional capital , in 1879 the privately held British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company was reorganised as a public stock corporation , the Cunard Steamship Company , Ltd . Under Cunard 's new chairman , John Burns ( 1839 – 1900 ) , son of one of the firm 's original founders , Cunard commissioned four steel @-@ hulled express liners beginning with Servia of 1881 , the first passenger liner with electric lighting throughout . In 1884 , Cunard purchased the almost new Blue Riband winner Oregon from the Guion Line when that firm defaulted on payments to the shipyard . That year , Cunard also commissioned the record @-@ breakers Umbria and Etruria capable of 19 @.@ 5 knots ( 36 @.@ 1 km / h ) . Starting in 1887 , Cunard 's newly won leadership on the North Atlantic was threatened when Inman and then White Star responded with twin screw record @-@ breakers . In 1893 Cunard countered with two even faster Blue Riband winners , Campania and Lucania , capable of 21 @.@ 8 knots ( 40 @.@ 4 km / h ) .
No sooner had Cunard re @-@ established its supremacy than new rivals emerged . Beginning in the late 1860s several German firms commissioned liners that were almost as fast as the British mail steamers from Liverpool . In 1897 Kaiser Wilhelm der Große of Norddeutscher Lloyd raised the Blue Riband to 22 @.@ 3 knots ( 41 @.@ 3 km / h ) , and was followed by a succession of German record @-@ breakers . Rather than match the new German speedsters , White Star – a rival which Cunard line would merge with – commissioned four very profitable Celtic @-@ class liners of more moderate speed for its secondary Liverpool @-@ New York service . In 1902 White Star joined the well @-@ capitalized American combine , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) , which owned the American Line , including the old Inman Line , and other lines . IMM also had trade agreements with Hamburg – America and Norddeutscher Lloyd .
This was the Dreadnought era and British prestige was at stake . The British Government provided Cunard with an annual subsidy of £ 150 @,@ 000 plus a low interest loan of £ 2 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to £ 243 million in 2015 ) , to pay for the construction of the two superliners , the Blue Riband winners Lusitania and Mauretania , capable of 26 @.@ 0 knots ( 48 @.@ 2 km / h ) . In 1903 the firm started a Fiume – New York service with calls at Italian ports and Gibraltar . The next year Cunard commissioned two ships to compete directly with the Celtic @-@ class liners on the secondary Liverpool @-@ New York route . In 1911 Cunard entered the St Lawrence trade by purchasing the Thompson line , and absorbed the Royal line five years later .
Not to be outdone , both White Star and Hamburg – America each ordered a trio of superliners . The White Star Olympic @-@ class liners at 21 @.@ 5 knots ( 39 @.@ 8 km / h ) and the Hapag Imperator @-@ class liners at 22 @.@ 5 knots ( 41 @.@ 7 km / h ) were larger and more luxurious than the Cunarders , but not as fast . Cunard also ordered a new ship , Aquitania , capable of 24 @.@ 0 knots ( 44 @.@ 4 km / h ) , to complete the Liverpool mail fleet . Events prevented the expected competition between the three sets of superliners . White Star 's Titanic sank on its maiden voyage , both White Star 's Britannic and Cunard 's Lusitania were war losses , and the three Hapag super @-@ liners were handed over to the Allied powers as war reparations .
In 1916 Cunard Line completed its European headquarters in Liverpool , moving in on 12 June of that year . The grand neo @-@ Classical Cunard Building was the third of Liverpool 's Three Graces . The headquarters were used by Cunard until the 1960s .
Due to First World War losses , Cunard began a post @-@ war rebuilding programme including eleven intermediate liners . It acquired the former Hapag Imperator ( renamed the Berengaria ) to replace the lost Lusitania as the running mate for Mauretania and Aquitania , and Southampton replaced Liverpool as the British destination for the three @-@ ship express service . By 1926 Cunard 's fleet was larger than before the war , and White Star was in decline , having been sold by IMM .
Despite the dramatic reduction in North Atlantic passengers caused by the shipping depression beginning in 1929 , the Germans , Italians and the French commissioned new " ships of state " prestige liners . The German Bremen took the Blue Riband at 27 @.@ 8 knots ( 51 @.@ 5 km / h ) in 1933 , the Italian Rex recorded 28 @.@ 9 knots ( 53 @.@ 5 km / h ) on a westbound voyage the same year , and the French Normandie crossed the Atlantic in just under four days at 30 @.@ 58 knots ( 56 @.@ 63 km / h ) in 1937 . In 1930 Cunard ordered an 80 @,@ 000 ton liner that was to be the first of two record @-@ breakers fast enough to fit into a two @-@ ship weekly Southampton @-@ New York service . Work on hull 534 was halted in 1931 because of the economic conditions .
= = = Cunard @-@ White Star Ltd : 1934 – 1949 = = =
In 1934 , both the Cunard Line and the White Star Line were experiencing financial difficulties . David Kirkwood , MP for Clydebank where the unfinished hull 534 had been sitting idle for two and a half years , made a passionate plea in the House of Commons for funding to finish the ship and restart the dormant British economy . The government offered Cunard a loan of £ 3 million to complete hull 534 and an additional £ 5 million to build a second ship , if Cunard merged with White Star . The merger was accomplished by forming a new company , Cunard White Star , Ltd with Cunard owning about two @-@ thirds of the capital . Due to the surplus tonnage of the new combined Cunard White Star fleet many of the older liners were sent to the scrapyard ; these included the ex @-@ Cunard liner Mauretania and the ex @-@ White Star liners Olympic and Homeric . In 1936 the ex @-@ White Star Majestic was sold when hull 534 , now named Queen Mary , replaced her in the express mail service . Queen Mary reached 30 @.@ 99 knots ( 57 @.@ 39 km / h ) on her 1938 Blue Riband voyage . Cunard @-@ White Star started construction on Queen Elizabeth , and a smaller ship , the second Mauretania , joined the fleet and could also be used on the Atlantic run when one of the Queens was in drydock . The ex @-@ Cunard liner Berengaria was sold for scrap in 1938 after a series of fires .
During the 1939 – 45 Second World War the Queens carried over two million servicemen and were credited by Churchill as helping to shorten the war by a year . All four of the large Cunard @-@ White Star express liners , the two Queens , Aquitania and Mauretania survived , but many of the secondary ships were lost . Both Lancastria and Laconia were sunk with heavy loss of life .
In 1947 Cunard purchased White Star 's interest , and by 1949 the company had dropped the White Star name and was renamed Cunard Line . Also in 1947 the company commissioned five freighters and two cargo liners . Caronia , was completed in 1949 as a permanent cruise liner and Aquitania was retired the next year . Cunard was in an especially good position to take advantage of the increase in North Atlantic travel during the 1950s and the Queens were a major generator of US currency for Great Britain . Cunard 's slogan , " Getting there is half the fun " , was specifically aimed at the tourist trade . Beginning in 1954 , Cunard took delivery of four new 22 @,@ 000 @-@ GRT intermediate liners for the Canadian route and the Liverpool @-@ New York route . The last White Star motor ship , Britannic of 1930 , remained in service until 1960 .
In 1960 a government @-@ appointed committee recommended the construction of project Q3 , a conventional 75 @,@ 000 GRT liner to replace Queen Mary . Under the plan , the government would lend Cunard the majority of the liner 's cost . However , some Cunard stockholders questioned the plan at the June 1961 board meeting because trans @-@ Atlantic flights were gaining in popularity . By 1963 the plan had been changed to a dual @-@ purpose 55 @,@ 000 GRT ship designed to cruise in the off @-@ season . Ultimately , this ship came into service in 1969 as the 70 @,@ 300 GRT Queen Elizabeth 2 .
Within ten years of the introduction of jet airliners in 1958 , most of the conventional Atlantic liners were gone . Mauretania was retired in 1965 , the Queen Mary and Caronia in 1967 , and the Queen Elizabeth in 1968 . Two of the new intermediate liners were sold by 1970 and the other two were converted to cruise ships . Cunard tried operating scheduled air services to North America , the Caribbean and South America by forming BOAC @-@ Cunard Ltd in 1962 with the British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC ) , but this venture lasted only until 1966 .
= = = Trafalgar House years : 1971 – 1998 = = =
In 1971 , when the line was purchased by the conglomerate Trafalgar House , Cunard operated cargo and passenger ships , hotels and resorts . Its cargo fleet consisted of 42 ships in service , with 20 on order . The flagship of the passenger fleet was the two @-@ year @-@ old Queen Elizabeth 2 . The fleet also included the remaining two intermediate liners from the 1950s , plus two purpose @-@ built cruise ships on order . Trafalgar acquired two additional cruise ships and disposed of the intermediate liners and most of the cargo fleet . During the Falklands War , QE2 and Cunard Countess were chartered as troopships while Cunard 's container ship Atlantic Conveyor was sunk by an Exocet missile .
Cunard acquired the Norwegian America Line in 1983 , with two classic ocean liner / cruise ships . Also in 1983 , the Trafalgar attempted a hostile takeover of P & O , another large passenger and cargo shipping line , which was formed the same year as Cunard . P & O objected and forced the issue to the British Monopolies and Mergers Commission . In their filing , P & O was critical of Trafalgar 's management of Cunard and their failure to correct QE2 's mechanical problems . In 1984 , the Commission ruled in favour of the merger , but Trafalgar decided against proceeding . In 1988 , Cunard acquired Ellerman Lines and its small fleet of cargo vessels , organising the business as Cunard @-@ Ellerman , however , only a few years later , Cunard decided to abandon the cargo business and focus solely on cruise ships . Cunard 's cargo fleet was sold off between 1989 and 1991 , with a single container ship , the second Atlantic Conveyor , remaining under Cunard ownership until 1996 . In 1993 , Cunard entered into a 10 @-@ year agreement to handle marketing , sales and reservations for the Crown Cruise Line , and its three vessels joined the Cunard fleet under the Cunard Crown banner . In 1994 Cunard purchased the rights to the name of the Royal Viking Line and its Royal Viking Sun . The rest of Royal Viking Line 's fleet stayed with the line 's owner , Norwegian Cruise Line .
By the mid @-@ 1990s Cunard was ailing . The company was embarrassed in late 1994 when the QE2 experienced numerous defects during the first voyage of the season because of unfinished renovation work . Claims from passengers cost the company US $ 13 million . After Cunard reported a US $ 25 million loss in 1995 , Trafalgar assigned a new CEO to the line , who concluded that the company had management issues . In 1996 the Norwegian conglomerate Kværner acquired Trafalgar House , and attempted to sell Cunard . When there were no takers , Kværner made substantial investments to turn around the company 's tarnished reputation .
= = = Carnival : from 1998 = = =
In 1998 , the cruise line conglomerate Carnival Corporation acquired 68 % of Cunard for US $ 425 million . The next year Carnival acquired the remaining stock for US $ 205 million . Ultimately , Carnival sued Kværner claiming that the ships were in worse condition than represented and Kværner agreed to refund USD $ 50 million to Carnival . Each of Carnival 's cruise lines is designed to appeal to a different market , and Carnival was interested in rebuilding Cunard as a luxury brand trading on its British traditions . Under the slogan " Advancing Civilization Since 1840 , " Cunard 's advertising campaign sought to emphasise the elegance and mystique of ocean travel . Only the QE2 and Caronia continued under the Cunard brand and the company started Project Queen Mary to build a new ocean liner / cruise ship for the transatlantic route .
By 2001 Carnival was the largest cruise company , followed by Royal Caribbean and P & O Princess Cruises , which had recently separated from its parent P & O. When Royal Caribbean and P & O Princess agreed to merge , Carnival countered with a hostile takeover bid for P & O Princess . Carnival rejected the idea of selling Cunard to resolve antitrust issues with the acquisition . European and US regulators approved the merger without requiring Cunard 's sale . After the merger was completed , Carnival moved Cunard 's headquarters to the offices of Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita , California so that administrative , financial and technology services could be combined .
With the opening of Carnival House in Southampton in 2009 , executive control of Cunard Line was subsequently transferred from Carnival Corporation in the United States , to Carnival UK , the primary operating company of Carnival plc . As the UK @-@ listed holding company of the group , Carnival plc had executive control of all Carnival Group activities in the UK , with the headquarters of all UK @-@ based brands , including Cunard , in offices at Carnival House .
In 2004 the 36 @-@ year @-@ old QE2 was replaced on the North Atlantic by Queen Mary 2 . Caronia was sold and QE2 continued to cruise until she was retired in 2008 . In 2007 Cunard added a large cruise ship , Queen Victoria . She is not a sister for the QM2 , being ordered by Carnival as a Vista class cruise ship for the Holland America Line . To reinforce Cunard traditions , the QV has a small museum on board . Cunard commissioned a second Vista class cruise ship , Queen Elizabeth in 2010 .
In 2010 Cunard appointed its first female commander , Captain Inger Klein Olsen .
In 2011 all three Cunard ships in service changed vessel registry to Hamilton , Bermuda , the first time in the 171 @-@ year history of the company that it had no ships registered in the United Kingdom . The captains of ships registered in Bermuda , but not in the UK , can marry couples at sea ; weddings at sea are a lucrative market .
On 25 May 2015 , the three Cunard ocean liners - Queen Mary 2 , Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria - sailed up the Mersey into Liverpool to commemorate the 175th anniversary of Cunard . The ships performed manoeuvres , including 180 @-@ degree turns , as the Red Arrows performed a flypast . Just over a year later Queen Elizabeth returned to Liverpool under Captain Olsen to take part in the celebrations of the centenary of the Cunard Building on 2 June 2016 .
= = Fleet = =
The Cunard fleet , all built for Cunard unless otherwise indicated , consisted of the following ships in order of acquisition :
= = = 1840 – 1850 = = =
All ships of this period had wooden hulls and paddle wheels
= = = 1850 – 1879 = = =
Only Arabia had a wooden hull and only Arabia , Persia and Scotia had paddle wheels
= = = 1879 – 1934 = = =
= = = 1934 – 1971 = = =
See also : White Star Line 's Olympic , Homeric , Majestic , Doric , Laurentic , Britannic and Georgic
= = = 1971 – 1998 = = =
= = = 1998 @-@ current = = =
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= Chris Massey ( lacrosse ) =
Christopher G. " Chris " Massey is a retired lacrosse attackman who played professional field lacrosse in the Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1995 through 1998 , where he earned three United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American recognitions , four Ivy League championships , and three national championships . He holds the Princeton lacrosse scoring records for consecutive games with a goal and ranks second in career goals . As a professional , he paid his way through law school as the MLL 's only part @-@ time law student / lawyer . In high school he was a two @-@ time All @-@ American and a state champion .
= = Background = =
Massey is from Garden City , New York on Long Island . Massey was a member of the Garden City High School New York State Public High School Athletic Association Class B lacrosse championship team in 1994 . At Garden City , Massey was a two @-@ time high school All @-@ American in lacrosse .
= = College career = =
Massey was part of a trio of revered attackmen who were Princeton classmates along with Jesse Hubbard and Jon Hess . As starters , the trio of All @-@ Americans , which retired second ( Hess ) , third ( Hubbard ) and fourth ( Massey ) career points at Princeton , had a 43 – 2 record and combined for 618 points . He was a second team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 1998 and third team selection in 1996 and 1997 . He was also first team All @-@ Ivy League in 1997 and 1998 and an honorable mention selection in 1996 . The 1995 team , which earned the school 's sixth consecutive NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitation , was Ivy League co @-@ champion , while the 1996 – 1998 teams were 6 – 0 undefeated outright conference champions . These undefeated league champions won the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to threepeat since Syracuse from 1988 – 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 – 80 .
In the 1996 NCAA championship quarterfinals , he scored five goals in the 22 – 6 victory over Towson State . In the 1996 semifinals , he scored a game @-@ high six goals in an 11 – 9 victory over Syracuse , including a key goal after Syracuse tied the score at 9 . In the 1997 semifinals , he scored a game @-@ high three goals in the 10 – 9 come @-@ from @-@ behind victory over Duke , including the tenth one as they erased a 9 – 7 deficit . He scored three goals in the 19 – 7 1997 championship game victory against Maryland . The 1997 team is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15 – 0 season . He served as co @-@ captain of the 1998 team , and he scored a goal during the 1998 Championship game against Maryland . Massey holds the Princeton record for consecutive games with a goal ( 46 ) and remains second to Hubbard in career goals ( 146 vs. 163 ) at Princeton .
= = Professional career = =
Massey played with the New York Saints during the 1999 and 2000 NLL seasons . Although the MLL has many part @-@ time players who work in other professions on off days , Massey was the first lawyer . Massey began his MLL career with the Boston Cannons during the 2001 MLL season after being drafted in the third round of the 2001 MLL Inaugural Team Draft . Massey joined the New Jersey Pride later that season and played with them during the 2002 MLL season as well . He then played with the Long Island Lizards from 2003 through 2007 after they acquired him along with Jay Jalbert . He finished his career at the end of the 2007 season with the Los Angeles Riptide . The Lizards considered him to be the 16th best player and the trade to acquire him to be " perhaps the greatest trade " in the franchise 's first ten seasons . Massey helped the Lizards win the 2003 MLL Steinfeld Cup championship . He works in the corporate litigation department at the New York and New Jersey offices of Bressler , Amery & Ross . After graduating from Princeton , in 1998 , he started at Brooklyn Law School in 2001 and worked at Bressler for the first two summers . He passed the New York and New Jersey bar examinations during the 2004 MLL season and subsequently began full @-@ time employment at Bressler in September 2004 .
= = Personal = =
Massey was a regular surfer on the Jersey Shore during his time at Princeton .
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= Action of 30 May 1798 =
The Action of 30 May 1798 was a minor naval engagement between a small British squadron and a small French squadron off the coast of Normandy , France during the French Revolutionary Wars . A British blockadeing force , which had been conducting patrols in the region in the aftermath of the battle of St Marcou earlier in the month , encountered two French vessels attempting to sail unnoticed between Le Havre and Cherbourg . Closing with the French , the British commander Sir Francis Laforey sought to bring the French ships to battle as they attempted to turn back to Le Havre before the British squadron could attack . The French were unable to escape , and Laforey 's ship , the fifth rate HMS Hydra , engaged the French corvette Confiante , while two smaller British ships chased the Vésuve .
After a brief exchange of fire , their crews ran both French ships onshore close to the mouth of the River Dives , where several of the landing barges that had survived the attack on the British @-@ held Îles Saint @-@ Marcouf were sheltering . Confiante was badly damaged and boarding parties from Hydra and the other ships were able to board and burn her the following morning . Vésuve had suffered less than the Confiante and troops onshore were able to protect her from further attack until her crew could bring her into the nearby harbour of Sallenelles . There she was repaired and eventually she returned to Le Havre .
= = Background = =
By 1798 the British Royal Navy had successfully contained the French Navy within its own harbours , employing a strategy of close blockade to ensure dominance at sea during the French Revolutionary Wars . The strategy was particularly effective in the English Channel , where the proximity of British bases and the importance in limiting the movements of the French invasion forces stationed around Boulogne focused British attention on the Normandy coast . This was essential to prevent the concentration of a large force of invasion barges that had been constructed at various harbours under the guidance of a Captain Muskein . To improve the Royal Navy 's ability to observe French movements on the Normandy coast , a force under the command of Captain Sir Sidney Smith seized , garrisoned , and fortified the uninhabited Îles Saint @-@ Marcouf in 1795 .
During the spring of 1798 , Muskein concentrated over 50 of the landing barges in Saint @-@ Vaast @-@ la @-@ Hougue and on 6 May launched an attack on the Îles Saint @-@ Marcouf while a combination of wind and tide prevented the blockade squadron from intervening . The fortified islands were too well @-@ defended however and over 900 French soldiers died in the ensuing battle before the French abandoned the attack . The French subsequently dispersed the remaining landing barges to various ports on the Normandy coast . In response the Royal Navy increased its patrols in the region with the intention of intercepting the convoys and destroying the barges . French movements along the coast were not solely confined to landing barges : on 29 May 1798 two warships , the 20 or 24 @-@ gun Confiante under captain de vaisseau Etienne Pévrieu , and the 20 @-@ gun Vésuve under lieutenant de vaisseau Jean @-@ Baptiste @-@ Louis Lecolier , sailed from Le Havre , travelling westwards across the Baie de la Seine to Cherbourg , accompanied by a small , armed cutter .
= = Battle of 30 May = =
= = = Engagement at sea = = =
On the morning of 30 May , a British squadron sailing off La Havre spotted the French ships pulling to the west and gave chase , Captain Laforey leading in the 38 @-@ gun HMS Hydra , followed by the bomb vessel HMS Vesuvius , under Captain Robert Fitzgerald , and the 12 @-@ gun cutter HMS Trial , under Lieutenant Henry Garrett . Discovering the British in pursuit , Pevrieux ordered his squadron to retreat towards the shore , tacking in front of Hydra and opening an ineffective fire at long range . Laforey continued his approach , and a 06 : 00 successfully tacked Hydra into a position between Confiante and Vésuve , which had turned back towards the shore . Although the British frigate came under fire from both French ships , their attacks had little impact . Laforey was able to concentrate his broadside against Vésuve and rapidly forced the French corvette to turn inshore , pursued by Vesuvius and Trial . Laforey then set off in pursuit of Confiante , which was attempting to turn back towards Le Havre . The French cutter was unable to escape the British pursuit and its crew deliberately drove it ashore near the mouth of the Dives River .
At 06 : 30 , Hydra caught up with Pevrieux on the Confiante and began a heavy fire , which the French warship returned when possible . The exchange continued for 45 minutes until 07 : 15 , when Confiante , having suffered serious damage , drove aground on a sandbank near Beuzeval , a village a short distance to the west of the mouth of the Dives . As Confiante struck the sandbank , her mainmast collapsed , rending further manoeuvre under hostile fire impossible . Vésuve too drove ashore to avoid the British attack , Lieutenant Lecolier managing to beach his ship within the Dives estuary itself . As the rising tide brought the corvette off the beach , Lecolier made a brief attempt to escape westwards towards Caen , but Trial and Vesuvius were alert and drove Vésuve back to the shore . There the two small British vessels opened up a distant fire on the corvette , as did Hydra to the west against Confiante . At 09 : 30 , the falling tide forced the British ships to retreat off @-@ shore , Laforey gathering his vessels approximately 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northeast of the beached French convoy .
= = = Attack by boats = = =
During the day , the French strengthened the positions of both battered ships , soldiers from the surrounding area gathering on the beaches to deter any boat attacks on the grounded vessels . Among the soldiers were men taken from several of Muskein 's landing barges that were sheltering in the Dives River . These troops were identified by Trial , which briefly closed with Confiante to determine her condition and was fired on by the remaining guns in operation on the frigate . With their evacuation covered from the shore , most of the crew were removed from Confiante , including all the wounded . The French eventually abandoned the wrecked corvette in the evening . Vésuve was in better condition and remained well protected . Her crew shored up their vessel at low tide to prevent her falling over and prepared to heave the ship off as the tide rose . Due to the strong French military presence , Laforey decided to delay any operation against the beached vessels until circumstances were more favourable .
At 10 : 00 on the morning of 31 May , Laforey sent the boats from his squadron inshore to attack the grounded Confiante . Coming alongside the wreck at 12 : 45 , the British boarding party , under Lieutenants George Acklom and William J. Simonds , found no one alive on the ship , but counted a large number of French dead still on board . Removing the French colours and paperwork , the boarding party started fires in the bow and stern of the corvette before withdrawing , despite a steady but ineffective musket fire from French troops overlooking the beach and a force of cavalry moving along the shore . The fire rapidly destroyed Confiante and the British boarding party retired without casualties .
As the British attack proceeded against Confiante , the crew of Vésuve succeeded in refloating her and soon had their ship anchored under the protection of gun batteries at Sallenelles . These defences were augmented by additional batteries set up by 200 soldiers under Captain Muskein , drawn from the barges that had been trapped in the town by the British blockade . By the time Confiante had been destroyed , the mouth of the Dives had been heavily fortified and even the arrival of the 38 @-@ gun frigate HMS Diamond under Captain Sir Richard Strachan on 1 June was insufficient to counterbalance French numerical superiority . Eventually Laforey was forced to retire from the blockade of Sallenelles , and while he was absent Vésuve managed to get underway and reach Le Havre without further incident .
= = Aftermath = =
French casualties in the engagement are uncertain due to the circumstances of Confiante 's destruction , but based on Acklom 's report from the boarding party they were believed to be heavy . British losses were negligible , with not one man killed or seriously wounded and only minor damage inflicted on Hydra and none on the smaller vessels . The conduct of Lieutenant Lecolier was the subject of much criticism in France after the battle ; in the French history Victories et Conquêtes , Lecolier was accused of failing to support Pevrieux and grounding his ship while the outcome of the battle was still undecided . British historian William James is less critical of Lecolier , focusing much of the blame for the French defeat on the more senior Pevrieux . The restriction of French movement along their own coastline had serious effects for the development of the French forces in the region and played a significant role in the failure of the French to pose a realistic invasion threat to Britain .
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= Disgraced =
Disgraced is a 2012 play by novelist and screenwriter Ayad Akhtar . It premiered in Chicago and has had Off @-@ Broadway and Off West End engagements . The play , which won the 2013 Pulitzer Prize for Drama , opened on Broadway at the Lyceum Theater , with previews that began on September 27 , 2014 . Disgraced has also been recognized with a 2012 Joseph Jefferson Award for New Work – Play or Musical and a 2013 Obie Award for Playwriting . It is Akhtar 's first stage play . The 2014 Broadway transfer earned a Tony Award for Best Play nomination in 2015 .
The play is centered on sociopolitical themes such as Islamophobia and the self @-@ identity of Muslim @-@ American citizens . It focuses on a dinner party between four people with very different backgrounds . As discussion turns to politics and religion , the mood quickly becomes heated . Described as a " combustible powder keg of identity politics , " the play depicts racial and ethnic prejudices that " secretly persist in even the most progressive cultural circles . " It is also said to depict the challenge for upwardly mobile Muslim Americans in the post @-@ 9 / 11 America . Productions have included performances by Aasif Mandvi and Erik Jensen .
= = Plot = =
In the 90 @-@ minute , one @-@ act play , lawyer Amir Kapoor and his wife Emily host an Upper East Side dinner . Amir is an American @-@ born , Muslim @-@ raised Manhattan mergers and acquisitions lawyer , while Emily is an up @-@ and @-@ coming artist who focuses on Islamic themes in her art . Amir has cast aside his Muslim heritage for the sake of his career , but is at times drawn toward it nonetheless . Emily , who has an affinity for Islamic artistic traditions , serves as his muse and an influence on his Islamic connection . Prior to the dinner , Amir , who is on the partner track , becomes involved in a controversial case . Amir 's assimilated nephew , Abe ( born Hussein Malik ) , has concerns regarding the propriety of the arrest of a local imam who is imprisoned on charges that may be trumped @-@ up of financing terrorist @-@ supporting groups , leading him to question whether it is religious persecution . Emily encourages the reluctant Amir to appear in court in support of the imam , in an unofficial capacity that gets mentioned in The New York Times . The case becomes dinner conversation when he hosts Jory , a colleague from work , and her husband , Isaac , who is Emily 's Jewish art dealer . In all , the dinner table assembly includes an ex @-@ Muslim , an African @-@ American , a Jew and a WASP dining over the topic of religious faith . The conversation touches upon " Islamic and Judaic tradition , the Quran and the Talmud , racial profiling and September 11 and the Taliban and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Benjamin Netanyahu " as tensions mount .
= = Cast = =
On November 2 , 2011 , the Chicago cast was announced . It included Usman Ally , Alana Arenas and Behzad Dabu . Ally played Amir , Arenas played Jory , Dabu played Abe , Benim Foster played Isaac and Lee Stark played Emily , starting with previews on January 27 , 2012 , and then the official debut on January 30 . The Chicago production creative team included fight choreographer David Woolley , set designer Jack Magaw , lighting designer Christine Binder , costume designer Janice Pytel , prop designer Nick Heggestad , sound designer Kevin O ’ Donnell and production stage manager Katie Klemme .
On July 26 , 2012 , the Off @-@ Broadway cast was announced as Aasif Mandvi , Heidi Armbruster , Adam Dannheisser , Omar Maskati and Karen Pittman . At the time , Mandvi was a correspondent for Comedy Central 's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . Other creative team members were sets designer Lauren Helpern , costume designer Dane Laffrey , lighting designer Tyler Micoleau and sound designer Jill BC DuBoff . The show began previews with Dannheisser on October 7 , but Erik Jensen replaced him on October 10 after an illness with opening night scheduled for October 22 . It was directed both at the American Theater Company in Chicago and at LCT3 / Lincoln Center Theater in New York by Kimberly Senior , who is also set to direct its Broadway run in 2014 . The New York production opened at the Claire Tow Theater at Lincoln Center in New York on October 22 , 2012 , with the following cast : Heidi Armbruster as Emily , Erik Jensen as Isaac , Aasif Mandvi as Amir , Omar Maskati as Abe , and Karen Pittman as Jory . The Off West End cast , which was directed by Nadia Fall , consisted of Danny Ashok , Kirsty Bushell , Hari Dhillon , Sara Powell and Nigel Whitmey .
The Broadway production was originated by Hari Dhillon and Danny Ashok reprising their Off West End roles as Amir and Abe , respectively , Karen Pittman reprising her Off @-@ Broadway role as Jory as well as Josh Radnor as Isaac and Gretchen Mol as Emily . Kimberly Senior , who directed the Chicago and Off @-@ Broadway productions signed on to direct . She was joined on the creative team by John Lee Beatty ( set ) , Jennifer von Mayrhauser ( costumes ) , Ken Posner ( lighting ) and Jill DuBoff ( sound ) .
The following tables show the casts of the principal original productions :
= = Production history = =
Akhtar is a first generation Pakistani @-@ American born in New York City and raised in Milwaukee . He had previously written and starred in the 2005 film The War Within , in which he portrayed a Pakistani engineering student who became a terrorist . He has studied at Brown University and Columbia University . He had also written the 2012 novel American Dervish , which studies " the Muslim religious experience in America " . The son of two foreign @-@ born doctors , he had spent a decade exploring dual identity before writing this play . In order to write this play , Akhtar decided to write from his own experiences . He stated that at a metaphorical level to write this play he had to " turn and look over my shoulder at what I was running away from . And at that moment there was an explosion of creativity . "
Disgraced was originally scheduled at the American Theater Company in Chicago , Illinois , to run February 3 — March 4 , 2012 , with an official debut of February 6 . Eventually the run was moved forward one week to January 27 — February 26 , 2012 , with an official January 30 debut . On February 21 , its run was extended in Chicago until Mar 11 , 2012 .
It made its New York debut of its Off @-@ Broadway run at LCT3 / Lincoln Center Theater with an October 22 , 2012 , premiere and was scheduled to run until November 18 before being extended until December 2 . Hurricane Sandy caused the cancellation of the October 28 and 29 evening performances but not the October 28 matinee . On November 1 , it was extended again until December 23 .
On February 6 , 2013 , the London premiere of the play was announced as an Off West End opening at the Bush Theatre , beginning in May 2013 under the direction of Nadia Fall . Its previews were scheduled to begin on May 17 before opening on May 22 and running until June 15 . On March 15 , Disgraced was extended until June 22 . The play opened as scheduled on May 22 . That July , the producer Matthew Rego announced that the show was being considered for a Broadway run during the 2013 – 14 season . On June 10 , 2014 , was announced to have a Broadway run starting on October 23 , following previews beginning September 27 at the Lyceum Theatre .
= = On Broadway = =
Disgraced began its limited run on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre with preview performances on September 27 . Opening night was October 23 , 2014 with an original announced run lasting until February 15 , 2015 . In January , the closure of the engagement was announced for March 1 . Direction is by Kimberly Senior , sets by John Lee Beatty , costumes by Jennifer von Mayrhauser and lighting by Ken Posner . The cast includes Danny Ashok , Hari Dhillon , Gretchen Mol , Karen Pittman , and Josh Radnor .
= = Critical commentary = =
Charles Isherwood of The New York Times , who saw the Off @-@ Broadway production in 2012 , said it was " a continuously engaging , vitally engaged play " that " bristles with wit and intelligence " and " puts contemporary attitudes toward religion under a microscope , revealing how tenuous self @-@ image can be for people born into one way of being who have embraced another . " Isherwood selected the play as one of his year @-@ end Ten Best Plays of 2012 . David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter also selected it as among his Ten Best in New York Theater 2012 , writing that Akhtar " staked a claim as one of the boldest voices to appear on the playwriting scene in recent years with this stinging swipe at the fallacy of the post @-@ racial nation . "
Of the Chicago production at American Theater company , Chicago Tribune theatre critic Chris Jones praised the show as " intensely arresting . " Time Out Chicago 's Kris Vire called the play " a compact , stunning gut punch addressing the cultural affinities some of us are allowed to escape and those we aren 't . " However , Chicago Sun @-@ Times critic Hedy Weiss noted that the plays five characters were all " identity @-@ warped " , and the show was a " minefield ... that feels all too deliberately booby @-@ trapped by the playwright . " The play won the Jeff Award — honoring excellence in Chicago Theater — for Best New Play in Chicago 2012 .
Entertainment Weekly critic Thom Geier suggested that the ending was underdeveloped , but that the play was well @-@ executed : " Akhtar packs a lot into his scenes , in terms of both coincidence @-@ heavy personal drama and talky disquisitions on religion and politics , but he usually manages to pull back from the edge of too @-@ muchness . There is an admirable restraint to director Kimberly Senior 's well @-@ paced scenes . Mandvi , best known for his comedy , has a surprisingly commanding stage presence and captures the full range of his character 's internal conflicts . "
= = Themes = =
National Public Radio describes the play thematically as one that " tackles Islamophobia and questions of Muslim @-@ American identity " . Isherwood noted : " As two couples exchange observations about faith and politics in the modern world , the intellectual thickets they find themselves in become increasingly tangled . " More specifically he said , it is a play " about thorny questions of identity and religion in the contemporary world , with an accent on the incendiary topic of how radical Islam and the terrorism it inspires have affected the public discourse . " Kapoor has " rejected his Muslim upbringing ( and even his surname ) to better assimilate into his law firm , but he still feels the occasional tug of Islam " . Geier wrote : " Disgraced offers an engaging snapshot of the challenge for upwardly mobile Islamic Americans in the post @-@ 9 / 11 age . " According to The Guardian ' s Stephen Moss , the play comes to a head as the protagonist " tries to come to terms with his multiple identity – American v Asian , Muslim v secularist , passive observer of injustice v activist " . Although Amir has an affinity for $ 600 shirts with obscenely high thread counts , his home dinner party is set in his apartment which is " spare and tasteful with subtle flourishes of the Orient " .
During interviews following the Pulitzer announcement , Akhtar said that the play 's title has both a literal and a metaphorical meaning . Literally , Amir plays out his disgrace in almost real time before the audience . Metaphorically , Akhtar says " There are ways that the colonial history of the West is still playing out in the Muslim world . The events that comprise that history — a disgrace of native peoples , as it were — is still very much a part of our contemporary moment . "
= = Awards and nominations = =
The Chicago production received four Joseph Jefferson Awards nominations for the August 1 , 2011 , and July 31 , 2012 , theatrical productions season on August 21 . Disgraced was recognized as the Best New Work – Play or Musical on October 15 , 2012 .
In its description of the play , the 2013 Pulitzer Prize for Drama committee described it as " a moving play that depicts a successful corporate lawyer painfully forced to consider why he has for so long camouflaged his Pakistani Muslim heritage . " The Pulitzer jury was headed by The Washington Post 's theater critic Peter Marks . Playwright Donald Margulies , Princeton University professor Jill Dolan , critic John Fleming and critic Alexis Soloski were also on the jury .
On April 3 , Aasif Mandvi earned a 2013 Lucille Lortel Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor . On April 22 Ayad Akhtar received an Outer Critics Circle Award nomination for the John Gassner Award . Akhtar won a 2013 Obie Award for Playwriting on May 20 . On May 8 , the production was nominated for a 2013 Off @-@ Broadway Alliance Award for Best New Play . It lost to Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike on May 21 .
On April 28 , 2015 , the Broadway production was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play at the 69th Tony Awards .
= = = Chicago production = = =
= = = Off @-@ Broadway production = = =
Disgraced 's Off @-@ Broadway premiere competed in the 2012 @-@ 13 season for Off @-@ Broadway awards such as Drama Desk , leaving only new actors and technical staff eligible in the Broadway transfer in 2015 .
= = = Broadway production = = =
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= Ælfhelm of York =
Ælfhelm ( died 1006 ) was the ealdorman of Northumbria , in practice southern Northumbria ( the area around York ) , from about 994 until his death . An ealdorman ( or earl ) was a senior nobleman who governed a province — a shire or group of shires — on behalf of the king . Ælfhelm 's powerful and wealthy family came from Mercia , a territory and former kingdom incorporating most of central England , and he achieved his position despite being an outsider . Ælfhelm first appears in charters as dux ( " ealdorman " ) in about 994 .
Most of Ælfhelm 's subsequent historical appearances record him as a witness to charters , although one notable exception is the will of his brother , Wulfric Spot . According to a 12th @-@ century tradition , Ælfhelm was murdered and his sons blinded in 1006 , by Eadric Streona with the connivance of King ( Æthelred II ) . Ælfhelm 's daughter , Ælfgifu , married Cnut the Great , King of England between 1016 and 1035 , as a result of which Ælfhelm became the grandfather of future English king Harold Harefoot .
= = Origins = =
Ælfhelm was a Mercian , son of Wulfrun , a rich noblewoman who founded Burton Abbey . His father is unknown , but it is thought that he was of lower rank than Wulfrun as Wulfric Spot , Ælfhelm 's brother , is called " Wulfric son of Wulfrun " , suggesting that his status derived mainly from his mother . Wulfric Spot founded Burton Abbey , but little is known about Ælfhelm 's sister , Ælfthryth .
Wulfrun also founded the Minster of St Mary 's at Wolverhampton , a settlement which took her name ( " Wulfrun 's chief settlement " ) . Her earliest association is with Tamworth , when she is mentioned as the only hostage taken after Amlaíb mac Gofraid , Norse @-@ Gael King of Northumbria , captured that city in 940 . It is thought that her lands were mostly in Staffordshire , while most of Wulfric Spot 's lands were in Staffordshire , Derbyshire , and western Warwickshire .
= = Ealdorman of southern Northumbria = =
Ælfhelm begins witnessing charters as dux , i.e. ealdorman , in 994 . He was thought by historian Simon Keynes to have been the same as Prosopography of Anglo @-@ Saxon England ( PASE ) " Ælfhelm 15 " , who witnesses charters as minister , i.e. thegn , from 982 to 990 . Charter appearances earlier , during the reign of Edgar the Peaceable , are possible , but it is impossible to show definitively that earlier thegns with the name Ælfhelm are the same as the future ealdorman of southern Northumbria , the latter only being positively identifiable by his title , dux .
Ælfhelm 's apparent promotion in 994 is thought by some historians , for instance Richard Fletcher , to have been due to the Scandinavian attack on Northumbria in 993 . Under the year 993 , the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle relates that Vikings had invaded Northumbria and sacked Bamburgh , whereupon the southern English raised an army :
Bamburgh was sacked and much booty was captured there , and after that the army came to the mouth of the Humber and did great damage there , both in the Kingdom of Lindsey and in Northumbria . Then a very large English army was collected , and when they should have joined battle , the leaders Fræna , Godwine and Frythegyst , first started the flight .
Fletcher speculated that Ælfhelm 's predecessor Thored , who disappeared from the records at this time , was removed from office and replaced by Ælfhelm by King Æthelred II as a result of his failure against the Scandinavians . Another historian , William Kapelle , believed Thored was removed because of his Scandinavian descent , an argument based on the Worcester Chronicle 's claim , added to the text borrowed from the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , that Fræna , Godwine and Frythegyst fled because " they were Danish on their father 's side " .
= = Wulfric Spot 's will = =
Ælfhelm 's brother , Wulfric Spot , left a will written in Old English , which provides many of the details we know about Ælfhelm . For instance , it gives the names of his two sons , Wulfheah and Ufegeat . It dates to between 1002 and 1004 , and survives in a 12th @-@ century manuscript .
Wulfric granted the lands " between the Ribble and the Mersey , and in the Wirral " to Ælfhelm and his son Wulfheah , on condition that they each pay Burton Abbey 3 @,@ 000 shad at shad season . Wulfric left Ælfhelm Rolleston ( Staffordshire ) , Harlaston ( Staffordshire ) , and Conisbrough ( Yorkshire ) , the last on condition that he gave Burton one third of the fish there . Wulfheah received Barlaston ( Staffordshire ) , Marchington ( Staffordshire ) , and Alvaston ( Derbyshire ) , while Ælfhelm 's other son Ufegeat was given Norton ( Derbyshire ) " in the hope that he may be a better friend and supporter of the monastery [ of Burton ] " . Ælfhelm is asked to protect Burton Abbey and the possessions of Wulfric 's daughter .
= = Death and legacy = =
Little else is recorded about Ealdorman Ælfhelm 's career before his death . Notice of the latter , with the blinding of his two sons , comes in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , which related under the year 1006 :
In this year Archbishop Ælfric died and Bishop Ælfheah succeeded him to the archiepiscopal see . In the same year Wulfgeat was deprived of all his property , and Wulfheah and Ufegeat were blinded and Ealdorman Ælfhelm killed .
The Worcester Chronicle , which for this period consists of entries taken from the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle supplemented with extra information , gives an expanded saga @-@ like version of this account , attributing Ælfhelm 's death to Eadric Streona :
The crafty and treacherous Eadric Streona , plotting to deceive the noble ealdorman Ælfhelm , prepared a great feast for him at Shrewsbury at which , when he came as a guest , Eadric greeted him as if he were an intimate friend . But on the third or fourth day of the feast , when an ambush had been prepared , he took him into the wood to hunt . When all were busy with the hunt , one Godwine Porthund ( which means the town dog ) a Shrewsbury butcher , whom Eadric had dazzled long before with great gifts and many promises so that he might perpetrate the crime , suddenly leapt out from the ambush , and execrably slew the ealdorman Ælfhelm . After a short space of time his sons , Wulfheah and Ufegeat , were blinded , at King Æthelred ’ s command , at Cookham , where he himself was then staying .
This material in the Worcester Chronicle seems to have been part of a lost saga about Eadric Streona , not extant but used by various surviving 11th- and 12th @-@ century sources . Kapelle thought Ælfhelm 's murder , conducted without King Æthelred 's displeasure , was the result of suspect loyalty in the face of Scandinavian invasions .
The sources appear to indicate that Ælfhelm 's successor was Uhtred of Bamburgh , the first magnate in decades to govern northern and southern Northumbria together . The text known as De obsessione Dunelmi ( " On the siege of Durham " ) , relates that Uhtred took power after defeating a Scottish invasion .
As well as his two sons Ælfhelm left a daughter , Ælfgifu of Northampton , by a woman named Wulfrun ; Ælfgifu 's territorial appellation is taken as further evidence that Ælfhelm had territory in the eastern Danelaw . She is perhaps more famous than her father , because at some time between 1013 and 1016 she married Cnut , son of Sweyn Forkbeard , future King of the English . Her son was Harold Harefoot , King of the English .
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= Max Born =
Max Born ( German : [ bɔɐ ̯ n ] ; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970 ) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics . He also made contributions to solid @-@ state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s . Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his " fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics , especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function " .
Born was born in 1882 in Breslau , then in Germany , now in Poland and known as Wrocław . He entered the University of Göttingen in 1904 , where he found the three renowned mathematicians , Felix Klein , David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski . He wrote his Ph.D. thesis on the subject of " Stability of Elastica in a Plane and Space " , winning the University 's Philosophy Faculty Prize . In 1905 , he began researching special relativity with Minkowski , and subsequently wrote his habilitation thesis on the Thomson model of the atom . A chance meeting with Fritz Haber in Berlin in 1918 led to discussion of the manner in which an ionic compound is formed when a metal reacts with a halogen , which is today known as the Born – Haber cycle .
In the First World War , after originally being placed as a radio operator , he was moved to research duties regarding sound ranging due to his specialist knowledge . In 1921 , Born returned to Göttingen , arranging another chair for his long @-@ time friend and colleague James Franck . Under Born , Göttingen became one of the world 's foremost centres for physics . In 1925 , Born and Werner Heisenberg formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics . The following year , he formulated the now @-@ standard interpretation of the probability density function for ψ * ψ in the Schrödinger equation , for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954 . His influence extended far beyond his own research . Max Delbrück , Siegfried Flügge , Friedrich Hund , Pascual Jordan , Maria Goeppert @-@ Mayer , Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim , Robert Oppenheimer , and Victor Weisskopf all received their Ph.D. degrees under Born at Göttingen , and his assistants included Enrico Fermi , Werner Heisenberg , Gerhard Herzberg , Friedrich Hund , Pascual Jordan , Wolfgang Pauli , Léon Rosenfeld , Edward Teller , and Eugene Wigner .
In January 1933 , the Nazi Party came to power in Germany , and Born , who was Jewish , was suspended . He emigrated to Britain , where he took a job at St John 's College , Cambridge , and wrote a popular science book , The Restless Universe , as well as Atomic Physics , which soon became a standard textbook . In October 1936 , he became the Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh , where , working with German @-@ born assistants E. Walter Kellermann and Klaus Fuchs , he continued his research into physics . Max Born became a naturalised British subject on 31 August 1939 , one day before World War II broke out in Europe . He remained at Edinburgh until 1952 . He retired to Bad Pyrmont , in West Germany , and died in a hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970 .
= = Early life = =
Max Born was born on 11 December 1882 in Breslau ( now Wrocław , Poland ) , which at the time of Born 's birth was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia in the German Empire , to a family of Jewish descent . He was one of two children born to Gustav Born , an anatomist and embryologist , who was a professor of embryology at the University of Breslau , and his wife Margarethe ( Gretchen ) née Kauffmann , from a Silesian family of industrialists . She died when Max was four years old , on 29 August 1886 . Max had a sister , Käthe , who was born in 1884 , and a half @-@ brother , Wolfgang , from his father 's second marriage , to Bertha Lipstein . Wolfgang later became Professor of Art History at the City College of New York .
Initially educated at the König @-@ Wilhelm @-@ Gymnasium in Breslau , Born entered the University of Breslau in 1901 . The German university system allowed students to move easily from one university to another , so he spent summer semesters at Heidelberg University in 1902 and the University of Zurich in 1903 . Fellow students at Breslau , Otto Toeplitz and Ernst Hellinger , told Born about the University of Göttingen , and Born went there in April 1904 . At Göttingen he found three renowned mathematicians : David Hilbert , Felix Klein and Hermann Minkowski . Very soon after his arrival , Born formed close ties to the latter two men . From the first class he took with Hilbert , Hilbert identified Born as having exceptional abilities and selected him as the lecture scribe , whose function was to write up the class notes for the students ' mathematics reading room at the University of Göttingen . Being class scribe put Born into regular , invaluable contact with Hilbert , during which time Hilbert 's intellectual largesse benefited Born 's fertile mind . Hilbert became Born 's mentor after selecting him to be the first to hold the unpaid , semi @-@ official position of assistant . Born 's introduction to Minkowski came through Born 's stepmother , Bertha , as she knew Minkowski from dancing classes in Königsberg . The introduction netted Born invitations to the Minkowski household for Sunday dinners . In addition , while performing his duties as scribe and assistant , Born often saw Minkowski at Hilbert 's house .
Born 's relationship with Klein was more problematic . Born attended a seminar conducted by Klein and professors of applied mathematics , Carl Runge and Ludwig Prandtl , on the subject of elasticity . Although not particularly interested in the subject , Born was obliged to present a paper . Using Hilbert 's calculus of variations , he presented one in which , using a curved configuration of a wire with both ends fixed , he demonstrated would be the most stable . Klein was impressed , and invited Born to submit a thesis on the subject of " Stability of Elastica in a Plane and Space " – a subject near and dear to Klein – which Klein had arranged to be the subject for the prestigious annual Philosophy Faculty Prize offered by the University . Entries could also qualify as doctoral dissertations . Born responded by turning down the offer , as applied mathematics was not his preferred area of study . Klein was greatly offended .
Klein had the power to make or break academic careers , so Born felt compelled to atone by submitting an entry for the prize . Because Klein refused to supervise him , Born arranged for Carl Runge to be his supervisor . Woldemar Voigt and Karl Schwarzschild became his other examiners . Starting from his paper , Born developed the equations for the stability conditions . As he became more interested in the topic , he had an apparatus constructed that could test his predictions experimentally . On 13 June 1906 , the rector announced that Born had won the prize . A month later , he passed his oral examination and was awarded his PhD in mathematics magna cum laude .
On graduation , Born was obliged to perform his military service , which he had deferred while a student . He found himself drafted into the German army , and posted to the 2nd Guards Dragoons " Empress Alexandra of Russia " , which was stationed in Berlin . His service was brief , as he was discharged early after an asthma attack in January 1907 . He then travelled to England , where he was admitted to Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge , and studied physics for six months at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson , George Searle and Joseph Larmor . After Born returned to Germany , the Army re @-@ inducted him , and he served with the elite 1st ( Silesian ) Life Cuirassiers " Great Elector " until he was again medically discharged after just six weeks ' service . He then returned to Breslau , where he worked under the supervision of Otto Lummer and Ernst Pringsheim , hoping to do his habilitation in physics . A minor accident involving Born 's black body experiment , a ruptured cooling water hose , and a flooded laboratory , led to Lummer telling him that he would never become a physicist .
In 1905 , Albert Einstein published his paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies about special relativity . Born was intrigued , and began researching the subject . He was devastated to discover that Minkowski was also researching special relativity along the same lines , but when he wrote to Minkowski about his results , Minkowski asked him to return to Göttingen and do his habilitation there . Born accepted . Toeplitz helped Born brush up on his matrix algebra so he could work with the four @-@ dimensional Minkowski space matrices used in the latter 's project to reconcile relativity with electrodynamics . Born and Minkowski got along well , and their work made good progress , but Minkowski died suddenly of appendicitis on 12 January 1909 . The mathematics students had Born speak on their behalf at the funeral .
Born attempted to present their results at a meeting of the Göttingen Mathematics Society a few weeks later . He did not get far before he was publicly challenged by Klein and Max Abraham , who rejected relativity , and forced to terminate the lecture . However , Hilbert and Runge were interested in Born 's work , and after some discussion with Born they became convinced of the veracity of his results , and persuaded him to give the lecture again . This time he was not interrupted , and Voigt offered to sponsor Born 's habilitation thesis . Born subsequently published his talk as an article on " The Theory of Rigid Bodies in the Kinematics of the Relativity Principle " German : Die Theorie des starren Elektrons in der Kinematik des Relativitätsprinzips , which introduced the concept of Born rigidity . On 23 October Born presented his habilitation lecture on the Thomson model of the atom .
= = Career = =
= = = Berlin and Frankfurt = = =
Born settled in as a young academic at Göttingen as a privatdozent . In Göttingen , Born stayed at a boarding house run by Sister Annie at Dahlmannstraße 17 , known as El BoKaReBo . The name was derived from the first letters of the last names of its boarders : " El " for Ella Philipson ( a medical student ) , " Bo " for Born and Hans Bolza ( a physics student ) , " Ka " for Theodore von Kármán ( a Privatdozent ) , and " Re " for Albrecht Renner ( another medical student ) . A frequent visitor to the boarding house was Paul Peter Ewald , a doctoral student of Arnold Sommerfeld on loan to Hilbert at Göttingen as a special assistant for physics . Richard Courant , a mathematician and Privatdozent , called these people the " in group . "
In 1912 , Born met Hedwig ( Hedi ) Ehrenberg , the daughter of a University of Leipzig law professor , and a friend of Carl Runge 's daughter Iris . She was of Jewish background on her father 's side , although he had become a practising Lutheran when he got married , as did Max 's sister Käthe . Despite never practising his religion , he refused to convert , and his wedding on 2 August 1913 was a garden ceremony . However , he was baptised as a Lutheran in March 1914 by the same pastor who had performed his wedding ceremony . Born regarded " religious professions and churches as a matter of no importance " . His decision to be baptised was made partly in deference to his wife , and partly due to his desire to assimilate into German society . The marriage produced three children : two daughters , Irene , born in 1914 , and Margarethe ( Gritli ) , born in 1915 , and a son , Gustav , born in 1921 . Through marriage , Born is related to jurists Victor Ehrenberg , his father @-@ in @-@ law , and Rudolf von Jhering , his wife 's maternal grandfather , as well as Hans Ehrenberg , and is a great uncle of British comedian Ben Elton .
By the end of 1913 , Born had published 27 papers , including important work on relativity and the dynamics of crystal lattices , which became a book . In 1914 received a letter from Max Planck explaining that a new professor extraordinarius chair of theoretical physics had been created at the University of Berlin . The chair had been offered to Max von Laue , but he had turned it down . Born accepted . The First World War was now raging . Soon after arriving in Berlin in 1915 he enlisted in an Army signals unit . In October he joined the Artillerie @-@ Prüfungs @-@ Kommission , the Army 's Berlin @-@ based artillery research and development organisation , under Rudolf Ladenburg , who had established a special unit dedicated to the new technology of sound ranging . In Berlin , Born formed a lifelong friendship with Einstein , who became a frequent visitor to Born 's home . Within days of the armistice in November 1918 , Planck had the Army release Born . A chance meeting with Fritz Haber that month led to discussion of the manner in which an ionic compound is formed when a metal reacts with a halogen , which is today known as the Born – Haber cycle .
Even before Born had taken up the chair in Berlin , von Laue had changed his mind , and decided that he wanted it after all . He arranged with Born and the faculties concerned for them to exchange jobs . In April 1919 Born became professor ordinarius and Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics on the science faculty at the University of Frankfurt am Main . While there , he was approached by the University of Göttingen , which was looking for a replacement for Peter Debye as Director of the Physical Institute . " Theoretical physics , " Einstein advised him , " will flourish wherever you happen to be ; there is no other Born to be found in Germany today . " In negotiating for the position with the education ministry , Born arranged for another chair , of experimental physics , at Göttingen for his long @-@ time friend and colleague James Franck .
= = = Göttingen = = =
For the 12 years Born and Franck were at Göttingen from 1921 to 1933 , Born had a collaborator with shared views on basic scientific concepts — a distinct advantage for teaching and his research on the developing quantum theory . The approach of close collaboration between theoretical physicists and experimental physicists was also shared by Born at Göttingen and Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich , who was ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics — also a prime mover in the development of quantum theory . Born and Sommerfeld not only shared their approach in using experimental physics to test and advance their theories , but Sommerfeld , in 1922 when he was in the United States lecturing at the University of Wisconsin – Madison , sent his student Werner Heisenberg to be Born 's assistant . Heisenberg again returned to Göttingen in 1923 , where he completed his habilitation under Born in 1924 , and became a privatdozent at Göttingen .
In 1925 , Born and Heisenberg formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics . On 9 July , Heisenberg gave Born a paper entitled Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen ( " Quantum @-@ Theoretical Re @-@ interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations " ) to review , and submit for publication . In the paper , Heisenberg formulated quantum theory , avoiding the concrete , but unobservable , representations of electron orbits by using parameters such as transition probabilities for quantum jumps , which necessitated using two indexes corresponding to the initial and final states . When Born read the paper , he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices , which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University .
Up until this time , matrices were seldom used by physicists ; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics . Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattices theory of crystals in 1921 . While matrices were used in these cases , the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics . With the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan , Born began immediately to make a transcription and extension , and they submitted their results for publication ; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg 's paper . A follow @-@ on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors . The result was a surprising formulation :
<formula>
where p and q were matrices for location and momentum p , and I is the identity matrix . The result arises because matrix multiplication is not commutative . This formulation was entirely attributable to Born , who also established that all the elements not on the diagonal of the matrix were zero . Born considered that his paper with Jordan contained " the most important principles of quantum mechanics including its extension to electrodynamics . " The paper put Heisenberg 's approach on a solid mathematical basis .
Even Born was surprised to discover that Paul Dirac had been thinking along the same lines as Heisenberg . Soon Wolfgang Pauli used the matrix method to calculate the energy values of the hydrogen atom , and found that they agreed with the Bohr model . Another important contribution was made by Erwin Schrödinger , who looked at the problem using wave mechanics . This had a great deal of appeal to many at the time , as it offered the possibility of returning to deterministic classical physics . Born would have none of this , as it ran counter to facts determined by experiment . He formulated the now @-@ standard interpretation of the probability density function for ψ * ψ in the Schrödinger equation , which he published in July 1926 .
In a letter to Born on 4 December 1926 , Einstein made his famous remark regarding quantum mechanics :
Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing . But an inner voice tells me that it is not yet the real thing . The theory says a lot , but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the ' old one ' . I , at any rate , am convinced that He is not playing at dice .
This quotation is often paraphrased as ' God does not play dice ' .
In 1928 , Einstein nominated Heisenberg , Born , and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics , but Heisenberg alone won the 1932 Prize " for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen " , while Schrödinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize " for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory " . On 25 November 1933 , Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a " bad conscience " that he alone had received the Prize " for work done in Göttingen in collaboration — you , Jordan and I. " Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan 's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by " a wrong decision from the outside . " In 1954 , Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900 , in which he credited Born and Jordan for the final mathematical formulation of matrix mechanics and Heisenberg went on to stress how great their contributions were to quantum mechanics , which were not " adequately acknowledged in the public eye . "
Those who received their Ph.D. degrees under Born at Göttingen included Max Delbrück , Siegfried Flügge , Friedrich Hund , Pascual Jordan , Maria Goeppert @-@ Mayer , Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim , Robert Oppenheimer , and Victor Weisskopf . Born 's assistants at the University of Göttingen 's Institute for Theoretical Physics included Enrico Fermi , Werner Heisenberg , Gerhard Herzberg , Friedrich Hund , Pascual Jordan , Wolfgang Pauli , Léon Rosenfeld , Edward Teller , and Eugene Wigner . Walter Heitler became an assistant to Born in 1928 , and completed his habilitation under him in 1929 . Born not only recognised talent to work with him , but he " let his superstars stretch past him ; to those less gifted , he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments . " Delbrück , and Goeppert @-@ Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes .
= = Later life = =
In January 1933 , the Nazi Party came to power in Germany . In May , Born became one of six Jewish professors at Göttingen who were suspended with pay ; Franck had already resigned . In twelve years they had built Göttingen into one of the world 's foremost centres for physics . Born began looking for a new job , writing to Maria Göppert @-@ Mayer at Johns Hopkins University and Rudi Ladenburg at Princeton University . Offers soon started to pour in , and he accepted one from St John 's College , Cambridge . At Cambridge , he wrote a popular science book , The Restless Universe , and a textbook , Atomic Physics , that soon became a standard text , going through seven editions . His family soon settled into life in England , with his daughters Irene and Gritli becoming engaged to Welshman Brinley ( Bryn ) Newton @-@ John ( Olivia Newton @-@ John 's parents ; Born is Olivia 's grandfather and Irene is her mother ) and Englishman Maurice Pryce respectively .
Born 's position at Cambridge was only a temporary one , and his tenure at Göttingen was terminated in May 1935 . He therefore accepted an offer from C. V. Raman to come to Bangalore in 1935 . Born considered taking a permanent position there , but the Indian Institute of Science did not create an additional chair for him . In November 1935 , the Born family had their German citizenship revoked , rendering them stateless . A few weeks later Göttingen cancelled Born 's doctorate . Born considered an offer from Pyotr Kapitsa in Moscow , and started taking Russian lessons from Rudolf Peierls 's Russian @-@ born wife Genia . But then Charles Galton Darwin asked Born if he would consider becoming his successor as Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh , an offer that Born promptly accepted , assuming the chair in October 1936 .
In Edinburgh , Born promoted the teaching of mathematical physics . He had two German assistants , E. Walter Kellermann and Klaus Fuchs , and together they continued to investigate the mysterious behaviour of electrons . Born became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1937 , and of the Royal Society of London in March 1939 . During 1939 , he got as many of his remaining friends and relatives still in Germany as he could out of the country , including his sister Käthe , in @-@ laws Kurt and Marga , and the daughters of his friend Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg . Hedi ran a domestic bureau , placing young Jewish women in jobs . Born received his certificate of naturalisation as a British subject on 31 August 1939 , one day before the Second World War broke out in Europe .
Born remained at Edinburgh until he reached the retirement age of 70 in 1952 . He retired to Bad Pyrmont , in West Germany , in 1954 . In October , he received word that he was being awarded the Nobel Prize . His fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him . Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices , and over the years , he had also been nominated for his work on solid state , quantum mechanics and other topics . In 1954 , he received the prize for " fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics , especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function " — something that he had worked on alone . In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work :
I believe that ideas such as absolute certitude , absolute exactness , final truth , etc. are figments of the imagination which should not be admissible in any field of science . On the other hand , any assertion of probability is either right or wrong from the standpoint of the theory on which it is based . This loosening of thinking ( Lockerung des Denkens ) seems to me to be the greatest blessing which modern science has given to us . For the belief in a single truth and in being the possessor thereof is the root cause of all evil in the world .
In retirement , he continued scientific work , and produced new editions of his books . He died in hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970 . He is buried in the Stadtfriedhof there , in the same cemetery as Walther Nernst , Wilhelm Weber , Max von Laue , Otto Hahn , Max Planck , and David Hilbert . He was survived by wife Hedi , who died in 1972 , and children Irene , Gritli and Gustav . His great @-@ grandchildren include songwriter Brett Goldsmith , singer Tottie Goldsmith and racing car driver Emerson Newton @-@ John .
= = Awards and honors = =
1934 – Stokes Medal of Cambridge
1939 – Fellow of the Royal Society
1945 – MacDougall – Brisbane Medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1945 – Gunning – Victoria Jubilee Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1948 – Max Planck Medaille der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
1950 – Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of London
1953 – Honorary citizen of the town of Göttingen
1954 – Nobel Prize in Physics The award was for Born 's fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction.1954 – Nobel Prize Banquet Speech
1954 – Born Nobel Prize Lecture
1956 – Hugo Grotius Medal for International Law , Munich
1959 – Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic
1972 – Max Born Prize was created by the German Physical Society and the British Institute of Physics . It is awarded annually .
1982 – Ceremony at the University of Göttingen in the 100th Birth Year of Max Born and James Franck , Institute Directors 1921 – 1933 .
1991 – Max @-@ Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. - Institute named in his honor .
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= Codex Boreelianus =
Codex Boreelianus , Codex Boreelianus Rheno @-@ Trajectinus ( full name ) , designated by Fe or 09 in the Gregory @-@ Aland numbering and ε 86 in von Soden numbering , is a 9th ( or 10th ) century uncial manuscript of the four Gospels in Greek . The manuscript , written on parchment , is full of lacunae ( or gaps ) , many of which arose between 1751 and 1830 . The codex was named Boreelianus after Johannes Boreel ( 1577 – 1629 ) , who brought it from the East .
The text of the codex represents the majority of the text ( Byzantine text @-@ type ) , but with numerous alien readings ( non @-@ Byzantine ) . Some of its readings do not occur in any other manuscript ( so called singular readings ) . According to the present textual critics its text is not a very important manuscript , but it is quoted in all modern editions of the Greek New Testament .
The manuscript was brought from the East at the beginning of the 17th century . It was in private hands for over 100 years . Since 1830 it has been housed at the Utrecht University .
= = Description = =
The codex contains the text of the four Gospels , on 204 parchment leaves of size 28 @.@ 5 × 22 cm ( 11 @.@ 2 × 8 @.@ 7 in ) , with numerous lacunae ( or gaps ) . The text of the existing codex begins with Matthew 9 : 1 and ends with John 13 : 34 . Luke is even more incomplete . In 1751 Wettstein remarked that the codex started at Matthew 7 : 6 and that only the folia with Matthew 8 : 25 and Mark 11 : 6 – 16 were missing . It means that in his time the manuscript was far more complete than at present . At present , lacunae of the manuscript include :
Matthew 1 : 1 – 9 : 1 ; 12 : 1 – 44 ; 13 : 55 – 14 : 9 ; 15 : 20 – 31 ; 20 : 18 – 21 : 5 ;
Mark 1 : 43 – 2 : 8 ; 2 : 23 – 3 : 5 ; 11 : 6 – 26 ; 14 : 54 – 15 : 5 ; 15 : 39 – 16 : 19 ;
Luke – at least 24 gaps ;
John 3 : 5 – 14 ; 4 : 23 – 38 ; 5 : 18 – 38 ; 6 : 39 – 63 ; 7 : 28 – 8 : 10 ; 10 : 32 – 11 : 3 ; 12 : 14 – 25 ; 13 : 34 @-@ end .
The leaves are unbound and are kept in loose quires . The text is written in late uncial script , in two columns per page , with mostly 19 lines per column , in large uncial letters . Palaeographically the writing is close to the Codex Seidelianus I.
The letters Η , Μ , Ν , and Π , are square , the letters Ε , Θ , Ο , Σ , and Φ have a round shape . The letters Δ , Ε , Θ , Ο , and especially Ψ in cruciform , are of the form characteristic for the late uncial script . Φ is large and bevelled at both ends . The letters were written by an ' elegant and careful ' hand .
The nomina sacra ( or sacred names ) are written in an abbreviated way : ΘΣ for θεος , ΙΣ for Ιησους , ΧΣ for χριστος , ΚΣ for κυριος , ΥΣ for υιος , ΣΗΡ for σωτηρ , ΣΡΑ for σωτηρια , ΣΡΙΟΣ for σωτηριος , ΟΥΝΟΣ for ουρανος , ΟΥΝΙΟΣ for ουρανιος , ΠΝΑ for πνευμα , ΠΗΡ for πατηρ , ΜΗΡ for μητηρ , ΑΝΟΣ for ανθρωπος , ΣΤΡΣ for σταυρος , ΔΑΔ for δαβιδ , ΙΗΛ for ισραηλ , ΙΛΗΜ for ιερουσαλημ , etc . The words at the end of lines are sometimes abbreviated too . It uses typographic ligatures .
The codex has a lot of grammar errors , like hiatus ( e.g. νηστευουσιν in Matthew 9 : 14 , ελεγεν in Matthew 9 : 21 , ειπεν in Matthew 9 : 22 , etc . ) and N ephelkystikon . The error of iotacism occurs infrequently .
The breathings ( rough and smooth breathing ) and accents ( see e.g. Greek diacritics ) are given fully and usually correctly . The breathings are indicated by sigla ⊢ and ⊣ , often used in codices from the 9th and 10th century . In some cases breathings are given incorrectly ( e.g. Matthew 9 @,@ 7 @.@ 16 ) .
The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections , with the usual number of sections , are written on the left margin , but there are given without references to the Eusebian Canons . There is no division according to the κεφαλαια ( chapters ) , but the τιτλοι ( titles ) are given at the top of the pages , sometimes also at the bottom . The capitals at the beginning of the sections stand out in the margin to indicate new sections ( as in codices Alexandrinus , Ephraemi , and Basilensis . Although there is no division according to the κεφαλαια ( chapters ) , the tables of the κεφαλαια ( tables of contents ) are placed before each Gospel ( except Matthew – because of its defective character ) . It has some lectionary markings at the margin .
The headpieces are decorated , with headings written in gold and red ; in some places nicely decorated initial letters can be found ( in red or gold ) . The Ammonian sections are written in red . The pages are numbered ; the Greek quire numbers are still found at the top right of some pages . At the top left of the first page of most quires in Gospel of Matthew , Arabic quire numbers are found .
There are several different correctors , among which the " first hand " worked on the codex , but the total number of corrections is not high .
Special features
= = Text = =
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text @-@ type , but with a number of singular readings . According to Bruce M. Metzger it is typical Byzantine text . According to Kurt and Barbara Aland it agrees with the Byzantine standard text 156 times , and 78 times with the Byzantine when it has the same reading as the original text . It does not support the " original " text against the Byzantine . It has 11 independent or distinctive readings . Alands placed it in Category V of New Testament manuscripts . It is not a very important codex , but it is an important witness of the Byzantine text @-@ type . Hermann von Soden classified it as Ki ( now it is known as textual family E ) . According to the Claremont Profile Method it has mixed Byzantine text in Luke 1 ; in Luke 10 and Luke the manuscript is defective .
= = = Textual variants ( against Textus Receptus ) = = =
The words before the bracket are the readings of the Textus Receptus ( received text used in the West from the 16th century until to the end of the 19th century ) , the words after are the readings of the codex .
= = = Against Kr = = =
The words before the bracket are the readings of the Kr ( traditional text used in Constantinople and still used by Orthodox Church ) , the words after are the readings of the codex .
= = History = =
H. Deane , a paleographer , in 1876 dated the manuscript to the 8th century , Tischendorf and Gregory to the 9th century ; Doedes and Tregelles to the 10th century . As of 1995 , it is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research ( INTF ) to the 9th century .
The Codex Boreelianus is named after Johann Boreel ( 1577 – 1629 ) , Dutch Ambassador at the Court of James I of England . There is no record of Boreel 's obtaining the codex , but it is generally believed that he brought it to the Netherlands from one of his travels to the Middle East . The connection to Boreel is indicated by Wettstein , who was given a partial collation of the codex in 1730 . The collation was made by Izaak Verburg , rector of the Amsterdam gymnasium , and contained text from Matthew 7 : 2 to Luke 11 . Wettstein adds that he was not aware of its current location . Wettstein cited the codex in his Novum Testamentum Graecum ( 1751 ) , also in these parts , which do not survive to the present day ( e.g. Matthew 7 : 9 ) . Wettstein designated the codex by siglum F , Gregory designated it by 09 ( because number of New Testament manuscripts increased ) , von Soden gave for it siglum ε 86 .
After Johann Boreel 's death in 1629 , the codex itself was in private hands . Boreel ’ s library was sold in 1632 , but the manuscript may not have been among the items for sale . It could have remained in the possession of Boreel ’ s family , for example , in the hands of his younger brother , the theologian Adam Boreel ( 1602 – 54 ) . On folio 168 recto of the codex is written the monogram NLB with date " February 9 , 1756 " . On pages 40 recto and 40 verso Dutch notes can found , but they are almost illegible .
The codex resurfaced almost two centuries later , in 1823 , and was identified as the Boreelianus by the Utrecht professor Jodocus Heringa ( 1765 – 1840 ) . Its leaves had become disordered , and some of them were lost . Scrivener even stated : " Few manuscripts have fallen into such unworthy hands " . The manuscript was now in the private hands of Johannes Michaelis Roukens in Arnhem . In a letter of 11 March 1830 Roukens explained that the manuscript had been in the possession of his father , Arend Anton Roukens , who had inherited it from his father , Johannes Michaelis Roukens .
In 1841 Tischendorf wanted to see and examine the codex , but he was allowed to read only Heringa ’ s papers on it because Heringa was preparing his collation . Heringa ’ s papers were edited and published by Vinke in 1843 under the title Jodoci Heringa El . Fil . Disputatio de codice Boreeliano , nunc Rheno @-@ Trajectino ab ipso in lucem protracto , which includes a full and exact collation of the text .
In 1850 Samuel Prideaux Tregelles , though with some difficulty , examined the codex .
Philipp Schaff in Introduction to the American Edition of Westcott @-@ Hort ( 1881 ) wrote that it is not an important manuscript . The same opinion gave biblical scholar Frederic G. Kenyon , according to whom the text of the codex has " comparatively little authority " . Despite these opinions , the codex continues to be cited in critical editions of Novum Testamentum Graece . Edition of Nestle @-@ Aland cited the codex from its first verse – i.e. Matthew 9 : 1 – in critical apparatus .
Since 1830 , the codex has been located in the library of the Utrecht University ( Ms. 1 ) . In March 2007 David Trobisch visited Utrecht and viewed the manuscript with a number of colleagues . In October 2007 the manuscript was digitized .
= = = Images of Codex Boreelianus = = =
Codex Boreelianus at the Digital Special Collections of the Utrecht University
= = = Articles on Codex Boreelianus = = =
The Codex Boreelianus : Description and History of the Manuscript , by Bart Jaski of the Utrecht University
Waltz , Robert . " An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism " . A Site Inspired By : The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism . Retrieved 2010 @-@ 11 @-@ 12 .
Codex Boreelianus Rheno @-@ Trajectinus ( F 09 ) . A Fresh Look after 160 Years
Codex Boreelianus Revisited
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= Arts Club of Chicago =
Arts Club of Chicago is a private club located in the Near North Side community area of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States , a block east of the Magnificent Mile , that exhibits international contemporary art . It was founded in 1916 , inspired by the success of the Art Institute of Chicago 's handling of the Armory Show . Its founding was viewed as a statement that art had become an important component of civilized urban life . The Arts Club is said to have been pro @-@ Modernist from its founding . The Club strove to break new ground with its shows , rather than collect the works of established artists as the Art Institute does .
The club presented Pablo Picasso 's first United States showing . In addition , the 1951 exhibition by Jean Dubuffet and his " Anticultural Positions " lecture at the Arts Club were tremendous influences on what would become the mid @-@ 1960s Imagist movement . Another important presentation in the history of the Arts Club was the Fernand Léger showing of Le Ballet Mecanique .
The Club 's move in 1997 to its current location at 201 E. Ontario Street was not without controversy because the club demolished its former interior space designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and moved only the central staircase to the new gallery space . However , the new space is 19 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m2 ) , which is 7 @,@ 000 square feet ( 650 m2 ) larger than the old space .
= = Mission and purpose = =
The inaugural mission of the club was " to encourage higher standards of art , maintain galleries for that purpose , and to promote the mutual acquaintance of art lovers and art workers . " This mission arose from the contemporary Chicago active art scene , which had 30 commercial art galleries showing traditional art and an internationally recognized museum . Additionally , the local mass media gave equitable coverage to the visual arts . The art scene also had enough clubs and organizations for musicians , writers and artists . Unfortunately , the lively art scene did not adequately represent the avant @-@ garde art . The local galleries emphasized American , English and the occasional French work , emphasizing prints and drawings . This necessitated trips to New York City , London or Paris for Chicagoans who wanted to buy art .
The club does not generally show traveling exhibitions curated by others . Instead , it curates its own exhibits , often with very original works . This places emphasis on cutting edge and avant @-@ garde art .
= = History = =
The club was founded in 1916 and experienced its first coverage in the Chicago Tribune on March 16 , 1916 . It had office space in the Fine Arts Building that became too limiting to serve the club 's mission . In 1918 , the club elected Rue Winterbotham Carpenter to replace Mrs. Robert McGann as president . She moved the club to 610 South Michigan Avenue . The first exhibition included portraits by Whistler , Renoir , Cassatt , August Johns and others . By 1922 , the club had outgrown its quarters and sponsored supplementary space at the Art Institute of Chicago until 1927 when the cost of doing so became prohibitive . In 1924 , the club moved to the north tower of the Wrigley Building . Among its first exhibitions at the Wrigley building was the first major United States show ( seventeen sculptures , nineteen drawings and a painting ) of Brâncuși . The show was installed by Marcel Duchamp . Rue Carpenter died on December 7 , 1931 , and Mrs. Charles Goodspeed was elected president in 1932 . The club moved to more spacious accommodations at the Wrigley Building in 1936 . " Bobsy " Goodspeed served as president until 1940 . Then , Rue Winterbotham Carpenter 's niece Rue Winterbotham Shaw was elected President . In 1947 , the club scaled down its operations for four years after losing its Wrigley Building lease . In 1951 , it moved to 109 East Ontario in quarters built to specification that were designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . Using Arts Club furniture , he designed a gallery , dining room , and lecture hall in a pre @-@ existing building . The gallery was built around Constantin Brâncuși 's The Golden Bird and the stairway was renowned for its simple elegance . Shaw died in January 1979 and James Phinney Baxter was elected to serve until 1981 when Stanley Freehling was elected . The club struggled financially in the 1980s .
= = = 1990s - new building = = =
In the 1990s , the club was located west of Michigan Avenue and behind the 620 building which was home to many of Chicago 's finest art dealers including Richard Gray and Richard L. Feigen & Co . The Arts club did not own the land upon which their famous Mies clubhouse was built ; instead , the club held the land in a longterm leasehold . In 1990 , the owner of 620 N. Michigan and the Arts Club land decided to sell . At first the Arts Club hoped to raise the money to purchase its land along with the 620 N. Michigan Avenue property in an effort spearheaded by Richard Gray , but it quickly became apparent that the club would lose a bidding war over this valuable land . A developer bought the property and demolished the entire block to make way for a movie complex and shopping center .
With the prospect of losing its home , the Arts Club opted to sell one of the most valuable items in its collection to finance the purchase of new land . The club decided to sell Brâncuși 's Bird to the Art Institute of Chicago . To finance the purchase , the Art Institute sold several second tier works from its famous Impressionist collection at Sotheby 's in guaranteed lots which was a new concept in the auction world in 1990 . While without permanent home , the club continued to meet regularly in space loaned by the Casino , another famous Near North Side club .
The 19 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m2 ) John Vinci designed building is a two @-@ story structure that cost $ 9 million for the land , building , landscaping , and interior design . The exterior facade is buff brick with black granite windowsills and thresholds and white @-@ painted steel windows . The building features furniture dating back to the club 's founding as well as Mies van der Rohe designs . Several elements of the new building 's design are considered homages to Mies . The fact that the building was so Miesian thirty years after his death while the club focused on avant @-@ gard art was a bit of a controversy . The building 's atrium that allows filtered light into the central galleries and dining areas is its primary feature . Another focal point of the building is the restored Mies van der Rohe steel staircase that provides access to the second floor . The design includes white @-@ painted steel , travertine marble , floor @-@ to @-@ ceiling curtains , dark @-@ stained wood floors , and large areas of glass . The color palette of saffron , black , gray , scarlet , and white is consistent with the former building . Also notable are the veil of north side metal screens . The building also has a 1 @,@ 600 square feet ( 150 m2 ) outdoor landscaped garden . The building accommodates a 200 @-@ person audience seating .
= = Collection = =
The Arts Club 's collection is a combination of acquisitions from its exhibitions and donations from both members and artists . It includes works by Georges Braque , Alexander Calder , Natalia Goncharova , Paul Klee , Henri Matisse , Joan Miró , Henry Moore , Isamu Noguchi , Francis Picabia , and Pablo Picasso . The club has made recent acquisitions of contemporary works by Malcolm Morley , Alex Katz , and Peter Doig . The Club maintains a document collection , mostly of correspondence with its artists , at the Newberry Library . Further information on the club collection can be found in The Arts Club of Chicago : The Collection 1916 @-@ 1996 by Sophia Shaw , granddaughter of the Club 's dynamic past president Rue Winterbotham Shaw .
= = = Highlights = = =
Notable works in the club 's private collection include :
Red Petals , plate steel , steel wire , sheet aluminum , soft @-@ iron bolts , and aluminum paint , 1942 , by Alexander Calder
Main Staircase for The Arts Club of Chicago , steel , travertine marble , 1948 @-@ 1951 , by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Untitled , charcoal on ivory laid paper , 1922 , by Henri Matisse
Personage and Birds in Front of the Sun ( Personnage et oiseaux devant le soleil ) , ink and gouache on paper , 1942 , by Joan Miró
This Thing is Made to Perpetuate My Memory ( Cette Chose est faite pour perpetuer mon souvenir ) , ink , gouache or watercolor , and silver and bronze paint on board , 1915 , by Francis Picabia
Head of a Woman ( Tete de femme ) , red and black chalk with chalk wash on tan laid paper , laid down on lightweight Japanese paper , 1922 , by Pablo Picasso
= = Exhibitions , performances and lectures = =
Until the Museum of Modern Art was founded in 1929 , Chicago and The Arts Club in particular was the most receptive exhibitor of modern art in the United States . At that time , no institution in the United States , especially none in Manhattan , would exhibit European modernism . By renting space at the Art Institute of Chicago 's Building the Arts Club was able to arrange showings in Chicago 's most prestigious museum .
The club has exhibited an impressive number of well @-@ known 20th century visual artists . Many of the century 's most controversial artists made their United States or midwest solo exhibition debuts at the club including : Alexander Calder , Marc Chagall , Salvador Dalí , Jean Dubuffet , Pablo Picasso , Jackson Pollock , Auguste Rodin , Georges Seurat , and Henri Toulouse @-@ Lautrec . In addition , many artists have given lectures at the Club , including Martha Graham , Kathleen Battle , Leonard Bernstein , Kenneth Branagh and Robert Altman . Aside from visual artists , the Club also has hosted lectures and performances from such prominent musicians as John Cage , Philip Glass , Ramsey Lewis and Igor Stravinsky , and poets W. H. Auden , Gertrude Stein and William Butler Yeats . Most notable among these exhibitions was Picasso 's first United States solo exhibition , Original Drawings by Pablo Picasso from March 20 to April 22 , 1923 , by the Arts Club at its installation at the Art Institute of Chicago . ( Picasso 's work had first been shown the US in a group show in New York curated by Edward Steichen in 1911 . ) In the 1930s , when Isamu Noguchi was still known as a sculptor , they hosted him . In 1970 when Varujan Boghosian was a timely sculptor known for depicting the legend of orpheus , The Arts Club hosted a showing .
= = Locations = =
The current location is the club 's seventh location . However , this is the first building owned by the club . The location history is listed below .
The first home at the Fine Arts Building had no exhibition space . The club was not able to put on its first exhibition until December 18 when it moved to a location with exhibition space . The club 's early gallery spaces were not sufficient to achieve the club 's goals and it agreed to assume cost and selection responsibilities for works in a series of shows at The Arts Club Exhibition Room at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1922 @-@ 1927 .
= = Leadership = =
The club has had eleven Presidents :
= = Membership = =
To become a member of the Arts Club of Chicago , a currently established member of the club must request an application for membership on their behalf . The membership application packet is only made available to current members . Within the packet are details describing the application process for potential inductees .
= = Non @-@ members = =
The gallery is open to the public Tuesday - Friday 11 a.m. - 6 p.m. and Saturdays 11 a.m. - 3 p.m. when there is an exhibition on view . The Arts Club is closed between the last week of December and the first week of January . Admission is free .
= = Dues = =
A two @-@ tiered dues system , established at The Arts Club ’ s inception , is maintained to this day : professional members pay lower dues than patrons , ensuring that fine and performing artists remain a vital component of The Arts Club membership .
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= JBL Paragon =
The JBL D44000 Paragon is an iconic one @-@ piece stereo loudspeaker created by JBL that was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 1983 ; its production run was the longest of any JBL speaker . At its launch , the Paragon was the most expensive domestic loudspeaker on the market .
Designed by Arnold Wolf from a concept elaborated by Richard Ranger , it is almost nine feet long and requires over a hundred man hours of hand @-@ finishing by a team of dedicated craftsmen . Resembling less a conventional loudspeaker than an elegant sideboard , it is a landmark product for the company that was sought after by the well @-@ heeled and celebrities . With estimated total production of about 1 @,@ 000 units , it is highly sought after by collectors to this day .
= = History = =
The Paragon is a horn @-@ loaded , stereo speaker system housed within a two piece ( Three piece including the slot in reflector panel ) 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) cabinet with a . It is based on a diffusion principle developed by Richard Ranger as consultant to JBL . Launched in 1957 , the Paragon is the world 's earliest production stereo loudspeaker for home use , and also the most expensive speaker at the time . As the flagship JBL product , it cost $ 1 @,@ 830 ( £ 650 ) – equivalent to more than $ 15 @,@ 000 in 2013 terms . The " Paragon " is the product with the longest production run of all JBL loudspeakers . It was produced continually until it was discontinued in 1983 , when it was replaced by a product line named " Everest " .
= = = Design = = =
Since even the early days of stereophonic sound , designers were faced with the issue of directionality and the listener who was not located exactly in between the two speaker units . Col. Richard R. Ranger , a pioneer of stereophonic sound in the film industry , conceptualised the solution to the problem of reproducing stereo sound for all and not just the centrally @-@ positioned listener . He devised a loudspeaker system where the sound from the speaker drive units would be refracted against curved surfaces ( wood panels ) within a cabinet to create a wide , uniform stereo image that would hold stable in any location within the listening room . Ranger elaborates on the JBL @-@ Ranger Radial Refraction system of stereophonic reproduction thus :
... only along this axis of symmetry that the two speakers have consistently equal effect . As soon as the listener moves off axis , the speaker toward which he moves takes predominance . Sound intensity decreases rapidly with distance and the more distant speaker quickly loses out to the nearer .
This can be avoided by projecting the sound from each speaker against a curved surface which acts as a convex lens for the sound and directs it more strongly to the side opposite the speaker than it does to its own side . The convex refractor thus eliminates the sharp axis of symmetry where the slightest movement of the listener is so disturbing .
In the listening area in front of the integrated speaker system , the energy from the two stereo channels builds up a full front of sound which can readily be appreciated by more than one person . So the axis of symmetry no longer exerts its unstable equilibrium on the critical listener .
The term " unstable equilibrium " is not mere whimsy . In stereo reproduction , it is customary for the soloist to appear in the center . Then , certain sections of the accompanying music are positioned right or left ; but it is most important that wherever they are , they STAY THERE . Uncertain movement of the apparent sound source gives a very queasy feeling .
Once it became possible to hold monaural sound to the center , it was found that with regular stereo everything fell into its proper place ... A whole curtain of sound was opened up .
Ranger 's 9 @-@ foot prototype of the product , with plenty of right angles and shiny black Micarta skin , was bulky , imposing , and visually unattractive . Arnold Wolf was called in as the industrial design consultant to this project in early 1957 . Wolf , who would later become president and chief executive of JBL , was initially asked to produce a shell version for dealers ' shops . Due to transportation and installation constraints , it was decided that the speaker would be split into three components – the left and right channel enclosures , and the curved radiator panel – that could be easily re @-@ assembled with a screwdriver . To support the weight and prevent deforming , the design called for six feet , of which four are height @-@ adjustable . Instead of producing detailed drawings , Wolf worked with scale models . First , he created a 1 : 4 model in plastic , after which he made others . He ended with a 1 : 12 scale model that would show how it could be disassembled and reassembled . During the design phase , the relationship between Wolf and Ranger became very tense , and the project nearly collapsed . The parties came together over the month of June , and agreed on the definitive production specification for the Paragon . This would be a 2 @-@ way design .
= = = Construction = = =
As can be seen from the diagram , the unusual shape of the Paragon made it very complicated to build . Engineering and factory translated the design into one executable on the shop floor . After overcoming the manufacturing challenges posed by the curved refractor panels and the cabinet legs , the speaker entered production in late 1957 .
The original 2 @-@ way design consisted of two 150 @-@ 4C bass drivers with 4 @-@ inch coils , and two H5038P @-@ 100 elliptical horns . The 5038s are essentially midrange drivers that start rolling off at 15 kHz . In 1960 , after feedback from foreign distributors , the Paragon was made into a 3 @-@ way loudspeaker by adding two 075 ring radiators ( tweeters ) mounted in the back of the cabinet and aimed at the central ' sweet spot ' . Bass – mid crossover was at 500 Hz and mid – treble frequencies crossed over at 7 kHz .
The Paragon much resembles a sideboard , measures 106 × 33 @.@ 75 × 24 @.@ 5 inches ( 269 × 86 × 62 cm ) , and weighs 850 pounds ( 390 kg ) according to the product brochure . Standard finishes include korina , birch , mahogany and ebony ; premium wood finishes included light and dark walnut , oak , teak , rosewood ; a piano lacquer finish would cost extra . A team of six worked on each unit , spending an estimated 112 to 125 @-@ man @-@ hours to complete a single unit , most of it spent on finishing of the woodwork . After assembly , eight hours would be needed just for sanding down the entire enclosure . Then , several coats of varnish are applied by hand , allowed to dry , and then smoothed down by further rubbing .
= = = Product revisions = = =
The components used in the Paragon went through numerous changes over the years .
1957 – Paragon 44000 launched ( " domestic " and " industrial " variants ) .
1960 – the 075 tweeter driver added .
Early 60s – the 150 @-@ 4C bass driver replaced by the LE15A .
Early 60s – SE408S power amplifier launched , and available for integration with Paragon as powered speakers ( removed by the 1970s ) .
1979 – use the new drivers employing ferrite magnets instead of Alnico V – the LE15A bass driver replaced by the ferrite LE15H ; the 375 midrange driver replaced with the Alnico 376 .
1983 – Paragon discontinued .
= = = Reception = = =
Partick Vercher at L 'Audiophile said that the ideal listening position is at least 3 metres away , and 40 – 50 cm lower than a normal seated position ; alternatively the speaker needs to be hoisted up by that amount for a comfortable sound . The sound itself is described as possessing " unshakeable dynamics " when turned up loud , pacey without any sign of fatiguing distortion , and with an impressive separation of instruments . Sonic Flare describes the sound of the Paragon as possessing well @-@ integrated " liquid highs , excellent midrange and bass " , and proverbially worth dying for . There are rumours that Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin acquired three Paragons each – one for each of left , center and right channels – with which they used to monitor their recordings from master tapes .
Only about a thousand units were ever produced over its 25 @-@ year life . At the height of production , five units left the factory each week . In 2000 , units in mint condition would fetch upwards of $ 20 @,@ 000 on the second hand market . It has featured in museum exhibitions , namely one held at Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2011 – 12 entitled " California Design , 1930 – 1965 : Living in a Modern Way . "
= = = Spin @-@ offs and legacy = = =
In 1960 , JBL launched a smaller and less elaborate 3 @-@ way sideboard speaker , measuring 73 @.@ 7 × 30 × 22 @.@ 5 inches ( 187 × 76 × 57 cm ) , named the " C45 Metregon " . Self powered Paragons and Metregons employing the JBL SE @-@ 408S stereo amplifier were optional . A miniature version , the C46 Minigon was also available in the early 1960 's .
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= Interstate 81 in Maryland =
Interstate 81 ( I @-@ 81 ) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Dandridge , Tennessee to Fishers Landing , New York . In Maryland , the Interstate highway runs 12 @.@ 08 miles ( 19 @.@ 44 km ) from the West Virginia state line at the Potomac River in Williamsport north to the Pennsylvania state line near Maugansville . I @-@ 81 is the primary north – south Interstate highway in Washington County , connecting Hagerstown with Chambersburg and Harrisburg to the north and Martinsburg , Winchester , and Roanoke to the south .
The idea of a north – south bypass of Hagerstown to relieve congestion on the contemporary main highway through the Hagerstown Valley , U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) , predates the Interstate system . Construction on the Hagerstown Bypass began in the mid @-@ 1950s and was completed in 1958 from US 40 north to the Pennsylvania state line . I @-@ 81 was assigned to the new freeway in 1959 . The southern section of the freeway from the Potomac River to US 40 was built starting in 1962 and completed in 1966 . Beyond interchange improvements , I @-@ 81 has changed very little from the four @-@ lane freeway of the 1960s . Long @-@ range plans call for widening I @-@ 81 to six lanes and effecting further interchange improvements along what is a major commuting and trucking corridor .
= = Route description = =
I @-@ 81 crosses the Potomac River from West Virginia and enters Maryland as a four @-@ lane freeway with a speed limit of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) . The Interstate curves to the northeast around Williamsport , where the highway meets MD 68 and MD 63 ( Lappans Road ) at a diamond interchange ( Exit 1 ) to the south of the town and US 11 ( Virginia Avenue ) at a five @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange ( Exit 2 ) to the east . Beyond US 11 , I @-@ 81 's speed limit drops to 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . The Interstate passes along the edge of the Hagerstown suburb of Halfway , where the highway meets I @-@ 70 ( Eisenhower Memorial Highway ) at a cloverleaf interchange ( Exit 4 ) with collector @-@ distributor lanes on both I @-@ 81 and I @-@ 70 . Traffic for I @-@ 68 is advised to use I @-@ 70 west . I @-@ 81 meets Halfway Boulevard , which leads to several shopping centers including the Valley Mall , at a six @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange ( Exit 5 ) .
I @-@ 81 continues northeast along the west edge of Hagerstown . The Interstate crosses CSX 's Lurgan Subdivision and passes under MD 144 ( Washington Street ) with no access before reaching a cloverleaf interchange with US 40 ( National Pike ) ( Exit 6 ) . The freeway intersects MD 58 ( Cearfoss Pike ) at a partial cloverleaf interchange ( Exit 7 ) . Immediately to the north , I @-@ 81 has a partial interchange with Maugansville Road ( Exit 8 ) featuring a loop exit ramp from southbound I @-@ 81 and a straight entrance ramp to the northbound direction . The Interstate curves to the north and crosses Norfolk Southern Railway 's Lurgan Branch . The speed limit increases to 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) as the Interstate passes along the eastern edge of Maugansville , where the highway meets Maugans Avenue at a diamond interchange ( Exit 9 ) . I @-@ 81 meets Showalter Road , which is used to access Hagerstown Regional Airport , at a cloverleaf interchange ( Exit 10 ) as the freeway gently curves around the airport 's runway . The Interstate heads northeast to the Pennsylvania state line , on top of which the highway meets PA 163 ( Mason Dixon Road ) at Exit 1 of the Pennsylvania exit sequence . The southbound exit ramp to and entrance ramp from PA 163 are in Maryland and the northbound ramps are in Pennsylvania .
I @-@ 81 , like all Interstate highways , is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length . It is the shortest mainline Interstate in Maryland and contains the shortest portion of I @-@ 81 of all six states through which the Interstate highway passes . The Interstate was dedicated as Maryland Veterans Memorial Highway in 1987 .
= = History = =
The first section of I @-@ 81 to be constructed in Maryland was the pre @-@ Interstate Hagerstown Bypass that was planned to provide relief to the existing north – south highway through downtown Hagerstown , US 11 . The highway was planned to run from US 40 west of downtown Hagerstown to the Pennsylvania state line , where the Pennsylvania Department of Highways would continue the bypass north to tie into US 11 near Greencastle . Preliminary engineering on the Hagerstown Bypass began in 1954 and construction began in 1956 , by which time a southern extension was planned south to US 11 east of Williamsport . The freeway was completed from US 40 ( now MD 144 ) to the Pennsylvania state line in 1958 , including an interchange with the present alignment of US 40 west of downtown Hagerstown , a highway that was completed around 1963 . Traffic from the Hagerstown Bypass followed Mason Dixon Road to US 11 until the bypass was extended into Pennsylvania and tied into US 11 around modern Exit 3 in 1960 . The new freeway was marked as I @-@ 81 beginning in 1959 .
Construction on the portion of I @-@ 81 south of US 40 began in 1962 to fill a gap between the portion of I @-@ 81 in Maryland and the portion of the Interstate completed between WV 9 near Martinsburg and US 11 southwest of Williamsport in West Virginia . MD 144 's bridge over I @-@ 81 was constructed in 1963 once the relocated US 40 opened . The cloverleaf interchange between I @-@ 81 and the future I @-@ 70 was constructed in 1964 , including the collector / distributor lanes . The remainder of the highway south to the Potomac River , including the bridge over the Potomac River , was under construction by 1965 . The southern section of I @-@ 81 from the West Virginia state line to US 40 opened in 1966 .
I @-@ 81 remains very similar to when it was completed in 1966 . Exit numbers were first marked in 1974 ; these exit numbers have not changed . The Maugansville Road interchange was originally a full interchange , but it was reduced to a partial interchange in 1968 . The interchange with MD 68 and MD 63 south of Williamsport originally only had a northbound exit ramp and a southbound entrance ramp ; ramps to and from the direction of Hagerstown were added between 1981 and 1989 . The junction with Halfway Boulevard was a diamond interchange until it was rebuilt as a partial cloverleaf interchange in 2001 .
= = Future = =
I @-@ 81 is heavily congested within Maryland due to the 1960s era freeway being used as both a commuter route within a rapidly growing metropolitan area as well as a major trucking corridor . In 2010 , the highway had a minimum annual average daily traffic of 43 @,@ 771 between Showalter Road and PA 163 and a maximum of 62 @,@ 181 between Halfway Boulevard and US 40 . The Interstate is often used by long @-@ distance traffic as an alternative to I @-@ 95 to avoid traveling through the major cities of the East Coast . As a result , in 2001 the Maryland State Highway Administration began developing long @-@ term plans to upgrade the entire length of I @-@ 81 in Maryland . The state completed the planning process for the eventual upgrades to the Interstate highway in November 2010 ; the next step is preliminary engineering work . The state plans to expand I @-@ 81 to six lanes to address capacity concerns . In addition , many of the interchanges will be rebuilt to reduce or eliminate weaving . In particular :
The collector @-@ distributor lanes within the I @-@ 70 interchange would be extended north through the Halfway Boulevard interchange .
The US 40 and Showalter Road interchanges would be changed from a full cloverleaf interchange to a partial interchange by removing the two loop ramps from the crossroad onto I @-@ 81 .
The MD 58 interchange may be converted from a partial cloverleaf interchange to a diamond interchange .
The Maugans Avenue diamond interchange may have a loop ramp added from westbound Maugans Avenue to southbound I @-@ 81 .
At almost every interchange , acceleration and deceleration lanes would be lengthened to modern standards . The ramps within the I @-@ 70 interchange would be modified to better handle traffic passing between two freeways . Auxiliary lanes would be added in both directions between the US 40 and MD 58 interchanges , and southbound between the Showalter Road and Maugans Avenue interchanges . In addition , there is an option to construct a truck weigh station somewhere along I @-@ 81 within the state ; there are no weigh stations along either the Maryland or West Virginia segments of I @-@ 81 .
= = Exit list = =
The entire route is in Washington County .
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= Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm =
Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm is a Buddhist temple in Ho Chi Minh City , the largest city in Vietnam . It was founded in 1965 and is the spiritual birthplace of the khất sĩ tradition of Vietnamese Buddhism that attempts to recreate the original tradition of the Buddhist sangha by walking barefoot and begging for alms . The temple is located at 7 Nguyễn Trung Trực Street , in Bình Thạnh District . It is known for its weekly Bát Quan Trai Giới ( Eight Precept Ritual ) retreat , which is staged more frequently than at other institutions in the city , and has a reputation among its followers for rigour and discipline . The attendees of the temple are typically over 40 years of age and are overwhelmingly female .
The temple is set on a plot of 5 @,@ 490 square metres ( 59 @,@ 100 sq ft ) , and construction took ten years . Initially , the complex comprised two halls , two compounds for the sangha other buildings . The temple was the headquarters of the Vietnamese khất sĩ Sangha Association until 1980 . In 1998 , an octagonal nine @-@ story tower , named the Buddha Gem Tower , was built . The tower is lit at night and is visible throughout the surrounding area . The bottom four floors form the library as well as the repository for some relics of Gautama Buddha . Many of the inner walls of the halls of the temple are adorned with relief carvings and paintings depicting important events in the life of Buddha . In the courtyard stands a statue of Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva .
= = History = =
The founding patriarch of the khất sĩ tradition was Thích Minh Đăng Quang , who was born Nguyễn Thành Đạt in 1923 to a peasant family from the village of Phú Hậu , Bình Phú prefecture , Tam Bình District in Vĩnh Long Province in the Mekong Delta . He founded the tradition in 1944 with the vow " Nối truyền Thích @-@ ca chánh pháp Đạo Phật Khất sĩ Việt Nam " ( Transmitting the correct dharma of Sakyamuni , Khất sĩ Buddhism of Vietnam ) , which came to be the motto of the khất sĩ tradition . Although he disappeared in 1954 , his followers continued to expand and went on to open Tinh Xa Trung Tam .
= = Buildings and development = =
The temple is set on a plot of 5 @,@ 490 square metres ( 59 @,@ 100 sq ft ) ; construction of the building began in April 1965 and took ten years . The plot of land was donated by a Buddhist layperson named Nguyễn Văn Chà . Initially , the complex comprised a main ceremonial hall , a patriarch hall , two compounds for the sangha and a set of huts for solitary religious practice . The temple was the headquarters of the khất sĩ Sangha Association from 1966 until 1980 .
In November 1980 , the abbot Thích Giác Toàn along with Thích Giác Phúc organised an expansion that involved the erection of a two @-@ storied compound that included the main ceremonial hall . The compound was built in an octagonal shape , as planned by the architect Nguyễn Hữu Thiện . The tower part of the compound is 4 @.@ 40 metres ( 14 @.@ 4 ft ) tall , with octagonal sides of length 2 @.@ 25 metres ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) . At the top of the temple are 13 miniature levels , which represent the 13 realms of existence . The tower was constructed from wood , with lotuses depicted on the exterior walls . There are 12 paintings that depict various events in the life of Gautama Buddha , including the birth at Lumbini , the enlightenment at Bodh Gaya , the first dharma talk at Deer Park in Varanasi and the entering of nirvana at Kushinagar . Further parts of the wall display quotes from the Dhammapada written in Vietnamese . The entire artwork on and within the tower was the work of Thiện Ngộ and his group of artists from the Art School of Long An . The artwork was created between 1982 and 1984 . The main lecture hall on the ground floor has wooden benches and can house several hundred people . A large statue of the patriarch Thich Minh Dang Quang stands at the front of the hall , in front of the wall paintings and a table on a platform where the speaking monk sit while giving a dharma talk .
The centrepiece of the main ceremonial hall on the second level is a statue of Gautama Buddha in the Buddha Hall . It is carved from wood , is 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall , and is enclosed in a glass case . Also on this level is a ceramic statue depicting the birth of Prince Siddhartha . It depicts the traditional account of the prince taking seven steps , which resulted in seven lotuses blooming spontaneously , followed by Siddhartha pointing to the sky with his index finger and declaring that this life would be his last in samsara . On the internal wall of the temple are eight murals of the life of Gautama Buddha by Minh Dung and Hai Long . They are 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high and carved into the wall .
There are two other chambers on the second floor . Behind the Buddha Hall is the patriarch 's alcove . The founder of any Vietnamese monastery is typically commemorated there , but in this case , Thích Minh Đăng Quang left no remains , so only his begging bowl and robe are present , protected by a glass enclosure . The bowl is smaller than usual and the robe is of a saffron @-@ dark orange colour . Buddhists often prostrate before the two objects , although as the glass enclosure and the Buddha statues in the main hall lie on the central symmetry axis of the building , they do so at an angle so that their posteriors are not pointing towards the statue of the Buddha . Behind the patriarch 's alcove is another chamber , the centre of which is a statue of the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha . Instead of being depicted with the typical staff with six rings around it — representing the six realms of existence — Ksitigarbha is shown with a " wish @-@ granting gem " . To either side of Ksitigarbha are photos of deceased monks and nuns . To the extreme left and right are photographs and names of deceased lay Buddhists , and their ashes are stored in urns below the altar .
In the front courtyard of the temple is a statue Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva , which stands 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , on a lotus seat 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high . This is unusually high for an Avalokiteshvara statue in an outdoor courtyard . Before 1975 , the khất sĩ Sangha Association had around 300 temples in southern Vietnam , and the temple was the headquarters of the organization .
In 1998 , an octagonal nine @-@ story tower , named the Buddha Gem Tower , was built next to the Bodhi tree . It is 37 metres ( 121 ft ) high and has a symbolic Torch of Wisdom at the top , which is lit at night and is visible throughout the surrounding area . The bottom four floors form the library as well as the repository for some of the Buddha 's relics . The top five levels are used to enshrine the ashes of monks and nuns .
To the left of the gate is the bookstore , which is run by the lay disciples of the temple . Unlike many other Buddhist institutions , the publications are generally not free . The outlet offers journals published by the government @-@ run Buddhist media , as well as material written by Vietnamese monks , translations of canonical texts , works by internationally renowned Buddhist scholars , and audiovisual recordings of dharma talks by Vietnamese monks . It also sells images and statues of Gautama and Amitabha Buddha , and Avalokiteshvara . Next to the bookstore is the medical clinic , Tue Tinh Duong ( Tue Tinh Hall ) , named after a Trần Dynasty monk and herbal medicine practitioner who was famed for attending to the impoverished and compiling the first known book on Vietnamese herbal medicine . As is the case with medical clinics named in Tue Tinh 's honour , the services dispensed are complimentary . The outlet at Tinh Xa Trung Tam is the mendicant sect 's most active medical facility .
The Triple Gate ( Tam Quan ) is accessible by both pedestrians and vehicles . Two @-@ wheeled vehicles and pedestrians use the left and right wings respectively , and cars , buses , and trucks can use the central wing . The three gates represent emptiness , impermanence and middle @-@ view . It is decorated with sculptures and engravings of lotuses , lanterns and swastikas , all prominent symbols in Buddhism . On the left hand side of the grounds , there is a Bodhi tree , a symbol of the enlightenment of the Buddha . The tree is located in a concrete lotus , and around it are eight samsara @-@ wheel @-@ shaped signs that represent the Noble Eightfold Path . Signs with text explain each of the eight paths .
Aside from the two tower complexes , there is a reception office , administrative block , monastic quarters , meditation halls and a kitchen complex where lay supporters prepare meals for the monks and visitors . The monastic quarters and meditation hall are not open to laypeople and can provide accommodation for hundreds of monks . This large capacity is often utilised during the Rains Retreat . This retreat commemorates events during the life of the Buddha , when the rainy season came between the full moons of the fourth and seventh lunar months . As a result , monks of the time stayed in one place to practice rather than travel from place to place .
= = Intrusions = =
As with other Buddhist temples in Ho Chi Minh City , rapid urban sprawl in the city has enveloped Tinh Xa Trung Tam and disturbed the serenity that existed when it was first constructed . The area surrounding Tinh Xa Trung Tam is now a noisy neighborhood , and most prominent among the sources of disturbances is a karaoke bar located on an alley leading to the temple . Due to overcrowding in the neighbourhood , joggers often use the monastery grounds , so a sign has been erected indicating " Ladies and gentlemen exercisers please follow this route " so that they circle the Dharma Tower in a clockwise direction , a path usually taken by Buddhists around stupas as an act of devotion .
In response to the growing noise , a sign has been placed at the gate to remind visitors — Buddhists and non @-@ Buddhists — about etiquette . It says that bicycles and motorcycles should be pushed into the yard with engines turned off . A policy of locking the halls when they are not in use has also been enacted to prevent homeless people from camping there . Some stray dogs have adopted Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm as their home and traipse about during rituals ; they are fed vegetarian food . Although begging is not allowed inside the monastery grounds , it is allowed on the footpath outside the camp , and several handicapped people have made themselves a regular presence there .
= = Social outreach = =
The monastery runs a fundraising program for cataract operations in the city , and receives wide support due to public suspicion of charities affiliated with the ruling Communist Party government , due to the communists ' strong reputation for rampant corruption . Following the fall of Saigon and the communist takeover , religious bodies were required to be registered with and loyal to the party . The khat si complied and became one of the nine schools within the state @-@ sanctioned Vietnamese Buddhist Congregation . However , the temple does not fly the national flag , and the only government material or symbols on display within Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm are letters of congratulations for charity initiatives .
= = Demographics and activities = =
The lay attendees at Tinh Xa Trung Tam are predominantly female by a ratio of around 5 to 1 , and most of the temple @-@ goers are over 40 . Most of the younger lay disciples are relatives of regular , older attendees . In addition to local residents , who make up the bulk of the disciples , some are from other parts of Vietnam , as well as overseas Vietnamese who are temporarily in the country . According to the American professor of Vietnamese history and religion Mark W. McLeod , who did fieldwork at Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm , he did not survey the laypeople about their income , for fear of embarrassing them , but conjectured that most had an above average income as they were able to devote a considerable amount of time to organized religious activity instead of working longer hours . A regular occurrence at the temple is the weekly Bát Quan Trai Giới ( Eight Precepts Ritual ) . As part of this , the participants take on three additional vows apart from the Five Precepts and stay at the temple for a 24 @-@ hour period . These vows prohibit adornments such as makeup and jewellery , the use of comfortable beds and chairs , and eating impurely . During the retreat day , meals are taken in silence and talking is avoided , apart from during dharma talks , sutra chanting and religious debate . Meditation is also a part of the routine . Tinh Xa Trung Tam holds the Eight Precepts Ritual more often than any other institution in the city ; the next most frequent temple holds the retreat once every two weeks . Dharma talks are held weekly by the resident monks and nuns , which is generally more frequent than at other places in the city . The disciples and monks at the temple told McLeod that they chose Tinh Xa Trung Tam because of what they regarded as a higher level of discipline , rigor and scholarship at the institution . The monks are transported by their disciples as they are forbidden to drive .
The founder of khất sĩ had been a supporter of freeing birds as an act of compassion , and this has been continued by some monks and lay people as it is believed to be meritorious , but others have spoken out against on the grounds that the demand for birds used for such ceremonies merely prompt more people to capture them in the first place .
According to the scholar Mark McLeod , the temple incorporated aspects of both Mahayana and Theravada traditions in its style of practice and architecture . He felt that the modest and uncomplicated wooden statue of the Buddha is more reminiscent of Theravada architecture , while the Ksitigarbha and Avalokiteshvara statues are distinctly Mahayana , as these figures are absent from Theravada teachings . One monk interviewed by McLeod said that his temple 's interpretation of Buddhism and its inclusiveness of Mahayana and Theravada aspects is " like a tree , which needs roots , a trunk , branches , and leaves ; it cannot survive if any is missing . " He added that the appropriateness of a teaching , practice , symbol , is independent of its origin , but is determined by " whether or not it accords with the Buddha 's Teachings . "
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= Brad McCrimmon =
Byron Brad McCrimmon ( March 29 , 1959 – September 7 , 2011 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and coach . He played over 1 @,@ 200 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Boston Bruins , Philadelphia Flyers , Calgary Flames , Detroit Red Wings , Hartford Whalers and Phoenix Coyotes between 1979 and 1997 . He achieved his greatest success in Calgary , where he was named a second team All @-@ Star in 1987 – 88 , played in the 1988 NHL All @-@ Star Game and won the Plus @-@ Minus Award with a league leading total of + 48 . In 1989 , he helped the Flames win their first Stanley Cup championship . His career plus @-@ minus of + 444 is one of the highest totals in NHL history .
McCrimmon turned to coaching following his playing career , serving as an assistant with the New York Islanders before taking over as head coach of the Western Hockey League 's Saskatoon Blades for two seasons between 1998 and 2000 . He then returned to the NHL as an assistant , first with the Flames then the Atlanta Thrashers and finally the Red Wings . He left the NHL to become the head coach of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) in 2011 . He never coached a regular season game however , as he was killed in the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl air disaster along with most of the team after their plane crashed en route to their first game .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Junior = = =
McCrimmon began his junior career at the age of 15 with the Prince Albert Raiders of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League ( SJHL ) . He played two seasons with the team , scoring 23 goals and 84 points . In his second season , 1975 – 76 , he was named the SJHL 's defenceman of the year . For the 1976 – 77 season , he moved up to the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . He scored 84 points in 72 games in his first WCHL season and added 13 points in 15 playoff games as the Wheat Kings reached the league championship series , only to lose to the New Westminster Bruins . McCrimmon scored 97 points in 1977 – 78 and 98 in 1978 – 79 . He was named the defenceman of the year in 1978 and was named to the league all @-@ star team in both seasons . He also joined the Canadian junior team at the World Junior Championship in each season . He recorded two assists in six games to help Canada win a bronze medal at the 1978 tournament and had three points in five games in 1979 though Canada failed to medal .
With McCrimmon as team captain , the Wheat Kings again reached the league championship in 1978 – 79 . He scored 28 points in 22 games to help Brandon win the President 's Cup . The team advanced to the 1979 Memorial Cup tournament where it reached the final against the Ontario Hockey League champion Peterborough Petes . McCrimmon routinely played a high number of minutes each game ; his teammates marveled at his stamina . In the Memorial Cup final , he played virtually every minute of the contest . His total ice time was 60 minutes , 38 seconds , and he was off the ice only to serve a two @-@ minute penalty . Peterborough won the game , 2 – 1 in overtime , after McCrimmon lost the puck on a play he thought was icing was not called . Peterborough 's Terry Bovair stole the puck from him and scored the championship winning goal . Despite the loss , McCrimmon was named a tournament all @-@ star on defence .
= = = Professional = = =
At the 1979 NHL Entry Draft , considered one of the deepest in league history , McCrimmon was selected 15th overall by the Boston Bruins . He made his NHL debut on October 11 , 1979 , in the team 's opening night victory over the Winnipeg Jets . He scored 5 goals and 16 points in his rookie season of 1979 – 80 and improved to 11 goals and 29 points in his second season . With only nine points in the 1981 – 82 season , McCrimmon had gained a reputation as a player who did not attack with the puck in the NHL . Following the retirement of Rogie Vachon , the Bruins needed a new goaltender . They sent McCrimmon to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Pete Peeters on June 9 , 1982 .
Flyers ' coach Bob McCammon argued that McCrimmon had been " intimidated " by playing with fellow 1979 Bruins pick and all @-@ star , Ray Bourque , and that he could be a better overall defenceman . McCrimmon 's offence improved in his first two seasons in Philadelphia – 25 points in 1982 – 83 and 24 , though without a goal scored , in 1983 – 84 – but he established himself as a top shutdown defenceman with the Flyers . He recorded 43 points in 1984 – 85 and posted a plus @-@ minus rating of + 52 , fifth best in the NHL . McCrimmon was ruled out of the 1985 Stanley Cup Playoffs in the third game of the league semi @-@ final against the Quebec Nordiques when he suffered a third @-@ degree separation of his left shoulder following a hard hit by Wilf Paiement , an injury that required surgery to repair . The Flyers reached the final without McCrimmon , but were defeated by the Edmonton Oilers for the Stanley Cup . McCrimmon returned to start the 1985 – 86 season , in which he had his best season statistically . He appeared in all 80 games for the Flyers and set career highs of 13 goals , 43 assists , 56 points and his plus @-@ minus rating of + 83 was second only to defensive partner Mark Howe . He was named recipient of the Barry Ashbee Trophy as the Flyers ' top defenceman .
McCrimmon and the Flyers became embroiled in a contract dispute prior to the 1986 – 87 season . The two sides were unable to agree on a contract the season before , and an arbitrator was required to resolve the impasse . The arbitrator sided with the team , setting a contract at the Flyers ' offer of US $ 165 @,@ 000 for that season ( he asked for $ 200 @,@ 000 ) , with an option to extend the deal for 1986 – 87 . The Flyers exercised that option , and though he admitted he was under contract for the season , McCrimmon refused to play unless a new deal was reached . When the two sides were unable to come to an agreement , McCrimmon went home to Saskatchewan as the season began . The Flyers suspended McCrimmon on September 26 , 1986 , after he refused to appear in the first exhibition games . The impasse was not resolved until a month later , when he and the team agreed to a one @-@ year contract on October 29 . He immediately returned to the team and appeared in 72 of the Flyers ' 80 games , recording 22 points and finishing fourth in the league at + 45 . In the 1987 Stanley Cup Playoffs , he appeared in all 26 post @-@ season games as the Flyers again reached the final against Edmonton . McCrimmon scored the overtime winner in game 3 of the final , but the Oilers won the series .
Following the season , general manager Bobby Clarke refused to sign a new deal with McCrimmon , choosing instead to trade him . He was sent to the Calgary Flames on August 27 , 1987 , in exchange for a third round selection at the 1988 NHL Entry Draft and a first rounder at the 1989 Draft . On the 1987 – 88 Flames , McCrimmon joined Al MacInnis , Paul Reinhart , Gary Suter and Ric Nattress to form one of the top defences in the NHL . He scored 42 points for the Flames , won the NHL Plus @-@ Minus Award with a league @-@ leading + 48 and was named a second team All @-@ Star . Additionally , he played in the 1988 All @-@ Star Game .
McCrimmon recorded only 22 points in 1988 – 89 – his lowest in seven seasons – but led all NHL defencemen with a + 43 rating . He appeared in all 22 playoff games for the Flames as the team defeated the Montreal Canadiens to win the first Stanley Cup championship in franchise history . McCrimmon was named the 10th captain in Flames history on November 3 , 1989 , succeeding Lanny McDonald and Jim Peplinski , who both retired following the Stanley Cup win . He scored 4 goals and 19 points during the 1989 – 90 season , but fell out of favour with head coach Terry Crisp as the two disagreed over how the team 's defencemen were used . The Flames chose to trade him following the season , sending him to the Detroit Red Wings on June 15 , 1990 , in exchange for a second round draft pick .
In 1991 – 92 , McCrimmon was paired with a young Nicklas Lidström . Though he focused on defence , allowing Lidström to be more creative offensively , McCrimmon 's 29 points were a significant improvement on the 13 he scored the season before . He played one more season in Detroit before again being traded , this time to the Hartford Whalers on June 1 , 1993 , in exchange for a sixth round draft pick . In Hartford , the 34 @-@ year @-@ old McCrimmon served as a mentor for 18 @-@ year @-@ old Chris Pronger . Offensively , he scored 16 points total in three seasons with the Whalers between 1993 and 1996 . Leaving the team as a free agent , McCrimmon signed with the Phoenix Coyotes for the 1996 – 97 season . He appeared in 37 games that season , scoring one goal and adding five assists . Following the season , he announced his retirement .
McCrimmon was paired with some of the best defencemen of his generation . In addition to Lidstrom and Pronger , he played with Hockey Hall of Famers Ray Bourque , Mark Howe and Paul Coffey . He was known as a stay at home defenceman who focused on limiting the opposition 's chances . He played a physical game , often in the " dirty " areas of the ice – battling opponents in the corners and in front of the net . McCrimmon 's career plus @-@ minus was + 444 , a total surpassed by only nine players as of 2012 . Brian Propp , a teammate of his in Philadelphia , said that he was one of the most underrated defencemen of his time .
= = Coaching career = =
McCrimmon moved behind the bench shortly after his retirement , joining the New York Islanders as an assistant coach to Mike Milbury on August 19 , 1997 . He left the team after two years to become head coach of the Saskatoon Blades of the Western Hockey League in 1999 . In two seasons with the team , he coached 144 games , winning 50 and tying 15 . McCrimmon coached the Blades to a second @-@ place finish in the East Division in 1999 – 2000 and a seven @-@ game opening round playoff victory over the Regina Pats before the team was eliminated by the Calgary Hitmen .
Returning to the NHL in 2000 , McCrimmon joined the Calgary Flames as an assistant to Don Hay . He remained with the team for two and a half seasons , serving under both Hay and successor Greg Gilbert until the team replaced its coaching staff on December 3 , 2002 . He returned to the NHL in 2004 as an assistant for the Atlanta Thrashers . He was promoted to associate coach in his fourth season when team general manager Don Waddell fired head coach Bob Hartley during the 2007 – 08 season . McCrimmon had been offered the Thrashers head coaching position after Waddell 's dismissal , but turned it down after the team failed to guarantee he would retain the position beyond the end of the season . Leaving the Thrashers , McCrimmon signed a three @-@ year contract with the Detroit Red Wings in 2008 to serve as an assistant coach .
Looking to further his career , he left Detroit on May 19 , 2011 , and was introduced as head coach of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) on May 29 . He hoped that coaching the Russian club would help him land an NHL head coaching position in the future . He never coached a game for Lokomotiv , as on September 7 , 2011 , the team 's plane crashed on take off en route to their first game of the season . McCrimmon died along with nearly his entire team .
= = Personal life = =
McCrimmon was born in Dodsland , Saskatchewan , but grew up on the family farm near the village of Plenty . He often returned to his hometown during his playing days , spending his summers training on the family farm . He brought the Stanley Cup back to Plenty in 1989 after winning it with the Flames , fulfilling a promise McCrimmon made to his grandfather as a youth .
Hockey was a significant part of McCrimmon 's life from his youth . His father Byron was a long time senior player and coach for the Rosetown Red Wings in Saskatchewan . The younger McCrimmon played for teams in both Plenty and Rosetown at the same time , often appearing on teams one level above his age . His younger brother Kelly is the owner and general manager of the Brandon Wheat Kings , with whom they played together as teammates in 1978 – 79 .
Nicknamed both " Beast " and " Sarge " , McCrimmon was often considered " gruff " and had a direct way of speaking that cultivated respect amongst his peers . According to former teammate Lanny McDonald : " He was tough , he was abrasive , but on the inside he was a big teddy bear , a big softie . " McCrimmon 's brother remembered him as a person who dedicated himself to his family . Brad had two children with his wife Maureen : daughter Carlin and son Liam .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = = Coaching = = =
= = Awards and honours = =
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= Lyme Park =
Lyme Park is a large estate located south of Disley , Cheshire . The estate is managed by the National Trust and consists of a mansion house surrounded by formal gardens , in a deer park in the Peak District National Park . The house is the largest in Cheshire , and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building .
The estate was granted to Sir Thomas Danyers in 1346 and passed to the Leghs of Lyme by marriage in 1388 . It remained in the possession of the Legh family until 1946 when it was given to the National Trust . The house dates from the latter part of the 16th century . Modifications were made to it in the 1720s by Giacomo Leoni , who retained some of the Elizabethan features and added others , particularly the courtyard and the south range . It is difficult to classify Leoni 's work at Lyme , as it contains elements of both Palladian and Baroque styles . Further modifications were made by Lewis Wyatt in the 19th century , especially to the interior . Formal gardens were created and developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The house , gardens and park have been used as locations for filming and they are open to the public . The Lyme Caxton Missal is on display in the Library .
= = History = =
The land now occupied by Lyme Park was granted to Piers Legh and his wife Margaret D 'anyers , by letters patent dated January 4 , 1398 , by Richard II , son of the Black Prince . Margaret D 'anyers ' grandfather , Sir Thomas D 'anyers , had taken part in retrieving the standard of the Black Prince at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 , and was rewarded with annuity of 40 marks a year by the Black Prince , drawn on his Cheshire estate , and which could be exchanged for land of that value belonging to the Black Prince . Sir Thomas died in 1354 , and the annuity passed to his nearest surviving kin , his granddaughter Margaret , who in 1388 married the first Piers Legh ( Piers Legh I ) . Richard II favoured Piers and granted his family a coat of arms in 1397 , and the estate of Lyme Handley in 1398 redeeming the annuity . However , Piers was executed two years later by Richard 's rival for the throne , Henry Bolingbroke .
When in 1415 Sir Piers Legh II was wounded in the Battle of Agincourt , his mastiff stood over and protected him for many hours through the battle . The mastiff was later returned to Legh 's home and was the foundation of the Lyme Hall Mastiffs . They were bred at the hall and kept separate from other strains , figuring prominently in founding the modern breed . The strain died out around the beginning of the 20th century .
The first record of a house on the site is in a manuscript folio dated 1465 , but that house was demolished when construction of the present building began during the life of Piers Legh VII , in the middle of the 16th century . This house , by an unknown designer , was L @-@ shaped in plan with east and north ranges ; piecemeal additions were made to it during the 17th century . In the 1720s Giacomo Leoni , an architect from Venice , added a south range to the house creating a courtyard plan , and made other changes . While he retained some of its Elizabethan features , many of his changes were in a mixture of Palladian and Baroque styles . During the latter part of the 18th century Piers Legh XIII bought most of the furniture which is in the house today . However , the family fortunes declined and the house began to deteriorate . In the early 19th century the estate was owned by Thomas Legh , who commissioned Lewis Wyatt to restore the house between 1816 and 1822 . Wyatt 's alterations were mainly to the interior , where he remodelled every room . Leoni had intended to add a cupola to the south range but this never materialised . Instead , Wyatt added a tower @-@ like structure ( a hamper ) to provide bedrooms for the servants . He also added a one @-@ storey block to the east range , containing a dining @-@ room . Later in the century William Legh , 1st Baron Newton , added stables and other buildings to the estate , and created the Dutch Garden . Further alterations were made to the gardens by Thomas Legh , 2nd Baron Newton and his wife during the early 20th century . In 1946 Richard Legh , 3rd Baron Newton , gave Lyme Park to the National Trust .
= = House = =
= = = Exterior = = =
The house is the largest in Cheshire , measuring overall 190 feet ( 58 m ) by 130 feet ( 40 m ) round a courtyard plan . The older part is built in coursed , squared buff sandstone rubble with sandstone dressings ; the later work is in ashlar sandstone . The whole house has a roof of Welsh slates . The symmetrical north face is of 15 bays in three storeys ; its central bay consists of a slightly protruding gateway . The arched doorway in this bay has Doric columns with a niche on each side . Above the doorway are three more Doric columns with a pediment , and above this are three further columns . Over all this are four further columns with an open pediment bearing an image of Minerva . The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner referred to this gateway as " the craziest Elizabethan frontispiece " . The endmost three bays on each side project slightly forwards . The ground floors of the three outer bays on each side are rusticated , and their upper storeys are divided by large Corinthian pilasters . The west front is also in three storeys , with nine bays , the outer two bays on each side projecting forward . The ground floor is rusticated and the upper floors are smooth .
The symmetrical 15 @-@ bay three @-@ storey south front overlooking the pond is the work of Leoni . Although Leoni had been influenced by the works and principles of Palladio , both Pevsner and the authors of the citation in the National Heritage List for England agree that the design of this front is more Baroque than Palladian . The bottom storey is rusticated with arched windows , and the other storeys are smooth with rectangular windows . The middle three bays consist of a portico of which the lowest storey has three arches . Above this arise four giant fluted Ionic columns supporting a triangular pediment . Standing on the pediment are three lead statues , of Neptune , Venus and Pan . The pediment partly hides Wyatt 's blind balustraded ashlar attic block . The other bays are separated by plain Ionic pilasters and the end three bays on each side protrude slightly . The nine @-@ bay three @-@ storey east front is mostly Elizabethan in style and has Wyatt 's single @-@ storey extension protruding from its centre . The courtyard was remodelled by Leoni , who gave it a rusticated cloister on all sides . Above the cloister the architecture differs on the four sides although all the windows on the first ( piano nobile ) floor have pediments . On the west side is a one @-@ bay centrepiece with a window between two Doric pilasters ; on the south and north are three windows with four similar pilasters ; and on the east front is the grand entrance with a portal in a Tuscan aedicule . This entrance is between the first and second storeys and is approached by symmetrical pairs of stairs with iron balusters , which were made in 1734 by John Gardom of Baslow , Derbyshire . In the centre of the courtyard is an Italian Renaissance well @-@ head , surrounded by chequered pink and white stone , simulating marble .
= = = Interior = = =
The Entrance Hall , which is in the east range , was remodelled by Leoni . It is asymmetrical and contains giant pilasters and a screen of three fluted Ionic columns . The doorway to the courtyard has an open pediment . A hinged picture can be swung out from the wall to reveal a squint looking into the Entrance Hall . Also in the Entrance Hall are tapestries which were woven at Mortlake between 1623 and 1636 . They were originally in the Leghs ' London home in Belgrave Square and were moved to Lyme in 1903 . In order to accommodate them , the interior decorator , Amadée Joubert , had to make alterations , including the removal of a tabernacle and cutting out four of the pilasters . To the south of the Entrance Hall is the Library , and to the east is Wyatt 's Dining Room , which has a stucco ceiling and a carved overmantel both in a late 17th @-@ century style , as well as a frieze . The decoration of this room is considered to be a rare early example of the Wrenaissance style .
To the north of the Entrance Hall are the two principal Elizabethan rooms , the Drawing Room and the Stag Parlour . The Drawing Room is panelled with intersecting arches above which is a marquetry frieze . The ceiling has studded bands , strapwork cartouches and a broad frieze . Over the fireplace is a large stone overmantel , which is decorated with pairs of atlantes and caryatids framing the arms of Elizabeth I. The stained glass in this room includes medieval glass that was moved from the original Lyme Hall to Disley Church and returned to Lyme in 1835 . The Stag Parlour has a chimneypiece depicting an Elizabethan house and hunting scenes , and it includes the arms of James I. The other Elizabethan rooms in the house are the Stone Parlour on the ground floor , and the Long Gallery , which is on the top floor of the east range . The Long Gallery also has a chimneypiece with the arms of Elizabeth I. The Grand Staircase dates from the remodelling by Leoni and it has a Baroque ceiling . The Saloon is on the first floor of the south range , behind the portico . Its ceiling is decorated in rococo style , and the room contains wooden carvings that have been attributed to Grinling Gibbons . The Chapel , in the northeast corner of the ground floor , also contains detailed carvings .
= = = Lyme Caxton Missal = = =
This missal had been owned by the Legh family since at least 1508 . It is the only known nearly complete copy of the earliest edition of a missal according to the Sarum Rite still in existence . When the family moved from the house in 1946 , the missal went with them , and was held for safe @-@ keeping in the John Rylands Library in Manchester . In the late 2000s the National Trust acquired it , and it was decided to return it to Lyme Park . To celebrate this the décor of the library was restored to the way it had been during the 19th century . This included re @-@ graining of its ceiling , reproducing velvet for the upholstery and curtains , and re @-@ papering the room with replica wallpaper , based on its original design .
= = Grounds = =
The house is surrounded by formal gardens of 6 hectares ( 15 acres ) in a deer park of about 550 hectares ( 1 @,@ 359 acres ) which are listed at Grade II * in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . In the gardens and deer park are a number of structures .
= = = Gardens = = =
To the west of the house is the former mill pond . From the south side a lawn slopes down to another pond beyond which is a small ravine with a stone bridge , this area being known as Killtime . To the west of the lawn is the sunken Dutch Garden , which was created by William Legh . It consists of formal flower beds with a central fountain . To the west , south and east of the orangery are further formal flower gardens , including rose gardens .
= = = Deer park = = =
The park was enclosed in the 14th century by Piers Legh I. In the 17th century Richard Legh planted avenues of sycamore and lime trees . Richard 's son , Peter Legh XII carried out more extensive tree @-@ planting in the park , giving it its current appearance . Red deer descended from the original deer present when the park was enclosed graze in the grounds , as do Highland cattle . Formerly an unusual breed of wild white cattle with red ears grazed in the park but they became extinct in 1884 . Fallow deer and sheep also graze in the park .
= = = Structures = = =
The most obvious structure in the park , other than the house , is a tower called the Cage which stands on a hill to the east of the approach road to the house ( 53 @.@ 34453 ° N 2 @.@ 05189 ° W / 53 @.@ 34453 ; -2.05189 ) . It was originally a hunting lodge and was later used as a park @-@ keeper 's cottage and as a lock @-@ up for prisoners . The first structure on the site was built about 1580 ; this was taken down and rebuilt in 1737 , possibly to a design by Leoni for Peter Legh X. The tower is built in buff sandstone rubble with ashlar sandstone dressings . It is square in plan , in three storeys , with attached small square towers surmounted by cupolas at the corners . The Cage is a Grade II * listed building . Also in the park is the Paddock Cottage which was erected by Peter Legh IX and restored in the early 21st century . To the east of this are the remains of the Stag House ( 53 @.@ 32211 ° N 2 @.@ 05374 ° W / 53 @.@ 32211 ; -2.05374 ) . To the left of the house in Lantern Wood is a belvedere known as the Lantern ( 53 @.@ 33842 ° N 2 @.@ 04333 ° W / 53 @.@ 33842 ; -2.04333 ) . It is built in sandstone and has three storeys and a spire ; the lowest storey is square in plan while the other storeys and the spire are octagonal . The top storey and spire date from about 1580 and originally formed a bellcote on the north gatehouse . This was removed during the restoration of the house by Wyatt and rebuilt on the present site . It is a Grade II * listed building .
Immediately to the northeast of the house is the Orangery which was designed in 1862 by Alfred Darbyshire . The Orangery is joined to the house by a covered passage known as the Dark Passage . This was designed by Wyatt for Sir Thomas Legh in 1815 and is a Grade II listed building . Further from the house , to the northeast of the orangery , are the stables ( 53 @.@ 33912 ° N 2 @.@ 05283 ° W / 53 @.@ 33912 ; -2.05283 ) . These are dated 1863 and were also designed by Darbyshire . They are built in sandstone on a courtyard plan and are listed at Grade II . Other structures in the grounds listed at Grade II are the Pheasant House dating from about 1870 , an Italian white marble wellhead in the centre of the courtyard of the house dating from the 18th century and probably brought to the house from Venice in about 1900 , sandstone kennels in an H @-@ plan dating from around 1870 , a pair of gardener 's cottages dated 1871 , terrace revetment walls to the west of the house containing some 17th @-@ century masonry with later repairs , the lodge , gate piers and gates on Lyme Park Drive , the forward gatepiers to Lyme Park Drive , dating from the late 17th century and moved to their present position about 1860 , the gate piers in Red Lane , and the gate piers , gates and railings to the north of the north front of the house .
= = Present day = =
Lyme Park is owned and administered by the National Trust . The house , garden and park are open to the public at advertised hours . An entrance fee to the house and garden is payable by non @-@ members of the National Trust , and additional fee is charged for parking . In the grounds are shops , a refreshment kiosk , a coffee shop and a restaurant . The Lyme Caxton Missal is on display in the library . Associated with it is an interactive audio @-@ visual display with a touch @-@ screen facility to enable pages of the book to be " turned " , and chants from the missal to be sung as they would have been 500 years ago . Events are held in the park . The Bowmen of Lyme use the park for archery .
Lyme Park and its hall have been used in several films and television programmes . The exterior of the hall was used as Pemberley , the seat of Mr Darcy , in the 1995 BBC adaptation of Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice , and as a location for the Red Dwarf episode " Timeslides " . It was also used as a location in the 2011 film The Awakening and in the second series of The Village in 2014 .
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= The Lady 's Realm =
The Lady 's Realm was a British women 's magazine published from 1896 until 1914 , possibly until 1915 . It primarily targeted upper @-@ class readers as well as an aspirational middle @-@ class audience , featuring photographs , poems , fiction , and columns by popular authors such as Marie Corelli , Frances Hodgson Burnett , Jack London , and H.G. Wells . The London Season was regularly covered , with visuals of significant society figures and débutantes appearing . Fashion trends in Paris and London were frequently discussed as well , particularly by its fashion editor Marian Pritchard .
The publication 's targeted reader was the " New Woman " , with enlightened ideas on education , health , independence , and employment . More successful than many of its contemporary publications , the magazine sold reasonably well in the United States , United Kingdom , and Canada . It was a staple of women 's reading rooms in public libraries , which were widespread across the UK . Relatively little is known of The Lady 's Realm 's publishing history , as many records were destroyed during the London Blitz . Its end may have been due to the First World War .
= = History = =
Relatively little is known of The Lady 's Realm 's publishing history , as many records of its publisher , Hutchinson , were destroyed during the London Blitz . The first issue was published in November 1896 . Its first editor was William Henry Wilkins , a mildly successful novelist who oversaw the publication 's editing from 1896 to 1902 . Though inexperienced , Wilkins was acquainted with society , being a friend of such figures as the explorer Richard Francis Burton and his wife Isabel Burton . After Wilkins ' death in 1905 , The Lady 's Realm wrote of how " the general public are little aware how much of [ the magazine 's ] early success " was due to him , and that " not a few [ contributors who ] have since made their names in the world of letters have to thank him for placing their foot on the first rung of the ladder " . Wilkins ' successor as editor is unknown , though Margaret Versteeg and colleagues , who produced an index of the fiction published in The Lady 's Realm , detect no changes in editorial judgement in the magazine 's tenure after 1902 . While the publication mainly featured women writers and feminine topics , all of its editors , most likely , were men .
When it debuted , there were more than twenty @-@ nine publications catering to women . Upon the publication of its first issue in 1896 , Review of Reviews called it " one of the most popular of the magazines that have been started this year " . The illustrated magazine was produced monthly and cost sixpence ( cheap enough for middle @-@ class readers ) . A typical issue contained 120 pages on quality glossy paper . It sold reasonably well in the United Kingdom , United States , and Canada . The magazine was available in women 's reading rooms in public libraries , locations that were well distributed across the United Kingdom .
The magazine was produced by the English printers Hazell , Watson and Viney . One of its owners , Walter Hazell , was a social reformer and supporter of women 's suffrage . A successful firm , Hazell , Watson and Viney also produced the Woman 's Signal and the Woman 's Gazette , which featured female political and economic topics . The success of The Lady 's Realm allowed it to remain published for eighteen years , from 1896 to 1915 , much longer than many other contemporary women 's periodicals . Thirty @-@ six volumes were produced , from November 1896 to October 1914 ( a final volume may have been released in 1915 ) . It is not known why it ended , though Versteeg and her colleagues speculate that World War I may have been a cause , as was the case for other contemporary publications like Young Woman ( 1891 – 1914 ) and The Girl ’ s Realm ( 1892 – 1915 ) .
= = Content = =
The magazine focused on an upmarket audience , targeting " aspirational middle @-@ class and upper @-@ class readers " . It was also one of the first intended to appeal to the female homeowner . The Lady 's Realm featured poems , engravings and photographs , as well as columns by popular authors like Marie Corelli , Frances Hodgson Burnett , Violet Fane , and Mary Elizabeth Braddon . Other authors included Jack London , H.G. Wells , and Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman . Fiction , in the form of short stories and serialisations , was released during the magazine 's entire span and took up a sizable proportion in issues . A slightly higher percentage of these contributions were written by women . The type of fiction varied , from romances and domestic narratives to fantasies and sociopolitical stories . The publication 's targeted reader was the " New Woman " , with enlightened ideas on education , health , independence , and employment . Victorian scholar Kathryn Ledbetter notes that The Lady 's Realm was " a handbook to the New Woman then being successfully marketed in popular novels ... it provides many examples of this ideal in essays , illustrations , fiction , and poetry through the late 1890s " .
Lady 's Realm printed an assortment of Court and society news alongside articles on more daily tasks such as food , homemaking , and methods for female readers to earn money . It covered the London Season , displaying photographs of significant society figures and débutantes . It claimed to feature over 500 illustrations in each volume . Theatre was another regular topic of the magazine 's , as was fiction , poetry , and reports on fashion . The Lady 's Realm 's fashion editor Marian Pritchard regularly wrote articles on emerging fashions in London and Paris , and recommended locations where readers could buy them . While still featuring fashion and beauty , it also encouraged careers for women in music , art , business , and millinery . The magazine maintained this blend of topics relatively consistently , though it gradually made minor changes to the proportion it focused on different topics , for instance later focusing less on the nobility and more on the lives of clergymen and governors general .
The Lady 's Realm was a source of celebrity journalism . Ledbetter writes that the magazine inherited its " notions of feminine celebrity " from The Woman 's World , an earlier publication edited by Oscar Wilde . It published studio photographs of actresses as well as aristocrats , including many in the former group who married into the nobility . The British Royal Family was a frequent subject ; one of the magazine 's first issues included an article and photographs about the Princess of Wales ' childhood , and the publication regularly reported on the movements of Queen Victoria 's family .
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= Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss =
Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss is a first @-@ person role @-@ playing video game ( RPG ) developed by Blue Sky Productions ( later Looking Glass Studios ) and published by Origin Systems . Released in March 1992 , the game is set in the fantasy world of the Ultima series . It takes place inside the Great Stygian Abyss : a large , underground cave system that contains the remnants of a failed utopian civilization . The player assumes the role of the Avatar — the Ultima series ' protagonist — and attempts to find and rescue a baron 's kidnapped daughter .
Ultima Underworld has been cited as the first role @-@ playing game to feature first @-@ person action in a 3D environment , and it introduced technological innovations such as allowing the player to look up and down . Its design combines simulation elements with concepts from earlier CRPGs , including Wizardry and Dungeon Master , which led the game 's designers to call it a " dungeon simulation " . As such , the game is non @-@ linear and allows for emergent gameplay .
Ultima Underworld received widespread critical acclaim and sold nearly 500 @,@ 000 units . The game was later placed on numerous hall of fame lists . It influenced game developers such as Bethesda Softworks and Valve Corporation , and it was an inspiration behind the games Deus Ex and BioShock . The game had a sequel , Ultima Underworld II : Labyrinth of Worlds ( 1993 ) , and a new game in the series , Underworld Ascendant , is forthcoming .
= = Gameplay = =
Ultima Underworld is a role @-@ playing video game ( RPG ) that takes place from a first @-@ person perspective in a three @-@ dimensional environment . The player 's goal is to adventure through a large , multi @-@ level dungeon , in which the entire game is set . The player uses a freely movable mouse cursor to interact with the game 's world , and with the icon @-@ based interface on the heads @-@ up display ( HUD ) . Each icon has a specific effect ; for example , the Look icon allows the player to examine objects closely , while the Fight icon causes the player character to ready its weapon . The player 's progression through the game is non @-@ linear : areas may be explored , and puzzles and quests finished , in any order . An automatically filling map , to which the player may add notes , records what the player has seen above a minimum level of brightness . The player character may carry light sources to extend the line of sight in varying amounts . Exploratory actions include looking up and down , jumping , and swimming .
The player begins the game by creating a character , for whom traits such as gender , class and skills may be selected . Skills range from fighting with an axe , to bartering , to picking locks . By participating in combat , quests and exploration , the character gains experience points . When certain amounts of experience points are accumulated , the character levels up , gaining additional hit points and mana . Experience also allows the player to recite mantras at shrines in the game . Each mantra is a statement — such as " Om Cah " — that increases proficiency in a specific skill when typed . Simple mantras are provided in the game 's manual , while more complex ones are hidden throughout the game . An inventory on the HUD lists the items and weapons currently carried by the player character ; capacity is limited by weight . Players equip items via a paper doll system , wherein items are clicked @-@ and @-@ dragged onto a representation of the player character .
Combat occurs in real @-@ time , and the player character may use both melee and ranged weapons . The player attacks by holding the cursor over the game screen and clicking , depressing the button longer to inflict greater damage . Some weapons allow for different types of attacks depending on where the cursor is held ; for example , clicking near the bottom of the screen may result in a jab , while clicking in the middle produces a slash . Simulated dice rolls occur behind the scenes to determine weapon accuracy . Enemies sometimes try to escape when near death , and the game 's stealth mechanics may occasionally be used to avoid combat altogether . The player may cast spells by selecting an appropriate combination of runestones . Like mantras , runestones must be found in the game world before use . There are over forty spells , some undocumented ; their effects range from causing earthquakes to allowing the player character to fly .
The developers intended Ultima Underworld to be a realistic and interactive " dungeon simulation " , rather than a straightforward role @-@ playing game . For example , many objects in the game have no actual use , while a lit torch may be used on corn to create popcorn . Weapons deteriorate with use , and the player character must eat and rest ; light sources burn out unless extinguished before sleeping . A physics system allows , among other things , for items to bounce when thrown against surfaces . The game contains non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) with whom the player may interact by selecting dialogue choices from a menu . Most NPCs have possessions , and are willing to trade them . The game was designed to give players " a palette of strategies " with which to approach situations , and its simulation systems allow for emergent gameplay .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
Ultima Underworld is set in Britannia , the fantasy world of the Ultima series . Specifically , the game takes place inside a large , underground dungeon called the Great Stygian Abyss . The dungeon 's entrance lies on the Isle of the Avatar , an island ruled by Baron Almric . The Abyss first appeared in Ultima IV : Quest of the Avatar , in which it contains the player 's final goal , the Codex of Ultimate Wisdom .
Ultima Underworld is set after the events of Ultima VI : The False Prophet ; in the time between the two games , a man named Cabirus attempted to create a utopian colony inside the Abyss . The eight settlements of the Ultima series each embody one of eight virtues , and Cabirus wished to create a ninth that embodied all virtues . To achieve this , he united diverse cultures and races in peaceful co @-@ existence and planned to promote harmony by giving each group one of eight virtue @-@ imbued magical artifacts . However , he died before distributing the artifacts , and left no instructions for doing so . As a result , the colony collapsed into anarchy and war , and the artifacts were lost . At the time of Ultima Underworld , the Abyss contains the remnants of Cabirus 's colony , inhabited by fractious groups of humans , goblins , trolls and others .
= = = Story = = =
Before the beginning of the game , the Abyss @-@ dwelling wizard brothers Garamon and Tyball accidentally summon a demon , the Slasher of Veils , while experimenting with inter @-@ dimensional travel . Garamon is used as bait to lure the demon into a room imbued with virtue . However , the demon offers Tyball great power if he betrays Garamon . Tyball agrees , but the betrayal fails ; Garamon is killed , but seals the demon inside the room . Because he lacks virtue , Tyball cannot re @-@ enter by himself , and plans to sacrifice Baron Almric 's daughter at the doorway to gain entrance .
In the game 's introduction , the ghost of Garamon haunts the Avatar 's dreams with warnings of a great danger in Britannia . The Avatar allows Garamon to take him there , where he watches Tyball kidnap Baron Almric 's daughter . Tyball escapes , leaving the Avatar to be caught by the Baron 's guards . The guards take him to the Baron , who banishes him to the Great Stygian Abyss to rescue his daughter . After the introduction , the Avatar explores the dungeon and finds remnants of Cabirus 's colony . A few possible scenarios include deciding the fate of two warring goblin tribes , learning a language , and playing an instrument to complete a quest . The Avatar eventually defeats Tyball and frees the Baron 's daughter .
However , as he dies , Tyball reveals that he had decided to contain the Slasher of Veils , whose prison he had been weakening , within the Baron 's daughter as a way to prevent it from destroying the world . The Baron 's daughter asks the Avatar to prevent the Slasher of Veils from being unleashed , and magically teleports back to the surface to evacuate its inhabitants . With help from Garamon 's ghost , the Avatar gathers the eight talismans of Cabirus and throws them in the volcano at the base of the Abyss ; the energy they release allows Garamon to open a portal that will send the Slasher of Veils into another dimension . The Avatar is sucked through the portal into a chaotic alternate dimension , but escapes back to the Isle of the Avatar and makes it on board the Baron 's ship as the volcano erupts . As the game ends , Garamon 's spirit reveals that he teleported the inhabitants of the Abyss to another cave .
= = Development = =
Ultima Underworld was conceived in 1989 by Origin Systems employee Paul Neurath . He had just completed work on Space Rogue , a hybrid title that features sequences both of 2D tile @-@ based role @-@ playing and of 3D space flight simulation . According to Neurath , Space Rogue " took the first , tentative steps in exploring a blend of RPG and simulation elements , and this seemed to me a promising direction . " He felt that the way it combined the elements was jarring , however , and believed that he could create a more immersive experience .
Neurath had enjoyed role @-@ playing video games like Wizardry , but found that their simple , abstract visuals were an obstacle to the suspension of disbelief . He believed that Dungeon Master 's detailed first @-@ person presentation was a " glimpse into the future " , and he sought to create a fantasy role @-@ playing game that built on its example . In early 1990 , Neurath wrote a design document for a game titled Underworld , which described such elements as " goblins on the prows of rowboats tossed in the waves , shooting arrows at the player above on a rope bridge swinging in the wind . " He contracted former Origin employee Doug Wike to create concept art . Wike created a brief , hand @-@ drawn animation with Deluxe Paint Animation , which depicted the game 's interface and a creature moving toward the player . The animation defined the game 's direction , and it was used as a reference point for the game 's tone and features throughout development . That spring , Neurath founded the company Blue Sky Productions in Salem , New Hampshire , with the intention to create Underworld . Among the company 's first employees was Doug Church , who was studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . The team was thus composed of Doug Church as programmer , Doug Wike as lead artist and Paul Neurath as lead designer . Development began in May 1990 .
An early difficulty was the implementation of texture mapping . Neurath had experimented unsuccessfully with the concept on an Apple II computer in the late 1980s , but he believed that the more powerful IBM PCs of the time might be able to process it . He contacted Lerner Research programmer Chris Green — an acquaintance from his past work with Ned Lerner — who created a working algorithm . Using the Space Rogue engine , Green 's algorithm , assembly code from Lerner Research 's Car and Driver and original programming , the Blue Sky team completed a prototype of Underworld after roughly a month of work . Neurath described the prototype as " fast , smooth , and [ featuring ] true texture mapped walls , though the ceiling and floor were flat shaded and the corridors and rooms were all 10 ' [ 3 @.@ 0 m ] high — it looked a lot like Wolfenstein @-@ 3D in fact . " The team demonstrated it at the June 1990 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) and impressed Origin Systems . Origin producer Warren Spector later said , " I remember Paul showing me that demo [ ... ] at CES and being totally floored by it . None of us had ever seen anything like it . " The two companies reached a publishing agreement that summer , and Origin suggested that the game be reworked to fit into the Ultima universe . The team agreed , and the game was renamed Ultima Underworld . While Spector had hoped to produce the game , he was not assigned to the role ; and he later said that he " sort of watched [ the other producer ] jealously from the sidelines . "
After the game was renamed , Doug Church recruited Dan Schmidt , a college friend who had just graduated from MIT , as a programmer . The team abandoned the Space Rogue engine and created a new one that could display a believable 3D world — one with varying heights and texture @-@ mapped floors and ceilings . Church estimated that the first year of production was dedicated to creating the game 's technological base . However , Neurath stated that the team spent " comparatively little " time on the game 's technology , and that " most was spent working on game features , mechanics , and world building " . Their ultimate goal was to create the " finest dungeon game , a game that was tangibly better than any of the long line of dungeon games that came before it . " Each member of the small team assumed multiple roles ; for example , the game 's first two levels were designed by Paul Neurath , while the rest were built by artists , designers and programmers . According to Schmidt , Neurath contracted a writer to create the game 's story and dialogue , but the relationship was a " mismatch " ; and so the team decided to write the plot themselves . Alongside his programming work , Church co @-@ wrote the game 's story with Dan Schmidt , and he gradually took on project leader responsibilities . Writing duties for each level were given to the person who created that level ; Schmidt 's role was to edit the dialogue of each level to fit with that of the others . Schmidt also created the game 's sound effects , which were synthesized — no recorded sounds were used — in a graphical sound editor . Neurath , who Church said was " very day to day at the beginning of the project " , became more involved with the company 's business and finances .
Church explained that the core of the project was its " dynamic creation " . He noted that the team had " no set of rules [ ... ] or pre @-@ written plan " , but rather worked organically toward the general idea of creating a " dungeon simulation " . Church believed that the game 's Ultima series heritage was extremely helpful , as it gave the team an anchor for their experiments . According to Church , because the team was young and inexperienced , they were " improvising almost the whole time " . He said that they would " just write something " that seemed interesting , but would then " get it half done , and we 'd say , ' Eh ? That 's not working . ' " He believed that this iterative method was useful overall , but that it entailed an abnormally large workload : it resulted in the creation of " four movement systems before we were done , several combat systems , and so forth " . Certain failed experiments meant that the team created " [ AI ] code for many ideas which turned out to be largely irrelevant to the actual gameplay " .
During the first year of the game 's development , Church believed that Origin had little faith in the team 's ability to complete the game . He later said , " They didn 't pay any attention at all , frankly . " While Origin CEO Richard Garriott helped the team in fitting the game into the Ultima franchise , Warren Spector later said that the company seemed " blasé " about Ultima Underworld " for the first several months after ORIGIN and Blue Sky signed the deal " , despite his own belief that it was a " change @-@ the @-@ world project " . Neurath opined that this was due to the team 's status as outsiders , whose company was " some 1 @,@ 500 miles distant " from their publisher . The team was advanced $ 30 @,@ 000 to create the game , but its final cost was $ 400 @,@ 000 . The game was funded partly by Ned Lerner , and by Neurath 's royalties from Space Rogue . Throughout the game 's production , the studio was run on a tight budget .
Roughly a year into development , the team discovered that their second producer — the first having quit Origin near the beginning of development — had left the project . Neurath later said that " neither [ producer ] had much involvement " in the game , and that , following the second 's departure , the team spent time without any producer at all . Rumors circulated that Origin planned to cancel the project . Following a proposal by the team around this time , Spector , who had previously worked with Neurath on Space Rogue , assumed the role of producer . Church later described this event as " a big win for everyone " . Spector began to interact regularly with the team by phone and to visit the studio in person . Neurath later said , " Warren understood immediately what we were trying to accomplish with the game , and became our biggest champion within Origin . Had not Warren stepped in this role at that stage , I 'm not sure Ultima Underworld would have ever seen the light of day . " Church said that Spector helped the team polish the game and " make it real " , and that Spector 's past experience in the industry enabled him to keep the team focused on completing the game . He explained that Spector " had that ability to help me and the rest of the guys reset , from the big @-@ picture view of someone who has done it before . "
The final four months of the game 's development constituted " crunch time " . During this period , Neurath rented an extremely small basement office space in a Somerville , Massachusetts social services building : he sought to circumvent the long commute that several team members had been making from Massachusetts . Furniture consisted of inexpensive folding tables and " uncomfortable red deck chairs " . Development took place during the winter , but the room was drafty and poorly heated . The team hired college friends such as Marc LeBlanc to bug test the game , and Spector stayed at the studio for roughly a month and a half , according to Church . Spector later said that " in that little office , that team created some serious magic . I mean , the sense of doing something incredible was palpable " . Neurath summarized , " Despite the austere working environment , the game came together amazingly well in the final stretch , and we delivered the Gold Master just about two years after we had started . " The game was released in March 1992 .
= = = Technology = = =
Ultima Underworld 's game engine was written by a small team . Chris Green provided the game 's texture mapping algorithm , which was applied to walls , floors and ceilings . The engine allowed for transparencies , walls at 45 degree angles , multiple tile heights and inclined surfaces , and other aspects . Ultima Underworld was the first video game to implement many of these effects . The game was also the first indoor , real @-@ time , 3D first @-@ person game to allow the player to look up and down , and to jump .
Ultima Underworld uses two @-@ dimensional sprites for characters , but also features 3D objects , as the team believed that it " had to do 3D objects in order to have reasonable visuals " . The game uses physics to calculate the motion of thrown objects . During the game 's alpha testing phase , part of the programming team worked to create a smooth lighting model . The game 's advanced technology caused the engine to run slowly , and its system requirements were extremely high . Doug Church later downplayed the importance of the game 's technology , stating that technological advancement " is somewhat inevitable in our field ... [ and ] sadly , as an industry we seem to know much less about design , and how to continue to extend and grow design capabilities " . Instead , he claimed that Ultima Underworld 's most important achievement was its incorporation of simulation elements into a role @-@ playing game .
= = Reception = =
Ultima Underworld was not an immediate commercial success , which caused Origin to decrease its marketing support . However , its popularity increased via word of mouth during the years after its release , and sales eventually reached nearly 500 @,@ 000 copies . The game received critical acclaim , with praise directed toward its 3D presentation and automapping feature . In 1993 the game won the Origins Award for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1992 , and was nominated for an award at the Game Developers Conference .
ACE called Ultima Underworld " the next true evolutionary step in the RPG genre " , and noted that its simulation @-@ style dungeon was " frighteningly realistic " . The magazine thought that the game 's sprite character models " detract from the dense atmosphere a bit " , but ended the review by stating , " If you 've got a PC , then you 've got to have Ultima Underworld . " Dragon Magazine opined that " to say this is the best dungeon game we 've ever played is quite an understatement , " and it " will leave you wondering how other game entertainments can ever stack up against the new standards Abyss sets . "
Computer Gaming World 's Allen Greenberg in 1992 described it as " an ambitious project " but " not without its share of problems . " He praised the game 's " enjoyable story and well @-@ crafted puzzles " , but disliked its " robotic " controls and " confusing " perspectives , and stated that " far more impressive sounds and pictures have been produced for other dungeon games " . He summarized the game as " an enjoyable challenge with a unique game @-@ playing engine to back it up . " Scorpia was also positive , stating that despite flaws " Ultima Underworld is an impressive first product . The meticulous construction of a real @-@ world dungeon environment is outstanding . [ It ] may be a dungeon trek , but it is certainly the dungeon trek of the future " . In 1993 she praised the " superb graphics " of " a definite must for game players " . The magazine later awarded the game " Role @-@ Playing Game of the Year " . Computer Shopper enjoyed its storyline and characters , and believed that the game " makes you feel as if you 've entered a virtual reality " . Despite describing its interface as " not truly intuitive " , the reviewer finished by calling the game " addictive " and " a fine value " . The Chicago Tribune awarded it Best Game of the Year , and called it " an amazing triumph of the imagination " and " the creme de la creme of dungeon epics " .
The game was also well received by non @-@ English publications . The Swedish Datormagazin considered the game to be " in a class by itself " . In Germany , Power Play praised its " technical perfection " and " excellent " story , while Play Time lauded its graphical and aural presentation , and awarded it Game of the Month . Finland 's Pelit stated , " Ultima Underworld is something totally new in the CRPG field . The Virtual Fantasy of the Abyss left reviewers speechless . "
Ultima Underworld was inducted into many hall of fame lists , including those compiled by GameSpy , IGN and Computer Gaming World . PC Gamer US ranked the game and its sequel 20th on their 1997 The 50 Best Games Ever list , citing " strong character interaction , thoughtful puzzles , unprecedented control , and genuine roleplaying in ways that have yet to be duplicated " . In 2004 , readers of Retro Gamer voted Ultima Underworld as the 62nd top retro game : the staff called it " easily one of the best entries in the long @-@ running Ultima series . "
= = Legacy = =
Ultima Underworld has been cited as the first RPG to feature first @-@ person action in a 3D environment . Rival 3D games appeared ; Legends of Valour advertised " Ultima Underworld , move over ! " Gamasutra posited that " all 3D RPG titles from Morrowind to World of Warcraft share Ultima Underworld as a common ancestor , both graphically and spiritually ... [ and ] for better or for worse , Underworld moved the text @-@ based RPG out of the realm of imagination and into the third dimension " . Its soundtrack , composed by George " The Fat Man " Sanger and Dave Govett , was the first in a major first @-@ person game to use a dynamic music system ; the player 's actions alter the game 's music .
The game 's influence has been found in BioShock ( 2007 ) , and that game 's designer , Ken Levine , has stated that " all the things that I wanted to do and all the games that I ended up working on came out of the inspiration I took from [ Ultima Underworld ] . " Gears of War designer Cliff Bleszinski also cited it as an early influence , stating that it had " far more impact on me than Doom " . Other games influenced by Ultima Underworld include The Elder Scrolls : Arena , Deus Ex , Deus Ex : Invisible War , Vampire : The Masquerade – Bloodlines , and Half @-@ Life 2 . Toby Gard stated that , when designing Tomb Raider , he " was a big fan of ... Ultima Underworld and I wanted to mix that type of game with the sort of polygon characters that were just being showcased in Virtua Fighter . " Ultima Underworld was also the basis for Looking Glass Technologies ' later System Shock .
Id Software 's use of texture mapping in Catacomb 3 @-@ D , a precursor to Wolfenstein 3D , was influenced by Ultima Underworld . Conflicting accounts exist regarding the extent of this influence , however . In the book Masters of Doom , author David Kushner asserts that the concept was discussed only briefly during a 1991 telephone conversation between Paul Neurath and John Romero . However , Doug Church has said that John Carmack saw the game 's summer 1990 software convention demo , and recalled a comment from Carmack that he could write a faster texture mapper . Paul Neurath has recounted the incident similarly , with both Carmack and Romero were present .
Despite the technology developed for Ultima Underworld , Origin opted to continue using traditional top @-@ down , 2D graphics for future mainline Ultima games . The engine was re @-@ used and enhanced for Ultima Underworld 's 1993 sequel , Ultima Underworld II : Labyrinth of Worlds . Looking Glass Studios planned to create a third Ultima Underworld , but Origin rejected their pitches . After Electronic Arts ( EA ) rejected Arkane Studios ' pitch for Ultima Underworld III , the studio instead created a spiritual successor : Arx Fatalis .
In the early 2000s , Paul Neurath approached EA to discuss a port of Ultima Underworld to the Pocket PC . EA rejected the suggestion , but allowed him to look for possible developers ; Neurath found that ZIO Interactive enthusiastically supported the idea , and EA eventually licensed the rights to the company . Doug Church and Floodgate Entertainment assisted with portions of its Pocket PC development , and the port was released in 2002 .
In 2015 , Otherside Entertainment , a new developer founded by Paul Neurath and other Looking Glass and Irrational veterans , announced a new entry in the series , entitled Underworld Ascendant . The new title is an officially licensed part of the series set in the Stygian Abyss , but this licensing agreement does not extend to the Ultima name or greater IP , effectively orphaning Underworld from the Ultima series .
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= Battle of Groton Heights =
The Battle of Groton Heights ( also known as the Battle of Fort Griswold , and occasionally called the Fort Griswold massacre ) was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought on September 6 , 1781 , between a small Connecticut militia force led by Lieutenant Colonel William Ledyard and the more numerous British forces led by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold and Lieutenant Colonel Edmund Eyre .
Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton ordered General Arnold to raid the Connecticut port of New London in an unsuccessful attempt to divert General George Washington from marching against Lord Cornwallis 's army in Virginia . The raid was a success , but the Connecticut militia stubbornly resisted British attempts to capture Fort Griswold , across the Thames River in Groton . New London was burned , along with several ships , but many more escaped upriver . Many received land grants in New York and Ohio after the battle as they lost property . Originally there was little resistance on the New London side , but it has been discovered through first @-@ hand reports that resistance was stiff as the regulars landed , similar to that at Lexington and Concord in 1775 . More than 400 militia organised during the raid on the New London side from as far as Lyme and Stonington , but they had no leadership as Col.Harris reportedly felt ill and rode off .
Several leaders of the attacking British force were killed or seriously wounded , and much of the defending garrison was killed , mortally wounded , or captured when the fort was stormed . High British casualties led to criticism of General Arnold by some of his superiors . The battle was the last major military encounter of the war in the northern United States , preceding and being overshadowed by the decisive American victory at Yorktown , Virginia about six weeks later . At the battle of Yorktown , Marquis Lafayette reportedly yelled " Remember Ft . Griswold ! " as US and French forces stormed the redoubts .
= = Background = =
Groton , Connecticut 's history dates back to 1655 . It was originally a part of New London , its larger counterpart on the other side of the Thames River on the northern shore of Long Island Sound . Groton was an important maritime port and became one of the largest along the New England coastline . Groton officially separated from New London and incorporated as a separate town in 1705 . During the American Revolutionary War , the port was a major center of rebel naval operations , including highly successful privateering operations against British shipping . The port , however , was comparatively poorly protected ; Fort Trumbull on the New London side was little more than a redoubt open on the inland side , while Fort Griswold in Groton was a more substantial , roughly square , bastioned stone fort surrounded by a ditch and some outer earthen defenses . They were typically garrisoned by small companies of militia , including a few artillerymen , and overall command of the area 's defenses was directed by Lieutenant Colonel William Ledyard . The forts suffered from continuous shortages of provisions and equipment . Fort Trumbull itself was unfinished . Fort Griswold 's infrastructure was complete , but it lacked sufficient gunpowder , cannonballs , food , and troops to conduct an effective stand against the British .
In August 1781 , Continental Army Major General George Washington realized that there was an opportunity to strike at the British army of Lieutenant General Charles , Earl Cornwallis in Virginia . Washington began moving his forces south from the New York area , using a variety of stratagems to deceive British Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief and head of the British forces in New York City Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton . General Clinton realized on September 2 that he had been deceived . He was unable to mobilize quickly enough to assist Cornwallis , and was unwilling to detach a large percentage of his forces in the face of the Continental forces that Washington had left around New York .
Clinton decided to launch a raid into Connecticut in an effort to draw Washington 's attention . He only planned it as a raid , but he also believed that , if a permanent British occupation of New London could be established , it could be used as a base for further operations into the interior of New England . He gave command of the forces for the raid to Norwich , Connecticut native Brigadier General Benedict Arnold , who had changed sides the previous September .
= = Prelude = =
The forces assembled by the British were divided into two battalions , numbering about 1 @,@ 700 men . The first was under Lieutenant Colonel Edmund Eyre , composed of the 40th and 54th Regiments of Foot and a Loyalist provincial regiment of Cortlandt Skinner 's New Jersey Volunteers . The second battalion was under Arnold 's command and consisted of the 38th Foot and a variety of Loyalist units , including the Loyal American Regiment and Arnold 's provincial regiment , known as the American Legion . The expedition also included about 100 Hessian jägers , a small number of artillerymen , three six @-@ pound guns , and a howitzer , all of which were divided among the battalions . These troops were embarked on transports and sailed on September 4 in the company of a fleet of smaller armed ships , led by Commodore John Bazely in the fifth @-@ rate HMS Amphion .
The fleet anchored about 30 miles ( 48 km ) west of New London to make final preparations , and then sailed for New London late on September 5 , intending to make a nighttime landing . However , contrary winds prevented the transports from reaching the port until it was already daylight on September 6 . In the early hours of that morning , Rufus Avery , a colonial officer stationed at Fort Griswold , witnessed the fleet 's arrival :
" ... about three o 'clock in the morning , as soon as I had daylight so as to see the fleet , it appeared a short distance below the lighthouse . The fleet consisted of thirty @-@ two vessels ... I immediately sent word to Captain William Latham , who commanded [ Fort Griswold ] , and who was not far distant . He very soon came to the fort , and saw the enemy 's fleet , and immediately sent a notice to Col. William Ledyard , who was commander of the harbor , Fort Griswold , and Fort Trumbull . "
Upon receiving the alert , Ledyard sent a messenger to notify Governor Jonathan Trumbull and local militia leaders of the British arrival , and went to Fort Griswold to arrange its defenses . Fort Griswold 's guns were fired twice , a signal of enemy approach . However , one of the British ships fired a third round , changing the meaning of the signal to indicate the arrival of a victorious friend . This signal confusion led to delays in mustering militia companies .
At sunrise on September 6 , the British landed on both sides of the mouth of the Thames River . The people of the town could do nothing but evacuate , and several ships in the harbor escaped upstream . The 800 @-@ man detachment that Arnold led in New London met with no resistance . The defenders of Fort Trumbull , 23 men led by Captain Shapley , fired a single volley , spiked the guns , and boarded boats to cross the river to Fort Griswold , following orders left by Colonel Ledyard . Seven of Shapley 's men were wounded , and one of the boats was captured ; the detachment that Arnold sent to take Fort Trumbull sustained four or five killed or wounded , according to Arnold 's account . Arnold 's troops continued into the town where they set about destroying stockpiles of goods and naval stores . Under the orders given , much of the town was supposed to be spared ; but unknown to Arnold , at least one of the storehouses burned contained a large quantity of gunpowder . When it ignited , the resulting explosion set fire to the surrounding buildings . The fire was soon uncontrollable and 143 buildings were consumed by flames . Several ships in the harbor were able to escape upriver when the wind changed .
Meanwhile , Lieutenant Colonel Eyre 's force of 800 men that landed on the east side of the Thames River was slowed by tangled woodlands and swamplands . The New Jersey Loyalists landed after the initial wave of regulars , also delayed by the difficulty in moving the artillery through rough conditions , and they did not participate in the assault .
George Middleton was a boy of 12 who is confused in some accounts with George Middleton , the commanding officer of an African American militia unit called the Bucks of America . He witnessed the quick rallying of Ledyard 's militia and the landing of the British regiments , which he reported occurred between 10 : 30 and 11 : 00 am :
" The other division of troops landed on the east side of the river ... under the command of Col. Eyre and Major Montgomery . This division ... got to the terminus of the woods ... a little south of east on a direct line from the fort . Here the division halted , and Major Montgomery sent Captain Beckwith with a flag to the fort to demand its surrender . Colonel Ledyard ... sent a flag and met Beckwith ... The bearer of the American flag answered , ' Colonel Ledyard will maintain the fort to the last extremity . ' " Eyre sent a second parley flag , threatening to give no quarter if the militia did not surrender . Ledyard 's response was as before , even though some of his subordinates argued that they should leave the fort and fight outside it .
General Arnold ordered Eyre to assault the fort , believing that it would fall easily . However , upon reaching a prominence from which he could see its defenses , Arnold realized that the fort was more complete than anticipated and that taking it would not be easy . One of the reasons for taking the fort was to prevent the escape of boats upriver , and many had already passed beyond the fort ; Arnold , therefore , attempted to recall Eyre , but the battle was joined a few minutes before the messenger arrived .
= = Battle = =
On the return of the second parley flag , Eyre launched a full @-@ scale assault upon the fort and its roughly 150 defenders . Stephen Hempstead , a sergeant in Ledyard 's militia recounted , " When the answer to their demand had been returned ... the enemy were soon in motion , and marched with great rapidity , in a solid column ... they rushed furiously and simultaneously to the assault of the southwest bastion and the opposite sides . " As the British neared the ditch , they were met by a bombardment of grapeshot that killed and wounded many . This briefly scattered the British , who reformed into two units . Eyre led one force against the southwest bastion , where American fire repulsed the assault , seriously wounding Eyre and several of his officers . ( New London historian Frances Manwaring Caulkins ' assertion that Eyre was mortally wounded is apparently incorrect ; Arnold reported that Eyre survived . ) Major William Montgomery led the second party to an abandoned redoubt just east of the fort . From there they moved across the ditch and assaulted the ramparts . Against fierce resistance this unit gained the bastion , but Montgomery was instantly killed by a bayonet thrust . Montgomery 's men were finally able to open a gate from inside , and the British force poured into the fort . Seeing that the fort was penetrated , Colonel Ledyard ordered a cease fire and prepared to surrender the place .
What happened next was a subject of some controversy . The most detailed extant accounts of the event are from American sources , but are fairly consistent in what they describe . According to these accounts , the British continued to fire on the Americans despite Ledyard 's signs of surrender , and much of the garrison was consequently either killed or seriously wounded . Rufus Avery wrote in his account , " I believe there was not less than five or six hundred men of the enemy on the parade in the fort . They killed and wounded nearly every man in the fort as quick as they could ... " Jonathan Rathbun described the cold @-@ blooded killing of Colonel Ledyard with his own sword by an officer :
" ... the wretch who murdered him [ Ledyard ] , exclaimed , as he came near , ' Who commands this fort ? ' Ledyard handsomely replied , ' I did , but you do now ' , at the same moment handing him his sword , which the unfeeling villain buried in his breast ! Oh , the hellish spite and madness of a man that will murder a reasonable and noble @-@ hearted officer , in the act of submitting and surrendering ! "
Some accounts claim that Captain George Beckwith killed Ledyard , while others claim it was Captain Stephen Bromfield , who assumed command after Major Montgomery was killed . Stephen Hempstead recalled the bloody scene in the aftermath : " Never was a scene of more brutal wanton carnage witnessed than now took place . The enemy were still firing upon us ... [ until ] they discovered they were in danger of being blown up ... " Rufus Avery believed the attack was called off due to the chance that further musket fire might set off the fort 's powder magazine .
American accounts and historical descriptions ascribe several possible reasons for the British behavior . During the battle , the fort 's flag was supposedly shot down at one point . Although it was quickly reraised , some of the British attackers interpreted the event as striking the colors , making a sign of surrender ; the British suffered significant casualties when they then approached the fort on that occasion . Combined with anger over the death and wounding of their commanding officers , this led them to disregard Ledyard 's legitimate surrender . Some accounts also claim that Americans in one part of the fort were unaware that Ledyard had surrendered , and continued to fight , leading the British to also continue fighting , even against those who had surrendered .
Early British historians generally did not report much beyond Arnold 's report of the expedition , which did not mention killings after the surrender . William Gordon , however , reported in his 1788 history of the war that " [ t ] he Americans had not more than a half dozen killed " before the fort was stormed , and that " a severe execution took place after resistance ceased . " An Italian historian wrote in 1809 that " [ t ] he assailants massacred as well those who surrendered as those who resisted . "
= = Aftermath = =
The massacre at Fort Griswold marked one of the largest tragedies in the history of Groton and Connecticut , and was one of the last British victories in North America before the end of the war . Damage to New London was substantial : one estimate placed the value destroyed at nearly $ 500 @,@ 000 . The battle left nearly 100 families homeless and destroyed nine public buildings and much of the town 's waterfront . The state in 1792 identified losses that totaled more than £ 61 @,@ 000 , or $ 200 @,@ 000 Continental dollars . Some who lost homes or property were awarded land in the Western Reserve .
The slaughter at Fort Griswold left dozens of Americans dead . The Groton Gazette reported that casualties numbered about 150 . Some survivors escaped , such as George Middleton , but others were taken prisoner , including Stephen Hempstead . He stated , " After the massacre , they plundered us of everything we had , and left us literally naked . " Hempstead was among the wounded and reported how he was placed on a wagon with others to be taken down to the fleet . The wagon was allowed to run down the hill , where it stopped when it struck a tree , throwing some of the men off the wagon and aggravating their injuries . General Arnold reported that 85 men " were found dead in Fort Griswold , and sixty wounded , most of them mortally . "
Benedict Arnold later issued a report stating that 48 British soldiers were killed and 145 wounded . General Clinton praised Arnold for his " spirited conduct " , but also complained about the high casualty rate ; about 25 percent of the troops sent against Fort Griswold were killed or wounded . One British observer wrote that it had been like " a Bunker Hill expedition " , and many British soldiers blamed Arnold for the events at Fort Griswold , even though he had not been in a position to prevent the reported slaughter . Arnold next proposed a raiding expedition against Philadelphia , but the surrender of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown in late October ended that idea .
= = Legacy = =
The British left a burning powder trail to destroy Fort Griswold 's magazine , but a daring militiaman entered the fort and extinguished the fire . Both Forts Trumbull and Griswold were extensively modified in the 19th century , and are now preserved in state parks . The Fort Griswold park also includes the Groton Monument , erected in the 1820s to commemorate the battle . Both forts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
= = Order of Battle = =
= = = American = = =
Captain William Latham 's Matross Company- Captain William Latham ( w )
Captain Adam Shapley 's Matross Company ( detachment ) - Captain Adam Shapley ( mw )
2nd Company , 8th Militia Regiment ( Commanded by Captain Simeon Allyn . )
Numerous volunteers
According to a plaque at the gate to Fort Griswold , American casualties were as follows - 85 killed , 35 wounded and paroled , 27 taken prisoner , 14 escaped . Total - 172 .
= = = British = = =
Operating on the New London side ( West bank of the Thames River )
Brig. General Benedict Arnold
Jagers
Loyal Refugees @-@ Lt. Colonel Joshua Upham
American Legion @-@ Captain Nathan Frink
38th Regiment of Foot @-@ Captain Mathew Millet
Loyal American Regiment @-@ Lt. Colonel Beverly Robinson Jr .
Royal Artillery , one 6 @-@ pounder gun @-@ 1st Lt. William H. Horndon
Operating on the Groton side ( East bank of the Thames River )
Lt. Colonel Edmund Eyre- ( w ) , Captain Stephen Bromfield
Jagers
40th Regiment of Foot @-@ Major William Montgomery ( k ) , Captain John Erastus Adlam
54th Regiment of Foot @-@ Lt. Colonel Edmund Eyre ( w ) , Captain Stephen Bromfield
3rd Battalion , New Jersey Volunteers @-@ Lt. Colonel Abraham van Buskirk
Royal Artillery , one 6 @-@ pounder gun , one 8 @-@ inch howitzer @-@ Captain John Lemoine
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= City of Blinding Lights =
" City of Blinding Lights " is a song by the rock band U2 . It is the fifth track on their 2004 album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and was released as the album 's fourth single on 6 June 2005 . The song was a top ten hit in Ireland , the United Kingdom , and several other countries . The music video was shot in Vancouver , British Columbia .
The earliest incarnation of the song was developed during sessions for the band 's 1997 album Pop . The lyrics were partially inspired by lead singer Bono 's recollection of his first trip to London , and by the band 's experience of playing New York City in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . Other lyrics refer to Bono 's relationship with his wife . The song 's underlying theme reflects lost innocence and was inspired by an image Bono saw of himself from the early 1980s . The sound has been compared to the tone of U2 's 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire and their 1987 single " Where the Streets Have No Name . "
" City of Blinding Lights " was well received by critics and won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song at the 2006 ceremony . The song made its live debut on the group 's 2005 Vertigo Tour , when it was commonly played as the opening song , and it has been performed at every show from a U2 concert tour since . The track has been used in episodes of The Simpsons and Entourage , and in the film The Devil Wears Prada .
President Barack Obama used it at campaign events during the 2008 and 2012 U.S. presidential elections , and listed it as one of his favourite songs ; U2 performed it at his inaugural celebration .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
U2 developed " City of Blinding Lights " from a song called " Scott Walker , " an outtake from the band 's 1997 album Pop . This incarnation , written as an homage to the singer of the same name , was only an outline when the recording sessions for Pop concluded . The group reworked it in preparation for their 2000 album All That You Can 't Leave Behind , but the song was still unfinished when that album was released . They rewrote the song for their 2004 album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb . Bassist Adam Clayton said , " There was a melody and a groove that ultimately didn 't go anywhere and we kind of threw out everything , found chords that worked with that melody and built it back up , new drum parts , new bass parts , new guitars . "
A photographic exhibition in the Netherlands by longtime band photographer Anton Corbijn served as a thematic inspiration for the song . Lead vocalist Bono saw an image of himself boarding a helicopter , taken in 1982 during filming of the music video for " New Year 's Day . " A journalist asked him what he would say to his younger self if given the chance ; Bono replied , " I 'd tell him he 's absolutely right and stop second guessing himself . " He explained his comments later , saying , " I realized how much I 'd lost ... that way of looking at the world . There was such a clarity to it , but it was so defiant in a way . "
The chorus was inspired by U2 's first concert in New York City following the September 11 attacks during their 2001 Elevation Tour . When the lights illuminated the audience during a performance of " Where the Streets Have No Name , " the band saw tears streaming down the faces of many fans . Upon seeing this raw release of emotion , Bono shouted , " Oh you look so beautiful tonight " ; later , the band integrated the line into the chorus . The fans ' passion , along with the resolve of the city following the attack , were the primary inspirations for many of the song 's other lyrics .
= = Composition and theme = =
" City of Blinding Lights " is played in common time at a tempo of 139 beats per minute in two keys : A ♭ major in the verses , and E ♭ major in the chorus .
The album version of the song runs for 5 : 47 . It begins with a low note played on an electric guitar with heavy delay and distortion . The note is sustained for ten seconds as its harmonics gradually feed back . A pulsing rhythm guitar part with muted staccato chords by the Edge then begins underneath . After a further ten seconds it is joined by lower @-@ register guitar drones played by the Edge , and a repetition of four descending piano notes performed by the Edge and Bono . Forty @-@ five seconds into the song , halfway through the introduction , Clayton 's bass and percussion by drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. fade into the song with producer Jacknife Lee 's synthesizers , which play part of the melody line . The first verse begins at 1 : 20 and is accompanied by the bass , drums and rhythm guitar playing the chord progression A ♭ – E ♭ – D ♭ . This alters to B – D ♭ in the pre @-@ chorus , with a short harmony vocal line leading to the E ♭ – D ♭ chorus .
After the second chorus , the lead guitar alternates with Bono 's repeated " Time " into the B ♭ – A ♭ bridge before returning to an extended chorus . The vocals range from D ♭ 3 in the verses to a peak of C5 in the chorus . The Edge provides backing vocals in the second verse , the first three chorus lines , and the bridge lyric " Time won 't leave me as I am / Time won 't take the boy out of this man " . There is no chorus after the third verse ; instead , the track enters into a coda where , after restating the introductory piano theme , the guitar , bass , and drum parts come to a finish . The song concludes on a final reprise of the piano notes . The radio edit , with a run @-@ time of 4 : 11 , is 1 : 36 shorter than the album version . The introduction is half the length and the bass and drums enter after only two repetitions of the piano notes . The first two verses are kept intact but the bridge is shortened by seven seconds , removing two calls of " Time . " The third verse is cut and the coda shortened by twenty seconds .
The sound of " City of Blinding Lights " has been compared to U2 's 1987 single " Where the Streets Have No Name , " prompted by a similar style of guitar playing , as well as to the atmospheric tone of the band 's 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire . The melding of guitar and piano in the introduction was likened by the Edmonton Journal to the Coldplay song " Clocks . " Rolling Stone described the song as " building into a bittersweet lament " , while Uncut said it was " beautiful but slightly sinister " , comparing the quality of the lyrics to the George Harrison song " The Inner Light . "
The underlying theme of " City of Blinding Lights , " reflected in the chorus , is lost innocence . The theme was reinforced during an impromptu concert at Empire – Fulton Ferry State Park under the Brooklyn Bridge ; Bono introduced the song by reminiscing about the first time the band arrived in New York City , calling it " a song about innocence and naïvete . " Bono developed the opening stanza from a memory of his first trip to London with his future wife , Alison Stewart , when they were teenagers . The experience of walking through Piccadilly Circus and along Wardour Street put him in mind of " discovering what a big city could offer you and what it could take away . " Although the first verse is set in London , the chorus is set in New York City . The verse , " I 've seen you walk unafraid / I 've seen you in the clothes you 've made / Can you see the beauty inside of me ? / What happened to the beauty I had inside of me ? " was written as an expression of love for Alison , with a reflection on their life together as they grow older .
Like many other U2 songs , " City of Blinding Lights " can be interpreted in a religious manner . Author Cameron Conant related the opening verse to the doubt he felt about his convictions on politics , marriage , and faith as he aged , concluding that a person 's confidence in their beliefs makes it seem as if they know more than they do . Music critic Bill Friskics @-@ Warren felt that the final line , " Blessings not just for the ones who kneel , luckily " , was a way for Bono to berate himself for not praying enough , and was an attack on Christianity because " faith often perpetuates the misery and divisiveness that he decries . " Steve Stockman , a chaplain at Queen 's University of Belfast , believed the song was a metaphor for growing up , and that the final line meant that not just people of faith could be blessed .
= = Release = =
Promotional singles were released in the United Kingdom and United States in April 2005 . The UK release featured the " Paradise Soul " mix , Paul Epworth 's " Phones P.D.A. in N.Y.C. " mix , and the " Killahurtz Fly " mix of " All Because of You " on a 12 @-@ inch record , and the U.S. release contained the album version and the radio edit on a CD . " City of Blinding Lights " was released internationally as the fourth single from How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb on 6 June 2005 , following " Vertigo " in November 2004 and the joint release of " All Because of You " and " Sometimes You Can 't Make It on Your Own " in February 2005 .
Three major versions of the single were released , including two CD singles and one DVD single . Additionally , a mini CD single was released in Europe , and a separate CD single containing all four tracks from CD1 and CD2 was released in Japan . The " Hot Chip 2006 " remix of the song was included on the 2010 compilation album Artificial Horizon .
= = = B @-@ sides = = =
The Killahurtz Fly mix of " All Because of You " was remixed by the team of Mick Park and Lea Kenny . The song features additional bass and guitars played by Darren Murray . The live versions of " The Fly " and " Even Better Than the Real Thing " were recorded at the Stop Sellafield concert staged by Greenpeace at the G @-@ Mex Centre in Manchester on 19 June 1992 . Videos of these performances would later be included as bonus tracks on the DVD release of Zoo TV : Live from Sydney . The rendition of " Out of Control " was taken from a promotional concert the band played at the Empire – Fulton Ferry State Park in Brooklyn , New York on 22 November 2004 ; the live video of " City of Blinding Lights " on the DVD release was taken from the same concert . The music video for " Sometimes You Can 't Make It on Your Own " , directed by Phil Joanou , was also included on the DVD .
= = = Music video = = =
The music video for " City of Blinding Lights " was directed by Alex Courtes and Martin Fougerol . Shot at General Motors Place in Vancouver , British Columbia on 27 April 2005 , the video included additional footage from the band 's Vertigo Tour concert of 28 April . Planning for the project began as soon as U2 became aware the arena was available ( a result of the NHL lockout of 2004 – 2005 ) . Manager Paul McGuinness believed selecting Vancouver as the filming location made a lot of sense , saying , " [ i ] t 's a world @-@ renowned production centre . We knew we 'd be able to get the crews and camera people and equipment here . " Members of the public were invited to be part of the video via radio and internet announcements . Word of the shoot leaked before the official announcement , which led to fans lining up outside for the entire day . Between 3 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 people were allowed in for the filming . During the shoot , U2 performed " City of Blinding Lights " multiple times , followed by " Vertigo , " " All Because of You " and " Sometimes You Can 't Make It on Your Own . "
The video shows the band playing the song on the Vertigo Tour stage . The live audio is kept to demonstrate the imperfections and emotion in the performance . The lighting is kept low , drawing attention to the visuals on the LED curtains used throughout the tour and obscuring much of the band members ' facial features in shadow . Courtes and Fougerol explained : " we wanted to reflect the mood we 've seen at the concerts , so we played with that lighting knowing that you are more blinded from a light if it was darker before " .
= = Live performances = =
" City of Blinding Lights " was performed on every night of the Vertigo Tour , opening 86 of the 131 concerts and a public dress rehearsal immediately before its launch . Performances frequently began with confetti falling from the ceiling , serving as a bridge to engage the audience . The song made extensive use of the stage 's LED curtains for its visual effects ; Wired noted that " they do a fine imitation of Shinjuku on speed , and the lighting design for ' City of Blinding Lights ' takes advantage of that ... the visual effect manages to be far more that [ sic ] the sum of its parts . " The Vancouver Sun described the result as " akin to a busy street at night through a misted windshield " , later saying it provided " a theme for the night – the sparse , elegant stage was constantly bathed in vivid colours " . During the Vertigo Tour , the piano introduction was played by Adam Clayton on a keyboard . Sound engineer Joe O 'Herlihy believed Clayton 's bass in the live setting to be " the driving implement that pushes the sound along " .
" City of Blinding Lights " was played on every night of the U2 360 ° Tour , in each case appearing approximately halfway through the set . The lighting effects used on the U2 360 ° Tour video screen emulate the LED curtain visuals of the Vertigo Tour and were described as " psychedelic " by Edna Gundersen of USA Today . It is one of a handful of songs to utilize the fully descended video screen .
With the exception of two shows early in the tour , the song was played at every date of the Innocence + Experience Tour , typically opening the encore . The lighting effects utilised the numerous fluorescent tubes set around the stage , while the video screen showed cityscapes at night superimposed with the band members performances .
Live performances of the song appear on the DVDs Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago and U2 360 ° at the Rose Bowl , the bonus disc of U218 Singles , and on the 2005 U2.com subscriber 's release U2.COMmunication. The U2.COMmunication version is an audio rip of the performance from Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Reception to " City of Blinding Lights " was positive . Reviewing the album , Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine said the song had " huge melodic and sonic hooks " and labelled it one of " the ingredients mak [ ing ] How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb a very good [ r ] ecord . " Entertainment Weekly felt the song demonstrated the band 's ability to " make pop @-@ chart lust work for them . " Pitchfork Media reviewer Amanda Petrusich thought it was one of the album 's highlights , calling it " an earnest and galactic fight song , and the sort of track that 's best enjoyed in cars and airplanes , simply because it encites [ sic ] so much giddy movement . "
PopMatters opined , " U2 sounds updated ... the bombast stays in check and Bono 's questions sound earnest without being overzealous , " though felt it " lack [ s ] the musical and lyrical guts of ' Pride ( In the Name of Love ) ' or ' Sunday Bloody Sunday . ' " Rating the song three stars out of five , Uncut reviewer Stephen Dalton wrote it was " indebted to the sky @-@ punching peaks , grand vistas and monochrome emotions of the band 's 1980s albums " , deeming it a " heart @-@ stirring anthem . " Peter Murphy called it " the album 's masterpiece " in his review for Hot Press , describing the opening as " little short of celestial . " At the 48th Grammy Awards in 2006 , " City of Blinding Lights " won the award for the Best Rock Song . In a 2010 survey conducted by fan site atU2.com , 1080 of 4814 participants ( 22 @.@ 43 % ) labelled it their favourite song on the album , ranking it first on the list . Previous fan surveys in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 had also ranked the song the most favoured from the album .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
" City of Blinding Lights " reached number two in the Canadian and Danish singles charts and peaked at number eight in Ireland . It charted in the Top 75 in the United Kingdom for nine weeks , peaking at number two and ranking number 113 on the year @-@ end charts . It was in the charts for sixteen weeks in Spain , where it reached number one , and spent fifteen weeks in the charts in the Netherlands , peaking at number three . In Australia , the song was in the charts for two weeks and peaked at number thirty @-@ one , and in the United States it cracked the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart at number 40 . Over 331 @,@ 000 digital copies of the track have been sold as of June 2010 .
= = = Legacy = = =
The song featured in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada during the scene where Andy arrives in Paris . Director David Frankel first used the song in a montage of pre @-@ production scenes he shot on location in the city ; the song fit the images so well that he decided to include it in the film . The film 's use of the song was parodied in the 2009 The Simpsons episode " The Devil Wears Nada " ; " City of Blinding Lights " is played briefly as Homer and Carl arrive in Paris . The song was featured in " I Love You Too , " a 2005 episode of the HBO series Entourage . In the sequence , U2 performs the song at a concert and Bono wishes a happy birthday to Johnny Chase . American sports network ESPN used " City of Blinding Lights " in their 2006 FIFA World Cup television commercials ; the piece , titled " Anthem , " featured narration about the sport by Bono , which was set against a montage of children playing football across the globe and video of the band in concert . ESPN used the track for a second time in January 2010 in commercials for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , causing weekly online sales of the track to double from the month prior . In 2008 , NASA used " City of Blinding Lights " for the fourth wake up call of STS @-@ 126 . The song was played for Mission Specialist Shane Kimbrough . The song was used again on 3 March 2011 for the eighth wake up call of STS @-@ 133 ; it was played for all of the crew members .
The track was used by Barack Obama as the entrance theme for his presidential candidacy announcement in Springfield , Illinois , on 10 February 2007 , and it was played before his acceptance speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention . Obama frequently used it as the lead @-@ in as he took the stage for campaign events during the 2008 U.S. presidential election , a spectacle that even convinced one student to vote for him , and played it on primary night rallies with supporters . In August 2008 , Obama listed " City of Blinding Lights " as one of his ten favourite songs . In his dissertation , music student Jacob Charron speculated that the music used by Obama on the campaign trail was selected because it would not upset the older voters and would be recognizable to the younger voters . The song was also valuable for its global image , ringing guitar line , and suggestions of awakening .
U2 performed the song , along with " Pride ( In the Name of Love ) , " to upwards of 400 @,@ 000 people on 18 January 2009 at the We Are One concert at the Lincoln Memorial to celebrate the upcoming inauguration of Obama . Introducing " City of Blinding Lights , " which the band were asked to play , Bono spoke directly to Obama , saying , " What a thrill for four Irish boys from the northside of Dublin to honour you , sir , the next President of the United States , Barack Obama , for choosing this song to be part of the soundtrack of your campaign , and more besides . " Bono modified the first verse to reference the surroundings , singing " America , let your road rise / Under Lincoln 's unblinking eyes " in place of " Neon hearts , dayglo eyes / A city lit by fireflies , " gave a shout @-@ out to vice presidential inauguree Joe Biden at the end of the verse , and changed a part of the chorus to proclaim " America 's getting ready to leave the ground . "
= = Track listings = =
All music composed by U2 .
= = Charts = =
= = Personnel = =
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= Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist =
Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist is an action @-@ adventure stealth video game developed by Ubisoft Toronto and published by Ubisoft . The sixth installment of the Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell series , it is the sequel of Splinter Cell : Conviction . The game was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , and Xbox 360 in August 2013 .
Players control Sam Fisher , a spymaster working for the Fourth Echelon , in a mission to stop the Engineers , a group of terrorists which is trying to coerce the United States into recalling all of its troops stationed abroad . Blacklist 's gameplay is similar to its predecessors , with players tasked with completing objectives and defeating enemies . The game endeavors to combine elements of its predecessors , including the action focus of Conviction and the stealth focus of the older games . Blacklist marks the return of the asymmetrical multiplayer mode Spies vs. Mercs , which was introduced in Pandora Tomorrow .
It is the first title developed by Ubisoft Toronto , a studio founded by Ubisoft in 2009 . The game was directed by Maxime Béland , who had worked on Conviction , and produced by Jade Raymond . To prepare for this game , Béland studied reviews and feature lists of the latter . Blacklist is the first Splinter Cell game starring Eric Johnson as Sam Fisher , since series veteran Michael Ironside was unable to perform motion capture for the game . The Toronto studio focused on the game 's Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions , and its later @-@ announced Wii U version was developed by Ubisoft Shanghai .
Blacklist 's pre @-@ release reception was generally positive , despite criticism of its new voice actor . The game received generally positive reviews when it was released , with praise for its level design , story , and multiplayer mode . However , criticism was directed at its dated graphics . It failed to meet Ubisoft 's sales expectations , with sales of two million copies three months after its release .
= = Gameplay = =
In Blacklist , players assume control of series protagonist Sam Fisher as he seeks to stop a terrorist group called the Engineers . The gameplay emphasizes stealth , and utilizes the third @-@ person perspective . During the game , players can rotate its camera , run , crouch and leap over obstacles . Since Blacklist intended to continue the " aggressive stealth " of Conviction while retaining the traditional stealth features of the older games , it combines action and stealth , and allows players to use different approaches and methods to complete objectives and defeat enemies . Players can complete levels without being noticed by the non @-@ playable characters ' artificial intelligence by taking cover or using other traditional stealth methods . If the player chooses to kill enemies , other enemies are alerted when they see their companions ' dead bodies . To avoid this , players can hide corpses . Fisher can also create a strategically advantageous dark environment by destroying nearby lights , and is equipped with customizable night @-@ vision and sonar goggles to detect enemies in darkness and see through walls . He also has the Tri @-@ Rotor , a compact surveillance drone which can spy on enemies , create distractions , give electric shocks , and self @-@ destruct to kill enemies .
Players can play a more aggressive run @-@ and @-@ gun game by using gadgets and weapons to eliminate enemies . They can interact with environmental objects , such as ledges and zip @-@ lines , to navigate levels . Conviction 's mark @-@ and @-@ execute system returns in Blacklist , with refinements and additions to allow players to mark several targets . When they attack , they can kill all marked targets instantly . Improvements made the system work more fluidly . A variety of enemies ( including soldiers and dogs ) are encountered in the game , following the protagonist and alerting their companions . Players have the option to kill them , leave them untouched , or incapacitate them , and the game classifies their choices in one of three categories : Ghost ( stealthy play ) , Panther ( stealthy , aggressive play ) , and Assault ( aggressive play ) .
When players kill ( or avoid ) targets and complete objectives , experience points and money are awarded to buy ( or improve ) weapons , and upgrade the Paladin airship and Sam 's suit and equipment ; the upgrades improve efficiency in completing missions . Experience gained depends on the difficulty level and how the game is played ; the greater the stealth , the greater the reward . According to Ubisoft Toronto , the system , known as " universal economy " , was intended to satisfy players ; every action has a corresponding reward .
The Paladin is the game 's hub . Between missions , players can interact with crew members on the ship and view the game 's objectives . Crew members also offer the protagonist side missions to complete . Before a mission Fisher can deploy the strategic mission interface , allowing players to see enemy positions and plan attacks and routes . Players can also use the interface to access multiplayer modes and missions .
Although the game has interrogation sequences involving questioning ( or torturing ) targets , it does not have Conviction 's interactive torture scenes . Players can still decide whether to spare their targets or kill them after interrogation , and these decisions influence the relationship between Fisher and other crew members .
Blacklist has platform @-@ specific features , including voice integration with Xbox 360 's Kinect peripheral which allows players to distract enemies before attacking . A player can also use the Kinect sensor to control the protagonist with their body instead of the Xbox 360 controller . In the Wii U version , the Gamepad controller 's touchscreen is an interface , accessing gadgets and other features from the protagonist 's arm @-@ mounted computer ( OPSAT ) , and incorporating screen and motion controls to highlight enemies with thermal vision when using Killing in Motion . The Wii U version was not shipped with the game 's cooperative mode .
= = = Multiplayer modes = = =
The " Spies vs. Mercs " competitive mode introduced in Pandora Tomorrow again appears in Blacklist . An asymmetrical multiplayer mode , it pits two teams ( with different gadgets , playing as spies or mercenaries ) against each other . Spies , in third @-@ person perspective , are equipped with smoke grenades and flashbangs and are tasked with hacking computer stations heavily guarded by mercenaries . Mercenaries , in first person , can access lethal and longer @-@ range weapons despite being unable to stealth @-@ kill enemies . The mode has two varieties : Classic , supporting four players , and Blacklist , supporting eight .
Blacklist also has a co @-@ operative multiplayer mode , where each mission can be accessed by talking with the crew of the Paladin . Crew members offer a variety of missions and requirements for completing them , and players play as Fisher or his colleague Briggs ; both have the same abilities . The game has a total of 14 missions , with split @-@ screen play supported . In addition to co @-@ op and Spies vs. Mercs , Blacklist has other multiplayer modes including Uplink control , Team Deathmatch , and Extraction .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Characters = = =
Blacklist again features Sam Fisher , who is now the spymaster and commander of the newly installed Fourth Echelon . The game also sees the return of Fisher 's old ally , Anna ( Grim ) Grímsdóttir , and new characters such as Isaac Briggs and Charlie Cole . Several supporting characters from Conviction reappear , including Victor Coste , Patricia Caldwell , and Andriy Kobin .
= = = Main campaign = = =
Sam Fisher is leaving Andersen Air Force Base when a terrorist organization assaults the base , wounding Paladin Nine Security co @-@ worker and best friend Victor Coste . Soon afterwards a faction known as the Engineers takes responsibility , announcing a series of attacks on the United States , the titular Blacklist , which will continue until the U.S. recalls its troops deployed abroad .
U.S. President Caldwell assigns Fisher , his colleague Charlie Cole , CIA agent Isaac Briggs and Anna Grímsdóttir to Fourth Echelon , a new special @-@ ops and counter @-@ terrorism unit . Charged with stopping the Engineers , the group uses the cargo plane Paladin as its command center . Fourth Echelon first aims to secure Andriy Kobin , a CIA hostage believed to possess information on the Engineers . Fisher extracts him from a safe house in Benghazi , and learns that his associates have ties to the Engineers . Infiltrating an insurgent stronghold , he finds an executed U.S. soldier and learns from a video recording that the executioner is Majid Sadiq ; a former MI6 agent , Sadiq demands the Fourth Echelon to stop interfering .
Believing that their next target is a water @-@ filtration plant near Navy Pier , Fisher infiltrates the Engineers and prevents the release of a biological toxin into the water supply . Kobin then tells him that mercenary supplier Reza Nouri may be allied with the Engineers . Sam assaults Nouri 's mansion , capturing him for questioning . When he learns about an Engineer sleeper cell in London , Fisher infiltrates an abandoned mill and discovers chemical bombs in a shipping bay . Opening a bomb to plant a tracking device , he is exposed to nerve gas . Incapacitated and apparently dying , Fisher is captured by Sadiq and rescued by Briggs ; in the ensuing confrontation , Sadiq escapes while Briggs provides first aid to Sam .
The fully healed Fisher and Briggs then deploy to Philadelphia . When they find four bombs being loaded onto trains , they follow the bombs to a rail yard and disarm them . Boarding a departing train of Engineers , Fisher fights his way through the cars and pursues an Engineer leader ( who escapes into a station and is killed by a police officer ) .
Briggs uses his CIA credentials to have Fisher sent to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp , allowing him to continue interrogating Nouri . Nouri confirms that Sadiq is head of the Engineers , and says that Sadiq knows the identities of the Fourth Echelon leaders . Escaping from the prison , Briggs and Fisher reach the Paladin in Yucatán and escape when the plane is attacked by Sadiq . Fourth Echelon restarts the plane with Kobin 's help , and Sadiq executes a Blacklist attack on the largest U.S. gas reserve in Louisiana .
As the president begins continuity @-@ of @-@ government procedures , Fisher shuts down the burning plant and averts a chain reaction to the next reserve . When he captures another senior Engineer , he learns about Sadiq 's final plan : to disclose all U.S. military secrets . Sadiq kidnaps the Secretary of Defense and holds them at the Site F government bunker under Denver International Airport . Disregarding the president 's order , Fourth Echelon infiltrates the base . Despite Cole 's infiltration of Sadiq 's team , Sadiq 's men capture Briggs and torture the secretary of defense into authorizing the transfer . Briggs intervenes , killing the secretary and halting Sadiq 's plan .
The Engineers try to flee Site F , using Briggs and the hostages as human shields . Fisher , disguised as an Air Force hostage , helps Delta Force marksmen open fire on Sadiq and his men . Sadiq escapes on foot , and Fisher disarms and seriously wounds him . Sadiq boasts that he has already won ; if he dies twelve nations supporting the Engineers will declare war on the U.S. and if he is tried , he will leak U.S. information . Although Fisher spares Sadiq , he detains him . President Caldwell publicly covers Sadiq 's imprisonment by announcing his death , and the game ends as Fourth Echelon continues its operations ; in a post @-@ credits scene , a recovered Coste and Fisher prepare to interrogate Sadiq .
= = = Co @-@ op missions = = =
Intertwined with the main plot , the co @-@ op missions begin with Fisher and Briggs infiltrating Kashmir . Finding a group of smugglers linked to the Engineers , Fisher and Briggs discover intelligence connecting them to the Russian intelligence organization Voron , before they escape during a drone attack .
Following a lead to a friendly missile base in Bangalore , they find the Indian inhabitants dead and Voron agents stealing the warhead from a missile . Securing the missile and learning that the agents are led by a man named Cherski , Fisher and Briggs escape as the building is destroyed and Indian authorities arrive . Unaware of Cherski 's identity , Fisher and Briggs track him to a Voron base in Chittagong and find him living in a nearby apartment . They breach Cherski 's panic room and find two people ; uncertain which one is Cherski , they begin interrogating both and learn about a secret base in Russia .
Fisher and Briggs reach an abandoned naukograd , surviving a drone attack , and find a secure medical facility said to contain an OpSat ( satellite uplink device used by Fourth Echelon operatives ) with vital Voron information . Instead , the base contains a comatose man . Rescuing the man , Fisher and Briggs narrowly escape as the base self @-@ destructs and return the patient to the Paladin . Grim identifies him as Mikhail " Kestrel " Loskov and Kobin confirms his identity , noting that they have a history ( detailed in Conviction ) . When he questions Kobin ( who asks if Kestrel 's gunshot wound has put him into a coma ) , Fisher notes that no one had told Kobin how Kestrel had been incapacitated .
= = Development = =
Ubisoft Montreal 's success inspired the company to continue its Canadian expansion , and a new studio , Ubisoft Toronto , was announced on July 6 , 2009 . Headed by Jade Raymond , the studio focuses on the creation of triple @-@ A video games and intellectual property . It worked on a new installment of the Splinter Cell series , which was in parallel development with an unnamed project , and the Toronto team was made up of Ubisoft Montreal 's core Conviction team . Maxime Béland , who had worked on Conviction , was the game 's creative director , and in November 2010 Raymond confirmed that her studio was developing Splinter Cell 6 . Ubisoft Toronto was the game 's lead developer , with assistance from Ubisoft Montreal . Ubisoft Shanghai developed the game 's co @-@ operative multiplayer mode . The Toronto studio focused on the game 's Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions , with the Wii U version developed by Ubisoft Shanghai .
In 2010 , the series ' fifth installment , Conviction , was released . Although it received generally positive reviews , it was criticized by series fans for lacking some features . Béland considered Conviction a " stepping stone " for him when he prepared for the development of Blacklist . The development team studied Conviction 's reviews and feature lists , deciding to discard its " black @-@ and @-@ white " stealth approach , and also deciding to bring back the Spies vs. Mercs mode introduced in Pandora Tomorrow . Béland called the mode 's return " the easiest decision of [ his ] life " , since the team considered its absence Conviction 's greatest misstep . Ubisoft sent questionnaires through Uplay to thousands of players to collect feedback on Conviction 's new features . When players called Conviction 's campaign weak and short , the team added a stronger storyline and greater character depth by introducing the Fourth Echelon and Fisher as a leader ( a series first ) . To encourage repeat play the team introduced the aircraft hub and the strategic mission interface , a player menu .
According to Ubisoft Toronto founder Jade Raymond , the series had become too grueling and complicated for modern gamers , and its popularity had suffered relative to Ubisoft flagship franchises such as Assassin 's Creed and Far Cry . The Toronto studio hoped to introduce the franchise to a broader audience , while remaining tactical and hardcore for long @-@ term series fans . It introduced a perfectionist mode , significantly increasing the game 's difficulty by removing some of Fisher 's abilities . The team also introduced accessible , action @-@ oriented gameplay segments which would suit new players , crafting open @-@ ended levels which could be reached with different approaches to broaden the variety of play . The developers re @-@ worked the controls to increase gameplay fluidity , allowing players to automatically leap over objects and traverse a simplified environment .
During Blacklist 's development , its team faced a variety of challenges . The first was to create stealth which was satisfying and fun for players . According to the team , players gain satisfaction from stealth with freedom and choices which allow them to develop a plan . Players must experiment , with each decision having consequences . Game director Patrick Redding compared it to the development of an ecosystem ; the team designed a dynamic artificial intelligence which would react differently to players ' actions , making levels feel alive and adding randomness . Encouraging the " panther " style of play ( aggressive stealth ) , the team incorporated elements from the original Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell ( where one mistake would abort a mission ) and Conviction ( where stealth seamlessly becomes combat ) . This approach , the team thought , could help players to feel like elite , silent predators .
Series veteran Michael Ironside did not reprise his role as the voice of Sam Fisher . His part was played by Eric Johnson , who also performed the motion capture . In a Blacklist developer diary , Ironside said that he was passing the torch to another actor . According to Ubisoft executives the change was made to take advantage of new performance @-@ capture technology to enrich the game experience , and Ironside assisted Johnson with the role . Elias Toufexis , voice and performance @-@ capture actor for Andriy Kobin in Splinter Cell : Conviction , said that he would return for the new game .
Unlike Conviction , the game would have no interactive torture sequences . Instead , players could choose whether to kill or incapacitate a target after interrogation . The system was not complex , and it was hoped that players would choose based on instinct . According to Béland , every player choice is gray and there are no right or wrong choices . However , the game demo has an interactive torture scene in which players can decide how deeply a knife penetrates a person 's shoulder . After a mixed @-@ to @-@ negative response , Ubisoft removed the scene from its final product .
= = = Marketing = = =
Splinter Cell : Blacklist was introduced at E3 2012 's Microsoft press conference on June 4 , 2012 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . In February 2013 , a Wii U version was rumored to be in development , and Ubisoft confirmed the report two months later . Originally scheduled for release in early 2013 , the game was pushed back to August on January 16 , 2013 . On August 3 , 2013 , Ubisoft confirmed that the game had been declared gold , indicating that it was being prepared for duplication and release . Splinter Cell : Blacklist was released in North America on August 20 and in Europe three days later for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , and Xbox 360 .
The Paladin Collector 's Edition , a limited edition of the game , has a remote @-@ controlled plane , the graphic novel Splinter Cell Echoes , a Billionaire 's Yacht co @-@ op map , an Upper Echelon pack with a Dead Coast map , gold sonar goggles , and a limited @-@ edition poster . Splinter Cell : Blacklist - Spider Bot , a 2D puzzle game tie @-@ in , was released for Android and iOS platforms on June 10 , 2013 and is available on Google Play and the App Store respectively . Homeland , downloadable content for the game , was released on September 26 , 2013 . It added a crossbow , several new costumes , and two new missions which can be completed alone or with another player .
= = Reception = =
= = = Before release = = =
Although Joystiq 's Mike Schramm praised Blacklist 's early screenshots and videos for removing Conviction 's monochromatic visuals , its new voice actor was not received well by some fans . Ubisoft responded with a statement that Ironside was not returning as Fisher because an actor " physically capable " of a motion @-@ capture performance was needed , and Johnson was hired for the role .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist received positive reviews . The review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic rated the PlayStation 3 version at 85 % and 84 out of 100 , the Xbox 360 version 84 % and 82 out of 100 , the PC version 80 % and 82 out of 100 , and the Wii U version 79 % and 75 out of 100 .
The game 's design was praised by most reviewers . Ryan McCaffrey of IGN praised the gameplay 's variety and player options , which he thought made Blacklist the best installment in the series since Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Chaos Theory . According to McCaffrey , the game was a satisfying stealth experience and an excellent , capable shooter ( increasing its replay value ) . He noted that several segments forced players to use the Mark and Execute feature , frustrating players who favored stealth over action . Ben Reeves of Game Informer praised the return and refinement of Mark and Execute , which he found satisfying , and praised the game 's intense , varied mission design . Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer disliked the game 's direction , particularly its action elements ( which he compared to 2012 's Hitman : Absolution ) .
Blacklist 's campaign was also generally praised . According to IGN 's McCaffrey , the game 's story is superior to those of its predecessors : well @-@ balanced and believable . He criticized Sam Fisher 's new voice actor , whom he thought failed to replicate Ironside 's charm . Ben Reeves praised the story 's plot twists and sympathetic characters . On the Joystiq blog , Xav De Matos liked the game 's narrative urgency and engaging plot twists but criticized its rushed ending . Simon Miller of VideoGamer.com called the game forgettable and boring , with Fisher 's new voice actor failing to bring personality to the character . Eurogamer 's Bramwell also criticized the game 's lack of character development .
Its multiplayer features were praised ; according to McCaffrey , the co @-@ operative multiplayer mode had enough content for a separate game . Although he appreciated Spies vs. Mercs ' faster pace , he found the mode less innovative than its predecessor . Reeves partially agreed , describing the revived Spies vs. Mercs mode as refreshing , intense , and bloody . De Matos wrote that it was one of the best multiplayer modes he had ever experienced , and the Blacklist version had evolved and modernized while remaining creative . Daniel Bloodworth of GameTrailers praised the game 's satisfying co @-@ op design , which tasks players to plan and coordinate strategy .
Blacklist 's graphics and lack of difficulty were criticized . McCaffrey found the visuals unimpressive and most character models to be ugly ; he also noted technical problems , such as screen @-@ tearing and frame rate issues . Bloodworth criticized the game 's invisible wall and unresponsive controls in certain segments , although he thought those minor issues did not drag down its overall experience . McCaffrey noted that even when the game is played in perfectionist mode , it is less challenging than its predecessors . He thought Blacklist gave players too many rewards , making its universal @-@ economy system a useless feature . Bloodworth was puzzled by the game 's unlock system , which he said hindered its credibility .
= = = Sales = = =
Ubisoft hoped that Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist would sell at least five million copies . The game debuted at number two on the UK retail software sales chart in its first week of release , behind Saints Row IV . It was August 's fourth @-@ bestselling game in the United States . On October 16 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that Blacklist had failed to meet sales expectations , and on November 13 it was announced that the game had sold two million copies worldwide .
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= Aradia , or the Gospel of the Witches =
Aradia , or the Gospel of the Witches is a book composed by the American folklorist Charles Godfrey Leland that was published in 1899 . It contains what he believed was the religious text of a group of pagan witches in Tuscany , Italy that documented their beliefs and rituals , although various historians and folklorists have disputed the existence of such a group . In the 20th century , the book was very influential in the development of the contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca .
The text is a composite . Some of it is Leland 's translation into English of an original Italian manuscript , the Vangelo ( gospel ) . Leland reported receiving the manuscript from his primary informant on Italian witchcraft beliefs , a woman Leland referred to as " Maddalena " and whom he called his " witch informant " in Italy . The rest of the material comes from Leland 's research on Italian folklore and traditions , including other related material from Maddalena . Leland had been informed of the Vangelo 's existence in 1886 , but it took Maddalena eleven years to provide him with a copy . After translating and editing the material , it took another two years for the book to be published . Its fifteen chapters portray the origins , beliefs , rituals , and spells of an Italian pagan witchcraft tradition . The central figure of that religion is the goddess Aradia , who came to Earth to teach the practice of witchcraft to peasants in order for them to oppose their feudal oppressors and the Roman Catholic Church .
Leland 's work remained obscure until the 1950s , when other theories about , and claims of , " pagan witchcraft " survivals began to be widely discussed . Aradia began to be examined within the wider context of such claims . Scholars are divided , with some dismissing Leland 's assertion regarding the origins of the manuscript , and others arguing for its authenticity as a unique documentation of folk beliefs . Along with increased scholarly attention , Aradia came to play a special role in the history of Gardnerian Wicca and its offshoots , being used as evidence that pagan witchcraft survivals existed in Europe , and because a passage from the book 's first chapter was used as a part of the religion 's liturgy . After the increase in interest in the text , it became widely available through numerous reprints from a variety of publishers , including a 1999 critical edition with a new translation by Mario and Dina Pazzaglini .
= = Origins = =
Charles Godfrey Leland was an American author and folklorist , and spent much of the 1890s in Florence researching Italian folklore . Aradia was one of the products of Leland 's research . While Leland 's name is the one principally associated with Aradia , the manuscript that makes up the bulk of it is attributed to the research of an Italian woman that Leland and Leland 's biographer , his niece Elizabeth Robins Pennell , referred to as " Maddalena " . According to folklorist Roma Lister , a contemporary and friend of Leland 's , Maddalena 's real name was Margherita , and she was a " witch " from Florence who claimed a family lineage from the Etruscans and knowledge of ancient rituals . Professor Robert Mathiesen , as a contributor to the Pazzaglini translation of Aradia , mentions a letter from Maddalena to Leland , which he states is signed " Maddalena Talenti " ( the last name being a guess as the handwriting is difficult to decipher ) . However , pagan scholar Raven Grimassi presented a document at the Pantheacon convention on February 17 , 2008 , revealing that Maddalena 's last name was actually Taluti . This document was reproduced from The International Folklore Congress : Papers and Transactions , 1892 , page 454 .
Leland reports meeting Maddalena in 1886 , and she became the primary source for his Italian folklore collecting for several years . Leland describes her as belonging to a vanishing tradition of sorcery . He writes that " by long practice [ she ] has perfectly learned ... just what I want , and how to extract it from those of her kind . " He received several hundred pages worth of material from her , which was incorporated into his books Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition , Legends of Florence Collected From the People , and eventually Aradia . Leland wrote that he had " learned that there was in existence a manuscript setting forth the doctrines of Italian witchcraft " in 1886 , and had urged Maddalena to find it . Eleven years later , on 1 January 1897 , Leland received the Vangelo by post . The manuscript was written in Maddalena 's handwriting . Leland understood it to be an authentic document of the " Old Religion " of the witches , but explains that he did not know if the text came from written or oral sources . Maddalena 's correspondence with Leland indicated that she intended to marry a man named Lorenzo Bruciatelli and emigrate to the United States , and the Vangelo was the last material Leland received from her . Author Raven Grimassi , at the Pantheacon convention on February 17 , 2008 , presented a copy of a letter written by Leland ( housed in The Library of Congress ) . The letter states that Maddalena did not follow through with her plans , but instead left her husband and worked in Genoa for a period of time before returning to Florence .
Leland 's translation and editing was completed in early 1897 and submitted to David Nutt for publication . Two years passed , until Leland wrote requesting the return of the manuscript in order to submit it to a different publishing house . This request spurred Nutt to accept the book , and it was published in July 1899 in a small print run . Wiccan author Raymond Buckland claims to have been the first to reprint the book in 1968 through his " Buckland Museum of Witchcraft " press , but a British reprint was made by " Wiccens " [ sic ] Charles " Rex Nemorensis " and Mary Cardell in the early 1960s . Since then the text has been repeatedly reprinted by a variety of different publishers , including as a 1998 retranslation by Mario and Dina Pazzaglini with essays and commentary .
= = Contents = =
After the eleven @-@ year search , Leland writes that he was unsurprised by the contents of the Vangelo . It was largely what he was expecting , with the exception that he did not predict passages in " prose @-@ poetry " . " I also believe that in this Gospel of the Witches " , comments Leland in the appendix , " we have a trustworthy outline at least of the doctrine and rites observed at [ the witches ' Sabbat ] . They adored forbidden deities and practised forbidden deeds , inspired as much by rebellion against Society as by their own passions . "
Leland 's final draft was a slim volume . He organised the material to be included into fifteen chapters , and added a brief preface and an appendix . The published version also included footnotes and , in many places , the original Italian that Leland had translated . Most of the content of Leland 's Aradia is made up of spells , blessings , and rituals , but the text also contains stories and myths which suggest influences from both the ancient Roman religion and Roman Catholicism . Major characters in the myths include the Roman goddess Diana , a sun god called Lucifer , the Biblical Cain as a lunar figure , and the messianic Aradia . The witchcraft of " The Gospel of the Witches " is both a method for casting spells and an anti @-@ hierarchical " counter @-@ religion " to the Catholic church .
= = = Themes = = =
Entire chapters of Aradia are devoted to rituals and magic spells . These include enchantments to win love ( Chapter VI ) , a conjuration to perform when finding a stone with a hole or a round stone in order to turn it into an amulet for Diana 's favour ( Chapter IV ) , and the consecration of a ritual feast for Diana , Aradia , and Cain ( Chapter II ) . The narrative material makes up less of the text , and is composed of short stories and legends about the birth of the witchcraft religion and the actions of their gods . Leland summarises the mythic material in the book in its appendix , writing " Diana is Queen of the Witches ; an associate of Herodias ( Aradia ) in her relations to sorcery ; that she bore a child to her brother the Sun ( here Lucifer ) ; that as a moon @-@ goddess she is in some relation to Cain , who dwells as prisoner in the moon , and that the witches of old were people oppressed by feudal lands , the former revenging themselves in every way , and holding orgies to Diana which the Church represented as being the worship of Satan " . Diana is not only the witches ' goddess , but is presented as the primordial creatrix in Chapter III , dividing herself into darkness and light . After giving birth to Lucifer , Diana seduces him while in the form of a cat , eventually giving birth to Aradia , their daughter . Diana demonstrates the power of her witchcraft by creating " the heavens , the stars and the rain " , becoming " Queen of the Witches " . Chapter I presents the original witches as slaves that escaped from their masters , beginning new lives as " thieves and evil folk " . Diana sends her daughter Aradia to them to teach these former serfs witchcraft , the power of which they can use to " destroy the evil race ( of oppressors ) " . Aradia 's students thus became the first witches , who would then continue the worship of Diana . Leland was struck by this cosmogony : " In all other Scriptures of all races , it is the male ... who creates the universe ; in Witch Sorcery it is the female who is the primitive principle " .
= = = Structure = = =
Aradia is composed of fifteen chapters , the first ten of which are presented as being Leland 's translation of the Vangelo manuscript given to him by Maddalena . This section , while predominantly made up of spells and rituals , is also the source of most of the myths and folktales contained in the text . At the end of Chapter I is the text in which Aradia gives instructions to her followers on how to practice witchcraft .
The first ten chapters are not entirely a direct translation of the Vangelo ; Leland offers his own commentary and notes on a number of passages , and Chapter VII is Leland 's incorporation of other Italian folklore material . Medievalist Robert Mathiesen contends that the Vangelo manuscript actually represents even less of Aradia , arguing that only Chapters I , II , and the first half of Chapter IV match Leland 's description of the manuscript 's contents , and suggests that the other material came from different texts collected by Leland through Maddalena .
The remaining five chapters are clearly identified in the text as representing other material Leland believed to be relevant to the Vangelo , acquired during his research into Italian witchcraft , and especially while working on his Etruscan Roman Remains and Legends of Florence . The themes in these additional chapters vary in some details from the first ten , and Leland included them partly to " [ confirm ] the fact that the worship of Diana existed for a long time contemporary with Christianity " . Chapter XV , for example , gives an incantation to Laverna , through the use of a deck of playing cards . Leland explains its inclusion by a note that Diana , as portrayed in Aradia , is worshipped by outlaws , and Laverna was the Roman goddess of thievery . Other examples of Leland 's thoughts about the text are given in the book 's preface , appendix , and numerous footnotes .
In several places Leland provides the Italian he was translating . According to Mario Pazzaglini , author of the 1999 translation , the Italian contains misspellings , missing words , and grammatical errors , and is in a standardised Italian rather than the local dialect one might expect . Pazzaglini concludes that Aradia represents material translated from dialect to basic Italian and then into English , creating a summary of texts , some of which were mis @-@ recorded . Leland himself called the text a " collection of ceremonies , ' cantrips , ' incantations , and traditions " and described it as an attempt to gather material , " valuable and curious remains of ancient Latin or Etruscan lore " that he feared would be lost . There is no cohesive narrative even in the sections that Leland attributes to the Vangelo . This lack of cohesion , or " inconsistency " , is an argument for the text 's authenticity , according to religious scholar Chas S. Clifton , since the text shows no signs of being " massaged ... for future book buyers . "
= = Claims questioned = =
Leland wrote that " the witches even yet form a fragmentary secret society or sect , that they call it that of the Old Religion , and that there are in the Romagna entire villages in which the people are completely heathen " . Accepting this , Leland supposed that " the existence of a religion supposes a Scripture , and in this case it may be admitted , almost without severe verification , that the Evangel of the Witches is really a very old work ... in all probability the translation of some early or later Latin work . "
Leland 's claim that the manuscript was genuine , and even his assertion that he received such a manuscript , have been called into question . After the 1921 publication of Margaret Murray 's The Witch @-@ cult in Western Europe , which hypothesised that the European witch trials were actually a persecution of a pagan religious survival , American sensationalist author Theda Kenyon 's 1929 book Witches Still Live connected Murray 's thesis with the witchcraft religion in Aradia . Arguments against Murray 's thesis would eventually include arguments against Leland . Witchcraft scholar Jeffrey Russell devoted some of his 1980 book A History of Witchcraft : Sorcerers , Heretics and Pagans to arguing against the claims in Aradia , Murray 's thesis , and Jules Michelet 's 1862 La Sorcière , which also theorised that witchcraft represented an underground religion . Historian Elliot Rose 's A Razor for a Goat dismissed Aradia as a collection of incantations unsuccessfully attempting to portray a religion . In his Triumph of the Moon , historian Ronald Hutton summarises the controversy as having three possible extremes :
The Vangelo manuscript represents a genuine text from an otherwise undiscovered religion .
Maddalena wrote the text , either with or without Leland 's assistance , possibly drawing from her own background with folklore or witchcraft .
The entire document was forged by Leland .
Hutton himself is a sceptic , not only of the existence of the religion that Aradia claims to represent , but also of the existence of Maddalena , arguing that it is more likely that Leland created the entire story than that Leland could be so easily " duped " by an Italian fortune @-@ teller . Clifton takes exception to Hutton 's position , writing that it amounts to an accusation of " serious literary fraud " made by an " argument from absence " ; one of Hutton 's main objections is that Aradia is unlike anything found in medieval literature .
Mathiesen also dismisses this " option three " , arguing that while Leland 's English drafts for the book were heavily edited and revised in the process of writing , the Italian sections , in contrast , were almost untouched except for corrections of " precisely the sort that a proofreader would make as he compared his copy to the original " . This leads Mathiesen to conclude that Leland was working from an extant Italian @-@ language original that he describes as " authentic , but not representative " of any larger folk tradition . Anthropologist Sabina Magliocco examines the " option one " possibility , that Leland 's manuscript represented a folk tradition involving Diana and the Cult of Herodias , in her article Who Was Aradia ? The History and Development of a Legend . Magliocco writes that Aradia " may represent a 19th @-@ century version of [ the legend of the Cult of Herodias ] that incorporated later materials influenced by medieval diabolism : the presence of ' Lucifero , ' the Christian devil ; the practice of sorcery ; the naked dances under the full moon . "
= = Influence on Wicca and Stregheria = =
Magliocco calls Aradia " the first real text of the 20th century Witchcraft revival " , and it is repeatedly cited as being profoundly influential on the development of Wicca . The text apparently corroborates the thesis of Margaret Murray that early modern and Renaissance witchcraft represented a survival of ancient pagan beliefs , and after Gerald Gardner 's claim to have encountered religious witchcraft in 20th @-@ century England , the works of Michelet , Murray , and Leland helped support at least the possibility that such a survival could exist .
The Charge of the Goddess , an important piece of liturgy used in Wiccan rituals , was inspired by Aradia 's speech in the first chapter of the book . Parts of the speech appeared in an early version of Gardnerian Wicca ritual . According to Doreen Valiente , one of Gardner 's priestesses , Gardner was surprised by Valiente 's recognising the material as having come from Leland 's book . Valiente subsequently rewrote the passage in both prose and verse , retaining the " traditional " Aradia lines . Some Wiccan traditions use the name Aradia , or Diana , to refer to the Goddess or Queen of the Witches , and Hutton writes that the earliest Gardnerian rituals used the name Airdia , a " garbled " form of Aradia . Hutton further suggests that the reason that Wicca includes skyclad practice , or ritual nudity , is because of a line spoken by Aradia :
And as the sign that ye are truly free ,
Ye shall be naked in your rites , both men
And women also : this shall last until
The last of your oppressors shall be dead ;
Accepting Aradia as the source of this practice , Robert Chartowich points to the 1998 Pazzaglini translation of these lines , which read " Men and Women / You will all be naked , until / Yet he shall be dead , the last / Of your oppressors is dead . " Chartowich argues that the ritual nudity of Wicca was based upon Leland 's mistranslation of these lines by incorporating the clause " in your rites " . There are , however , earlier mentions of ritual nudity among Italian witches . Historian Ruth Martin states that it was a common practice for witches of Italy to be " naked with their hair loose around their shoulders " while reciting conjurations . Jeffrey Burton Russell notes that " A woman named Marta was tortured in Florence about 1375 : she was alleged to have placed candles round a dish and to have taken off her clothes and stood above the dish in the nude , making magical signs " . Historian Franco Mormando refers to an Italian witch : " Lo and behold : in the first hours of sleep , this woman opens the door to her vegetable garden and comes out completely naked and her hair all undone , and she begins to do and say her various signs and conjurations ... " .
The reception of Aradia amongst Neopagans has not been entirely positive . Clifton suggests that modern claims of revealing an Italian pagan witchcraft tradition , for example those of Leo Martello and Raven Grimassi , must be " match [ ed ] against " , and compared with the claims in Aradia . He further suggests that a lack of comfort with Aradia may be due to an " insecurity " within Neopaganism about the movement 's claim to authenticity as a religious revival . Valiente offers another explanation for the negative reaction of some neopagans ; that the identification of Lucifer as the God of the witches in Aradia was " too strong meat " for Wiccans who were used to the gentler , romantic paganism of Gerald Gardner and were especially quick to reject any relationship between witchcraft and Satanism .
Clifton writes that Aradia was especially influential for leaders of the Wiccan religious movement in the 1950s and 1960s , but that the book no longer appears on the " reading lists " given by members to newcomers , nor is it extensively cited in more recent Neopagan books . The new translation of the book released in 1998 was introduced by Wiccan author Stewart Farrar , who affirms the importance of Aradia , writing that " Leland 's gifted research into a ' dying ' tradition has made a significant contribution to a living and growing one . "
Author Raven Grimassi has written extensively about Aradia in his popularization of Stregheria , presenting what he admits is his own personal rendering of her story . He differs from Leland in many ways , particularly in portraying her as a witch who lived and taught in 14th @-@ century Italy , rather than a goddess . In response to Clifton , he states that similarity or dissimilarity to Leland 's Aradia material cannot be a measure of authenticity , since Leland 's material itself is disputed .
Therefore it cannot effectively be used to discredit other writings or views on Italian witchcraft , nor is it a representative ethnographic foundation against which other writings or views " must " be compared . The Aradia material is , unfortunately , a disputed text with problems of its own when compared to the usually accepted folklore , folk traditions , and folk magic practices of Italy .
He agrees with Valiente that the major objection of Neopagans to this material is its " inclusion of negative stereotypes related to witches and witchcraft " , and suggests that comparisons between this material and religious witchcraft are " regarded as an insult by many neo @-@ pagans " .
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= University of Michigan basketball scandal =
The University of Michigan basketball scandal or Ed Martin scandal was a series of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) rules violations that resulted in a six @-@ year investigation of the relationship between the University of Michigan , its men 's basketball program , and basketball team booster Ed Martin . As a result of the investigation , the Wolverine men 's basketball program was punished with sanctions . The violations principally involved payments booster Martin made to several players to launder money from an illegal gambling operation . It is one of the largest incidents involving payments to college athletes in American collegiate history . An initial investigation by the school was joined by the NCAA , Big Ten Conference , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , and the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) .
The case began when the investigation of an automobile accident during Mateen Cleaves 's 1996 recruiting trip revealed a curious relationship between Martin and the Wolverine basketball program dating back to the 1980s . Several Michigan basketball players were implicated over the next few years and by 1999 some were called before a federal grand jury . Four eventual professional basketball players — Chris Webber , Maurice Taylor , Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock — were discovered to have borrowed a total of $ 616 @,@ 000 from Martin . During the investigation , Webber claimed not to have had any financial relationship with Martin , but eventually confessed to taking loans from Martin . He was both fined in the legal system and briefly suspended by the National Basketball Association after performing public service .
In 1997 , coach Steve Fisher was fired for his involvement in violations relating to the scandal . Subsequently , the NCAA investigation did not find him culpable of significant wrongdoing related to the scandal . By the fall of 2002 , it was obvious that the four players were in fact guilty of taking money from Martin , and had thus compromised their amateur status . In response , Michigan placed the basketball program on two years ' probation . It also withdrew from postseason consideration for the 2002 – 03 season , vacated all or part of five past seasons and removed the players ' names and achievements from its record book . A few months later , the NCAA accepted these punishments , doubled both the probation period and the post @-@ season ineligibility , penalized the school one scholarship for four seasons , and ordered Michigan to disassociate from the three living guilty players until 2012 ( Webber 's ban extended through 2013 , and a fourth player included in this sanction , Traylor , has since died ) . The punishment cost the 2002 – 2003 team its post @-@ season eligibility , cost past teams the 1997 National Invitation Tournament and the 1998 Big Ten Tournament championships as well as appearances in the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Final Fours . It cost Chris Webber his All @-@ American 1993 honors , Traylor his MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten Tournament , as well as Bullock 's standing as the school 's third all @-@ time leading scorer and all @-@ time leader in free throws and the Big Ten 's all @-@ time leader in 3 @-@ point field goals ( surpassed in 2011 ) . The additional year of post @-@ season ineligibility was overturned on appeal . Mandatory disassociations with the surviving players ended on May 8 , 2013 .
= = Background = =
In the early morning of February 17 , 1996 , a Ford Explorer driven by either Taylor or Traylor , depending on the source , went out of control while returning along M @-@ 14 from a party in Detroit , 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Michigan 's campus in Ann Arbor . Among the passengers was high school star Mateen Cleaves , who was on his official recruiting visit . When an investigation revealed that the trip included a visit to Ed Martin 's home , the University investigated his relationship with the basketball program . Martin was reportedly returning to Ann Arbor from Detroit with Traylor , Taylor , Cleaves , Willie Mitchell , Bullock , and Ron Oliver after a party that included drugs , strippers and alcohol . Accounts of the party vary . By some accounts the party was hosted by Martin , but by other accounts Martin 's house was a stop on the way to a party at Detroit 's Westin Hotel . Martin , a retired Ford Motor Company electrician , provided all the players with money . During the rollover accident , Traylor broke his arm and was lost for the season . Mitchell transferred from Michigan to the University of Alabama @-@ Birmingham after his junior season ( 1995 – 1996 ) . Bullock , Cleaves ( who eventually signed with rival Michigan State ) , Taylor , and Traylor all went on to be drafted by National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams . Bullock played in various foreign leagues but never in the NBA .
The NCAA uses a statute of limitations of four years . Thus , at any time the NCAA can open or re @-@ open an investigation for an infraction occurring within the last four years . However , NCAA convention is to date violations based on when they learned about the infraction . Thus , events that had occurred far more than four years prior to the investigation came under its purview . The initial accident reports revealed several inconsistencies and violations that induced expanded investigation .
Michigan admitted to the secondary NCAA violation of transporting a recruit more than 30 miles ( 48 km ) from campus . Questions were immediately raised about whether Taylor actually owned the sport utility vehicle . The NCAA asked for leasing documentation of Taylor 's vehicle and Michigan investigated the registrations of its players ' vehicles . The University soon required that all the vehicles driven by its players be part of a special vehicle registration program .
= = Martin 's relationship with the program = =
In March 1997 , Michigan and the Big Ten released the results of an investigation of Martin 's relationship with the school . The investigation determined that Martin had nurtured a relationship that involved some minor violations . The violations that were published were that Martin was present at a recruit 's home during a visit by head coach Fisher ; and he 'd given a U @-@ M player a birthday cake . Fisher prevented Martin from committing serious additional violations by keeping him from placing a deposit on an apartment for a player . He also stopped Martin from buying airplane tickets for another player 's family . A second October 1997 private investigation also failed to reveal any large violations .
= = = 1980s = = =
Martin befriended Perry Watson , coach for Southwestern High School of Detroit , and provided gifts to the team 's players . When Michigan 's Bill Frieder recruited a Southwestern High School prospect , Martin was present . Martin then began attending Michigan games with the prospect 's father when the student enrolled . Martin also attended games and practices with Watson . Martin also developed a relationship with George Raveling who regularly recruited from Detroit high schools for the Iowa Hawkeyes . He also received complimentary tickets to Iowa games while Raveling was coach . Martin attempted to give gifts and cash to Frieder recruit Terry Mills .
After Frieder left Michigan in 1989 , Martin immediately formed an equally close relationship with his successor , Fisher . Martin gave Fisher 's family gifts .
= = = Webber = = =
Martin noticed Webber during a middle school game . Martin attended Webber 's church , where Webber 's father was deacon and began fostering a relationship by making frequent visits to the Webber family home . Between 1988 and 1993 Martin gave Webber about $ 280 @,@ 000 . Eventually , Webber would confess to having received and repaid only $ 38 @,@ 200 , an amount identified via a specific transaction tied to Webber .
= = = 1990s = = =
In September 1996 , athletic director Joe Roberson learned that during the previous month Martin had tried to place deposits on apartments for Traylor and Louis Bullock . Martin had also offered airline tickets to Bullock 's parents so they could attend a tournament in Puerto Rico . It emerged that Fisher had known about Martin 's actions at the time . While Fisher had ordered the deposits retrieved and made sure the tickets weren 't used , he didn 't tell anyone in the athletic or compliance offices , as he was required to do . As a result of Roberson 's findings , he ordered interviews of the basketball team and team coaches .
The March 1997 Big Ten report showed that official University phone records documented that the coaching staff called Martin 's home 39 times . Between the 1991 – 92 and the 1993 – 94 seasons , records showed that Martin received 97 tickets to Michigan basketball games either for free or under his special arrangement to have tickets made available for purchase . Watson joined the Michigan basketball coaching staff in 1991 . The October 1997 investigation revealed that Fisher had provided Martin with passes for sixteen complimentary tickets from 1994 to 1997 , and that his secretary and other clerical workers made out ten more such passes . In addition , six passes were signed with the PW initials of departed coach Watson . Watson denied making such passes available and a handwriting analysis matched five of the six to Fisher . Fisher was fired when the investigation became public on October 10 , 1997 , just a week before the start of basketball practices .
In June 1997 , the Detroit Free Press revealed sources that claimed both Chris Webber and Taylor had received at least $ 100 @,@ 000 from Martin , but that Webber had repaid the money after turning pro . A pattern of Martin befriending young basketball stars eventually became clear . Martin paid $ 280 @,@ 000 to Webber from 1988 ( when he was a ninth @-@ grader at Detroit Country Day School ) to 1993 ( his sophomore year at Michigan , after which he turned pro ) . Martin also befriended Traylor as a freshman in high school . Martin was at Traylor 's home when Fisher made a recruiting visit . Between 1994 ( his senior year at Murray @-@ Wright High School in Detroit ) and 1998 ( his junior year at Michigan , after which he turned pro ) , Martin gave Traylor about $ 160 @,@ 000 . Martin befriended Taylor when he was in high school . Between 1995 and 1998 ( during his time at Michigan ) , Martin gave Taylor about $ 105 @,@ 000 . Since Bullock went to high school in Maryland , he did not know Martin before coming to Michigan . Martin gave Bullock about $ 71 @,@ 000 during his four years at Michigan which ended in 1999 .
Roberson also learned that during the 1992 Final Four , Fisher made two of the limited supply of team rooms available to Martin . Martin gave one hotel room paid for by Michigan to Webber 's father — a violation of NCAA rules . For his part , Martin denied any wrongdoing when questioned by an NCAA enforcement representative . However , he later refused to cooperate with the University or the NCAA , forcing Michigan to ban him from any contact with the athletic program in March 1997 .
= = Raid and subpoenas = =
After the Michigan / Big Ten investigation and the private investigation , no serious violations arose . For example , Robert Traylor , Chris Webber , Jalen Rose , and Maurice Taylor were cleared in October 1997 . In April 1999 , the FBI and IRS raided several Detroit @-@ area homes to stop a numbers game operation in the area 's Ford plants . Martin 's home was one of the targets ; on April 28 , he was found with a loaded gun , gambling records and $ 20 @,@ 000 in cash in his home . The authorities were investigating Martin 's alleged numbers game operation at Ford plants and whether Martin had provided Michigan basketball players with money and gifts . Another item that they seized was a Western Union MoneyGram from Martin to Traylor . In the course of a federal investigation , evidence turned up that Martin had given cash payments and other benefits to several Michigan players and Detroit @-@ area high school prospects starting in the early 1980s . As a result of the investigations , in May 1999 a federal grand jury subpoenaed several Michigan basketball players to investigate the relationship between Martin and the basketball program .
Former Michigan basketball player Albert White was implicated in early investigations for having accepted US $ 37 @,@ 000 , but he was not named in later indictments . It was not clear how much of the money White received directly and how much was given to his friends and family to influence his decision to attend Michigan . Although White was one of several players captured on federal wiretaps and interviewed by both the FBI and IRS , he cooperated fully and did not need to hire a lawyer . Although he was not implicated , he transferred from Michigan to play for the Missouri Tigers men 's basketball team after clashing with Steve Fisher .
= = Federal indictments = =
= = = Ed Martin = = =
In late 1999 , Martin originally agreed to a plea bargain in which he agreed to disclose information about the payments . The agreement with the United States Attorney 's office , whose Assistant U.S. Attorney Richard Convertino led the prosecution case against Martin , was nearly finalized in January 2000 . The paperwork for the plea agreement was to be finalized in March 2000 for the former Ford Motor Company employee to plead guilty to one count of federal gambling and one count of income tax evasion . He and his son , Carlton , backed out in May 2000 , preferring to take their chances at trial due to the likelihood of light punishment for first @-@ time offenders . Under the plea agreement in which they would have forfeited $ 100 @,@ 000 and faced 6 – 15 months in prison , they would have been able to keep their homes . If found guilty at trial , they could have received up to 5 years imprisonment and a fine of $ 250 @,@ 000 per count , but they would not have to agree to cooperate with the University investigation .
Less than a week after Martin backed out of his plea agreement , several former players were subpoenaed to testify before grand juries . In August 2000 , Traylor and Bullock , by this time professional basketball players in the NBA and Italy respectively , were confirmed to have taken payments from Martin . Many of the payments came after the 1997 banning of Martin from contact with the team and the firing of Steve Fisher . The two players cooperated with federal authorities and admitted to receiving money . Traylor , Bullock , Webber , Rose and Taylor all testified before the grand jury . Fisher , the current San Diego State University coach , testified before a federal grand jury investigating Martin . Also testifying were former Michigan assistants Perry Watson , Brian Dutcher and Scott Perry . Martin and Watson had been close friends when Watson was head coach at Detroit Southwestern High School , with Martin often sitting on the bench along with assistant coaches . Perry , who had arranged Cleaves ' recruiting trip , had known Martin since 1977 and coached under Fisher from 1993 – 1997 . Many players and observers believed Martin was Watson 's uncle , leading to Martin 's schoolyard nickname of " Uncle Ed . " Martin and Watson had a falling @-@ out in the early 1990s , shortly after Watson joined the Michigan staff . Webber 's father also gave sealed testimony before the grand jury .
On March 21 , 2002 — after almost three years of testimony — the grand jury returned an eight @-@ count indictment charging Martin , his wife Hilda and their friend Clarence Malvo with running an illegal gambling business at the Ford River Rouge plant , money laundering and conspiracy to launder money . According to the indictment , Martin made illicit loans totalling $ 616 @,@ 000 to Webber , Taylor , Bullock and Traylor to launder money from an illegal numbers game at Detroit – area auto plants . The loans were made with the understanding that they would be repaid once the players turned pro . Martin was indicted for having paid Webber a total of $ 280 @,@ 000 between 1988 – 1993 , which included time from Webber 's freshman year at Detroit Country Day School in Birmingham , Michigan to his sophomore year at Michigan .
Martin , his wife , Hilda , and Clarence Malvo were under federal indictment for conspiracy to engage in illegal gambling and could have faced up to five years in prison and a $ 250 @,@ 000 fine if convicted . Mr. Martin had also been charged with seven additional counts : having an illegal gambling business , conspiracy to launder money , three counts of laundering money and two counts of using money from illegal activities . The charge against Hilda Martin was dropped as part of a plea agreement . On April 8 , 2002 , Malvo pleaded guilty to grand jury perjury for testifying that he did not work for Martin . On May 28 , 2002 Martin pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to launder money . He agreed to cooperate with investigations by the government , Michigan and the NCAA . The other seven charges against Martin were dropped in addition to those against Hilda . Furthermore , Martin was barred from associating with the team by a ban , which made any continuing financial relationship with him in violation of NCAA rules and to be considered a new violation .
= = = Chris Webber = = =
In September 2002 , Webber was indicted on five charges , including obstruction of justice and lying to a federal grand jury , for having misrepresented his relationship with Martin . Each charge was punishable by five years in prison and a $ 250 @,@ 000 fine . He vowed to fight the charges .
Martin pleaded guilty to running an illegal lottery at the Ford Motors plant he worked at to provide proceeds for the players . Martin testified that he paid Webber $ 280 @,@ 000 in cash and gifts , but as of January 2003 Webber denied receipt of money from Martin and maintained that he had testified truthfully to a grand jury in 2000 on such matters . Martin stated that there was always an understanding that the money would be repaid after the players became professionals . In the 2000 grand jury investigation , Webber had been asked about whether his off @-@ campus apartment rent had been paid by Martin and whether he had received spending money , jewelry , clothing or a stereo . Webber generally responded by saying either that he could not recall or that he did not think he had received such gifts . However , prosecutors say that Webber , after turning professional , gave Martin ' ' a significant sum of money , in cash , as a partial repayment . ' ' In December 2002 , Webber 's father admitted he had accepted gifts and a small loan from Martin , which contradicted earlier statements . Prosecutors also accused Webber 's aunt of lying about a meeting she had with Martin in the updated filing .
Chris Webber , his father , Mayce Webber , and aunt , Charlene Johnson , were also indicted on charges of having lied to a federal grand jury regarding dealings with Martin . The University had attempted three previous investigations and was not successful at gathering enough evidence to proceed further until the federal government got involved . In January 2003 , the federal prosecutors filed more detailed indictments against Webber and his relatives for obstruction of justice and perjury .
Ed Martin died of a suspected pulmonary embolism on February 14 , 2003 . He was awaiting sentencing at the time of his death . Malvo , who confessed to taking bets and paying off winning wagers for Martin , pleaded guilty April 8 , 2002 to lying before a federal grand jury . He admitted to telling a grand jury in October 1999 that he bet money but did not work for Martin . He was sentenced in August 2002 to two years ' probation .
Martin 's death largely took the air out of the federal perjury case against Webber . In July 2003 , on the day before jury selection in the case was due to begin , Webber pleaded guilty to the reduced charge of criminal contempt in order to avoid a possible jail sentence . He admitted to having received and repaid $ 38 @,@ 200 . The deal was subject to a discretionary fine and possible classification of the infraction as a felony by the United States District Court Judge Nancy Edmunds who would rule in September 2003 . In exchange for the plea all other charges were dropped against him as were all charges against his father . The charges against Webber 's aunt had been dropped after Martin 's death .
= = Sanctions = =
= = = Self @-@ imposed = = =
By the fall of 2002 , it had become clear that Michigan 's basketball program was guilty of major violations . In response , Michigan decided to impose its own sanctions on the program . Initially , Michigan announced it would forfeit every game in which the four players appeared . On November 7 , 2002 ; Michigan president Mary Sue Coleman and athletic director Bill Martin announced that the school was imposing sanctions of its own on the basketball program . Among them :
No postseason play in 2002 – 03 , even though the players who took Martin 's money were no longer at the school .
The school vacated the entire 1992 – 93 season and every game it played from the 1995 – 96 season through the 1998 – 99 season . This included the 1997 National Invitation Tournament title and the 1998 Big Ten Tournament title . It also vacated its two Final Four games in 1992 and its entire NCAA tournament record in 1993 , 1996 and 1998 . There is a difference between forfeiting a game and vacating a game ; a vacated game does not result in the other school being credited with a win . This included virtually the entire career of Fisher 's successor , Brian Ellerbe . However , it did not include all games that Webber played or was eligible because all but the final two games of his freshman year were retained .
Returning $ 450 @,@ 000 received from the NCAA for postseason play in 1992 , 1993 , 1996 and 1998
Banners commemorating the 1992 and 1993 Final Four runs , the 1997 NIT title and 1998 Big Ten Tournament title would be removed from the rafters at Crisler Arena .
Two years ' probation .
Coleman described what happened as " wrong , plain and simple . " She also said , " I am determined that nothing like this will ever happen again at Michigan . "
At 8 : 00 A.M. that same day , the four banners were removed from the rafters . Four days later , the athletic department officially deleted all mention of Webber , Taylor , Traylor and Bullock from the school 's athletic records . These included Traylor 's MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten Tournament , as well as Bullock 's standing as the Big Ten 's all @-@ time leader in 3 @-@ point field goals and the school 's third all @-@ time leading scorer and all @-@ time leader free throws made . The deletions came because the payments may have compromised their amateur status . Several players not implicated in the scandal continue to be listed among the school 's honorees such as Rob Pelinka ( Walter Byers Scholarship , 1993 ) , Juwan Howard and Jalen Rose ( All @-@ American , 1994 ) and Jerod Ward ( Big Ten All @-@ Tournament Team , 1998 ) .
Michigan finished the 2002 – 2003 season with a 17 – 13 record , but sat out both that year 's NCAA and NIT tournaments due to the self @-@ imposed postseason ban .
= = = NCAA = = =
On May 8 , 2003 ; the NCAA accepted Michigan 's sanctions . It also imposed an additional two years of probation and docked the school one scholarship a year from 2004 – 2005 until 2007 – 2008 . It also ordered the school to disassociate itself from Traylor ( who has since died ) , Taylor and Bullock until 2012 , and Webber until 2013 . The NCAA also barred Michigan from postseason play for the 2003 – 04 season ( later overturned on appeal ) . Infractions committee chairman Thomas Yeager , who had come very close to imposing the " death penalty " on the University of Alabama football program a few months earlier , called the Martin / Michigan affair " one of the three or four most egregious violations of NCAA bylaws " ever . The disassociation meant that Michigan could not accept donations or recruiting assistance from any of the players for ten years . Webber 's sanction ended on May 8 , 2013 . The NCAA criticized Fisher for allowing Martin access to the program , but did not sanction him . The University announced its intention to appeal the additional one @-@ year suspension from post @-@ season play . As a result of the sanctions , Ellerbe 's successor , Tommy Amaker , received a four @-@ year contract extension to compensate for the duties while under probation , and Bernard Robinson , Jr. had the right to transfer without sitting out a year because , as the only scholarship senior , the ineligibility extended for his entire remaining scholarship tenure .
= = = Vacated and forfeited games = = =
The following is the official NCAA record of affected games :
* The 1996 team gained 1 win by forfeit .
= = Fallout = =
In September 2003 , the NCAA reversed its decision to add a second year of postseason ineligibility after hearing an appeal by the University ; the Wolverines went on to become champions of the 2004 National Invitation Tournament . Also in September 2003 , Judge Edmunds deferred sentencing until she could monitor Webber 's service of 300 hours of community service at a middle @-@ school literacy program for two summers that she ordered . The literacy program is a six @-@ week program and Webber was expected to work at least 150 hours each summer . Also in September the University announced it sought $ 695 @,@ 000 in restitution from Webber . Webber was the only involved athlete that the University sought restitution from in part because he was the only one who confessed to lying to a grand jury . Webber stated that he did not feel the University 's request was appropriate because he had not stolen from the University .
During the 2003 @-@ 04 NBA season , Webber was on the disabled list until February . When he returned , the NBA suspended him for three games for his guilty plea . In September 2005 , Judge Edmunds ruled that the conviction should be treated as a misdemeanor and that Webber should pay the maximum fine for such an offense , which was $ 100 @,@ 000 . This ruling came after Webber served 330 hours of public service and accumulated $ 78 @,@ 000 of related out @-@ of @-@ pocket expenses .
The Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) , following the release of court testimony , requested that Webber 's high school , Detroit Country Day ( DCD ) , forfeit the three state titles won with Webber in the lineup ( 1989 – 91 ) . DCD conducted its own investigation , then called a press conference on March 2 , 2004 , to announce there was no " credible evidence " Webber 's amateur status had been violated . When the MHSAA gave them the option of forfeiting games Webber played they decided not to . Traylor 's alma mater , Murray @-@ Wright High , forfeited its entire 1994 – 95 season — Traylor 's senior year .
= = Expiration of disassociation = =
The disassociations with Chris Webber , Maurice Taylor and Louis Bullock ended on May 8 , 2013 ( Robert Traylor , as noted above , died before his disassociation could end . ) Michigan athletic director David Brandon has stated that he welcomes the opportunity to reassociate with the players : " I 've never met any of those guys , and I am looking forward to meeting them , ... If any of those guys are interested in meeting with me , that would be great . " Both Bullock and Taylor immediately stated that they look forward to their re @-@ affiliation with the university . At the stroke of midnight when the disassociation ended , Webber tweeted " OK ! ! ! "
There were many vocal opinions on what should happen following the end of the disassociation . An article on Bleacher Report stated that the University should retire Webber 's Jersey . When asked whether the National finalist banners would ever be rehung , University President Mary Sue Coleman said not during her tenure , but she noted that " Some day , I won 't be president anymore , and maybe someone else will have a different view " .
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= Oregon ( Awake ) =
" Oregon " is the fifth episode of the American police procedural drama television series Awake . The episode first premiered on March 29 , 2012 in the United States on NBC , was simultaneously broadcast on Global in Canada , and was subsequently aired on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom on June 1 , 2012 . It was written by consulting producer Lisa Zwerling , and directed by Aaron Lipstadt . " Oregon " was well received by television critics , who praised its storylines . Commentators noted that the script was well @-@ written and that the episode was the " strongest outing " since " Pilot " broadcast on March 1 , 2012 . Upon airing , the episode garnered 3 @.@ 18 million viewers in the United States and a 1 @.@ 0 / 3 rating @-@ share in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . It ranked second in its timeslot , behind The Mentalist on CBS .
The show centers on Michael Britten ( Jason Isaacs ) , a police detective living in two separate realities after a car accident . In this episode , Michael deals with a case involving a serial killer Gemini , who had killed another person in the " green reality " . FBI agent Elizabeth Santoro ( Megan Dodds ) insists that he is dead , as she killed him herself after he had committed a huge crime . Gemini pretends to be a police officer , and frames Michael , pretending that he was with him . Agent Santoro thinks that he is involved in the case due to this frame , and other reasons . Gemini enjects Santoro , and then takes her to a place outside . He starts to cut Santoro 's wrist off , and Michael and his partner in the " green reality " , Isaiah " Bird " Freeman ( Steve Harris ) get her . Meanwhile in the " red reality " , Dr. Jonathan Lee ( BD Wong ) states that Michael and his wife Hannah Britten ( Laura Allen ) ' s marriage is falling apart . However , Hannah admits that she was " embarrassed " about wanting to move to Oregon .
= = Plot = =
The episode opens in the " red reality " ( where Hannah is alive and Rex is not from the car accident ) , and Michael Britten ( Jason Isaacs ) is jogging around Los Angeles . When Michael gets home , he talks to his wife Hannah ( Laura Allen ) , who is in Oregon looking at a university . Later in the " green reality " ( where Rex is alive and Hannah is not ) , Michael and Rex ( Dylan Minnette ) are stuck in traffic , and Michael is later called into work . His partner in the " green reality " , Isaiah " Bird " Freeman ( Steve Harris ) talks to Michael , then Michael goes for a run at the Griffith Park . He goes to the top of a hill overlooking the city , while a dog appears from behind a bush and barks at him . Michael notices human flesh in him , and goes to investigate , where he finds a corpse sitting against a tree . Michael goes to the police station , and shows Captain Harper similar cases starting in 1999 . In each case , a killer , nicknamed Gemini ( Salvator Xuereb ) , vertically slashed the victim 's wrists and carved a Roman numeral in their chests . The murders have taken place all across the United States , but everyone believes that Gemini is dead after an FBI agent Elizabeth Santoro ( Megan Dodds ) had shot him . Michael wants to cover the area as much as they can and Captain Tricia Harper ( Laura Innes ) agrees , telling Michael to pick up the profiler that the FBI has sent . Michael goes to Brentwood and meets with FBI agent Elizabeth Santoro . They discuss his history and she admits that she has been focused solely on the " Gemini Killer " for the last 12 years . Michael confirms that they did not find one on the body , so she figures that it is a copycat . Michael goes to the crime scene , while Bird is already there . The partners go over the hillside and find the dog . They take him to Dr. Banks ( Chris McGarry ) and have him check his stomach , where he finds a United States two @-@ dollar bill in it . When Michael takes the evidence to Harper and Santoro , Santoro insists that it only means that someone with classified information to the case is involved . She suggests they check anyone who has recently laid off law enforcement officers with psych problems . Bird and Santoro create a database if the killer is alive . Santoro lets Harper decide and she tells the detectives to pull the files on law officers . As Santoro leaves , Michael approaches her and says that he understands the implications if the man she shot was Gemini . Meanwhile , the killer prepares a set of medical tools , a wad of two @-@ dollar bills , and a syringe .
Later in the " green reality " , Michael suggests they check cheap motels in the area , since Gemini set up base a couple miles from the sites of his murders . Later , Michael talks to the manager at one hotel . After he leaves the hotel , Michael sees a secret place closed and Michael breaks in , drawing his gun . He spots the " Gemini Killer " inside , but he ran away when Michael identified himself as a police officer . Soon after , the CSI team investigates , and Harper and Santoro wonder why Michael was there . He says that he was checking out motels and thought the building looked suspicious , and Santoro claimed that Michael is a " suspect " . They are unaware that the killer is listening to them from a nearby vent . Michael leaves the investigation , and as he goes to his car , the killer is seen dressed in a police uniform , as he is starting at him . Later at the station , Harper tells him that they got a call from someone claiming to be their guy . She plays a recording and Gemini addresses Michael as his friend . Harper tells Michael that they traced the call to his home phone . Later , Michael meets with Bird and the two find out that the killer was going to eject and then murder Agent Santoro . Later , the " Gemini Killer " begins to cut the FBI agent 's wrist . Minutes later , Michael and Bird try to find the killer , and the agent . They find her and she is taken to the hospital . Her family comes and sees her . Later , Michael tells Hannah what he 's learned about the movers and Oregon . She shares her secrets , claimed that she was " embarrassed " , and they talk .
Michael 's shrink in the " green reality " , Dr. Judith Evans ( Cherry Jones ) , cites that one reality will begin the scene as a fantasy . As Michael leaves in the car , Gemini calls Michael and explains that he was intrigued by Michael 's success in tracking him down . He broke into Evans ' office , read her files , and asks Michael if he is awake or asleep . However , Gemini says that the world needs people like him and Michael ; people who can see it sideways . As he takes a flight to Portland , Gemini says that he hopes Michael doesn 't wake up and then hangs up .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by consulting producer Lisa Zwerling , and directed by Aaron Lipstadt ; it was Zwerling and Lipstadt 's first writing credit , and was Lipstadt 's first directing credit on the series . This is the second episode that was not written by series creator and executive producer Kyle Killen , with the last episode he wrote being " Guilty " . The episode is rated TV @-@ 14 on television in the United States . Although it was the fifth broadcast episode , it was originally scheduled to be the fourth episode of the season , with the production code being " 1ATR03 " due to NBC 's decision to change the broadcasting order .
= = = Casting = = =
The episode featured guest performances from many actors including Laura Innes as Tricia Harper , Michael 's captain officer in the series , Chris McGarry as Dr. Banks , a doctor working at the Los Angeles Police Department , Salvator Xuereb as Gemini , and Megan Dodds as Elizabeth Santoro , an FBI agent . Frank Gallegos was cast as DaSalva , Hal Havins was cast as hotel manager Brett London , and Erin Woods was cast as Santoro 's daughter . Damian Poitier also appeared , but as a police uniform officer .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Oregon " was originally broadcast on March 29 , 2012 in the United States on NBC between 10 : 00 p.m. and 11 : 00 p.m. , preceded by Up All Night . Upon airing , the episode garnered 3 @.@ 18 million viewers in the United States , and ranked second in its timeslot despite airing simultaneously with The Mentalist on CBS , and a rerun of Private Practice on ABC . It acquired a 1 @.@ 0 / 3 rating @-@ share in the 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that it was seen by 1 @.@ 0 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode 's ratings had dropped from the previous episode , " Kate Is Enough " , which obtained one million less in viewers . It was simultaneously broadcast on Global in Canada , and was subsequently aired on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom on June 1 , 2012 . The episode obtained 228 @,@ 000 million viewers in the United Kingdom , making it the fourth most @-@ watched program for that week on the channel behind Smash , Hit & Miss , and Game of Thrones . The episode 's ratings had slightly dropped from the previous episode .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Oregon " was well received by most television commentators , who praised its storylines . Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a good review . He claimed that the episode " felt like a bit of a stand @-@ alone story focusing on Britten 's heightened anxiety over Rex 's grief " , and that the episode also " stepped in and launched the series forward , introducing one of Britten 's worlds to a rather apropos serial killer " . He also liked the episode 's " ambition " . Fowler concluded his review by giving the episode an " 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 " , classifying it as " great " . Nick McHatton from TV Fanatic also praised the episode . He claimed that the Britten family will not move to Oregon in the " red reality " , as it is " already complex enough as it is " . McHatton concluded his review by giving the episode a score of " 4 @.@ 8 out of 5 " . Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave praise in the episode . She claimed that the episode was the " strongest outing " since " Pilot " broadcast on March 1 , 2012 . Preece wrote that the episode " used interesting story ideas , [ meaning ] the writers have bigger plans for the weeks ahead " . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall gave many notes on the episode . He claimed that NBC 's decision to change the broadcasting order was " probably for the best , in that doing back @-@ to @-@ back episodes where Britten 's son was kidnapped in the first and Britten attracted the personal interest of a serial killer in the second would have felt like too much " . He criticized parts of the episode writing that the episode " seemed too much like a conventional cop show " . Screen Rant 's Kevin Yeoman said that the episode " works best when its procedural elements take on a sort of background essence " . He also wrote that as a series it is " becoming a sustainable program " . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club enjoyed " Oregon " . In his " B " review , he stated that he enjoyed the " impressionistic approach , scenes of emotional connection and growth " .
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= The Canine Mutiny =
" The Canine Mutiny " is the twentieth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 13 , 1997 . It was written by Ron Hauge and directed by Dominic Polcino . Bart applies for a credit card and goes on a spending spree when it arrives , including an expensive trained dog called ' Laddie ' . It guest stars voice actor Frank Welker as Laddie , a parody of Lassie . The episode 's title references the novel The Caine Mutiny .
= = Plot = =
When Bart complains he never gets any mail , Marge gives him the family 's junk mail . One piece contains a credit card application , which Bart fills out under the name of his dog Santa 's Little Helper , whom he claims to have the occupation " butt doctor " . The company misreads the name as " Santos L. Halper " , and the credit card application is approved . Before long , Bart receives a credit card . Bart goes on a shopping spree , buying the family some very expensive gifts from a mail order catalog : Vancouver smoked salmon and a radio @-@ frying pan for Marge , a golf shirt with corporate logo for Homer , " Trucker 's Choice Stay @-@ Alert Capsules " for Lisa and many things for himself . The item that Bart anticipates the most is a finely @-@ bred , pre @-@ trained collie . Not letting its US $ 1 @,@ 200 purchase price stand in the way , Bart promptly orders one . Upon its arrival Bart learns the dog 's name is Laddie , who has been trained to perform a wide variety of tasks . The rest of the family fall in love with the new dog , while Santa 's Little Helper goes unnoticed .
Bart fails to pay off " Santos L. Halper 's " credit card bill , and it is not long before he gets a call from a debt collection agency demanding payment . When the calls and collection letters persist , Bart enlists Laddie to help him bury his ill @-@ gotten credit card . Later , repo men arrive to take back all of the things Bart has purchased . Lisa demands an explanation , and Bart is forced to admit the truth . When a repossessor demands the $ 1 @,@ 200 collie be returned , Bart identifies Santa 's Little Helper as the dog he purchased . The greyhound is herded into the truck and Bart sadly watches as it drives away . Noticing that Santa 's Little Helper is gone , the family begins to bond with Laddie , except for Bart , who fears for Santa 's Little Helper 's fate . When an exhausted Bart gives Laddie yet another walk , the collie saves the life of Baby Gerald . At the ceremony honoring Laddie 's heroism , Chief Wiggum decides that Laddie would make the perfect police dog . Bart gives him to the Springfield police force and is forced to explain why the family now has no dog at all , while sobbing . Homer instructs Bart to do whatever it takes to get Santa 's Little Helper back and he goes hunting around the town , trying to find his old pal . Bart eventually learns from Reverend Lovejoy that the dog was given to a parishioner named Mr. Mitchell .
Bart visits Mr. Mitchell , who is blind and lonely , and asks for his dog back , but when he sees how the man and Santa 's Little Helper have bonded , he grows heartsick and leaves . Still determined to get his dog back , Bart makes a late @-@ night visit to Mr. Mitchell 's home in hopes of retrieving Santa 's Little Helper . The pair are reunited , but Bart traps himself in a closet . Mr. Mitchell calls the police and demands that Bart be charged with burglary , but Bart explains that Santa 's Little Helper was his dog and that he wants him back . To solve the problem , Bart and Mitchell let Santa 's Little Helper decide where he wants to go , with him choosing Bart. Chief Wiggum arrives with Laddie , who immediately sniffs out a bag of marijuana in Mr. Mitchell 's pocket . Bart and Santa 's Little Helper head home , leaving the police to " finish up " with Mitchell , as more officers arrive with women and beer .
= = Production = =
The episode uses the full opening sequence because the story came out short . Despite this , a large sequence was cut from the middle of the episode , with half of the episode having to be re @-@ written after the animatic had been finished . The main plot of the episode came from an original idea that the family would be issued a credit card in the name " Hobart Simpson " and that Bart would use that . An original side @-@ story was that Lisa would become addicted to the " Trucker 's Choice " pep pills . Originally , instead of going to the dog park , the family took Laddie to a waterfall and he performed a series of dives , but it was scrapped as it had already been proven that Laddie was a form of " superdog " . Likewise , Laddie rescuing Baby Gerald was originally a complicated rescue scene , but was cut into showing the aftermath .
Laddie was designed to resemble a real dog . The catalog Bart uses is a combination of the Lillian Vernon catalog and The Sharper Image . The opening stemmed from the fact that the show had not had a sequence where the family received mail , and the writers wanted to create a joke about the different types of mail each of the family get . After Bart 's " dog burning " fantasy , when he hears a ship 's horn in the distance , there was originally going to be a faint cry of " more dogs " , but it was deemed that it took the joke too far . Hank Azaria ad @-@ libbed the entire sequence during the credits in which Chief Wiggum and Lou sing along to " Jammin ' " .
= = Cultural references = =
The title is a reference to the novel and film The Caine Mutiny . The dog " Laddie " is a play on Lassie , in terms of name , appearance and uncanny intelligence . Marge listens to the song " You Really Got Me " by The Kinks played on the frying pan radio . At the end of the episode , the song " Jamming " by Bob Marley is played . The design of the " Repo Depot " is based very loosely on the repossession agency from Repo Man . The address of Mr. Mitchell 's house 57 Mt . Aubum Street is one of addresses of the Harvard Lampoon . Mr. Mitchell having a dead parrot that he believes to still be alive is a reference to the " Dead Parrot " Monty Python sketch .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " The Canine Mutiny " finished 43rd in ratings for the week of April 7 – 13 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 1 , equivalent to approximately 7 @.@ 9 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files , King of the Hill , and Beverly Hills , 90210 .
The episode 's ending with Chief Wiggum and Lou singing along to " Jamming ' " by Bob Marley is often cited as one of the best endings in the history of the show . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " A sweet episode " . Homer 's line " There , there , shut up boy " is one of Josh Weinstein 's favorites .
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= SMS Wittelsbach =
SMS Wittelsbach ( " His Majesty 's Ship Wittelsbach " ) was the lead ship of the Wittelsbach class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the Kaiserliche Marine . Wittelsbach was built at Wilhelmshaven Navy Dockyard . She was laid down in 1899 and completed in October 1902 , at the cost of 22 @,@ 740 @,@ 000 marks . Wittelsbach was the first capital ship built under the Navy Law of 1898 , brought about by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz .
The ship served in the I Squadron of the German fleet for the majority of her career . Wittelsbach was rapidly superseded by new " all @-@ big @-@ gun " warships , and as a result served for less than eight years before being decommissioned on 20 September 1910 . After the start of World War I in August 1914 , Wittelsbach was brought back to active duty in the IV Battle Squadron . The ship saw limited duty in the Baltic Sea against Russian forces , though the threat from British submarines forced the ship to withdraw by 1916 . The ship then saw service in a number of auxiliary roles , ultimately as a tender for minesweepers after 1919 . In July 1921 , however , the ship was sold and broken up for scrap metal .
= = Description = =
Wittelsbach was 126 @.@ 8 m ( 416 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 22 @.@ 8 m ( 74 ft 10 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 95 m ( 26 ft 1 in ) forward . The ship was powered by three 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines that drove three screws . Steam was provided by six naval and six cylindrical coal @-@ fired water @-@ tube boilers . Wittelsbach 's powerplant was rated at 14 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 13 @,@ 808 ihp ; 10 @,@ 297 kW ) , which generated a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . She had a crew of 30 officers and 650 enlisted men .
Wittelsbach 's armament consisted of a main battery of four 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) SK L / 40 guns in twin gun turrets , one fore and one aft of the central superstructure . Her secondary armament consisted of eighteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 inch ) SK L / 40 guns and twelve 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 45 in ) SK L / 30 quick @-@ firing guns . The armament suite was rounded out with six 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , all in above @-@ water swivel mounts . Her armored belt was 225 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 9 in ) thick in the central portion that protected her magazines and machinery spaces , and the deck was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The main battery turrets had 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) of armor plating .
= = Service history = =
Wittelsbach 's keel was laid in 1899 , at the Kaiserliche Werft in Wilhelmshaven , under construction number 25 . She was ordered under the contract name " C " , as a new unit for the fleet . The vessel was the first battleship built under the direction of State Secretary Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , according to the terms of the Navy Law of 1898 . Wittelsbach was launched on 3 July 1900 and commissioned on 15 October 1902 .
Upon commissioning in 1902 , Wittelsbach was assigned to the I Squadron of the Active Battle Fleet . In 1905 the German fleet was reorganized into two squadrons of battleships . Wittelsbach was assigned to the I Division of I Squadron . The ship was joined by her sisters Wettin and Zähringen . The German fleet consisted of another three @-@ ship division in the I Squadron and 2 three @-@ ship divisions in the II Squadron . This was supported by a cruiser division , composed of two armored cruisers and six protected cruisers . That year , Kapitän zur See Maximilian von Spee , who would go on to command the East Asia Squadron at the outbreak of World War I , took command of the ship .
In 1907 , the newest Deutschland @-@ class battleships were beginning to enter service . This provided the Navy with enough ships to form two full battle squadrons of eight ships each . The fleet was then renamed the Hochseeflotte ( High Seas Fleet ) . Wittelsbach served in the I Division until 20 September 1910 . The ship was then decommissioned and placed in reserve ; her crew was then sent to man the newly commissioned dreadnought Posen .
= = = World War I = = =
At the start of World War I , Wittelsbach was mobilized as part of the IV Battle Squadron , under the command of Vice Admiral Ehrhard Schmidt . Starting on 3 September , the IV Squadron , assisted by the armored cruiser Blücher , conducted a sweep into the Baltic . The operation lasted until 9 September and failed to bring Russian naval units to battle . In May 1915 , Wittelsbach and the rest of IV Squadron was transferred to support the German Army in the Baltic Sea area . Wittelsbach and her sisters were then based in Kiel . On 6 May , the IV Squadron ships were tasked with providing support to the assault on Libau . Wittelsbach and the other ships were stationed off Gotland to intercept any Russian cruisers that might attempt to intervene in the landings ; the Russians , however , did not do so . On 10 May , after the invasion force had entered Libau , the British submarines HMS E1 and HMS E9 spotted the IV Squadron , but were too far away to attack them .
By 1916 , the threat from submarines in the Baltic convinced the German navy to withdraw the elderly Wittelsbach @-@ class ships from active service . Wittelsbach was initially used as a training ship based in Kiel . The ship was then transferred to Wilhelmshaven for use as a fleet tender . Wittelsbach was converted into a depot ship in 1919 for minesweepers in the newly constituted Reichsmarine . She carried 12 of these shallow draft vessels . The ship served in this capacity for little more than a year ; on 8 March 1921 , Wittelsbach was stricken from the Navy List and sold four months later , on 7 July , for 3 @,@ 561 @,@ 000 Marks . The ship was then broken up for scrap in Wilhelmshaven .
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= Lana Crawford =
Lana Crawford is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours , played by Bridget Neval . The actress 's casting was announced in June 2004 , and she stated that she was excited to take on the role of Lana , a schoolgirl and the serial 's first lesbian character . Neval explained that Lana 's sexuality did not bother her , but she hoped her story would not be told in a sensationalist or distasteful way . Neval made her first screen appearance as Lana during the episode broadcast on 30 August 2004 .
Lana was a student , who had been closeted due to homophobic bullying at her high school . Upon moving to Erinsborough , Lana befriended Serena Bishop ( Lara Sacher ) and her cousin Sky Mangel ( Stephanie McIntosh ) , who she developed a crush on . The storyline between Lana and Sky was billed as a relationship story between two close female friends , " made compelling by the complexity of the feelings involved . " Lana and Sky 's friendship eventually culminated in Neighbours ' first lesbian kiss .
The episode featuring the kiss was broadcast in the serial 's regular G @-@ rated timselot and gave Neighbours a small increase in ratings . However , it led talkback callers and conservative groups to attack the storyline and the characters . Writers for AfterEllen and the Sydney Star Observer branded the storyline " a real television advance " and praised Lana and her journey . The show 's executive producer , Ric Pellizzeri , believed the storyline reflected reality and some viewers said that it had had a " profound effect " on them .
= = Casting = =
In June 2004 , Pete Timbs of TV Week reported Wicked Science actress Bridget Neval had joined the cast of Neighbours as Lana Crawford . Timbs revealed that Lana was a schoolgirl set to " liven things up among the Ramsay Street teenagers as she comes to terms with her sexuality . " Neval told Timbs ' colleague Helen Vnuk that she was initially taken aback when she learned of the character she might be asked to play . However , she was very excited to take on the role of Lana , calling her " a fantastic character " .
Neval later explained " My initial reaction to the part was surprise as Neighbours have never had a gay character . But the nature of the character never really bothered me . My only real concern was that the story would not be told in a sensationalist or distasteful way . She 's not a stereotypical character and being gay is certainly not the only interesting thing about her . " Neval made her first screen appearance as Lana during the episode broadcast on 30 August 2004 . In April 2005 , Eliza Taylor @-@ Cotter said that she had originally auditioned for the role of Lana , before joining the cast as Janae Timmins .
= = Development = =
Lana was introduced as Neighbours ' first lesbian character . Neval revealed that while Lana would fuel a storyline for established character Sky Mangel ( Stephanie McIntosh ) , she would also go through her own journey . A representative from Grundy Television explained that the storyline would be " a relationship story of a close female friendship , made compelling by the complexity of the feelings involved . " The representative believed the storyline would " strike a chord " with teenage viewers , who could relate to Sky and Lana 's feelings . Scriptwriter Helen MacWhirter also stated that Lana 's story is " multi @-@ faceted " , saying , " On one level it 's about a young girl coming to terms with her sexuality , which on its own might have been a bit boring and gratuitous , but it also brought into play other story strands which added depth and dimension . "
Lana was a " pretty " Canadian high school student . She left her old high school due to homophobic bullying , and as a result she became " very closeted " . Describing the character , Natasha Norton from AfterEllen stated " She comes across at first as a touch flighty , as if she can 't quite make up her mind as to who she wants to be , but it soon becomes abundantly clear that Lana 's carefully constructed façade has a purpose . " Following her arrival in Erinsborough , Lana befriended Serena Bishop ( Lara Sacher ) . They both learned that they had been taken advantage of by " sleazy " photographer Chris Cousens ( Simon Mallory ) . Serena 's cousin , Sky , took an instant dislike to Lana . Sky had learned that Lana had flirted with her boyfriend , leaving her " less than impressed " . During a game of basketball , Sky began feuding with Lana , and they started a brawl on the court . Of filming the fight , Neval stated , " We wanted to make it look spontaneous , and really gritty and brawly . It was a lot of fun learning how to choreograph a fight and how to be aware of the other actor and not actually hurt them . "
After being placed in detention together , Lana and Sky came to know each other better . They gradually formed a bond , and Lana developed feelings for Sky . Lana 's crush on Sky eventually culminated in Neighbours ' first lesbian kiss . The episode featuring the kiss was broadcast in its usual 6.30pm G @-@ rated timeslot . The executive producer of Neighbours , Ric Pellizzeri , said the storyline reflected reality and continued the show 's move toward more contemporary issues . Pellizzeri explained that Neighbours was simply telling " a story about tolerance . " The producer added that the kiss was as far as they would go , but the writers would not be discouraged from telling other stories about homosexuality in the future . On @-@ screen , Sky told Lana that she was only interested in her boyfriend , but they remained friends . With her main storyline completed , Lana was seen attending the prom with a female admirer , before moving to Canada with her family . Script producer Luke Devenish told a reporter for the Sydney Star Observer , " There is that great tradition that the lesbian is always dead in the final scene , and we were very aware of that as we were writing her out . We wanted to avoid that at all costs . "
= = Storylines = =
Lana is Sindi ( Marisa Warrington ) and Penny Watts ' ( Andrea McEwan ) cousin . She was born in Australia , but her family moved to Canada when she was young . They returned to Australia a few years later , and Lana began attending Wattle Heights High School , where she was bullied over her sexuality . This led her to transfer to Erinsborough High . Lana finds employment at the Coffee Shop alongside Serena Bishop , whom she befriends . Lana is convinced that she had seen Serena before , and she realises that Serena had been in some photos taken by dodgy photographer Chris Cousens . Lana admits to Serena that she had also been taken in by Chris and that she was not over it . Lana did not get on with Serena 's cousin , Sky , and one day they fight at school . Susan Kennedy ( Jackie Woodburne ) places them in detention and urges them to work things out .
Sky and Lana start to trust each other a little , and during a sleepover organised by Serena , they discover that they both like black and white films . They bond , and Lana later watches Sky fall asleep . Sky realises that Lana has hidden depths and tells her . Lana gets upset and tells Sky that she is not hiding anything . Sky calls a friend who attended Wattle Heights High with Lana and finds out about the bullying that caused Lana to change schools . During a playfight at a sleepover , Lana suddenly kisses Sky . She runs out of the house and goes to the Coffee Shop , where she finds Sindi . Lana reveals to Sindi that she is gay . Lana admits that she does not want to lose Sky as a friend and tries to pass the kiss off as a joke . Sky tells Boyd Hoyland ( Kyal Marsh ) about the kiss , and Lana is later outed at school .
Lana attempts to convince everyone that it is just a rumour by dating Brendan Bond ( Michael Wahr ) . When Sky finds out that Lana is planning to have sex with Brendan during a party , Sky tries to stop her . Lana tells Sky to leave , but then decides to tell Brendan that she cannot have sex with him because she likes girls . Lana receives anonymous notes in her locker praising her for being brave . However , she is also targeted by a gang of girls who threaten to cut her hair off . Susan decides to get the school involved in a tolerance campaign , but many of the parents protest about it . Sky and Lana begin drawing a cartoon strip together called Freak Girl and The Enigma and Buffy Only ( Laura Gordon ) , the editor of a gay magazine , becomes interested in publishing it . Buffy later asks Lana out on a date , but comes to realise that they are not right for each other .
Sky and Lana decide to plant lavender outside Lassiter 's Hotel , and they stay to watch everyone 's reactions . During her excitement , Sky kisses Lana , who is delighted as she believes Sky has fallen for her . Sky explains to Lana that they can only be friends , and Lana accuses Sky of using her . Lana avoids Sky for several days , but they eventually make up . Lana finds a note in her locker from someone named George , asking her to the end @-@ of @-@ year formal dance . During the formal , " George " introduces herself as Georgina Harris ( Adrienne Smith ) , and she and Lana spend the rest of the night together . Lana decides to return to Canada , and her friends throw her a farewell party . Sky tells Lana that she will miss her and gives her a pen , so she can start writing her own novel . Lana says goodbye to George , and Lana 's friends watch as Lana leaves Ramsay Street in a taxi .
= = Reception = =
Shortly after the episode featuring the kiss was aired , the characters were attacked by talkback callers and conservative groups who thought that they had been " glamorising a high @-@ risk culture " and " making homosexuality look cool " . Chief executive of the Christian group Salt Shakers , Peter Stokes , told The Age 's Kenneth Nguyen , " It just saddens me that we give our young people the message that these relationships are OK . " However , Ray Misson , the head of Melbourne University 's arts education department , described the serial 's depiction of a lesbian as " a real advance . " Neval believed that gay teenagers , who were already feeling insecure about how their sexuality would be accepted , would be devastated by the negative reaction surrounding the storyline .
On the reaction the kiss between Lana and Sky received , Natasha Norton from AfterEllen stated , " From the amount of backlash this kiss generated in Australia , you 'd think that they 'd shown a full blown love scene ; newspapers have been full of angry letters to the editor decrying the gay storyline . The negative reaction by many in the Australia press mirrors Lana 's current storyline on Neighbours , which explores the backlash Lana experiences when her sexuality becomes public knowledge at her high school . " Norton 's colleague , Malinda Lo , later said that many of the website 's readers said Lana 's storyline had a " profound effect " on them when they were teenagers . A writer from GayNZ.com noted that the episode featuring the kiss was broadcast unedited and provided Neighbours with a modest ratings increase .
Bill Muehlenberg from Australian Family Association believed Lana 's introduction and storyline was just an attempt to increase ratings . A Sydney Star Observer reporter praised Lana 's cousin , Sindi , for being sympathetic and reacting in a positive way when Lana came out to her . The reporter also praised Sky 's reaction for being " more let 's talk about it than get away from me , you lezzo freak " , while adding that it seemed Neighbours had wanted Lana to be a " sympathetic gay character " , which must have upset the Christian groups . Of Lana 's storyline , a writer for AfterEllen stated , " The significance of this depiction was that it occurred in a relatively conservative , family @-@ oriented show with a large child viewership , and all the major sympathetic characters were presented as supportive of Lana 's sexuality , with the bullies being depicted as villains . "
In his book Neighbours : 20 years of Ramsay Street , Tony Johnston wrote , " Vilified by ultra @-@ conservative groups and celebrated by the gay press , the kiss helped to redefine Neighbours as it entered its third decade . " In July 2007 , the Herald Sun asked readers to vote for their top ten Neighbours moments . Lana and Sky 's kiss came in at number nine , and a reporter for the paper said " It 's rare that Neighbours attracts the attention of the shock jocks around the country , but that 's what happened when Sky Bishop , played by Stephanie McIntosh , gave Lana , played by Bridget Neval , a kiss . Sky was exploring her sexuality and the scene was one of the most talked about ever in the press . Lana left Erinsborough and Sky has gone on to be an unmarried mum " .
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= M @-@ 48 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 48 is an east – west state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan . It connects Rudyard with Pickford and continues to the far eastern end of the UP . The highway runs for 43 @.@ 723 miles ( 70 @.@ 365 km ) through rural parts of Chippewa County , including along the county line with Mackinac County . Between 580 and 1 @,@ 800 vehicles a day use the roadway daily .
The highway was designated by 1919 along a route that ran much farther west in the UP . Within its first decade , M @-@ 48 was extended to end at a point north of Newberry . Since the 1960s , it has had its current configuration . A section of roadway that was previously used as part of the western end of the highway was redesignated as a section H @-@ 40 in the 1970s .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 48 currently starts at an interchange with I @-@ 75 in the Rudyard area . The highway runs west from the interchange into Rudyard where it turns south , running concurrently with county road H @-@ 63 . M @-@ 48 turns eastward south of town along 22 Mile Road through fields . At Meridian Road , M @-@ 48 turns south along M @-@ 129 through the community of Pickford . South of town , M @-@ 48 / M @-@ 129 runs long the Chippewa – Mackinac county line and crosses the Munuscong River . M @-@ 48 turns east at 26 Mile Road into Chippewa County . The highway zig @-@ zags through rural areas in the southeast of the county . It follows Hanna and 28 Mile roads to Stalwart . In that community , M @-@ 48 runs south on Reynolds Road to a corner on the Chippewa – Mackinac county line where the highway turns back east toward the Goetzville area running through the Lake Superior State Forest . After one last north – south segment , M @-@ 48 terminates at a junction with M @-@ 134 west of DeTour Village near Albany Harbor .
The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains M @-@ 48 like all other parts of the state trunkline highway system under its jurisdiction . As a part of these responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic along its roads using a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This measurement is a calculation of the average traffic levels for a roadway segment on any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT figured that between 580 and 1 @,@ 800 vehicles a day used sections of M @-@ 48 . In addition , the department has added the portion of M @-@ 48 between the northern M @-@ 129 junction and M @-@ 134 to the Lake Huron Circle Tour , a scenic drive that loops around the lake . No part of the highway has been added to the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
On July 1 , 1919 , M @-@ 48 ran from Rexton to Trout Lake and eastward on to Rudyard . The highway continued to Goetzville and ran to DeTour Village at the eastern tip of the UP . By 1927 , the western end was moved to a point north of Newberry . M @-@ 48 was extended along US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) to Garnet . From there , M @-@ 48 ran north to M @-@ 28 east of Newberry . It turned west along M @-@ 28 into Newberry and then north to Four Mile Corner . In the mid @-@ 1930s , M @-@ 28 's routing through the Newberry area was shifted . As a result of this shift , the section of M @-@ 28 / M @-@ 48 in downtown was renumbered M @-@ 28A / M @-@ 48 . In the early 1940s , US 2 was moved to a new routing along the Lake Michigan shoreline . In the process , the US 2 / M @-@ 48 concurrency was eliminated . By the same time , M @-@ 48 was truncated when M @-@ 134 was designated east to the DeTour area . By the end of the decade , M @-@ 48 was truncated and rerouted on its western end , replacing the contemporary M @-@ 117 south of Rexton to US 2 in Epoufette . All of M @-@ 48 west of US 2 was turned over to local jurisdiction and removed from the state highway system , save a section made part of M @-@ 123 in late 1960 or early 1961 . A few years later , M @-@ 48 was extended along a former section of US 2 into Rudyard to connect to the newly opened I @-@ 75 / US 2 freeway in 1963 . After October 1970 , the former M @-@ 48 west of the current highway was designated as a part of the County @-@ Designated Highway System .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Washington State Route 104 =
State Route 104 ( SR 104 ) is a 31 @.@ 75 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 51 @.@ 10 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , serving four counties : Jefferson on the Olympic Peninsula , Kitsap on the Kitsap Peninsula , and Snohomish and King in the Puget Sound region . It begins south of Discovery Bay at U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) south of Discovery Bay and crosses the Hood Canal Bridge over Hood Canal to the terminus of SR 3 near Port Gamble . SR 104 continues southeast onto the Edmonds – Kingston Ferry to cross the Puget Sound and intersects SR 99 and Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) before ending at SR 522 in Lake Forest Park . SR 104 also has a short spur route that connects the highway to SR 99 at an at @-@ grade signal on the Snohomish – King county line .
Established during the 1964 state highway renumbering , SR 104 was formed out of four highways , themselves created in 1937 : Secondary State Highway 9E ( SSH 9E ) from Discovery Bay to Port Gamble , Primary State Highway 21 ( PSH 21 ) from Port Gamble to Kingston , SSH 1W within Edmonds , and SSH 2B from Edmonds to Lake Forest Park . PSH 21 was originally part of State Road 21 , added to the state highway system in 1915 to connect the Port Gamble – Shine ferry to the Kingston ferry landing . The Edmonds – Kingston ferry at the end of State Road 21 has been in operation under various companies since 1923 and was served by the 14 @-@ car City of Edmonds . SSH 9E extended from Discovery Bay to Port Ludlow initially and was moved south and extended to the South Point ferry landing in the late 1940s . The bridge replaced the South Point – Lofall ferry when it opened in 1961 , but the ferry was re @-@ used during the construction of the second Hood Canal Bridge after the first bridge sank in 1979 and before the new bridge opened in 1982 . The Edmonds – Kingston ferry was added to the state ferry system in 1951 before it was incorporated into SR 104 in 1994 .
= = Route description = =
SR 104 begins at an intersection with US 101 , located south of Discovery Bay on the Olympic Peninsula . The highway travels south through rural Jefferson County towards Crocker Lake and turns southeast , intersecting SR 19 south of Port Ludlow . SR 104 continues east along the northern shore of Squamish Harbor , part of the Hood Canal , and crosses into Kitsap County on the 7 @,@ 869 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 2 @,@ 398 m ) Hood Canal Bridge , the third longest floating bridge in the world . The highway serves as the northern terminus of SR 3 east of the bridge and turns northeast towards Port Gamble , located on the Kitsap Peninsula . SR 104 turns south along the western shore of Port Gamble , the bay the community is named after , and turns southeast to intersect SR 307 . The highway continues east from the intersection to Kingston , where it splits into a one @-@ way pair before the designation travels onto the Edmonds – Kingston Ferry .
The ferry , operated by Washington State Ferries ( WSF ) , takes approximately 30 minutes to cross 5 @.@ 95 miles ( 9 @.@ 58 km ) across Puget Sound . It departs from Kingston on Appletree Cove and arrives in Edmonds in Snohomish County . WSF operates thirteen round @-@ trip crossings every day . Westbound passengers must pay a $ 7 @.@ 70 toll or they may alternately pay with a prepaid Wave2Go card .
SR 104 resumes in Edmonds on Main Street and crosses a BNSF rail line south of Edmonds Station . The highway turns south at an intersection with SR 524 onto Sunset Avenue towards Woodway . The roadway travels southeast along Edmonds Way towards the Snohomish – King county line , intersecting SR 524 Spur and 5th Street at a grade @-@ separated interchange . Edmonds Way travels through a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 99 before SR 104 intersects its spur route , which travels west towards an at @-@ grade signal with SR 99 . The highway continues east along Ballinger Way to a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 5 southeast of Lake Ballinger . The highway travels southeast into Lake Forest Park , where SR 104 ends at SR 522 on the north shore of Lake Washington .
SR 104 is considered , by the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) , an auxiliary route of US 101 , part of a numbering system established during the 1964 state highway renumbering . Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that between 3 @,@ 800 and 44 @,@ 000 vehicles per day used the highway , mostly in the Shoreline area . The Edmonds – Kingston ferry carried 3 @.@ 808 million passengers and 2 @.@ 025 million vehicles in 2012 , according to WSF statistics . The segments of the highway between Discovery Bay and Kingston and SR 99 and I @-@ 5 in Edmonds and Shoreline are designated as part of the National Highway System , while the whole route is designated by WSDOT as a Highway of Statewide Significance because it connects major communities in the state of Washington .
= = History = =
SR 104 was established during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to several state highways : SSH 9E between Discovery Bay and Port Gamble , PSH 21 between Port Gamble and Kingston , SSH 1W in Edmonds , and SSH 2B between Edmonds and Lake Forest Park . The highway between Port Gamble and Kingston was established in 1915 as part of State Road 21 , which extended south to Bremerton . During the creation of the Primary and secondary state highways in 1937 , State Road 21 was re @-@ designated as PSH 21 and extended south to Gorst . SSH 9E was also established , connecting US 101 and PSH 9 in Discovery Bay to Port Ludlow , along with SSH 1W from US 99 and PSH 1 in Lynnwood through Edmonds to US 99 and PSH 1 in Woodway , following the route of an unpaved road built in the 1890s . SSH 2B was created in 1937 to serve as a connector between US 99 and PSH 1 in Shoreline to a branch of PSH 2 in Lake Forest Park .
SSH 9E was extended southeast to the South Point ferry over Hood Canal in 1947 , as the ferry traveled east to a branch of PSH 21 at Lofall created in 1949 . The highway was moved south from Discovery Bay to intersect US 101 near Crocker Lake in 1957 and was extended across the floating Hood Canal Bridge in 1959 to PSH 21 west of Port Gamble prior to the bridge opening on August 12 , 1961 . SR 104 was designated over the highways in 1964 and was signed into law in 1970 . The Hood Canal Bridge , officially named after William A. Bugge , sank during the February 13 , 1979 windstorm and was replaced by a ferry operating between Lofall and South Point until the west span was re @-@ opened on October 23 , 1982 . The east span of the bridge was replaced between 1997 and 2010 , closing the bridge to traffic in May 2009 and re @-@ opening the South Point – Lofall ferry . The route of the highway has not been revised significantly since the 1994 inclusion of ferry routes .
The Edmonds – Kingston ferry , added to SR 104 in 1994 , was first served by the 14 @-@ car and 76 @-@ passenger City of Edmonds in 1923 . The ferry ran three crossings on weekdays and six on weekends and a toll of $ 1 @.@ 50 for vehicles and $ 0 @.@ 25 for passengers was later charged . After the establishment of Washington State Ferries in 1951 , the 59 @-@ car MV Nisqually was assigned to the Edmonds – Kingston route . Between 1968 and 2005 , the Evergreen State class MV Tillikum and MV Evergreen State were used on the route , while the Steel Electric class MV Illahee and MV Quinault were used on extra summer runs . The Jumbo class MV Spokane and MV Walla Walla began serving the route in 2005 , but sometimes are replaced by other ferries , especially during maintenance .
= = Spur route = =
SR 104 Spur begins its short , 0 @.@ 34 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 55 km ) route as 244th Street at SR 104 on the Snohomish – King county line between Edmonds and Shoreline . 244th Street travels west on the 5 @-@ lane roadway ( including a center turning lane ) north of the Aurora Village shopping center to end at an intersection with Aurora Avenue , signed as SR 99 . The highway was originally part of SSH 2B from 1937 to 1964 and SR 104 after the 1964 highway renumbering and was created in 2009 after SR 104 was realigned onto a new divided highway . WSDOT estimated that between 18 @,@ 000 and 19 @,@ 000 vehicles per day used the spur route , according to AADT data in 2011 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Cheddar Gorge =
Cheddar Gorge is a limestone gorge in the Mendip Hills , near the village of Cheddar , Somerset , England . The gorge is the site of the Cheddar show caves , where Britain 's oldest complete human skeleton , Cheddar Man , estimated to be over 9 @,@ 000 years old , was found in 1903 . Older remains from the Upper Late Palaeolithic era ( 12 @,@ 000 – 13 @,@ 000 years ago ) have been found . The caves , produced by the activity of an underground river , contain stalactites and stalagmites . The gorge is part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest called Cheddar Complex .
Cheddar Gorge , including the caves and other attractions , has become a tourist destination . In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers , following its appearance on the 2005 television programme Seven Natural Wonders , Cheddar Gorge was named as the second greatest natural wonder in Britain , surpassed only by Dan yr Ogof caves . The gorge attracts about 500 @,@ 000 visitors per year .
= = Geology = =
Cheddar is a gorge lying on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills . The maximum depth of the gorge is 137 m ( 449 ft ) , with a near @-@ vertical cliff @-@ face to the south , and steep grassy slopes to the north . The B3135 road runs along the bottom of the gorge .
The area is underlain by Black Rock slate , Burrington Oolite and Clifton Down Limestone of the Carboniferous Limestone Series , which contain ooliths and fossil debris , on top of Old Red Sandstone and by Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Keuper . Evidence for Variscan orogeny is seen in the sheared rock and cleaved shales . In many places weathering of these strata has resulted in the formation of immature calcareous soils .
The gorge was formed by meltwater floods during the cold periglacial periods which have occurred over the last 1 @.@ 2 million years . During the ice ages permafrost blocked the caves with ice and frozen mud and made the limestone impermeable . When this melted during the summers , water was forced to flow on the surface , and carved out the gorge . During warmer periods the water flowed underground through the permeable limestone , creating the caves and leaving the gorge dry , so that today much of the gorge has no river until the underground Cheddar Yeo river emerges in the lower part from Gough 's Cave . The river is used by Bristol Water , who maintain a series of dams and ponds which supply the nearby Cheddar Reservoir , via a 137 @-@ centimetre ( 54 in ) diameter pipe that takes water just upstream of the Rotary Club Sensory Garden , a public park in the gorge opposite Jacob 's Ladder .
The gorge is susceptible to flooding . In the Great Flood of 1968 the flow of water washed large boulders down the gorge , damaging the cafe and entrance to Gough 's Cave and washing away cars . In the cave itself the flooding lasted for three days . In 2012 the B3135 , the road through the gorge , was closed for several weeks following damage to the road surface during extensive flooding .
= = Ownership and commercialisation = =
The south side of the gorge is owned and administered by the Marquess of Bath 's Longleat Estate . The cliffs on the north side of the gorge are owned by The National Trust . Every year both of the gorge 's owners contribute funds towards the clearance of scrub bush and trees from the area .
Most of the commercial visitor activity in the gorge is on the Longleat @-@ owned south side , including access to the two main commercial show caves and the visitor centre , which is operated by Longleat @-@ owned company Cheddar Gorge and Caves Ltd under director Hugh Cornwell . Due to the fact that tourist numbers have dropped through the show caves from 400 @,@ 000 a year in the 1980s to 150 @,@ 000 , in 2013 Ceawlin Thynn , Viscount Weymouth who runs the Longleat estate on behalf of the family trust , proposed installation of a 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) 18 @-@ gondola cable car estimated to cost £ 10M , taking visitors from the entrance area to the caves directly to the top of the southside cliffs . The National Trust have opposed the proposed development , stating that it will spoil the view and cheapen the experience , creating a " fairground ride " that will make the area feel more like an amusement park . If planning permission is gained in Spring 2014 , then operations would start in Spring 2016 .
= = Ecology = =
Notable species at the gorge include dormice , yellow @-@ necked mice , slow worms and adders and the rare large blue butterfly ( Maculinea arion ) , and small pearl @-@ bordered fritillary ( Boloria selene ) .
A wide variety of wild birds may be seen in Cheddar Gorge including peregrine falcons , buzzards , kestrels , ravens and the grasshopper warbler ( Locustella naevia ) .
The flora include chalk grassland @-@ loving species such as marjoram and wild thyme . The Cheddar pink , Dianthus gratianopolitanus , also known as firewitch , only grows in the wild in the gorge . It was once common in the gorge but declined after being picked by collectors . It is also home to unique species of whitebeam . The nationally rare little robin geranium ( Geranium purpureum ) , and Cheddar bedstraw ( Galium fleurotii ) and the nationally scarce species include slender tare ( Vicia tenuissima ) , dwarf mouse @-@ ear ( Cerastium pumilum ) and rock stonecrop ( Sedum forsteranum ) also occur in the gorge . It is one of the very few areas in southern Britain where the lichens Solorina saccata , Squamaria cartilaginea and Caloplaca cirrochroa can be found .
The gorge is also an important site for whitebeams and in 2009 a survey was carried out by botanists from the Welsh National Herbarium as part of a nationwide survey of whitebeams . Among the eight species identified were three new species previously unknown to science . Nineteen specimens with oval @-@ shaped leaves , were named the " Cheddar whitebeam " , Sorbus cheddarensis , fifteen specimens with roundish leaves and greyish brown bark were named the " Twin Cliffs whitebeam " , Sorbus eminentoides , and thirteen with long , narrow leaves were named " Gough ’ s Rock whitebeam " , Sorbus rupicoloides . The Cheddar whitebeam , which has evolved as a cross between the common whitebeam and the grey @-@ leaved whitebeam , is unique to the gorge , but its survival is threatened by the goats that were introduced specifically to keep down the growth of new trees and encourage the proliferation of rare plant species such as the Cheddar pink . Cuttings have been taken from the trees to be grafted and grown on at the Welsh National Herbarium .
Longleat Estate has fenced off a large part of its land and has introduced goats , as part of a programme to encourage the biodiversity of the area ; the goats were intended to replace the sheep that grazed in the gorge until the 1970s . The National Trust announced in March 2007 that it plans to release a flock of sheep on its side of the gorge for the same purpose , but will first consult local residents and interested parties on whether to fence off the gorge or introduce cattle grids to prevent the sheep from straying . There is already a small flock of feral Soay sheep in the gorge .
= = Caves = =
The two main caves open to the public are on the southside of the Gorge , owned by Longleat Estate . The extensive Gough 's Cave and the smaller Cox 's Cave are both named after their respective discoverers . Both are known for their geology , and it has been suggested that the caves were the site of prehistoric cheese @-@ making . Gough 's cave , which was discovered in 1903 , leads around 400 m ( 437 yd ) into the rock @-@ face , and contains a variety of large rock chambers and formations . Cox 's Cave , discovered in 1837 , is smaller but contains many intricate formations . In 2016 Cox 's cave was turned into " Dreamhunters " , a multimedia walk @-@ through experience with theatrical lighting and video projection .
The Gorge 's many caves are home to colonies of Greater and Lesser horseshoe bats .
In 1999 the Channel 4 television programme Time Team investigated Cooper 's Hole in an attempt to find evidence of Palaeolithic human activity .
These caves are the inspirations for the caves behind Helm 's Deep in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Two Towers .
Several of the caves have been scheduled as ancient monuments as nationally important archaeological sites including : Gough 's Old Cave , Great Oone 's Hole , Saye 's Hole , Soldier 's Hole and Sun Hole .
= = Recreational use = =
Cliff Road ( B3135 ) , which runs through the Gorge , offers a popular climb for bicyclists and has a maximum gradient of 16 % . The ascent featured in stage 6 of the 2011 Tour of Britain .
There are about 350 officially graded rock climbing routes on the 27 cliffs that make up Cheddar Gorge , which are generally open to climbers between 1 October and 15 March each year . Each of the routes is named and included in the British Mountaineering Council guidebook . Although the majority of the climbs are " trad " or " traditional " , which means that the leader places protection as they go up , there are also some " sport " routes where bolts are left in place . Climber Chris Bonington was the first to scale the Coronation Street route in 1965 .
Visitors to the gorge have experienced a number of accidents . Rescue services , including local mountain rescue and cave rescue groups , frequently use the gorge to stage exercises . It is also used as a training location for military rescue helicopter pilots .
The Cheddar Man Museum of Prehistory inspired by the discovery of ancient hominids such as Cheddar Man contains information about the caves and their palaeontological development . Exhibits include original flint tools and human remains excavated from the caves .
There is a clifftop walk from Jacob 's Ladder along the crest of the gorge and back to the road , with views of the gorge . A caving experience is offered within Gough 's Cave . There is a path of 275 steps , built up the side of the gorge , known as Jacob 's Ladder after the Biblical description of a ladder to the heavens . A watchtower at the top provides a 360 – degree view of the entire area and village . An open @-@ top bus tour operates during the summer . Cheddar cheese is made in the lower part of the gorge .
= = Cultural references = =
UK 1960s Garage Rock band The Troggs used Cheddar Caves as the backdrop for the band photo on their debut album From Nowhere – The Troggs , which included the US Billboard no.1 hit single ( no.2 UK ) , " Wild Thing " .
Cheddar Gorge is a panel game played on the BBC Radio 4 series I 'm Sorry I Haven 't a Clue .
The gorge was used as a location for a Chimeran Tower in the Resistance : Fall of Man , a science fiction first @-@ person shooter video game for the PlayStation 3 , developed by Insomniac Games .
Cheddar Gorge was the site of Into the Labyrinth starring Ron Moody and Pamela Salem .
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= Operation Leader =
Operation Leader was a successful attack conducted by United States Navy aircraft against German shipping in the vicinity of Bodø , Norway , on 4 October 1943 , during World War II . It was carried out by aircraft flying from the aircraft carrier USS Ranger , which at the time was attached to the British Home Fleet . The American airmen located many German and Norwegian ships in this area , destroying five and damaging another seven . Two German aircraft searching for the Allied fleet were shot down as well . Three American aircraft were destroyed in combat during the operation , and another crashed while landing .
= = Background = =
During mid to late 1943 the Home Fleet , the Royal Navy 's main striking force stationed in the United Kingdom , was augmented by two forces of United States Navy warships to replace British ships which had been dispatched to the Mediterranean and Pacific . These reinforcements were considered necessary to ensure that the fleet remained able to counter the German battle group based in Norway which was built around the battleships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Lützow .
The initial US Navy task force arrived in May , and comprised the battleships USS Alabama and South Dakota , the heavy cruiser USS Tuscaloosa and five destroyers . This force came under the command of Rear Admiral Olaf M. Hustvedt and conducted a number of patrols into the Norwegian Sea with British Home Fleet warships , but did not make contact with German forces . The two battleships and the destroyers were withdrawn in August , and proceeded to the Pacific .
A second task force built around the aircraft carrier USS Ranger replaced the two battleships in September . The other elements of this force were the heavy cruisers USS Augusta and Tuscaloosa as well as five destroyers , with Rear Admiral Hustvedt remaining in command . Ranger 's air wing was made up of three squadrons : VF @-@ 41 which was equipped with 27 Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters , VB @-@ 41 with 27 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers and VT @-@ 41 which operated 18 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers . Prior to Ranger 's arrival the Home Fleet had only a single aircraft carrier , the elderly HMS Furious , which was unavailable for operations as she was undergoing a refit . Ranger had last seen combat against Vichy French forces while supporting the Operation Torch landings in Morocco during November 1942 , and had subsequently been used to ferry aircraft to North Africa and train aircrews off the United States east coast . On 8 September the main body of the Home Fleet , including the American task force , sortied in response to reports that Tirpitz , Scharnhorst and nine destroyers had put to sea . However , the Allied force returned to the Home Fleet 's main base at Scapa Flow the next day after it was learned that the German ships had returned to port after briefly attacking Allied positions on Spitsbergen .
On 22 September the German battle group in Norway was attacked by several British midget submarines . This attack inflicted significant damage on Tirpitz , leaving the battleship unable to proceed to sea until repairs were complete . Once this was known to the Allies , the commander of the Home Fleet , Admiral Bruce Fraser , judged that the changed balance of forces would allow his force to take on a more offensive role by attacking German shipping off Norway and restarting the Arctic Convoys to the Soviet Union .
= = Attack = =
Fraser followed up on the midget submarine attack by deciding to dispatch the main body of the Home Fleet to conduct an air attack against ports and German shipping in northern Norway . Ranger was assigned responsibility for attacking the port of Bodø , which was an important rendezvous point for German and German @-@ controlled Norwegian shipping . Fraser also initially planned to use the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable to attack shipping in a port to the south of Bodø , but this element of the operation was cancelled due to unfavourable weather . While several Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) bases were located near Bodø , most of the aircraft previously stationed in northern Norway had been transferred elsewhere and those that remained posed little threat to the Allied fleet .
The Home Fleet 's plans were informed by considerable intelligence on German shipping movements and forces in northern Norway . The Royal Navy 's Operational Intelligence Centre collated information on these topics , and regularly provided assessments to the Home Fleet and other commands . The choice of the Bodø area as the target for the attack was made on the basis of Ultra intelligence obtained by decoding German radio signals , from which the Allies learned that the ships in the region included the large oil tanker Schleswig which was carrying fuel for the German battle group at Altafjord . In addition , at the time of Operation Leader two groups of Norwegian Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS ) agents operated radio transmitters on the coast of Helgeland ; " Crux III " on the island of Renga and " Pisces " on Lurøy . Both groups provided reports to the Allies on the weather and shipping movements in the target area in the lead @-@ up to the attack . From 3 October onwards , " Crux III " radioed weather reports every half hour .
The Home Fleet sailed from Scapa Flow on 2 October . The British elements of the force were the battleships HMS Duke of York ( Fraser 's flagship ) and Anson , the light cruiser HMS Belfast and seven destroyers . The US Navy component comprised Ranger , Tuscaloosa and four destroyers . The Allied ships were not detected by German forces during their voyage north , and arrived at the flying @-@ off position for Ranger 's air wing approximately 140 miles ( 230 km ) off Bodø shortly before dawn on 4 October .
The US Navy attack force was organised into two groups of aircraft : the Northern Attack Group , which was to strike shipping at Bodø , and the Southern Attack Group which was to target ships near the town of Sandnessjøen nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the south . Each of the two groups had one Norwegian navigator from No. 333 Squadron RAF in the lead aircraft , providing knowledge of the local geography .
The Northern Attack Group , which comprised 20 Dauntless dive bombers escorted by 8 Wildcat fighters , began to take off at 6 : 18 am . These aircraft flew at low altitude towards Bodø until their crews sighted Myken Lighthouse , and then turned to the north and climbed as they neared the target area . Weather conditions were clear , with the air crews having good visibility . Four Dauntlesses and a pair of Wildcats were detached from the force shortly after it passed Myken Lighthouse to search for German shipping near Åmnøya island . They soon sighted the 8 @,@ 000 GRT German freighter La Plata , and two of the dive bombers attacked the ship . The Americans believed that La Plata was badly damaged , and the six aircraft rejoined the main body of the Northern Attack Group .
In the meantime the other American aircraft continued north , sighting but not attacking many small cargo ships and fishing boats . At 7 : 30 am they located a German convoy comprising the steamer Kerkplein and the tanker Schleswig under the escort of the minesweeper M 365 . Eight of the Dauntlesses attacked Schleswig and another pair targeted Kerkplein , inflicting significant damage on both ships . One of the escorting Wildcats was damaged by gunfire during the attack and returned to Ranger . Schleswig was beached to avoid sinking , and later salvaged and brought to Bodø for repairs . Following this engagement , the eight Dauntlesses which had yet to drop their bombs continued on to Bodø where they attacked four small German cargo ships . All of these vessels were hit : the 2 @,@ 719 GRT ore carrier Rabat was sunk , Cap Guir badly damaged , a bomb which nearly struck Malaga inflicted minor damage and the small steamer Ibis was machine gunned . Two of the dive bombers were shot down by anti @-@ aircraft guns located on the shore and ships . The crew of one of the aircraft survived and were taken prisoner after ditching into the sea , but both men on the other Dauntless were killed .
The Southern Attack Group began launching from Ranger at 7 : 08 am . It was made up of ten Avenger torpedo bombers and six Wildcats . Two of the Avengers attacked the 4 @,@ 991 GRT Norwegian cargo ship Topeka off the island of Løkta south of Sandnessjøen , resulting in the ship being set on fire and beached to avoid sinking . Three of the Norwegian crew members on Topeka were killed in the attack , along with several German soldiers manning anti @-@ aircraft guns on board the ship . One of the attacking aircraft was shot down by anti @-@ aircraft fire from the shore with only its pilot surviving . Topeka was carrying a cargo of cement and timber , and had until the previous evening been sailing in an escorted German convoy . Local fishermen made their way to the burning vessel to help rescue those on board .
Following the attack on Topeka the American aircraft continued north , and bombed and sank the 687 GRT Norwegian cargo liner Vaagan off Fagervika without loss of life . The crew of Vaagan had observed the bombing of Topeka and brought their unarmed ship close to shore and lowered the lifeboats in preparation for a possible attack . Vaagan was carrying a cargo mostly of food for civilian consumption , and the sinking led to a margarine shortage in parts of northern Norway . The force subsequently bombed La Plata , causing her to be beached on the island Rødøya where the ammunition on board exploded and she burned for several days . The aircraft also bombed the 4 @,@ 300 GRT Kriegsmarine troop ship Skramstad ( a Norwegian cargo ship requisitioned with her crew by the German occupying authorities ) , which had some 850 German soldiers embarked and was protected by two escorts . Skramstad was severely damaged and beached , burning for days . According to some sources 200 of the troops were killed , while Norwegian sources state that only one Norwegian sailor and a small number of German soldiers were killed . According to further Norwegian sources , the Norwegian resistance movement claimed in a report after the attack that around 360 Germans had been killed in the bombing of Skramstad while the Germans admitted in their reports to the deaths of 37 soldiers . The American aircraft also strafed the German cargo ship Wolsum and attacked the ammunition barge F231 , which was hit by a bomb and beached . After all the aircraft had completed their attacks , the force returned to Ranger shortly before 9 : 00 am . In addition to the four aircraft lost , six had suffered damage from anti @-@ aircraft artillery .
The German response to the attack was hampered by capacity problems in the military lines of communication . Following the attacks , a German report described their channels of communications as " ... constantly noisy with interruptions . " during the attack . This prevented the Germans from sending warnings once the attack had begun .
= = Aftermath = =
At about 2 pm on 4 October , as the Home Fleet was sailing westwards , three German reconnaissance aircraft approached Ranger . At this time four Wildcats were providing a combat air patrol over the fleet , and were guided to intercept the German aircraft by Ranger 's fighter director . Two of the fighters shot down a Junkers Ju 88 bomber 22 miles ( 35 km ) from the carrier , and the other pair downed a Heinkel He 115 float plane 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Ranger . The remaining aircraft , a Ju 88 , was not sighted by the fighter pilots and managed to escape . These were the first German aircraft to have been shot down by US Navy aircraft . One of the Wildcats involved in this engagement crashed during landing , but its pilot survived . All of the elements of the Home Fleet dispatched for Operation Leader returned to Scapa Flow by 6 October .
Wartime Allied military commanders and post @-@ war historians deemed Operation Leader a success . Rear Admiral Hustvedt believed that the best result of the attack was that it demonstrated that American and British ships could work together with " effectiveness , mutual understanding and complete cooperation " . Admiral Patrick N. L. Bellinger , the air commander of the US Navy 's Atlantic Fleet was also pleased with the performance of the aircrews involved in the operation . Following the operation the commander of the Southern Attack Group , Commander J. A. Ruddy , was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross , while other servicemen taking part in the operation were awarded the Air Medal and the Purple Heart . The British official historian Stephen Roskill judged that the attack was an " outstanding success " , especially as it was the first combat mission for sixty percent of the aircrews involved .
Writing in 2012 , historian Robert C. Stern claimed that it is difficult to determine how many ships were sunk during Operation Leader as some of the vessels which were run ashore were possibly refloated and repaired . He assessed that five ships ( Cap Guir , La Plata , Rabat , Skramstad and Vaagan ) were probably destroyed , with these vessels having a total of approximately 19 @,@ 000 gross register tonnage of carrying capacity . In contrast , Norwegian sources pre @-@ dating Stern 's claims by decades , state that two ships ( Rabat and Vaagan ) were sunk , and three ships ( La Plata , Skramstad and Topeka ) were damaged beyond repair . Cap Guir , assessed by Stern as probably destroyed , survived the damage inflicted by the American aircraft at Bodø , but was sunk by Soviet torpedo bombers in the Baltic in April 1945 .
Stern has also written that the disruption to the convoys off Norway caused by Operation Leader would have caused even greater damage to the German war effort than the shipping losses . This is in line with a wartime assessment by the British Ministry of Economic Warfare , which estimated that the raid was the main factor responsible for a 58 percent decrease in the amount of iron ore shipped from the northern Norwegian port of Narvik during October 1943 .
Operation Leader was both the only offensive operation undertaken by the US Navy in northern European waters during World War II , and the last major American operation in this theatre of the war . Ranger remained with the Home Fleet until being replaced by British aircraft carriers in late November 1943 , during which time she took part in a patrol of the Norwegian Sea . The carrier departed Scapa Flow on 26 November , and arrived in Boston on 6 December . Ranger was used to train aircrews and transport aircraft for the remainder of the war , and did not see combat again .
The German forces in Norway were taken by surprise during Operation Leader . The area had not been raided by carrier @-@ borne aircraft for two years , leading to inadequate preparations for such an attack . Precautions against further raids were subsequently put in place , and the British carrier forces which repeatedly attacked Norway until the end of the war did not encounter any concentrations of shipping like that which Ranger 's airmen located off Bodø . Following the attack , the Germans launched a search in the area for radio transmitters , arresting several local Norwegians and narrowly missing the agents of the " Pisces " group . The two members of the " Pisces " team were evacuated to the United Kingdom by Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat on 24 November 1943 . The last SIS agents of the " Crux " group were evacuated from Renga by a No. 330 Squadron RAF Catalina on 6 June 1944 , but the transmitter on the island continued sending reports to the United Kingdom for the duration of the war , manned by a local volunteer who had been trained by the agents .
= = = Works consulted = = =
Krigsforliste norske skip : 3 @.@ september 1939 – 8 @.@ mai 1945 . Oslo : Sjøfartskontoret . 1949 .
Brown , David ( 2009 ) . Hobbs , David , ed . Carrier Operations in World War II . Barnsley , South Yorkshire : Frontline . ISBN 9781848320420 .
Christensen , Dag ( 1988 ) . En spion går i land : brødrene Snefjellås utrolige innsats på norskekysten under krigen ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Damm . ISBN 8259005085 .
Faulkner , Marcus ( 2012 ) . War at Sea : A Naval Atlas , 1939 – 1945 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591145608 .
Hafsten , Bjørn ; Larsstuvold , Ulf ; Olsen , Bjørn ; Stenersen , Sten ( 2005 ) . Flyalarm – luftkrigen over Norge 1939 – 1945 ( in Norwegian ) ( 2nd , revised ed . ) . Oslo : Sem & Stenersen Forlag . ISBN 82 @-@ 7046 @-@ 074 @-@ 5 .
Hinsley , F.H. ; et al . ( 1984 ) . British Intelligence in the Second World War : Its Influence on Strategy and Operations . Volume Three , Part I. London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . ISBN 0116309350 .
Lillegaard , Leif B. ( 1986 ) . Over alle hav ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Atheneum . ISBN 8273341267 .
Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) [ 1956 ] . The Atlantic Battle Won : May 1943 – May 1945 . Edison , New Jersey : Castle Books . ISBN 078581311X .
Nilsen , Tore L. ; Thowsen , Atle ( 1990 ) . Handelsflåten i krig 1939 – 1945 ( in Norwegian ) . Bergen : Bergens Sjøfartsmuseum . ISBN 8270640263 .
Nordanger , Trygve ( 1975 ) . Lang kyst ! – en fortelling om fartøyer og folk på norskekysten under krigen ( in Norwegian ) . Bergen : Nordanger . ISBN 82 @-@ 7051 @-@ 041 @-@ 6 .
Pettersen , Lauritz ( 1992 ) . Handelsflåten i krig 1939 – 1945 : Hjemmeflåten – Mellom venn og fiende ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Grøndahl og Dreyers Forlag A / S. ISBN 82 @-@ 504 @-@ 1897 @-@ 2 .
Rørholt , Bjørn ; Thorsen , Bjarne ( 1990 ) . Usynlige soldater : nordmenn i Secret Service forteller ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Aschehoug . ISBN 8203160468 .
Roskill , S.W. ( 1960 ) . The War at Sea 1939 – 1945 . Volume III : The Offensive Part I. London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . OCLC 58588186 .
Stern , Robert C ( 2012 ) . The US Navy and the War in Europe . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591148968 .
Thomas , Gerald W. ( 2010 ) . Torpedo Squadron Four – A Cockpit View of World War II . Las Cruces : Doc45 Publications . ISBN 0982870906 .
Tillman , Barrett ( 1995 ) . Wildcat Aces of World War 2 . London : Osprey . ISBN 1855324865 .
Ulstein , Ragnar ( 1990 ) . Etterretningstjenesten i Norge 1940 – 45 ( in Norwegian ) 2 . Oslo : Cappelen . ISBN 8202124212 .
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= French battleship Henri IV =
Henri IV was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy built to test some of the ideas of the prominent naval architect Louis @-@ Émile Bertin . She began World War I as guardship at Bizerte . She was sent to reinforce the Allied naval force in the Dardanelles campaign of 1915 , although some of her secondary armament had been removed for transfer to Serbia in 1914 . Afterwards , she was relegated to second @-@ line roles before being sent to Taranto as a depot ship in 1918 . She was struck from the navy list in 1920 and scrapped the following year .
= = Design = =
Henri IV was designed by the famous French naval architect Louis @-@ Émile Bertin to evaluate some of his ideas . She was designed to make her a small target and lacked most of the normal rear superstructure common to ships of her period , other than that needed to keep her rear turret from being washed out . Her rear hull had only 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of freeboard , although she was built up to the normal upper deck height amidships and at the bow for better sea @-@ keeping and to provide for her crew . Her superstructure was narrow and recessed from the hull above the main deck .
= = = General characteristics = = =
Henri IV was smaller than her predecessors , at 108 metres ( 354 ft 4 in ) overall . She had a beam of 22 @.@ 2 metres ( 72 ft 10 in ) and a maximum draft of 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 24 ft 7 in ) . She was significantly lighter than the Charlemagne @-@ class battleships and displaced only 8 @,@ 948 metric tons ( 8 @,@ 807 long tons ) normally , some 2 @,@ 300 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 260 long tons ) less than the earlier ships . Her crew consisted of 26 officers and 438 enlisted men .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Henri IV had three vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller shaft . The engines were rated at 11 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 600 kW ) using steam provided by 24 Niclausse boilers and gave a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 100 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 080 long tons ; 1 @,@ 210 short tons ) of coal that gave her a range of 7 @,@ 750 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 350 km ; 8 @,@ 920 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Henri IV carried her main armament of two 40 @-@ caliber 274 mm ( 10 @.@ 8 in ) Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1893 / 96s in two single @-@ gun turrets , one forward on the upper deck and the other on the main deck at the rear . The guns fired 255 kg ( 562 lb ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 865 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 840 ft / s ) .
The ship 's secondary armament consisted of seven 45 @-@ caliber 138 @.@ 6 mm ( 5 @.@ 46 in ) Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 guns . Four were mounted in individual casemates on the main deck ; two more were mounted on the shelter deck with gun shields and the last gun was mounted in a shelter deck turret superfiring over the rear main gun turret . This was the first superfiring turret in naval history and , in this case , was not very successful because the barrel of the 138 mm gun was too short to clear the sighting hood of the turret below . These guns fired 35 – 30 kg ( 77 – 66 lb ) shells at muzzle velocities of 730 – 770 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 400 – 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ) .
Twelve 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) 40 @-@ caliber Canon de 47 mm Modèle 1885 Hotchkiss guns were mounted as anti @-@ torpedo boat guns . They were mounted in platforms in the foremast and mainmast and on the superstructure . They fired a 1 @.@ 49 @-@ kilogram ( 3 @.@ 3 lb ) projectile at 610 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) to a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 yd ) . Their theoretical maximum rate of fire was fifteen rounds per minute , but only seven rounds per minute sustained . Two submerged 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes were also carried . Exactly which types of torpedoes carried is unknown , but most of the torpedoes in service during the war had warheads of 110 kilograms ( 240 lb ) , maximum speeds of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) and maximum ranges of 6 @,@ 000 meters ( 6 @,@ 600 yd ) .
= = = Armor = = =
Henri IV had a waterline armor belt of Harvey armor that was 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) high and tapered from the maximum thickness of 280 mm ( 11 in ) that to 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) at the ship 's ends . The belt ended short of the stern in a 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) traverse bulkhead . The lower edge of this belt tapered as well from 180 to 75 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 to 3 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness . The upper armor belt was mostly 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick and ran from the bow to 9 @.@ 1 m ( 360 in ) aft of the midsection . It was generally 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high , but increased to 4 m ( 13 ft ) forward and ended in a 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) traverse bulkhead . The maximum thickness of the armored deck was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) , but tapered to 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) at the ship 's ends . Below this was a thinner armored deck that tapered from 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) on the centerline to 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) at the edges . It curved down about 91 cm ( 36 in ) to form a torpedo bulkhead before it met up with the inner bottom . This system was based on experiments conducted in 1894 and was more modern than that used in the Russian battleship Tsesarevich although it was still too close to the side of the ship . The main turret armor was 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness and the ammunition shafts were protected by 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) of armor . The casemates for the 138 mm guns ranged from 75 – 115 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 5 in ) in thickness and their ammunition tubes had 164 @.@ 7 mm ( 6 @.@ 48 in ) of armor .
= = Construction and service = =
Henri IV was laid down at Cherbourg on 15 July 1897 and launched on 23 August 1899 , but did not enter service until September 1903 , at a cost of ₣ 15 @,@ 660 @,@ 000 francs . The ship spent the early part of World War I as the guardship at Bizerte , until February 1915 when she was assigned to the newly formed Syrian Squadron ( escadre de Syrie ) . This squadron was intended to attack Turkish positions and lines of communication in Syria , Lebanon , Palestine and the Sinai Peninsula . Henri IV was transferred to the French squadron in the Dardanelles campaign to replace the sunk battleship Bouvet and the damaged Gaulois after the Allies suffered heavily during their first attempt to sail through the Dardanelles and past the fortifications them on 18 March 1915 . The ship bombarded Kum Kale , on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles in support of the French diversionary landing on 25 April 1915 , and provided fire support for the troops ashore for the rest of the month . She was hit eight times while providing support during this time .
Three of her 138 @.@ 6 mm guns had been dismounted by November 1914 and sent to reinforce the French naval mission to Serbia , known as " Mission D " , by rail from Salonica . In 1916 , she was assigned to the Complementary ( Reserve ) Division of the 3rd Battle Squadron . Subsequently she served with the French Eastern Division in Egypt and then she was sent to Taranto in 1918 as a depot ship . Henri IV was stricken from the Navy List in 1920 and scrapped the following year .
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= 2002 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a slightly below average Atlantic hurricane season , officially starting on June 1 , 2002 and ending on November 30 , dates which conventionally limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean . The season produced 14 tropical cyclones , of which 12 developed into named storms ; four became hurricanes , and two attained major hurricane status . The season officially began on June 1 , although the season 's first cyclone did not develop until July 14 . Despite the late start , the 2002 season tied with 2004 , 2007 , and 2010 in which a record number of tropical storms , eight , developed in the month of September . It ended early however , with no tropical storms forming after October 6 — a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions . The most intense hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isidore with a minimum central pressure of 934 mbar , although Hurricane Lili attained higher winds and peaked at Category 4 . The season 's low activity is reflected in the low cumulative accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 67 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so low number reflects the small number of strong storms and preponderance of tropical storms .
The season was less destructive than average , causing an estimated $ 2 @.@ 6 billion ( 2002 USD ) in property damage and 23 fatalities . Most destruction was due to Isidore , which caused about $ 970 million ( 2002 USD , $ 1 @.@ 28 billion 2016 USD ) in damage and killed seven people in the Yucatán Peninsula and later the United States , and Hurricane Lili , which caused $ 860 million ( 2002 USD ) in damage and 15 deaths when it made landfall in Louisiana .
= = Seasonal forecasts = =
Noted hurricane expert William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hurricane activity each year , separately from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Gray 's team determined the average number of storms per season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9 @.@ 6 tropical storms , 5 @.@ 9 hurricanes , and 2 @.@ 3 major hurricanes ( storms exceeding Category 3 ) . A normal season , as defined by NOAA , has 9 to 12 named storms , of which 5 to 7 reach hurricane strength and 1 to 3 become major hurricanes .
= = = Pre @-@ season forecasts = = =
On December 7 , 2001 , Gray 's team issued its first extended @-@ range forecast for the 2002 season , predicting above @-@ average activity ( 13 named storms , 8 hurricanes , and about 2 of Category 3 or higher ) . It listed an 86 percent chance of at least one major hurricane striking the U.S. mainland . This included a 58 percent chance of at least one major hurricane strike on the East Coast , including the Florida peninsula , and a 43 percent chance of at least one such strike on the Gulf Coast from the Florida Panhandle westward . The potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was forecast to be above average .
On April 5 a new forecast was issued , calling for 12 named storms , 7 hurricanes and 3 intense hurricanes . The decrease in the forecast was attributed to the further intensification of El Niño conditions . The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was decreased to 75 percent ; the East Coast potential decreased slightly to 57 percent , and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville , Texas , the probability remained the same .
= = = Mid @-@ season forecasts = = =
On August 7 , 2002 , Gray 's team lowered its season estimate to 9 named storms , with 4 becoming hurricanes and 1 becoming a major hurricane , noting that conditions had become less favorable for storms than they had been earlier in the year . The sea @-@ level pressure and trade wind strength in the tropical Atlantic were reported to be above normal , while sea surface temperature anomalies were on a decreasing trend .
On August 8 , 2002 , NOAA revised its season estimate to 7 – 10 named storms , with 4 – 6 becoming hurricanes and 1 – 3 becoming major hurricanes . The reduction was attributed to less favorable environmental conditions and building El Niño conditions .
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Storm Arthur = = =
Arthur formed out of a tropical depression off the coast of North Carolina on July 14 from a decaying frontal zone . It then moved out to sea , strengthening slightly into a tropical storm on July 15 . Arthur gradually strengthened and peaked as a 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) tropical storm on the following day . However , cooler waters and upper level shear caused it to weaken . By July 17 , Arthur had become extratropical , and moved north over Newfoundland . It proceeded to weaken below gale strength . The precursor system produced up to 4 @.@ 49 in ( 114 mm ) of rainfall in Weston , Florida . Later , one person drowned in the Conne River in Newfoundland due to Arthur .
= = = Tropical Storm Bertha = = =
A surface trough of low pressure that would later spawn Tropical Storm Cristobal developed a tropical depression in the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 4 . It quickly strengthened into a minimal tropical storm early on August 5 , and made landfall near Boothville , Louisiana just two hours later . Bertha weakened to a tropical depression , but retained its circulation over Louisiana . A high pressure system built southward , unexpectedly forcing the depression to the southwest . It emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico on August 7 , where proximity to land and dry air prevented further strengthening . Bertha moved westward , and made a second landfall near Kingsville , Texas on August 9 , having made no significant gain in strength .
Across the Gulf Coast of the United States , Bertha dropped light to moderate rainfall ; most areas received less than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . Precipitation from the storm peaked at 10 @.@ 25 inches ( 260 mm ) in Norwood , Louisiana . Minor flooding was reported , which caused light damage to a few businesses , 15 to 25 houses , and some roadways . Overall , damage was very minor , totaling to $ 200 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD , $ 263 thousand 2016 USD ) in damage . In addition , one death was reported due to Bertha , a drowning due to heavy surf in Florida .
= = = Tropical Storm Cristobal = = =
On August 5 , Tropical Depression Three formed off the coast of South Carolina from a surface trough of low pressure – the same trough that spawned Tropical Storm Bertha in the Gulf of Mexico . Under a southerly flow , the depression drifted southward , where dry air and wind shear inhibited significant development . On August 7 , it became Tropical Storm Cristobal , and reached a peak of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on August 8 . The storm meandered eastward and was absorbed by a front on August 9 .
The interaction between the extratropical remnant and a high pressure system produced strong rip currents along the coastline of Long Island . The storm also caused waves of three to four ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) in height . Three people drowned from the rip currents and waves in New York .
= = = Tropical Storm Dolly = = =
A tropical wave exited the African coast on August 27 , and with low favorable conditions the system organized into Tropical Depression Four on August 29 about 630 mi ( 1 @,@ 020 km ) southwest of Cape Verde . Six hours later , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dolly after developing sufficient outflow and curved banding features . The storm continued to intensify as more convection developed , and Dolly reached peaked winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) on August 30 . After peaking in intensity , the storm suddenly lost organization , and the winds decreased to minimal tropical storm force . After a brief re @-@ intensification trend , Dolly again weakened due to wind shear . On September 4 Dolly weakened to a tropical depression , and later that day was absorbed by the trough ; it never affected land .
= = = Tropical Storm Edouard = = =
Edouard formed out of an area of disturbed weather north of the Bahamas on September 2 . It drifted northward , then executed a clockwise loop off the coast of Florida . Despite dry air and moderate upper level shear , Edouard strengthened to a peak of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) winds , but the unfavorable conditions caught up with it . The storm weakened as it turned west @-@ southwestward , and made landfall near Ormond Beach , Florida on September 5 as a minimal tropical storm . Edouard crossed Florida , and emerged over the Gulf of Mexico as a minimal depression . Outflow from the stronger Tropical Storm Fay caused Tropical Depression Edouard to weaken further , and Edouard was eventually absorbed by Fay .
Tropical Storm Edouard dropped moderate rainfall across Florida , peaking at 7 @.@ 64 inches ( 194 mm ) in DeSoto County . Though it was a tropical storm at landfall , winds were light across the path of the storm over land . Several roads were flooded from moderate precipitation . No casualties were reported , and damage was minimal .
= = = Tropical Storm Fay = = =
In early September , a low pressure center developed along a trough of low pressure , and on September 5 , the system had gained sufficient organization to be a tropical depression , to the southeast of Galveston . The depression drifted south @-@ southwest while strengthening into Tropical Storm Fay , reaching its peak strength of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) on the morning of September 6 . The system then abruptly turned to the west @-@ northwest , and remained steady in strength and course until landfall the next day , near Matagorda . It quickly degenerated into a remnant low , which itself moved slowly southwestward over Texas . The low eventually dissipated on September 11 over northeastern Mexico .
The storm brought heavy rainfall in Mexico and Texas . The storm also caused six tornadoes , up to 20 in ( 510 mm ) of rain , and extended periods of tropical storm force winds . The storm caused moderate flooding in some areas due to high rainfall amounts , which left about 400 homes with some form of damage . In total , 400 houses sustained damage from flooding . 1 @,@ 575 houses were damaged from the flooding or tornadic damage , 23 severely , amounting to $ 4 @.@ 5 million ( 2002 USD , $ 5 @.@ 92 million 2016 USD ) in damage . No deaths are attributed to Fay .
= = = Tropical Depression Seven = = =
A tropical wave exited Africa on September 1 , and after initial development became disorganized . It moved west @-@ northwestward for a week , reorganizing enough by September 7 to be declared Tropical Depression Seven about 1155 mi ( 1855 km ) east @-@ southeast of Bermuda . At the time , the depression had persistent convection around a small circulation , and it moved steadily westward due to a ridge to its north . Shortly after forming , strong wind shear diminished the convection and left the center partially exposed . By September 8 , there was no remaining thunderstorm activity , and the depression degenerated into a remnant low @-@ pressure area . The storm dissipated shortly after as strong wind shear continued to cause the storm to deteriorate while located 980 mi ( 1580 mi ) southeast of Bermuda . The depression never affected land .
= = = Hurricane Gustav = = =
An area of unsettled weather developed between the Bahamas and Bermuda on September 6 , and over the next few days convection increased in intensity and coverage . On September 8 , the system gained sufficient organization to be declared a subtropical depression off the Southeast United States coast ; later that day , the system was named Subtropical Storm Gustav . After attaining tropical characteristics on September 10 , Gustav passed slightly to the east of the Outer Banks of North Carolina as a tropical storm before moving northeastward and making two landfalls in Atlantic Canada as a Category 1 hurricane on September 12 .
The storm was responsible for one death and $ 100 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD ) in damage , mostly in North Carolina . The interaction between Gustav and a non @-@ tropical system produced strong winds that caused an additional $ 240 @,@ 000 ( 2002 USD ) in damage in New England , but this damage was not directly attributed to the hurricane . In Atlantic Canada , the hurricane and its remnants brought heavy rain , tropical storm and hurricane @-@ force winds , as well as storm surges for several days . Localized flooding was reported in areas of Prince Edward Island , and 4 @,@ 000 people in Halifax , Nova Scotia and Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island were left without power .
= = = Tropical Storm Hanna = = =
In early September , a tropical wave merged with a trough of low pressure in the Gulf of Mexico and spawned a low pressure system . Convection steadily deepened on September 11 east of the upper level low and the surface low ; it was classified as Tropical Depression Nine the next day . The disorganized storm moved westward , then northward , where it strengthened into Tropical Storm Hanna later that day . After reaching a peak with winds of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) , it made two landfalls on the Gulf Coast , eventually dissipating on September 15 over Georgia .
Because most of the associated convective activity was east of the center of circulation , minimal damage was reported in Louisiana and Mississippi . To the east on Dauphin Island , Alabama , the storm caused coastal flooding which closed roads and forced the evacuation of residents . Florida received high wind gusts , heavy rainfall , and strong surf that resulted in the deaths of three swimmers . Throughout the state , 20 @,@ 000 homes lost electricity . The heavy rainfall progressed into Georgia , where significant flooding occurred . Crop damage was extensive , and over 300 structures were damaged by the flooding . The storm caused a total of about $ 20 million ( 2002 USD ) in damage and three fatalities .
= = = Hurricane Isidore = = =
On September 9 , a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa , and by September 14 it was classified as a tropical depression . The next day the storm was located just south of Jamaica , and it developed into Tropical Storm Isidore . On September 19 , it intensified into a hurricane , and Isidore made landfall in western Cuba as a Category 1 storm . Just before landfall near Puerto Telchac on September 22 , Isidore reached its peak intensity , with wind speeds of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km / h ) , making it a strong Category 3 storm . After returning to the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical storm , Isidore 's final landfall was near Grand Isle , Louisiana on September 26 , where the storm weakened to a depression .
Isidore made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula of southern Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane , leaving $ 640 million ( 2002 USD , $ 842 million 2016 USD ) in damage in the country . Despite dropping over 30 inches ( 760 mm ) of rainfall among other effects , only two indirect deaths were reported there . As a tropical storm , Isidore produced a maximum of 15 @.@ 97 inches ( 406 mm ) of rainfall in the United States at Metairie , Louisiana . The rainfall was responsible for flooding that caused moderate crop damage , with a total of $ 330 million in damage ( 2002 USD , $ 434 million 2016 USD ) .
= = = Tropical Storm Josephine = = =
A non @-@ tropical low developed along a dissipating stationary front on September 16 in the central Atlantic and drifted north @-@ northeastward . The National Hurricane Center classified it as Tropical Depression Eleven on September 17 about 710 mi ( 1 @,@ 150 km ) east of Bermuda , and initially the depression did not have significant deep convection . A wind report early on September 18 indicated the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Josephine . The storm continued generally northeastward , steered between a subtropical high to the northeast and a frontal system approaching from the west . Josephine maintained a well @-@ defined circulation , but its deep convection remained intermittent . Early on September 19 the storm began being absorbed by the cold front , and as a tropical cyclone its winds never surpassed 40 mph ( 75 km / h ) . Later that day Josephine transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and suddenly intensified to winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The extratropical low was quickly absorbed by another larger extratropical system on the afternoon of September 19 .
= = = Hurricane Kyle = = =
A non @-@ tropical low formed into Subtropical Depression Twelve , well east @-@ southeast of Bermuda on September 20 . It became Subtropical Storm Kyle the next day , and Tropical Storm Kyle on September 22 . Kyle drifted slowly westward , slowly strengthening , and reached hurricane strength on September 25 ; it weakened back into a tropical storm on September 28 . The cyclone 's strength continued to fluctuate between tropical depression and tropical storm several times . Its movement was also extremely irregular , as it shifted sharply north and south along its generally westward path . On October 11 , Kyle reached land and made its first landfall near McClellanville , South Carolina . While skirting the coastline of the Carolinas , it moved back over water , and made a second landfall near Long Beach , North Carolina later the same day . Kyle continued out to sea where it merged with a cold front on October 12 , becoming the fourth longest @-@ lived Atlantic hurricane .
Kyle brought light precipitation to Bermuda , but no significant damage was reported there . Moderate rainfall accompanied its two landfalls in the United States , causing localized flash flooding and road closures . Floodwaters forced the evacuation of a nursing home and several mobile homes in South Carolina . Kyle spawned at least four tornadoes , the costliest of which struck Georgetown , South Carolina ; it damaged 106 buildings and destroyed seven others , causing eight injuries . Overall damage totaled about $ 5 million ( 2002 USD , $ 6 @.@ 58 million 2016 USD ) , and no direct deaths were reported . However , the remnants of Kyle contributed to one indirect death in the British Isles .
= = = Hurricane Lili = = =
On September 16 , a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and across the Atlantic . It developed a low level cloud circulation midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on September 20 . The next day , the system had become sufficiently organized to classify the system as a tropical depression about 900 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 700 km ) east of the Windward Islands . On September 30 Lili became a hurricane while passing over the Cayman Islands . The storm attained Category 4 status in the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall on the Louisiana coast on October 2 . The next day , it was absorbed by an extratropical low near the Tennessee – Arkansas border .
In Louisiana , wind gusts reaching 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) , coupled with over 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rainfall and a storm surge of 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) , caused over $ 860 million ( 2002 USD , $ 1 @.@ 13 billion 2016 USD ) in damage . A total of 237 @,@ 000 people lost power , and oil rigs offshore were shut down for up to a week .
= = = Tropical Depression Fourteen = = =
A weak tropical wave moved through the Lesser Antilles on October 9 . As the system reached the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12 , convection increased , and a broad low pressure area formed later that day . Over the next two days , the low significantly organized , and became Tropical Depression Fourteen at 1200 UTC on October 14 . The depression initially tracked west @-@ northwestward , but then curved to the north @-@ northeast . Due to vertical wind shear , the depression was unable to intensify , and remained below tropical storm status during its duration . By 1600 UTC on October 16 , the depression made landfall near Cienfuegos , Cuba with winds of 30 mph ( 45 km / h ) . While crossing the island , the depression was absorbed by a cold front early on October 17 . Minimal impact was reported , which was limited to locally heavy rains over portions of Jamaica , Cuba , and the Cayman Islands .
= = Storm names = =
The following names were used on named storms that formed in the North Atlantic during the 2002 season . Names that were not used are marked in gray . The 2002 list was taken from the 1996 season with the substitution of Cesar , Fran , and Hortense for Cristobal , Fay , and Hanna respectively . The three new names were used for Atlantic storms for the first time . The list was used again in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season with the exception of Isidore and Lili , which were retired in the spring of 2003 by the World Meteorological Organization ; they were replaced with Ike and Laura , respectively .
= = Season effects = =
The following table lists all of the storms that formed in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season . It includes their duration , names , landfall ( s ) – denoted by bold location names – damages , and death totals . Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect ( an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident ) , but were still related to that storm . Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical , a wave , or a low , and all of the damage figures are in 2002 USD .
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= Like a Virgin ( song ) =
" Like a Virgin " is a song by American singer Madonna . It is the title track from her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) , and was released on November 6 , 1984 , by Sire Records as the first single from the album . The song appears on the greatest hits compilation albums The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) and Celebration ( 2009 ) . It was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly and produced by Nile Rodgers ; Steinberg said that the song was inspired by his personal experiences of romance . " Like a Virgin " was chosen for Madonna by Michael Ostin of Warner Bros. Records after listening to a demo sung by Kelly . However , Rodgers initially felt that the song did not have a sufficient hook and was not suitable for Madonna , but subsequently changed his opinion after the hook was stuck in his mind .
Musically " Like a Virgin " is a dance @-@ oriented song , composed of two hooks . Madonna 's voice is heard in a high register while a continuous arrangement of drums are heard along the bassline . The lyrics of the song are ambiguous and consist of hidden innuendo . In sexual terms , the lyrics can be interpreted in different ways for different people . " Like a Virgin " received positive reviews from contemporary as well as old critics , who frequently called it as one of the defining songs for Madonna . It became her first number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , while reaching the top of the charts in Australia , Canada , and Japan , and the top @-@ ten of the other countries .
The music video portrayed Madonna sailing down the canals of Venice in a gondola , as well as roaming around a palace wearing a white wedding dress . With the video , scholars noted Madonna 's portrayal of a sexually independent woman , the symbolism of the appearance of a man with lion 's mask to that of Saint Mark , and the link between the eroticism of the video and the vitality of the city of Venice . Madonna has performed the song in six of her concert tours , most recent being the Rebel Heart Tour in 2015 . Most of the time , her performances of " Like a Virgin " were associated with strong reaction and uproar from the media .
" Like a Virgin " has been covered by a number of artists and has appeared in or been referenced in feature films such as Reservoir Dogs , Moulin Rouge ! and Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason . Family groups sought to ban it as they believed the song promoted sex without marriage . On the other hand , Madonna 's public persona of an indomitable , sexually unashamed , supremely confident woman was widely accepted by the younger generation who emulated her style and fashion . Scholars have credited " Like a Virgin " as the song which cemented her position as a pop culture icon .
= = Background = =
" Like a Virgin " was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Steinberg explained that the song was not only not written for Madonna , it was not even written for a female singer but was inspired by his personal experiences . He elaborated : " I wasn 't just trying to get that racy word virgin in a lyric . I was saying ... that I may not really be a virgin — I 've been battered romantically and emotionally like many people — but I 'm starting a new relationship and it just feels so good , it 's healing all the wounds and making me feel like I 've never done this before , because it 's so much deeper and more profound than anything I 've ever felt . "
Kelly recorded the demo , and invited Michael Ostin of Warner Bros. Records ' A & R department to his house to listen to it . Steinberg and Kelly played four or five tunes for Ostin , and further discussed " Like a Virgin " – they were not sure for which artist the song would be suitable . Due to meet with Madonna the next day to discuss her second album , Ostin intended on playing the demo to her , believing the lyrics and the groove of the song were perfect for Madonna . " When I played it for Madonna she went crazy , and knew instantly it was a song for her and that she could make a great record out of it , " Ostin recalled . In 2009 , Rolling Stone interviewer Austin Scaggs asked Madonna what her first impressions were after listening to the demos of " Like a Virgin " and " Material Girl " . Madonna replied :
I liked them both because they were ironic and provocative at the same time but also unlike me . I am not a materialistic person , and I certainly wasn 't a virgin , and , by the way , how can you be like a virgin ? I liked the play on words ; I thought they were clever . They 're so geeky , they 're cool . I never realised they would become my signature songs , especially the second one .
= = Recording and production = =
In mid @-@ 1984 , Madonna met producer Nile Rodgers at the Power Station studios ( now Avatar Studios ) in New York . Rodgers initially did not want Madonna to record " Like a Virgin " , as he felt that the lyric ' like a virgin ' was not a terrific hook ; according to him it was not an all @-@ time catch phrase . Rogers dismissed the song after hearing the demo , which he thought sounded " really stupid and retarded " . Later , Rogers had second thoughts : " It 's weird because I couldn 't get it out of my head after I played it , even though I didn 't really like it . It sounded really bubble @-@ gummy to me , but it grew on me . I really started to like it . [ ... ] But , my first reaction to it was , ' This is really queer . ' " Rodgers credits Madonna with recognizing the song 's potential . He later said : " I handed my apology to Madonna and said , ' you know ... if it 's so catchy that it stayed in my head for four days , it must be something . So let 's do it . ' " Hence the song was finally recorded . Steinberg reflected on the recording process and commented that :
When Madonna recorded it , even as our demo faded out , on the fade you could hear Tom saying , " When your heart beats , and you hold me , and you love me ... " That was the last thing you heard as our demo faded . Madonna must have listened to it very , very carefully because her record ends with the exact same little ad @-@ libs that our demo did . That rarely happens that someone studies your demo so carefully that they use all that stuff . We were sort of flattered how carefully she followed our demo on that .
Jason Corsaro , the record 's audio engineer , persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording , a new technique at the time which Corsaro believed was going to be the future of recording because test pressings always sounded consistent . To ensure this , Corsaro used a Sony 3324 24 @-@ track digital tape recorder and a Sony F1 two @-@ track for the 12 @-@ bit mix . Madonna recorded the lead parts in a small , wooden , high @-@ ceilinged piano room at the back of Studio C , also known as Power Station 's " R & B room " . Corsaro then placed gobos around her while using the top capsule of a stereo AKG C24 tube microphone , with a Schoeps microphone preamplifier and a Pultec equalizer . Once the track met with everybody 's approval , Robert Sabino added the keyboard parts , playing mostly a Sequential Circuits Prophet @-@ 5 , as well as some Rhodes piano and acoustic piano , while Rodgers also played a Synclavier . Madonna , although not required , was present every minute of the recording sessions and the mixing process , Corsaro commented : " Nile was there most of the time , but she was there all of the time . She never left " .
= = Composition = =
Composed as a dance @-@ oriented song , the intro of " Like a Virgin " consists of two hooks . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is set in common time , with a moderately dance @-@ groove tempo of 118 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of F major with Madonna 's voice ranging from the tonal nodes of low @-@ tone G3 to high @-@ tone C5 . According to Rikky Rooksby , the bassline on the intro is a re @-@ working of the three @-@ note bass motif present in the Four Tops ' 1965 song " I Can 't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) " , where Chuck Berry provided the chord arrangement . The bassline also has some similarity with Michael Jackson 's " Billie Jean " especially during the second verse . Madonna sings the song in her high register while drum arrangement by Tony Thompson is heard alongside the bassline , which is also supported by a synthesizer arrangement , giving it a circular progression through all the seven diatonic chords of I – IV – VIIo – III – VI – II – V – I.
Regarding the lyrics , Madonna had commented : " I like innuendo , I like irony , I like the way things can be taken on different levels . " This statement highlighted the ambiguity of the lyrics of the song , which is hung on the word ' like ' . Rooksby interpreted the meaning of the song in different ways to different people . He said that for women who were really virgins , the song encouraged them to hold their compose before they engaged in their very first sexual act . For sexually experienced girls , the song meant that they would be able to re @-@ live the feelings of their first sexual encounter all over again . For the boys , the song presented a narcissistic image of them making the girl forget her past encounters and enjoy the sexual act as if for the first time .
= = Critical reception = =
" Like a Virgin " is one of Madonna 's most famous singles , and was met with predominantly positive critical reception . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic said that " Like a Virgin " was a definitive statement . He added that the song , and " Material Girl " from the same album , made Madonna an icon . He added that both overshadowed the rest of the record , " because they are a perfect match of theme and sound . " Debbie Miller from Rolling Stone commented that Madonna 's voice " doesn 't have the power or range of , say , Cyndi Lauper , but she knows what works on the dance floor . " In 2014 , Ryan Reed , also writing for Rolling Stone , called the song a " classic " .
Dave Karger from Entertainment Weekly , while reviewing the album in 1995 , felt that the song came off a bit repetitious and immature when compared to the present context . Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly felt that the song raised the " madonna @-@ whore " ante . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called the song a classic . Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine felt that the song was chic in its style . Katie Henderson from The Guardian commented that the song was saucy in nature . Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the song sustained a " fevered dance @-@ rock momentum . "
In 2000 , " Like a Virgin " , was honored by Rolling Stone and MTV , as the fourth song on their list of the " 100 Greatest Pop Songs " . It was voted ten on VH1 's 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years . The song was listed at ninety @-@ five on Billboard Hot 100 All @-@ Time Top Songs . In 2003 , Madonna fans were asked to vote for their ' Top 20 Madonna singles of all @-@ time ' , by Q magazine . " Like a Virgin " was allocated the fifth spot on the list .
= = Chart performance = =
" Like a Virgin " became Madonna 's first of 12 number @-@ one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it debuted at number 48 on the issue dated November 17 , 1984 . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week of December 22 , 1984 and remained there for six weeks . " Like a Virgin " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 10 , 1985 , for shipping a million copies across United States — the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989 . The song also reached number @-@ one on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart , and was her first top @-@ ten entry on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart at position nine . It placed at two on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year . In Canada , the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at number 71 on the RPM issue dated November 24 , 1984 , and reached the top of the chart on January 19 , 1985 . It was present on the chart for a total of 23 weeks and ranked thirty @-@ five on the RPM Year @-@ end chart for 1985 .
The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart on November 17 , 1984 at number 51 , and peaked at number three on January 12 , 1985 ; it spent a total of 18 weeks in the chart , and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 copies across United Kingdom . According to Official Charts Company , the song has sold 780 @,@ 000 copies there . Across Europe , the song peaked within the top @-@ ten of the charts of Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , Norway and Switzerland . " Like a Virgin " became Madonna 's first number @-@ one song on the Australian Kent Music Report chart and on the Japanese International Singles Chart . It peaked at number @-@ two on the New Zealand Singles Chart , number 15 on the Swedish charts and peaked the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles .
= = Music video = =
= = = Development = = =
The music video , directed by Mary Lambert , who worked with Madonna in her video for " Borderline " , was shot in Venice , Italy and partly in New York City in July 1984 . Madonna was portrayed as a knowing virgin , a figment of the pornographic mind , as she walked through marble rooms , wearing a wedding gown . It alternated with scenes of a provocative @-@ looking Madonna on board a gondola . She commented , " [ Mary ] wanted me to be the modern @-@ day , worldly @-@ wise girl that I am . But then we wanted to go back in time and use myself as an actual virgin . " The video starts with Madonna boarding on a boat from the Brooklyn Bridge and travels to Venice . As she steps down into the city , she moves like a stripper and undulated sinuously . She wears a black dress and blue pants with a number of Christian symbol embedded jewelry around her neck . She sings the song at full volume as she watches a lion walking between the columns of the Piazza San Marco of Venice and along the statute of Saint Mark .
A number of game @-@ playing involving carnival masks , men , lions , werelions are portrayed with allusions to eighteenth @-@ century practices and Saint Mark . Sheila Whiteley , author of Women and popular music : sexuality , identity , and subjectivity , felt that Madonna 's image signified a denial of sexual knowledge , but also portrayed her in simulated writhing on a gondola , thus underpinning the simulation of deceit . The intrusion of a male lion , confirmed the underlying bestial discourse of both mythological fairy tale and pornographic sex . Whiteley observed that in the video , Madonna 's lover wears the lion 's mask and while cavorting with him , Madonna sheds the veneer of innocence and shows her propensity for wild animal passions . Having instilled desire , metaphorically she turns her lover into a Beast . Madonna commented about shooting with the lion :
" The lion didn 't do anything he was supposed to do , and I ended up leaning against this pillar with his head in my crotch ... I thought he was going to take a bite out of me so I lifted the veil I was wearing and had a stare @-@ down with him and he opened his mouth and let out this huge roar . I got so frightened my heart fell in my shoe . When he finally walked away , the director yelled ' Cut ' and I had to take a long breather . But I could really relate to the lion . I feel like in a past life I was a lion or a cat or something . "
= = = Reception and analysis = = =
With the video , scholars noted the expression of Venetian vitality in it . Author Margaret Plant ( 2002 ) commented : " With the lion of Saint Mark and the virginal city to the forefront , old sacrosanct Venice was propelled into a pop world of high @-@ energy gyration , and endless circulation . " She also noted that Saint Mark was a symbol of a time when sexual crime was punished severely in Venice and acts of rape , homosexuality and fornication incurred the loss of a nose , a hand or sometimes life itself . Madonna appeared to challenge such brutality and stretch the boundaries of tolerance in the video . As the lion @-@ man carried Madonna to the Venetian palace , it symbolized an instance of the Saint taking the simulated Virgin , where Madonna became a symbol for La Serenissima , the Republic itself .
Plant also noted that Madonna , in the video , restored the energy and eroticism of Venice , which had its name taken from Venus in familiar elision . As she exchanged her blue top for a black one during the video , Madonna demonstrated her mastery and bravery of the city , which had a reputation of turning out its visitors as victims . Carol Clerk ( 2002 ) commented that with the video , " Madonna 's days as a cheap and cheerful video star were over . She was moving into serious spectacle . "
In 1985 , a live music video of " Like a Virgin " from The Virgin Tour filmed in Detroit , was used to promote Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour video release . This version was nominated for Best Choreography at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards . The live performance of " Like a Virgin " from the Blond Ambition World Tour in Paris , France was released as a music video on May 9 , 1991 to promote the documentary film Truth or Dare . This version was nominated for two awards at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Female Video and Best Choreography . This video was ranked at position sixty @-@ one on VH1 's 100 Greatest Videos .
= = Live performances = =
Madonna performed " Like a Virgin " at the first MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 , where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake dressed in a wedding dress , adorned with the infamous " Boy Toy " belt buckle , and veil . The climax of her risqué performance found her " humping " and rolling around on the stage . To this day , the performance is noted as one of the most iconic and biggest performances in MTV 's history .
The song has also been included in seven of Madonna 's ten concert tours . For The Virgin Tour in 1985 , Madonna again donned wedding attire and performed a straight version of the song featuring a quotation from Michael Jackson 's similar @-@ sounding Motown @-@ style single , " Billie Jean " . Balloons floated out towards the audience as she rolled around the stage , carrying a wedding bouquet in her hand . The performance was included in the VHS release Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour recorded in Detroit , Michigan . In the 1987 Who 's That Girl World Tour , the song was given a lighthearted comedic theme and included quotations from The Four Tops ' " I Can 't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) " . Madonna took off her outfit piece by piece , until she was standing in a black corset , and ended the performance while flirting with a young male dancer who played her bridegroom . Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos : Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan , filmed in Tokyo , Japan , on June 22 , 1987 , and Ciao Italia : Live from Italy , filmed in Turin , Italy , on September 4 , 1987 .
For the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour , the song was re @-@ invented with a middle @-@ eastern arrangement and risqué choreography which found Madonna wearing a gold corset , while simulating masturbation on a red silk bed , accompanied by two male dancers who wore the infamous cone bras designed by Jean @-@ Paul Gaultier . The performance garnered a lot of attention , particularly when police in Toronto , Canada , threatened to arrest Madonna and charge her with indecency unless she altered the performance . Madonna refused and the show went ahead unaltered . The threatened arrest failed to materialise . Two different performances were taped and released on video , the Blond Ambition : Japan Tour 90 , taped in Yokohama , Japan , on April 27 , 1990 , and the Blond Ambition World Tour Live , taped in Nice , France , on August 5 , 1990 . During The Girlie Show World Tour in 1993 , Madonna wore a tuxedo and adopted a Marlene Dietrich @-@ like persona , singing the song with a thick German accent . She sang the word ' virgin ' as ' ( w ) irgin ' , while including a quotation from Dietrich 's signature tune , " Falling in Love Again ( Can 't Help It ) " . The overplayed accent and three @-@ quarter time signature gave the performance a sense of parody . Dietrich 's look in the 1930 film Morocco inspired the whole performance . The performance was included on The Girlie Show : Live Down Under home video release , recorded on November 19 , 1993 at Sydney , Australia .
In April 2003 , while promoting her ninth studio album American Life , an impromptu acoustic performance of the song was done by Madonna at New York 's Tower Records . Madonna 's performance of " Hollywood " at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards recreated the 1984 performance of " Like a Virgin " . The performance started with Britney Spears emerging from a giant cake singing the first few lines . She was later joined by Christina Aguilera and both of them writhed on the stage while singing . Madonna appeared on the cake dressed as a groom and sang " Hollywood " , and ultimately kissed both Spears and Aguilera on the mouth . The performance was met with strong reaction from media .
During the Confessions Tour in 2006 , the song was given a horse riding theme . Madonna wore a tight , black body suit , and performed the song atop a studded leather S & M carousel horse , while X @-@ rays of her broken bones , the result of a horse @-@ riding accident on her forty @-@ seventh birthday , flashed on the screens behind her . The performance was included on The Confessions Tour live album , released in 2007 . In 2008 's Sticky & Sweet Tour , Madonna sang the song in Rome and dedicated the song to Pope Benedict XVI , commenting " I 'd like to dedicate this song to the Pope , I know he loves me " and saying that she is a child of God . She asked the audience to sing along with her . The song was again performed on The MDNA Tour ( 2012 ) , during the third section of the show . " Like a Virgin " was stripped down to a simple Burlesque @-@ version played on the piano , featuring elements of the soundtrack " Evgeni 's Waltz " from the film , W.E. On the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 ) , a bass @-@ heavy version of " Like a Virgin " ended the second act of the show . Jim Farber of Daily News described it as the show 's " most stunning move " , adding that " [ Madonna ] appeared on the gaping stage entirely alone , dancing with a freedom and innocence that made her , at 57 , seem once again new . "
= = Cover versions = =
In 1985 , The Lords of the New Church recorded " Like a Virgin " for their compilation album Killer Lords . Gary Hill from Allmusic called the composition as " very funny and obnoxious " . The same year , " Weird Al " Yankovic parodied the song with his single " Like a Surgeon " from the album Dare to Be Stupid . Eugene Chadbourne from Allmusic commented : " Turning the tacky Madonna hit inside out and upside down , Yankovic comes up with a hilarious satire of the medical profession . " In 1991 , Glaswegian band Teenage Fanclub covered " Like a Virgin " on their second album , The King . The song also appears on the soundtrack of the 2001 film Moulin Rouge ! and is sung by the characters Harold Zidler , played by Jim Broadbent , and The Duke of Monroth , played by Richard Roxburgh . In 2004 , The Meat Purveyors covered the song in a bluegrass medley , pairing it with Madonna 's " Lucky Star " and " Burning Up . "
In the 2004 film Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , the title character teaches the song to women in a Thai prison , after becoming annoyed that they are singing the song badly . She tells them , " Madonna is nothing if not a perfectionist ! " In one of the episodes of the TV show Grey 's Anatomy , the character of Cristina Yang hums the song during surgery to take the focus off herself . However , when her assisting surgery , Lexie Grey starts singing along , Christina looks venomously at her until she quiets down . Katy Perry , Travis Barker and DJ AM covered the song at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards . In 2009 , the song was namechecked in the Train hit single " Hey , Soul Sister " with the lyric " I believe in you / Like a virgin you 're Madonna / And I 'm always gonna wanna blow your mind " . The song was covered in the 2010 Glee episode " The Power of Madonna " by the cast , including Jonathan Groff , Jayma Mays , Lea Michele , Cory Monteith , Matthew Morrison , and Naya Rivera , during a dream sequence by their characters . The same year , Elton John performed a cover version of " Like a Virgin " at the Rainforest Fund Benefit Concert .
On September 9 , 2011 , Vanessa Carlton posted a link to a snippet of her stripped @-@ down cover of the song in her Twitter account . In 2012 Korean girl group 2NE1 released a cover of the song for their debut Japanese album Collection . In 2012 , JoJo performed a cover version of " Like a Virgin " at the LACMA for the Harvard Westlake Charity . The same year , Peruvian singer Wendy Sulca recorded a spanglish version . In 2014 , Cristina Scuccia , a singing nun who won that year 's The Voice of Italy season , released a ballad version of the song as her debut single , a cover that Madonna herself praised .
= = Legacy = =
" Like a Virgin " is listed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock And Roll " . After the song and its video were released , " Like a Virgin " attracted the attention of family organizations who complained that the video and the song , promoted sex without marriage and undermined family values , offering an unsavoury image of Madonna as a whore . Outraged moralists condemned her as a sex kitten and sought to ban the song and the video . Conservatives were angered that Madonna dared to portray religious symbolism and the virginal wedding attire in a sexual context . Clerk noted the song attracted an unprecedented level of attention from social groups compared to any female singer 's song . " The main problem was that most of them listened superficially to the lyric of the song , imagining that it detailed or called on an innocent 's sexual initiation . " While one section of the population were outraged at the scandal , others were taking joy at the very notion of a virginal Madonna , who retorted by saying ,
I was surprised by how people reacted to " Like a Virgin " because when I did that song , to me , I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way – brand @-@ new and fresh – and everyone interpreted it as I don 't want to be a virgin anymore . Fuck my brains out ! That 's not what I sang at all . " Like a Virgin " was always absolutely ambiguous .
Biographer Andrew Morton noted that most of Madonna 's admirers were females , who were born @-@ and @-@ brought @-@ up with an image of old @-@ fashioned stereotypes of women as virginal brides , or as whores , or with feminist values that rejected the use of a woman 's looks for her self @-@ advancement . Author William McKeen of Rock and roll is here to stay : an anthology commented that with the song , Madonna became the last word in attitude and fashion for young girls of that time . He compared that image of Madonna with that of Barbie . McKeen explained that Madonna intermixed middle @-@ class ideas of femininity with examples of what femininity meant to her , which was having equal opportunity . She offered an aggressive sexuality that implied it was acceptable for women not only to initiate relationships , but also enjoy them .
In addition , according to Morton , at a time when eighties fashions were promoting flat @-@ chested , stick @-@ thin women as ideals of beauty , the more curvaceous Madonna made average girls feel that it was fine to be in the shape they were . A new word called ' Madonna wannabe ' was introduced to describe the thousands of girls who tried to emulate Madonna 's style . University professors , gender @-@ studies experts and feminists earnestly started discussing her role as a post @-@ modernist style and cultural icon . According to author Debbi Voller , " Like a Virgin " gave rise to the icon Madonna .
In the opening scene of the 1992 film Reservoir Dogs , written and directed by Quentin Tarantino , Mr. Brown ( played by Tarantino himself ) insists that " Like a Virgin " is a " metaphor for big dicks " . When Madonna met Tarantino at a party after the film was released , she gave him an autographed copy of her Erotica album , signing " Quentin : it 's about love , not dick " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – vocals
Billy Steinberg – songwriter
Tom Kelly – songwriter
Nile Rodgers – producer , drum programming , guitar
Bernard Edwards – bass
Tony Thompson – drums
Rob Sabino – bass synthesizer , assorted synthesizers
Jellybean Benitez – 12 " remixer
Credits adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b =
PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 12 @,@ 400 light @-@ years away from Earth in the constellation of Scorpius . It bears the unofficial nicknames " Methuselah " and " the Genesis planet " due to its extreme age and a few popular sources refer to this object as " PSR B1620 @-@ 26 c " ( see below for discussion ) . The planet is in a circumbinary orbit around the two stars of PSR B1620 @-@ 26 ( which are a pulsar ( PSR B1620 @-@ 26 A ) and a white dwarf ( WD B1620 @-@ 26 ) ) and is the first circumbinary planet ever confirmed . It is also the first planet found in a globular cluster . The planet is one of the oldest known extrasolar planets , believed to be about 12 @.@ 7 billion years old .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Mass , orbit , and age = = =
PSR has a mass of 2 @.@ 5 times that of Jupiter , and orbits at a distance of 23 AU ( 3 @.@ 4 billion km ) , a little larger than the distance between Uranus and the Sun . Each orbit of the planet takes about 100 years .
The triple system is just outside the core of the globular cluster Messier 4 . The age of the cluster has been estimated to be about 12 @.@ 7 billion years , and because all stars in a cluster form at about the same time , and planets form together with their host stars , it is likely that PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b is also about 12 @.@ 7 billion years old . This is much older than any other known planet , and nearly three times as old as Earth . It has been undergoing many stages through its lifetime .
= = = Host stars = = =
PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b orbits a pair of stars . The primary star , PSR B1620 @-@ 26 , is a pulsar , a neutron star spinning at 100 revolutions per second . The second is a white dwarf with a mass of 0 @.@ 34 M ☉ . These stars orbit each other at a distance of 1 AU about once every six months . The age of the system is 12 @.@ 7 to 13 billion years old , making this one of the oldest binary stars known . In comparison , the Sun has an age of 4 @.@ 6 billion years .
The binary system 's apparent magnitude , or how bright it appears from Earth 's perspective , is 24 . It is far too dim to be seen with the naked eye .
= = = Evolutionary history = = =
The origin of this pulsar planet is still uncertain , but it probably did not form where it is found today . Because of the decreased gravitational force when the core of star collapses to a neutron star and ejects most of its mass in a supernova explosion , it is unlikely that a planet could remain in orbit after such an event . It is more likely that the planet formed in orbit around the star that has now evolved into the white dwarf , and that the star and planet were only later captured into orbit around the neutron star .
Stellar encounters are not very common in the disk of the Milky Way , where the Sun is , but in the dense core of globular clusters they occur frequently . At some point during the 10 billion years , the neutron star is thought to have encountered and captured the host star of the planet into a tight orbit , probably losing a previous companion star in the process . About half a billion years ago , the newly captured star began to expand into a red giant ( see stellar evolution ) .
Typical pulsar periods for young pulsars are of the order of one second , and they increase with time ; the very short periods exhibited by so @-@ called millisecond pulsars are due to the transfer of material from a binary companion . The pulse period of PSR B1620 @-@ 26 is a few milliseconds , providing strong evidence for matter transfer . It is believed that as the pulsar 's red giant companion expanded , it filled and then exceeded its Roche lobe , so that its surface layers started being transferred onto the neutron star .
The infalling matter produced complex and spectacular effects . The infalling matter ' spun up ' the neutron star , due to the transfer of angular momentum , and for a few hundred million years , the stars formed a low @-@ mass X @-@ ray binary , as the infalling matter was heated to temperatures high enough to glow in X @-@ rays .
Mass transfer came to an end when the surface layers of the mass @-@ losing star were depleted , and the core slowly shrunk to a white dwarf . Now the stars peacefully orbit around each other . The long @-@ term prospects for PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b are poor , though . The triple system , which is much more massive than a typical isolated star in M4 , is slowly drifting down into the core of the cluster , where the density of stars is very high . In a billion years or so , the triple will probably have another close encounter with a nearby star . The most common outcome of such encounters is that the lightest companion is ejected from the multiple star system . If this happens , PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b will most likely be ejected completely from M4 , and will spend the rest of its existence wandering alone in interstellar space as an interstellar planet .
= = Detection and discovery = =
Like nearly all extrasolar planets discovered prior to 2008 , PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b was originally detected through the Doppler shifts its orbit induces on radiation from the star it orbits ( in this case , changes in the apparent pulsation period of the pulsar ) . In the early 1990s , a group of astronomers led by Donald Backer were studying what they thought was a binary pulsar , determined that a third object was needed to explain the observed Doppler shifts . Within a few years , the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and white dwarf had been measured , giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star . The conclusion that the third object was a planet was announced by Stephen Thorsett and his collaborators in 1993 .
The study of the planetary orbit allowed the mass of the white dwarf star to be estimated as well , and theories of the formation of the planet suggested that the white dwarf should be young and hot . On July 10 , 2003 , the detection of the white dwarf and confirmation of its predicted properties were announced by a team led by Steinn Sigurdsson , using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope . It was at a NASA press briefing that the name Methuselah was introduced , capturing press attention around the world .
= = Name = =
While the designation PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b is not used in any scientific papers , the planet is listed in the SIMBAD database as PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b . Some popular sources use the designation PSR B1620 @-@ 26 c to refer to the planet , as it was described as the third member of a triple system ( composed of the planet and two stars ) . This designation doesn 't appear in the SIMBAD database , and more modern naming conventions use a separated lettering system where lower @-@ case letters to refer to planets and upper @-@ case letters to designate stars ( e.g. Gliese 667C c is the ' c ' planet orbiting Gliese 667C , which is the ' C ' star of a triple system ) , making PSR B1620 @-@ 26 b the designation for a planet orbiting both stars of the PSR B1620 @-@ 26 system . Neither usage is employed in the scientific literature with respect to the PSR B1620 @-@ 26 planet .
Though not officially recognized , the name " Methuselah " is commonly used for the planet in popular articles . The name comes from the biblical person Methuselah ( who in Christian mythology was the oldest person who ever lived ) . This name is usually used as the informal name to show the similarities to the planets of the solar system , while the " latter name " is used astronomically . Methuselah is the only planet to have received a biblical name , although three additional extrasolar planets have been given mythological names ( just like in the Solar System ) , those planets being Bellerophon , Zarmina and Osiris .
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= Bad Words ( film ) =
Bad Words is a 2013 American black comedy film directed by Jason Bateman and written by Andrew Dodge . Marking Bateman 's directorial debut , the film stars Bateman as a middle @-@ aged eighth grade dropout who enters the National Golden Quill Spelling Bee through a loophole . It also stars Kathryn Hahn , Rohan Chand , Ben Falcone , Philip Baker Hall , and Allison Janney .
Dodge 's screenplay for Bad Words was featured on the 2011 Black List and was shortly thereafter picked up by Bateman . In the original script , the story was set at the Scripps National Spelling Bee , but the name was changed to a fictional bee since the filmmakers did not expect Scripps to allow the use of their name in the film . After two other actors declined to play the main character , Bateman decided to take on the role himself , and cast the other roles by a combination of contacting friends and open casting calls . Filming took place in Los Angeles at the end of 2012 .
The film premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6 , 2013 , and had a limited release in the United States on March 14 , 2014 , expanding to a wide release on March 28 . Produced for $ 10 million , it earned $ 7 @.@ 8 million at the theatrical box office . It received mixed to positive reviews from critics : some enjoyed the humor and direction , while others found the main character unlikeable and the humor offensive .
= = Plot = =
Forty @-@ year @-@ old Guy Trilby discovers a loophole in the Golden Quill Spelling Bee which stipulates that participants must have not graduated from the eighth grade , allowing him to enter since he dropped out of middle school . He attends and wins a regional spelling bee , and progresses to the national competition after confrontations with both the parents of children and the spelling bee hosts . He is accompanied by Jenny Widgeon , a relatively unknown journalist hoping to make a story out of his participation in the bee . On the flight to the national spelling bee , Guy meets Chaitanya Chopra , a 10 @-@ year @-@ old entrant in the bee who persistently attempts to befriend Guy . Upon his arrival in Los Angeles , Guy meets the director of the spelling bee , Dr. Bernice Deagan , who expresses anger at his participation in the bee and places him and his reporter in a cheap hotel . Guy learns that Chaitanya is staying in the same hotel , and takes him out one night to expose Chaitanya to the wilder side of life : stealing food , drinking , and briefly hiring a prostitute .
In the bee , Guy actively tries to distract and disconcert his fellow competitors , at one point insinuating that he was sleeping with another contestant 's mother . Despite Dr. Deagan 's tampering with the word list to give Guy the most difficult words , he spells long , complicated words with relative ease , impressing and angering both parents and staff at the spelling bee , including the event 's founder , Dr. William Bowman . However , the parents petition for his disqualification and the resignation of Deagan . While researching Guy 's background , Jenny discovers that Bowman is Guy 's father . She reveals this to him and he admits that his prime motivation for entering the bee was to embarrass his father in revenge for abandoning him and his mother when he was a child . Soon before the final stage of the bee , Guy overhears Chaitanya and his father discussing his strategy to win , which is to befriend Guy so that he will allow Chaitanya to win out of guilt . Guy storms into the room and ends his friendship with Chaitanya , despite Chaitanya 's pleas that he genuinely wanted to be friends . They later sabotage each other : Guy burns Chaitanya 's study book , " Todd , " and Chaitanya calls the LAPD and accuses Guy of kidnapping a young girl .
Meanwhile , only ten competitors remain in the bee , and the pool is gradually reduced to just Guy and Chaitanya . When a contestant 's mother attacks Guy verbally and is subdued by the police on live television , Bowman is forced to intervene , to his embarrassment . Having accomplished his goal , Guy deliberately misspells a word in an effort to let Chaitanya win . To prove his friendship , Chaitanya also misspells his word , and they soon begin to argue . This escalates into a physical fight , and when Bowman attempts to intervene , Chaitanya accidentally hits him with a chair . Although the bee is briefly halted , Bowman allows it to continue after deciding that both Guy and Chaitanya acted in an equally embarrassing manner . Their standoff of deliberately misspelling words continues until Guy intentionally misspells Chaitanya 's word so that Chaitanya corrects him , thus causing Chaitanya to win the bee inadvertently . As Guy leaves , content , Chaitanya offers to give him half the winnings and names him co @-@ winner of the bee . Guy writes a note to Bowman explaining his actions and returns home . He resolves his conflict with Chaitanya by buying an old police car from an auction with his share of the winnings , and helping Chaitanya to chase down his school bullies .
= = Cast = =
Jason Bateman as Guy Trilby
Allison Janney as Dr. Bernice Deagan
Kathryn Hahn as Jenny Widgeon
Rohan Chand as Chaitanya Chopra
Rachael Harris as Eric Tai 's Mother
Ben Falcone as Pete Fowler
Judith Hoag as Petal Dubois
Beth Grant as Irene
Philip Baker Hall as Dr. William Bowman
Patricia Belcher as Ingrid
Anjul Nigam as Sriram
Michael Patrick McGill as Beet @-@ Red Father
Bob Stephenson as Bill Murhoff
Steve Witting as Proctor
Greg Cromer as Jeremy
Ethan Dizon as Ricky Irvine
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Andrew Dodge 's screenplay for Bad Words first received attention after its inclusion on the 2011 Black List , an annual survey of the best unproduced screenplays in Hollywood . The script was sent to actor Jason Bateman , who had asked his agent to pursue directorial work , explaining that being able to direct films was " really the only reason I 've been acting for the last 20 years of this career " .
After Bateman signed on to direct the film , he and Dodge spent a long time revising the script , particularly adjusting parts where the dark humor " went a little bit too far " . In the original script , the story was intended to take place at the Scripps National Spelling Bee in Washington , D.C. The setting was changed to the fictional Golden Quill Spelling Bee in Los Angeles since Bateman did not expect to receive permission from Scripps to use their name in the film .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Bateman did not initially intend to star in the film , but after approaching two other actors who turned down the role of Guy , he decided to play the main character himself . He felt that it would be easier to play the role himself than to direct another actor to strike the " tricky tone " required , and to ensure that the character remained likeable despite his bad qualities . Allison Janney and Kathryn Hahn were already friends of Bateman 's before making Bad Words , so Bateman simply asked them to star in the film rather than going through a regular casting process . Bateman also reached out to Philip Baker Hall , whom he admired and thought " would lend a great deal of pedigree to the film " , to offer him a role . Child actor Rohan Chand sent in a taped audition in response to a casting call for 10 @-@ year @-@ old Indian boys , and was cast as Chaitanya after talking to Bateman through Skype . Bateman drew from his own experiences as a child actor in directing Chand and tried to minimize Chand 's exposure to the film 's " off @-@ color material " and nudity .
= = = Filming = = =
The production of Bad Words began in 2012 with a budget of US $ 10 million , financed by MXN Entertainment and Darko Entertainment . Principal photography took place over 29 days at the end of 2012 in Los Angeles , with the Sportsman 's Lodge in the San Fernando Valley serving as the location of the national spelling bee final . It was filmed on an Arri Alexa camera by cinematographer Ken Seng , who drew inspiration from the 2002 romantic comedy Punch @-@ Drunk Love in shooting a film that was " lit darker than a comedy normally would be " .
= = Release = =
Bad Words had its world premiere as part of the Special Presentation section of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6 , 2013 . Shortly after the film 's premiere screening , it was announced that Focus Features had acquired the worldwide distribution rights for around $ 7 million . The film was originally scheduled to have a limited release in the United States on March 21 , with a wide release following on March 28 , 2014 ; however , the limited release date was later shifted by a week to March 14 , 2014 with an expansion on March 21 and the planned wide release on March 28 .
= = = Box office = = =
On its opening weekend in limited release , Bad Words earned $ 113 @,@ 301 from 6 theaters ; on its first weekend of wide release it grossed $ 2 @,@ 560 @,@ 186 from 842 theaters . After playing in theaters for 11 weeks , the film closed with a total box office gross in the United States of $ 7 @,@ 779 @,@ 614 . In the United Arab Emirates the film earned $ 24 @,@ 723 , for a total worldwide gross of $ 7 @,@ 804 @,@ 337 .
= = = Home media = = =
Bad Words was released on DVD , Blu @-@ ray Disc , and in video on demand format on July 8 , 2014 . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases include an audio commentary recorded by Jason Bateman , a featurette titled " The Minds and Mouths Behind Bad Words " and deleted scenes . It has earned $ 1 @,@ 628 @,@ 459 in DVD sales and $ 1 @,@ 166 @,@ 001 in Blu @-@ ray sales , making a total of $ 2 @,@ 794 @,@ 460 in revenue .
= = = Critical response = = =
Bad Words received mixed reviews from critics . The film currently holds a 65 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 121 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : " Scabrously funny and gleefully amoral , Bad Words boasts one of Jason Bateman 's best performances — and proves he 's a talented director in the bargain . " On Metacritic , the film holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " .
Positive reviews for the film praised its script , direction and acting . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave Bad Words a grade of A − , praising Dodge 's script and Bateman 's direction , and describing the film as a " balancing act between sulfurously funny hatred and humanity " . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times awarded the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , calling it " near @-@ perfect " , " brilliant , uncompromising and wickedly funny " . Variety 's Justin Chang commended Bateman 's directorial debut and the film 's " often uproarious model of sharp scripting and spirited acting " , as well as the performances given by Chand , Hahn and Hall . Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers gave Bad Words 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , writing that the film was " a tour de force of comic wickedness " in which " Bateman shows the same skill as a filmmaker that he does as an actor " . John DeFore opined in a review for The Hollywood Reporter that the film was " scouringly funny " and that Bateman showed " the same knack for timing and fine shadings of attitude " as both the director and the lead actor . The Los Angeles Times ' Betsy Sharkey enjoyed Bad Words , summarizing it as " high @-@ minded , foul @-@ mouthed good nonsense " and " sarcastic , sanctimonious , salacious , sly , slight and surprisingly sweet " .
Negative reviews , on the other hand , mainly criticized the film 's dark humor and the unlikeability of the main character . USA Today 's Claudia Puig found the film " neither believable nor funny " and wrote that " it 's tough to summon sufficiently negative language to describe the unfunny , desperate mess that is Bad Words " . The Boston Globe critic Peter Keough gave the film 1 star out of 4 , finding it unfunny , clichéd and offensive with an unlikeable " sociopath " as the main character . Richard Corliss of Time thought that the film failed to redeem Guy 's character or justify his " deification " , ultimately making it boring and unsatisfying . Similarly , Joe Morgenstern described Guy in a review for The Wall Street Journal as " downright vile , a self @-@ created pariah , and funny enough for a reasonable stretch of time " before the plot becomes " both implausible and banal " . The Globe and Mail 's Robert Everett @-@ Green gave Bad Words 1 out of 4 stars , deeming it " a shallow remix " of offensive and clichéd characters with poor acting and " mean @-@ spirited " humor .
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= ? Oryzomys pliocaenicus =
? Oryzomys pliocaenicus is a fossil rodent from the Hemphillian ( late Miocene ) of Kansas , central United States . It is known from a single mandible ( lower jaw ) with the back part missing . All three molars are present , but very worn . Together , the molars are 3 @.@ 6 mm long . The fossil was discovered in 1935 and described in 1939 as a possible species of Oryzomys ( in open nomenclature ) . Later authors doubted this allocation and suggested that it may instead belong in Bensonomys or Jacobsomys , but the material may not allow a definite identification .
= = Discovery and context = =
The only known specimen of ? Oryzomys pliocaenicus is a mandible ( lower jaw ) found in the spring of 1935 by David Dunkle in Edson Quarry , Sherman County , Kansas . It is in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University as specimen MCZ 6202 . Edson Quarry is in the Ogallala Formation and the Hemphillian North American Land Mammal Age . Claude W. Hibbard described the mandible as ? Oryzomys pliocaenicus in a 1939 paper . Hibbard wrote that the fauna was middle Pliocene , but it is now considered Miocene . The Edson Quarry fauna contains a diversity of other fossils , including mammals , birds , reptiles , and amphibians .
= = Description = =
? Oryzomys pliocaenicus is known from a single mandible with the incisor and three molars in it . Much of the back of the jaw is missing , including the angular , condyloid , and coronoid processes . The mental foramen , a foramen ( opening ) at the front of the jaw , in the diastema between the incisor and molars , opens upwards , a little more so than in the living marsh rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris ) . The masseteric ridges , which anchor some of the chewing muscles and are located on the outer surface of the mandible , are similar to those of Oryzomys . The molars are very worn , so that only traces of the cusps remain ; no accessory small cusps are visible . Each of the teeth has two roots . The length of the toothrow is 3 @.@ 6 mm and the depth of the mandible below the first molar is also 3 @.@ 6 mm .
= = Interpretations = =
Hibbard wrote that the condition of the mental foramen and masseteric ridges excluded the specimen from Onychomys , Peromyscus , Reithrodontomys , and Eligmodontia and that in these features and in its depth and size , the fossil more closely resembled Oryzomys ; therefore , he placed it in that genus with a query . Oryzomys is a living genus that has occurred in the United States since at least 300 @,@ 000 years ago . In 1966 , Philip Hershkovitz wrote that Hibbard had reconsidered his opinion after re @-@ examining ? O. pliocaenicus in 1952 ; he no longer thought that it was an Oryzomys and instead believed it may be a Bensonomys . The latter genus occurs in the late Miocene and early Pliocene of North America and has been variously interpreted as a close relative of the South American Calomys or merely as an evolutionarily convergent member of the North American subfamily Neotominae . Jon Baskin mentioned the animal in 1978 and 1986 , asserting that it cannot be identified to genus level , but may be Bensonomys . Although some continue to list it under Oryzomys , it is now usually excluded from the genus . In 2008 , Everett Lindsay listed ? O. pliocaenicus as a questionable species of Jacobsomys , a Pliocene North American genus which he said may be ancestral to Oryzomys .
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= Cumulus cloud =
Cumulo- means " heap " or " pile " in Latin . Cumulus clouds are often described as " puffy " , " cotton @-@ like " or " fluffy " in appearance , and have flat bases . Cumulus clouds , being low @-@ level clouds , are generally less than 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) in altitude unless they are the more vertical cumulus congestus form . Cumulus clouds may appear by themselves , in lines , or in clusters .
Cumulus clouds are often precursors of other types of cloud , such as cumulonimbus , when influenced by weather factors such as instability , moisture , and temperature gradient . Normally , cumulus clouds produce little or no precipitation , but they can grow into the precipitation @-@ bearing congestus or cumulonimbus clouds . Cumulus clouds can be formed from water vapor , supercooled water droplets , or ice crystals , depending upon the ambient temperature . They come in many distinct subforms , and generally cool the earth by reflecting the incoming solar radiation . Cumulus clouds are part of the larger category of free @-@ convective cumuliform clouds , which include cumulonimbus clouds . The latter genus @-@ type is sometimes categorized separately as cumulonimbiform due to its more complex structure that often includes a cirriform or anvil top . There are also cumuliform clouds of limited convection that comprise stratocumulus ( low @-@ étage ) , altocumulus ( middle @-@ étage ) and cirrocumulus . ( high @-@ étage ) . These last three genus @-@ types are sometimes classified separately as stratocumuliform .
= = Formation = =
Cumulus clouds form via atmospheric convection as air warmed by the surface begins to rise . As the air rises , the temperature drops ( following the lapse rate ) , causing the relative humidity ( RH ) to rise . If convection reaches a certain level the RH reaches one hundred percent , and the " wet @-@ adiabatic " phase begins . At this point a positive feedback ensues : since the RH is above 100 % , water vapor condenses , releasing latent heat , warming the air and spurring further convection .
In this phase , water vapor condenses on various nuclei present in the air , forming the cumulus cloud . This creates the characteristic flat @-@ bottomed puffy shape associated with cumulus clouds . The size of the cloud depends on the temperature profile of the atmosphere and the presence of any inversions . During the convection , surrounding air is entrained ( mixed ) with the thermal and the total mass of the ascending air increases . Rain forms in a cumulus cloud via a process involving two non @-@ discrete stages . The first stage occurs after the droplets coalesce onto the various nuclei . Langmuir writes that surface tension in the water droplets provides a slightly higher pressure on the droplet , raising the vapor pressure by a small amount . The increased pressure results in those droplets evaporating and the resulting water vapor condensing on the larger droplets . Due to the extremely small size of the evaporating water droplets , this process becomes largely meaningless after the larger droplets have grown to around 20 to 30 micrometres , and the second stage takes over . In the accretion phase , the raindrop begins to fall , and other droplets collide and combine with it to increase the size of the raindrop . Langmuir was able to develop a formula which predicted that the droplet radius would grow unboundedly within a discrete time period .
= = Description = =
The liquid water density within a cumulus cloud has been found to change with height above the cloud base rather than being approximately constant throughout the cloud . At the cloud base , the concentration was 0 grams of liquid water per kilogram of air . As altitude increased , the concentration rapidly increased to the maximum concentration near the middle of the cloud . The maximum concentration was found to be anything up to 1 @.@ 25 grams of water per kilogram of air . The concentration slowly dropped off as altitude increased to the height of the top of the cloud , where it immediately dropped to zero again .
Cumulus clouds can form in lines stretching over 480 kilometres ( 300 mi ) long called cloud streets . These cloud streets cover vast areas and may be broken or continuous . They form when wind shear causes horizontal circulation in the atmosphere , producing the long , tubular cloud streets . They generally form during high @-@ pressure systems , such as after a cold front .
The height at which the cloud forms depends on the amount of moisture in the thermal that forms the cloud . Humid air will generally result in a lower cloud base . In temperate areas , the base of the cumulus clouds is usually below 550 metres ( 1 @,@ 800 ft ) above ground level , but it can range up to 2 @,@ 400 metres ( 7 @,@ 900 ft ) in altitude . In arid and mountainous areas , the cloud base can be in excess of 6 @,@ 100 metres ( 20 @,@ 000 ft ) .
Cumulus clouds can be composed of ice crystals , water droplets , supercooled water droplets , or a mixture of them . The water droplets form when water vapor condenses on the nuclei , and they may then coalesce into larger and larger droplets . In temperate regions , the cloud bases studied ranged from 500 to 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 to 4 @,@ 900 ft ) above ground level . These clouds were normally above 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , and the concentration of droplets ranged from 23 to 1300 droplets per cubic centimeter ( 380 to 21 @,@ 300 droplets per cubic inch ) . This data was taken from growing isolated cumulus clouds that were not precipitating . The droplets were very small , ranging down to around 5 micrometers in diameter . Although smaller droplets may have been present , the measurements were not sensitive enough to detect them . The smallest droplets were found in the lower portions of the clouds , with the percentage of large droplets ( around 20 to 30 micrometers ) rising dramatically in the upper regions of the cloud . The droplet size distribution was slightly bimodal in nature , with peaks at the small and large droplet sizes and a slight trough in the intermediate size range . The skew was roughly neutral . Furthermore , large droplet size is roughly inversely proportional to the droplet concentration per unit volume of air . In places , cumulus clouds can have " holes " where there are no water droplets . These can occur when winds tear the cloud and incorporate the environmental air or when strong downdrafts evaporate the water .
= = = Subforms = = =
Cumulus clouds come in four distinct species , cumulis humilis , mediocris , congestus , and fractus . These species may be arranged into the variety , cumulus radiatus ; and may be accompanied by up to seven supplementary features , cumulus pileus , velum , virga , praecipitatio , arcus , pannus , and tuba .
The species Cumulus fractus is ragged in appearance and can form in clear air as a precursor to cumulus humilis and larger cumulus species @-@ types ; or it can form in precipitation as the supplementary feature pannus ( also called scud ) which can also include stratus fractus of bad weather . Cumulus humilis clouds look like puffy , flattened shapes . Cumulus mediocris clouds look similar , except that they have some vertical development . Cumulus congestus clouds have a cauliflower @-@ like structure and tower high into the atmosphere , hence their alternate name " towering cumulus " . The variety Cumulus radiatus forms in radial bands called cloud streets and can comprise any of the four species of cumulus .
Cumulus supplementary features are most commonly seen with the species congestus . Cumulus virga clouds are cumulus clouds producing virga ( precipitation that evaporates while aloft ) , and cumulus praecipitatio produce precipitation that reaches the Earth 's surface . Cumulus pannus comprise shredded clouds that normally appear beneath the parent cumulus cloud during precipitation . Cumulus arcus clouds have a gust front , and cumulus tuba clouds have funnel clouds or tornadoes . Cumulus pileus clouds refer to cumulus clouds that have grown so rapidly as to force the formation of pileus over the top of the cloud . Cumulus velum clouds have an ice crystal veil over the growing top of the cloud .
= = Forecast = =
Cumulus humilis clouds usually indicate fair weather . Cumulus mediocris clouds are similar , except that they have some vertical development , which implies that they can grow into cumulus congestus or even cumulonimbus clouds , which can produce heavy rain , lightning , severe winds , hail , and even tornadoes . Cumulus congestus clouds , which appear as towers , will often grow into cumulonimbus storm clouds . They can produce precipitation . Glider pilots often pay close attention to cumulus clouds , as they can be indicators of rising air drafts or thermals underneath that can suck the plane high into the sky — a phenomenon known as cloud suck .
Cumulus clouds can also produce acid rain or possibly a tornado . The acidity is largely formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide , the most plentiful acidifying gas , into sulfate ions . The main oxidizing compounds are hydrogen peroxide and ozone . Various nitrogen oxides can also react with hydroxide ions to form acids .
= = Effects on climate = =
Due to reflectivity , clouds cool the earth by around 12 ° C ( 22 ° F ) , an effect largely caused by stratocumulus clouds . However , at the same time , they heat the earth by around 7 ° C ( 13 ° F ) by reflecting emitted radiation , an effect largely caused by cirrus clouds . This averages out to a net loss of 5 ° C ( 9 @.@ 0 ° F ) . Cumulus clouds , on the other hand , have a variable effect on heating the earth 's surface . The more vertical cumulus congestus species and cumulonimbus genus of clouds grow high into the atmosphere , carrying moisture with them , which can lead to the formation of cirrus clouds . The researchers speculated that this might even produce a positive feedback , where the increasing upper atmospheric moisture further warms the earth , resulting in an increasing number of cumulus congestus clouds carrying more moisture into the upper atmosphere .
= = Relation to other clouds = =
Cumulus clouds are a genus of free @-@ convective low @-@ étage cloud along with the related limited @-@ convective cumuliform or stratocumuliform cloud stratocumulus . These clouds form from ground level to 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) at all latitudes . Stratus clouds are also low @-@ étage . In the middle étage are the alto clouds , which consist of the limiited @-@ convective cumuliform or stratocumuliform cloud altocumulus and the stratiform cloud altostratus . Middle @-@ étage clouds form from 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) to 7 @,@ 000 metres ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) in polar areas , 7 @,@ 000 metres ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) in temperate areas , and 7 @,@ 600 metres ( 24 @,@ 900 ft ) in tropical areas . The high @-@ étage clouds are all cirriform , one of which , cirrocumulus , is also cumuliform of limited convection or stratocumuliform . The other clouds in this étage are cirrus and cirrostratus . High @-@ étage clouds form 3 @,@ 000 to 7 @,@ 600 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 to 24 @,@ 900 ft ) in high latitudes , 5 @,@ 000 to 12 @,@ 000 metres ( 16 @,@ 000 to 39 @,@ 000 ft ) in temperate latitudes , and 6 @,@ 100 to 18 @,@ 000 metres ( 20 @,@ 000 to 59 @,@ 100 ft ) in low , tropical latitudes . Cumulonimbus clouds , like cumulus congestus , extend vertically rather than remaining confined to one étage .
= = = Cirrocumulus clouds = = =
Cirrocumulus clouds form in patches and cannot cast shadows . They commonly appear in regular , rippling patterns or in rows of clouds with clear areas between . Cirrocumulus are , like other members of the cumuliform and stratocumuliform categories , formed via convective processes . Significant growth of these patches indicates high @-@ altitude instability and can signal the approach of poorer weather . The ice crystals in the bottoms of cirrocumulus clouds tend to be in the form of hexagonal cylinders . They are not solid , but instead tend to have stepped funnels coming in from the ends . Towards the top of the cloud , these crystals have a tendency to clump together . These clouds do not last long , and they tend to change into cirrus because as the water vapor continues to deposit on the ice crystals , they eventually begin to fall , destroying the upward convection . The cloud then dissipates into cirrus . Cirrocumulus clouds come in four species which are common to all three genus @-@ types that have limited @-@ convective or stratocumuliform characteristics : stratiformis , lenticularis , castellanus , and floccus . They are iridescent when the constituent supercooled water droplets are all about the same size .
= = = Altocumulus clouds = = =
Altocumulus clouds are a middle @-@ étage cloud that forms from 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) high to 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) in polar areas , 7 @,@ 000 metres ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) in temperate areas , and 7 @,@ 600 metres ( 24 @,@ 900 ft ) in tropical areas . They can have precipitation and are commonly composed of a mixture of ice crystals , supercooled water droplets , and water droplets in temperate latitudes . However , the liquid water concentration was almost always significantly greater than the concentration of ice crystals , and the maximum concentration of liquid water tended to be at the top of the cloud while the ice concentrated itself at the bottom . The ice crystals in the base of the altocumulus clouds and in the virga were found to be dendrites or conglomerations of dendrites while needles and plates resided more towards the top . Altocumulus clouds can form via convection or via the forced uplift caused by a warm front . Because Altocumulus is a genus @-@ type of limited convection , it is divided into the same four species as cirrocumulus .
= = = Stratocumulus clouds = = =
A stratocumulus cloud is another type of a cumuliform or stratocumuliform cloud . Like cumulus clouds , they form at low levels and via convection . However , unlike cumulus clouds , their growth is almost completely retarded by a strong inversion . As a result , they flatten out like stratus clouds , giving them a layered appearance . These clouds are extremely common , covering on average around twenty @-@ three percent of the earth 's oceans and twelve percent of the earth 's continents . They are less common in tropical areas and commonly form after cold fronts . Additionally , stratocumulus clouds reflect a large amount of the incoming sunlight , producing a net cooling effect . Stratocumulus clouds can produce drizzle , which stabilizes the cloud by warming it and reducing turbulent mixing . Being a cloud of limited convection , stratocumulus is divided into three species ; stratiformis , lenticularis , and castellanus , that are common to the higher stratocumuliform genus @-@ types .
= = = Cumulonimbus clouds = = =
Cumulonimbus clouds are the final form of growing cumulus clouds . They form when cumulus congestus clouds develop a strong updraft that propels their tops higher and higher into the atmosphere until they reach the tropopause at 18 @,@ 000 metres ( 59 @,@ 000 ft ) in altitude . Cumulonimbus clouds , commonly called thunderheads , can produce high winds , torrential rain , lightning , gust fronts , waterspouts , funnel clouds , and tornadoes . They commonly have anvil clouds .
= = Extraterrestrial = =
Some cumuliform clouds have been discovered on most other planets in the solar system . On Mars , the Viking Orbiter detected cirrocumulus and stratocumulus clouds forming via convection primarily near the polar icecaps . The Galileo space probe detected massive cumulonimbus clouds near the Great Red Spot on Jupiter . Cumuliform clouds have also been detected on Saturn . In 2008 , the Cassini spacecraft determined that cumulus clouds near Saturn 's south pole were part of a cyclone over 4 @,@ 000 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 500 mi ) in diameter . The Keck Observatory detected whitish cumulus clouds on Uranus . Like Uranus , Neptune has methane cumulus clouds . Venus , however , does not appear to have cumulus clouds .
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= Night of January 16th =
Night of January 16th is a theatrical play , inspired by the death of the " Match King " , Ivar Kreuger , written by Ayn Rand . It takes place entirely in a courtroom during a murder trial . An unusual feature of the play is that members of the audience are chosen to play the roles of jury members . The court is hearing the case of Karen Andre , a former secretary and lover of businessman Bjorn Faulkner , of whose murder Andre is accused . The play does not directly portray the events leading to Faulkner 's death ; instead the jury must rely on character testimony and decide whether Andre is guilty . The play 's ending depends on the verdict . Rand 's intention was to dramatize a conflict between individualism and conformity , with the jury 's verdict revealing which viewpoint they preferred .
The play was first produced in 1934 in Los Angeles under the title Woman on Trial ; it received positive reviews and enjoyed moderate commercial success . Producer Al Woods took it to Broadway during the 1935 – 36 season and re @-@ titled it Night of January 16th . It drew attention for use of a jury and became a hit , running for seven months . Doris Nolan , in her Broadway debut , received positive criticism for her portrayal of the lead role . Several regional productions followed . An off @-@ Broadway revival in 1973 , under the title Penthouse Legend , was a commercial and critical failure .
Rand had many heated disputes with Woods over script changes he wanted for the Broadway production . Their disputes climaxed in an arbitration hearing when Rand discovered he had diverted a portion of her royalties to pay for a script doctor . Because of the changes , Rand disliked the Broadway production and the version published for amateur productions , so in 1968 she re @-@ edited the script for publication as the " definitive " version . A movie loosely based on the play was released in 1941 ; the story has also been adapted for television and radio .
= = History = =
Rand drew inspiration for the play from two sources . After seeing The Trial of Mary Dugan , a 1927 melodrama about a showgirl prosecuted for killing her wealthy lover , Rand decided to write her own play featuring a trial . Rand 's play would have no fixed ending ; the ending could vary depending on the result of the trial . She based her victim on Ivar Kreuger , a Swedish businessman known as the " Match King " who held monopolies on the manufacture of matches . When Kreuger 's business empire became financially unstable , he shot himself after being accused of undertaking underhanded and possibly illegal financial deals . From this incident , Rand was inspired to make the victim a businessman of great ambition and dubious character , who had given multiple people motives for his murder .
Rand wrote Night of January 16th in 1933 . She was 28 years old and had been in the United States for seven years after emigrating from the Soviet Union , where her strong anti @-@ Communist opinions had put her at risk . Rand had never written a stage play , but had worked in Hollywood as a junior screenwriter for Cecil B. DeMille , and later in RKO Studios ' wardrobe department . In September 1932 , Rand sold an original screenplay , Red Pawn , to Universal Studios and quit RKO to finish her first novel , We the Living . She wrote the stage play with the hope of making money from it while she was finishing her novel . By 1934 , her agent was trying to sell the play and the novel , but both were repeatedly rejected . Red Pawn was shelved and Rand 's contract for rewrites on it expired . Rand 's husband , an actor , was getting only minor roles with little pay , putting the couple in financial difficulties . With the last of her money from Red Pawn exhausted , Rand got an offer for her new play from Al Woods , who had produced The Trial of Mary Dugan for Broadway . The contract included a condition that Woods could make changes to the script . Wary that he would destroy her vision of the play to create a more conventional drama , Rand turned Woods down . Soon after , she accepted an offer from Welsh actor E. E. Clive to produce the play in Los Angeles . It opened in October 1934 under the title Woman on Trial .
At the end of the play 's run in Los Angeles , Woods renewed his offer to produce the play on Broadway . Although he was a renowned producer of many famous plays in a career of more than three decades , Woods had lost much of his fortune after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and had not produced a hit in several years . Being refused by a neophyte author shocked him and increased his interest . Woods still wanted the right to make script changes , but he made adjustments to the contract to give Rand more influence . She reluctantly agreed to his terms .
Rand arrived in New York at the beginning of December 1934 in anticipation of the opening in January . The play 's financing failed , delaying the production for several months until Woods arranged new financing from theater owner Lee Shubert . When work resumed , Rand 's relationship with Woods quickly soured as he demanded changes she later derided as " a junk heap of worn , irrelevant melodramatic devices " . Woods had made his success on Broadway with low @-@ brow melodramas such as Nellie , the Beautiful Cloak Model and risqué comedies such as The Demi @-@ Virgin . Woods was not interested in what he called Rand 's " highfalutin speeches " , preferring the dramatic conflict to focus on concrete elements , such as whether the defendant had a gun . The changes to Rand 's play included the creation of a new character , a gun moll played by Shubert 's mistress .
The contract between Woods and Rand allowed him to hire collaborators if he thought it necessary , and pay them a limited portion of the author 's royalties . He first hired John Hayden to direct , paying him one percent from Rand 's 10 @-@ percent royalty . Although Hayden was a successful Broadway director , Rand disliked him and later called him " a very ratty Broadway hanger @-@ on " . As auditions for the play began in Philadelphia , Woods demanded further script changes and was frustrated by Rand 's refusal to make some of them . He engaged Louis Weitzenkorn , the author of a previous hit , Five Star Final , to act as a script doctor . Rand 's relationship with Weitzenkorn was worse than those with Woods or Hayden ; she and Weitzenkorn argued over political differences as well as his ideas for the play . Woods gave Weitzenkorn another one percent from Rand 's royalties without informing her . Rand filed a claim against Woods with the American Arbitration Association . She objected to Weitzenkorn receiving any portion of her royalties , telling the arbitration panel Weitzenkorn had added only a single line to the play , which was cut after the auditions . Upon hearing this testimony , one of the arbitrators responded incredulously , " That was all he did ? " In two hearings , the panel ruled that Weitzenkorn should receive his agreed @-@ upon one percent , but that Woods could not deduct the payment from Rand 's royalties because she had not been notified in advance .
Despite the disputes between Rand and Woods , the play opened at Shubert 's Ambassador Theatre in September 1935 and ran for seven months . Night of January 16th was the last theatrical success for either Rand or Woods . Rand 's next play , Ideal , went unsold , and a 1940 stage adaptation of We the Living flopped . She achieved lasting success and financial stability with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead . Woods produced six more plays ; none were hits and when he died in 1951 , he was bankrupt and living in a hotel .
= = = Published versions = = =
Night of January 16th was first published in an edition for amateur theater organizations in 1936 , using a version edited by drama professor Nathaniel Edward Reeid , which included further changes to eliminate elements such as swearing and smoking . Rand disowned this version because of the changes . In 1960 , Rand 's protégé Nathaniel Branden asked about doing a public reading of the play for students at the Nathaniel Branden Institute . Rand did not want him to use the amateur version ; she created a revised text that eliminated most of Woods ' and Reeid 's changes . She had her " final , definitive version " published in 1968 with an introduction about the play 's history . Rand made several dozen further small changes in language for an off @-@ Broadway revival in 1973 .
= = = Title changes = = =
Although best known as Night of January 16th , the play 's title changed multiple times and several alternative titles were considered . Rand 's working title was Penthouse Legend . When Clive picked up the play , he thought Rand 's title suggested a fantasy story that would discourage potential patrons . The play was called The Verdict during the Hollywood Playhouse rehearsals , but opened with the title Woman on Trial . When Woods took the play to Broadway , he insisted on a new title . He offered Rand a choice between The Black Sedan and Night of January 16th . Rand liked neither , but picked the latter . Woods later suggested two more name changes , but did not implement them . Prior to the opening , he considered renaming the play The Night is Young . After the play opened , he considered changing its name each day to match the current date .
When Rand published her version of the play in 1968 , she wrote that although she disliked the Broadway title , it was too well known to change it again . She agreed to using Penthouse Legend as the title for the 1973 revival production .
= = Synopsis = =
The plot of Night of January 16th centers on the trial of secretary Karen Andre for the murder of her employer , business executive Bjorn Faulkner , who defrauded his company of millions of dollars to invest in the gold trade . In the wake of a financial crash , he was facing bankruptcy . The play 's events occur entirely in a courtroom ; Faulkner himself is never seen . On the night of January 16 , Faulkner and Andre were in the penthouse of the Faulkner Building in New York City , when Faulkner apparently fell to his death . Within the three acts , the prosecutor Mr. Flint and Andre 's defense attorney Mr. Stevens call witnesses whose testimonies build conflicting stories .
At the beginning of the first act , the judge asks the court clerk to call jurors from the audience . Once the jurors are seated , the prosecution argument begins . Flint explains that Andre was not just Faulkner 's secretary , but also his lover . He says Faulkner jilted her to marry Nancy Lee Whitfield and fired Andre , motivating Andre to murder him . Flint then calls a series of witnesses , starting with the medical examiner , who testifies that Faulkner 's body was so damaged by the fall that it was impossible to determine whether he was killed by the impact or was already dead . An elderly night watchman and a private investigator both describe the events they saw that evening . A police inspector testifies to finding a suicide note . Faulkner 's very religious housekeeper disapprovingly describes the sexual relationship between Andre and Faulkner , and says she saw Andre with another man after Faulkner 's marriage . Nancy Lee testifies about her and Faulkner 's courtship and marriage , portraying both as idyllic . The act ends with Andre speaking out @-@ of @-@ turn to accuse Nancy Lee of lying .
The second act continues the prosecution 's case , with Flint calling John Graham Whitfield — Faulkner 's father @-@ in @-@ law and president of Whitfield National Bank . He testifies about a large loan he made to Faulkner . In his cross @-@ examination , defense attorney Stevens suggests the loan was used to buy Faulkner 's marriage to Whitfield 's daughter . After this testimony , the prosecution rests and the defense argument begins . A handwriting expert testifies about the signature on the suicide note . Faulkner 's bookkeeper describes events between Andre 's dismissal and the night of Faulkner 's death , and related financial matters . Andre takes the stand and describes her relationship with Faulkner as both his lover and his partner in financial fraud . She says she did not resent his marriage because it was a business deal to secure credit from the Whitfield Bank . As she starts to explain the reasons for Faulkner 's alleged suicide , she is interrupted by the arrival of " Guts " Regan , an infamous gangster , who tells Andre that Faulkner is dead . Despite being on trial for Faulkner 's murder , Andre is shocked by this news and faints .
The final act continues Andre 's testimony ; she is now somber rather than defiant . She says she , Faulkner , and Regan had conspired to fake Faulkner 's suicide so they could escape with money stolen from Whitfield . Regan , who was also in love with Andre , provided the stolen body of one of his already @-@ dead gang associates , " Lefty " O 'Toole , to throw from the building . In cross @-@ examination , Flint suggests she and Regan were using knowledge of past criminal activities to blackmail Faulkner . Stevens then calls Regan , who testifies that he was due to meet Faulkner at a getaway plane after leaving the stolen body with Andre ; however , Faulkner did not arrive and the plane was missing . Instead of Faulkner , Regan encountered Whitfield , who gave him a check that was , according to Regan , to buy his silence . Regan later found the missing plane , which had been burned with what he presumes is Faulkner 's body inside . Flint 's cross @-@ examination offers an alternative theory : Regan put the stolen body into the plane to create doubt about Andre 's guilt , and the check from Whitfield was protection money to Regan 's gang . In the play 's Broadway and amateur versions , the next witness is Roberta Van Rensslaer , an exotic dancer and wife of O 'Toole , who believes Regan killed her husband . This character does not appear in Rand 's preferred version of the play . Stevens then recalls two witnesses to follow @-@ up on issues from Regan 's testimony . The defense and prosecution then give their closing arguments .
The jury retires to vote while the characters repeat highlights from their testimony under a spotlight . The jury then returns to announce its verdict . One of two short endings follows . If found not guilty , Andre thanks the jury . If found guilty , she says the jury have spared her from committing suicide . In Reeid 's amateur version , after either verdict the judge berates the jurors for their bad judgment and declares that they cannot serve on a jury again .
= = Productions = =
Night of January 16th has had several professional productions under three titles . It first opened at the Hollywood Playhouse in Los Angeles as Woman on Trial . E. E. Clive produced the play and Barbara Bedford played Andre . The production opened on October 22 , 1934 , and closed in late November 1934 .
The most successful production was at the Ambassador Theatre on Broadway , where it was titled Night of January 16th ; this version was produced by Woods and directed by John Hayden . Doris Nolan played the defendant . The play opened on September 16 , 1935 , and closed on April 4 , 1936 , with 283 performances .
When the play 's success on Broadway was clear , Woods launched productions of the play in other cities , starting with San Francisco . It opened there at the Geary Theater on December 30 , 1935 , and ran for five weeks with Nedda Harrigan in the lead role . Harrigan stayed with the show when it moved to the El Capitan theater in Los Angeles , where it opened on March 1 , 1936 . After the Broadway production closed , Woods started a road tour that included productions in Boston and Chicago .
International productions of the play included shows in London , Montreal , and Sydney . The production in London opened on September 29 , 1936 , where Phoebe Foster took the lead role for her first appearance on the London stage . It closed after 22 performances . A production in Montreal opened on June 16 , 1941 , starring Fay Wray as Andre and Robert Wilcox as Regan . In Sydney , the play opened at the Minerva Theatre on June 19 , 1944 , with Thelma Grigg as Andre .
In 1972 , Rand approved an off @-@ Broadway revival of the play , which used her preferred version of the script and her original title , Penthouse Legend . It was produced by Phillip and Kay Nolte Smith , a married couple who were friends with Rand . Kay Smith also starred in the production under the stage name Kay Gillian . It opened at the McAlpin Rooftop Theater on February 22 , 1973 , and closed on March 18 , 1973 , after 30 performances .
= = Broadway cast and characters = =
The play 's protagonist and lead female role is the defendant , Karen Andre . Woods considered several actresses for the role , but with Rand 's support he cast an unusual choice , an actress named Doris Nolan . It was Nolan 's Broadway debut ; her previous professional acting experience was a failed attempt at completing a movie scene . At 17 years old , she was cast as a presumably @-@ older femme fatale . Woods was Nolan 's manager and got a commission from her contract . Nolan was inexperienced and was nervous throughout rehearsals . When other actresses visited , she feared they were there to replace her . Although Rand later said she was " not a sensational actress " , reviewers praised her performance . Nolan left the cast in March to take a movie contract from Universal Studios .
Rand actively pushed for Walter Pidgeon to be cast in the role of " Guts " Regan . Woods objected at first , but eventually gave Pidgeon the part . As with Nolan , reviewers approved the choice . Pidgeon left the production after about a month to take a role in another play , There 's Wisdom in Women . Despite Rand 's objections , he was replaced with William Bakewell ; Rand recommended Morgan Conway , who played the same role in Woman on Trial .
= = Dramatic analysis = =
= = = Jury element = = =
The selection of a jury from the play 's audience was the primary dramatic innovation of Night of January 16th . It created concerns among many of the producers who considered and rejected the play . Although Woods liked the idea , Hayden worried it would destroy the theatrical illusion ; he feared audience members might refuse to participate . Successful jury selections during previews indicated this would not be a problem . This criticism dissipated following the play 's success ; it became famous for its " jury gimmick " .
The play 's jury has sometimes enlisted famous participants ; the Broadway selections were rigged to call on celebrities known to be in the audience . The jury for the Broadway opening included attorney Edward J. Reilly — who was known from the Lindbergh kidnapping trial earlier that year — and boxing champion Jack Dempsey . Jurors for subsequent Broadway performances included actors Ricardo Cortez , Fania Marinoff , Chester Morris , Margaret Wycherly , and Roland Young ; attorneys Dudley Field Malone and Samuel Leibowitz ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; bridge player Ely Culbertson ; director Eddie Buzzell ; and James Roosevelt — son of President Franklin Roosevelt . At a special performance for the blind , Helen Keller sat on the jury . The jurors for the London opening included musician Jack Hylton and actors Adrianne Allen , Raymond Massey , and Vera Pearce . Opening night jurors in Sydney included cartoonist Jimmy Bancks , tennis champion Jack Crawford , writer Ethel Knight Kelly , and attorneys Bill Dovey , Vernon Treatt , and Richard Windeyer .
Woods decided the jury for the Broadway run would employ some jury service rules of the New York courts . One such rule was the payment of jurors three dollars per day for their participation , which meant the selected audience members profited by at least 25 cents after subtracting the ticket price . Another was that only men could serve on a jury , although Woods made exceptions , for example at the performance Keller attended . He later loosened the rule to allow women jurors at matinee performances twice a week . Unlike a normal criminal trial , verdicts required only a majority vote rather than unanimity .
= = = Themes = = =
Rand described Night of January 16th as " a sense @-@ of @-@ life play " . She did not want its events to be taken literally , but to be understood as a representation of different ways of approaching life . Andre represents an ambitious , confident , non @-@ conformist approach to life , while the prosecution witnesses represent conformity , envy of success , and the desire for power over others . Rand believed the jury 's decision at each performance revealed the attitude of the jurors towards these two conflicting senses of life . Rand supported individualism and considered Andre " not guilty " . She said she wanted the play to convey the viewpoint : " Your life , your achievement , your happiness , your person are of paramount importance . Live up to your highest vision of yourself no matter what the circumstances you might encounter . An exalted view of self @-@ esteem is man 's most admirable quality . " She said the play " is not a philosophical treatise on morality " and represents this view only in a basic way .
Several later commentators have interpreted the play as a reflection of Rand 's early interest in the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche . Shoshana Milgram saw elements of Nietzsche 's morality in the descriptions of Bjorn Faulkner , who " never thought of things as right or wrong " . Ronald Merrill went further , calling the play " a powerful and eloquent plea for the Nietzschean worldview " of the superiority of the " superman " ; this is represented by Faulkner , who Merrill interprets as rejecting external moral authority and the " slave morality " of ordinary people . Others found significance in Rand 's admiration of the play 's criminal characters . Historian Jennifer Burns said Rand " found criminality an irresistible metaphor for individualism " because of the influence on her of " Nietzsche 's transvaluation of values [ that ] changed criminals into heroes " . Rand said criminality was not the important attribute of the characters ; she said a criminal could serve as " an eloquent symbol " of independence and rebellion against conformity , but stated , " I do not think , nor did I think when I wrote this play , that a swindler is a heroic character or that a respectable banker is a villain " . Merrill dismissed this explanation as a cover @-@ up for the play 's promotion of Nietzschean ideas that Rand later rejected . Similarly , biographer Anne Heller said Rand " later renounced her romantic fascination with criminals " , making the characters ' criminality an embarrassment for her .
= = Reception = =
Since its premiere , Night of January 16th has had a mixed reception . The initial Los Angeles run as Woman on Trial received complimentary reviews ; Rand was disappointed reviews focused on the play 's melodrama and its similarity to The Trial of Mary Dugan , while paying little attention to aspects she considered more important , such as the contrasting ideas of individualism and conformity . Rand later described the production as " badly handicapped by lack of funds " and " competent , but somewhat unexciting " , but it performed reasonably well at the box office during its short run .
The Broadway production received largely positive reviews that praised its melodrama and the acting of Nolan and Pidgeon . Commonweal described it as " well constructed , well enough written , admirably directed ... and excellently acted " . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle said the action came in " fits and starts " , but praised the acting and the novelty of the use of a jury . New York Post critic John Mason Brown said the play had some flaws , but was an exciting , above @-@ average melodrama . Brooks Atkinson gave it a negative review in The New York Times , calling it " the usual brew of hokum " . A review from Theatre Arts Monthly was also dismissive , calling the play a " fashionable game " that would be " fun in a parlor " but seemed " pretty foolish " on stage . Some reviews focused on Woods as the source of the play 's positive attributes because he had had many previous theatrical successes . Time said Woods was repeating a successful formula from The Trial of Mary Dugan . Reviews that praised these elements were an embarrassment to Rand , who considered Woods ' changes to be negative . Again , reviewers ignored the broader themes that Rand considered important .
Professional productions in other North American cities typically received positive reviews . Austin B. Fenger described the production at San Francisco 's Geary Theater as " darned good theater " that was " well acted " and " crisply written " . Charles Collins said the Chicago production was " a first class story " that was " well acted by an admirably selected cast " . Thomas Archer 's review of the Montreal production described it as " realistic " and " absorbing " .
The London production in 1936 received mostly positive reviews but was not a commercial success . A reviewer for The Times praised Foster 's performance as " tense and beautiful " . In The Daily Telegraph , reviewer W. A. Darlington said the show would be popular with audiences , but the production ended its run in less than a month . The review in The Glasgow Herald described it as a " strong , quick thriller " , but with inferior dialog to The Trial of Mary Dugan . The reviewer for The Spectator was more critical , saying the play itself was " strong " , but was undermined by " mediocre playing " from " bad actors " .
The 1973 revival as Penthouse Legend was a failure and received strongly negative reviews . A reviewer for The Village Voice complimented the story 's melodramatic plot twists but said it was " preposterously badly written " and described the production as " conventional and obvious " . In The New York Times , Clive Barnes called the play tedious and said the acting was " not particularly good " . It closed within a few weeks .
Academics and biographers reviewing the play have also expressed mixed opinions . Theater scholar Gerald Bordman declared it " an unexceptional courtroom drama " made popular by the jury element , although he noted praise for the acting of Breese and Pidgeon . Historian James Baker described Rand 's presentation of courtroom behavior as unrealistic , but said audiences forgive this because the play 's dramatic moments are " so much fun " . He said the play was " great entertainment " that is " held together by an enormously attractive woman and a gimmick " , but " it is not philosophy " and fails to convey the themes Rand had in mind . Jennifer Burns expressed a similar view , stating that the play 's attempts to portray individualism had " dubious results ... Rand intended Bjorn Faulkner to embody heroic individualism , but in the play he comes off as little more than an unscrupulous businessman with a taste for rough sex " . Literature scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein described the play as " significant for dramatic ingenuity and thematic content " . Rand biographer Anne Heller considered it " engaging , if stilted " , while Ronald Merrill described it as " a skillfully constructed drama " undercut by " Rand 's peculiar inability to write an effective mystery plot without leaving holes " . Mystery critic Marvin Lachman noted the novelty of the use of a jury but called the play unrealistic with " stilted dialogue " and " stereotypical characters " .
= = Adaptations = =
= = = Movies = = =
The movie rights to Night of January 16th were initially purchased by Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) in October 1934 as a possible vehicle for Loretta Young . They hired Rand to write a screenplay , but the project was scrapped . After MGM 's option expired , Woods considered making a movie version through a production company of his own , but in 1938 RKO Pictures bought the rights for $ 10 @,@ 000 , a fee split between Woods and Rand . RKO considered Claudette Colbert and Lucille Ball as possible stars , but they also gave up on the adaptation . The rights were resold to Paramount Pictures in July 1939 for $ 35 @,@ 000 . Paramount released a movie in 1941 ; Rand did not participate in the production . The film was directed by William Clemens , and Delmer Daves , Robert Pirosh , and Eve Greene were engaged to prepare a new screenplay .
The new screenplay altered the plot significantly , focusing on Steve Van Ruyle ( Robert Preston ) , a sailor who inherits a position on the board of a company headed by Bjorn Faulkner ( Nils Asther ) . Unlike the play , in which Faulkner is already dead , he appeares in the film as a living character who is apparently murdered . Suspicion falls on Faulkner 's secretary Kit Lane ( Ellen Drew ) ; Van Ruyle decides to investigate the alleged crime . Faulkner is discovered hiding in Cuba after faking his own death . Rand said only a single line from her original dialog appeared in the movie , which she dismissed as a " cheap , trashy vulgarity " . The film received little attention when it was released , and most reviews of it were negative .
In 1989 , Bollywood director Anant Balani 's debut film Gawaahi , a Hindi @-@ language adaptation of Night of January 16th starring Indian actress Zeenat Aman , was released .
= = = Television and radio = = =
Night of January 16th was adapted for several television anthology series in the 1950s and 1960s . The first was WOR @-@ TV 's Broadway Television Theatre , which aired its adaptation on July 14 , 1952 , with a cast that included Neil Hamilton and Virginia Gilmore . On CBS , the Lux Video Theatre presented a version of Night of January 16th on May 10 , 1956 , starring Phyllis Thaxter as Andre . In the United Kingdom , Maxine Audley took the lead role for an ITV Play of the Week broadcast on January 12 , 1960 ; Cec Linder played the district attorney . The broadcast had been scheduled for October 6 , 1959 , but was delayed to avoid its possible interpretation as political commentary before the general election held later that week . A radio adaptation of the play was broadcast on the BBC Home Service on August 4 , 1962 .
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= Digging for Fire =
Digging for Fire is a 2015 American comedy @-@ drama film directed by Joe Swanberg and co @-@ written by Swanberg and Jake Johnson . It stars an ensemble cast led by Johnson , Rosemarie DeWitt , Orlando Bloom , Brie Larson , Sam Rockwell , Anna Kendrick and Mike Birbiglia . Johnson and DeWitt play a married couple who find a gun and a bone in the backyard of a house they are staying in .
The film 's plot was inspired by a similar incident in which Johnson discovered a gun and a bone in his backyard . Instead of a traditional script , he and Swanberg wrote an outline that summarized the plot but included no dialogue . They cast the film mainly by contacting their friends and other actors who they knew had enjoyed their previous work . It was filmed over 15 days in Los Angeles County , California . Swanberg dedicated the film to filmmaker Paul Mazursky .
Digging for Fire premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 26 , 2015 . It was released in theaters on August 21 , 2015 by The Orchard and on video on demand on August 25 , 2015 . The film was generally well received by critics .
= = Plot = =
Lee ( Rosemarie DeWitt ) , a yoga instructor , brings her husband Tim ( Jake Johnson ) , a gym teacher , and their 3 @-@ year @-@ old son Jude ( Jude Swanberg ) to house @-@ sit in a client 's house for a few weeks while the client is away . While walking around the property , Tim finds a gun and a bone in the backyard . At first he wants to dig up the surrounding ground to see if a body is buried there , but Lee convinces him it is a bad idea .
When Lee and Jude leave for the weekend to stay with her parents so that Tim can work without distraction on the family 's taxes , he invites a group of friends — including Ray ( Sam Rockwell ) , Phil ( Mike Birbiglia ) , Adam ( Kent Osborne ) , and Paul ( Steve Berg ) — to the house for the night . After a few drinks , they decide to dig up the backyard together , quickly finding another bone and a license plate . Phil , who is skeptical about the digging , leaves with Adam and Paul as Alicia ( Anna Kendrick ) , Max ( Brie Larson ) and Billy ( Chris Messina ) arrive at the house . Billy pairs off with Alicia and Ray with Max while Tim continues to dig . He finds a shoe before deciding to go to sleep .
The next morning , Tim is visited by a neighbor who warns him that digging for buried items in the backyard is a bad idea and says that the site was once the " Chicano Hall of Fame " . Soon afterwards , Max returns to pick up her purse and finds Tim digging again . She joins him and discovers a plastic bag filled with bones . Meanwhile , Lee goes to visit her sister Squiggy ( Melanie Lynskey ) and brother @-@ in @-@ law Bob ( Ron Livingston ) for an afternoon after complaining to her mother that she no longer feels she has an identity outside of being a mother and wife .
Phil returns to the house and , seeing Tim with Max , assumes that Tim is cheating on Lee . Tim and Max go out to dinner and Tim confesses that he feels his marriage to Lee has deteriorated since they had a child . Lee goes to a bar alone , where she meets Ben ( Orlando Bloom ) . When Ben is punched by another man at the bar , she accompanies him to visit Alicia , who is a medical student and a friend of his , so that Alicia can suture his wound . As Tim and Max smoke marijuana together at the house , Ben cooks dinner for Lee .
Max leaves the house when Ray reappears and Tim accuses Ray of ruining his night . Lee and Ben make their way to the beach and share a kiss . Tim returns to the backyard and uncovers a ring and what appears to be a human hand before he decides to stop digging . He throws everything he has found back into the hole he has dug before starting to fill it in . He walks back up to the house and , finding Lee waiting for him , kisses her . The next morning , they pack up their belongings and go to pick up Jude .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
Digging for Fire was based on a real incident in which Jake Johnson and his wife dug up a bone and a gun in the garden of a house they had rented . Over a couple of weeks , he and a group of his friends dug up various objects before deciding to bury them again . Johnson described the experience to Joe Swanberg about three years later and they decided to make a film about it . They wrote a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half – page outline that summarized the plot but included no dialogue or detailed character descriptions . Swanberg wanted the actors to improvise the details of each scene and allowed them to make choices about their characters : for instance , Orlando Bloom decided that his character would ride a motorcycle , Chris Messina suggested that his character go swimming naked , and Brie Larson persuaded Johnson and Swanberg that her character would not be sexually attracted to Tim .
Digging for Fire features an ensemble cast , the largest Swanberg had worked with at the time . He and Johnson cast the film by contacting friends and other actors who they knew had enjoyed their previous film together , Drinking Buddies . Rosemarie DeWitt and Swanberg decided to work together after her husband , Ron Livingston , starred in Drinking Buddies . Unlike the other actors , Orlando Bloom was cast through an agent . Swanberg cast his own son , Jude , as the three @-@ year @-@ old son of the lead characters .
The film was shot over 15 days in Los Angeles and Malibu , California . Swanberg and cinematographer Ben Richardson decided to shoot on 35 mm film rather than digitally , as most of Swanberg 's previous films had been made . They decided to shoot on film , Richardson said , because " there is a certain visual integrity to a film @-@ derived image that is still lacking for me in most of the digitally @-@ derived imagery that we see " . Although the film 's dialogue was improvised , the actors rehearsed each scene before filming so that the scene could be blocked out due to the constraints of working with film rather than digital .
Swanberg found the process of editing Digging for Fire more difficult than for his previous films , since there were many different possibilities of how to integrate the separate storylines involving Tim and Lee . He dedicated the film to Paul Mazursky , who died in 2014 , because of the thematic similarities between Mazursky 's work , especially the 1969 film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice , and Digging for Fire and the influence Mazursky had on Swanberg 's work .
= = Release = =
The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26 , 2015 . Shortly after its premiere , The Orchard and Sony Pictures Worldwide acquired North American and international distribution rights respectively . The film went to be shown at the Chattanooga Film Festival , Sarasota Film Festival , Chicago Critics Film Festival , Maryland Film Festival , and Traverse City Film Festival . The film was given a limited release in American theaters on August 21 , 2015 , earning $ 25 @,@ 000 from three locations on its opening weekend . It later expanded to 30 theaters and earned a total of $ 119 @,@ 364 from its 38 day @-@ run . It was released on video on demand on August 25 , 2015 .
= = Reception = =
Digging for Fire has been met with generally positive reviews from critics . On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 65 % approval rating , based on 59 reviews with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : " Digging for Fire finds director / co @-@ writer Joe Swanberg working from a familiar palette , but in ways that suggest he 's taking new and exciting strides as a filmmaker . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
Film critic Richard Roeper described Digging for Fire as " a movie made by someone who clearly loves the art of movies " and praised the casting and editing . A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote of the film 's " appealing honesty " and its " tight , satisfying narrative " . Variety 's Ben Kenigsberg characterized the film as " a lovely slice of everything and nothing " and gave particular praise to the cinematography , editing and improvisation . Peter Travers , who awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars in a review for Rolling Stone , highlighted the performances , cinematography and score , and felt that Digging for Fire showed Swanberg to be " a true filmmaker " . Screen International critic Tim Grierson found the film to be honest and insightful , and drew particular attention to Johnson and DeWitt 's " nimble , low @-@ key performances " . An Banh of Indiewire opined that the film was the most " emotionally mature " of Swanberg 's works and that each of the actors gave " purposeful , plot @-@ driven performances " in spite of the large cast .
The Austin Chronicle 's Kimberley Jones , on the other hand , felt that the story suffered because of the large cast and wrote that " mostly it 's just a toe listlessly pushing dirt around " . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune praised Ben Richardson 's cinematography and " natural tone " of the acting but felt that the dialogue was lacking , giving the film 2 out of 4 stars . The San Francisco Chronicle 's G. Allen Johnson also criticized the " forced and uninteresting " dialogue and thought that the story and characters felt " phony " . The Boston Globe critic Ty Burr found the film uninsightful , writing that " Swanberg is tilling soil here that has been churned since humanity began " , and felt that the plot focused too much on Tim rather than Lee . Chris Nashawaty gave the film a C + grade in Entertainment Weekly , dismissing it as " Joe Swanberg 's latest meditation on aging @-@ hipster malaise " .
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= Tragic Lovers =
Tragic Lovers is a classical music album by the Oregon Symphony under the artistic direction of James DePreist , released by the record label Delos in 2008 . It contains three works inspired by tragic love stories in literature : Richard Wagner 's Prelude and " Liebestod " from Tristan and Isolde ( 1865 ) , Hector Berlioz 's " Love Scene " from Roméo et Juliette , Op. 17 , and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet . Amelia Haygood and Carol Rosenberger served as executive producers of the album ; the recording producers were Michael Fine and Adam Stern . The album 's creation was financially supported by the Gretchen Brooks Recording Fund , which supported two recording sessions per year for each of DePreist 's final five years as music director . Tragic Lovers was the orchestra 's final recording with DePreist — who left the Oregon Symphony in April 2003 — as conductor and its final contribution to Delos 's " Virtual Reality Recording " series .
Compositions from the album have been broadcast on several stations , including Public Radio Exchange , WDAV , New England Public Radio ( WFCR ) and Northwest Public Radio . WFCR broadcast the Tchaikovsky recording in November 2011 in recognition of DePreist 's 75th birthday , and the Berlioz track in February 2013 , following DePreist 's death . The Classical Music Sentinel published a positive review of the album , comparing it to a three @-@ movement symphony .
= = Composition = =
Tragic Lovers , released by the record label Delos in 2008 , contains three works inspired by tragic love stories in literature : Richard Wagner 's Prelude and " Liebestod " from Tristan and Isolde , Hector Berlioz 's " Love Scene " from Roméo et Juliette , Op. 17 , and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet . The album contains three tracks , each one comprising a single composition and running more than fifteen minutes in length . Amelia Haygood and Carol Rosenberger served as executive producers ; the recording producers were Michael Fine for the Wagner and Berlioz works and Adam Stern for the Tchaikovsky composition . The album was engineered by John Eargle , with Andrés Villalta serving as associate engineer for the Wagner and Berlioz recordings . Editing was completed by Fine ( Wagner , Berlioz ) and Stern ( Tchaikovsky ) . The album marked the orchestra 's final recording with DePreist as conductor and its final contribution to Delos 's " Virtual Reality Recording " series .
= = Broadcasts = =
All three compositions were featured on the Public Radio Exchange program " Compact Discoveries " ; the Berlioz and Tchaikovsky recordings aired on an episode titled " Famous Lovers : Romeo & Juliet " , and the Wagner recording was part of the following episode , titled " More Famous Lovers " . In June 2009 , Joe Brant featured the album on his WDAV program " New Classics " , which highlights newly released classical music recordings . New England Public Radio ( WFCR ) aired two tracks from the album : the Tchaikovsky recording was broadcast in November 2011 in recognition of DePreist 's 75th birthday , and the Berlioz track aired in November 2010 and again on February 11 , 2013 , following DePreist 's death on February 8 . The Berlioz recording also aired on the Northwest Public Radio program " Classical Music with Robin Rilette " on February 1 , 2013 .
= = Reception = =
Jean @-@ Yves Duperron of the Classical Music Sentinel appreciated the continuity of the subject matter and compared the album to a three @-@ movement symphony . Referring to the opener as the first movement of this hypothetical symphony , Duperron wrote that Wagner 's composition " works perfectly " by setting the tone for the album . He appreciated the Berlioz composition as a " central movement " for its more " pleasant " mood and lighter musical textures , and Tchaikovsky 's work as the finale for its dramatic and " tumultuous " qualities . Duperron complimented DePreist and the orchestra for conveying the emotions depicted in each of the compositions " loud and clear " , and specifically highlighted the " massive walls of sound " produced by the strings . He also commended Delos for effectively capturing the performances " with clean and powerful dynamics throughout " and concluded the review by quipping : " This perfectly coordinated collection should be part of every collection ! "
= = Track listing = =
" Prelude and ' Liebestod ' from Tristan and Isolde " ( Richard Wagner ) – 17 : 14
" ' Love Scene ' from Roméo et Juliette , Op. 17 " ( Hector Berlioz ) – 15 : 59
" Romeo and Juliet Fantasy @-@ Overture " ( Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ) – 21 : 10
Track listing adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Personnel = =
James DePreist – conductor
John Eargle – engineer
Mark Evans – graphic design
Michael Fine – editor ( tracks 1 – 2 ) , recording producer ( tracks 1 – 2 )
Tamra Saylor Fine – production assistant ( tracks 1 – 2 )
Amelia S. Haygood – executive producer
Wendy Leher – photography
Oregon Symphony – primary artist
Harry Pack – creative director , liner notes
Carol Rosenberger – executive producer
Adam Stern – editor ( track 3 ) , recording producer ( track 3 )
Jim Svejda – liner notes
Andrés Villalta – associate engineer ( tracks 1 – 2 )
Credits adapted from AllMusic and the album 's liner notes .
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= Anggun =
Anggun Cipta Sasmi ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ aŋˈɡun ˈt ͡ ʃipta ˈsasmi ] ; born 29 April 1974 ) is an Indonesian and French @-@ naturalised singer @-@ songwriter . Born in Jakarta , she began performing at the age of seven and recorded a children 's album two years later . With the help of famed Indonesian producer Ian Antono , in 1986 Anggun released her first rock @-@ influenced studio album , Dunia Aku Punya . She became further well known with the single " Mimpi " ( 1989 ) , which was listed as one of the 150 Greatest Indonesian Songs of All Time by Rolling Stone . She followed it with a series of singles and three more studio albums , which established her as one of the most prominent Indonesian rock stars of the early 1990s .
Anggun left Indonesia in 1994 to pursue an international career . After two years struggling in London and Paris , Anggun met French producer Erick Benzi and signed to Sony Music Entertainment . Her first international album , Snow on the Sahara ( 1997 ) , was released in 33 countries and became the best @-@ selling album by an Asian artist outside Asia . The album spawned her signature hit " Snow on the Sahara " , which reached number one in several countries . Since her international breakthrough , Anggun has released five English @-@ language studio albums and six French @-@ language studio albums , as well as a soundtrack album to the Danish film Open Hearts ( 2002 ) . She represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku , Azerbaijan , with the song " Echo ( You and I ) " . She joined the judging panel of talent shows X Factor Indonesia ( 2013 ) , Indonesia 's Got Talent ( 2014 ) and Asia 's Got Talent ( 2015 ) ; the former made her the highest @-@ paid judge in Indonesian television history .
Anggun is the Asian artist with the highest album sales outside Asia , with her releases being certified gold and platinum in some European countries . She is the first Indonesian artist to have success in European and American record charts . She has received a number of accolades for her achievements , including the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres from the Government of France and the World Music Award for World 's Best @-@ Selling Indonesian Artist . Aside from her musical career , Anggun has been involved in numerous environmental and humanitarian works . She has been appointed as the global ambassador of the United Nations twice , first for the International Year of Microcredit in 2005 and then for the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) in 2009 onwards .
= = Life and career = =
= = = 1974 – 93 : Early life and career in Indonesia = = =
Anggun was born and raised in Jakarta to a native Indonesian family . She is the second child and first daughter of Darto Singo , a Javanese writer , and Dien Herdina , a housewife from the Yogyakartan royal family . Her full name means " grace born of a dream " in Balinese . Despite being a Muslim , Anggun was sent to a Catholic school to receive a better elementary education . At the age of seven , Anggun began receiving highly disciplined instruction in singing from her father . She trained daily , learning various vocal techniques . To help further develop her career , her mother began serving as her manager , accepting singing offers and handling business concerns . At the age of nine , Anggun began to write her own songs and recorded her first children 's album .
As a preteen , Anggun was influenced by Western rock music artists . At the age of twelve , she released her first official studio album , Dunia Aku Punya ( 1986 ) . The album was produced by Ian Antono , an Indonesian rock musician . However , the album failed to establish her popularity . Three years later , Anggun achieved some fame after the release of the single " Mimpi " ; the song was later ranked by the Rolling Stone Indonesia magazine as one of the 150 Greatest Indonesian Songs of All Time . Anggun 's fame continued to increase with the release of subsequent singles , most notably " Tua Tua Keladi " ( 1990 ) , which became her most popular hit in Indonesia . After a string of successful singles , Anggun released the studio albums Anak Putih Abu Abu ( 1991 ) and Nocturno ( 1992 ) . The former earned her the Most Popular Indonesian Artist 1990 – 1991 award .
In 1992 , Anggun began a relationship with Michel de Gea , a French engineer , whom she had met the year before in Kalimantan while touring . The couple married , despite a rumoured objection by Anggun 's family , reportedly because they felt Anggun was too young . Georgea later became Anggun 's manager . The following year , Anggun became the youngest Indonesian singer to found her own record company , Bali Cipta Records , and took complete creative control over her work . She produced her final Indonesian studio album , Anggun C. Sasmi ... Lah ! ! ! ( 1993 ) , which yielded number @-@ one single " Kembalilah Kasih ( Kita Harus Bicara ) " . By age nineteen , Anggun had sold over four million albums in Indonesia . She began to feel dissatisfied with her success in her country and began considering an international music career . Anggun later recalled : " [ By the time ] I was 20 , I 'd made five albums . I 'd built my own record company . I 'd produced my last album and produced some Indonesian acts as well . And I said to myself : ' I 'm tired ! I cannot achieve more than I already have . There 's no challenge anymore ' . "
= = = 1994 – 96 : Beginnings in Europe = = =
In 1994 , Anggun released Yang Hilang , a greatest hits album of her Indonesian hits . She later sold her record company to fund her move to Europe , and moved to London for about one year . In a 2006 interview with Trax magazine , Anggun admitted to experiencing " culture shock " and having some serious financial problems while trying to start her new life in Europe , saying " I thought the money that I got by selling my record company was enough [ to sustain life in London ] , but I began to lose money , little by little . I had to spend so much on taking cabs and eating ! So I ended up taking buses everywhere and going to clubs to introduce myself as a singer . " She also admitted that she " had to convert from being a shy , introverted , ' real ' Javanese woman to being an unabashed , fearless , ' fake ' Javanese woman . "
She began writing songs and recording demos , but after a few months , all the demos she had sent to record companies around the UK were returned with negative replies . She began thinking about moving to another country , and initially considered moving to the Netherlands , but later decided on France . In 1996 , her international career began to advance ; she was introduced to producer Erick Benzi , who previously had worked with Celine Dion , Jean @-@ Jacques Goldman and Johnny Hallyday . Impressed by Anggun 's talent , Benzi immediately offered her a recording deal . Later that year , Anggun was signed to Columbia France and Sony Music Entertainment . After a brief French course at Alliance Française , Anggun began working on her debut album with Benzi , alongside Jacques Veneruso , Gildas Arzel and Nikki Matheson .
= = = 1997 – 99 : Snow on the Sahara and international success = = =
In June 1997 , Anggun released her first French @-@ language album , entitled Au nom de la lune . The album was a huge artistic departure to Anggun 's earlier rock style , experimenting with world music and more adult contemporary sounds . Anggun described the album as " a concentration of all the musical influences of my life . I want to introduce Indonesia , but in a progressive way , in a lyric , in a sound , and mainly through me . " The album 's first single , " La neige au Sahara " , quickly became a hit in France , peaking at number 1 on the French Airplay Chart and number 16 on the French Singles Chart . It became the most @-@ played single in France of 1997 , with a total of 7 @,@ 900 radio airplays , and was certified gold for shipment of 250 @,@ 000 copies . Two more commercial singles , " La rose des vents " and " Au nom de la lune " , were released to modest chart success . The album peaked at number 34 on the French Albums Chart and sold over 150 @,@ 000 copies in France and Belgium . Anggun received a nomination for the La révélation de l 'année award ( Revelation of the Year / Best New Artist ) in Victoires de la musique ( a Grammy Award @-@ equivalent in the French music scene ) .
The English version of the album , Snow on the Sahara , was released internationally in 33 countries throughout Asia , Europe , and America between late 1997 to early 1999 . The album contained the songs on Au nom de la lune , adapted to English by songwriter Nikki Matheson , and a cover version of the David Bowie hit " Life on Mars ? " . For the Southeast Asian market , Anggun included an Indonesian song , " Kembali " , which became a huge hit in the region . American music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic called the album " a promising debut effort " because " she illustrates enough full @-@ formed talent on the disc " . According to Erlewine , Anggun " tackles polished ballads , Latin @-@ pop and dance @-@ pop on Snow on the Sahara , demonstrating that she can sing all the styles quite well . " The album 's first single , " Snow on the Sahara " was a commercial success , reaching number one in Italy , Spain and several countries in Asia , and the top five on the UK Club Chart . The song was also used as the soundtrack for an international marketing campaign launched by the Swiss watchmaker Swatch . Snow on the Sahara has sold over 1 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide and received the Diamond Export Sales Award .
In North America , Snow on the Sahara was released in May 1998 by Epic Records . Anggun went on an extensive tour for nine months in the United States to promote the album , including a supporting act for several artists such as The Corrs and Toni Braxton , as well as participating at the Lilith Fair ( performing with Sarah McLachlan and Erykah Badu on stage ) . She also appeared on American television programs such as The Rosie O 'Donnell Show , Sessions at West 54th and received a CNN WorldBeat interview ; she was also given coverage in printed media like Rolling Stone and Billboard . However , Snow on the Sahara was not much of a commercial success in the United States . The album peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums Chart and shipped 200 @,@ 000 units . The single reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play and number 22 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 . The album track " On the Breath of an Angel " was later used as the soundtrack of American television series Passions and television film The Princess and the Marine , both of which aired on NBC .
= = = 2000 – 03 : Chrysalis , Open Hearts , and collaborations = = =
In 1999 , Anggun ended her seven @-@ year marriage to Michel de Gea ; this inspired her to record another studio album . Her second French album , Désirs contraires , was released in September 1999 . It was an artistic departure from Au nom de la lune , experimenting with electropop and ambient elements as well as R & B music . The album was again produced by Erick Benzi , but it featured some of Anggun 's compositions . Désirs contraires failed to repeat the success of the previous album . It peaked at number 48 on the French Albums Chart and sold about 30 @,@ 000 copies in France . Only two singles were released off the album : the tropical @-@ sounding " Un geste d 'amour " and the R & B @-@ influenced " Derrière la porte " . Both singles failed to achieve commercial success , although " Un geste d 'amour " reached number 62 on the French Singles Chart .
It was the English version of the album that enjoyed more success . Chrysalis was released at the same time as Désirs contraires and represented a huge artistic growth for Anggun , who had co @-@ written the entire album . Distributed simultaneously in 15 countries , the album was never released in the United States due to the lackluster sales of her first album . The album spawned the hit single " Still Reminds Me " , which received high airplays across Asia and Europe . It became her third number @-@ one hit in Indonesia since her international career and her third top 20 single in Italy ( peaking at number 17 ) . It also reached the top five on the Music & Media European Border Breakers Chart . She released a single specially for the Indonesian and Malaysian market , " Yang ' Ku Tunggu " ( the Indonesian version of " Un geste d 'amour " ) , which became another number @-@ one hit for Anggun in the region .
At the end of 2000 Anggun received an invitation from the Vatican , asking her to appear at a special Christmas concert alongside Bryan Adams and Dionne Warwick . For the event , she gave her renditions of " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " as well as " Still Reminds Me " . Her performance was also included on the Noël au Vatican disc compilation . The following month , she started a tour across Asia and Europe , including her first ever concert in France at Le Bataclan on 1 February 2001 . The tour ended on 30 April 2001 at Kallang Theater , Singapore . In 2002 , Anggun received the Women Inspire Award from Singapore 's Beacon of Light award ceremony for " her achievements as a role model for many young women in Asia . " The next year , she was honored with Cosmopolitan Indonesia 's Fun Fearless Female of the Year Award .
During this period , Anggun also did a string of collaborations , soundtrack projects , and charity albums . These included a mixed French @-@ English song with DJ Cam entitled " Summer in Paris " ( which later became a club hit in Europe and Asia for both artists ) on his 2001 album , Soulshine ; an Indonesian @-@ English song with Deep Forest entitled " Deep Blue Sea " on their 2002 album , Music Detected ; and three collaborations in 2003 , including with Italian rock singers Piero Pelù , Serge Lama and Tri Yann . Her duet with Piero Pelù on an Italian @-@ English song entitled " Amore Immaginato " became a hit in Italy , spending over two months at the top of Italian Airplay Chart . Among her charity projects were Solidays in 2000 ( featuring her collaboration with Peter Gabriel and several international acts ) , Les voix de l 'espoir in 2001 , and Gaia in 2002 ( featuring a duet with Zucchero on the song " World " ) . Anggun also collaborated with Bryan Adams in writing a song entitled " Walking Away " which remains unreleased for unknown reason .
Anggun participated in two Scandinavian movies : contributing the song " Rain ( Here Without You ) " for Anja & Viktor in 2001 , and the entire soundtrack album for Open Hearts in 2002 . For Open Hearts , Anggun worked with two Danish producers , Jesper Winge Leisner and Niels Brinck . " Open Your Heart " was released as a commercial single from the soundtrack album and charted at number 51 on the Norwegian Singles Chart . It also earned Anggun a nomination for Best Original Song at the Danish Film Academy 's Robert Awards in 2003 . " Counting Down " was also released as a single and became a top @-@ ten airplay hit in Indonesia . Anggun 's work with Sony Music ended in 2003 due to the company 's structural change after merger with BMG Music . She later moved to Montreal , Canada where she met Olivier Maury , a law school graduate . In 2004 , Anggun and Maury were married in a private ceremony in Bali .
= = = 2004 – 06 : Luminescence = = =
In 2004 , Anggun returned to Paris and landed a new record deal with Heben Music , a French independent label . She began working on her next album with several producers , including Jean @-@ Pierre Taieb and Frederic Jaffre . Anggun , who composed mainly in English , enlisted the help of several well @-@ known French songwriters , such as Jean Fauque , Lionel Florence , Tété and Evelyn Kral to adapt her English songs into French . In late 2004 , Anggun released her first solo French single in nearly four years , " Être une femme " . The single was available in two versions : one solo version for commercial release and a duet with Diam 's for radio release . It became Anggun 's second top 20 hit in France , peaking at number 16 on the French Singles Chart . It also became Anggun 's first French single to chart on the Swiss Singles Chart , peaking at number 58 . Released in February 2005 , Anggun 's third French album , Luminescence , entered the French Albums Chart at number 30 and was later certified gold for selling 100 @,@ 000 copies . The second single , " Cesse la pluie " also became a hit , peaking at number 10 in Belgium , 22 in France and 65 in Switzerland . According to Francophonie Diffusion , " Être une femme " and " Cesse la pluie " were the second and the fifth most @-@ played French single of 2005 worldwide , respectively .
The English version of Luminescence — sharing the same title with the French counterpart — was released in Europe under Sony BMG and in Asia under Universal Music . " Undress Me " was chosen as the first single from the English version . Although it wasn 't accompanied with a music video , it debuted at number 13 in Italy , becoming her fifth top 20 single there . It also provided Anggun with her first hit in the Middle East , where the song topped the charts in Lebanon and Turkey . " In Your Mind " was released as the second single and it became a huge hit in Asia . The third single , " Saviour " , was used as the soundtrack for the U.S. box office number @-@ one film Transporter 2 .
Anggun was awarded with the prestigious distinction Chevalier des Arts et Lettres ( Knight of Arts and Letters ) by the French Minister of Culture for her worldwide achievements and her support of the French culture . She was appointed as the spokesperson for the International Year of Microcredit , a United Nations program aimed at eradicating debt in the third world , as well as the ambassadress for a Swiss watch brand , Audemars Piguet . Anggun did a duet with Julio Iglesias on a reworked version of " All of You " for his album Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) . She also participated on the 2006 Fight AIDS campaign in France with a collaborative track entitled " L 'or de nos vies " with several other French musicians . On 25 May 2006 , Anggun performed on her sold @-@ out solo concert in Jakarta Convention Center , entitled Konser Untuk Negeri .
In August 2006 , Anggun released the special edition of both the French and English versions of Luminescence with three new songs . She made a large jump on the French Albums Chart from number 119 to number 16 ( a total 103 ranks ) with the re @-@ release , making Luminescence her best @-@ charting album in France . " Juste avant toi " , the new single from the special edition , became Anggun 's fourth top 40 hit , peaking at number 28 on the French Singles Chart . Meanwhile , its English version , " I 'll Be Alright " , became her most popular hit on Russian radio with over 43 @,@ 000 airplays . Luminescence was re @-@ issued in February 2007 and peaked at number three on the French Back Catalogue Chart .
In December 2006 , Anggun received the special recognition Best International Artist at Anugerah Musik Indonesia , the highest music award ceremony in Indonesia . The award was given for her role in introducing Indonesian music to the international recording industry . Subsequently , Anggun released her Best @-@ Of album in Indonesia and Malaysia , which compiled singles during the first decade of her international career , including three re @-@ recorded versions of her early Indonesian hits . The new version of " Mimpi " was released as a radio single and became a huge hit in Indonesia in late 2006 to early 2007 . Anggun later released Best @-@ Of for Italian market with different track listing and " I 'll Be Alright " as its lead single . She was also featured on German band Reamonn 's single " Tonight " and a charity single with several female French stars , titled " Pour que tu sois libre " .
= = = 2007 – 10 : Motherhood and Elevation = = =
After her marriage to Olivier Maury ended in 2006 , Anggun began a relationship with French writer Cyril Montana , whom she eventually married . She gave birth to her first child , a daughter named Kirana Cipta Montana , on 8 November 2007 . During the year , Anggun participated in several environmental projects . She became the French @-@ language narrator of BBC nature documentary film Earth ( Un jour sur Terre ) , and composed its soundtrack single , " Un jour sur terre " . She was appointed as the Ambassador of the Micro @-@ environment Prize by the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development and National Geographic Channel . Anggun was awarded Le grand cœur de l 'année ( The Great Heart of the Year ) by French television network Filles TV for her contribution in social and environmental events .
In February 2007 , Anggun was invited as the guest star on one episode of the fourth season of Star Academy Arab World in Lebanon . She returned to another episode of the show 's fifth season in the following year . In December 2007 , she received her second invitation from the Vatican to perform in the Christmas concert in Verona , Italy , along with Michael Bolton . She covered Bruce Springsteen 's " Streets of Philadelphia " with Corsican group I Muvrini for their album I Muvrini et les 500 choristes ( 2007 ) . She was also featured on the remix version of DJ Laurent Wolf 's number @-@ one hit " No Stress " for the deluxe edition of his album Wash My World . Anggun and Wolf performed the song at the 2008 World Music Awards in Monaco .
In late 2008 , Anggun released her fourth international studio album , Elevation , which shares the same title in both English and French . A departure from the style of her previous efforts , the album experimented with urban music and hip hop . Elevation was produced by hip hop producer pair Tefa & Masta and features collaboration with rappers Pras Michel from the Fugees , Sinik , and Big Ali . " Crazy " was released as the lead single from the album , with its French and Indonesian version , " Si tu l 'avoues " and " Jadi Milikmu " , serving as the first single for the respective territories . In Russia , Elevation was released with an additional song , " O Nas S Toboyu " , which was recorded as a duet with Russian singer Max Lorens . Prior to its official release , the album had already been certified double platinum , making it the fastest @-@ selling album of her career in Indonesia . In France , the album debuted at number 36 on the French Albums Chart .
Anggun 's four @-@ year ambassadress contract with Audemars Piguet was subsequently extended . She was also chosen by international hair care brand , Pantene , and New Zealand @-@ based dairy product , Anlene , as their ambassador . On 16 October 2009 , Anggun was appointed as the Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , part of the United Nations . Anggun also joined the judging panel for Miss France 2009 . In early 2010 , Anggun recorded a duet with Portuguese singer Mickael Carreira on the song " Chama por me ( Call My Name ) " , as well as performing at his concert in Lisbon , Portugal on 26 February 2010 . She collaborated with German electronica musician Schiller , co @-@ writing and contributing lead vocals to two tracks , " Always You " and " Blind " , for his album Atemlos ( 2010 ) . Anggun was also featured on Schiller 's concert series , Atemlos Tour , in 14 cities in Germany during May 2010 .
= = = 2011 – 13 : Echoes , Eurovision , and The X Factor = = =
Anggun 's fifth international studio album — Echoes for the English version and Échos for the French version — saw her collaboration with composers Gioacchino , Pierre Jaconelli , Jean @-@ Pierre Pilot , and William Rousseau . It became her first self @-@ produced international album and was released under her own record label , April Earth . The English version was first released in Indonesia in May 2011 . It topped the Indonesian Albums Chart and was certified platinum in the first week . It eventually became the best @-@ selling pop album of 2011 , with quadruple platinum certification . " Only Love " and its Indonesian version " Hanyalah Cinta " were released as the lead singles and became number @-@ one radio hits . The French version was released in November 2011 and reached number 48 on the French Albums Chart . " Je partirai " , the first single for the French version , reached number five in Belgium . Anggun held her second major concert at the Jakarta Convention Center , Konser Kilau Anggun , on 27 November 2011 . She later appeared for the third time at the Christmas concert in the Vatican . This time , she performed " Only Love " and " Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas " , the latter in a duet with Ronan Keating .
Anggun was chosen by France Télévisions to represent France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 . She co @-@ wrote the entry , " Echo ( You and I ) " , with William Rousseau and Jean @-@ Pierre Pilot . Anggun held an extensive tour to more than 15 countries in Europe to promote the song . She performed the song at the Eurovision grand final in Baku , Azerbaijan on 26 May 2012 , wearing a shiny metallic dress sponsored by designer Jean Paul Gaultier . The song finished in 22nd place with 21 points . Anggun later told the press that she had originally hoped to reach a place within the top 10 and was deeply disappointed with the final result .
In March 2012 , Anggun released the international edition of Echoes with " Echo ( You and I ) " as the lead single . A special edition of Échos was also released in France , featuring three additional tracks . Following the completion of the Eurovision , she continued the promotion of the album . Anggun embarked on a concert tour in several cities across France , Switzerland and New Caledonia , including her sold @-@ out concert in Le Trianon , Paris , on 13 June 2012 . On the year 's Valentine 's Day , she appeared as the guest artist at Lara Fabian 's concert special on MTV Lebanon , where they sang the duet " Tu es mon autre " . Anggun with Schiller also toured 10 cities in Germany in late 2012 .
In 2013 , Anggun served as the international judge for the first season of the Indonesian version of The X Factor , which reportedly made her the highest @-@ paid judge in Indonesian television history . It became the year 's highest @-@ rated talent show in Indonesia . Anggun 's involvement was also lauded by public and critics , with Bintang Indonesia praising her for " setting high standard [ for a judge ] on talent shows . " She subsequently joined the judging panel of the television special X Factor Around the World , alongside Paula Abdul , Louis Walsh , Daniel Bedingfield , and Ahmad Dhani , on 24 August 2013 . She participated on the concept album entitled Thérèse – Vivre d 'amour , for which she recorded two duets — " Vivre d 'amour " and " La fiancée " — with Canadian singer Natasha St @-@ Pier . Released in April 2013 , the project topped the French Physical Albums Chart . In May 2013 , Anggun released a greatest hits album entitiled Best @-@ Of : Design of a Decade 2003 – 2013 . A new version of " Snow on the Sahara " produced by Lebanese @-@ Canadian musician K.Maro was sent to Indonesian radio to promote the album . At the 2013 Taormina Film Fest in Italy , Anggun was presented with the Taormina Special Award for her humanitarian works as the FAO Goodwill Ambassador .
= = = 2014 – present : Got Talent and Toujours un ailleurs = = =
Following the success of X Factor Indonesia , Anggun was recruited to judge the other Syco 's franchise , Indonesia 's Got Talent , in 2014 . To prepare for the program , she received instruction from Simon Cowell during the set of Britain 's Got Talent . Anggun re @-@ recorded her debut international single as a French @-@ Portuguese duet with Tony Carreira , retitled " La neige au Sahara ( Faço Chover No Deserto ) " , for Carreira 's album Nos fiançailles , France / Portugal . The duo performed the song at the 2014 World Music Awards in Monaco , where Anggun was awarded the World 's Best @-@ Selling Indonesian Artist . In June , Anggun launched her first fragrance , Grace , called after her name in English . In late 2014 , Anggun recorded two duets : " Who Wants to Live Forever " with Il Divo for their album A Musical Affair and " Pour une fois " with Vincent Niclo for his album Ce que je suis . Anggun also released " Fly My Eagle " as an original soundtrack for the commercially and critically acclaimed film Pendekar Tongkat Emas . Anggun performed in Africa twice during 2014 , for Casa Fashion Show in Casablanca , Morocco , and for the 15th annual French @-@ speaking World Summit in Dakar , Senegal .
In 2015 , Anggun , alongside David Foster , Melanie C ( Spice Girls ) and Vanness Wu ( F4 ) , was announced as a judge on the debut of Asia 's Got Talent . Joined by contestants from 15 countries in Asia , the show premiered on AXN Asia on 12 March 2015 . Anggun , David Foster , Melanie C and Vanness Wu later collaborated on a cover version of Earth , Wind & Fire 's " Let 's Groove " as the charity single for Nepal earthquake relief . Anggun became the ambassador of charity organization La Voix De l 'Enfant ( The Voice of the Children ) . The Asian Academy of Music Arts and Sciences ( AAMAS ) also announced Anggun among its board of governors , as well as becoming the academy 's first ambassador . At the 2015 Anugerah Planet Muzik in Singapore , Anggun received International Breakthrough Artist Award for becoming the first internationally successful act from Malay @-@ speaking countries . SK @-@ II and Harper 's Bazaar Indonesia honored Anggun as one of 15 Most Inspiring Women . She joined the SK @-@ II 's " Change Destiny " campaign and became a spokesperson alongside actress Cate Blanchett and Michelle Phan for its event in Los Angeles .
Anggun 's sixth French @-@ language studio album , Toujours un ailleurs , was released in November 2015 by TF1 Musique under Universal Music Group . Produced by Frédéric Chateau and Grammy Award @-@ winning producer Brian Rawling , the album revisited the world music direction of her debut international album . The album 's single , " Nos vies parallèles " ( duet with Florent Pagny ) , peaked at # 39 on the Ultratop Singles Chart " and # 47 on the French Singles Chart . According to Francodiff , " Nos vies parallèles " is the 3rd most played French song on radios outside France as of March 2016 . It also became her longest running single on French official singles chart , spending 27 non @-@ consecutive weeks there . Anggun became the first Indonesian woman to be immortalized in wax by Madame Tussauds . Located in its Bangkok museum , Anggun 's statue joined that of Sukarno , the first President of Indonesia .
= = Artistry and public image = =
Anggun possesses a three @-@ octave contralto voice , which has been described as " husky " , " soulful " , and " distinctive " by music critics . Chuck Taylor from Billboard commented : " Vocally , Anggun is a fortress of power , easing from a delicate whisper into a brand of cloud @-@ parting fortitude commonly associated with grade @-@ A divas . " John Everson from The SouthtownStar noted that " Anggun is gifted with a warm , full voice that can tackle slight pop songs without overpowering them as well as swoop with depth and ease over heavier emotional numbers . " Anggun received her first songwriting credit at the age of twelve on her debut album Dunia Aku Punya ( 1986 ) . Anggun said , " I was writing songs all the time , but my specialty was classical piano and singing . "
Anggun started as a rock singer in Indonesia , and was influenced by rock bands such as Guns N ' Roses , Bon Jovi , and Megadeth . After her initial international success , she showed her versatility by changing musical style for each album . Her later references cover a wide range of styles from jazz to pop , extending from Billie Holiday and Joni Mitchell to Madonna . Anggun called Nine Inch Nails 's The Fragile ( 1999 ) as " the album that changed my life " and the band 's frontman Trent Reznor as " the man of my musical life . " Her other musical influences include Sheila Chandra , Sting , David Bowie , and The Beatles . Anggun , who studied Balinese dance , uses the traditional art in her performances .
Anggun 's image has been compared to that of Pocahontas . At the early stage of her career as a rock singer , Anggun was known for her tomboy look — wearing a crooked beret , shorts , studded jacket , and large belt ; this set a trend during the early 1990s . Later , she has focused on femininity and sexuality , emphasising her long black hair and brown skin . For this look she utilises the work of fashion designers like Azzedine Alaïa , Dolce & Gabbana , and Roberto Cavalli . In 2001 , Anggun was dubbed as the sixth Sexiest Women of Asia by FHM magazine . Later in 2010 , she was ranked at number 18 on the French version of FHM 's list of 100 Sexiest Women in the World .
When promoting her first international album in the United States , she was reportedly offered a role as a Bond Girl in The World Is Not Enough , as well as in High Fidelity . Anggun refused being an actress and said " I was born a singer . I won 't go into another profession , because I think there are still many people out there who were born to be movie stars or models . My calling is in music . " As for commercials , she tends to be selective when choosing products to promote .
Anggun success is Europe and America has been credited with helping other Asian singers such as Coco Lee , Utada Hikaru , and Tata Young . Malaysian singer Yuna asked Anggun 's guidance when launching her recording career in the United States in 2011 . Ian De Cotta from Singapore newspaper Today called her the " Voice of Asia " as well as " Southeast Asia 's international singing sensation . " Filipino journalist Lionel Zivan S. Valdellon described Anggun as " a very good ambassadress for Indonesia and Asia in general " . Regarding the role of Asia in Western music industry , Anggun said " I think it 's about time people know something more about Asia , not only as a vacation place . "
= = Discography = =
= = = Indonesian @-@ language studio albums = = =
Dunia Aku Punya ( 1986 )
Anak Putih Abu Abu ( 1991 )
Nocturno ( 1992 )
Anggun C. Sasmi ... Lah ! ! ! ( 1993 )
= = = English @-@ language studio albums = = =
Snow on the Sahara ( 1997 )
Chrysalis ( 2000 )
Luminescence ( 2005 )
Elevation ( 2008 )
Echoes ( 2011 )
= = = French @-@ language studio albums = = =
Au nom de la lune ( 1997 )
Désirs contraires ( 2000 )
Luminescence ( 2005 )
Élévation ( 2008 )
Échos ( 2011 )
Toujours un ailleurs ( 2015 )
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= Toronto Argonauts =
The Toronto Argonauts are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the team was founded in 1873 , and is the oldest existing professional sports team in North America still using its original name . The team 's origins date back to a modified version of rugby football that emerged in North America in the latter half of the nineteenth century . The Argonauts played their home games at Rogers Centre from 1989 until 2016 when the team moved to BMO Field , the fifth stadium site to host the team . The current team is coached by Scott Milanovich and led at quarterback by Ricky Ray .
The Argonauts have won the Grey Cup a record 16 times and have appeared in the final 22 times . Most recently they defeated the Calgary Stampeders 35 – 22 at home in the 100th Grey Cup in 2012 . The Argonauts hold the best winning percentage in the championship game ( 72 @.@ 7 % ) and have the longest active winning streak in games in which they have appeared , at five . The Argonauts have faced every current western CFL team at least once in the Grey Cup , while their most celebrated divisional rivalry has been with the Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats .
The team was owned by the Argonaut Rowing Club for its first 83 years , and has been owned by a series of business interests since 1956 . The Argonauts were a fixture on the Toronto sports scene for decades , with attendance peaking in the 1970s . In May 2015 it was announced that a consortium of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment 's Larry Tanenbaum ( via the Kilmer Group ) and Bell Canada would acquire the team . The sale included a scheduled move to MLSE run BMO Field for the 2016 season , which has long been proposed given attendance under @-@ utilization at Rogers Centre and plans to install natural grass at the domed stadium , rendering it unfit for football .
Given the length of franchise history , dozens of players , coaches , and management have been honoured in some form over the years . The team recognizes a select group of players with retired numbers : early greats Joe Krol and Dick Shatto , stalwart offensive lineman Danny Nykoluk , and Michael " Pinball " Clemons who has been the most recent face of the team .
= = Name and colours = =
Since the team 's foundation in 1873 , the " Argonauts " name has been in continuous use , a record in North American professional sports . The Chicago Cubs ( 1870 ) and the Atlanta Braves ( 1871 ) franchises of Major League Baseball are older , but both teams have changed their name more than once , and the Braves have also changed cities . The Argonauts also claim to be the oldest professional football team in North America . The claim is debatable , as the Hamilton Tigers date to 1869 ; they merged with the Hamilton Wildcats in 1950 to form the Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats .
The name " Argonauts " is derived from Greek mythology : according to legend , Jason and the Argonauts were a group of heroes who set out to find the Golden Fleece aboard the ship Argo sometime before the Trojan War . Given its nautical theme , the name Argonaut was adopted by a group of amateur rowers in Toronto in 1872 . The Argonaut Rowing Club , which still exists today , went on to found the football club with the same name a year later . Given their roots in a rowing squad , the team is often referred to as the " boatmen " and less often the " scullers " .
In the 19th century , the most renowned rowing teams in the world were from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in England . The Toronto rowers , many of whom had associations with the English schools , adopted uniforms incorporating the light blue of Cambridge and the dark blue of Oxford . In turn , the footballers adopted the colours and the phrase " double blue " would become synonymous with the team . Blue has become the traditional colour of top @-@ level teams in Toronto ( e.g. the Toronto Maple Leafs and Toronto Blue Jays ) .
The team 's other official colour is white . Its current helmet design features an Oxford blue background , with an Oxford blue and Cambridge blue round shield inscribed with a white , capital letter A. For most of the team 's history , the logo featured some form of a boat , often incorporating a football .
= = Franchise history = =
= = = 1873 – 1906 = = =
The first recorded game of what would become known as Canadian football was played in Toronto on November 9 , 1861 , featuring University of Toronto students . The game at the time was a modified version of English rugby and it gained popularity throughout the 1860s . Rugby itself was still an infant game having evolved out of association football ( soccer ) in the 1830s . Seeking a way to keep fit after summer , the Argonaut Rowing Club ( ARC ) formed their own rugby @-@ football squad on October 4 , 1873 . The Argonauts Football Club would play their first game against Hamilton on October 18 of that year ( a victory ) , beginning a storied rivalry . H.T. Glazebrook served as their first captain and head coach . Establishment of the football team was formalized by the ARC on September 17 , 1874 , with a subscription fee of one dollar charged per player .
The football team played a handful of challenge matches — one team inviting another to play — as an amateur squad against university and city teams every year throughout the 1870s , with one dormant year in 1879 , likely due to injuries . In 1883 the Toronto Football Club , other city teams from Ontario and university squads from Toronto , Queens University and Royal Military College formed the Ontario Rugby Football Union ( ORFU ) ; it was the first rugby football organization with a league and playoff structure in North America . The Toronto Football Club were league victors in the first year . Starting in 1884 a " Dominion Championship " — a precursor to the Grey Cup — was held , pitting the victors of the country 's two organized leagues , the ORFU and Quebec Rugby Football Union , against each other ; it was organized nationally by the Canadian Rugby Union ( CRU ) from 1892 onwards . In the first true national championship , the Montreal Football Club defeated the Toronto Football Club on November 5 , 1884 by a score of 30 – 0 . Argonauts would lose the Dominion Title in 1901 to Ottawa College . The Ottawa team and the Hamilton Tigers were frequent opponents in this era .
Over the thirty years from 1880 onwards , rule changes were incrementally introduced into the game , including the adoption of the line of scrimmage , scoring that began to resemble the modern version , and the down and yardage structure . Popular personalities of the era included player @-@ coach Joe Wright Sr. , one of the best all around Canadian athletes at the turn of the century . One major outstanding issue within the CRU at the time was the role of professional versus amateur players ; this dispute caused the Argonauts to withdraw from the league in 1903 and eventually led to the establishment of a new league , The Big Four or Interprovincial Rugby Football League . Alongside the professionalism dispute , there was serious disagreement over the adoption of the Burnside rules , with Ontario , Quebec , and the intercollegiate league often not in alignment . Amongst other critical innovations , the Burnside rules reduced the number of men per side to 12 and introduced the ten yards in three downs structure that is central to the modern game .
= = = 1907 – 1952 = = =
Seeking looser rules regarding the employment of professional players , Toronto and other cities split from the ORFU and formed the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) in 1907 . These clubs were the vaunted " Big Four " — Toronto , Hamilton , Ottawa , and Montreal — that formed the precursor to Eastern Division of the Canadian Football League .
The IRFU continued under the larger auspices of the Canadian Rugby Union . Beginning in 1909 , the CRU champion was awarded the Grey Cup , with the Big Four competing against university squads and eventually teams from Western Canada . The Argonauts first competed for the Cup in 1911 , losing 14 to 7 to the University of Toronto in front of a then record 13 @,@ 687 spectators at the newly opened Varsity Stadium . The team would claim their first championship in 1914 , exacting revenge on U of T with a 14 to 2 victory . Their star runner and kicker in their first championship year was Jack O 'Conner , who scored a league record 44 points .
After play was halted during World War I , the Argos again achieved success in the early 1920s on the back of one Canada 's greatest ever sportsmen . Lionel Conacher , the " Big Train , " led the team to two perfect 6 – 0 seasons in 1921 and 1922 . In the first season he accounted for 85 of his team 's 167 points , and 15 of the points in the Grey Cup game , a 23 – 0 drubbing of the Edmonton Eskimos . It was the first east @-@ west Grey Cup championship in Canadian history .
The 1921 Grey Cup victory was their last until 1933 , at which point the Argonauts became the dominant team of an increasingly nationwide sport . They put together a number of Grey Cup dynasties in the 1930s and 1940s , winning eight of twenty Grey Cups between 1933 and 1952 . The Winnipeg Blue Bombers were most often on the receiving end of Argo Grey Cup victories in this era . From 1933 to 1941 Lew Hayman coached the team with a still unparalleled winning ratio of 45 – 15 – 2 . Their first back @-@ to @-@ back Grey Cups came in 1937 and 1938 . This was also the era of the famed Stukus brothers — Annis , Bill , and Frank — who proved a potent all @-@ purpose trio in the Argonauts ' championship years .
Joe " King " Krol and Royal Copeland , the so @-@ called Gold Dust Twins , were the best @-@ known players of the 1940s . In an era where players still played multiple positions , they were a threat in every capacity : running , passing , catching , kicking , and playing defence . Often connecting with each other for points , they led the Argos to a Grey Cup threepeat between 1945 and 1947 . 1949 and 1950 marked a watershed in Argonauts history as the team began large scale importation of American players for the first time . The team also broke a cultural barrier in 1950 with the signing of their first black player : Ulysses " Crazy Legs " Curtis would play five strong years with the team .
Frank Clair was brought in as coach in 1950 and left his mark on the revamped roster ; he led the team to Grey Cup wins in 1950 and 1952 . The first of these was a 13 – 0 victory over Winnipeg in the notorious Mud Bowl . A November snow storm followed by mild conditions turned Varsity Stadium into a bog and the play was a shambles ; one Winnipeg player is reported to have almost drowned in the muck .
At some time during this period , the phrase " Argo Bounce " came to refer to the Argonauts ' propensity to receive a lucky bounce of the football . The phrase may date to the Grey Cups of the 1930s , all of which featured improbable bounces and fumbles favouring the Argos ; the phrase was popularized in print by Annis Stukus in the 1940s . It is still in use today , with a number of fortunate on @-@ field happenings attributed to the " bounce " .
= = = 1953 – 1988 = = =
The three decades after the 1952 Grey Cup victory have been called the Argonauts ' Dark Ages . The team went thirty @-@ one years between championship victories and nineteen without even making an appearance in the final . Part of the reason was a salary cap introduced in 1953 that cost them many talented players . For the first time in decades , they began ranking at the bottom of the Eastern Division . The management style under new owner John Bassett has also been blamed : young talent was traded or allowed to leave and the team could not form a nucleus of championship players ; coaches came and went rapidly . Two notable events occurred off @-@ field at the end of the 1950s : in 1958 the Argonauts became a founding member of the Canadian Football League and a year later found a new home at Exhibition Stadium .
The Argonauts did have some standout players in the 1950s and 1960s . The stalwart of the era was Dick Shatto , an Ohioan who played twelve seasons from 1954 to 1965 . Listed as a running back , Shatto was a dual threat to run and receive and continues to hold the team regular season records for touchdowns ( 91 ) and total yards gained ( 6 @,@ 958 ) . Living in Toronto year round , Shatto set down deep roots in the city and would eventually serve as the Argonauts general manager . Another American , Tobin Rote , set numerous passing marks in three years at quarterback from 1960 to 1962 . Known for his good living off the field , Rote still holds the Argos single game passing record with 524 yards against Montreal on August 19 , 1960 . A pillar on the offensive line was Danny Nykoluk at tackle who appeared in an incredible 17 seasons from 1954 to 1971 , including one stretch of 12 years where he didn 't miss a single game . Despite these veterans , the era was marked by losing seasons and high attrition on the roster . By the 1960s , the annual ( and often desperate ) mid @-@ season addition of American imports had become known as the " Argo airlift " ; American imports often wouldn 't last a game before being cut .
Eventually , the team became competitive again under head coach Leo Cahill in the late 1960s . They scored a coup over the National Football League ( NFL ) with the signing of a young Joe Theismann ( and other American stars ) in 1971 . The team also saw an attendance bounce , consistently selling out Exhibition Stadium . The Boatmen 's best chance to end their Grey Cup drought came that year , when they faced the Calgary Stampeders in the 59th Grey Cup , the first to be played on artificial turf . In a defensive struggle at Vancouver 's soggy Empire Stadium , a now infamous late fumble by Leon " X @-@ Ray " McQuay and a possession changing kick out of bounds by Harry Abofs sealed a 14 – 11 Stampeder victory .
The 1970s were tumultuous for the team , with numerous hirings and firings of head coaches and consistent losing records . There were stellar players over this era , including all @-@ stars on defence such as Jim Stillwagon , Jim Corrigall , and Granville " Granny " Liggins , but the team could not return to winning form . High profile moves such as hiring Canadian football icon Russ Jackson as head coach in 1975 or signing running back superstar Anthony Davis the next year turned into busts . Ironically , the Argos reached historic attendance highs in this losing decade — regular season average per game attendance reached 47 @,@ 356 in 1976 . The enlargement of Exhibition Stadium over 1975 and 1976 in anticipation of the Blue Jays expansion baseball team allowed for these massive crowds .
The Argos reached an all @-@ time low in 1981 when they finished 2 – 14 ; this despite having such talented players as quarterback Condredge Holloway , running back Cedric Minter , and receiver Terry Greer . The team began the year 0 – 10 and there was talk of a " perfect " losing season . The team had been inept so long by this point ( 29 seasons without a Grey Cup win ) that the notion of an " Argo Bounce " had become inverted ; now " it was the unluckiest bounce in the world , the one that usually arose from the Argos ' uncanny ability to lose critical games in the dying minutes by committing an improbable blunder . "
However , with the 1982 season came the hiring of Bob O 'Billovich as head coach and Mouse Davis as offensive co @-@ ordinator . Davis implemented the run and shoot offense , and the Argos enjoyed a turnaround , going 9 – 6 – 1 that year ; Condredge Holloway was the CFL 's most outstanding player . The team ultimately fell short in their quest for a Grey Cup , losing 32 – 16 to the mighty Edmonton Eskimos in the final in front of a disappointed crowd at Exhibition Stadium . The 1983 season finally brought the championship home . The Argos finished 12 – 4 and Terry Greer set a CFL record with 2 @,@ 003 receiving yards . Joe Barnes and Condredge Holloway were a potent duo at quarterback . The Double Blue returned to the Grey Cup , this time facing the BC Lions at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver . Despite the hostile crowd , Toronto defeated BC 18 – 17 to win their first Grey Cup since 1952 . The Argos were generally competitive for the remainder of the 1980s , thanks in large part to talented players such as Gill " The Thrill " Fenerty and Darrell K. Smith , but a return to the glory of 1983 proved elusive .
= = = 1989 – present = = =
The 1989 season saw the Argonauts move into the SkyDome , a multi @-@ purpose downtown stadium with a retractable roof . It marked the beginning of an eventful few years . In 1990 , one of the most beloved figures in Toronto sporting history emerged on the team : Michael " Pinball " Clemons set a CFL record for all purpose yards with 3 @,@ 300 in his first full year , a record he would break in 1997 with 3 @,@ 840 .
In 1991 Hollywood prestige arrived in the form of a new ownership trio . Bruce McNall , owner of the NHL 's Los Angeles Kings , bought the team . One of his players , hockey great Wayne Gretzky , became a minority owner , as did Canadian @-@ born comedian John Candy . The group stunned the league with the signing of Raghib " Rocket " Ismail for an unheard of $ 18 @.@ 2 million over four years . Ismail immediately impressed , particularly on kickoff returns , and was named player of the game in the 1991 Grey Cup , which the Argos won 36 – 21 over the Calgary Stampeders . Clemons and quarterback Matt Dunigan ( who played the final with a broken collarbone ) were the other critical pieces to the championship .
However , the Argos slumped to 6 – 12 only a year later , beginning a slide that only accelerated when Dunigan and Ismail left after the season . The 1992 season was the first of four consecutive losing seasons ; while they made the playoffs in 1994 , they were promptly eliminated by the Baltimore Stallions in the division semifinals . Trouble also struck off the field : McNall was convicted of conspiracy and fraud at the end of 1993 , while Candy died prematurely the next year . Attendance also began to slide in the mid @-@ 1990s , raising questions over the team 's viability that persist to this day . The per game average was just above 16 @,@ 000 in 1994 and 1995 , much less than half the team 's 1970s peak .
Championship material did eventually reemerge in 1996 . Doug Flutie , one of the greatest quarterbacks in CFL history , was signed for the season and surrounded with key personnel . The team included linebacker Mike O 'Shea , veteran wide receiver Paul Masotti , and running back Robert Drummond . Derrell " Mookie " Mitchell was added at receiver in 1997 . The Boatmen took the Grey Cup in both 1996 and 1997 . Flutie would set team records for single season passing yards with more than 5 @,@ 500 in each year and for touchdowns thrown with 47 in 1997 ( one less than his CFL record of 48 ) before crossing the border to join the Buffalo Bills the next year . Massoti retired in 1999 as the team 's all time pass reception yardage leader . Clemons ended his own successful career in 2000 before returning to coach until 2007 .
The years after their back @-@ to @-@ back championships saw a return to mediocrity for the Argos . Ticket sales remained flat , and there were changes in ownership . Gimmicks to attract fans were greeted with criticism . The Argos seemingly bottomed out in July 2003 when the CFL stripped control over the team from owner Sherwood Schwarz . The team had amassed debts of over $ 20 million , including $ 17 @.@ 4 owed to Schwarz himself .
New ownership under David Cynamon and Howard Sokolowski brought immediate dividends with another Grey Cup win in 2004 . Veteran Damon Allen led the team to a team to 27 – 19 victory over the B.C. Lions , with Jon Avery a critical running threat . Allen would continue with the team until 2007 , and retired with professional football 's all @-@ time leading passing yardage ( 72 @,@ 381 ) .
The Argonauts saw winning seasons from 2005 to 2007 before bottoming out the next two years . They finished 2009 with just three wins . Critical players over this half decade included receiver Arland Bruce III , defensive star Byron Parker , and all @-@ star punter Noel Prefontaine . The team generated some controversy in 2006 when they lured running back Ricky Williams from the NFL . Williams had repeatedly violated NFL drug policies and was under suspension for the year ; he played just one season with the Argos .
In 2010 the team again saw an ownership change , with construction magnate David Braley , who also owns the Lions , taking control . After breaking even in 2010 and going 6 – 12 in 2011 , the Argonauts again acquired a championship nucleus in 2012 . Ricky Ray was brilliant at quarterback while Chad Owens emerged as arguably the league 's best special teams player . Owens broke Michael Clemons CFL record for all purpose yards and won the CFL Most Outstanding Player award that year . The 2012 Grey Cup was played in Toronto and the team took their first championship victory in the city since 1952 , a 35 – 22 win over Calgary .
= = Championship summary = =
The Toronto Argonauts currently lead the Canadian Football League in total wins and in winning percentage in the Grey Cup . Early success in the final can partly be attributed to the weakness of western teams : between 1921 and 1952 the Argonauts won in nine straight appearances , including six straight against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . The team 's success is not merely an historical aberration , however : they have won six of their nine appearances since the formation of the CFL , including their last five straight .
For the entire Grey Cup era there has been some form of playoffs leading up to the Grey Cup game ; the 22 Argonauts teams who have won a spot in the final would , in modern terms , be called " Eastern Division Champions " . It is important to remember , however , that the route to the Grey Cup , participating teams , and playoff format have changed repeatedly over time .
As for the regular season , the CFL records 14 Argonauts teams at the top of the eastern divisional table since its formation in 1958 . Earlier data for the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union provides another 9 years from 1907 to 1957 in which the Argos were the best of the " Big Four , " for a total of 23 divisional wins . The only pre @-@ 1958 year in which the Argos won the IRFU but failed to make a Grey Cup appearance was 1922 , when they lost in semi @-@ final to Queen 's University .
Going back to an even earlier era , the Argonauts won the Ontario Rugby Football Union championship three times between 1883 and 1906 , including the league 's first two seasons , 1883 and 1884 . Their last victory as ORFU members came in 1901 . Given their losses in the Dominion Championship in 1884 and 1901 , the Argonauts would not earn the title " national champion " until their first Grey Cup win in 1914 .
= = Stadiums = =
The Toronto Argonauts ' first home was Rosedale Field at Mount Pleasant Road and MacLennan Avenue near the city centre . The team suggests its capacity was 10 @,@ 000 total with 4 @,@ 000 seated , though O 'Leary and Parrish list smaller numbers , noting that a $ 32 @,@ 000 renovation in 1883 allowed for a capacity of 2 @,@ 000 . The field has historic significance as the site of the first Grey Cup game in 1909 ; the CFL lists the game 's attendance as 3 @,@ 807 . The field still exists as part of Rosedale Park , although there are no grandstands .
Sources again differ on when the team permanently moved to Varsity Stadium on the grounds of the University of Toronto . The team gives dates of 1874 – 1897 and 1908 – 1915 at Rosedale , while other sources suggest the team had moved to Varsity by 1911 . Varsity would become indelibly linked with the Argonauts and the early years of Canadian football ; it was the home field of the great Argo dynasties of the 1930s and 1940s . For most of the Argos time at the stadium , its capacity was about 16 @,@ 000 , but this jumped above 20 @,@ 000 with a renovation in 1950 . Although it has not hosted a professional game since 1958 , it still holds the record for hosting the most Grey Cups with 30 .
Another home beckoned in 1959 with the renovation of the new Exhibition Stadium to accommodate Canadian football . Often remembered ruefully by Torontonians for its exposure to weather and poor sightlines , the stadium was nevertheless the site of the Argos ' greatest attendance in the late 1960s and 1970s . Particularly brutal conditions at the 70th Grey Cup in 1982 paved the way for the construction of a domed stadium in Toronto .
SkyDome ( Rogers Centre since 2004 ) has provided the Argonauts a marquee venue since 1989 , but also been criticized for its football sightlines and atmosphere . Even crowds of about 30 @,@ 000 can look sparse in a stadium that seats up to 50 @,@ 000 people . The domed environment does , at least , remove the elements and is an advantage to passers and comfortable for fans . Two critical opportunities to find a new home were missed in 2004 and 2005 : plans for a revamped Varsity Stadium to accommodate CFL @-@ sized crowds were thwarted by community opposition in 2004 , and the Argonauts withdrew from an alternate plan at York University the following year .
It was announced in 2013 that the Rogers Centre 's artificial turf would be replaced by natural grass within five years to better facilitate Toronto Blue Jays baseball . This will require the stadium 's movable stands to be permanently locked into position for baseball , making it impossible to host CFL games . The stadium issue generated significant press and raised concerns over the team 's long @-@ term viability given that the Argonauts losses have been estimated anywhere from $ 2 to $ 6 million annually . While various stadium rumours swirled over the course of David Braley 's tenure ( including building a new facility ) it became increasingly clear that a move to a renovated BMO Field was the only viable option .
The BMO Field move became finalized on May 20 , 2015 , concurrent with the announcement of the team 's sale to a consortium of MLSE shareholders Larry Tanenbaum and Bell Canada . The team will move following the completion of stadium renovations for the 2016 season . The $ 120 million renovation plan had originally been announced in March 2014 . The upgrades raise the stadium 's seating capacity from 21 @,@ 566 seats to 30 @,@ 000 for soccer , with 25 @,@ 000 seats in CFL configuration , and will be temporarily expandable with additional endzone seating to 40 @,@ 000 for big events such as a Grey Cup . The agreement requires MLSE to reach a " long @-@ term use ( i.e. 20 years ) " lease with the Argos for usage of the stadium . The inclusion of the CFL configuration had partly been at the insistence of the City of Toronto , which owns BMO Field , and had been planned in the original stadium agreement .
Following the demolition and reconstruction of the 5 @,@ 000 seat Varsity Stadium at the University of Toronto , the Argos returned to the stadium , hosting preseason games from 2013 to 2015 . The team also acquired a much @-@ needed training facility in July 2014 when it was announced that MLSE had partnered with the Argonauts to expand KIA Training Ground , Toronto FC 's new state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art academy and training facility .
= = Ownership and management = =
= = = Ownership history = = =
For more than eight decades , the Toronto Argonauts Football Club was the sole property of its namesake rowing club . By the 1950s , the team 's complex management structure made the arrangement increasingly awkward . Facing overdraft and with wealthy suitors knocking , the Argonaut rowers finally sold the team to a consortium led by John Bassett , Eric Cradock , and Charlie Burns in 1957 . Each held about 20 % share in the company , with the balance made up by small investors who had some affinity with the club ; the initial agreement called for a long @-@ term debenture of $ 400 @,@ 000 to be set up that would sustain the rowing club in the absence of its football income . Bassett was the operating head of the franchise and is often given sole credit for the initial purchase of the Argos , but Cradock was also instrumental in spearheading the drive . He would sell his share to Len Lumbers just two years into his tenure in part because of Bassett 's controlling nature . Bassett arranged a complete buyout of the other shareholders for $ 2 @.@ 31 million in 1971 through his holdings in Baton Broadcasting .
The Bassett years of the late @-@ 50s to early @-@ 70s were marked by mediocrity on the field but consistent success at the turnstiles . An issue that has become a perennial concern in the city also emerged at this time : the possibility of a National Football League team in Toronto . Various machinations were entertained by Bassett including moving the Argos to the NFL , bringing an American expansion team to the city ( e.g. the Toronto Northmen of the WFL ) , or expanding the CFL itself in the opposite direction . Other team owners steadfastly opposed Bassett 's moves and almost rescinded his franchise in 1974 ; angered , he sold the team for $ 3 @.@ 3 million to hotel magnate William R. Hodgson in the same year .
Hodgsen sold to Carling O 'Keefe in 1979 , who had been minority owners since 1976 . The brewing company 's total investment in the team was $ 5 @.@ 8 million . At the time it was rapidly ramping up its sports sponsorship ( it also owned the Quebec Nordiques before they moved from the World Hockey Association to the NHL ) and would become a huge benefactor to the CFL itself , inking television rights deals that would reach $ 11 million annually by 1984 . Reports at the time suggest the league became spoiled by the partnership and that when the money dried up in 1987 , the transition was difficult . For the Argos , the Carling O 'Keefe years were marked by their first modern @-@ era Grey Cup in 1983 .
The year 's following the Carling O 'Keefe era were marked by increasingly short ownership stints . Canadian businessman Harry Ornest bought the team off Carling O 'Keefe for $ 5 million at the end of 1988 and then sold to the trio of McNall ( 60 % ) , Candy ( 20 % ) , and Gretzky ( 20 % ) for the same amount in 1991 . Of the three , Candy is best remembered for his emotional investment in the team and a team player award continues in his honour . Given McNall 's indictment and Candy 's early death , the era was tumultuous and the last in which the club regularly made front page headlines . The now money @-@ losing team was sold to the Labatt Brewing Company through its TSN unit in 1994 for $ 4 @.@ 5 million . At the time , Labatt also owned the Toronto Blue Jays . In 1995 , Labatt was acquired by Interbrew ; The Interbrew years saw two championships but also the worst Argo attendance of the modern era . Interbrew soon lost interest in sports ownership and the team was sold again at the end of 1999 to New York businessman Sherwood Schwarz .
After the debacles of the Schwarz era and brief control of the team by the CFL ( see above ) the Argos were rescued by David Cynamon and Howard Sokolowski in 2004 . There was optimism surrounding the duo 's arrival and attendance figures improved in their six years heading the organization . It was also appreciated that the two were Torontonians after a quarter @-@ century of foreign and / or corporate ownership . But by 2010 losses were great enough that the team was again put on the block and eventually sold to David Braley . There was some controversy surrounding Braley 's takeover . He is simultaneously owner of the BC Lions , raising questions of competitive integrity . It was also revealed that Braley had bankrolled half of Cynamon and Sokolowski 's initial $ 2 million buy @-@ in of the Argos in 2004 , and covered half their subsequent losses , in exchange for half of the 2007 Grey Cup profits .
By 2014 Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment and its chairman and minority owner Larry Tanenbaum had emerged as serious suitors for the team . On May 20 , 2015 , it was announced that an agreement had been reached for Argonauts to be sold to Tanenbaum 's Kilmer Sports and Bell Canada , who both own a stake in MLSE with Rogers Communications . Financial details were not disclosed . Despite its shared stake in MLSE , Rogers was not interested in having an ownership share in the Argonauts because it does not have any media relationships with the CFL ( unlike Bell , whose TSN division holds the broadcast rights to the league ) . Argonauts Holdings Limited Partnership , a holding company which Bell and Kilmer each own 50 % of , formally acquired the franchise on December 31 , 2015 .
= = = Senior executives = = =
Below the ownership level , the two most senior positions within the Toronto Argonauts organization are its president and general manager . The GM role was titled as " managing director " from 1957 to 1971 , while the president role is now included in the title of CEO .
The longest serving executive in the organization is Lew Hayman , who had a five decade career beginning in the 1930s as coach and administrator . A Jewish @-@ American , Hayman served with both the Argos and Montreal Alouettes and has been called " the architect of Canadian football . " He was the team 's first president and managing director at the insistence of Eric Cradock in 1957 , and would continue in the former role until 1981 . Ralph Sazio took over from Hayman and is another hall of fame builder .
After relative stability at the senior executive level for three decades , there has been significant turnover in the positions since the 1990s . The team had eight general managers in eight years , for example , between 1996 and 2003 . The current GM is Jim Barker , who was appointed at the end of 2010 . Chris Rudge , former head of the Canadian Olympic Committee , took over as president and CEO from the beginning of 2012 to the end of 2015 , when Michael Copeland took over .
= = = Head coaches = = =
55 men have served as Toronto Argonauts head coach . The current coach , Scott Milanovich , was appointed in 2011 . He has succeeded in reviving a stalled offence and led the team to a Grey Cup victory in 2012 .
The longest total tenure at head coach belongs to Bob O 'Billovich , who led the team for eleven years over three stints in the 1980s and early 90s . Other notable coaching careers include those of Joe Wright , Sr. at the end of the nineteenth century , Ted Morris and Frank Clair in the post @-@ war years , Leo Cahill in the late 60s and early 70s , and Pinball Clemons after the turn of the millennium .
Since 1961 , the Canadian Football League has awarded the Annis Stukus Trophy annually to the league 's outstanding coach . ( Alongside his playing career , Stukus achieved fame as a coach , promoter , and newspaper columnist . ) Argonauts coaches have been honoured seven times : Cahill ( 1971 ) , O 'Billovich ( 1981 & 1987 ) , Adam Rita ( 1991 ) , Don Matthews ( 1997 ) , Jim Barker ( 2010 ) , and Milanovich ( 2012 ) .
= = Current team = =
= = = Roster = = =
During the season , active roster sizes in the CFL are 46 and game day rosters number 42 , at least 20 of whom must be Canadian in accordance with the league 's " national player " rule ( formerly called the " non @-@ import " rule prior to 2014 ) . Training camp rosters are allowed to swell to 68 .
The current team is led at quarterback by Ricky Ray , who had three statistically brilliant seasons between 2012 and 2014 , earning eastern Most Outstanding Player nominations in the latter two years . Injuries have begun to take a toll on the QB and he enters the 2015 recovering from shoulder surgery ; attention has shifted to backup Trevor Harris who has waited three years for a chance at starting opportunities .
The Argonauts receiving corps , which was decimated by injuries in 2014 , saw significant turnover in the off @-@ season including the loss of standout John Chiles to an opportunity with the Chicago Bears . Chad Owens and Canadian Andre Durie are set to return but the rest of the unit is a bevy of untested imports , many of whom do not have a pro pass reception on their record . One important offensive piece remains in place for the 2015 season with the resigning of running back Curtis Steele .
An off @-@ season move on defense saw the trade for defensive linebacker Shea Emry , who led the team in tackles in 2014 , for defensive end Ricky Foley ; Foley has had previous success with the Toronto squad . Another change on the defensive side was the promotion of Casey Creehan to Defensive Coordinator . The team has been troubled in recent years by turnover in their defensive personnel and coaches . Tristan Okpalaugo , the 2014 sack leader for the team , remained on the roster until the end of the 2015 CFL season .
= = = Front office and coaching = = =
= = Rivalries = =
With few teams , but a long history , it is inevitable that intense rivalries have developed in Canadian football . Far and away the greatest Toronto Argonauts rivalry has been with the Hamilton Tiger @-@ Cats and its precursor teams . Fittingly , the Argonauts first game was against a club from Hamilton , while the raucous Eastern Final of 2013 — featuring a Tiger @-@ Cat win over the Argos in front of 35 @,@ 000 at the Rogers Centre — proved the rivalry is alive and well . The two teams meet in Hamilton every year in the Labour Day Classic , a league wide tradition since the late 1940s in which the game 's greatest rivalries are showcased .
To the east , the Argonauts have also faced off against teams from Montreal and Ottawa since their earliest days . In recent years , the Montreal Alouettes have consistently fielded strong teams and often run up against the Argos in the playoffs ; the teams have faced off eleven times in the Eastern Final , with Montreal taking six .
In 2014 , The Argonauts reignited their historic rivalry with an Ottawa Football Team as the team came back as the Ottawa REDBLACKS ( Other rivalries with Ottawa consisted of rivalries with the Ottawa Renegades and the Ottawa Rough Riders ) . In 5 games against the current Ottawa franchise ; the Argos maintain a winning record of 4 @-@ 1 @-@ 0 . The Argonauts won their last meeting with the Redblacks by a final score of 38 @-@ 35 in front of a crowd of 15 @,@ 001 people at TD Place in Ottawa on October 6th , 2015 .
At the Grey Cup level , the Argonauts have faced an assortment of teams in recent decades rather than any one team regularly . The Edmonton Eskimos , for years a dominant team in the league , became a rival . The two teams ' five Grey Cup match @-@ ups include an epic 38 – 36 Toronto loss in 1987 and most recently , the Snow Bowl victory in 1996 led by the arm of Doug Flutie . In the pre @-@ CFL days , the Argos had a Grey Cup rivalry with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and a cross @-@ town rivalry with the University of Toronto in the first years of the Grey Cup championship , including the Argonauts ' first win in 1914 .
= = Notable personnel = =
The highest distinction the Toronto Argonauts can accord a player is to retire their number ; just four players have received the honour . Starting in 1996 , the team began another category of distinction with its list of " All @-@ Time Argos . " Twenty @-@ two players have been rewarded so far and a banner in their honour hangs at Rogers Centre .
Players and management personnel may be separately inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame . A total of 56 people who have been part of the team are in the Hall . The All @-@ Time Argos list does not extend back to before the Second War era while the Hall of Fame does . Thus , for instance , Lionel Conacher is in the Hall but not listed as an All @-@ Time Argo .
Finally , players may be honoured on an annual basis through the CFL awards . The most prestigious of these is the Most Outstanding Player Award , awarded since 1953 . Six Argonauts have been recipients : Chad Owens ( 2012 ) , Damon Allen ( 2005 ) , Doug Flutie ( 1996 & 1997 ) , Pinball Clemons ( 1990 ) , Conredge Holloway , and Bill Symons ( 1968 ) .
= = = All @-@ Time and Hall of Fame = = =
= = Mascot = =
Jason is the mascot for the Toronto Argonauts . In 2003 Jason replaced Scully as the team 's mascot .
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= Windows Push Notification Service =
Windows Push Notification Service ( commonly referred to as Windows Notification Service or WNS ) is a service developed by Microsoft for the Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Windows Mobile platforms . It allows for developers to send push data ( " toast " and " tile " updates ) to Windows and Windows Mobile applications which implement the feature . Designed as a successor to the Microsoft Push Notification Service , it was first supported on Windows 8 and subsequently on Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 upon its release .
= = Technical details = =
= = = Design and compatibility = = =
The Windows Push Notification Service ( WNS ) was designed as a successor to the Microsoft Push Notification Service ( MPNS ) , which was only supported natively on the Windows Phone 8 Operating System . Developers can still use the MPNS on apps that are installed on newer versions of Windows Mobile ( Windows Phone 8 or Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 ) , but only if the Windows application was already registered to use the MPNS and has been converted to a Microsoft Silverlight application and modified to re @-@ target the new platform .
In 2015 , Microsoft announced that the WNS would be expanded to utilize the Universal Windows Platform architecture , allowing for push data to be sent to Windows 10 , Windows 10 Mobile , XBOX , as well as other supported platforms using universal API calls and POST requests .
During the 2015 Build keynote , Microsoft announced a Universal Windows Platform bridge that would allow Android and iOS software to be ported to Windows 10 Mobile and published to the Windows Store . In August 2015 , A version of the Microsoft Android bridge toolset was reported to be leaked and available on the internet along with its documentation . The leaked toolset required developers to register and use the WNS to send notification data to ported applications , and would not allow for Google Cloud Messaging to be used instead . Microsoft later discontinued the Android bridge project in favor of continuing support for iOS application porting instead .
During the 2016 Build keynote , Microsoft announced an update to the WNS and the Windows 10 Operating System that will allow for Android and iOS devices to forward push notifications received to Windows 10 to be viewed and discarded .
= = = Architecture = = =
The architecture of the Windows Push Notification Service is similar to that of its predecessor , in that it consists of servers and interfaces that generate , maintain , store , and authenticate unique identifiers ( called Channel URI Identifiers ) for all devices that register to use the service . When a device enrolls to receive data and notification information using the WNS , it first sends a device registration request to WNS network . The WNS network acknowledges the request , and responds with the device 's unique Channel URI Identifier . Typically , the device will then send its identifier to a server owned by the developer so that it can be stored and used for sending notifications . When the app developer wishes to transmit a notification or other WNS data to the device , it will transmit a POST request to the WNS network . The network will acknowledge and authenticate the request . If the authentication succeeds , the data to be transmitted is enqueued and then sent to the device from the WNS network using the Channel URI Identifier .
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= Queen 's Park Oval =
The Queen 's Park Oval is a sports stadium in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . Privately owned by the Queen 's Park Cricket Club , it is currently the largest capacity cricket ground in the West Indies with seating for about 18 @,@ 000 .
It has hosted more Test matches than any other ground in the Caribbean , and also hosted a number of One @-@ Day International ( ODI ) matches , including many World Series Cricket games in 1979 and matches of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The Trinidad and Tobago cricket team play most of their home matches at the ground , and it is the home ground of the Caribbean Premier League team Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel .
Considered by many players , journalists and critics as one of the most picturesque cricket venues , the ground first hosted a Test match in February 1930 when England toured the Caribbean , though it had previously hosted many first class tours as early as the 1897 tour under Lord Hawke . The pavilion dates back to 1896 , though there were extensive renovations in the 1950s and in 2007 prior to the World Cup and following an earthquake . The " Concrete Stand " was renamed the " Learie Constantine Stand " in recognition of that former West Indies cricketer . The first ODI match at the ground was played in March 1983 , and the first Twenty20 International in 2009 .
As well as the main cricket stadium , the facility includes a gym , indoor and outdoor cricket practice nets , two squash courts and two outdoor tennis courts . The cricket field has also been used to host several domestic and international football matches , and several music events .
= = Cricketing history = =
= = = Early years = = =
The Queen 's Park Oval Cricket Club leased the Queen 's Park Oval in 1896 , moving there from its first home at the Queen 's Park Savannah , where it had existed since its founding in 1891 . The natural soil at the ground prevented turf wickets from being laid down , due to the damage caused by the mole crickets that inhabited it , so when the club moved to its new ground the groundsmen laid a pitch of clay with a wicket made of matting prepared on top . A popular venue due to its capacity ( 7 @,@ 000 when first constructed , the highest in the Caribbean ) the ground was very profitable for the owning cricket club . The first match recorded by Cricket Archive , CricInfo and Wisden took place on 29 January 1897 , between Lord Hawke 's touring party and a team put out by the Queen 's Park Oval Club . The match , which was a draw but saw the ground 's first century — 119 by Plum Warner — was not counted as first @-@ class . Only a few days later on February 1 the ground 's maiden first @-@ class fixture took place between Trinidad and the same Lord Hawke 's XI . The home team won by 137 runs . The two teams met at the Oval again on 5 February , when Trinidad were victorious once more . Arthur Priestley 's touring eleven then played a Queen 's Park XI on February 12 , with the game drawn .
During the first decades of the 20th century , the private Queen 's Park Oval was a very exclusive cricket ground and club . C. L. R. James records that " they were for the most part white and often wealthy " and that " a black man in the Queen 's Park was rare and usually anonymous . " The Queens Park club was " the big shot " of the local cricket on the island , and touring matches were the mainstay of cricket at the ground for the first few years . They also contributed to the growth of cricket on the island , for trial matches were held on weekends while a tour was in progress , and local talent was invited to play . In April 1899 , Trinidad played a Barbados @-@ based XI led by Arthur St. Hill , an early domestic West Indian fixture . By 1900 , Inter @-@ Colonial Tournament matches were taking place , with the final between Barbados and British Guiana taking place at the Queen 's Park Oval . These became more and more frequent in the first decade of the 20th century , along with more tour games against the invitational XIs of Richard Bennett and Lord Brackley . The ground hosted the finals of the 1906 and 1910 Inter @-@ Colonial Tournaments .
In 1911 and in 1913 the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) toured the West Indies , with four matches played in total between the MCC and Trinidad at the Queen 's Park Oval across both tours . Then , on 20 February 1913 , the MCC played a combined West Indies cricket team , who was playing one of its earliest matches as a representative eleven , and only its fourth against an MCC side . Harry Ince scored 167 in the West Indian first innings , Richard Ollivierre took a five @-@ wicket haul and Joseph Rogers took a six @-@ for as the MCC slid to a heavy defeat . The match was the first between the West Indies and the MCC to have taken place at the Queen 's Park Oval . Though cricket was largely interrupted by World War I , normal practice resumed with the ground hosting the Inter @-@ Colonial Tournament finals in 1921 , 1925 and 1929 .
= = = Test matches = = =
On 1 February 1930 , the Queen 's Park Oval hosted its first Test match . The second Test of the MCC 1929 – 30 tour of the West Indies saw England under Les Ames defeat the West Indies under Errol Hunte thanks largely to a century by the England captain and a double @-@ century by Patsy Hendren . The ground also hosted the Second Test of the 1935 tour , which started on 24 January . This time the West Indies recorded its first Test match victory at the ground , defeating Bob Wyatt 's England by 217 runs . Between the Tests , the ground had also hosted several of the first @-@ class matches of the tour , as well as continuing to host matches of the Inter @-@ Colonial Tournament , including the 1935 and 1937 finals .
The outbreak of World War II halted Test cricket at the ground after this 1935 tour , however domestic cricket continued . 1939 represented the last year of the Inter @-@ Colonial Tournament , and throughout the war years the Queen 's Park Oval hosted several first @-@ class games between Trinidad and either Barbados or British Guiana . International cricket would not return to the ground until 1947 when the MCC returned and played Trinidad twice at the ground in the lead up to the first post @-@ war Test at the Queen 's Park Oval on 11 February 1948 . England drew with the West Indies — under Clyde Walcott — despite centuries from both West Indian openers . In 1952 , the original pavilion was replaced with a two @-@ tier structure as part of an extensive renovation of the ground . In 1953 India toured the West Indies and played the First and Third Tests at the ground . On 17 May 1954 , the Oval then hosted England once more and the home team scored 681 / 8d , which remains the highest team score at the ground . Everton Weekes scored 206 of the runs , the second of two double centuries scored by him at the Oval , following a knock of 207 during the aforementioned tour by India . This was the final match played on the clay surface with matting laid on top . From then on greater effort was made to prepare turf wickets in an attempt to balance batting and bowling at the Oval . More advanced techniques were introduced and a new pitch laid in 1955 . Later that year the ground hosted the second Test of an Australian tour . Pakistan came in 1957 , followed by England two years later . On 28 January 1960 , during the latter tour , England faced the West Indies at the Oval . Batting in front of a 30 @,@ 000 @-@ strong home crowd on the third day , the West Indies fell from 22 for no loss to 98 / 8 . The crowd began to throw bottles onto the pitch , some ran on to the field , and general disorder spread until the game had to be halted . Wisden called the match one of " most dramatic Test matches for many years " and labelled the disorder " unfortunate " and " remarkable " , remarking that the situation " became so bad that a riot developed . " Officials of the ground and the West Indies team had to apologise to the MCC , as had the Governor of Trinidad , Eric Williams and Learie Constantine . The match resumed and England went on to victory , and took the series 1 : 0 . India returned to the West Indies 1961 and played two further Tests at the Oval .
The Beaumont Cup competition was held at the Queen 's Park Oval from 1958 onwards , and from 1964 the Regional Four Day Competition also began , with the ground hosting Trinidad home games for both competitions . Australia returned to the ground in 1965 for the Second and Fifth Tests of the tour . The latter saw a heavy West Indian defeat . However , across the series they were victorious 2 – 1 in what Wisden called the " series for the unofficial championship of the world . " The West Indian first @-@ class domestic tournament , now renamed the Shell Shield , continued at the ground in the winter of 1965 . England under Colin Cowdrey returned in January 1968 – and during this match at the Queen 's Park Oval a generous declaration by Gary Sobers allowed England to win and level the series — followed by India in 1971 . On this tour India were victorious , the first time they had ever been so against the West Indies in the Caribbean . The score of 220 made by Indian Sunil Gavaskar at the Queen 's Park Oval during the Test match there remains the highest score made by any player at the ground . Gavaskar would go on to make a total of five centuries at the ground , the most by any player . The bowling analysis of 9 / 95 by West Indian Jack Noreiga was also made during the same tour and remains the best bowling analysis at the Queen 's Park Oval . New Zealand returned that winter , followed by an Australian tour over the winter of 1972 – 73 .
= = = West Indian ascendency = = =
The West Indian 's had begun to experience difficulties in the final years of the 1960s . The Indian defeat had come on the back of defeats away to Australia and England . Though they played well against Australia on the 1972 – 73 tour , they lost 2 : 1 . In the Fourth Test in Guyana they fell to a 10 @-@ wicket defeat after being dismissed for 109 in their second innings . The utilisation of aggressive fast bowlers such as Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson had inspired West Indian captain to bring into his team men of similar virtues . In the 1976 Indian tour of the West Indies , the Queen 's Park Oval hosted the Second and Third Tests . The West Indians played Andy Roberts and Michael Holding in both games , though India played well enough to draw the first and win the second of these fixtures . Their victory in the second involved a record 406 @-@ run fourth innings to chase the West Indies total down .
Meanwhile , in domestic cricket , the Beaumont Cup had been renamed the Texaco Cup , and both it and the Shell Shield continued to feature at the Queen 's Park Oval . The first one @-@ day cricket matches had begun in the West Indies , and the Queen 's Park Oval hosted its inaugural Gillette Cup match between Trinidad and Tobago and the Windward Islands in February 1976 . Several of these games would be hosted at the ground each season .
Pakistan toured the West Indies in 1977 , by which time the hosts were becoming a major force in world cricket . For the next decade the team would win 40 and lose only six Tests . The Second and Fourth Tests of the 1977 Pakistan tour were both at the Queen 's Park Oval , and the West Indians comfortable took the former thanks to 8 / 29 by pacer Colin Croft , supported by Roberts and Joel Garner . Further success came in 1978 when two Tests against Australia at the ground both saw heavy West Indian victories . The First Test of the series saw Australia routed for 90 in their first innings by Garner , Croft and Roberts and a defeat to the hosts by an innings and 106 runs . A six @-@ wicket @-@ haul by Vanburn Holder in the Fourth Test of the series , also at the Queen 's Park Oval , ensured another West Indian victory . With World Series Cricket ( WSC ) commencing a West Indies tour in 1979 , the third " Supertest " was held at the Queen 's Park Oval . With centuries from Bruce Laird and Greg Chappell , the Australian WSC team secured victory .
In 1981 the Queen 's Park Oval hosted England and saw West Indian victory by an innings , followed by a draw against India in 1982 . The first One @-@ Day International at the ground took place between India and the West Indies in March 1983 , with the hosts taking a comfortable victory . Australia , New Zealand and England all visited the ground for Test and ODI games during 1985 and 1986 , faring poorly . The decade ended with tours by Pakistan and India , mixed with matches from the now entitled Red Stripe Cup , the new name for the West Indian domestic first @-@ class competition .
Following a return by Pakistan in 1992 , England toured the West Indies over the winter of 1993 – 94 . The teams met March 25 at the Queen 's Park Oval and England were reduced to 46 all @-@ out by Curtly Ambrose . It remains the lowest total made in a Test match at the ground , and with 66 wickets Ambrose remains the most successful bowler there .
= = = West Indian decline , 2007 World Cup = = =
By the late 1990s the West Indian team had begun to decline . It was defeated by Australia in a 1994 – 95 series , the Third Test of which was played at the Queen 's Park Oval , as were two of the ODI matches . The ground hosted two Tests of the 1997 – 98 tour by England , the second of which in February saw the West Indies defeated by England . The West Indian captain during the match , Brian Lara , went on to be the leading run scorer at the Queen 's Park Oval in ODI matches , as well as hold record for the highest score made there . The West Indies lost heavily again to Australia at the ground in 1999 , by a margin of 312 runs . This , the opening Test of the series , set the tone for a five @-@ nil whitewash of the host team by the visiting Australians . The retirement of Ambrose and Courtney Walsh in 2001 further hampered West Indian efforts , and they were defeated at the Queen 's Park Oval by South Africa in March , and India in August 2001 . They were likewise defeated in ODI matches at the ground by both sides . The West Indies dropped to eighth in the Test rankings , with another heavy loss at the Queen 's Park Oval against England in 2004 , amid complaints about the quality of the pitch from England players . The West Indies also suffered at the hands of South Africa during ODI matches played at the ground .
The West Indies were chosen as hosts for the 2007 Cricket World Cup , with the Queen 's Park Oval selected as one of the venues . Renovation work commenced immediately to prepare the ground for the matches . These , however , suffered drawbacks . Labour shortages hampered the efforts of the construction workers . Two new stands at the Queen 's Park Oval were constructed for the event . Initially the International Cricket Council expressed concerns that the ground would not be ready in time , with Development Director Don Lockerbie stating that " the ante had to be upped . " An earthquake in late February that measured 5 @.@ 1 on the Richter magnitude scale caused damaged to the fledgling stands . Work which had due to be completed by December 2006 dragged into the spring of the following year , with opening matches of the competition due to start in March . Nevertheless , the new pavilion was unveiled in time for the matches . The ground was celebrated as " the only venue in the West Indies , and one of four in the world to host more than 50 Test matches and 51 ODIs " during a ceremony to open the new stands . Once the tournament had gotten underway , several Group B matches were played at the Queen 's Park Oval between teams such as Bermuda , India , Bangladesh and Sri Lanka . These matches included a score of 413 / 5 by India against Bermuda on March 19 , which remains the highest total made in an ODI at the Queen 's Park Oval . None of the final stage games were played at the ground , with the Super Eight stages all being played at either the Providence Stadium or the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium .
= = = Post @-@ World Cup years = = =
= = = = Tests = = = =
Following the end of the World Cup , the Queen 's Park Oval has had a sporadic allotment of international cricket . Since 2007 there has been five ( 5 ) test matches the most recent of which was in June 2014 against New Zealand . Test matches were not allocated to the ground for 2010 , 2011 , 2013 and 2015 , which prompted a reaction from Trinidad and Tobago Cricket Association President Azim Bassarath , who stated that " we in T & T need to have Test matches here so that our young and developing players can get a taste of the best form of the game . " . In 2010 due to the arrest of Christopher " Dudus " Coke and subsequent social unrest and deteriorating security situation in Kingston , Jamaica the 1st South Africa / West Indies test match that was initially allotted to Sabina Park was relocated to Trinidad .
= = = = ODIs = = = =
In the years following the World Cup the Queen 's Park Oval has missed out on hosting ODIs in 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 . The ground last hosted ODIs in July 2013 when four ( 4 ) matches including the final of an ODI tri @-@ series that included Sri Lanka and India was played there . In that period of time the ground did host its first Twenty20 International , against England as a one @-@ off match . The hosts defeated England comfortably thanks largely to a score of 59 from 46 balls by Ramnaresh Sarwan , which leaves him to date the highest scorer and most prolific run @-@ maker at the ground in T20 Internationals . The ground hosted another Twenty20 International against Zimbabwe in February 2010 and against India in 2011 . No Twenty20 Internationals has been played since .
= = = = Domestic Cricket = = = =
The ground hosts domestic First Class , List A and T20 matches , of the Trinidad and Tobago Red Force National Team . With the advent of a new title sponsor for the West Indies domestic 50 over competition , Trinidad and Tobago was chosen as the venue for all matches for a three @-@ year period from 2014 to 2016 and the ground has hosted these matches .
The formation of the Caribbean Premier League has given the QPO a new tenant - The Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel and the ground has hosted Red Steel league matches in each of the three seasons as well as the semifinals and finals of the 2013 and 2015 editions of the CPL . For the 2016 CPL season the QPO will host home matches for the Trinbago Knight Riders who replaced the Red Steel in the tournament when the ownership changed .
= = Facilities and pitch = =
In preparation for the 2007 World Cup there were significant renovations that took place at the Oval with the provision of several new facilities and buildings , as well as upgrades to existing infrastructure . According to a CricInfo review of the new ground on the eve of the World Cup , it featured a " library and museum space on the ground floor , as well as a top class health , spa , gymnasium and restaurant facilities , and an entertainment centre with satellite TV and other comforts . " The ground has a crowd capacity of around 18 @,@ 000 and day / night cricket is supported by the presence of floodlights , hosted on 6 towers around the ground .
The structures at the Oval include the " Learie Constantine Stand " , known in particular for its jovial crowds , the Trini Posse Stand which is located perpendicular to the pitch , the Carib / KFC / RBC Stand , the Brian Lara Pavilion , the latter named for the West Indian batsman , the CL Duprey / Republic Bank stand , the Scotia Bank / BG Stand , the Jeffrey Stollmeyer Stand and the Gerry Gomez Media Centre , the last two of which has been named for former cricketers . There was a structure called the Dos Santos Stand which was demolished in 2012 due to health and safety considerations with it suffering structural decay and weakening steel . No replacement has been constructed , significantly reducing the existing capacity of the stadium .
The pitch has two ends , the Pavilion End and Media Centre End . The Media Centre End was renamed in 2011 to the Willie Rodriguez End in honour of the former Queen 's Park and Trinidad and Tobago player . Naatural turf was used in the early years however Mole crickets caused too much damage on the original pitch which was laid directly onto the natural soil , so soon after the ground was purchased a pitch of clay was laid over a wicket made of coir matting . A 1932 study into cricket pitches ruled that clay pitches lacking in calcium carbonate were ideal for cricket play . However , the Queen 's Park Oval clay surface was disproportionately suited to batting . A score of 681 / 8d in 1954 , and double @-@ centuries by Everton Weekes in consecutive series during that same year , prompted the laying of a turf wicket in 1955 in an attempt to balance batting and bowling . Five 20 @-@ metre @-@ wide and 26 @-@ metre @-@ long pitches were dug , each with a depth of one meter .
The work was supported by a second study in 1962 , made in Australia , which argued that such turf wickets were more likely to lead to balanced cricket games . Between the Oval 's inaugural Test and January 1954 , the overall batting average at the ground was 37 @.@ 03 , and it dropped to 28 @.@ 07 between the installation of the new pitch and the year 2000 . Even the new pitch was , however , according to a 1982 report , " well known of its peculiar playing characteristics . " It crumbled during matches , giving more help to spin bowlers . Australian Test bowler Ashley Mallett believed that the new pitch was certainly more helpful to spin bowling , while England captain Nasser Hussain was negative about batting on the pitch during the 2004 England tour in his biography Playing With Fire . In 2012 the pitch was described by the media during the Australian tour as " slightly damp , tacky appearance " after rain , and then " tinder @-@ dry . "
= = Records = =
= = = Test matches = = =
= = = = Batting = = = =
Highest total : 681 / 8d by the West Indies against England , 17 May 1954 .
Lowest total : 46 all out by England against the West Indies , 25 March 1994 .
Most runs : 1 @,@ 212 by West Indian Rohan Kanhai .
Highest score : 220 by Indian Sunil Gavaskar , 13 April 1971 .
Most centuries : 5 , by Indian Sunil Gavaskar .
= = = = Bowling = = = =
Most wickets : 66 by West Indian Curtly Ambrose .
Best bowling figures ( innings ) : 9 / 95 , by West Indian Jack Noreiga .
Best bowling figures ( match ) : 13 / 132 , by South African Makhaya Ntini .
= = = One @-@ Day Internationals = = =
= = = = Batting = = = =
Highest total : 413 / 5 by India against Bermuda , 19 March 2007 .
Lowest total : 75 by Canada against Zimbabwe , 16 May 2006 .
Most runs : 1 @,@ 276 by West Indian Brian Lara .
Highest score : 146 * by West Indian Brian Lara .
Most centuries : 2 , by West Indian Desmond Haynes .
= = = = Bowling = = = =
Most wickets : 24 by West Indian Curtly Ambrose .
Best bowling figures ( innings ) : 6 / 25 by New Zealander Scott Styris .
= = = Twenty20 Internationals = = =
= = = = Batting = = = =
Highest total : 159 / 6 by India against the West Indies , 4 June 2011 .
Lowest total : 79 / 7 by the West Indies against Zimbabwe , 28 February 2010 .
Most runs : 59 by West Indian Ramnaresh Sarwan on 15 March 2009 .
Highest score : 59 by West Indian Ramnaresh Sarwan on 15 March 2009 .
= = = = Bowling = = = =
Most wickets : 10 by West Indian Darren Sammy .
Best bowling figures ( innings ) : 5 / 26 by West Indian Darren Sammy .
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= Final Resolution ( January 2008 ) =
Final Resolution ( January 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion , which took place on January 6 , 2008 at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the fourth event under the Final Resolution chronology ; the first of two Final Resolution events held in 2008 and the last event held in January . It was the first event in the 2008 TNA PPV schedule . Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's card , three of which involved championships .
The main event was for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship between then @-@ champion Kurt Angle and the challenger Christian Cage . Angle ended up winning the bout , thus retaining the championship . A.J. Styles and Tomko defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Kevin Nash and Samoa Joe on the card . Styles and Tomko retained the tag team championship in the encounter . The team of Johnny Devine and Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) fought the team of Jay Lethal and The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) in a Six Man Tag Team Ultimate X match . Devine and Team 3D were the victors in the contest . The TNA Women 's Knockout Championship defense by Gail Kim against Awesome Kong in a No Disqualification match was another highly promoted match for the event . Kim won the bout , successfully retaining the title .
Mark Xamin of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the event a six out of ten , the same rating given to the second Final Resolution event held in December , but lower than the seven and a half out of ten given to the 2007 event 's ranking by Chris Sokol .
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
Final Resolution was announced in mid @-@ October 2007 to be taking place on January 6 , 2008 . The location for the gathering was not specified . In late @-@ November 2007 the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida was revealed as the location for the spectacle . TNA created a section regarding their event on their website to help promote the event . TNA released a poster featuring Kurt Angle , Christian Cage , A.J. Styles , and Tomko sometime prior to help promote the event . TNA moved Final Resolution to December later in the year and held a second event for unknown reasons .
= = = Storylines = = =
Final Resolution featured eight professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches .
The main storyline heading into Final Resolution revolved around the group The Angle Alliance . On November 11 , 2007 at TNA 's Genesis PPV event partners in Christian 's Coalition , A.J. Styles and Tomko , aided Kurt Angle in retaining the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in the main event without Coalition leader Christian Cage 's consent . Afterwards on the November 15 , 2007 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! , Styles and Tomko joined Angle in creating The Angle Alliance , while remaining tied to Cage . Styles followed by trying to join the two fractions together leading up to the December 6 , 2007 episode of Impact ! , where Cage became leader of a joint alliance , until Angle and Robert Roode attacked Cage later in the episode . On the December 20 , 2007 episode of Impact ! , Angle versus Cage for the title was promoted for Final Resolution .
Due to this storyline , the TNA World Tag Team Championship defense by A.J. Styles and Tomko against Samoa Joe and Kevin Nash was added to the event . The match was originally promoted to have been Scott Hall and Nash challenging for the titles , however this was changed due to unknown reasons on the January 3 , 2008 episode of Impact ! by Management Director Jim Cornette . A narrative tied to this match involved Joe becoming angry with his position in the company and requesting more money and title opportunities due to Hall 's no @-@ showing of TNA 's Turning Point event on December 2 , 2007 and events that transpired as a result .
Robert Roode and Ms. Brooks facing Booker T and Sharmell in a Mixed Tag Team match was also promoted for the event . On the December 13 episode of Impact ! , Sharmell came to Roode 's manager Ms. Brooks ' defense as she was being belittted by Roode for losing a match . This followed with weekly segments involving Sharmell , Brooks , and Roode on Impact ! , leading to an encounter between Roode and Booker T on the December 27 episode of Impact ! . However , before the encounter it was changed to a tag team match pitting Booker T and Christian Cage against Kurt Angle and Robert Roode for later in the episode , which the latter lost . On the January 3 episode of Impact ! , the match was promoted by TNA to take place at Final Resolution .
A Six Man Tag Team Ultimate X match pitting the teams of Johnny Devine and Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) against Jay Lethal and The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) ( MCMG ) was another featured match on the card . This match was the result of Team 3D 's feud with the TNA X Division . In October 2007 , Team 3D began a storyline in which they were trying to eliminate the X Division . MCMG became their rivals in the thread with MCMG defeating Team 3D at Genesis . TNA X Division Champion Lethal later joined MCMG in the fight ; around the same time , Devine turned on the division and joined Team 3D . The teams then fought in a Six Man Tag Team Tables match at Turning Point , which Devine and Team 3D won . The two teams fought again on the December 6 , 2007 episode of Impact ! in a Six Man Tag Team Ladder match , which Devine and Team 3D won . On the December 20 , 2007 episode of Impact ! , Lethal and MCMG defeated Devine and Team 3D in a Double North Pole match to determine the stipulation to their match at Final Resolution ; choosing an Ultimate X match over a Plate glass Tables match . On the January 3 , 2008 episode of Impact ! , Team 3D attacked and injured MCMG in the storyline by beating their hands with kendo sticks .
The TNA Women 's Knockout Championship was defended by Gail Kim against Awesome Kong in a No Disqualification match at Final Resolution . Kim first defended the title against Kong at Turning Point , which ended in a disqualification after Kong attacked the referee . On the December 6 , 2007 episode of Impact ! , Kong attacked Kim after Kim lost a bout to ODB , which led to a brawl that was broken up by security . The two had another brawl on the December 20 , 2007 episode of Impact ! . On the December 27 , 2007 episode of Impact ! , the match was announced to be taking place at Final Resolution .
= = Event = =
= = = On @-@ air employees = = =
The event featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Earl Hebner , Rudy Charles , and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters . Besides employees appearing in a wrestling role , Christy Hemme , Shelly Martinez , Angelina Love , Velvet Sky , Karen Angle , and Father James Mitchell all appeared on camera , either in backstage or ringside segments . Crystal Louthan and Borash were used as interviewers during the event . A series of backstage segments featured on the show had James Storm and Eric Young , with Jackie Moore , Borash , and Crystal as observers , competing in a beer drinking contest in which the winner would determine their match at the Against All Odds PPV event on February 10 , 2008 . The first was a " never have I ever " round , which Storm won . The second round was contested with both participants having beer bottles taped to their hands and not being allowed to go to the bathroom . Young won after Storm wet himself , which was confirmed by Moore . The third round involved the two taking shots , which was won by Storm after Young passed out due to Storm drugging him . With Storm winning two contests to one , he earned the ability to determine their match at Against All Odds .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first match of the event was between The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) and The Rock ' n Rave Infection ( Jimmy Rave and Lance Hoyt ) , who were accompanied by Christy Hemme . The match lasted six minutes and forty @-@ eight seconds before Hernandez performed his signature Border Toss maneuver from the top of a padded turnbuckle on Rave to gain the pinfall . After the contest , Shelly Martinez made her debut attacking Hemme and aligning herself with LAX .
A bout between Kaz and Black Reign was next on the card . The duration of the contest was seven minutes and twenty @-@ eight seconds . Kaz won after countering a Reverse DDT by Black Reign , into a reverse DDT of his own to force the back of Black Reign 's head into the mat for the pinfall . Afterwards , Kaz stole Black Reign 's rat Misty .
Gail Kim defended the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship against Awesome Kong in a No Disqualification match . It began with the two fighting throughout the crowd , before entering the ring . There , Kong performed her signature Awesome Bomb maneuver on the referee and followed by hitting him with a steel chair . Kim took the steel chair from Kong , bashed her over the back and head with it , before getting a near @-@ fall which was counted by a replacement referee . Kong then proceeded to try an Awesome Bomb on the second referee , but was stopped by Kim as she attempted a roll @-@ up pin which led to the three count and the retaining of the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship at twelve minutes and forty @-@ four seconds . Following the contest , Kong and Kim fought at ringside before it was broken up by security .
The fourth match pitted Judas Mesias , who was accompanied by Father James Mitchell , against Abyss . Abyss attempted to use a steel chair wrapped in barbed wire during the bout , but was stopped and it was taken away by the referee . Near the end , Abyss performed his signature Black Hole Slam maneuver on Mesias , however Mitchell distracted the referee from counting the pinfall . This allowed Mesias to spray red mist in Abyss ' face and then follow by slamming Abyss face @-@ first into the steel chair wrapped in barb @-@ wire with his signature Straight to Hell maneuver at eleven minutes and three seconds .
= = = Main event matches = = =
Booker T and Sharmell fought Robert Roode and Ms. Brooks in a Mixed Tag Team match . The encounter lasted ten minutes and forty @-@ seven seconds . Sharmell ended up getting the pinfall on Brooks with a roll up pin . After the contest , Roode blamed Brooks for the lost , which resulted in Brooks slapping Roode and Roode grabbing her by the hair . Sharmell then came to Brooks ' defense , causing Roode to accidentally smack her in the face , knocking her out in storyline .
TNA held a Six Man Tag Team Ultimate X match pitting the team of Johnny Devine and Team 3D against the team of Jay Lethal and The Motor City Machine Guns . In an Ultimate X match , ropes are hung above the ring in a manner to form an " X " , in which the objective is to climb the ropes and retrieve an object at the center of the " X " . During the bout , Sabin and Shelley consistently could not climb the ropes due to the attack by Team 3D on the January 3 , 2008 episode of Impact ! . Due to their size , Ray nor Devon were able to climb the ropes , this led to Ray allowing Devon to stand on his shoulders in an attempt to do so . They were stopped by Lethal before winning the contest . Later , Ray grabbed a ladder which Devon set up in the ring under the TNA X Division Championship . After an attempt by MCMG and Lethal to stop them , Devine climbed the ladder and removed the X Division Championship belt . Afterwards , Ray disposed of the ladder before the referee saw , giving the win to Team 3D and Devine at twelve minutes and two seconds .
The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by the team of A.J. Styles and Tomko against the team of Kevin Nash and Samoa Joe in the seventh encounter , lasting twelve minutes and ten seconds . Near the end , Joe went to tag in Nash , who instead pulled his hand back , flipped Joe off , and left the ring . With Joe having to defend for himself , he fought off both Styles and Tomko before performing his signature Muscle Buster maneuver on Styles , gainning a near @-@ fall that was broken up by Tomko . Tomko and Styles then performed their signature tag team Tornado – Plex maneuver forcing Joe into the mat to retain the TNA World Tag Team Championship .
The main event was for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Kurt Angle , who was accompanied by Karen Angle , fought Christian Cage . The duration of the match was eighteen minutes and forty @-@ five seconds . Near the end , Angle performed his signature Angle Slam maneuver , resulting in a near @-@ fall . Cage then performed his signature Unprettier maneuver , also resulting in a near @-@ fall . Angle attempted his ankle lock submission maneuver which was countered by Cage into one of his own . Angle soon submitted to the hold , however the referee was distracted by the Karen . A.J. Styles ran down to the ring and pulled Karen away from the ring . Styles then hugged Cage , before springboarding off the top rope and bashing Cage in the back of the head with his forearm , effectively siding with The Angle Alliance . Angle then performed the Angle Slam to gain the victory and retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship .
= = Reception = =
A total of nine hundred people attended the event . Canadian Online Explorer writer Mark Xamin rated the entire event a six out of ten , which was lower than the seven and a half out of ten given to the 2007 Final Resolution event by Chris Sokol , but equal with the second Final Resolution held in December 2008 given by Bryan and Chris Sokol . Final Resolution 's rating was lower than TNA 's previous event Turning Point , which was given a six and half out of ten . It was also lower than the seven and half given to TNA 's next event Against All Odds . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's Royal Rumble PPV event held on January 27 , Final Resolution was rated lower as Royal Rumble was given an eight out of ten by Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk . In Xamin 's review two matches were rated an eight out of ten , his overall highest rating given in the review . The first was the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship defense by Gail Kim against Awesome Kong in a No Disqualification match . Xamin felt it was an " absolutely fantastic match " and that they showed " the world how good women 's wrestling can be . " The second match given this score was the main event between Kurt Angle and Christian Cage for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . Xamin felt it was a " very solid match " and that they put on a " wrestling clinic . " The TNA World Tag Team Championship match and the Six Man Tag Team Ultimate X match were both rated six out of ten . Xamin stated that in the Tag Team Championship match " Nash looked his age " despite the efforts of Joe and Styles doing " their best to carry the match " ; although he felt it was still an " entertaining segment . " Xamin also thought that due to Team 3D 's creativity in the Ultimate X match they " stole the show in a match they had no business being in . " Regrading the overall event , Xamin wrote that " Final Resolution was more about advancing storylines and entertainment value than it was about watching good wrestling . " He also believed that Final Resolution had two " stand @-@ out matches ( Gail Kim vs Awesome Kong and Angle vs Christian Cage ) " despite the rest of the card being " lacklustre [ sic ] at best . "
Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch rated the main event and the Women 's Knockout Championship match three and a three @-@ quarter stars out of five . Keller gave the Tag Team Championship match a two and three @-@ quarter stars out of five , while the Ultimate X match was given three stars out of five . The first two encounters of the event were both given one and a one @-@ quarter stars out of five , the lowest ratings . When commenting on the main event Keller said the " first half wasn 't stellar " , but that the " second half was very good , " although the " finish took away " from the match . Keller believed the Women 's Knockout Championship encounter was an " excellent women 's match . " Speaking on the Tag Team Championship match , Keller said it was " good action , " while the Ultimate X match as being " a fun match . " Phil Allely , a journalist for United Kingdom newspaper The Sun , stated in his review of Final Resolution that he thought Kurt and Karen Angle " stole the show with their unique combination of in @-@ ring talent and out of ring seduction . " He also felt that Final Resolution " was a night of good grappling all round . " He also felt that the Women 's Knockout Championship match was a " hard @-@ hitting women 's title match . " The event was released on DVD on March 11 , 2008 by TNA Home Video .
= = Aftermath = =
There were technical difficulties in viewing the show for Cable providers supported by Shaw Pay @-@ Per @-@ View and Shaw Video On Demand .
After Final Resolution with Kurt Angle retaining the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , TNA had to determine who he would face at TNA 's Against All Odds PPV event on February 10 , 2008 . On the January 17 , 2008 episode of Impact ! , Samoa Joe , Christian Cage , and A.J. Styles fought in a Three Way match to determine the number one contender . Stipulations for the match were that the winner would get a TNA World Heavyweight Championship match against Angle at Against All Odds , however if Styles won he could choose instead of the title match to allow Angle to not have to defend his title for two months . Cage ended up winning the contest , setting up Angle versus Cage at Against All Odds . On the January 24 , 2008 episode of Impact ! , Management Director Jim Cornette announced that Joe would be the Special Outside Enforcer at Against All Odds due him being controversially disqualified during the match . Angle defeated Cage at Against All Odds after interference from Tomko .
A.J. Styles and Tomko went on to Against All Odds to defend the TNA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Bob Armstrong and B.G. James . This match was announced on the January 24 , 2008 episode of Impact ! when the team announced they were using James ' Feast or Fired World Tag Team Title shot . Styles and Tomko retained the title at Against All Odds .
On the January 10 , 2008 episode of Impact ! , Johnny Devine and Team 3D challenged Jay Lethal and MCMG to a Street Fight at Against All Odds , with the stipulation that if Team 3D won the X Division would disband , but if Lethal and MCMG won they would regain possession of the TNA X Division Championship and the X Division would continue to exist . On the January 17 , 2008 episode of Impact ! , Lethal and MCMG accepted the agreement but only after including that Team 3D would have to weigh less than 275 pounds in order to compete in their matches in TNA . At Against All Odds , Lethal and MCMG defeated Devine and Team 3D to save the X Division from disbandment .
Robert Roode and Booker T went on to fight at Against All Odds , which ended in a double count @-@ out . At TNA 's Destination X PPV event on March 9 , 2008 , Roode defeated Booker T in a Stand By Your Man Strap match . Sharmell returned after this encounter , resulting in an Intergender Tag Team Six Sides of Steel Cage match at TNA 's Lockdown PPV event on April 13 , 2008 pitting Roode and his new manager Payton Banks against Booker T and Sharmell , which the later team won .
Gail Kim defended the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship against Kong once again on the January 10 , 2008 episode of Impact ! . Kong defeated Kim in the encounter , thus winning the championship .
Judas Mesias and Abyss continued their feud heading into Against All Odds . There , Abyss fought Mesias in the second @-@ ever Barbed Wire Massacre . Abyss won the contest , ending the feud .
= = Results = =
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= No. 80 Wing RAAF =
No. 80 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing of World War II . The unit was formed on 15 May 1944 and eventually comprised three squadrons equipped with Spitfire fighter aircraft . The wing 's headquarters was absorbed into the newly formed No. 11 Group on 30 July 1945 .
The wing was established to provide fighter protection for an Allied offensive from Darwin in northern Australia into the eastern Netherlands East Indies ( NEI ) . This operation was effectively cancelled in June 1944 , however , leaving No. 80 Wing without a clear mission . The unit remained at Darwin until it moved to Morotai in the NEI between December 1944 and March 1945 . Due to the small number of Japanese aircraft remaining in this area the Wing 's aircraft were mainly used in the ground attack role . From May 1945 to the end of the war two of No. 80 Wing 's squadrons participated in the Borneo Campaign .
= = History = =
= = = Darwin = = =
In early 1944 General George Kenney , the commander of the Allied air forces in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , adopted a goal of landing forces at Selaru Island in the eastern NEI and establishing a bomber base there . Accordingly , in early March , Air Vice Marshal William Bostock , who led RAAF Command , presented Kenney with a proposal for the RAAF to contribute two fighter wings and several ancillary units to this operation , which at the time was scheduled for 15 June . One of these wings would be equipped with P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks and the other with Spitfires . In March Group Captain Clive Caldwell , the RAAF 's highest @-@ scoring flying ace of the war , reluctantly accepted command of the projected Spitfire wing after his request for a transfer to Europe was rejected by Chief of the Air Staff Air Vice Marshal George Jones . In a meeting between Jones and Caldwell , Jones stated that the wing would have the highest priority for supplies and equipment .
No. 80 Wing was formed at Darwin , Northern Territory on 15 May 1944 . It initially comprised No. 452 and No. 457 Squadrons , which were transferred from No. 1 Wing . Both of these squadrons had seen extensive combat over Europe and northern Australia and were based at Sattler Airfield near Darwin . The squadrons were equipped with Spitfire Vc aircraft at the time of the wing 's establishment , but received superior Mark VIII Spitfires between June and August .
General Douglas MacArthur , the commander of Allied forces in the SWPA , decided on 6 June to postpone the Selaru operation until after Allied forces landed in the Philippines . This was not communicated to No. 80 Wing , however , and Caldwell continued to develop plans for its involvement in the Selaru operation until late August . The effective cancellation of the operation left No. 80 Wing without a clear mission , and its pilots were left with nothing to do other than train . In September Air Commodore Alan Charlesworth , the commander of North @-@ Western Area , reported to Bostock that the wing 's morale could drop if it was not either given an active role or transferred to southern Australia . During the same period No. 80 Wing 's pilots observed that No. 1 Wing 's Spitfires were making occasional strafing attacks on Japanese positions in the NEI and sought approval to conduct similar operations . Caldwell did not agree to this , however , as be believed that the risks associated with flying Spitfires to the edge of their range to attack unimportant targets outweighed any benefits to morale .
= = = Morotai = = =
In mid @-@ September Bostock gained the agreement of Kenney 's headquarters to deploy No. 80 Wing to the recently captured island of Morotai in the NEI as part of a redeployment of RAAF units in the SWPA . While this raised morale within No. 80 Wing , it had only a short time to prepare to move overseas . On 8 November Caldwell received orders to begin the movement to Morotai as soon as possible , and he visited the island late that month . During this visit he observed that it was likely that supply shortages would impede the wing 's operations . No. 80 Wing 's headquarters left Darwin on 9 December and No. 452 Squadron departed on 15 December . During the squadron 's trip to Morotai three Spitfires were destroyed or damaged as a result of landing accidents at Merauke , New Guinea on 15 December . As expected , living facilities at Morotai were initially very basic , and Caldwell traded liquor for the services of US engineer units to improve the wing 's camp site .
The wing began flying night defence patrols shortly after No. 452 Squadron arrived at Morotai . At the time Morotai was a major Allied base and had been attacked by Japanese aircraft on multiple occasions . During the night of 24 December a Spitfire shot down a Japanese bomber over the island . This proved to be one of the last Japanese raids on Morotai , however , and no further interceptions were made . The lack of aerial opposition meant that No. 80 Wing 's aircraft were increasingly used to strafe Japanese positions near Morotai . During January 1945 the wing flew 84 ground attack sorties , losing three Spitfires in the process . The lack of opportunities for aerial combat disappointed No. 80 Wing 's pilots and contributed to a decline in their morale .
No. 80 Wing completed its move to Morotai in March . No. 457 Squadron 's Spitfires left Darwin on 6 February and arrived on the island two days later . Later that month No. 79 Squadron joined the wing at Morotai . This squadron had previously operated Spitfires in New Guinea and nearby islands before withdrawing to Darwin in January 1945 to receive Mark VIII Spitfires . The final ship carrying No. 80 Wing personnel and equipment from Darwin arrived at Morotai in early March . Wing Commander Bobby Gibbes , who had been appointed No. 80 Wing 's wing leader in October 1944 , assumed temporary command of the unit for several days in late March while Caldwell made a trip to Manila . On 31 March Wing Commander Glen Cooper assumed command from Caldwell , who had reached the end of his appointment and was disillusioned with how No. 80 Wing had been used .
Dissatisfaction with the tasks being undertaken by the First Tactical Air Force ( 1TAF ) , of which No. 80 Wing was part , led to the " Morotai Mutiny " in April 1945 . On 19 April , Caldwell , Gibbes and six other senior 1TAF officers attempted to resign in protest against what they believed was the misuse of fighter aircraft in ground attack operations against isolated Japanese positions . While no action was taken against these officers , Caldwell and Gibbes were later court martialled for selling liquor .
From May No. 80 Wing units participated in the Australian @-@ led Borneo Campaign . No. 457 Squadron was attached to No. 81 Wing and deployed to Labuan on 18 June as part of the Operation Oboe Six landings in the Brunei Bay region . The squadron provided air defence and flew close air support sorties alongside No. 76 Squadron , and shot down a Japanese aircraft on 20 June . In April No. 452 Squadron was attached to No. 78 Wing and took part in the landing at Tarakan in May . Delays in repairing Tarakan 's airfield meant that it did not see any combat until 30 June , however . The squadron subsequently supported the landing at Balikpapan in July , and one of its Spitfires shot down a Japanese aircraft in the early hours of 24 July . During this period No. 79 Squadron remained at Morotai and continued to fly ground attack sorties against Japanese positions on the nearby island of Halmahera . On 30 July 1945 No. 80 Wing Headquarters was absorbed into the newly formed No. 11 Group . While it was intended that the wing 's three flying squadrons would come under the command of this group , in the event it only took operational control of No. 79 Squadron before the war ended .
A memorial plaque for No. 80 Wing was unveiled at the Australian War Memorial on 29 November 2013 .
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= Skipper W =
Skipper W ( 1945 – 1963 ) was an American Quarter Horse and a famous breeding stallion . Despite not being shown in many horse shows , he went on to become the senior stallion of his breeder 's reproductive program . Although he sired only 132 offspring , the products of his breeder 's program are still often known as " Skipper W " horses . He will be inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2011 .
= = Early life = =
Skipper W was a 1945 sorrel stallion bred by H. J. Wiescamp of Alamosa , Colorado . Sired by Nick Shoemaker , whose father was Nick sired by Shiek P @-@ 11 , Skipper W was out of Hired Girl , a daughter of Cowboy P @-@ 12 . His second dam , or maternal grandmother , was Leche , who was also fathered by Nick by Shiek P @-@ 11 . The colt was named Skipper W because , as Wiescamp related :
I had another good stud colt born around the same time as Skipper . He was a palomino sired by Gold Mount and out of Slipalong Wiescamp . That was also the year that the good movie , Showboat , came out and I named the little yellow colt after that picture . Anyway , I had Hired Girl up in a corral and , after she foaled , I told a fellow who was working for me to disinfect the naval on the colt [ Skipper W ] . After the man did that , the colt got up and turned around and kicked him ' cause it smarted . I said to that fellow , " Look at that , he already knows he 's the boss ! I 've got a showboat , and every boat needs a skipper , so that 's what I 'm going to name him – Skipper . " I added the W for Wiescamp .
Before Skipper W was born , Wiescamp had attempted to sell Hired Girl while she was pregnant with the colt , but at $ 150 ( approximately $ 2 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) , did not get any buyers . While the colt was a weanling , Wiescamp priced him at $ 500 ( approximately $ 6 @,@ 600 in 2016 ) , and the one potential purchaser decided it was too high a price for a colt the buyer planned to make into a gelding . When Skipper W was a yearling , another possible buyer , who was wanting a potential breeding stallion , looked at the colt , but when they found out that Wiescamp wanted $ 1500 ( approximately $ 18 @,@ 200 in 2016 ) for the horse decided against purchasing . Instead , Skipper W never sold and spent his entire life with Wiescamp .
Wiescamp had Skipper W trained as a riding horse when he was a two @-@ year @-@ old , and the ranch hand who did the training said after a couple of days of working him in a small corral , he " just got on him . And the first time I got on him , I just turned this colt around , clucked to him , and just kind of spanked him with the rein a little bit . And the colt took to it and just walked off . That 's the way he was . The colt never hopped up , he never done nothing . " The same ranch hand later used Skipper W as a roping horse , and said that the horse really liked to do ranch work . At the age of three years , Skipper W was about 15 hands high ( 60 inches ( 150 centimeters ) and weighed about 1 @,@ 250 pounds ( 570 kilograms ) .
Wiescamp showed Skipper W as a halter horse three times when the stallion was four years old . Skipper W was named grand champion stallion at the three shows he attended , the 1948 National Western Stock Show in Denver , the 1948 Colorado State Fair , and the 1948 New Mexico State Fair . Wiescamp later remarked that " I 'm glad now that we didn 't show him more , because he would have been before the public so much that he probably would have been sold . " However , Skipper W 's American Quarter Horse Association , or AQHA , show record does not show any record of these wins , which is not unusual for horses shown in the 1940s , as the record keeping was not always the best during the early years of the AQHA .
= = Breeding career = =
In early 1948 , Nick Shoemaker , Wiescamp 's senior stallion and Skipper W 's sire , died in a freak accident while in his paddock , by slipping on some ice and breaking his neck against a fence . This meant that Skipper W 's show career was cut short so that he could replace his sire as the main breeding stallion . During his entire career , Skipper W never was bred to any mare that was not owned by Wiescamp . Wiescamp wanted to make sure that the mares that he bred his stallions to were the best possible matches for the particular stallion . From the time of Nick Shoemaker 's death until Skipper W 's own death , the horse remained Wiescamp 's senior stallion .
During his breeding career he sired 18 foal crops , with a total of 132 horses registered with the AQHA . Among his offspring were Skip 's Dilly , the 1964 AQHA High Point Western Pleasure Mare , Skipette , the 1964 AQHA High Point Calf Roping Mare , and Skip Sir Bar , the 1968 AQHA High Point Steer Roping Horse . As well , he sired 13 AQHA Champions , 7 Superior Halter Horses , and 18 Performance Register of Merit earners . He sired 4 horses that earned a Race Register of Merit with the AQHA .
Skipper W died in 1963 , probably of a heart attack . Wiescamp kept 7 of his sons as breeding stallions and 57 of his daughters as broodmares in Wiescamp 's linebreeding program .
Although he did not sire a great number of horses , the linebreeding program that Wiescamp followed led to the products of that program often being called " Skipper W horses " . The horse will be inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame in 2011 .
= = Pedigree = =
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= Worthington Brewery =
The Worthington Brewery ( Worthington & Co . ) was founded by William Worthington in the English Midlands town of Burton upon Trent in 1761 . It is the second oldest continuously brewed beer brand in the country after Whitbread . The best known Worthington beers are the Creamflow nitrokeg bitter and White Shield India Pale Ale .
When William Worthington died in 1800 , his brewery was one of the largest outside London . From 1866 a Worthington chemist , Horace Tabberer Brown , pioneered brewing science in the separation and cultivation of pure yeast strains , and from 1872 the company was the first in the world to systematically utilise a laboratory in the brewing process . The company merged with its major Burton rival Bass in 1927 . Throughout the 1920s until the 1960s the brand , in bottled form , ranked alongside Bass and Guinness as one of only three beers with nationwide distribution . However , bottled beer sales declined as keg beer grew in popularity throughout the 1960s , and the Worthington brewery was closed in 1965 . The beers continued to be brewed elsewhere , and Bass used the Worthington brand for its principal keg bitter offerings from the 1960s onward , first as Worthington E , then as Worthington Best Bitter from the 1980s , and Worthington Creamflow from the 1990s to the present .
The Worthington brand was purchased from Bass by the American brewing company Coors in 2002 , which following a merger became Molson Coors in 2005 . Creamflow is the third highest selling ale in the United Kingdom , as well as the highest selling ale in Wales , and is brewed in Burton . Worthington 's White Shield IPA has continued to be brewed since 1829 , and has been the recipient of a number of awards . In 2010 , Molson Coors opened the William Worthington microbrewery , which brews historical and seasonal beers .
The Worthington brand has had an association with rugby union sponsorship since the latter half of the twentieth century . The brand also sponsored the Football League Cup from 1998 until 2003 .
= = History = =
William Worthington ( 1723 – 1800 ) was born at Orton on the Hill in Leicestershire , the fourth child of William Worthington ( 1687 – 1742 ) , yeoman farmer , and his wife , Elizabeth . In 1744 , he moved to Burton upon Trent in Staffordshire where he worked as a cooper at Joseph Smith 's brewery . In 1760 , Worthington purchased the brewery from Smith 's successor , Richard Commings , for £ 320 ( equivalent to £ 40 @,@ 000 as of 2015 ) .
By the 1780s , the brewery probably had an annual output of around 1 @,@ 500 barrels , similar to the rival breweries of Benjamin Wilson and Michael Bass . Throughout the eighteenth century , Worthington sales were mostly of porter , directed towards the Baltic market , which was transported via narrowboat through the River Trent to the Port of Hull . Largely as a result of this trade , by the time of Worthington 's death in 1800 , Worthington & Co. ranked among the largest of the provincial breweries .
Worthington 's eldest son , also named William ( 1764 – 1825 ) , assumed control of the company following his father 's death . On the death of Worthington in 1825 he was succeeded by his son , also named William ( 1799 – 1871 ) . A combination of factors conspired to make the Baltic trade infeasible ; the Napoleonic Wars disrupted trade in the region and the Russian government increased import tariffs in 1822 . Combined with a decrease on malt duty in 1823 , this led to an oversupply of beer in Burton . As a result , the brewers instead looked towards the expatriate community in India as an increasingly important export market . Worthington produced their own India Pale Ale from 1829 onwards .
The railway network joined Burton in August 1839 , which made it much more economical to distribute beer throughout the country . In 1842 William Worthington entered into partnership with Thomas Robinson , and the business traded as Worthington & Robinson . By 1861 Worthington employed 191 men and boys . Worthington dissolved the Robinson partnership in 1864 , in order for his sons to acquire the business . The company became known as Worthington and Company , the co @-@ partners being : William ( 1799 @-@ 1871 ) , with two of his sons , William Henry ( 1826 @-@ 1894 ) and Calvert ( 1830 @-@ 1871 ) , who were joined two years later by his youngest son , Albert Octavius ( 1844 @-@ 1918 ) . After the introduction of agencies in British conurbations from the mid @-@ 1860s , the company began to rapidly expand . In 1866 the Prince of Wales awarded the company the Royal Warrant . Worthington pioneered brewing science from 1866 by employing a chemist , Horace Tabberer Brown , who led the world in separation and cultivation of pure yeast strains . From 1872 the Worthington brewery was the first in the world to systematically utilise a laboratory in the brewing process . The company had previously resisted employing a laboratory , for fear that the public would perceive the scientific apparatus as a means of doctoring the beer . In order to differentiate themselves from other brewers , Worthington labelled their beers with alphabetical letters : their Burton Ales were called G , F and D , their light dinner ale was labelled M. Worthington E was an India Pale Ale , a competitor to Bass Pale Ale . By 1880 , Worthington 's IPA was challenging Bass 's sales in the home market .
From 1886 , Worthington began to acquire public houses , which provided a captive market for their product . In order to raise capital for this expansion , the firm became a public company in 1889 , and Horace Brown was created joint managing director alongside William Posnette Manners . By this time the company had an annual output of around 200 @,@ 000 barrels , and employed 470 people . By 1890 , the company 's bottling operations equalled those of Bass , Guinness , Allsopp and Whitbread . When William Henry Worthington ( 1826 – 1894 ) died he left no direct heirs and was the fourth and final generation of the family to manage Worthington & Co . Horace Brown left the company in 1894 following a dispute with co @-@ manager William Manners . By 1900 , 73 per cent of the company 's equity was in the hands of William Posnette Manners ( 1846 – 1915 ) , who had joined the company in 1862 as a junior clerk , and under his astute leadership Worthington acquired a reputation for the quality of its bottled pale ales . The company acquired the Burton Brewery Company in 1915 . On Manners ' death in 1915 , control of the company passed to two of his sons , Arthur ( 1879 – 1968 ) and Ernest . Arthur was the architect of the merger with arch rival Bass in 1927 , and proved to be more than a match for John Gretton , 1st Baron Gretton , the chairman of the much larger Bass . Despite Bass 's superior capitalization , the terms of the merger were such that Manners became chairman and joint managing director of Worthington , and deputy chairman and joint managing director of Bass . The amalgamation , described as ‘ the biggest non @-@ merger in the history of the brewing industry ’ , failed to realize its objectives . Apart from greater co @-@ operation in bottled beer production and distribution , there were few economies and the two companies continued to operate as separate entities . Both boards were increasingly dominated by Manners and his family .
By the 1920s , in bottled form , Worthington was one of only three nationally distributed beer brands , alongside Bass and Guinness . Product rationalisation began after the Second World War and although Worthington occasionally overtook Bass in sales , the decision was taken to prioritise Bass products . Arthur Manners took the chairmanship of Bass in 1947 , and was instrumental in driving the company forward . Brewing industry mergers from the late 1950s onwards damaged Worthington sales , as tied house ownership became increasingly concentrated with brewers intent on promoting their own products . At the same time , bottled beer sales suffered as drinkers in search of consistency opted for the new keg beers instead . In 1965 , the original Worthington brewery was closed , although production of the Worthington beers continued , consisting of White Shield , Green Shield ( a filtered version of White Shield ) and the draught product , E. Worthington E became the main keg bitter offered by Bass from 1967 , and it had become a leading bitter brand by the 1970s , boosted by the company 's network of 11 @,@ 000 public houses . Worthington E was replaced as Bass ' leading keg bitter by Worthington Best Bitter in the 1980s , and by Worthington Smoothflow from the mid @-@ 1990s . In 2000 , Bass was bought by the Belgian brewer Interbrew . The Competition Commission ordered Interbrew to divest itself of a number of its recently acquired brands , and Worthington was bought by the American brewer Coors , who later became Molson Coors in 2005 . In 2004 Coors announced that they would no longer advertise Worthington on a large scale .
= = Overview = =
Worthington 's Creamflow ( 3 @.@ 6 % ABV ) is the twelfth highest selling beer in the United Kingdom , with an estimated 640 @,@ 000 hectolitres sold in 2012 . It is the third highest selling ale brand in the United Kingdom after John Smith 's and Tetley 's . It is the highest selling ale in Wales , where it has a 20 per cent volume share , and has held pole position since at least 1999 . Most of the sales consist of the nitrogenated and pasteurised Creamflow , which was launched in 1995 and is available in kegs and cans . Cask conditioned Worthington 's Cask is made from Northdown and Challenger hops , brewing sugar and pale malt . Modest amounts of a 4 % keg bitter known as Worthington 's Ale continue to be brewed for the Teesside market .
= = White Shield = =
Worthington 's White Shield ( 5 @.@ 6 % ABV ) is an India Pale Ale available principally in bottle conditioned form , but also in casks . It has won the CAMRA Champion Bottled Beer of Britain Gold award three times , more than any other beer .
In 1829 , Worthington launched East India Pale Ale , their first IPA . It was exported to British expatriates across the Empire , mostly officers and civil servants , as the soldiers tended to drink the cheaper porter . In the 1870s it gained the White Shield logo , and by the end of the nineteenth century took on this name with drinkers .
By the 1960s White Shield had become a cult drink brewed in small quantities for a dedicated following ; production in 1965 was just 15 @,@ 000 barrels as drinkers switched to filtered and pasteurised bottled and keg beers . It found renewed popularity in the early 1970s as the demand for real ale grew , but lost this position as cask ale became easier to find . Bass moved production from Burton to their Hope & Anchor brewery in Sheffield in 1981 . The Hope & Anchor brewery closed in 1992 , and production was moved to Cape Hill in Birmingham , before being contracted to King and Barnes of Sussex in 1998 . By this time , production was down to just 1 @,@ 000 barrels a year , and the beer 's long @-@ term survival was in doubt . The King and Barnes brewery closed in 2000 , and production moved to the Bass owned White Shield microbrewery in Burton upon Trent .
In 2000 , a total of 500 barrels were produced ; this was forecast to grow to 1 @,@ 000 barrels by 2009 . In 2010 , production was moved to the newly constructed William Worthington 's Brewery , a microbrewery based at the National Brewery Centre in Burton . It also produces other Worthington beers such as Red Shield and seasonal beers . In 2012 , increasing demand saw White Shield production moved to the main Coors brewery in Burton . In 2013 , Roger Protz described White Shield as the highest selling bottle conditioned beer in Britain .
= = Advertising = =
1920s print advertisements linked the brand with Englishness alongside classic images of the Lake District and other national areas of beauty . Throughout the 1970s Worthington E was marketed as " The taste that satisfies ... " Advertising in the mid @-@ 1990s focused on Creamflow , with a series of television advertisements featuring comedian Harry Enfield .
= = = Logo = = =
The brewery 's blood red heart shield and dagger logo was introduced in 1863 . The name was changed to Worthington 's in 2002 and shield became more obviously heart shaped . The shield was restored in 2011 , and the brand 's design was modified to resemble its 1920s appearance .
= = = Sponsorship = = =
Worthington 's is involved in sponsorship of rugby union and rugby league . It is a major sponsor of Gloucester RFC ( with whom it has been affiliated since 1983 ) , Scarlets , Ospreys , Newport Gwent Dragons , Pontypridd RFC and Oldham Roughyeds . From 1998 until 2003 it sponsored the Football League Cup to the cost of £ 23 million ; however , a perceived lack of prestige attached to the competition saw it derided by some football fans as the " Worthless Cup " .
Since 2011 , the brand has sponsored the St. Simon Stakes at Newbury Racecourse .
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= Madonna ( Madonna album ) =
Madonna is the eponymous debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Madonna , released on July 27 , 1983 by Sire Records . It was renamed Madonna : The First Album for the 1985 international re @-@ release of the album . In 1982 , while establishing herself as a singer in Downtown New York , Madonna met Seymour Stein , president of Sire Records , who signed her after listening to her single " Everybody " . The success of the single prompted Sire to sign her for an album 's deal . Reggie Lucas was chosen as the primary producer , while Madonna solely wrote five of eight tracks on the album . However , she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas 's production techniques . She then invited John " Jellybean " Benitez to help her finish the album . Benitez remixed many of the tracks and produced " Holiday " .
The overall sound of Madonna is dissonant , and is in the form of upbeat synthetic disco , utilizing some of the new technology of the time , like the usage of Linn drum machine , Moog bass and the Oberheim OB @-@ X synthesizer . The songs on the album are sung by Madonna in a bright , girlish vocal timbre , and lyrically talks about love and relationships . To promote the album , Madonna performed in various one @-@ off gigs in clubs and television programs in the United States and United Kingdom throughout 1983 – 84 . The album was later promoted during The Virgin Tour in 1985 . Five singles were released from the album , including the international top @-@ ten hits " Holiday " , " Lucky Star " and " Borderline " . The music videos of the album 's singles were released on a video compilation titled Madonna , which became the best @-@ selling videocassette of 1985 in the United States .
Contemporary critics have applauded the album , but Madonna was dismissed by some critics when it was released in 1983 . In 2008 , the album was ranked at number five on Entertainment Weekly 's list of " Top 100 Best Albums of Past 25 Years . " The album peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 , and was certified five @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of five million copies across the United States . It also reached the top ten of the charts in Australia , France , Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and the United Kingdom , while selling more than 10 million copies worldwide . Critics retrospectively noted that the album helped popularize dance music in mainstream recording industry . It pointed the direction for numerous female artists of the 1980s and set the standard for dance @-@ pop for decades afterward .
= = Background = =
In 1982 , the 24 @-@ year @-@ old Madonna was living in New York , and trying to set up her music career . She was joined by her Detroit boyfriend Steve Bray who became the drummer of her band , the Breakfast Club , which played generally hard @-@ rock music . Soon they abandoned playing songs in the hard @-@ rock genre , and got signed by a music management company called Gotham Records , planning to move in a new musical direction . They decided to pursue the funk genre , but the record company was not happy with their musical talents and they were dropped from the label ; Madonna and Bray left the band also . Meanwhile , she had written and developed some songs on her own . She carried rough tapes of three of the songs , " Everybody " , " Ain 't No Big Deal " and " Burning Up " . At that time she was frequenting the Danceteria nightclub in New York . It was here that Madonna convinced the DJ Mark Kamins to play " Everybody " . The song was received positively by the crowd , and Kamins decided that he should get Madonna a record deal , on the understanding that he would get to produce the single . He took her to his boss Chris Blackwell , who owned Island Records , but Blackwell refused to sign Madonna so they approached Sire Records . Michael Rosenblatt , who worked at the artists and repertoire department of Sire , offered Madonna $ 5 @,@ 000 in advance , plus $ 10 @,@ 000 in royalties , for each song she wrote .
Madonna was ultimately signed for two 12 " singles by the President of Sire , Seymour Stein , who was impressed by her singing , after listening to " Everybody " at a hospital in Lenox Hill where he was admitted . The 12 " version of " Everybody " was produced by Mark Kamins at Blank Tapes Studios in New York , who took over the production work from Steve Bray . The new recording ran 5 : 56 on one side and 9 : 23 for the dub version on the reverse side . Madonna and Kamins had to record the single at their own cost . Arthur Baker , friend of Mark Kamins , guided him through the role of a music producer and provided him with studio musician Fred Zarr who performed his keyboard wizardry on the track . Zarr became one of the common musical threads on the album by eventually performing on every track . Due to the restrained budget , the recording was a hefty affair as Madonna could not understand Kamins ' directions and Kamins himself faced problems directing . Rosenblatt wanted to release " Everybody " with " Ain 't No Big Deal " on the other side , but later changed his mind and put " Everybody " on both sides of the vinyl record after hearing the recorded version of " Ain 't No Big Deal " . The single was commercially released in October 1982 and became a dance hit in the United States . This led to Sire signing Madonna for an LP and two more singles .
= = Development = =
The album was primarily recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in New York City . Madonna opted not to work with either Kamins or Bray , but chose Reggie Lucas , a Warner Bros. producer . Bray decided to push her in the musical direction of pop , and recorded the song " Burning Up " with her . However , Madonna still did not have enough material to generate a full album . The songs available were , " Lucky Star " , a new version of " Ain 't No Big Deal " , " Think of Me " and " I Know It " . Lucas brought another two songs to the project , " Physical Attraction " and " Borderline " . As he recorded the tracks he deviated considerably from the original versions of the demos . One such altered song was " Lucky Star " . The song was written by Madonna for Kamins , who previously promised to play the track at Danceteria . However , the track was instead used by Madonna for the album , which she planned to call Lucky Star . She believed that " Lucky Star " , along with " Borderline " , were the perfect foundation for her album .
Problems arose between her and Lucas during the recording of the songs . Madonna was unhappy with the way the final versions turned out . According to her , Lucas used too many instruments and did not consider her ideas for the songs . This led to a dispute between the two and , after finishing the album , Lucas left the project without tailoring the songs to Madonna 's specifications ; hence she called John " Jellybean " Benitez , a DJ at Funhouse disco , to remix the available tracks . In the meantime , due to a conflict of interest , Bray had sold " Ain 't No Big Deal " to an act on another label , rendering it unavailable for Madonna 's project . It was Benitez who discovered a new song , written by Curtis Hudson and Lisa Stevens of the pop group Pure Energy . The song , titled " Holiday " , had been turned down by Phyllis Hyman and Mary Wilson , formerly of The Supremes . Jellybean and Madonna sent the demo to their friend , Fred Zarr so he could embellish the arrangement and program the song with his synthesizer magic . After vocals were recorded by Madonna , Benitez spent four days trying to enhance the commercial appeal of the track before the April 1983 deadline . Just before it was completed , Madonna and Benitez met Fred Zarr at Sigma Sound in Manhattan , where Zarr added the now familiar piano solo towards the end of the track .
= = Music and lyrics = =
According to Allmusic , the album is mostly influenced by dance @-@ pop , post @-@ disco and pop rock music . The overall sound of Madonna is dissonant , and is in the form of upbeat synthetic disco , utilizing some of the new technology of the time , like the usage of Linn drum machine , Moog bass and the OB @-@ X synthesizer . This equipment has dated since , consequently the sound of the album comes off as somewhat harsh . Madonna commented on her debut album : " The songs were pretty weak and I went to England during the recordings so I wasn 't around ... I wasn 't in control . [ ... ] I didn 't realise how crucial it was for me to break out of the disco mold before I 'd already finished the [ first ] album . I wish I could have got a little more variety there . " The album starts with the song " Lucky Star " , a medium @-@ paced dance track , beginning with a sparkle of synth note and is followed by heavy beats of electronic drum and handclaps . A guitar is played in high riff and a bubbling bass synth is produced to accompany the guitar sound . The song revolves around the " Starlight , starbright " hook for more than a minute , before going to the chorus . According to author Rikky Rooksby , the lyrics are repetitive and inane , revolving around the transparent ambiguity of the stars , and juxtaposition of the male character with being a heavenly body in the sky .
" Borderline " is a sentimental track , talking about a love that is never quite fulfilled . According to author Santiago Fouz @-@ Hernández and his book Madonna 's drowned worlds , the lyrics of the song like " Something in the way you love me won 't let me be / I don 't want to be your prisoner so baby won 't you set me free " depicted a rebellion against male chauvinism . Madonna used a refined and expressive voice to sing the song , backed by Lucas 's instrumentations . It opens with a keyboard rich intro and a catchy synth melody provided by Fred Zarr . Bass player Anthony Jackson doubled Dean Gant 's synth bass to provide a solid & more complex texture . The chords in the song were inspired by Seventies disco sound in Philadelphia as well as Elton John 's musical style during the mid @-@ seventies . The chord sequences cite from Bachman – Turner Overdrive 's song " You Ain 't Seen Nothing Yet " while the synth phases display her typical musical style . The third track " Burning Up " has a starker arrangement , brought about by bass , single guitar and Linn drum machine . The drum beats used in the song were reminiscent to the records of singer Phil Collins . It also incorporated electric guitars and the most state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art synthesizers of that time . The chorus is a repetition of the same three lines , while the bridge consists of a series of double entendres ; the lyrics describing what Madonna is prepared to do for her lover , and that she is individualistic and shameless .
Next track " I Know It " has a gentler swing to it and features music from piano , a saxophone , synth phrases while having an offbeat chord change . " Holiday " consists of a four @-@ bar sequence , featuring instrumentation from guitars , electronic drums and handclaps from the Oberheim DMX , cowbell played by Madonna and a synthesized string arrangement . A side @-@ by @-@ side repetitive progression is achieved by making use of the chorus . Towards the end of the song , a change in the arrangement happens , where a piano break is heard . Lyrically , the song expresses the universal sentiment that everybody needs a holiday . In " Think of Me " , Madonna warns her erring lover that he should pay her attention or else she would leave . The song consists of beats from the Linn drum machine and a saxophone interlude . " Physical Attraction " is a medium paced track , with synth bass , a guitar line , sounds of a brass and Madonna singing in a shrill voice , about the attraction between herself and a boy . The last song on the album is " Everybody " , which starts with a heavily synthesized and spoken introduction , with Madonna taking a loud intake of breath . She displayed her bubblegum @-@ pop like voice in the song , which was also doubletracked .
= = Release and artwork = =
The album was first released in the United States on July 27 , 1983 by Sire Records . It was originally slated to be titled Lucky Star , after the track of the same name , but eventually titled simply Madonna , perhaps that this singular name could have star power . The album 's artwork was shot by photographer Gary Heery and directed by Carin Goldberg . The front cover shows Madonna with short @-@ cropped platinum hair , wearing a number of black rubber bangles on her hands and a dog chain around her throat . Her navel is also prominent on the inner sleeve of the album . Madonna commented : " The picture inside the dust of sleeve of my first album has me , like , in this Betty Boop pose with my belly button showing . Then when people reviews the album , they kept talking about my cute belly button . [ ... ] I think there are other unobvious places on the body that are sexy and the stomach is kind of innocent . " Regarding the album photoshot , Gary Heery recalled :
" [ Madonna ] arrived at my Broadway studio in New York with a small bag of clothes and jewelery , and no entourage . Then , in front of the camera she was explosive , like a great model , but with her own unique style . She came over the next day to see some prints and the proofs , and there was shot after shot to choose from . We agreed on every choice and whittled it down to the album cover images . I had no idea what I had just been a party to . "
The album was re @-@ released in 1985 for the European market and re @-@ packaged as Madonna : The First Album with a different artwork created by photographer George Holy . The cover features Madonna in similar style of dress to the original cover but this time with crucifix as her earings . Madonna 's trademark style was catching on as a fashion statement among club kids and fans , with her crucifix accessories becoming the jewelry of the moment . Madonna said that wearing a crucifix is " kind of offbeat and interesting . I mean , everything I do is sort of tongue @-@ in @-@ cheeks . Besides , the crucifixes seem to go with my name . " In 2001 , Warner Bros. Records released a remastered version of the album with its original artwork and two bonus remix tracks of " Burning Up " and " Lucky Star " . Madonna dedicated the album to her father , Tony Ciccone , with whom her relationship had not been good until the release of the album . In an interview with Time magazine , Madonna said : " My father had never believed that what I was doing here [ in New York ] was worthwhile , nor did he believe that I was up to any good . [ ... ] It wasn 't until my first album came out and my father started hearing my songs on the radio that he stopped asking the questions . "
= = Promotion = =
Madonna had promoted the album throughout 1983 – 84 by performing a series of " track dates " , one @-@ off gigs . These shows were done at New York City and London clubs like Danceteria and Camden Palace and on American and British television programs like American Bandstand and Top of the Pops . On American Bandstand , Madonna performed the track " Holiday " and told interviewer Dick Clark that she wanted " to rule the world . " John Mitchell from MTV said that the appearance " remains one of her most legendary . " The album 's singles were later performed on The Virgin Tour in 1985 . It was Madonna 's first concert tour and visited North American dates . The Virgin Tour received mixed reception from critics , but was a commercial success . As soon as the tour was announced , tickets were sold out everywhere . Macy 's New York department store was flooded with buyers , who bought the tour merchandise like the crucifix earrings and fingerless gloves . After its end , the Virgin Tour was reported to have grossed over $ 5 million ( $ 11 million in 2016 dollars ) , with Billboard Boxscore reporting a gross of $ 3 @.@ 3 million ( $ 7 @.@ 26 million in 2016 dollars ) . The tour was recorded and released in VHS , as Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour . Later authors have looked back at the tour and commented that it was clear that " [ Madonna ] was a bonafide pop star in the process of becoming a cultural icon . " Shari Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss noted the clothes and fashion in the tour and said , " Virgin Tour established Madonna as the hottest figure in pop music . "
= = = Singles = = =
Madonna released five singles from the album , although two of those singles actually preceded the album 's release by several months . " Everybody " was released on October 6 , 1982 , as Madonna 's debut single ; at this point , the rest of the Madonna album had not yet been recorded or even conceived of . Musically incorporating R & B infused beats , " Everybody " portrayed the image of Madonna as a black artist , since her picture did not appear on the single cover . However this misconception was cleared later when Madonna convinced Sire executives to allow her to shoot a music video for the song . The low @-@ budget music video directed by Ed Steinberg portrayed Madonna and her friends singing and dancing in a club to the song . The video helped to promote the song and Madonna as an artist further . " Everybody " failed to enter the official Billboard Hot 100 chart and only charted at number seven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles on December 25 , 1982 . Nevertheless , the single was a hit on the Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play Chart , peaking at number three .
" Burning Up " was released as the second single in the US on March 9 , 1983 , and later issued in some countries as a double A @-@ side single with " Physical Attraction " . The single peaked at number three on the dance chart in the US , and became Madonna 's first top twenty hit in Australia . The accompanying music video of the song portrays Madonna writhing passionately on an empty road before her " lover " approaches in a car from behind . The video ends with Madonna driving the car instead , suggesting that she is ultimately in control . " Holiday " was released as the third single on September 7 , 1983 and became Madonna 's first top @-@ ten hit in many countries , including Australia , Belgium , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands and the UK . It also became her first entry ever on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 16 , and her first number @-@ one hit on the dance chart .
Originally released in the UK in September 1983 , " Lucky Star " was the fourth single from the album . The single peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video portrayed Madonna dancing in front of a white background , accompanied by her dancers . After the video was released , Madonna 's style and mannerisms became a fashion trend among the younger generation . Scholars noted that in the video , Madonna portrayed herself as narcissistic and an ambiguous character . She referred to herself as the " lucky star " , unlike the lyrical meaning of the song . " Borderline " was the fifth single from the album , and was released on February 15 , 1984 . In the US the song was released before " Lucky Star " and became Madonna 's first top @-@ ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at ten . Elsewhere , the song reached the top twenty of a number of European nations while peaking the chart in Ireland . The accompanying music video portrayed Madonna , with a Latin man as boyfriend . She was enticed by a British photographer to pose and model for him , but later returned to her original boyfriend . The video generated interest amongst academics , who noted the use of power as symbolism in it .
= = = Video compilation = = =
A video compilation , titled Madonna , was released by Warner Music Video and Sire Records in November 1984 to promote the album . The singer 's first video compilation , it contained three music videos from the album — " Burning Up " , " Borderline " and " Lucky Star " — as well as the then current single " Like a Virgin " . The music video for " Lucky Star " was a special extended dance mix , and when she says " ooh yeah " it is echoed three times and her image is repeated three times . " Like a Virgin " omits the scene where the lion 's tongue moves in time with the beat of the music . These videos were later released on the 1990 greatest hits compilation The Immaculate Collection with these edits changed . The video was promoted at the Cabaret Metro club in Chicago , on February 9 , 1985 . Dubbed as ' The Virgin Party ' , the event drew a crowd of around 1 @,@ 200 and promoted Madonna 's LPs , cassettes , CDs and the videocassette . Attendees were encouraged to wear white , and for $ 5 admission fees , were able to view the Madonna videocassette and the premiere of the music video of her then upcoming single " Material Girl " . The event was organised as a drive to promote music videos , which at that point did not have a large market .
Madonna topped the Music Videocassette chart of Billboard for the period from April 13 , 1985 to November 9 , 1985 . Jim McCullaugh from Billboard attributed the strong sales of the video to Madonna 's recent studio album Like a Virgin and The Virgin Tour concert . It placed at number one on the year @-@ end music videocasette chart for 1985 . Madonna was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units of the video . It won the award for the " Best Selling Video Cassette Merchandised as Music Video " from the National Association of Recording Merchandisers .
= = Critical reception = =
Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote the album as " cleverly incorporated great pop songs with stylish , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art beats , and it shrewdly walked a line between being a rush of sound and a showcase for a dynamic lead singer . This is music where all of the elements may not particularly impressive on their own — the arrangement , synth , and drum programming are fairly rudimentary — but taken together , it 's utterly irresistible . Tony Power from Blender said that the album consisted of " quacking synths , overperky bass and state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art mechanical disco , with Madonna strapped to the wing rather than holding the controls . It 's a breathless , subtlety @-@ free debut , with overtones of Soft Cell and Tom Tom Club . " While reviewing the remastered version of the album , released in 2001 , Michael Paoletta from Billboard felt that " Nearly 20 years after the release of Madonna , such tracks as ' Holiday ' , ' Physical Attraction ' , ' Borderline ' and ' Lucky Star ' remain irresistible . " Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A , saying " [ Madonna ] might have wound up just another post @-@ disco dolly if [ the songs on the album ] didn 't announce her ability to fuse club beats with peerless pop . " In July 2008 , the magazine ranked the album at number five in their list of " Top 100 Best Albums of Past 25 Years " .
Bill Lamb from About.com commented : " [ The ] album is state of the art dance @-@ pop loaded with hits from ' Holiday ' and ' Lucky Star ' to ' Borderline ' . Irresistible pop hooks glide across shimmering synth beats to make this a landmark album of the early 80 's . " Jonathan Ross from Q said that " ' Borderline ' is sweet and ' Holiday ' still fizzes with invention and joie de vivre .... this quintessentially ' 80s dance hit also features a barrelhouse piano solo . " Robert Christgau wrote in The Village Voice , " In case you bought the con , disco never died — just reverted to the crazies who thought it was worth living for . This shamelessly ersatz blonde is one of them , and with the craftily orchestrated help of a fine selection of producers , remixers , and DJs , she 's come up with a shamelessly ersatz sound that 's tighter than her tummy — essence of electro , the D in DOR . " Don Shewey from Rolling Stone was of the opinion that " without overstepping the modest ambitions of minimal funk , Madonna issues an irresistible invitation to the dance . " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine rated the album four and a half out of five stars and commented : " Heralding the synth @-@ heavy movement was a debut album [ Madonna ] that sounds just as fresh today as it did almost two decades ago . " In March 2012 , the publication placed the album at number 33 on their " Best Albums of the 1980s " list . Michaelangelo Matos from Spin selected the album among " The Definitive Guide to Classic Disco " and noted that it " mashed @-@ up street sounds and reinvigorated disco for a generation that wanted nothing to do with polyester suits , ending an era and birthing a new one . "
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , the album entered the Billboard 200 albums chart at number 190 , the week of September 3 , 1983 . The album had a slow and steady climb , and peaked at eight on the Billboard 200 on the week ending October 20 , 1984 , more than a year after its release . It also peaked at twenty on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums . Within a year , Madonna had sold 2 @.@ 8 million copies in the United States . It placed at number seven on the year @-@ end chart for 1984 and at number 25 on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year 1985 . After 17 years since its release , the album was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of five million copies across United States . With the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991 , the album sold a further 450 @,@ 000 copies as of August 2010 .
In Canada , the album was released on March 10 , 1984 , and debuted at number 87 on the RPM Albums Chart . After few weeks it re @-@ entered the chart again , at number 95 on August 4 , 1984 . The album finally reached its peak position of number 16 in its 29th week . It was present on the chart for a total of 47 weeks , and ranked at number 50 on the RPM Top 100 Albums of 1984 list .
In the United Kingdom , the album was released on February 11 , 1984 , and charted on the UK Albums Chart , reaching a peak of thirty @-@ seven and present on the chart for twenty weeks . After a re @-@ release titled Madonna – The First Album in July 1985 , the album charted again on the UK Albums chart . It reached a higher peak of fourteen and was present on the chart for eighty weeks . Six months since the re @-@ release , the album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 300 @,@ 000 copies of the album . In Australia , the album reached a peak of ten on the Kent Music Report albums chart and was certified triple platinum . The album reached the top ten of the charts in Netherlands , France and New Zealand ; in the last two markets , it was certified platinum . It was also certified platinum in Hong Kong and gold in Germany and Spain . Worldwide the album has sold more than 10 million copies .
= = Legacy = =
Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that with the album , Madonna began her career as a disco diva , in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of . In the beginning of the 80s , disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop , and according to him , Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music , utilizing her charisma , chutzpah and sex appeal . Erlewine claimed that Madonna " launched dance @-@ pop " and set the standard for the genre for the next two decades . The staff of Vice magazine stated that the album " drew the blueprint for future dance @-@ pop . " Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 50 on " The 100 Best Albums of the Eighties " list , writing : " Indeed , initial response to Madonna gave no indication of the mania to follow . It took a year and a half for the album to go gold . But its assured style and sound , as well as Madonna 's savvy approach to videos , helped the singer make the leap from dance diva to pop phenom , and it pointed the direction for a host of female vocalists from Janet Jackson to Debbie Gibson . "
According to biographer Andrew Morton , the album made Madonna a household name , and was instrumental in introducing her star power . Martin Charles Strong , author of The Great Rock Discography felt that the album 's unprecedented dance @-@ pop and naive appeal served Madonna in establishing her base as an artist . Kyle Anderson from Entertainment Weekly commented : " Madonna 's sound , and of course her look , would be heavily copied for years to come , but Madonna heralded something much bigger : the arrival of the pop diva as a singular force who put personality above all else . " According to author Santiago Fouz @-@ Hernández , the songs on Madonna reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success , including a strong dance @-@ based idiom , catchy hooks , highly polished arrangement and Madonna 's own vocal style . In songs such as " Lucky Star " and " Burning Up " , Madonna introduced a style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to future gay audiences .
Music critics Bob Batchelor and Scott Stoddart , commented in their book The 1980s that " the music videos for the singles off the album , was more effective in introducing Madonna to the rest of the world . " Author Carol Clerk said that the music videos of " Burning Up " , " Borderline " and " Lucky Star " established Madonna , not as the girl @-@ next @-@ door , but as a sassy and smart , tough funny woman . Her clothes worn in the videos were later used by designers like Karl Lagerfeld and Christian Lacroix , in Paris Fashion week of the same year . Professor Douglas Kellner , in his book Media Culture : Cultural Studies , Identity , and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern , commented that the videos depicted motifs and strategies which helped Madonna in her journey to become a star . With the " Borderline " music video , Madonna was credited for breaking the taboo of interracial relationships , and it was considered one of her career @-@ making moments . MTV played the video in heavy rotation , increasing Madonna 's popularity further .
Following the release of the album , Madonna was dismissed by some critics . They called her voice sounding as " Minnie Mouse on helium " , while the other detractors suggested that she was " almost entirely helium , a gas @-@ filled , lighter @-@ than @-@ air creation of MTV and other sinister media packagers . " Madonna said : " From the very beginning of my career , people have been writing shit about me and saying , ' She 's a one @-@ hit wonder , she 'll disappear after a year ' . " She responded to the comment " Minnie Mouse on helium " by doing a photoshoot with Alberto Tolot , where she flirted with a giant Mickey Mouse toy , putting its hand inside her dress and looking at it with an admonishing glare . Author Debbi Voller noted that " such provocative imagery at a young age of her career , could have hurt her too much . But it went on to shut those twerps who dared to take a swag at her voice again . " Twenty @-@ five years later , in her acceptance speech of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction , Madonna thanked the critics who snubbed her in the early years , " The ones that said I was talentless , that I was chubby , that I couldn 't sing , that I was a one @-@ hit wonder . They pushed me to be better , and I am grateful for their resistance . "
= = Track listings = =
Notes
" Burning Up " ( Alternate Album Version ) – 4 : 48 , was used for the Vinyl edition of Madonna : The First Album , released in Europe in 1985 . The same version was the b @-@ side for the single " Angel " ( 1985 ) in the same countries .
" Everybody " has a duration of 4 : 57 on the original 1983 album release ; the 2001 remastered album includes a version which is 6 : 02 , which is the original 12 " version .
^ a signifies a remixer
= = = Formats = = =
Vinyl – includes the 8 track album and the 4 : 57 version of " Everybody " .
Cassette – includes the 8 track album and the 4 : 57 version of " Everybody " .
CD – includes the 8 track album and the 4 : 57 version of " Everybody " .
Longbox CD – includes the 8 track album and the 4 : 57 version of " Everybody " .
Vinyl ( 1985 ) – Re @-@ released in Europe with new artwork and renamed as Madonna : The First Album . This format includes the same tracks as the original but includes " Burning Up " ( Alternate Album Version ) – 4 : 48 . Also released as a limited edition with fold @-@ out poster of the cover minus typography .
Vinyl Picture Disc ( 1985 ) – Madonna : The First Album includes the same tracks as the original album .
Cassette ( 1985 ) – Madonna : The First Album includes the same tracks as the original album .
CD ( 1985 ) – Madonna : The First Album includes the same tracks as the original album .
CD ( 2001 ) – Remastered 10 @-@ track edition includes all tracks from the original album and two bonus remixes of " Burning Up " and " Lucky Star " . This version was released by Warner Bros. and also includes a longer version of " Everybody " – 6 : 02 . This version replaced the 1985 international re @-@ release and reverted the album back to its original artwork and title in those territories .
Digital download ( 2005 ) – Same tracks as the 2001 remastered version , except for " Holiday " which is a 3 : 51 edited version .
Vinyl ( 2012 ) – 8 @-@ track European reissue of the original album which includes the 4 : 57 version of " Everybody " . This version was released by Warner Bros. and Rhino Entertainment .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits and personnel adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications and sales = =
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= Folding @ home =
Folding @ home ( FAH or F @ h ) is a distributed computing project for disease research that simulates protein folding , computational drug design , and other types of molecular dynamics . The project uses the idle processing resources of thousands of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their systems . Its main purpose is to determine the mechanisms of protein folding , which is the process by which proteins reach their final three @-@ dimensional structure , and to examine the causes of protein misfolding . This is of significant academic interest with major implications for medical research into Alzheimer 's disease , Huntington 's disease , and many forms of cancer , among other diseases . To a lesser extent , Folding @ home also tries to predict a protein 's final structure and determine how other molecules may interact with it , which has applications in drug design . Folding @ home is developed and operated by the Pande Laboratory at Stanford University , under the direction of Prof. Vijay Pande , and is shared by various scientific institutions and research laboratories across the world .
The project has pioneered the use of GPUs , PlayStation 3s , Message Passing Interface ( used for computing on multi @-@ core processors ) , and some Sony Xperia smartphones for distributed computing and scientific research . The project uses statistical simulation methodology that is a paradigm shift from traditional computational approaches . As part of the client @-@ server network architecture , the volunteered machines each receive pieces of a simulation ( work units ) , complete them , and return them to the project 's database servers , where the units are compiled into an overall simulation . Volunteers can track their contributions on the Folding @ home website , which makes volunteers ' participation competitive and encourages long @-@ term involvement .
Folding @ home is one of the world 's fastest computing systems , with an approximate speed of nearly 100 petaFLOPS . This performance from its large @-@ scale computing network has allowed researchers to run computationally expensive atomic @-@ level simulations of protein folding thousands of times longer than formerly achieved . Since its launch on October 1 , 2000 , the Pande Lab has produced 129 scientific research papers as a direct result of Folding @ home . Results from the project 's simulations agree favorably with experiments .
= = Project significance = =
Proteins are an essential component to many biological functions and participate in virtually all processes within biological cells . They often act as enzymes , performing biochemical reactions including cell signaling , molecular transportation , and cellular regulation . As structural elements , some proteins act as a type of skeleton for cells , and as antibodies , while other proteins participate in the immune system . Before a protein can take on these roles , it must fold into a functional three @-@ dimensional structure , a process that often occurs spontaneously and is dependent on interactions within its amino acid sequence and interactions of the amino acids with their surroundings . Protein folding is driven by the search to find the most energetically favorable conformation of the protein , i.e. its native state . Thus , understanding protein folding is critical to understanding what a protein does and how it works , and is considered a " holy grail " of computational biology . Despite folding occurring within a crowded cellular environment , it typically proceeds smoothly . However , due to a protein 's chemical properties or other factors , proteins may misfold — that is , fold down the wrong pathway and end up misshapen . Unless cellular mechanisms are capable of destroying or refolding such misfolded proteins , they can subsequently aggregate and cause a variety of debilitating diseases . Laboratory experiments studying these processes can be limited in scope and atomic detail , leading scientists to use physics @-@ based computational models that , when complementing experiments , seek to provide a more complete picture of protein folding , misfolding , and aggregation .
Due to the complexity of proteins ' conformation space — the set of possible shapes a protein can take — and limitations in computational power , all @-@ atom molecular dynamics simulations have been severely limited in the timescales which they can study . While most proteins typically fold in the order of milliseconds , before 2010 simulations could only reach nanosecond to microsecond timescales . General @-@ purpose supercomputers have been used to simulate protein folding , but such systems are intrinsically expensive and typically shared among many research groups . Additionally , because the computations in kinetic models are serial in nature , strong scaling of traditional molecular simulations to these architectures is exceptionally difficult . Moreover , as protein folding is a stochastic process and can statistically vary over time , it is computationally challenging to use long simulations for comprehensive views of the folding process .
Protein folding does not occur in a single step . Instead , proteins spend the majority of their folding time — nearly 96 % in some cases — " waiting " in various intermediate conformational states , each a local thermodynamic free energy minimum in the protein 's energy landscape . Through a process known as adaptive sampling , these conformations are used by Folding @ home as starting points for a set of simulation trajectories . As the simulations discover more conformations , the trajectories are restarted from them , and a Markov state model ( MSM ) is gradually created from this cyclic process . MSMs are discrete @-@ time master equation models which describe a biomolecule 's conformational and energy landscape as a set of distinct structures and the short transitions between them . The adaptive sampling Markov state model approach significantly increases the efficiency of simulation as it avoids computation inside the local energy minimum itself , and is amenable to distributed computing ( including on GPUGRID ) as it allows for the statistical aggregation of short , independent simulation trajectories . The amount of time it takes to construct a Markov state model is inversely proportional to the number of parallel simulations run , i.e. the number of processors available . In other words , it achieves linear parallelization , leading to an approximately four orders of magnitude reduction in overall serial calculation time . A completed MSM may contain tens of thousands of sample states from the protein 's phase space ( all the conformations a protein can take on ) and the transitions between them . The model illustrates folding events and pathways ( i.e. routes ) and researchers can later use kinetic clustering to view a coarse @-@ grained representation of the otherwise highly detailed model . They can use these MSMs to reveal how proteins misfold and to quantitatively compare simulations with experiments .
Between 2000 and 2010 , the length of the proteins Folding @ home has studied have increased by a factor of four , while its timescales for protein folding simulations have increased by six orders of magnitude . In 2002 , Folding @ home used Markov state models to complete approximately a million CPU days of simulations over the span of several months , and in 2011 , MSMs parallelized another simulation that required an aggregate 10 million CPU hours of computing . In January 2010 , Folding @ home used MSMs to simulate the dynamics of the slow @-@ folding 32 @-@ residue NTL9 protein out to 1 @.@ 52 milliseconds , a timescale consistent with experimental folding rate predictions but a thousand times longer than formerly achieved . The model consisted of many individual trajectories , each two orders of magnitude shorter , and provided an unprecedented level of detail into the protein 's energy landscape . In 2010 , Folding @ home researcher Gregory Bowman was awarded the Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award from the American Chemical Society for the development of the open @-@ source MSMBuilder software and for attaining quantitative agreement between theory and experiment . For his work , Pande was awarded the 2012 Michael and Kate Bárány Award for Young Investigators for " developing field @-@ defining and field @-@ changing computational methods to produce leading theoretical models for protein and RNA folding " as well as the 2006 Irving Sigal Young Investigator Award for his simulation results which " have stimulated a re @-@ examination of the meaning of both ensemble and single @-@ molecule measurements , making Dr. Pande 's efforts pioneering contributions to simulation methodology . "
= = Biomedical research = =
Protein misfolding can result in a variety of diseases including Alzheimer 's disease , cancer , Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease , cystic fibrosis , Huntington 's disease , sickle @-@ cell anemia , and type II diabetes . Cellular infection by viruses such as HIV and influenza also involve folding events on cell membranes . Once protein misfolding is better understood , therapies can be developed that augment cells ' natural ability to regulate protein folding . Such therapies include the use of engineered molecules to alter the production of a certain protein , help destroy a misfolded protein , or assist in the folding process . The combination of computational molecular modeling and experimental analysis has the possibility of fundamentally shaping the future of molecular medicine and the rational design of therapeutics , such as expediting and lowering the costs of drug discovery . The goal of the first five years of Folding @ home was to make advances in understanding folding , while the current goal is to understand misfolding and related disease , especially Alzheimer 's disease .
The simulations run on Folding @ home are used in conjunction with laboratory experiments , but researchers can use them to study how folding in vitro differs from folding in native cellular environments . This is advantageous in studying aspects of folding , misfolding , and their relationships to disease that are difficult to observe experimentally . For example , in 2011 Folding @ home simulated protein folding inside a ribosomal exit tunnel , to help scientists better understand how natural confinement and crowding might influence the folding process . Furthermore , scientists typically employ chemical denaturants to unfold proteins from their stable native state . It is not generally known how the denaturant affects the protein 's refolding , and it is difficult to experimentally determine if these denatured states contain residual structures which may influence folding behavior . In 2010 , Folding @ home used GPUs to simulate the unfolded states of Protein L , and predicted its collapse rate in strong agreement with experimental results .
The Pande Lab is part of Stanford University , a non @-@ profit entity , and does not sell the results generated by Folding @ home . The large data sets from the project are freely available for other researchers to use upon request and some can be accessed from the Folding @ home website . The Pande lab has collaborated with other molecular dynamics systems such as the Blue Gene supercomputer , and they share Folding @ home 's key software with other researchers , so that the algorithms which benefited Folding @ home may aid other scientific areas . In 2011 , they released the open @-@ source Copernicus software , which is based on Folding @ home 's MSM and other parallelization techniques and aims to improve the efficiency and scaling of molecular simulations on large computer clusters or supercomputers . Summaries of all scientific findings from Folding @ home are posted on the Folding @ home website after publication .
= = = Alzheimer 's disease = = =
Alzheimer 's disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease which most often affects the elderly and accounts for more than half of all cases of dementia . Its exact cause remains unknown , but the disease is identified as a protein misfolding disease . Alzheimer 's is associated with toxic aggregations of the amyloid beta ( Aβ ) peptide , caused by Aβ misfolding and clumping together with other Aβ peptides . These Aβ aggregates then grow into significantly larger senile plaques , a pathological marker of Alzheimer 's disease . Due to the heterogeneous nature of these aggregates , experimental techniques such as X @-@ ray crystallography and NMR have had difficulty characterizing their structures . Moreover , atomic simulations of Aβ aggregation are extremely computationally demanding due to their size and complexity .
Preventing Aβ aggregation is a promising approach to the development of therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer 's disease , according to Drs. Naeem and Fazili in a literature review article . In 2008 , Folding @ home simulated the dynamics of Aβ aggregation in atomic detail over timescales of the order of tens of seconds . Prior studies were only able to simulate about 10 microseconds — Folding @ home was able to simulate Aβ folding for six orders of magnitude longer than formerly possible . Researchers used the results of this study to identify a beta hairpin that was a major source of molecular interactions within the structure . The study helped prepare the Pande lab for future aggregation studies and for further research to find a small peptide which may stabilize the aggregation process .
In December 2008 , Folding @ home found several small drug candidates which appear to inhibit the toxicity of Aβ aggregates . In 2010 , in close cooperation with the Center for Protein Folding Machinery , these drug leads began to be tested on biological tissue . In 2011 , Folding @ home completed simulations of several mutations of Aβ that appear to stabilize the aggregate formation , which could aid in the development of therapeutic drug approaches to the disease and greatly assist with experimental NMR spectroscopy studies of Aβ oligomers . Later that year , Folding @ home began simulations of various Aβ fragments to determine how various natural enzymes affect the structure and folding of Aβ .
= = = Huntington 's disease = = =
Huntington 's disease is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that is associated with protein misfolding and aggregation . Excessive repeats of the glutamine amino acid at the N @-@ terminus of the Huntingtin protein cause aggregation , and although the behavior of the repeats is not completely understood , it does lead to the cognitive decline associated with the disease . As with other aggregates , there is difficulty in experimentally determining its structure . Scientists are using Folding @ home to study the structure of the Huntingtin protein aggregate and to predict how it forms , assisting with rational drug design approaches to stop the aggregate formation . The N17 fragment of the Huntingtin protein accelerates this aggregation , and while there have been several mechanisms proposed , its exact role in this process remains largely unknown . Folding @ home has simulated this and other fragments to clarify their roles in the disease . Since 2008 , its drug design approaches for Alzheimer 's disease have been applied to Huntington 's .
= = = Cancer = = =
More than half of all known cancers involve mutations of p53 , a tumor suppressor protein present in every cell which regulates the cell cycle and signals for cell death in the event of damage to DNA . Specific mutations in p53 can disrupt these functions , allowing an abnormal cell to continue growing unchecked , resulting in the development of tumors . Analysis of these mutations helps explain the root causes of p53 @-@ related cancers . In 2004 , Folding @ home was used to perform the first molecular dynamics study of the refolding of p53 's protein dimer in an all @-@ atom simulation of water . The simulation 's results agreed with experimental observations and gave insights into the refolding of the dimer that were formerly unobtainable . This was the first peer reviewed publication on cancer from a distributed computing project . The following year , Folding @ home powered a new method to identify the amino acids crucial for the stability of a given protein , which was then used to study mutations of p53 . The method was reasonably successful in identifying cancer @-@ promoting mutations and determined the effects of specific mutations which could not otherwise be measured experimentally .
Folding @ home is also used to study protein chaperones , heat shock proteins which play essential roles in cell survival by assisting with the folding of other proteins in the crowded and chemically stressful environment within a cell . Rapidly growing cancer cells rely on specific chaperones , and some chaperones play key roles in chemotherapy resistance . Inhibitions to these specific chaperones are seen as potential modes of action for efficient chemotherapy drugs or for reducing the spread of cancer . Using Folding @ home and working closely with the Center for Protein Folding Machinery , the Pande lab hopes to find a drug which inhibits those chaperones involved in cancerous cells . Researchers are also using Folding @ home to study other molecules related to cancer , such as the enzyme Src kinase and certain forms of the engrailed homeodomain — a large protein which may be involved in many diseases , including cancer . In 2011 , Folding @ home began simulations of the dynamics of the small knottin protein EETI , which can identify carcinomas in imaging scans by binding to surface receptors of cancer cells .
Interleukin 2 ( IL @-@ 2 ) is a protein that helps T cells of the immune system attack pathogens and tumors . Unfortunately , its use as a cancer treatment is restricted due to serious side effects such as pulmonary edema . IL @-@ 2 binds to these pulmonary cells differently than it does to T cells , so IL @-@ 2 research involves understanding the differences between these binding mechanisms . In 2012 , Folding @ home assisted with the discovery of a form of IL @-@ 2 which is three hundred times more effective in its immune system role but carries fewer side effects . In experiments , this altered form significantly outperformed natural IL @-@ 2 in impeding tumor growth . Pharmaceutical companies have expressed interest in the mutant molecule , and the National Institutes of Health are testing it against a large variety of tumor models in the hopes of accelerating its development as a therapeutic .
= = = Osteogenesis imperfecta = = =
Osteogenesis imperfecta , known as brittle bone disease , is an incurable genetic bone disorder which can be lethal . Those with the disease are unable to make functional connective bone tissue . This is most commonly due to a mutation in Type @-@ I collagen , which fulfills a variety of structural roles and is the most abundant protein in mammals . The mutation causes a deformation in collagen 's triple helix structure , which if not naturally destroyed , leads to abnormal and weakened bone tissue . In 2005 , Folding @ home tested a new quantum mechanical method that improved upon prior simulation methods , and which may be useful for future computational studies of collagen . Although researchers have used Folding @ home to study collagen folding and misfolding , the interest stands as a pilot project compared to Alzheimer 's and Huntington 's research .
= = = Viruses = = =
Folding @ home is assisting in research towards preventing certain viruses such as influenza and HIV from recognizing and entering biological cells . In 2011 , Folding @ home began simulations of the dynamics of the enzyme RNase H , a key component of HIV , in the hopes of designing drugs to deactivate it . Folding @ home has also been used to study membrane fusion , an essential event for viral infection and a wide range of biological functions . This fusion involves conformational changes of viral fusion proteins and protein docking , but the exact molecular mechanisms behind fusion remain largely unknown . Fusion events may consist of over a half million atoms interacting for hundreds of microseconds . This complexity limits typical computer simulations to about ten thousand atoms over tens of nanoseconds : a difference of several orders of magnitude . The development of models to predict the mechanisms of membrane fusion will assist in the scientific understanding of how to target the process with antiviral drugs . In 2006 , scientists applied Markov state models and the Folding @ home network to discover two pathways for fusion and gain other mechanistic insights .
Following detailed simulations from Folding @ home of small cells known as vesicles , in 2007 the Pande lab introduced a new computational technique for measuring the topology of its structural changes during fusion . In 2009 , researchers used Folding @ home to study mutations of influenza hemagglutinin , a protein that attaches a virus to its host cell and assists with viral entry . Mutations to hemagglutinin affect how well the protein binds to a host 's cell surface receptor molecules , which determines how infective the virus strain is to the host organism . Knowledge of the effects of hemagglutinin mutations assists in the development of antiviral drugs . As of 2012 , Folding @ home continues to simulate the folding and interactions of hemagglutinin , complementing experimental studies at the University of Virginia .
= = = Drug design = = =
Drugs function by binding to specific locations on target molecules and causing a certain desired change , such as disabling the target or causing a conformational change . Ideally , a drug should act very specifically and bind only to its target without interfering with other biological functions . However , it is difficult to precisely determine where and how tightly two molecules will bind . Due to limitations in computational power , current in silico approaches usually have to trade speed for accuracy ; e.g. use rapid protein docking methods instead of computationally expensive free energy calculations . Folding @ home 's computational performance allows researchers to use both techniques , and evaluate their efficiency and reliability . Computer @-@ assisted drug design has the potential to expedite and lower the costs of drug discovery . In 2010 , Folding @ home used MSMs and free energy calculations to predict the native state of the villin protein to within 1 @.@ 8 Å RMSD ( root mean square deviation ) from the crystalline structure experimentally determined through X @-@ ray crystallography . This accuracy has implications to future protein structure prediction approaches , including for intrinsically unstructured proteins . Scientists have used Folding @ home to research drug resistance by studying vancomycin , an antibiotic of " last resort " , and beta @-@ lactamase , a protein that can break down antibiotics like penicillin .
Chemical activity occurs along a protein 's active site . Traditional drug design approaches involve tightly binding to this site and blocking its activity , under the assumption that the target protein exists in a single rigid structure . However , this approach only works for approximately 15 % of all proteins . Proteins contain allosteric sites which , when bound to by small molecules , can alter a protein 's conformation and ultimately affect the protein 's activity . These sites are attractive drug targets , but locating them is very computationally expensive . In 2012 , Folding @ home and MSMs were used to identify allosteric sites in three medically relevant proteins : beta @-@ lactamase , interleukin @-@ 2 , and RNase H.
Approximately half of all known antibiotics interfere with the workings of a bacteria 's ribosome , a large and complex biochemical machine that performs protein biosynthesis by translating messenger RNA into proteins . Macrolide antibiotics clog the ribosome 's exit tunnel , preventing synthesis of essential bacterial proteins . In 2007 , the Pande lab received a grant to study and design new antibiotics . In 2008 , they used Folding @ home to study the interior of this tunnel and how specific molecules may affect it . The full structure of the ribosome has only been recently determined , and Folding @ home has also simulated ribosomal proteins , as many of their functions remain largely unknown .
= = Participation = =
In addition to reporting active processors , Folding @ home determines its computing performance as measured in floating point operations per second ( FLOPS ) based on the actual execution time of its calculations . Originally this was reported as native FLOPS : the raw performance from each given type of processing hardware . In March 2009 Folding @ home began reporting the performance in native and x86 FLOPS , the latter being an estimation of how many FLOPS the calculation would take on a standard x86 CPU architecture , which is commonly used as a performance reference . Specialized hardware such as GPUs can efficiently perform certain complex functions in a single floating point operation which would otherwise require multiple operations on the x86 architecture . The x86 measurement attempts to even out these hardware differences . Despite conservative conversions , the GPU clients ' x86 FLOPS are consistently greater than their native FLOPS and comprise a large majority of Folding @ home 's measured computing performance .
In 2007 , Guinness World Records recognized Folding @ home as the most powerful distributed computing network . As of September 30 , 2014 , the project has 107 @,@ 708 active CPU cores and 63 @,@ 977 active GPUs for a total of 40 @.@ 190 x86 petaFLOPS ( 19 @.@ 282 native petaFLOPS ) . At the same time , the combined efforts of all distributed computing projects under BOINC totals 7 @.@ 924 petaFLOPS . In November 2012 Folding @ home updated its accounting of FLOPS , especially for GPUs , and now reports the number of active processor cores as well as physical processors . Using the Markov state model approach , Folding @ home achieves strong scaling across its user base and gains a linear speedup for every additional processor . This network allows Folding @ home to do work that was formerly computationally impractical .
In March 2002 Google co @-@ founder Sergey Brin launched Google Compute as an add @-@ on for the Google Toolbar . Although limited in functionality and scope , it increased participation in Folding @ home from 10 @,@ 000 , up to about 30 @,@ 000 active CPUs . The program ended in October 2005 in favor of the official Folding @ home clients , and is no longer available for the Toolbar . Folding @ home also gained participants from Genome @ home , another distributed computing project from the Pande lab and a sister project to Folding @ home . The goal of Genome @ home was protein design and associated applications . Following its official conclusion in March 2004 , users were asked to donate computing power to Folding @ home instead .
= = = Performance = = =
On September 16 , 2007 , due in large part to the participation of PS3s , the Folding @ home project officially attained a sustained performance level higher than one native petaFLOPS , becoming the first computing system of any kind to do so . Top500 's fastest supercomputer at the time was BlueGene / L , at 0 @.@ 280 petaFLOPS . The following year , on May 7 , 2008 , the project attained a sustained performance level higher than two native petaFLOPS , followed by the three and four native petaFLOPS milestones on August 20 and September 28 , 2008 respectively . On February 18 , 2009 , Folding @ home achieved five native petaFLOPS , and was the first computing project to meet these five levels . In comparison , November 2008 's fastest supercomputer was IBM 's Roadrunner at 1 @.@ 105 petaFLOPS . On November 10 , 2011 , Folding @ home 's performance exceeded six native petaFLOPS with the equivalent of nearly eight x86 petaFLOPS . In mid @-@ May 2013 , Folding @ home attained over seven native petaFLOPS , with the equivalent of 14 @.@ 87 x86 petaFLOPS . It then reached eight native petaFLOPS on June 21 , followed by nine on September 9 of that year , with 17 @.@ 9 x86 petaFLOPS . Folding @ home reached 100 x86 petaFLOPS in May 2016 .
= = Points = =
Similarly to other distributed computing projects , Folding @ home quantitatively assesses user computing contributions to the project through a credit system . All units from a given protein project have uniform base credit , which is determined by benchmarking one or more work units from that project on an official reference machine before the project is released . Each user receives these base points for completing every work unit , though through the use of a passkey they can receive additional bonus points for reliably and rapidly completing units which are more computationally demanding or have a greater scientific priority . Users may also receive credit for their work by clients on multiple machines . This point system attempts to align awarded credit with the value of the scientific results .
Users can register their contributions under a team , which combine the points of all their members . A user can start their own team , or they can join an existing team . In some cases , a team may have their own community @-@ driven sources of help or recruitment such as an Internet forum . The points can foster friendly competition between individuals and teams to compute the most for the project , which can benefit the folding community and accelerate scientific research . Individual and team statistics are posted on the Folding @ home website .
= = Software = =
Folding @ home software at the user 's end involves three primary components : work units , cores , and a client .
= = = Work units = = =
A work unit is the protein data that the client is asked to process . Work units are a fraction of the simulation between the states in a Markov state model . After the work unit has been downloaded and completely processed by a volunteer 's computer , it is returned to Folding @ home servers , which then award the volunteer the credit points . This cycle repeats automatically . All work units have associated deadlines , and if this deadline is exceeded , the user may not get credit and the unit will be automatically reissued to another participant . As protein folding is serial in nature and many work units are generated from their predecessors , this allows the overall simulation process to proceed normally if a work unit is not returned after a reasonable period of time . Due to these deadlines , the minimum system requirement for Folding @ home is a Pentium 3 450 MHz CPU with Streaming SIMD Extensions ( SSE ) . However , work units for high @-@ performance clients have a much shorter deadline than those for the uniprocessor client , as a major part of the scientific benefit is dependent on rapidly completing simulations .
Before public release , work units go through several quality assurance steps to keep problematic ones from becoming fully available . These testing stages include internal , beta , and advanced , before a final full release across Folding @ home . Folding @ home 's work units are normally processed only once , except in the rare event that errors occur during processing . If this occurs for three different users , the unit is automatically pulled from distribution . The Folding @ home support forum can be used to differentiate between issues arising from problematic hardware and bad work units .
= = = Cores = = =
Specialized molecular dynamics programs , referred to as " FahCores " and often abbreviated " cores " , perform the calculations on the work unit as a background process . A large majority of Folding @ home 's cores are based on GROMACS , one of the fastest and most popular molecular dynamics software packages , which largely consists of manually optimized assembly language code and hardware optimizations . Although GROMACS is open @-@ source software and there is a cooperative effort between the Pande lab and GROMACS developers , Folding @ home uses a closed @-@ source license to help ensure data validity . Less active cores include ProtoMol and SHARPEN . Folding @ home has used AMBER , CPMD , Desmond , and TINKER , but these have since been retired and are no longer in active service . Some of these cores perform explicit solvation calculations in which the surrounding solvent ( usually water ) is modeled atom @-@ by @-@ atom ; while others perform implicit solvation methods , where the solvent is treated as a mathematical continuum . The core is separate from the client to enable the scientific methods to be updated automatically without requiring a client update . The cores periodically create calculation checkpoints so that if they are interrupted they can resume work from that point upon startup .
= = = Client = = =
A Folding @ home participant installs a client program on their personal computer . The user interacts with the client , which manages the other software components in the background . Through the client , the user may pause the folding process , open an event log , check the work progress , or view personal statistics . The computer clients run continuously in the background at an extremely low priority , using idle processing power so that normal computer usage is unaffected . The maximum CPU usage can be adjusted through client settings . The client connects to a Folding @ home server and retrieves a work unit and may also download the appropriate core for the client 's settings , operating system , and the underlying hardware architecture . After processing , the work unit is returned to the Folding @ home servers . Computer clients are tailored to uniprocessor and multi @-@ core processors systems , as well as graphics processing units . The diversity and power of each hardware architecture provides Folding @ home with the ability to efficiently complete many types of simulations in a timely manner ( in a few weeks or months rather than years ) , which is of significant scientific value . Together , these clients allow researchers to study biomedical questions formerly considered impractical to tackle computationally .
Professional software developers are responsible for most of Folding @ home 's code , both for the client and server @-@ side . The development team includes programmers from Nvidia , ATI , Sony , and Cauldron Development . Clients can be downloaded only from the official Folding @ home website or its commercial partners , and will only interact with Folding @ home computer files . They will upload and download data with Stanford 's Folding @ home data servers ( over port 8080 , with 80 as an alternative ) , and the communication is verified using 2048 @-@ bit digital signatures . While the client 's GUI is open @-@ source , the client is proprietary software citing security and scientific integrity as the reasons .
Folding @ home uses the Cosm software libraries for networking . Folding @ home was launched on October 1 , 2000 , and was the first distributed computing project aimed at bio @-@ molecular systems . Its first client was a screensaver , which would run while the computer was not otherwise in use . In 2004 , the Pande lab collaborated with David Anderson to test a supplemental client on the open @-@ source BOINC framework . This client was released to closed beta in April 2005 ; however , the approach became unworkable and was shelved in June 2006 .
= = = = Graphics processing units = = = =
The specialized hardware of GPUs is designed to accelerate rendering of 3 @-@ D graphics applications such as video games and can significantly outperform CPUs for certain types of calculations . GPUs are one of the most powerful and rapidly growing computational platforms and many scientists and researchers are pursuing general purpose GPU ( GPGPU ) computing . However , GPU hardware is difficult to use for non @-@ graphics tasks and usually requires significant algorithm restructuring and an advanced understanding of the underlying architecture . Such customization is challenging , especially to researchers with limited software development resources . Folding @ home uses the open source OpenMM library , which uses a bridge design pattern with two application programming interface ( API ) levels to interface molecular simulation software to an underlying hardware architecture . With the addition of hardware optimizations , OpenMM @-@ based GPU simulations do not require significant modification but achieve performance nearly equal to hand @-@ tuned GPU code , and greatly outperform CPU implementations .
Before 2010 the computational reliability of GPGPU consumer @-@ grade hardware was largely unknown , and circumstantial evidence related to the lack of built @-@ in error detection and correction in GPU memory raised reliability concerns . In the first large @-@ scale test of GPU scientific accuracy , a 2010 study of over 20 @,@ 000 hosts on the Folding @ home network detected soft errors in the memory subsystems of two @-@ thirds of the tested GPUs . These errors strongly correlated to board architecture , though the study concluded that reliable GPU computing was very feasible as long as attention is paid to the hardware characteristics , such as software @-@ side error detection .
The first generation of Folding @ home 's GPU client ( GPU1 ) was released to the public on October 2 , 2006 , delivering a 20 @-@ 30X speedup for certain calculations over its CPU @-@ based GROMACS counterparts . It was the first time GPUs had been used for either distributed computing or major molecular dynamics calculations . GPU1 gave researchers significant knowledge and experience with the development of GPGPU software , but in response to scientific inaccuracies with DirectX , on April 10 , 2008 it was succeeded by GPU2 , the second generation of the client . Following the introduction of GPU2 , GPU1 was officially retired on June 6 . Compared to GPU1 , GPU2 was more scientifically reliable and productive , ran on ATI and CUDA @-@ enabled Nvidia GPUs , and supported more advanced algorithms , larger proteins , and real @-@ time visualization of the protein simulation . Following this , the third generation of Folding @ home 's GPU client ( GPU3 ) was released on May 25 , 2010 . While backwards compatible with GPU2 , GPU3 was more stable , efficient and had greater flexibility in its scientific capabilities , and used OpenMM on top of an OpenCL framework . Although these GPU3 clients did not natively support the Linux and OS @-@ X operating systems , Linux users with Nvidia graphics cards were able to run them through the Wine software application . GPUs remain Folding @ home 's most powerful platform in terms of FLOPS ; as of November 2012 GPU clients account for 87 % of the entire project 's x86 FLOPS throughput .
Native support for Nvidia and AMD graphics cards under Linux was introduced with FahCore 17 , which uses OpenCL rather than CUDA .
= = = = PlayStation 3 = = = =
From March 2007 until November 2012 , Folding @ home took advantage of the computing power of PlayStation 3s . At the time of its inception , its main streaming Cell processor delivered a 20x speed increase over PCs for certain calculations , processing power which could not be found on other systems such as the Xbox 360 . The PS3 's high speed and efficiency introduced other opportunities for worthwhile optimizations according to Amdahl 's law , and significantly changed the tradeoff between computational efficiency and overall accuracy , allowing for the use of more complex molecular models at little additional computational cost . This allowed Folding @ home to run biomedical calculations that would have been otherwise computationally infeasible .
The PS3 client was developed in a collaborative effort between Sony and the Pande lab and was first released as a standalone client on March 23 , 2007 . Its release made Folding @ home the first distributed computing project to use PS3s . On September 18 of the following year , the PS3 client became a channel of Life with PlayStation on its launch . In terms of the types of calculations it can perform , at the time of its introduction the client took the middle ground between a CPU 's flexibility and a GPU 's speed . However , unlike CPUs and GPUs , users were unable to perform other activities on their PS3 while running Folding @ home . The PS3 's uniform console environment made support easier and made Folding @ home more user friendly . The PS3 also has the ability to stream data quickly to its GPU , which was used for real @-@ time atomic @-@ level visualizations of the current protein dynamics .
On November 6 , 2012 , Sony concluded support for the Folding @ home PS3 client and other services available under Life with PlayStation . Over its lifetime of five years and 7 months , more than 15 million users contributed over 100 million hours of computation to Folding @ home , greatly assisting the project with disease research . Following discussions with the Pande lab , Sony decided to terminate the application . Pande considers the PlayStation 3 client a " game changer " for the project .
= = = = Multi @-@ core processing client = = = =
Folding @ home can use the parallel computing abilities of modern multi @-@ core processors . The ability to use several CPU cores simultaneously allows completing the full simulation far faster . Working together , these CPU cores complete single work units proportionately faster than the standard uniprocessor client . This approach is scientifically valuable because it enables much longer simulation trajectories to be performed in the same amount of time , and reduces the traditional difficulties of scaling a large simulation to many separate processors . A 2007 publication in the Journal of Molecular Biology relied on multi @-@ core processing to simulate the folding of part of the villin protein approximately 10 times longer than was possible with a single @-@ processor client , in agreement with experimental folding rates .
In November 2006 , first @-@ generation symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) clients were publicly released for open beta testing , referred to as SMP1 . These clients used Message Passing Interface ( MPI ) communication protocols for parallel processing , as at that time the GROMACS cores were not designed to be used with multiple threads . This was the first time a distributed computing project had used MPI . Although the clients performed well in Unix @-@ based operating systems such as Linux and OS X , they were troublesome under Windows . On January 24 , 2010 , SMP2 , the second generation of the SMP clients and the successor to SMP1 , was released as an open beta and replaced the complex MPI with a more reliable thread @-@ based implementation .
SMP2 supports a trial of a special category of " bigadv " work units , designed for simulating proteins that are unusually large and computationally intensive and have a great scientific priority . These units originally required a minimum of eight CPU cores , which was later increased on February 7 , 2012 to sixteen CPU cores . In addition to these additional hardware requirements over standard SMP2 work units , they require more system resources such as random @-@ access memory ( RAM ) and Internet bandwidth . In return , users who run these are rewarded with a 20 % increase over SMP2 's bonus point system . The bigadv category allows Folding @ home to run particularly demanding simulations on long timescales that had formerly required the use of supercomputing clusters and could not be performed anywhere else on Folding @ home . Many users with hardware capable of running bigadv units have later had their hardware setup deemed ineligible for bigadv work units when CPU core minimums were increased , leaving them only able to run the normal SMP work units . This frustrated many users who invested significant amounts of money into the program only to have their hardware be obsolete for bigadv purposes shortly after . As a result , Vijay Pande announced in January 2014 that the bigadv program would end on January 31 , 2015 .
= = = = V7 = = = =
The V7 client is the seventh and latest generation of the Folding @ home client software , and is a complete rewrite and unification of the prior clients for Microsoft Windows , OS X and Linux operating systems . It was released on March 22 , 2012 . Like its predecessors , V7 can run Folding @ home in the background at a very low priority , allowing other applications to use CPU resources as they need . It is designed to make the installation , start @-@ up , and operation more user @-@ friendly for novices , as well as offer greater scientific flexibility to researchers than prior clients . V7 uses Trac for managing its bug tickets so that users can see its development process and provide feedback .
V7 consists of four integrated elements . The user typically interacts with V7 's open @-@ source GUI , known as FAHControl . This has Novice , Advanced , and Expert user interface modes , and has the ability to monitor , configure , and control many remote folding clients from a single computer . FAHControl directs FAHClient — a back @-@ end application that in turn manages each FAHSlot ( or " slot " ) . Each slot acts as replacement for the formerly distinct Folding @ home v6 uniprocessor , SMP , or GPU computer clients , as it can download , process , and upload work units independently . The FAHViewer function , modeled after the PS3 's viewer , displays a real @-@ time 3 @-@ D rendering , if available , of the protein currently being processed .
= = = = Google Chrome = = = =
In 2014 , a client for the Google Chrome and Chromium web browsers was released , allowing users to run Folding @ home in their web browser . The client uses Google 's Native Client ( NaCl ) feature on Chromium @-@ based web browsers to run the Folding @ Home code at near @-@ native speed in a sandbox on the user 's machine .
= = = = Android = = = =
In July 2015 , a client for Android mobile phones was introduced , which is available on Google Play .
= = Comparison to other molecular simulators = =
Rosetta @ home is a distributed computing project aimed at protein structure prediction and is one of the most accurate tertiary structure predictors . The conformational states from Rosetta 's software can be used to initialize a Markov state model as starting points for Folding @ home simulations . Conversely , structure prediction algorithms can be improved from thermodynamic and kinetic models and the sampling aspects of protein folding simulations . As Rosetta only tries to predict the final folded state , and not how proteins fold , Rosetta @ home and Folding @ home are complementary and address very different molecular questions .
Anton is a special @-@ purpose supercomputer constructed for molecular dynamics simulations . In October 2011 Anton and Folding @ home were the two most powerful molecular dynamics systems . Anton is unique in its ability to produce single ultra @-@ long computationally expensive molecular trajectories , such as one in 2010 which reached the millisecond range . These long trajectories may be particularly helpful towards certain types of biochemical problems . However , Anton does not use Markov state models for analysis . In 2011 , the Pande lab constructed a MSM from two 100 @-@ µs Anton simulations and found alternative folding pathways that were not visible through Anton 's traditional analysis . They concluded that there was little difference between MSMs constructed from a limited number of long trajectories or one assembled from many shorter trajectories . In June 2011 Folding @ home began additional sampling of an Anton simulation in an effort to better determine how its techniques compare to Anton 's methods . However , unlike Folding @ home 's shorter trajectories , which are more amenable to distributed computing and other parallelization techniques , longer trajectories do not require adaptive sampling to sufficiently sample the protein 's phase space . Due to this , it is possible that a combination of Anton 's and Folding @ home 's simulation methods would provide a more thorough sampling of this space .
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= Lure of the Temptress =
Lure of the Temptress is Revolution Software 's debut point @-@ and @-@ click adventure game published by Virgin Interactive Entertainment . It was released in June 1992 for Atari ST , DOS and Amiga home computers . The player assumes the role of a young peasant named Diermot who has to overthrow an evil sorceress . Lure of the Temptress is the first game built with the Virtual Theatre engine , which Revolution used in the subsequent games Beneath a Steel Sky and the first two games in the Broken Sword series . It was received favourably by critics , a commercial success and re @-@ released as freeware on April 1 , 2003 .
= = Gameplay = =
Lure of the Temptress is a 2D adventure game played from a third @-@ person perspective . Via a point @-@ and @-@ click interface and a system of drop @-@ down lists , the player guides protagonist Diermot through the game 's world and interacts with the environment by selecting from multiple commands .
The player controls Diermot 's movements and actions with a mouse or a gamepad . Diermot can pick up various objects ; these can then be used with either other collectible objects , parts of the scenery , or with other people in order to solve puzzles and progress in the game . He can also engage in dialogue with other characters through conversation trees to gain hints of what needs to be done to solve the puzzles or progress the plot . A few simple action @-@ oriented battle scenes are also included .
= = Plot = =
A young peasant named Diermot is employed as a beater for the king 's hunting party . One night the king receives a note from a messenger , requesting his services to help quell a rebellion in the remote village of Turnvale . As the king 's party departs , Diermot ’ s pony follows them , unwittingly carrying him to the battle . When the party arrives at Turnvale they are not confronted by a peasant revolt . Instead they find a band of man @-@ eating Skorl , led by an enchantress named Selena , the titular temptress . The king 's men are defeated and the king is killed . In the process , Diermot is thrown from his saddle and is knocked unconscious . The Skorl take Diermot prisoner and imprison him in the local dungeon .
With help from a peasant named Ratpouch , Diermot manages to escape from the dungeon and visits Luthern , the blacksmith . Luthern reveals that a girl named Goewin who runs a herb shop has recently disappeared . Diermot discovers that she had been arrested by the Skorl . With help from Ratpouch , Diermot breaks into the house of Taidgh , the magician , where he creates a potion which disguises him as Selena . He enters the mansion where Goewin is being held and orders the Skorl to free her . Not long after , a man named Mallin gives Diermot a book wrapped in cloth to take to a man named Morkus . In the process of delivering the book , Diermot sees a notice stating that whoever returns the book to its rightful owner will be rewarded . Diermot delivers the book to a man named Toby , who rewards him with a statuette . Toby reveals that the dragon can help Diermot defeat Selena , but that he will need an infusion made of three herbs to wake the dragon up , which Goewin then makes for Diermot .
Diermot enters the dragon 's cave and wakes him up . The dragon agrees to help Diermot , revealing that Turnvale was the domain of a demon long before humans came to the area . This demon should have died along with his breed long ago , but did not perish because it was able to feed on man 's greed and ambition in order to survive . The demon was driven out by the great Gethryn , but the young sorceress Selena 's meddling with evil has reawakened the demon , and it controls her mortal form . The dragon possesses the Eye of Gethryn , an enchanted stone left by Gethryn at the time of his death . The stone contains the power to defeat the demon , and the dragon then gives the stone to Diermot . A Skorl named Wayne , who turns against Selena , sneaks Diermot into Selena 's castle in a barrel . Diermot defeats Selena with the Eye of Gethryn , freeing Turnvale from her tyranny .
= = Development and release = =
Charles Cecil and Tony Warriner had worked together at Artic Computing , an English video game development company . In 1990 , they decided that they would set up their own video game development company , together with David Sykes and Noirin Carmody . The four started up Revolution Software , initially based in Hull , with a 10 thousand pounds loan from Cecil 's mother . Cecil wanted the game to differ from popular Sierra games at the time , saying : " While I enjoyed Sierra games , I felt that there had to be more than yet again saving King Graham of Daventry from a – let ’ s be frank – fairly unlikely series of events . It was all a little bit twee . So we came up with the idea of writing an adventure game that did not take itself too seriously , but did have a serious story – something in @-@ between Lucasarts and Sierra . " The game was published by Virgin Interactive Entertainment .
Lure of the Temptress was the first game built with the Virtual Theatre engine , which allowed in @-@ game characters to wander around the gameworld independently of each other , performing " every day life " actions , which had not previously been featured in a game . It was later used for Beneath a Steel Sky and the first two games in the Broken Sword series . The title cost between 20 and 30 thousand pounds .
On April 1 , 2003 , the game was released as freeware . The data files are available from the Revolution Software website for download and the game 's engine has been added to ScummVM . This version of Lure of the Temptress was released on GOG.com on December 18 , 2008 .
= = Reception = =
Upon its release , Lure of the Temptress was received favorably by critics , who praised the game 's innovative controls and graphics , and compared it to Sierra and LucasFilm games . In 1993 , Dragon gave the game 4 out of 5 stars . Computer Gaming World liked the game 's sophisticated NPC interactions and how it prevented unwinnable situations , but criticized its short playing time . The magazine concluded that " Lure of the Temptress is a fine first release from this developer and bodes well for the future " . Amiga Power ranked it at # 47 in 1993 , and at # 66 in 1994 , on their list of Amiga Power All @-@ Time Top 100 . In 2011 , Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the 30th best Amiga game , saying it was " indeed a revolution " in the genre . It was also a commercial success , reaching number one in the British Gallup charts at the beginning of July 1992 and remaining in the Top 20 for most of the rest of the year .
Amiga Format stated that this " fine adventure game well worth investigating " could compete with Sierra and LucasFilm games ; " in any event , Temptress surpasses almost anything Sierra have offered , by being larger , funnier , and a whole lot better drawn ... an innovative system knocks spots of the Sierra @-@ standards and shows LucasFilm a thing or two " and also praised its humour , saying that there 's " a good dose of tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek humour and fairy @-@ tale nonsense . " The One praised the game 's controls , saying that " the game 's impressive user @-@ friendliness is undoubtably one of its strong points , " adding that " Lure of the Temptress is every bit as professional and polished as anything the Americans and French have been able to offer us recently " but " Lure is , if anything , a little too serious and sombre " and that " LucasFilm 's games boast the more interesting characters and interaction sequences . " Amiga Power praised its graphics , saying they are " very pretty drawn , with the dark , moody look you 'd expect from a town being oppressed by an evil Temptress , " calling it " one of the best graphic adventures ever " that 's " up there with Monkey Island 1 and Beneath a Steel Sky , " and adding that the " only drawback is that it 's shorter than your average adventure . " Mega Zone praised the game , stating that it is a " Sierra / Lucasfilmish with really , really good playability . We 're talking 32 colours graphics which look really nice , with playability which is really smooth , and simply pure gaming enjoyment here , " adding that " the manual is very well written , the sound the graphics are all there , disc access is very good , and looking at the way the whole game is put together right down to the intro it 's one of the most amazing Amiga Adventures every written ! An Adventure Zone classic ! " Stuart Campbell of Amiga Power opined that Core Design 's rival 1992 fantasy adeventure game Curse of Enchantia ( also published by Virgin ) was " a funny version of Lure of the Temptress with a different plot . "
Adventure Classic Gaming was less positive in its retrospective review , stating " what makes Lure of the Temptress fun — but also annoying — is the game 's unique gameplay engine " and that its graphics " unfortunately do not hold up well over the passage of time , " but that many of the backgrounds are " quite beautiful " and summarizing by stating , " While far from being a dull game , Lure of the Temptress is also full of clichés and stagnant periods of gameplay which ultimately undermine the game 's overall enjoyment . "
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= The Economist ( Lost ) =
" The Economist " is the third episode of the fourth season and 75th episode overall of the ABC 's serial drama television series Lost . It was aired on February 14 , 2008 , on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada . The episode was written by co @-@ executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed by executive producer Jack Bender . In the episode 's narrative , Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) and Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) negotiate for John Locke 's ( Terry O 'Quinn ) hostage Charlotte Lewis ( Rebecca Mader ) , while physicist and Kahana crew member Daniel Faraday ( Jeremy Davies ) discovers that time on the island runs at an offset from the rest of the world . Another storyline follows Sayid working as an assassin after being rescued from the island .
" The Economist " was watched by 14 million American viewers and received positive reactions from critics .
= = Plot = =
Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) and Miles Straume ( Ken Leung ) , calling himself Marvin Candle , argue about what to do about leader of the Others , Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) , and Miles 's colleague Charlotte , both sought after by Miles and his colleagues and taken prisoner by Locke . Sayid pays his respects to Naomi Dorrit , and takes her bracelet . He then offers to retrieve Charlotte without bloodshed , in return gaining a helicopter flight to the freighter anchored offshore . He takes along Miles and Kate . Sayid asks Jack not to come with them as he might be unpredictable around Locke .
While Sayid is gone , Daniel asks Regina ( Zoë Bell ) , a colleague on the freighter to shoot a projectile onto the island . Regina does so , but the projectile does not arrive for thirty minutes . When it lands , Daniel extracts a clock from the payload and finds that the two times , that running on the island and that running outside , are not synchronized .
The survivors led by Locke arrive at the location of Jacob 's cabin , but find the area deserted . Locke changes his course to the barracks , and uses Hugo " Hurley " Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) to ambush Sayid , Kate and Miles . Kate is watched by James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) , and they discuss their reasons for wanting or not wanting to go home . Kate , realizing that she would be arrested for her crimes upon rescue , defects to Locke 's group . Sayid negotiates with Locke to exchange Charlotte with Miles , in order to get access to the boat . Locke tells him that wouldn 't be necessary as Ben has a spy on that freighter , to which Sayid responds that he would rather sell his soul than trust Ben .
At the helicopter , Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) confronts pilot Frank Lapidus ( Jeff Fahey ) about the picture Naomi had of him and his ex @-@ fiancé Penelope Widmore ( Sonya Walger ) . Frank denies any knowledge of her , but Desmond nevertheless demands a place on a helicopter . At the same time , Sayid returns , with only Charlotte . While Frank accuses Sayid of being dishonest , he considered Miles a " pain in the ass " , and agrees to fly him offshore .
The episode 's flashforwards are centered on Sayid in Berlin , who had since become one of the Oceanic Six . He is hired as an assassin , and courts a German woman , Elsa ( Thekla Reuten ) , in order to get closer to her employer ( the eponymous " economist " ) . After several dates , Sayid turns on Elsa , who reveals herself to be a counter @-@ spy by unexpectedly shooting Sayid in the shoulder . Sayid is able to shoot and kill Elsa . As the episode ends , Sayid is treated for his wound by Ben , who gives him another assignment . Sayid is now wary since they now know that he 's after them , to which Ben replies , " Good " .
= = Production = =
The story of Sayid 's future was influenced by spy fiction — in particular , the writing eventually " gravitated " towards a story much like the Jason Bourne franchise . The story was justified by Sayid 's status as part of the " Oceanic Six " , as his celebrity status would provide the perfect cover for his clandestine activities . The episode was written in autumn 2007 . At the end of the first scene in Berlin , the flag shown on the building across the street from where Sayid stands is actually that of the former East German GDR .
An important scene in the episode regarded Faraday 's experiment and the resulting time differential . The scene set up a prominent theme of " time @-@ travel " for later episodes . In the episode 's respective podcast , Lost 's show runners Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof further discussed the time differential as part of an already existing theme regarding transport between the island and the rest of the world . In particular , the theme was alluded to the " Orchid video " , a Dharma Initiative video that premiered at the 2007 Comic @-@ Con.
However , some scenes in the episode gained unintentional significance . The Boston Red Sox won the World Series for the second time in three years after the episode was written , which prompted the question " Is it possible Lapidus is actually from 2008 ? " due to his annoyed reply . Likewise , the only reason that Elsa and Naomi had similar bracelets was that it would serve as an " emotional touchstone " for Sayid . After the episode , the producers received several emails about both issues .
Andrews enjoyed his role in " The Economist " . He appreciated that , unlike the third season , he was able to " push the story forward " , which he thought was " infinitely more interesting and rewarding . " The premise " threw [ him ] for a loop " , and he was pleased with how complex the episode was .
= = Reception = =
" The Economist " was seen by 13 @.@ 76 million American viewers , making Lost the fourth most watched program of the week . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 8 / 15 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic . In Great Britain , Lost brought in 1 @.@ 2 million viewers .
The first four episodes of the fourth season were watched beforehand by TV Guide , who called them " worth the wait " and " emotionally satisfying " . TV Guide also stated that they " provide gaspworthy plot twists that should whip fans into a theory @-@ spinning tizzy . " Sarah Vasques of eFluxMedia thought the scene where Daniel discovers the time discrepancy the most mind @-@ blowing scene of the episode . Entertainment Weekly commented that " for the second straight year , Cupid was kicked in the nuts " , as the episode " Flashes Before Your Eyes " also aired on St. Valentine 's Day . Also discussed in the review was possible Biblical allegory to the Book of Daniel . However , Mark Madley of The National Post thought that this episode , along with the previous two , gave away too much plot detail , and compared the off @-@ island storyline to " that awful Stallone / Banderas movie Assassins " . Don Williams of BuddyTV thought that the scene where Sayid disposes of his cellphone after calling Ben " like an episode of Alias " , and finished his recap by saying " consider my mind blown again " . MaryAnn Johanson of Film.com called the episode " mind @-@ blowing " , and theorized that Sayid had been working for Ben before the crash , and that the crash of Oceanic 815 was deliberate . Chris Carabott of IGN stated that , in the episode " Sayid Jarrah is a badass who could give Jack Bauer , James Bond , and Jason Bourne all a run for their money " , and praised Lost 's nature for being able to have " a lighthearted episode featuring Hurley [ one week ] and the next can be an action spy thriller starring Sayid . " He praised the episode for being a perfect example of serialized television , and thought that Elsa 's double cross to be " very reminiscent of Vesper Lynd and her true employer in Casino Royale " . Overall , he rated the episode 8 @.@ 6 out of 10 .
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= Homer and Apu =
" Homer and Apu " is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 10 , 1994 . In the episode , Homer participates in a hidden camera investigation of the expired meat selling at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . Apu is immediately fired and replaced by actor James Woods , who is doing research for a role in an upcoming film . Apu begins to miss his job at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , so in an attempt to get it back , Apu and Homer travel to India to talk with the head of the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart corporation .
The episode was written by Greg Daniels , and directed by Mark Kirkland . James Woods made a guest appearance as himself . The episode features cultural references to films such as The Hard Way , JFK , and Lawrence of Arabia . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 3 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
At the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Apu is selling items to customers at outrageous prices , like normal . Apu scribbles out the best before date and then lowers the price on expired ham from 1989 instead of throwing it out . Homer buys the meat , eats it , and contracts food poisoning . After recovering , Homer returns to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart to complain , and Apu gives him two five @-@ pound buckets of expired shrimp to placate him . Homer eats the shrimp and gets the same symptoms . Whilst recovering at home , Homer sees the investigative news program Bite Back with Kent Brockman , hosted by Channel 6 journalist Kent Brockman . Lisa gives him the idea to get the show to investigate the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . Kent gives Homer a giant novelty hat containing a spy camera to expose Apu for selling expired food . Though Homer almost immediately abandons the hat after mistaking the buzzing of the machinery as a bee , the camera catches Apu placing a hotdog in the bain @-@ marie that he had recently dropped on the ground . Apu is immediately fired by his company ( even though he actually follows the company " ethics " ) , and is replaced by actor James Woods , who is doing research for a role in an upcoming film .
After being fired , Apu appears at the Simpsons home , acting like he 's about to strangle Homer , but this turns out to be the bizarre traditional form of apology of Apu 's village , because he thinks that he is in debt to Homer for selling him expired food , and helping him would pay off his debt of karma . At first , Homer is reluctant to accept his help , as " karma can only be portioned out by the cosmos ! " , but as time goes by , the family begins to love Apu and his dutiful behavior ( especially after he helps Marge buy products in another market , and cooks an exotic Indian dinner for the family ) . However , Apu misses his job at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , so Homer decides to help him by accompanying him to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart head office in India . Once they arrive , they meet with the head of the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart corporation , who says that they can ask him three questions . Unfortunately , Homer wastes the three questions ( " Are you really the head of the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ? ! " , " Really ? ! " , and " You ? ! " ) , and the head of the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart does not help Apu with his problems . An enraged Apu chokes Homer ( which is mistaken for another apology ) before they return home disappointed .
When they get home to Springfield , Apu decides to return to the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart to " face his demons " . A robber bursts into the store and shoots at Woods , but Apu saves him by jumping in front of the bullet . At the hospital , Dr. Hibbert says that Apu survived because the bullet ricocheted off another bullet that was lodged in his chest from a previous robbery . Eternally grateful , Woods gives Apu his job back , and goes away to fight against extraterrestrial beings in his next ' movie ' .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Greg Daniels , and directed by Mark Kirkland . It was the first full episode of the show that Daniels wrote . The Simpsons writers Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who were show runners during the previous two seasons , came up with the idea for the episode . They left the idea with David Mirkin , who took over the job as show runner during this season . Mirkin said he was " very excited and intrigued " with the idea of the episode . Soon thereafter , he assigned Daniels to write the script because he knew that Daniels would " step up " and " throw himself into it " . In an interview with the Chicago Tribune , Mirkin stated that when he took over the show , he wanted to " bring it back " to character and story , unlike the previous season which got " so fast @-@ moving and so full of cutaway gags " . Mirkin added : " I explored the characters a little more , took them a little further . I had one of the first episodes where Homer was really tempted by another woman , " The Last Temptation of Homer " , and Bart having a girlfriend even nastier than himself , " Bart 's Girlfriend " , plus more of a focus on side characters . We did the first episode to really feature Apu as a main character . Those were my goals . " Kirkland said he was grateful that he got to work with a " wonderful crew " on the episode , including Bob Anderson , who he thought was a " wonderful " director . Kirkland said that Anderson assisted him on the episode and did " fine animation throughout " .
When Mirkin took over as show runner , he listed actor James Woods as one of the people he would most like to guest star on the show . Michael Caine was originally supposed to be the actor in the episode who takes over Apu 's job at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , but he rejected the role . The story was therefore rewritten so that Woods received Apu 's job instead . Woods was one of animation director David Silverman 's favorite guest stars . Mirkin said he provided one of the " most fantastic " performances ever on the show , and commented that he " nailed " all of his lines and was " so funny , right at the top of his head " . Mirkin said that when most guest stars come in to record their lines for the show , they are a little nervous because they have never done voice @-@ over before . Mirkin noted , however , that Woods was a " fearless guy " and he was " so excited to do it because he was a huge fan of the show " . Silverman noted that in addition to his humorous ad @-@ libbing , Woods 's tendency to hesitate while speaking was " great for animation " , explaining that it made the character feel more realistic . " Homer and Apu " features the popular Simpsons song " Who Needs The Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ? " , sung by Apu and the Simpson family . The song was written by all of the show 's writers in the writer 's room , and it was composed by Alf Clausen . The song later appeared on the soundtrack album Songs in the Key of Springfield , which was released on March 18 , 1997 , and compiled many musical numbers from the show .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode features cultural references to many American and British films . Woods becoming a convenience store clerk to prepare for a film is similar to Nick Lang ( Michael J. Fox ) becoming a police officer in the 1991 film The Hard Way , which Woods also starred in ( interestingly , this is a reversal of roles : Woods played the cop that Lang was saddled with in the film ) . When Kent asks Homer if he is willing to go undercover to " nail " Apu , Homer replies : " No way , man , get yourself another patsy ! " This is a reference to a line in the 1991 film JFK . The scene of Homer and Apu riding on mules to the Springfield Airport , with their luggage strapped to the mules ' backs , is similar to a scene from the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia . In his Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart job interview , the interviewer asks Woods why he would want to work at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , to which he replies : " To be honest , in my upcoming movie I 'm going to be playing this tightly @-@ wound convenience store clerk and , I kind of like to research my roles and really get into it . For instance , in True Believer I actually worked in a law firm for two months . And then , the film Chaplin I had a little cameo in that . I actually traveled back in time , back to the twenties , where ... Well , I 've said too much , " referencing the 1989 film True Believer and the 1992 film Chaplin .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings and critical reviews = = =
In its original American broadcast , " Homer and Apu " finished twenty @-@ sixth in the ratings for the week of February 7 – 13 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 3 . The episode was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . The song " Who Needs The Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ? " was nominated for an Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics " category , but lost to " The Song Remembers When " from the television special Trisha Yearwood : The Song Remembers When .
Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote : " One of the very best , with the gags coming thick and fast . We particularly like the spy camera concealed in Homer 's massive stetson , Apu and Marge 's trip to the Monster Mart , and ' Who Needs the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ? ' , possibly the cleverest song in the series . And the Christians harassing people at the Indian airport , and Homer 's wastage of three questions , and James Woods ' parting words to the Simpsons , and the footage of Apu doing a hummingbird impression ... " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson said : " The first episode to focus on Apu , this one works well . Our glimpses of Apu ’ s sleaziness and culture are entertaining , and the ' Who Needs the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ? ' tune is one of the better musical numbers [ of the show ] . " Jacobson went on to say : " Also count James Woods as one of the all @-@ time best guest stars , which is likely why he gets many more lines than the average cameo voice . " Total Film 's Nathan Ditum named Woods ' performance in the episode the 19th best guest appearance on The Simpsons .
Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A + and commented that it features one of the best musical numbers in the show 's " history of great musical numbers " . Adam Suraf of Dunkirkma.net named it the best episode of the season , and added : " I don ’ t know what it is about this episode — the ' Who Needs the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ? ' song number ; James Woods filling in for Apu at the store ; or Homer ’ s wise line ' I ’ ve learned that life is one crushing defeat after another until you just wish Flanders was dead ' — but the entire affair is inspired . [ ... ] It ’ s in the little details that make this episode the year ’ s best , and solidifies The Simpsons as the funniest sitcom of all time . " AskMen.com ranked " Homer and Apu " as number six on their list of the top ten The Simpsons episodes . Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 5 out of 5 .
= = = Analysis = = =
The episode has become study material for sociology courses at University of California Berkeley , where it is used to " examine issues of the production and reception of cultural objects " . In the book Leaving Springfield , Duncan Beard said the episode served as a parody of the peculiarities of the American convenience store . Beard particularly cited the Muzak and the dinging bell as Homer and Apu entered the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart in India , and the sign that read , " The Master Knows All ( except combination to safe ) " . Beard said , " Here the show presents its own instance of the global culture of consumer capitalism , transplanted intact and indistinguishably unaltered from the suburbs of America to a mountain top in some indefinable region of the post @-@ partitioned Commonwealth nation of India , purely for the purpose of parodically criticizing the banality of quick @-@ stop stores . "
Paul Cantor , who analyzed the episode in his book Gilligan Unbound : Pop Culture in the Age of Globalization , said , " The Simpsons could offer no better image of the bizarre logic of contemporary globalization than a worldwide convenience store empire run by an enlightened guru from the sacred mountains of India . " Cantor also specifically cited the " Master Knows " sign , which he said combined the perceived wisdom of the East with the business acumen of the West .
Tasleem Shakur and Karen D 'Souza write in their book Picturing South Asian culture in English that " Homer and Apu " typifies the key articulation of the character of Apu juxtaposed to Homer , " something like his alter @-@ ego " , where Homer is the all American , Duff drinking , rather lazy nuclear plant worker , and Apu is the immigrant , clean living , hard working , small businessman . Their friendship , the authors added , is typically of a strong degree of mutual respect and a kind of admiration for what the other represents .
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= 1903 New Jersey hurricane =
The 1903 New Jersey hurricane , also known as the Vagabond Hurricane by The Press of Atlantic City , is the first and only known North Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the state of New Jersey since records were kept starting in 1851 . The fourth hurricane of the season , the cyclone was first observed on September 12 about 550 miles ( 885 kilmetres ) northeast of Antigua . It moved quickly westward , then later turned to the north @-@ northwest , steadily strengthening to reach a peak intensity of 100 miles per hour ( 155 kilometres per hour ) , a Category 2 on the modern @-@ day Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . The hurricane weakened slightly before striking near Atlantic City , New Jersey on September 16 with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . It weakened over Pennsylvania and became an extratropical cyclone over western New York on September 17 .
Rough surf and moderate winds from the hurricane capsized several ships along the East Coast of the United States ; 30 people were left missing and presumed killed from a shipwreck in Chincoteague , Virginia . Along the coast , 57 people died due to the storm . In New Jersey , the hurricane caused heavy damage , particularly near the coast and in Atlantic City . Dozens of buildings were damaged or destroyed , and damage across the state totaled $ 8 million ( 1903 USD ) . In New York City , high winds disrupted traffic , closed businesses , and overturned wagons , with many windows and roofs damaged . On Long Island , President Theodore Roosevelt directly experienced the effects of the hurricane while on a yacht . The life of the president was briefly threatened by the rough conditions , though none on board the yacht suffered any problems from the hurricane .
= = Meteorological history = =
The genesis of the storm is unknown ; it was first observed on September 12 as a 70 mph ( 120 km / h ) tropical storm about 550 miles ( 885 km ) northeast of Antigua in the Lesser Antilles . On that day , the storm appeared on weather maps , and subsequently was tracked by ship reports as a small system . The storm tracked quickly northwestward , followed by a turn to the west @-@ northwest . Around 18 : 00 UTC on September 13 , the storm passed about 270 mi ( 435 km ) south of Bermuda . Its exact track and intensity is unknown , though it is estimated the storm attained hurricane status late on September 14 about 360 mi ( 580 km ) west @-@ southwest of Bermuda . The hurricane steadily intensified as it curved northward , and attained an estimated peak intensity of 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) late on September 15 about 110 mi ( 190 km ) southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina .
By late on September 15 , the hurricane was beginning to affect the North Carolina coastline . The high winds near the center prompted the United States Weather Bureau to issue storm warnings on the morning of September 16 into the next day . Turning northward , the hurricane weakened slightly and made landfall near Atlantic City , New Jersey , shortly before 12 : 00 UTC on September 16 . The estimated barometric pressure was 990 mbar ( 29 inHg ) , suggesting hurricane @-@ force winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) at landfall . This made it the first and only known hurricane to strike New Jersey since the Atlantic hurricane database 's beginning in 1851 . The storm structure broadened after landfall , and the Weather Bureau assessed one center splitting off and tracking north @-@ northeastward into New York and Connecticut . The main center continued northwestward , weakening into a tropical storm near Trenton , New Jersey . After crossing northeastern Pennsylvania , the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near Syracuse , New York on September 17 . The extratropical remnant persisted for another six hours before losing its identity over eastern Ontario .
= = Impact = =
Overall , the hurricane killed 57 people during its passage through the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . Winds of over 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) affected large portions of the coastline from New Jersey to southern New England .
The hurricane first brought rainfall to coastal parts of Georgia and South Carolina . Strong winds were reported along coastal areas of North Carolina , with sustained winds peaking at 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) at Kitty Hawk . Winds reached 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) at Cape Henry , Virginia , and the combination of the winds and rough surf washed some boats ashore . The schooner Beatrice was lost near Chincoteague with a crew of 30 ; 28 people on board were killed . A squall line destroyed the front mast of a schooner near Cape Henry . Several boats broke free from their moorings near Salisbury and were subsequently destroyed after passing downstream . The schooner Hattie A. Marsh encountered strong winds from the hurricane along the Delaware coast , while strong waves washed it ashore the rocky coastline . The boat was wrecked and the rooms onboard were washed overboard , killing five members of the crew . Two people were rescued after conditions calmed , one of whom was injured and taken to a hospital .
A flock of birds encountered the hurricane over eastern Virginia ; hundreds of birds were killed and fell to the ground near Old Point Comfort , many stripped of their feathers . The outer rainbands of the storm produced heavy amounts of precipitation near Washington , D.C. , canceling a baseball game between the Detroit Tigers and the Washington Senators after the field was flooded . In Ocean City , Maryland , the hurricane was considered the worst in 40 years . The hurricane produced 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) winds and rough waves along the Delaware Capes , indicating hurricane @-@ force winds affected the state . It was one of only two storms on record to produce such winds in the state . Three barges and a steamer capsized in the Delaware Bay , while onshore , the winds of the hurricane destroyed the roofs of four houses in Laurel . The winds downed many trees and destroyed several chimneys near Lewes . In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , winds reached 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , which damaged telegraph and phone lines , knocked down several trees , and damaged the roof of Pennsylvania Railroad 's Broad Street Station .
Described by the Weather Bureau as " a most unusual tempest , " the storm was one of only four to produce hurricane @-@ force winds in New Jersey . The storm 's strong surf destroyed several boats along the coastline , including 34 in Waretown . Less than 10 % of the people in Atlantic City evacuated , and after the storm , many people visited the city to observe the storm damage described in newspapers . High winds disrupted 800 telephone lines in Atlantic City , and most communications were cut from the Jersey Shore to the Philadelphia region . Initial damage reports were provided by trains , although there were severe transportation delays due to ongoing flooding . The disrupted communications sparked " wild rumors that the great resort had been entirely washed away , " according to the New York Times . Monetary damage in Atlantic City was estimated around $ 1 million ( 1903 USD ) . Atlantic City 's power was deliberately shut off to prevent accidents . In the city , the roof of one hotel and the porch of another were destroyed . Trees and awnings were damaged , and thousands of windows were damaged . The winds destroyed the roofs of an estimated 50 to 60 cottages . The surf damaged or destroyed most fishing piers and oceanfront pavilions in the Atlantic City area , with tons of debris dispersed across the beach . The strong winds , combined with heavy rainfall , resulted in one indirect fatality when a man , unable to see owing to the hurricane , drove into a train in Cape May . In Asbury Park , the storm wrecked the roofs of six hotels . High waves damaged the boardwalks at Belmar and Allenhurst . High winds heavily damaged fruit crops in Monmouth , Middlesex , and Hunterdon counties . Fruit trees were uprooted in Vineland , and in Flemington , about 75 % of apples and pears were lost . Damage across the state was estimated at $ 8 million ( 1903 USD ) ; the worst of the damage occurred in Atlantic City , though moderate damage extended from Cape May northward through Asbury Park .
In New York , the outer periphery of the storm produced 2 @.@ 4 inches ( 61 mm ) of rain in Central Park , where dozens of trees were knocked down or damaged . High tides peaked at 6 @.@ 4 ft ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) , which inundated Battery Park and made ferry passage difficult . Winds in New York City reached 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , reaching 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) along the coast , with tropical storm force winds extending into Maine . The winds were the strongest in the city since August 1889 , lasting about four hours at its peak . Funneled by the streets and tall buildings of New York , the high winds swayed buildings , spires , and bridges , overturning wagons on the Brooklyn Bridge . The shape of the Flatiron Building tossed horse @-@ drawn carriages , and two people were injured when a wagon of furniture was overturned . The rains and winds knocked down signs and awnings while wrecking dozens of windows , chimneys , and roofs , causing residents to evacuate buildings and damaging several storefronts . One woman was hospitalized after being struck by an airborne sign . The high amount of damage led to the greatest number of inspectors of the New York City Department of Buildings to determine which buildings were safe . In Brighton Beach , the roof of the Ocean Hotel was completely blown off , and a similar fate befell the top of the Steeplechase Tower in Coney Island resort area , which sustained considerable damage . In Brooklyn , church steeples were dislodged or blown off , and many homes in the borough were flooded or damaged . Construction work on the Williamsburg Bridge was halted during the storm . On Staten Island , the winds blew off the roof of a school . The hurricane also left businesses and the stock market quiet for the day , owing to the threat of blowing debris . Trees and signs were blown down in the New York suburbs . One person died in New York City due to the storm .
The high waves and winds caused the greatest marine damage in a decade around New York City . More than 100 boats were overturned or beached in Jamaica Bay , and another 150 boats were wrecked between Hell Gate and the west end of Coney Island . At least ten houseboats were damaged or sank , with boaters injured and requiring rescue . A man attempting to row ashore near Point O ' Woods required rescue amid strong winds . Passengers swam safely ashore after their boat capsized in Hell Gate . President Theodore Roosevelt directly experienced the effects of the hurricane while vacationing on the naval yacht Sylph along Long Island . Also on the yacht were Roosvelt 's wife , son , his secretary , several friends and members of the press association . The yacht experienced gusty winds and heavy rainfall , along with rough seas , and witnessed a boat capsizing in Hell Gate . Passengers left the deck of the yacht for safety while their belongings were secured . After the President was considered to be in danger , the yacht headed for land , and instead of embarking toward Ellis Island as originally planned , the yacht landed at Brooklyn Navy Yard . Farther north , high winds downed many trees along coastal Connecticut , which cut telegraph and telephone lines in Bridgeport . A boy was killed in Hartford after stepping onto a downed power line . Several boats were washed ashore along the Connecticut coast . Farther inland , winds disrupted power in Leicester and damaged crops .
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= Lightning Bar =
Lightning Bar ( 1951 – 1960 ) was an American Quarter Horse who raced and subsequently became a breeding stallion . He was bred by his lifelong owner Art Pollard of Sonoita , Arizona , and was the offspring of Three Bars , a Thoroughbred , and Della P , a Quarter Horse mare from Louisiana , then noted for the breeding of sprint horses . Lightning Bar raced ten times , achieving four victories and four other top three finishes . His racing career was cut short by illness after only one year , following which he spent two years as a show horse . As a breeding stallion he sired seven crops , or years , of foals , among whom Doc Bar was the best known . In 1960 Lightning Bar died of an intestinal infection at the age of nine . He was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association 's ( AQHA ) Hall of Fame in 2008 .
= = Early life = =
Foaled , or born , in 1951 , Lightning Bar was bred to be a race horse , but injuries and bouts of illnesses kept him from racing past the age of two . His breeder , Art Pollard , owned him for the horse 's entire life . Lightning Bar was sired by Three Bars , a Thoroughbred stallion later inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame . His dam was Della P , a daughter of the Thoroughbred stallion Doc Horn . His second dam , or maternal grandmother , was a mare who was never given a name , sired by Old D. J. Art Pollard purchased Della P from " Dink " Parker for $ 1 @,@ 750 ( approximately $ 17 @,@ 200 as of 2016 ) in the late 1940s . Della P was bred in Louisiana , a leader in breeding short distance racehorses between 1900 and 1940 , and was taken to Arizona by Parker .
When Lightning Bar was about five days old Pollard was afraid that he had leg problems and was buck @-@ kneed , and considered putting the colt to sleep . He sought Parker 's advice , and as Pollard later related the story , " Dink just looked at me and shook his head . ' Ain 't you ever gonna learn nothing ? That colt 's just what you 're looking for . ' " When mature , the sorrel @-@ colored Lightning Bar stood 15 @.@ 2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) tall and weighed about 1 @,@ 250 pounds ( 570 kg ) .
= = Racing and show career = =
Lightning Bar started on the racetrack ten times , winning four races , coming in second three times , and third once . Among those finishes , he ran second and third in two stakes races , a type of race for higher quality horses with a higher payout . His total earnings on the track were $ 1 @,@ 491 ( approximately $ 13 @,@ 200 as of 2016 ) , and his highest speed index , or comparative rating of his speed , was AAA , the highest achievable at the time . Lightning Bar raced for only one year , as he suffered from bouts of pneumonia , strangles , and leg injuries . He equalled one track record for two @-@ year @-@ olds at the Los Angeles County Fair race meeting in Pomona , California , running 330 yards ( 300 m ) in 17 @.@ 2 seconds .
After his racing career Lightning Bar went on to become a show horse , earning 18 open halter points with the AQHA , and an AQHA Champion award in 1955 . He won one grand championship and one reserve championship in halter classes at recognized AQHA shows .
= = Breeding career = =
The first year Lightning Bar stood as a breeding stallion his stud fee , the amount charged to breed a mare to him , was $ 250 ( approximately $ 2 @,@ 200 as of 2016 ) but only nine mares were bred to him . The next year , he bred 11 mares , but in 1956 , he bred 102 mares at $ 500 ( approximately $ 4 @,@ 400 as of 2016 ) each . One of Pollard 's attempts to advertise his stallion involved letting one of his ranch hands take the horse to a local jackpot roping . Pollard assumed that the hand would just ride Lightning Bar around and show him off , but he later discovered that more was involved . Pollard said later that " I should have been suspicious when he ( the ranch hand ) returned with Lightning Bar that afternoon , with a sheepish grin on his face . I asked him how the horse was received and he said ' The stud did good and I won the jackpot ! ' After congratulating him , I asked which rope horse he had used . He replied , ' The stud . ' "
Pollard said of Lightning Bar that " I always had to be careful about the kind of latch I used on a gate with that horse . He could figure them out faster than I could . He would open a gate , and go for a stroll . " Lightning Bar sired 148 foals in his eight breeding seasons , and 118 of those foals went on to either race or show careers . Of his foals , 108 started races , and 77 won , earning a total of $ 476 @,@ 949 . The most successful of his foals , Lightning Belle , earned $ 60 @,@ 134 ( approximately $ 465 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) .
Five of Lightning Bar 's foals earned AQHA Championships : Cactus Comet , Crash Bang , Lightning Rey , Pana Bar and Relampago Bar ; Lightning Rey earned a Supreme Championship . In addition , Lightning Bar 's offspring earned $ 1 @,@ 163 @.@ 32 in National Cutting Horse Association sanctioned cattle cutting competitions , and four earned a Superior Halter Horse title from the AQHA .
= = Death and legacy = =
Lightning Bar died in June 1960 from colitis @-@ X , a disease of unknown origin that can kill rapidly and without warning . It infected many of Pollard 's horses ; of those affected only three survived . Heartbroken , Pollard sold his remaining stock and did not return to the Quarter Horse business for 15 years . He said later that " it was a nightmare when they were wiped out . Even now , we can still feel the sadness of losing those horses . " Another time , Pollard remarked that " Someone once said that a man deserves one good woman and one good dog in his lifetime . To that quip I would add one good horse . I certainly had one in Lightning Bar . "
Lightning Bar was inducted into the AQHA 's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2008 . His most famous son was Doc Bar , who was also inducted into the Hall of Fame . Lightning Bar 's daughter Glamour Bars was the dam of Impressive , who became well known as one of the leading sires of halter horses . Two stakes races were run in Lightning Bar 's memory , the first at Los Alamitos Race track in California for one year in 1961 . The second ran from 1962 to 1966 at Ruidoso Downs in New Mexico .
= = Pedigree = =
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= Goodbye ( Glee ) =
" Goodbye " is the twenty @-@ second episode and season finale of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the sixty @-@ sixth overall . Written and directed by Brad Falchuk , it aired on Fox in the United States on May 22 , 2012 . It features the graduation of the McKinley High class of 2012 , and with it , eight members of the New Directions glee club . The episode introduces special guest star Gloria Estefan as Maribel Lopez , Santana 's ( Naya Rivera ) mother , and has appearances by six other parents of graduating seniors .
The episode was well received by many reviewers , though some were not as happy with it . The enthusiastic ones cited the combination of humor and tears , past events and present revelation , while those who were more critical felt there was not enough time to wrap up all the storylines or that it strayed into sappiness . Particular praise was given to the scene with Burt and Kurt Hummel that featured the former 's " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring On It ) " number , which was the favorite performance of the reviewers , and the scene when Finn tells Rachel he 's sending her to New York instead of marrying her , which was described as Monteith 's and Michele 's best acting on the show . Monteith was also praised for his solo in the song " You Get What You Give " , and Michele 's rendition of " Roots Before Branches " received even higher marks . Other songs were given a less enthusiastic reception .
" Goodbye " attracted 7 @.@ 46 million American viewers during its initial broadcast and received a 2 @.@ 9 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , a significant increase over the prior episode 's 2 @.@ 5 / 7 rating / share and 6 @.@ 03 million viewers on May 15 , 2012 .
= = Plot = =
Will ( Matthew Morrison ) gives the members of New Directions one final assignment : perform songs to say goodbye to each other . He starts by singing " Forever Young " . The graduating seniors as a group perform " You Get What You Give " , and tell the underclassmen that it is now their glee club . The underclassmen , joined by Will , sing " In My Life " to express their gratitude to the seniors .
Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) reflects on how his experience at McKinley High has enabled other students to be openly gay . His father ( Mike O 'Malley ) meets him in the school auditorium and recalls the evolution of their relationship . Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) then join him on the stage to help him re @-@ enact the turning point , which serves as Kurt 's graduation gift : the " Single Ladies " dance . Kurt and Blaine ( Darren Criss ) pledge to remain a couple , despite being in different cities in the fall .
Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) has been offered a recording contract as a backup singer and will be moving to Los Angeles ; Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) has accepted a scholarship to the Joffrey Ballet in Chicago . Both revelations upset Santana ( Naya Rivera ) , who has a cheerleading scholarship from the University of Louisville , yet wants to be a performer like them . Brittany announces that she will not be graduating , and Santana tells her mother , Maribel ( Gloria Estefan ) , that she will stay in Lima . Maribel later gives Santana the money that she had been saving for Santana 's college education , saying she trusts her to follow her dreams .
Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) helps Puck ( Mark Salling ) study for the test he needs to pass in order to graduate . She tells him that with all they went through , they are bonded for life , and she kisses him . Emboldened , Puck passes his test . Later , Quinn returns her cheerleading uniform to Sue ( Jane Lynch ) , and the two have a tearful farewell .
Will tells Finn ( Cory Monteith ) that he had planted marijuana in Finn 's locker in order to blackmail him into joining the glee club , which Finn thinks makes him " even cooler " . Finn is disappointed that the Army refused to change his late father 's dishonorable discharge to an honorable one , and wonders to his mother ( Romy Rosemont ) whether his father would be proud of him if he became an actor .
After the graduation ceremony , Finn , Kurt , and Rachel ( Lea Michele ) gather to open their acceptance letters — Finn for the Actors Studio and Kurt and Rachel for NYADA . Finn and Kurt are rejected , while Rachel is admitted ; she decides to defer her admission for a year to help the other two reapply so the trio can go to New York together . She gets into Finn 's car to go to their wedding , but instead of driving to the wedding venue , Finn drives her to the train station . He tells her that he loves her too much to marry her if it means she has to give up her dreams ; he also reveals that he will be joining the Army . Will and the glee club meet them on the train platform to say goodbye , and a crying Rachel sings " Roots Before Branches " as she boards the train for New York .
= = Production = =
The season 's final episode was written and directed by series co @-@ creator Brad Falchuk . Shooting began on April 30 , 2012 , and was scheduled to take two weeks . The cast recorded their final vocal tracks for the episode 's songs on April 21 , 2012 , and the final scene was shot late on the evening of May 10 , 2012 .
Some scenes for the episode have been filmed on location in New York City . Falchuk tweeted two photos on the evening of Monday , May 7 , 2012 . One was a photo of Lea Michele sitting on a suitcase on a sidewalk , along with the message , " Two from yesterday . Yep . NYC Sunday , back in LA Monday . "
It was originally announced that this episode would include eight songs from the album Glee : The Music , The Graduation Album . However , only five of the album 's tracks are used in the episode , none of which have been released separately as singles . These are Bruce Springsteen 's " Glory Days " performed by Monteith and Salling , Madonna 's " I 'll Remember " performed by Colfer , New Radicals ' " You Get What You Give " performed by the graduating members of New Directions , Rod Stewart 's " Forever Young " performed by Morrison , and Room for Two 's " Roots Before Branches " performed by Michele and Monteith . The episode also has new performances of three songs that are not on the album . " In My Life " by The Beatles , performed by the non @-@ graduating members of New Directions , is the only song that has been released as a single available for digital download . The other two are repeat performances of " Sit Down , You 're Rockin ' the Boat " from Guys and Dolls , first sung in the series ' pilot by Colfer , Michele , Kevin McHale , Ushkowitz and Riley , and Beyoncé 's " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " from " Preggers " , performed by O 'Malley , Ushkowitz , and Morris ; both numbers include flashbacks to the original performances , which for " Single Ladies " included Colfer rather than O 'Malley . There is another flashback to the pilot episode showing Monteith 's a cappella performance of " Can 't Fight This Feeling " by REO Speedwagon .
Gloria Estefan makes a special guest appearance as Maribel Lopez , the mother of Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) . Estefan was reported to be in talks to play Santana 's mother as early as November 30 , 2011 , the morning after the episode " I Kissed a Girl " aired . After the episode , in which Santana comes out as a lesbian and her grandmother — the only relative of hers shown on screen — disowns her , though Santana says her parents accepted the news , Estefan tweeted , " Did anyone see Glee last night ? Santana could really use a sympathetic mommy right about now , don 't you think ? ? Lol ! " Estefan was definitively reported as having signed to be a guest star on December 8 , 2011 , and as being scheduled to appear in one of the then @-@ upcoming winter episodes , but this episode marks her debut on the show .
Many recurring guest stars appeared in the episode . These include glee club members Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Joe Hart ( Samuel Larsen ) , Rory Flanagan ( Damian McGinty ) and Sugar Motta ( Vanessa Lengies ) , Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , synchronized swimming coach Roz Washington ( NeNe Leakes ) , European geography teacher Eleanor Doosenbury ( Kathleen M. Darcy ) , and the parents of many other graduating students : Kurt 's father Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) , Finn 's mother Carole Hudson @-@ Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) , Mike 's parents Michael Chang , Sr. ( Keong Sim ) and Julia Chang ( Tamlyn Tomita ) , Quinn 's mother Judy Fabray ( Charlotte Ross ) and Puck 's mother ( Gina Hecht ) . James Lipton of the Actors Studio makes an appearance as himself .
On August 6 , 2012 , co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy uploaded a deleted scene from this episode to YouTube in which Kurt reads a message Rachel wrote in his yearbook . On August 9 , 2012 , Murphy uploaded a second deleted scene , this one featuring Mike and Tina , in which Mike 's parents give him a graduation present . Murphy noted that the episode had initially run " 15 minutes long " , and these were two of the scenes that were cut from the finished version .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Goodbye " was first broadcast on May 22 , 2012 in the United States on Fox , an hour later than its usual time , in order to air after the first day of the two @-@ day American Idol finale . This was the same time that the previous episode , " Nationals " aired the week before as the second hour in a two @-@ hour special evening . " Goodbye " received a 2 @.@ 9 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic and attracted 7 @.@ 46 million American viewers during its initial broadcast , a significant increase over the prior episode 's 2 @.@ 5 / 7 rating / share and 6 @.@ 03 million viewers on May 15 , 2012 .
In Canada , which also aired the episode an hour later than usual on the same day as its American premiere and immediately following American Idol , viewership rose by over 4 % to 1 @.@ 63 million viewers from the 1 @.@ 56 million viewers who watched " Nationals " at the same hour the week before . " Goodbye " was the seventh most @-@ viewed show of the week , an improvement of three slots over " Nationals " , which had been the tenth most @-@ viewed .
In the United Kingdom , " Goodbye " first aired on May 24 , 2012 , at the show 's usual time , which was the same time that " Nationals " had aired the previous week . It was watched on Sky 1 by 776 @,@ 000 viewers , the same number as had watched " Nationals " . In Australia , " Goodbye " was broadcast on May 31 , 2012 . It was watched by 657 @,@ 000 viewers , up over 6 % from the 618 @,@ 000 viewers for " Nationals " on May 24 , 2012 . Glee was the twelfth most @-@ watched program of the night , up from seventeenth the week before .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode was well received by many critics , though some were not as happy with it . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff gave it an " A " grade , and wrote that what he " liked most of all " was it being " remarkably clear @-@ eyed about who these people are and what they 're capable of " . Crystal Bell of Huffington Post described it as " heartfelt , comical and , yes , absolutely ridiculous " , and The Hollywood Reporter 's Lesley Goldberg called it a " tearful and touching finale " . Though she acknowledged exceptions , Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone characterized the episode as a " nonstop sapfest of too many tears and not enough nostalgia " , while Entertainment Weekly 's Erin Strecker said it had " the perfect amount of flashbacks and revelations " and described it as " a season finale that sure felt like a series finale " . Rae Votta of Billboard wrote that " there simply isn 't enough time to settle the fates of so many seniors in a mere hour " , a sentiment also expressed by Houston Chronicle 's Bobby Hankinson , who thought the episode might have " felt a little more logical if it was given a full two hours to breathe " . Hankinson also said it left him with " mostly questions " but also " some fury " . TV Guide 's two reviewers were both enthusiastic : Kate Stanhope described is as a " perfect mix of the kids ' past , present and future " , and Damian Holbrook wrote that the " class of 2012 went out on a high note with a season finale so solid , emotional and entertaining , you would have thought you were watching one of the show 's first 13 episodes " .
VanDerWerff called Kurt opening his NYADA rejection letter " as good a gut @-@ punch as I can think of for this series " , though John Kubicek of BuddyTV characterized it as " the most unbelievable plot twist ever on this show " . Bell hoped that this would extend his stay in Lima because it could give " more screen time for Burt Hummel , who is arguably the best character on Glee " . The scene where Burt gives Kurt his present was described as a " gift " by many reviewers . Kubicek wrote , " Kudos to Glee for turning a sappy moment into a funny one " , and Strecker noted how powerful scenes typically were between the Hummels before she added " last night was no exception " , and ended by quoting Kurt : " Best . Graduation Gift . Ever . "
The Wall Street Journal 's Raymund Flandez deemed " unrealistic " the notion that Santana 's mother would allow the money she had saved for Santana 's college expenses to be " wasted on a dream " , and Bell described it as " too good to be true " . Michael Slezak of TVLine agreed and called Maribel " crazily lenient " , but said Estefan had done " good work " . Kubicek , however , maintained that Estefan was wasted in the role , and Futterman wrote that the " choppy , random scenes would have been a lot better with some Gloria Estefan singing " .
The scene where Finn tells Rachel he 's sending her to New York instead of marrying her both surprised and impressed reviewers . Strecker called it one of her " favorite non @-@ singing scenes of the year , possibly the series " , and VanDerWerff put it even more strongly : " It 's one of the best things I 've seen on TV this year " . Both Monteith and Michele were praised for their acting : Slezak said it was their " best work " , VanDerWerff said they " kill [ ed ] " the scene , and Bell said it was " some of Cory Monteith 's finest acting " . Rachel 's arrival in New York brought comparisons to Mary Tyler Moore from Bell and Strecker ; as the latter put it , " she 's going to make it after all " .
= = = Music and performances = = =
The performances were given generally good marks by reviewers , and the one that received the most enthusiastic reception was not for singing at all , but Burt 's lipsynch and dance to " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring On It ) " with the aid of Tina and Brittany . Futterman called it the " best gift of the season " and Slezak said it was " another shining ( albeit silly ) moment for Glee 's best parental unit " and gave it an " A − " . Bell wrote " I loved every second of it " , and E ! Online 's Jenna Mullins described it as the episode 's " rewind moment " . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post was fond of the other flashback number , " Sit Down You 're Rockin ' the Boat " , to which she gave an " A − " and commented , " it was a nice reminder of how far these plucky Glee kids have come " . MTV 's Fallon Prinzivalli was not as enthusiastic about the repeat performance , and said it was " not much better " than the pilot rendition and he was " happy to see their version of the song retired " .
" Forever Young " generated differing reactions from reviewers . Slezak wondered whether Will 's " diminished role this year " reduced the impact of his farewell song and gave it a " B " , and Futterman wrote that " while the bare @-@ bones guitar arrangement is suitably melancholy , Schue 's voice never quite settles in , seeming forced the whole way through " . Strecker thought " it sounded lovely " , gave it a " B + " and asked for more in the next season , and Chaney graded it an " A " and said that it was " sweet " . The same word , " sweet " , was applied by Slezak to Kurt 's rendition of " I 'll Remember " ; he called the song an " underrated Madonna ballad " and graded it a " B + " . Chaney , however , said it was " not one of Madonna 's best " and the performance " not particularly memorable " , so she gave it a " B − " , while Pinzivalli wrote " leave this one to Madge " . Futterman characterized Kurt as " dapper and emotional while singing in a crisp , clear and natural voice " , though she wanted the performance to be " more than everyone 's sad faces " . Strecker 's grade was an " A − " , and she wrote that " Colfer sold it " and that it was a " nice arrangement for his voice " .
" You Get What You Give " by the graduating seniors was welcomed by reviewers . Prinzivalli called it " one of Cory Monteith 's best solos all season " and a fun cover , while Futterman described it as " fine and fun , but nothing really spectacular " . Slezak gave it an " A " and wrote , " this spirited rendition captured [ the song 's ] jaunty essence " , and Strecker noted with her " B + " that " this was the moment when it really kicked in that the show will never be the same " . Chaney also complimented Finn for having gotten " the hang of this whole singing @-@ and @-@ dancing thing in the last three episodes of this season " and gave a grade of " B " . She gave an " A " to " In My Life " , sung by the underclassmen , and said " the harmonies sounded lovely " ; Bell called it " a perfect song to signify graduation " . Others were less enthusiastic : Futterman described it as " a blended @-@ past @-@ recognition , laden @-@ with @-@ harmonies Beatles tune " and the point where the show " entered sappy hour " , and Slezak said it was " not the most ringing endorsement for the National Champions ' 2013 chances " and graded it a " C + " .
Reviewers wondered at the inclusion of " Glory Days " . Chaney stated , " There is no way anyone should have been blaring Springsteen in the middle of a commencement ceremony " , and Slezak called the song " a tone @-@ deaf choice for modern teenagers on their big day " ; their grades were " B " and " C + " respectively . Strecker merely noted that the ceremony " doubled as a performance " when she gave her " B + " , and Futterman thought it looked " more like a fashion show than a graduation ceremony " .
The show 's final number , " Roots Before Branches " , was greatly praised . Although Hankinson was " hoping for a Journey reprise " or some other big group number , he noted that Rachel " kill [ ed ] it " , and Prinzivalli said " Lea Michele shines as always " . Strecker , Slezak and Chaney each gave the performance an " A " : Chaney called it a " well @-@ chosen song " and Slezak wrote that he was glad to be introduced to it at the episode 's " triumphant ending for a girl chasing her dreams , not her delusions , in the streets of New York City " .
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= Making Waves ( TV series ) =
Making Waves is a British television drama series produced by Carlton Television for ITV . It was created by Ted Childs and chronicles the professional and personal lives of the crew of the Royal Navy frigate HMS Suffolk . The series remained in development hell for several years and was first broadcast on 7 July 2004 . However , due to low ratings it was removed from the schedules after only three episodes , the remainder of the series going unaired on television in the United Kingdom .
The series starred Alex Ferns as Commander Martin Brooke and Emily Hamilton as Lieutenant Commander Jenny Howard . The frigate HMS Grafton stood in for Suffolk and additional filming took place around HMNB Portsmouth with the full co @-@ operation of the Royal Navy . A limited @-@ edition DVD of all six episodes was released in December 2004 .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Following the success of his previous series Soldier Soldier , Ted Childs , Richard Maher and Carlton began planning the series in the late 1990s , with Carlton 's controller of drama and continuing series expecting something " in the London 's Burning , Peak Practice vein " . It was turned down by ITV because it was " old @-@ fashioned " and did not fit in with the network 's existing portfolio of dramas . Despite this , Childrens and Carlton continued to develop the series and they brought it to the commissioning editors of BBC One , who negotiated with Carlton to broadcast it . By that time , the top levels of the ITV drama department had changed and due to Carlton 's links with ITV , the BBC was unable to take the series . A six @-@ episode series was commissioned in July 2002 by Nick Elliott at ITV .
The project was initially managed by the MoD 's Directorate of Corporate Communications ( Navy ) , headed by Commodore Richard Leaman . Lieutenant Commander Steve Tatham undertook much of the initial scoping and planning work before , in August 2002 , Commander Kevin Fincher was appointed as the specialist project officer for the series ; he would acquire the necessary ships , locations and personnel as well as advising the production team on and off set . Throughout pre @-@ production Fincher negotiated a legal agreement with Carlton , whereby a financial recovery was made for anything they used that was taxpayer @-@ funded . This included use of ships , fuel , and personnel . Another clause gave the Royal Navy a share of any royalties from the series , including advertising revenue and sales .
= = = Writing = = =
There were four credited writers on the Carlton staff , with writers from the ITV network centre involved in the development of the scripts . The first episode was written in 2002 by Terry Cafolla , who later wrote Messiah IV : The Harrowing . The second episode was written by Damian Wayling of The Bill , and the third by Niall Leonard . Matthew Bardsley was the credited writer of the three unaired episodes . Although a second series was not made , storylines were planned for a potential commission . Warrant Officer Dave Allport and Leading Seaman Sarah Worthy joined Fincher as advisers in January 2003 .
= = = Casting = = =
Actors were auditioned and hired in late 2002 , and included Alex Ferns , well @-@ known to British audiences for his role as Trevor Morgan in the BBC soap opera EastEnders . Making Waves was the first lead role for Ferns , who had taken time off from television acting since leaving EastEnders to avoid being typecast in a soap role , and was pleased not to be playing " a psychotic rapist " . Emily Hamilton , cast as executive officer Jenny Howard , was largely unknown to British television audiences at the time ; her only notable role was in Russell T Davies 's The Grand in the late 1990s . Lee Boardman ( who later appeared in Rome ) took the role of the chef Art Francis to distance himself from his most well @-@ known role , drug @-@ dealer Jez Quigley in the soap opera Coronation Street . Stephen Kennedy was already known for his role as Ian Craig in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers . He mentioned in an interview the differences between the two roles , before quipping that they were not that dissimilar . The crew of Grafton appeared as extras throughout the series and schoolchildren from St. Jude 's School , Southsea appeared in the families day scenes in episode six .
= = = Filming = = =
The series producers scouted Portsmouth in 2002 for ship locations . Potential main settings HMS Marlborough and HMS Dryad were put aside in favour of HMS Grafton and filming commenced on 24 March 2003 with 30 actors and 60 crew moving onto the ship for the shoot . Alex Ferns arrived two days earlier than the rest of the cast to settle in , and made a trip to Yeovilton to meet Harrier pilots , while Emily Hamilton prepared for her role by shadowing Vanessa Spiller , XO of HMS Kent . The series was directed by Matthew Evans and Nigel Douglas and was shot on digital DV cameras . The production staff filmed approximately three hours of footage on every 12 @-@ hour day , editing it using Avid systems in the production offices at the naval base .
Other vessels made cameos in the series ; filming took place around and aboard HMS Victory for scenes in episode two , and aerial footage of HMS Invincible and HMS Gloucester was done for the war games scenes in episode four . HMS Lindisfarne appeared for the funeral scenes in episode five . Health and safety regulations required that Grafton was shadowed at all times by a support vessel during filming at sea , in the event of a member of the production team falling overboard .
Location filming lasted until 26 June 2003 before post @-@ production was completed in London , and the series was delivered to ITV in August 2003 for broadcast in the autumn schedules , though it would be held back for several months . A special preview screening of episode one was held aboard HMS Richmond on 13 February 2004 , while the ship was in Aberdeen on a recruitment and promotional tour of the UK . It was also premièred aboard HMS Northumberland during the same month whilst at the London Boat Show , and was attended by much of the cast and crew .
= = Setting = =
= = = Plot = = =
HMS Suffolk is due for Flag Officer Sea Training in four weeks but an accident during training results in the dismissal of the executive officer and the resignation of the captain . The series follows his replacement , Commander Martin Brooke , in his attempts to get his vessel and crew ship @-@ shape for final assessment . Other storylines follow Leading Marine Engineer Artificer ( LMEA ) Dave Finnan 's relationship with his Charge Chief 's daughter Teresa , the emotional state of Mickey Sobanski after a blundered rescue operation , new rating Rosie Bowen settling in to life on her first ship and the budding cross @-@ ranks relationship between officer Sam Quartermaine and medic Anita Cook . Comic relief is provided in the characters of " Scouse " Phillips and Leading Chef Art Francis . Suffolk is mainly based at Portsmouth but engages in exercises such as war games throughout the series , as well as undertaking hazardous rescues of other vessels in the English Channel .
= = = Episodes = = =
= = Characters = =
Making Waves featured an ensemble of actors but followed a core cast , with supporting players appearing in only a few episodes or having secondary storylines .
Commander Martin Brooke ( played by Alex Ferns ) is the son of a car mechanic and his naval background is based on piloting , rather than commanding a ship . He is assisted by Lt Cdr Jenny Howard ( played by Emily Hamilton ) , who is initially his temporary XO , but eventually accepts Brooke 's offer to stay on the ship . Lieutenant Commander William Lewis , the Marine Engineering Officer ( played by Ian Bartholomew ) , is the superior of Charge Chief Marine Engineering Artificer ( CCMEA ) Andy Fellows ( played by Steve Speirs ) and Lewis 's refusal to give the engines full maintenance regularly infuriates him , though not as much as LMEA Dave Finnan ( played by Paul Chequer ) who has just had a baby with his daughter Teresa ( played by Chloe Howman ) . New Operator Mechanic Rosie Bowen ( played by Joanna Page ) settles in to her first posting and attracts the attention of OM Mickey Sobanski ( played by Lee Turnbull ) , who is contemplating his future in the Navy after an incident in the first episode .
The second episode introduces the new navigating officer Lieutenant Sam Quartermaine ( played by Adam Rayner ) and a subplot involving his relationship with LMA Anita Cook ( played by Angel Coulby ) runs through the series and is eventually discovered by Lieutenant James Maguire , the Principal Warfare Officer ( played by Stephen Kennedy ) . Terry " Buffer " Duncan 's ( played by Geoff Bell ) career is in jeopardy when an accusation of assault is thrown at him in the third episode , while Leading Regulator Liz Wilson ( played by Diane Beck ) develops an unreciprocated crush on Bowen . Leading Chef Art Francis ( played by Lee Boardman ) must successfully prepare dinner for the captain and crew before it is stolen or ruined by Steward Tim " Scouse " Phillips ( played by Darren Morfitt ) .
= = Series information = =
= = = Broadcast history = = =
Carlton delivered the series to ITV in August 2003 for broadcast in the autumn schedules , but it was then rescheduled four times over the next several months , before ITV eventually set a premiere date of 11 July 2004 . It was then rescheduled to the preceding Wednesday , in the 9 pm slot . The series lost two million viewers over two weeks and ITV pulled episode four from the schedules on the morning before it was due for broadcast , replacing it with It Shouldn 't Happen on a TV Soap , a bloopers programme , which returned ITV 's ratings to above the five million mark .
Writing in The Guardian a fortnight later , ITV head of drama David Liddiment defended the decision , stating that the network had planned to let Making Waves profit from The Bill 's ( the lead @-@ in ) high ratings at a time when BBC One Wednesday night ratings were suffering , but the series just " wasn 't good enough " to hold an audience . Ted Childs later responded that Making Waves had received little publicity compared to Channel 4 's ratings smash Supernanny , which aired opposite his series , and that because that programme had ended its run , the ratings for the last three episodes might have improved . He went on to question why ITV had spent £ 5 million on a series they knew would not be a hit . Making Waves had been another in a line of expensive series which had been cancelled because they performed below ITV 's expectations in the ratings , following Sweet Medicine and Family the previous year .
The cancellation of the series also drew criticism from the Royal Navy , with a source telling The Sun that it was " a kick in the teeth to our sailors " . In its end @-@ of @-@ year review , ITV described the series as having " quality and distinctiveness " but failing " to find a mass audience " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Due to the series coming from the producer of Soldier Soldier and Kavanagh QC , the close involvement of the Royal Navy and the lead being taken by Alex Ferns , there was a strong media interest in the series , which only intensified as the series went through its many reschedulings . Positive previews were run by the Manchester Evening News and The Sun . The Times predicted " ITV has a ratings winner " and called the series a " classic military soap opera " . The tabloid press was keen for the series to succeed ; The Daily Mirror described it as promising and conjectured that it would be the defining role of Alex Ferns 's career , although its Sunday equivalent did not share the sentiment : it described the series as a " seabed @-@ bound disaster " . The same writer criticised the script and directing of episode three and suggested that viewers were not interested in a naval series set in peacetime .
The Scotsman dismissed it as little more than a six @-@ part recruitment video , comparing scenes of refugees being lifted to real advertisements that showcased the navy 's role in humanitarian crises , and concluded that the drama was a " collection of clichés and stilted dialogue " . The Independent on Sunday compared the series to the sea @-@ based soap opera Triangle and noted " an overdependence on claustrophobic interiors " . However , the series was wryly praised for casting Alex Ferns instead of Ross Kemp in the lead role , bucking the trend of recent ITV military series and commented on the difficult time slot the series had been given . Over two years after the series was pulled , Alex Ferns admitted that it was formulaic , but blamed its failure on the constant rescheduling .
= = = DVD release = = =
The BBFC passed the series for video release on 3 December 2004 , rating episodes three and four as PG , and the rest as 12 . Granada Ventures pressed approximately 2 @,@ 500 two @-@ disc sets of the series for sale exclusively on the Navy News website and it went on sale in December 2004 , with 2 @,@ 000 sets being purchased within a month .
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= Endomembrane system =
The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell . These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments , or organelles . In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include : the nuclear membrane , the endoplasmic reticulum , the Golgi apparatus , lysosomes , vesicles , endosomes and the cell membrane . The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit , either being connected directly , or exchanging material through vesicle transport . Importantly , the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of chloroplasts or mitochondria , but might have evolved from the latter ( see below : Evolution ) .
The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus . The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells . The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell . Vacuoles , which are found in both plant and animal cells ( though much bigger in plant cells ) , are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products . A vesicle is a relatively small , membrane @-@ enclosed sac that stores or transports substances . The cell membrane is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell . There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi , and is connected with hyphal tip growth .
In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare , although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light @-@ gathering membrane . These light @-@ gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria .
The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles . Despite these relationships , the various membranes are not identical in structure and function . The thickness , molecular composition , and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed , they may be modified several times during the membrane 's life . One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer , with proteins attached to either side or traversing them .
= = History of the concept = =
Most lipids are synthesized in yeast either in the endoplasmic reticulum , lipid particles , or the mitochondrion , with little or no lipid synthesis occurring in the plasma membrane or nuclear membrane . Sphingolipid biosynthesis begins in the endoplasmic reticulum , but is completed in the Golgi apparatus . The situation is similar on mammals , with the exception of the first few steps in ether lipid biosynthesis , which occur in peroxisomes . The various membranes that enclose the other subcellular organelles must therefore be constructed by transfer of lipids from these sites of synthesis . However , although it is clear that lipid transport is a central process in organelle biogenesis , the mechanisms by which lipids are transported through cells remain poorly understood .
The first proposal that the membranes within cells form a single system that exchanges material between its components was by Morré and Mollenhauer in 1974 . This proposal was made as a way of explaining how the various lipid membranes are assembled in the cell , with these membranes being assembled through lipid flow from the sites of lipid synthesis . The idea of lipid flow through a continuous system of membranes and vesicles was an alternative to the various membranes being independent entities that are formed from transport of free lipid components , such as fatty acids and sterols , through the cytosol . Importantly , the transport of lipids through the cytosol and lipid flow through a continuous endomembrane system are not mutually exclusive processes and both may occur in cells .
= = Components of the system = =
= = = Nuclear envelope = = =
The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus , separating its contents from the cytoplasm . It has two membranes , each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane , and like that structure , features ribosomes attached to the surface . The outer membrane is also continuous with the inner nuclear membrane since the two layers are fused together at numerous tiny holes called nuclear pores that perforate the nuclear envelope . These pores are about 120 nm in diameter and regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm , permitting some to pass through the membrane , but not others . Since the nuclear pores are located in an area of high traffic , they play an important role in the physiology of cells . The space between the outer and inner membranes is called the perinuclear space and is joined with the lumen of the rough ER .
The nuclear envelope 's structure is determined by a network of intermediate filaments ( protein filaments ) . This network is organized into lining similar to mesh called the nuclear lamina , which binds to chromatin , integral membrane proteins , and other nuclear components along the inner surface of the nucleus . The nuclear lamina is thought to help materials inside the nucleus reach the nuclear pores and in the disintegration of the nuclear envelope during mitosis and its reassembly at the end of the process .
The nuclear pores are highly efficient at selectively allowing the passage of materials to and from the nucleus , because the nuclear envelope has a considerable amount of traffic . RNA and ribosomal subunits must be continually transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm . Histones , gene regulatory proteins , DNA and RNA polymerases , and other substances essential for nuclear activities must be imported from the cytoplasm . The nuclear envelope of a typical mammalian cell contains 3000 – 4000 pore complexes . If the cell is synthesizing DNA each pore complex needs to transport about 100 histone molecules per minute . If the cell is growing rapidly , each complex also needs to transport about 6 newly assembled large and small ribosomal subunits per minute from the nucleus to the cytosol , where they are used to synthesize proteins .
= = = Endoplasmic reticulum = = =
The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is a membranous synthesis and transport organelle that is an extension of the nuclear envelope . More than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells is accounted for by the ER . The ER is made up of flattened sacs and branching tubules that are thought to interconnect , so that the ER membrane forms a continuous sheet enclosing a single internal space . This highly convoluted space is called the ER lumen and is also referred to as the ER cisternal space . The lumen takes up about ten percent of the entire cell volume . The endoplasmic reticulum membrane allows molecules to be selectively transferred between the lumen and the cytoplasm , and since it is connected to the nuclear envelope , it provides a channel between the nucleus and the cytoplasm .
The ER has a central role in producing , processing , and transporting biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell . Its membrane is the site of production of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for most of the cell 's organelles , including the ER itself , the Golgi apparatus , lysosomes , endosomes , mitochondria , peroxisomes , secretory vesicles , and the plasma membrane . Furthermore , almost all of the proteins that will exit the cell , plus those destined for the lumen of the ER , Golgi apparatus , or lysosomes , are originally delivered to the ER lumen . Consequently , many of the proteins found in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen are there only temporarily as they pass on their way to other locations . Other proteins , however , constantly remain in the lumen and are known as endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins . These special proteins contain a specialized retention signal made up of a specific sequence of amino acids that enables them to be retained by the organelle . An example of an important endoplasmic reticulum resident protein is the chaperon protein known as BiP which identifies other proteins that have been improperly built or processed and keeps them from being sent to their final destinations .
There are two distinct , though connected , regions of ER that differ in structure and function : smooth ER and rough ER . The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named because the cytoplasmic surface is covered with ribosomes , giving it a bumpy appearance when viewed through an electron microscope . The smooth ER appears smooth since its cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes .
= = = = Functions of the smooth ER = = = =
In the great majority of cells , smooth ER regions are scarce and are often partly smooth and partly rough . They are sometimes called transitional ER because they contain ER exit sites from which transport vesicles carrying newly synthesized proteins and lipids bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus . In certain specialized cells , however , the smooth ER is abundant and has additional functions . The smooth ER of these specialized cells functions in diverse metabolic processes , including synthesis of lipids , metabolism of carbohydrates , and detoxification of drugs and poisons .
Enzymes of the smooth ER are vital to the synthesis of lipids , including oils , phospholipids , and steroids . Sex hormones of vertebrates and the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are among the steroids produced by the smooth ER in animal cells . The cells that synthesize these hormones are rich in smooth ER .
Liver cells are another example of specialized cells that contain an abundance of smooth ER . These cells provide an example of the role of smooth ER in carbohydrate metabolism . Liver cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen . The breakdown of glycogen eventually leads to the release of glucose from the liver cells , which is important in the regulation of sugar concentration in the blood . However , the primary product of glycogen breakdown is glucose @-@ 1 @-@ phosphate . This is converted to glucose @-@ 6 @-@ phosphate and then an enzyme of the liver cell 's smooth ER removes the phosphate from the glucose , so that it can then leave the cell .
Enzymes of the smooth ER can also help detoxify drugs and poisons . Detoxification usually involves the addition of a hydroxyl group to a drug , making the drug more soluble and thus easier to purge from the body . One extensively studied detoxification reaction is carried out by the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes , which catalyze water @-@ insoluble drugs or metabolites that would otherwise accumulate to toxic levels in cell membrane .
Muscle cells have another specialized function of smooth ER . The ER membrane pumps calcium ions from the cytosol into the cisternal space . When a muscle cell becomes stimulated by a nerve impulse , calcium goes back across the ER membrane into the cytosol and generates the contraction of the muscle cell .
= = = = Functions of the rough ER = = = =
Many types of cells export proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER . The ribosomes assemble amino acids into protein units , which are carried into the rough ER for further adjustments . These proteins may be either transmembrane proteins , which become embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum , or water @-@ soluble proteins , which are able to pass through the membrane into the lumen . Those that reach the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum are folded into the correct three @-@ dimensional conformation . Chemicals , such as carbohydrates or sugars , are added , then the endoplasmic reticulum either transports the completed proteins , called secretory proteins , to areas of the cell where they are needed , or they are sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and modification .
Once secretory proteins are formed , the ER membrane separates them from the proteins that will remain in the cytosol . Secretory proteins depart from the ER enfolded in the membranes of vesicles that bud like bubbles from the transitional ER . These vesicles in transit to another part of the cell are called transport vesicles . An alternative mechanism for transport of lipids and proteins out of the ER are through lipid transfer proteins at regions called membrane contact sites where the ER becomes closely and stably associated with the membranes of other organelles , such as the plasma membrane , Golgi or lysosomes .
In addition to making secretory proteins , the rough ER makes membranes that grows in place from the addition of proteins and phospholipids . As polypeptides intended to be membrane proteins grow from the ribosomes , they are inserted into the ER membrane itself and are kept there by their hydrophobic portions . The rough ER also produces its own membrane phospholipids ; enzymes built into the ER membrane assemble phospholipids . The ER membrane expands and can be transferred by transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system .
= = = Golgi apparatus = = =
The Golgi apparatus ( also known as the Golgi body and the Golgi complex ) is composed of interconnected sacs called cisternae . Its shape is similar to a stack of pancakes . The number of these stacks varies with the specific function of the cell . The Golgi apparatus is used by the cell for further protein modification . The section of the Golgi apparatus that receives the vesicles from the ER is known as the cis face , and is usually near the ER . The opposite end of the Golgi apparatus is called the trans face , this is where the modified compounds leave . The trans face is usually facing the plasma membrane , which is where most of the substances the Golgi apparatus modifies are sent .
Vesicles sent off by the ER containing proteins are further altered at the Golgi apparatus and then prepared for secretion from the cell or transport to other parts of the cell . Various things can happen to the proteins on their journey through the enzyme covered space of the Golgi apparatus . The modification and synthesis of the carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins is common in protein processing . The Golgi apparatus removes and substitutes sugar monomers , producing a large variety of oligosaccharides . In addition to modifying proteins , the Golgi also manufactures macromolecules itself . In plant cells , the Golgi produces pectins and other polysaccharides needed by the plant structure .
Once the modification process is completed , the Golgi apparatus sorts the products of its processing and sends them to various parts of the cell . Molecular identification labels or tags are added by the Golgi enzymes to help with this . After everything is organized , the Golgi apparatus sends off its products by budding vesicles from its trans face .
= = = Vacuoles = = =
Vacuoles , like vesicles , are membrane @-@ bound sacs within the cell . They are larger than vesicles and their specific function varies . The operations of vacuoles are different for plant and animal vacuoles .
In plant cells , vacuoles cover anywhere from 30 % to 90 % of the total cell volume . Most mature plant cells contain one large central vacuole encompassed by a membrane called the tonoplast . Vacuoles of plant cells act as storage compartments for the nutrients and waste of a cell . The solution that these molecules are stored in is called the cell sap . Pigments that color the cell are sometime located in the cell sap . Vacuoles can also increase the size of the cell , which elongates as water is added , and they control the turgor pressure ( the osmotic pressure that keeps the cell wall from caving in ) . Like lysosomes of animal cells , vacuoles have an acidic pH and contain hydrolytic enzymes . The pH of vacuoles enables them to perform homeostatic procedures in the cell . For example , when the pH in the cells environment drops , the H + ions surging into the cytosol can be transferred to a vacuole in order to keep the cytosol 's pH constant .
In animals , vacuoles serve in exocytosis and endocytosis processes . Endocytosis refers to when substances are taken into the cell , whereas for exocytosis substances are moved from the cell into the extracellular space . Material to be taken @-@ in is surrounded by the plasma membrane , and then transferred to a vacuole . There are two types of endocytosis , phagocytosis ( cell eating ) and pinocytosis ( cell drinking ) . In phagocytosis , cells engulf large particles such as bacteria . Pinocytosis is the same process , except the substances being ingested are in the fluid form .
= = = Vesicles = = =
Vesicles are small membrane @-@ enclosed transport units that can transfer molecules between different compartments . Most vesicles transfer the membranes assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus , and then from the Golgi apparatus to various locations .
There are various types of vesicles each with a different protein configuration . Most are formed from specific regions of membranes . When a vesicle buds off from a membrane it contains specific proteins on its cytosolic surface . Each membrane a vesicle travels to contains a marker on its cytosolic surface . This marker corresponds with the proteins on the vesicle traveling to the membrane . Once the vesicle finds the membrane , they fuse .
There are three well known types of vesicles . They are clathrin @-@ coated , COPI @-@ coated , and COPII @-@ coated vesicles . Each performs different functions in the cell . For example , clathrin @-@ coated vesicles transport substances between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane . COPI- and COPII @-@ coated vesicles are frequently used for transportation between the ER and the Golgi apparatus .
= = = Lysosomes = = =
Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that are used for intracellular digestion . The main functions of a lysosome are to process molecules taken in by the cell and to recycle worn out cell parts . The enzymes inside of lysosomes are acid hydrolases which require an acidic environment for optimal performance . Lysosomes provide such an environment by maintaining a pH of 5 @.@ 0 inside of the organelle . If a lysosome were to rupture , the enzymes released would not be very active because of the cytosol 's neutral pH . However , if numerous lysosomes leaked the cell could be destroyed from autodigestion .
Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion , in a process called phagocytosis ( from the Greek phagein , to eat and kytos , vessel , referring here to the cell ) , by fusing with a vacuole and releasing their enzymes into the vacuole . Through this process , sugars , amino acids , and other monomers pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell . Lysosomes also use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell 's obsolete organelles in a process called autophagy . The lysosome engulfs another organelle and uses its enzymes to take apart the ingested material . The resulting organic monomers are then returned to the cytosol for reuse . The last function of a lysosome is to digest the cell itself through autolysis .
= = = Spitzenkörper = = =
The spitzenkörper is a component of the endomembrane system found only in fungi , and is associated with hyphal tip growth . It is a phase @-@ dark body that is composed of an aggregation of membrane @-@ bound vesicles containing cell wall components , serving as a point of assemblage and release of such components intermediate between the Golgi and the cell membrane . The spitzenkörper is motile and generates new hyphal tip growth as it moves forward .
= = = Plasma membrane = = =
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer membrane that separates the cell from its environment and regulates the transport of molecules and signals into and out of the cell . Embedded in the membrane are proteins that perform the functions of the plasma membrane . The plasma membrane is not a fixed or rigid structure , the molecules that compose the membrane are capable of lateral movement . This movement and the multiple components of the membrane are why it is referred to as a fluid mosaic . Smaller molecules such as carbon dioxide , water , and oxygen can pass through the plasma membrane freely by diffusion or osmosis . Larger molecules needed by the cell are assisted by proteins through active transport .
The plasma membrane of a cell has multiple functions . These include transporting nutrients into the cell , allowing waste to leave , preventing materials from entering the cell , averting needed materials from leaving the cell , maintaining the pH of the cytosol , and preserving the osmotic pressure of the cytosol . Transport proteins which allow some materials to pass through but not others are used for these functions . These proteins use ATP hydrolysis to pump materials against their concentration gradients .
In addition to these universal functions , the plasma membrane has a more specific role in multicellular organisms . Glycoproteins on the membrane assist the cell in recognizing other cells , in order to exchange metabolites and form tissues . Other proteins on the plasma membrane allow attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix ; a function that maintains cell shape and fixes the location of membrane proteins . Enzymes that catalyze reactions are also found on the plasma membrane . Receptor proteins on the membrane have a shape that matches with a chemical messenger , resulting in various cellular responses .
= = Evolution = =
The origin of the endomembrane system is linked to the origin of eukaryotes themselves and the origin of eukaryoties to the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria . Many models have been put forward to explain the origin of the endomembrane system ( reviewed in ) . The most recent concept suggests that the endomembrane system evolved from outer membrane vesicles the endosymbiotic mitochondrion secreted . This OMV @-@ based model for the origin of the endomembrane system is currently the one that requires the least amount of novel inventions at eukaryote origin and explains the many connections of mitochondria with other compartments of the cell .
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= Hurricane Isaac ( 2000 ) =
Hurricane Isaac was a strong and large Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane that lasted through late September and early October 2000 . The thirteenth tropical cyclone , ninth named storm , and the fifth hurricane of 2000 Atlantic hurricane season , Isaac developed from a tropical wave south of Cape Verde on September 21 . The depression intensified , and on the following day , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Isaac . Due to conductive atmospheric conditions , Isaac continued to strengthen , and attained hurricane intensity on September 23 . Isaac managed to become a Category 3 hurricane on September 24 , before steadily weakening shortly thereafter . By September 26 , the storm had deteriorated to a Category 1 hurricane . However , it again encountered favorable conditions , which caused Isaac to re @-@ intensify .
As Isaac tracked northwestward , it re @-@ strengthened into a major hurricane on September 28 . Later that day , Isaac peaked as a moderate @-@ Category 4 hurricane . However , Isaac began to track northward over an area of colder sea surface temperatures ( SSTs ) , which gradually weakened the storm over the next three days . Eventually , the storm curved northeastward , and weakened to a tropical storm early on October 1 . Later that day , Isaac transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . While extratropical , it brushed the British Isles , producing below gale @-@ force winds . The storm had no interaction with land while tropical ; however , one fatality occurred on Long Island when large swells generated by Isaac overturned a boat . In addition , rough seas also affected the coastlines of Bermuda and The Carolinas .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 20 . The wave was associated with some curvature of deep convection . Later on September 20 , the initial Dvorak classification was issued , whilst convection associated with the system began to consolidate . It is estimated that the wave became Tropical Depression Thirteen at 1200 UTC on September 21 , while located south of Cape Verde . Although the QuikScat satellite recorded winds of up to 60 mph ( 90 km / h ) , the National Hurricane Center set the initial intensity 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) , mostly due to a lack of deep convection and an elongated and poorly defined center . Because upper @-@ level winds were conductive , the depression strengthened and banding features significantly improved . As a result , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Isaac early on September 22 . A ridge was present over parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean which provided strong steering currents .
Later on September 22 , the National Hurricane Center began noting the possibility of increasing wind shear due to a large upper trough . Despite this , the intensity predictions did not forecast weakening within the next three days . Isaac continued to strengthen and reached hurricane status at 1200 UTC on September 23 . However , the National Hurricane Center did not operationally upgrade Isaac until 2100 UTC on September 23 , at which time the storm was a Category 2 hurricane . Thereafter , Isaac significantly intensified , and on the following day , it reached an initial peak intensity with winds of 120 mph ( 200 km / h ) . The National Hurricane Center then predicted Isaac would become a Category 4 hurricane on September 25 , though this did not materialize .
After reaching winds of 120 mph ( 200 km / h ) , Isaac slowly began weakening , due to both increasing vertical wind shear and internal fluctuations . By September 26 , Isaac weakened to a moderate Category 1 hurricane , though the National Hurricane Center noted that re @-@ strengthening was likely , citing the possibility of warming SST 's . Wind shear began to decrease , which caused deep convection to re @-@ organize into a more symmetrical pattern around the center of the storm . As a result , Isaac began re @-@ intensifying , starting on September 27 . Although Isaac re @-@ developed a well @-@ defined eye and a cold convective eyewall , only a portion of the storm had decent outflow . By 1800 UTC on September 28 , Isaac attained its peak intensity with winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 943 mbar ( 27 @.@ 8 inHg ) . Three hours later , the National Hurricane Center noted that the storm had likely reached peak intensity , though further strengthening could not be ruled out . After tracking steadily west @-@ northwestward or northwestward since it developed on September 21 , the storm briefly curved northward western periphery of a mid @-@ tropospheric anticyclone later on September 28 . While a Category 3 hurricane on September 29 , Isaac passed about 500 miles ( 800 km ) east of Bermuda . Further weakening occurred as Isaac tracked into decreasing SST 's , while undergoing an eyewall replacement cyclone . Late on September 29 , the storm began curving east @-@ northeastward and weakened to a Category 2 hurricane .
After weakening to a Category 1 hurricane on September 30 , the National Hurricane Center noted that very cold cloud tops still existed , though IR imagery indicated that the convection and circulation associated with the storm was becoming asymmetrical . Isaac remained a Category 1 hurricane for almost 24 hours , at which time the storm began to accelerate east @-@ northeastward . Early on October 1 , the National Hurricane Center noted that minimal deep convection persisted near the center and much of it was displaced to the north . Mid @-@ level dry air and low @-@ level cold air began entering the western quadrant of the storm , which caused it to begin its extratropical transition . By 0600 UTC on October 1 , Isaac weakened to a tropical storm . The National Hurricane Center noted that further weakening would be slow , due to the large wind field associated with the storm . At 1500 UTC on October 1 , the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory on the storm ; Isaac fully transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about three hours later , while located about halfway between Newfoundland and the Azores . The extratropical remnants tracked rapidly east @-@ northeastward and affected the British Isles on October 3 and October 4 , eventually merging with another extratropical low while north of Scotland early on October 4 .
= = Impact = =
Late on September 22 and early on September 23 , the National Hurricane Center noted that due to several computer forecast models indicating a westward track , impact in the Lesser Antilles was possible , though unlikely . However , Isaac continued its west @-@ northwestward path and passed more than 820 miles ( 1 @,@ 320 km ) northeast of the Lesser Antilles . While Isaac made its closest approach to Bermuda on September 29 , it produced high waves offshore the island . Although Isaac had stayed away from the eastern coast of the United States , swells from the storm caused a boat with four passengers to overturn on September 30 . One of the passengers died from drowning . The state of North Carolina issued a heavy surf warning on October 1 , as swells from Isaac were predicted . Along the Grand Strand in South Carolina , rough surf and minor coastal flooding was reported . As an extratropical system , Isaac produced winds near gale @-@ force on the British Isles during the day of October 3 . After Isaac passed the British Isles , a bird called the blue @-@ winged warbler was seen in Europe for the first time .
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= 1978 European Cup Final =
The 1978 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Club Brugge of Belgium on 10 May 1978 at Wembley Stadium , London , England ( the venue was decided in Bern by the UEFA Executive Committee on 20 September 1977 ) . It was the final match of the 1977 – 78 season of Europe 's premier cup competition , the European Cup . Liverpool were the reigning champions and were appearing in their second European Cup final . Club Brugge were appearing in their first European Cup final . The two sides had met once before in European competition , when they contested the 1976 UEFA Cup Final , which Liverpool won 4 – 3 on aggregate .
As reigning champions , Liverpool received a bye in the first round , which meant that Club Brugge played two matches more to reach the final . All but one of Liverpool 's matches were comfortable victories and they won each round with an aggregate score at least two goals to the good . In the first round Club Brugge beat Finnish champions Kuopion Palloseura by 9 – 2 on aggregate , but they won each of their subsequent rounds by just one goal .
Watched by a crowd of 92 @,@ 000 , the first half was goalless . Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Kenny Dalglish scored from a Graeme Souness pass . They held this lead to win the match 1 – 0 , securing Liverpool 's second European Cup and third European trophy in succession , and they became the first British team to retain the European Cup .
= = Route to the final = =
= = = Liverpool = = =
Liverpool were the reigning European Cup champions after defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3 – 1 to win the 1977 European Cup Final . Liverpool were also the reigning English champions , having won the English league during the 1976 – 77 season . As reigning European Cup champions , they received a bye in the first round . They were drawn against East German champions Dynamo Dresden in the second round . Liverpool were expected to win the first leg , played at Anfield , their home ground , and they did so with a score of 5 – 1 . Dresden won the second leg 2 @-@ 1 at their home ground , Glücksgas Stadium , giving Liverpool a 6 – 3 win on aggregate .
In the quarter @-@ finals Liverpool were drawn against Portuguese champions Benfica . The first leg was played at the Estádio da Luz , Benfica 's home ground . Nené scored for Benfica in the 18th minute , Jimmy Case equalised for Liverpool in the 37th minute , and Emlyn Hughes scored midway through the second half to give Liverpool a 2 – 1 victory . The second leg at Anfield was won 4 – 1 by Liverpool , giving them a 6 – 2 win on aggregate .
Liverpool 's opponents in the semi @-@ finals were Borussia Mönchengladbach , the team they had beaten to win the European Cup the previous year . The first leg was played in Germany at the Bökelbergstadion , which was Borussia 's home ground at that time . Borussia took an early lead when Wilfried Hannes scored . Liverpool equalised in the 88th minute , when David Johnson scored , but in the following minute Rainer Bonhof scored from a 22 @-@ yard free @-@ kick , so Borussia won 2 @-@ 1 . In the second leg , at Anfield , Ray Kennedy scored for Liverpool in the sixth minute , Kenny Dalglish scored in the 35th minute , and Jimmy Case scored in the 56th minute , giving Liverpool a 3 – 0 win in the match and a 4 – 2 win on aggregate , and securing a place in their second consecutive European Cup final .
= = = Club Brugge = = =
Club Brugge gained entry to the competition by winning the 1976 – 77 Belgian First Division and thus becoming Belgian champions . Their opponents in the first round were the Finnish champions , Kuopion Palloseura ( KuPS ) . Brugge won the first leg 4 – 0 at KuPS 's home ground , the Kuopion keskuskenttä , and the second leg 5 – 2 at Brugge 's ground , the Jan Breydel Stadium , thus winning the round 9 – 2 on aggregate .
Their opponents in the second round were Greek champions Panathinaikos . The first leg was in Belgium . Brugge won 2 – 0 after Roger Davies scored from a penalty in the 24th minute and Julien Cools scored midway through the second half . The second leg was played at Panathinaikos ' home ground , the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium . Panathinaikos won the match 1 – 0 , so Brugge won the round with an aggregate score of 2 – 1 .
Brugge 's opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Spanish champions Atlético Madrid . The first leg in Belgium was won 2 – 0 by Brugge . The second leg , played at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , Atlético 's home ground , was a close match : Atlético scored twice in the first half ; Cools scored for Brugge in the 60th minute ; Marcial Pina scored for Atlético two minutes later ; finally Raoul Lambert scored once more for Brugge . Thus Brugge lost the match 3 – 2 but won the round with a 4 – 3 aggregate score .
Italian champions Juventus were the opponents in the semi @-@ finals . The first leg , at the Stadio Olimpico di Torino , Juventus ' home ground , was goalless until the 86th minute , when Roberto Bettega scored to give Juventus a 1 – 0 victory . The second leg in Belgium was a similarly close affair . Brugge scored in the third minute , but that left a 1 – 1 aggregate score after 90 minutes , requiring extra time to be played . Had the aggregate score still been tied after the extra time , there would have been a penalty shootout , but René Vandereycken scored in the 116th minute to give Brugge a 2 – 0 win in the match and a 2 – 1 win on aggregate , to progress to their first European Cup final .
= = Match = =
= = = Background = = =
1978 was the first year in which Club Brugge had reached the final , while Liverpool were appearing in their second successive final . The two teams had met before in the final of a European competition : the 1976 UEFA Cup Final , which Liverpool won 4 – 3 on aggregate . Liverpool were the reigning champions and were aiming to become the first British team to win successive European Cups . Liverpool had already won the UEFA Cup twice , in the 1972 – 73 and 1975 – 76 seasons . Brugge were the first Belgian team to reach the final of the European Cup and thus were aiming to become the first to win the trophy .
As the final was held in England at Wembley , Liverpool were clear favourites to retain the European Cup . Brugge were without a number of key players , such as Raoul Lambert , whose inclusion in the Brugge squad was rumoured before the final but never materialised . Liverpool were also without a few players . Tommy Smith , who had scored in the previous season 's final , was out after dropping a pick @-@ axe on his foot and breaking a toe . Striker David Johnson was also absent . He had strained knee ligaments during a match against Leicester City , an injury that ruled him out for the rest of the season .
= = = Summary = = =
The first half was dull . Brugge held back , using tight marking and the offside trap to restrict Liverpool 's attacking threat . Towards the end of the first half , Liverpool started to have more scoring chances . Ray Kennedy volleyed across the face of the goal , and Jimmy Case took a free kick that needed to be punched away by Brugge goalkeeper Birger Jensen . In the closing minutes of the first half , Jensen made two crucial saves : he blocked David Fairclough , who had made a run towards goal , and he tipped a header by Alan Hansen over the crossbar . So the score at half @-@ time was 0 – 0 .
Early in the second half , Jensen made another save , this time from Terry McDermott . Brugge 's first significant chance came a few minutes afterwards , when a cross @-@ field pass by René Vandereycken reached Jan Sørensen on the right @-@ hand side of the pitch . Sørensen 's subsequent shot was blocked by Liverpool captain Emlyn Hughes . The blocked shot was not cleared , but Ray Clemence reached the ball before Brugge 's Lajos Kű could reach it and score . After this Kű was substituted with Dirk Sanders . Liverpool made a substitution minutes later , with Steve Heighway replacing Case . Liverpool 's substitution had more effect , as Heighway gave Liverpool more width on the right @-@ hand side of the pitch . Two minutes after Heighway 's introduction , Kenny Dalglish received the ball in the Brugge penalty area from a Graeme Souness pass and placed his shot over a diving Jensen to give Liverpool a 1 – 0 lead .
Brugge now needed to score , but they only created one more chance . Ten minutes before the end of the match , Sørensen intercepted a Hansen backpass and shot . His shot was blocked by Clemence , and a goal @-@ line clearance by Phil Thompson prevented Brugge from equalising . The match remained at 1 – 0 and Liverpool won their second consecutive European Cup , becoming the first British team to retain the trophy .
= = = Details = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
After the match , figures from each team were critical of the other team 's play . Liverpool defender Tommy Smith criticised Brugge for their approach , saying " It was a pathetic attitude . You never win anything like that . " Liverpool manager Bob Paisley also criticised the Belgian team 's tactics : " It takes two teams to make a game into a spectacle and Bruges only seemed to be concerned with keeping the score down . Bruges didn 't come at us much – apart from one mistake in our defence , they never looked like scoring . But they were well organised at the back and it was a case of breaking them down . We controlled the game from start to finish . " Meanwhile , Club Brugge manager Ernst Happel was critical of the quality of the Liverpool team : " Liverpool seemed only a shadow of the side we played in the UEFA Cup final two seasons ago . I was disappointed with them , but they deserved their victory although we were handicapped by injuries to two players . "
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= First Flight ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) =
" First Flight " is the fiftieth episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the twenty @-@ fourth episode of the second season . It first aired on May 14 , 2003 on UPN . It was written by John Shiban and Chris Black , and was directed by Star Trek : The Next Generation actor LeVar Burton ( Geordi La Forge ) .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , after Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) is informed of the death of his former colleague , A. G. Robinson ( Keith Carradine ) , he relates the story of breaking the warp 2 @.@ 5 barrier to T 'Pol ( Jolene Blalock ) whilst investigating a dark matter nebula .
The episode was inspired by the story of the first American astronauts as seen in the film The Right Stuff . Several sets were specifically built for this episode , and a reference to the designer of the Enterprise from Star Trek : The Original Series is included in the story . Three crew @-@ members from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Enterprise ( CVN @-@ 65 ) appeared in this episode , and handed over a flag from the ship to the cast and crew . Critical reception to this episode was mostly positive , with praise directed at Scott Bakula . However , the episode received the second lowest number of viewers received by Enterprise at that point , which was blamed on it being aired opposite the series finale of Dawson 's Creek .
= = Plot = =
As Enterprise is about to investigate a dark matter cloud , Captain Archer is informed by Admiral Forrest that his former Starfleet colleague , Captain Robinson , has died in a rock climbing accident . Archer , seeking solitude , desires to travel into the nebula in a shuttlepod armed with spatial charges to excite the dark matter . Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol , noting that captains are prohibited from traveling off @-@ ship unaccompanied , joins him and while underway , she coaxes him into relating the story of the Warp 5 program on Earth .
In a series of flashbacks , Commander Archer meets with Commodore Forest , and is informed that although he excelled in simulations , his colleague Commander Robinson has been awarded the test ship , the NX Alpha . Disappointed , Archer goes to the 602 Club , a local bar , bumping into Robinson there . Later , Robinson takes the scheduled flight aboard the NX Alpha , breaking the warp 2 @.@ 0 barrier . He refuses a command from Forest to stop and instead increases speed ; the craft soon destabilizes and is destroyed as it approaches warp 2 @.@ 2 , but Robinson escapes . The Vulcans argue that the warp program should be postponed , but Archer wants the program , and his father 's engine research , to continue . Archer , and his new friend Lieutenant Tucker , then go to the 602 Club to discuss the problem . Robinson arrives and blames Archer 's father , and the two end up in a fist fight .
The next day Archer discovers Robinson packing up the contents of his locker . He concedes that it is primarily an intermix problem , but that the engine could still work . Archer and Robinson then steal the NX Beta , with Tucker in flight control , but it starts to suffer the same issues as the Alpha . As Starfleet security detains Tucker , Archer and Robinson manage to coax the engines towards their goal of warp 2 @.@ 5 . Afterwards , Archer and Robinson are reprimanded by Starfleet , and the Vulcans ground the program for a year , but they eventually confirm that his father 's design was sound . Back in the future , Archer launches the charges into the cloud , and T 'Pol suggests that it be named after Archer 's close friend , Robinson .
= = Production = =
" First Flight " was inspired by the 1983 film The Right Stuff , the story of the test pilots at Edwards Air Force Base and the first NASA astronauts . Reference is also made to the Apollo 11 lunar landing , when Archer mentions that no @-@ one remembers astronaut Buzz Aldrin 's first words when he stepped onto the moon . His actual first words were " Looks like the secondary strut had a little thermal effects on it right here , Neil . "
Warp drive was first mentioned in Gene Roddenberry 's first @-@ draft pitch for Star Trek , dated March 11 , 1964 , although in that version it was referred to as a " space @-@ warp drive " . The drive allows for a vessel to travel faster than the speed of light by warping space @-@ time around the ship itself . In 1994 , physicist Miguel Alcubierre created the theoretical Alcubierre drive , which used a similar theory . In the Star Trek universe , Zefram Cochrane invented the drive in 2063 . Cochrane was portrayed by James Cromwell in the film Star Trek : First Contact and re @-@ appeared in this role in the pilot of Enterprise , " Broken Bow " . That episode showed the culmination of the development of the warp 5 engine , which was designed by Jonathan Archer 's father , Henry , in the launch of the Enterprise itself . The Vulcans during this period gave oversight and advice to Starfleet in the development of the warp drive , but sought to slow the progress of the humans . " First Flight " showed a previously unseen period in the development of the fictional warp drive , with the pursuit of the warp 2 barrier . The dark matter seen in this episode is a real phenomenon , however it is unclear exactly what it is . It cannot be seen by telescopes , and it is theorised that it makes up a great deal of the matter in the universe .
John Shiban and Chris Black wrote " First Flight " , the fiftieth episode of Enterprise . Former Star Trek : The Next Generation actor LeVar Burton directed the episode , his second of the season and fourth overall . He had previously directed episodes of other shows in the franchise , including the hundredth episode of Star Trek : Voyager , " Timeless " . In this episode , Tucker states that his commanding officer at the testing facility is Captain Jefferies , this is a direct reference to Matt Jefferies , designer of the original USS Enterprise ( NCC @-@ 1701 ) . Jefferies died two months after the episode was aired .
Production began on March 10 , 2003 , and concluded on March 18 . The first days ' shoot consisted of scenes in the shuttlepod with Blalock and Bakula as other members of the cast were still shooting scenes for the episodes " Horizon " and " Regeneration " . The present @-@ day scenes were completed on the second day of filming , with the remaining five days of shooting being devoted to the flashback scenes . Sets were built specifically for this episode , including the NX Command Center , the 602 Club and the interior of the NX prototype vessels .
= = = Casting = = =
The guest cast in " First Flight " included the return of Vaughn Armstrong in the recurring role of Admiral Forrest , although this was his most demanding shoot so far , requiring him to be on set for five of the seven days of filming . Keith Carradine was cast as A. G. Robinson ; Carradine is also a musician , and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for " I 'm Easy " from the 1975 film Nashville . He is also the half @-@ brother of fellow actor David Carradine . This episode also saw the return of some actors who had appeared in other series of the Star Trek franchise . These included Michael Canavan , who appeared in this episode as a Vulcan advisor , but previously appeared in the Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode " Defiant " as a member of the Maquis terrorist group . Also appearing in " First Flight " was Victor Bevine . He had previously appeared in DS9 , Voyager and the movie Star Trek : First Contact .
" First Flight " also provided the stage for an exchange with the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Enterprise ( CVN @-@ 65 ) . Three crew members of the real @-@ life Enterprise had been voted as " Sailors of the Year " by the U.S. Navy , and so were given the roles of extras in this episode . This was not the first time such an exchange had occurred ; previous winners had appeared as crew members on board the fictional Enterprise in the episode " Desert Crossing " . However , this time around they were given roles at the NX Command Center instead . Aviation Maintenance Administrationman 2nd Class James D. Frey portrayed a technician , Navy Counselor 1st Class Kathleen J. Grant played a Senator and Hospital Corpsman 3rd Class Thomas P. Hunt was the Senator 's assistant . All three were pleased to be appearing on the show , with Grant saying that " My nephew told all of the kids at his school his aunt was going to be on Star Trek . That makes the experience even more of a thrill for me " , and Hunt saying " This will be on reruns for years to come , when I 'm 60 , I 'll be able to say , ' Hey , that 's me on Enterprise . ' " . In return , the three sailors presented the cast and crew of Star Trek : Enterprise with a flag that had been flying on the aircraft carrier earlier in the month .
= = Reception and home media release = =
" First Flight " was first shown in the United States on May 14 , 2003 on UPN . It was aired on the same night as the following episode , " Bounty " . Both episodes saw a reduction in viewing figures compared to previous weeks , which was attributed to them being broadcast at the same time as the series finale of Dawson 's Creek on The WB . " First Flight " received a 2 @.@ 4 / 4 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 4 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 4 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . It was the second lowest rating received by the series at that point , and " Bounty " received a slightly decreased rating of 2 @.@ 3 / 4 % , but the viewing figures were higher . Bounty was watched by 3 @.@ 54 million reviewers , whereas " First Flight " was watched by 3 @.@ 3 million . " First Flight " was the 93rd most watched programme of the evening . The episode aired during the following week was the season two finale , whose figures rebounded slightly ; " The Expanse " had a final rating of 2 @.@ 8 / 4 % with an audience of 3 @.@ 88 million .
Michelle Erica Green reviewed the episode for TrekNation , and thought that Scott Bakula in particular gave one of his best performances of the show so far . Both he and Carradine worked well together , but thought that the other characters in the flashback were clichéd . Overall , she thought it was a " superbly filmed episode " with several new sets which were well used , and the visual effects were good . Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " gave the episode a score of three out of four , saying that he welcomed the back story to the series being fleshed out in this episode . He thought that the episode itself wasn 't very challenging to watch , but thought that the melancholy ending was fitting . He even thought that it might be worthwhile to go further back in time to see the actual founding of Starfleet .
" First Flight " was first released for home media use on DVD as part of the second series box set of Star Trek : Enterprise . The release featured text commentary on the episode from Star Trek and NASA designers Michael and Denise Okuda . The episode also featured as one of the three Enterprise episodes on the Star Trek Fan Collective DVD Set " Captain 's Log " . The set featured episodes selected by each of the Captains from the Star Trek series , and several chosen by the fans , a total of seventeen episodes . A release on Blu @-@ ray Disc for season two occurred on August 20 , 2013 .
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= Brian Epstein =
Brian Samuel Epstein ( / ɛpstaɪn / ; 19 September 1934 – 27 August 1967 ) was an English music entrepreneur , best known for managing the Beatles . Epstein first discovered the Beatles in November 1961 during a lunchtime Cavern Club performance . He was instantly impressed and saw great potential in the group . Epstein was rejected by nearly all major recording companies in London , until he secured a meeting with George Martin , head of EMI 's Parlophone label . In May 1962 , Martin agreed to sign the Beatles , partly because of Epstein 's conviction that the group would become internationally famous .
The Beatles ' early success has been attributed to Epstein 's management style , and the band trusted him without hesitation . In addition to handling the Beatles ' business affairs , Epstein often stepped in to mediate personal disputes within the group . The Beatles ' unquestioning loyalty to Epstein later proved detrimental , as the band rarely read contracts before signing them . Shortly after the song " Please Please Me " rose to the top of the charts in 1963 , Epstein advised the creation of Northern Songs , a publishing company that would control the copyrights of all Lennon – McCartney compositions recorded between 1963 and 1973 . Music publisher Dick James and his partner Charles Silver owned 51 @-@ percent of the company , Lennon and McCartney each owned 20 % , and Epstein owned 9 % . By 1969 , Lennon and McCartney had lost control of all publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing . Still , Epstein 's death in 1967 marked the beginning of the group 's dissolution and had a profound effect on each Beatle . In 1997 , Paul McCartney said , " If anyone was the Fifth Beatle , it was Brian . "
Epstein 's influence on the Beatles and his complicated personal life continue to provoke controversy . In 2012 , Tom Hanks announced that his production company Playtone will back a biopic of the famed Beatles manager . They describe the film as " the story of a man who threw the biggest party of the 1960s , but ultimately forgot to invite himself . " In 2013 , author Vivek Tiwary released the graphic novel The Fifth Beatle : The Brian Epstein Story . A film of the same name was scheduled for release in 2014 , originally to be produced by Bruce Cohen and directed by Peyton Reed . Tiwary said about that project that the film would " be less a music bio and more of an inspirational human @-@ interest story about an outsider " . Tiwary , Stuart Ford , and Simon Cowell went on to co @-@ produce a film by that name , said to be set for release in 2016 . Tiwary , credited as the film 's writer , wrote at the IMDb : ' His story will unfold via a mixture of history , fantasy , allegory , dream sequences , and hallucinations . ' In March 2016 , it was announced that the project would be a television series .
= = Ancestry = =
Epstein 's family was Jewish ; his grandfather Isaac Epstein was from Lithuania ( then part of the Russian Empire ) and had arrived in Britain in the 1890s at the age of eighteen . His grandmother Dinah was the daughter of Joseph ( a draper ) and Esther Hyman , who had emigrated from Russia to Britain ( c . 1871 / 72 ) with their eldest son Jacob . The Hymans had six more children .
Isaac Epstein married Dinah Hyman in Manchester in 1900 . In 1901 , Isaac and Dinah were living at 80 Walton Road , Liverpool with Isaac 's sister Rachael Epstein , above the furniture dealership that he founded . Dinah and Isaac 's third child was Harry Epstein , Brian Epstein 's father . Eventually the family moved to a larger home at 27 Anfield Road , Liverpool . After Harry and his brother Leslie had joined the family firm , Isaac Epstein founded I. Epstein and Sons and enlarged his furniture business by taking over adjacent shops at 62 / 72 Walton Road to sell a range of other goods , such as musical instruments and household appliances . They called the expanding business NEMS ( North End Music Stores ) , which offered lenient credit terms , and from which Paul McCartney 's father once bought a piano . Epstein 's mother Malka ( nicknamed " Queenie " by her family , as Malka means " queen " in Hebrew ) was also involved in the Hyman furniture business , which also owned the Sheffield Veneering Company .
In 2003 , the family home on Anfield Road was converted into a Beatles @-@ themed hotel called Epstein House .
= = Early life = =
Epstein was born on 19 September 1934 in Rodney Street , Liverpool . Harry and Queenie also had another son named Clive who was born 22 months after his older brother . During World War II , the Epsteins moved to Southport — where two schools expelled Epstein for laziness and poor performance — but returned to Liverpool in 1945 . The Epsteins lived at 197 Queens Drive , Childwall in Liverpool , and remained there for the next 30 years .
Epstein 's parents moved him from one boarding school to another , including Clayesmore School in Dorset . He spent two years at Wrekin College in Shropshire , where he was taught the violin . Shortly before his 16th birthday , he sent a long letter to his father , explaining that he wanted to become a dress designer , but Harry Epstein was adamantly opposed , and his son finally had to " report for duty " at the family 's furniture shop , after serving an apprenticeship for six months at another company . He started work at his family 's business on a £ 5 per week wage , and was congratulated on his first day of work for selling a £ 12 dining room table to a woman who had originally wanted to buy a mirror .
In December 1952 , Epstein was conscripted to do his national service as a data entry clerk into the Royal Army Service Corps , and was posted to the Albany Street Barracks near Regent 's Park in London , where he was often reprimanded for not picking up his army pay . After returning to Liverpool , he was put in charge of the Clarendon Furnishing shop in Hoylake and was made a director of NEMS in 1955 . In September 1956 , he took a trip to London to meet a friend but after being there for only one day , was robbed of his passport , birth certificate , chequebook , wristwatch , and all the money he had on him . He did not want his parents to find out , so he worked as a department store clerk until he had earned enough money to buy a train ticket back to Liverpool . Back in Liverpool , he confessed his homosexuality to a psychiatrist — a friend of the Epstein family — who suggested to Harry Epstein that his son should leave Liverpool as soon as possible . During the sessions , Epstein revealed his ambition of becoming an actor , so his parents allowed him go to London to study .
Epstein attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . His RADA classmates included actors Susannah York , Albert Finney , and Peter O 'Toole , but Epstein dropped out after the third term , saying that he had become " too much of a businessman to enjoy being a student , and I didn 't like being a student at all . " He said in 1964 that he " felt like an old man at the age of 21 " . He also revealed that he would have liked to produce a theatre play , or even act , " in something by Chekhov " , or a " straight drama " by John Osborne .
Back in Liverpool , his father put his son in charge of the record department of the family 's newly opened NEMS music store on Great Charlotte Street . Epstein worked " day and night " at the store to make it a success , and it became one of the biggest musical retail outlets in Northern England . The Epsteins opened a second store at 12 – 14 Whitechapel , and Epstein was put in charge of the entire operation . He often walked across the road to the Lewis 's department store ( which also had a music section ) where Peter Brown was employed . He watched Brown 's sales technique and was impressed enough to lure him to work for NEMS with the offer of a higher salary and a commission on sales .
= = The Beatles = =
Epstein first noticed the Beatles in issues of Mersey Beat and on numerous posters around Liverpool , before he asked the editor of Mersey Beat Bill Harry who they were . Harry had previously convinced Epstein to sell the magazine at NEMS , with the Beatles featured on the front page of its second issue . The Beatles had recorded the " My Bonnie " single with Tony Sheridan in Germany , and some months after its release Epstein asked his personal assistant Alistair Taylor about it in NEMS . Epstein 's version of the story was that customer Raymond Jones walked into the NEMS shop and asked him for the " My Bonnie " single , which made Epstein curious about the group . Taylor later claimed that he had used the name of Jones ( a regular customer ) to order the single and paid the deposit himself , knowing that Epstein would notice it and order further copies . Harry and McCartney later repudiated Epstein 's story , as Harry had been talking to Epstein for a long time about the Beatles — the group that he promoted the most in Mersey Beat — with McCartney saying , " Brian [ Epstein ] knew perfectly well who the Beatles were ; they were on the front page of the second issue of Mersey Beat " . On 3 August 1961 , Epstein started a regular music column in the Mersey Beat called " Stop the World — And Listen To Everything In It : Brian Epstein of NEMS " .
The Beatles were due to perform a lunchtime concert in the Cavern Club on 9 November 1961 . According to club owner Sytner , Epstein had visited the club quite a few times previously on Saturday nights , once asking Sytner to book a group for his twenty @-@ first birthday party . Epstein asked Harry to arrange for Epstein and his assistant Taylor to watch the Beatles perform . The club allowed Epstein and Taylor to enter without queuing . They bypassed the line of fans at the door and heard Bob Wooler , the resident DJ , announce a welcome message over the club 's public @-@ address system : " We have someone rather famous in the audience today . Mr. Brian Epstein , the owner of NEMS ... "
Epstein later talked about the performance :
" I was immediately struck by their music , their beat and their sense of humour on stage – and , even afterwards , when I met them , I was struck again by their personal charm . And it was there that , really , it all started " .
After the performance , Epstein and Taylor went into the dressing room ( which he later described as being " as big as a broom cupboard " ) to talk to the group . The Beatles , all regular NEMS customers , immediately recognised Epstein , but before he could congratulate them on their performance , George Harrison said , " And what brings Mr. Epstein here ? " Epstein replied with , " We just popped in to say hello . I enjoyed your performance " . He introduced Taylor , who merely nodded a greeting , said , " Well done , then , goodbye " , and left . Epstein and Taylor went to Peacock 's restaurant in Hackins Hey for lunch , and during the meal Epstein asked Taylor what he thought about the group . Taylor replied that he honestly thought they were " absolutely awful " , but there was something " remarkable " about them . Epstein sat there smiling for a long time before exclaiming , " I think they 're tremendous ! " Later , when Epstein was paying the bill , he grabbed Taylor 's arm and said , " Do you think I should manage them ? "
The Beatles played at the Cavern over the next three weeks , and Epstein was always there to watch them . He contacted Allan Williams ( their previous promoter / manager ) to confirm that Williams no longer had any ties to the group , but Williams advised Epstein " not to touch them with a fucking barge pole " because of a Hamburg concert percentage that the group had refused to pay .
= = = Management contract = = =
In a meeting with the group at NEMS on 3 December 1961 , Epstein proposed the idea of managing the Beatles . John Lennon , Harrison , and Pete Best arrived late for the meeting , as they had been drinking at the Grapes pub in Mathew Street . McCartney also did not arrive on time because he had just got up and was " taking a bath " , as Harrison explained . Epstein was upset , but Harrison placated him by saying , " He may be late , but he 'll be very clean . " Lennon had invited Wooler to be at the meeting so that he could give his opinion of Epstein , but he introduced Wooler by saying , " This is me dad " . Epstein was reticent throughout the short meeting , only asking if they had a manager . After learning that they had not , he said , " It seems to me that with everything going on , someone ought to be looking after you " . He had further meetings with the group on 6 and 10 December 1961 .
McCartney , Harrison , and Best were under 21 , and therefore needed the consent of their parents to enter into a contract . Best and his mother — Mona Best , owner of the Casbah Coffee Club — were impressed with Epstein 's professional image , as were the other Beatles , because he was a businessman , wore expensive suits , and owned a large car . Best 's mother said that Epstein " could be good for them [ the Beatles ] " . McCartney 's father was sceptical about a Jewish manager and warned his son to be careful about finances . Lennon 's aunt and guardian Mimi Smith was against the idea , believing that Epstein would lose interest when something else would attract his interest ; but Lennon had just turned twenty @-@ one and he ignored his aunt 's advice .
The Beatles signed a five @-@ year contract with Epstein on 24 January 1962 which gave Epstein 10 @-@ 15 per cent of their income . They signed a new contract in October 1962 which gave Epstein 15 , 20 , or 25 per cent of revenues , depending on how much he helped the band earn . The Beatles would then share any income after various expenses had been deducted . Epstein then formed a management company , NEMS Enterprises , telling his parents that managing the group was only a part @-@ time occupation and would not interfere with the family business .
The Beatles signed Epstein 's first management contract , but Epstein did not . He later told Taylor , " Well , if they ever want to tear it up , they can hold me but I can 't hold them " . ( Note : English law would have enforced the contract through the doctrine of part performance ) . The contract stated that Epstein would receive a management commission of 25 per cent of the group 's gross income after a certain financial threshold had been reached . The Beatles argued for a smaller percentage , but Epstein pointed out that he had been paying their expenses for months without receiving anything in return . On 1 October 1962 , four days before the release of " Love Me Do " , Epstein signed Lennon and McCartney to a three @-@ year NEMS publishing contract .
= = = The Beatles ' appearance on stage = = =
Epstein had no prior experience of artist management , yet he had a strong influence on the band 's early dress code and stage demeanor . They had previously worn blue jeans and leather jackets , and they would stop and start songs when they felt like it or when an audience member requested a certain song . David Pomerran Szatmary states that when Epstein first saw them at the Cavern Club , he thought , " They were a scruffy crowd in leather , and they were not very tidy and not very clean . They smoked as they played and they ate and talked and pretended to hit each other . " Epstein encouraged them to wear suits and ties , insisted that they stop swearing , smoking , drinking , or eating on stage , and also suggested the famous synchronised bow at the end of their performances . McCartney was the first to agree with Epstein 's suggestions , believing that they reflected Epstein 's RADA training . Epstein explained that the process from leather jackets and jeans to suits took some time : ' I encouraged them , at first , to get out of the leather jackets and jeans , and I wouldn 't allow them to appear in jeans after a short time , and then , after that step , I got them to wear sweaters on stage , and then , very reluctantly , eventually , suits . ' The collarless suits which the group started wearing were of German design , which they had previously seen in Hamburg but which Epstein approved of : ' I thought it was an excellent design at the time.'
Lennon resisted wearing suits and ties , but later said , ' I 'll wear a suit ; I 'll wear a bloody balloon if somebody 's going to pay me . ' Epstein began seeking publicity by ' charming and smarming ... the newspaper people ' , as Lennon said in 1972 . According to McCartney , ' The gigs went up in stature and though the pay went up only a little bit , it did go up ' ; they were ' now playing better places . ' The group was now far more organised , having one single diary in which to record bookings , rather than using whoever 's diary was to hand . The group usually called him ' Mr. Epstein ' or ' Brian ' in interviews , but in private the group abbreviated his name to ' Eppy ' or ' Bri ' .
= = = Record contract = = =
Epstein made numerous trips to London to visit record companies in the hope of securing a record contract , but many rejected him , including Columbia , Pye , Philips , Oriole , and most notoriously Decca . On 13 December 1961 , at Epstein 's invitation , Mike Smith of Decca travelled from London to Liverpool to watch the group at the Cavern Club , which led to an audition in London on 1 January 1962 ( see The Decca Audition ) . Decca informed Epstein one month later that the audition tapes had been rejected . The Beatles later found out that Epstein had paid Decca producer Tony Meehan ( ex @-@ drummer of the Shadows ) to produce the studio recordings . While Epstein was negotiating with Decca , he also approached Ron White , an EMI marketing executive , who contacted EMI producers Norrie Paramor , Walter Ridley , and Norman Newell , but they all declined to record the group . White could not contact EMI 's fourth staff producer George Martin , as he was on holiday .
On 8 May 1962 , Epstein visited the HMV store ( owned by EMI ) in 363 Oxford Street , London to have the Decca tape transferred to 78 rpm acetates . An HMV disc @-@ cutter named Jim Foy liked the recordings , suggesting that Epstein should contact Sid Coleman , the head of EMI 's record publishing division which controlled the publishing company Ardmore & Beechwood . Coleman liked the recordings and sent Epstein to Martin , the A & R manager of Parlophone . On the next day , 9 May 1962 , Epstein met Martin at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios .
Supposedly , Martin had no intention of signing The Beatles after listening to the Decca recordings , but he offered a contract after learning that Epstein would cancel all his substantial NEMS business with EMI . Martin denied this account by saying that Epstein 's conviction that The Beatles would become internationally famous finally convinced him to offer a recording contract . He also later admitted that EMI had ' nothing to lose ' by signing a contract with The Beatles , as the terms of payment were negligible . At this point , almost every other British record company had rejected the group , and Martin had never heard the group live . The Beatles were eventually signed to EMI 's small Parlophone label , which had very little experience with pop or rock artists . Upon signing the contract , Epstein immediately sent a telegram to The Beatles ( who were in Hamburg ) and to the Mersey Beat music journal in Liverpool .
The recording contract gave The Beatles one penny ( 1d ) for each record sold , which was split among the four members , meaning that each earned one farthing per copy . The royalty rate was further reduced for singles sold outside the UK ; the group received half of one penny per single , which was again split amongst the whole group . Martin scheduled the first recording session to be on 6 June 1962 at Abbey Road Studios . Epstein later renegotiated EMI 's royalty rate and , on 27 January 1967 , the Beatles signed a new nine @-@ year contract with EMI . The contract stipulated that 25 per cent would be paid to NEMS for the full nine years even if The Beatles decided not to renew their management contract with Epstein , which was up for renewal later that year .
= = = = Dismissal of Pete Best = = = =
After the first recording session on 6 June 1962 , Martin had one reservation , as he felt that using an experienced studio session drummer would improve the recording , rather than using Pete Best ( this was normal practice at the time ) . Lennon , McCartney , and Harrison asked Epstein to sack Best when they learned that Martin wanted to replace him on their recordings . Epstein agonised about the decision , asking the Cavern 's DJ Bob Wooler if it was a good idea . Wooler replied that Best was ' very popular with the fans ' who would not like it at all . Epstein dismissed Best on 16 August , over two and half months after the first recording session at EMI studios . Best was never given an explanation for his dismissal .
Epstein initially offered the vacant position to Johnny Hutchinson of The Big Three , a group that Epstein later managed . Hutchinson turned down the offer , saying , ' Pete Best is a very good friend of mine . I couldn 't do the dirty on him ' — although Hutchinson did play for The Beatles at short notice when Best did not turn up on the evening of his dismissal and for two subsequent bookings , until Ringo Starr was able to join . Starr was well known to the group , as he was then playing with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes , the resident group at Butlins ' holiday complex in Skegness . He had also occasionally replaced Best when the drummer was ill , and had performed at a recording session with Lennon , McCartney , and Harrison in Hamburg .
= = = After Candlestick Park = = =
The Beatles ' hectic schedule kept Epstein very busy between 1963 and 1965 with touring plus television and film work . Their last live concert was at Candlestick Park in San Francisco on 29 August 1966 , and Epstein 's management duties then changed to reflect the changing nature of their career . He pressured them to continue touring but they steadfastly refused .
= = Business dealings = =
Epstein once offered all four Beatles a fixed wage of £ 50 a week for life . Harrison remembered that he was earning £ 25 a week at the time , which was more than the £ 10 a week that his father was earning . The group declined Epstein 's offer , believing that they were worth much more than £ 50 a week .
NEMS had a staff of twenty @-@ five at the time of its move from Liverpool to London in 1964 . NEMS booked the Beatles ' concerts , and it also presented groups as an opening act . It accrued money as promoter , booking agent , and manager for all concerts . The Beatles were constantly in demand by concert promoters , and Epstein took advantage of the situation to avoid paying some taxes by accepting " hidden " fees on the night of a performance , which he always kept in a brown paper bag .
Epstein also successfully managed Gerry & the Pacemakers , Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas ( who had four hits with Lennon – McCartney songs ) , the Fourmost ( Lennon wrote their first two singles ) , the Cyrkle ( Epstein 's first American group ) , and Cilla Black ( who was Epstein 's only female artist ) , as well as Tommy Quickly and Sounds Incorporated ( later known as Sounds Inc . ) . He sent his roster of artists on " package tours " around the UK , a common practice at the time . This involved short sets by each act , alternating with a compère or a comedian . Epstein once revealed that , even though he was entitled to be reimbursed by acts for expenses incurred , he paid for his own flights to and from the US , as he did not see himself as being part of a touring group . Photographs , transport , and international telephone calls were paid from his own 25 per cent share in profits .
The Beatles toured the Philippines in July 1966 , playing two shows at the Rizal Memorial Football Stadium in Manila . Epstein unintentionally snubbed the nation 's first lady Imelda Marcos when presented with an invitation to a breakfast party . He had politely declined on behalf of the group , as it was their policy never to accept such official invitations . The Beatles and their entourage were ejected from their hotel on the same day and given a police escort to the airport , even though Epstein had publicly apologised for the misunderstanding in a televised statement , which was not seen or heard because of static . The entourage boarded the plane for home , but Epstein and Beatles ' assistant Mal Evans were ordered off , both believing that they would not be allowed back on the plane . Epstein was forced to give the tax authorities £ 6 @,@ 800 worth of Philippine peso notes earned from the Manila shows and to sign a tax bond verifying the exchange before being allowed back on the plane with Evans .
Epstein added the Vic Lewis Organisation to NEMS in 1966 , and later brought impresario Robert Stigwood in as a manager . He once offered to sell the control of NEMS to Stigwood , without telling any of his artists about the offer . McCartney was taking a more active interest in NEMS ' finances as it became known that some artists with more ruthless managers claimed to be benefiting from more commercially advantageous terms , such as the Rolling Stones under the management of Allen Klein . After Epstein 's death , Clive Epstein assumed control of NEMS as the company 's second largest shareholder . Stigwood then tried to take over management of NEMS , but all four Beatles vigorously objected , with Lennon saying , " We don 't know you . Why would we do this ? "
McCartney admitted that they had always signed all the contracts that Epstein presented to them without reading them first , but after Epstein 's death , Lennon complained , " Well , he was alright . I 've found out since , of course , that he wasn 't quite as honest to us as he made out " . Despite this , other interviews with Lennon report him as being loyal to Epstein 's memory : " We had complete faith in him when he was running us . To us , he was the expert " . When asked in 1964 about his standing as a manager or businessman , Epstein replied , " Fair , as a businessman , fair . I 've got a business background , and probably a reasonable business brain . I 'm no , sort of , genius [ laughter ] . " Asked about his deficiencies , Epstein replied , " I 'm probably too conscious of ideas , rather than finance behind ideas . "
= = = Merchandising = = =
Before the Beatles achieved nationwide success in Britain , Epstein had permitted a company ( run by his cousins and initially catering to fan club members ) , to produce Beatles ' sweaters for 30 shillings ( £ 1 @.@ 50 ) and badges for 6 pence ( 6d ) ( 2 ½ p ) . It sold 15 @,@ 000 sweaters and 50 @,@ 000 badges as the group 's popularity grew . When Beatlemania swept the UK in November 1963 , Epstein was besieged by novelty goods companies desperate to use the Beatles ' name on plastic guitars , drums , disc racks , badges , belts and other merchandise . Epstein refused to allow the Beatles to endorse any product directly , but through NEMS Enterprises he granted discretionary licences to companies who were able to produce quality products at a fair price , even though many companies were already selling products without a licence .
During the first Beatles ' trip to the US , merchandisers pitched many products to Epstein , including Beatles clocks , pens , cigarette lighters , plastic wigs , bracelets , games , etc . , but he rejected them all . This was because he had already allowed David Jacobs , the lawyer for NEMS , to give away 90 per cent of merchandising rights to one Nicky Byrne , in the UK . This was later deemed to be a disastrous mistake , as it left only 10 per cent for Epstein , NEMS and the Beatles . Byrne then took over Epstein 's Stramsact merchandising in the UK and set up Seltaeb ( Beatles spelled backwards ) , in the US . While the Beatles were ensconced in the Plaza Hotel in New York , Epstein was further besieged by calls and visits from promoters , retailers , television commentators and hustlers .
Mindful of the number of records the group was selling in the US , Capitol Records sent a well @-@ spoken Yorkshire woman , Wendy Hanson , to the Plaza Hotel to act as Epstein 's secretary and to filter his calls . Hanson later worked solely with Epstein in his Albemarle Street office in London , which was separate from the NEMS office . Lennon later said , " On the business end he [ Epstein ] ripped us off on the Seltaeb thing " . McCartney said years later , " He [ Epstein ] looked to his dad for business advice , and his dad knew how to run a furniture store in Liverpool " .
= = = Lenmac = = =
Epstein asked chartered accountant James Trevor Isherwood to set up a company to collect Lennon and McCartney 's PRS payments — called Lenmac — which he did on 12 May 1964 . When he first visited Epstein 's office , Isherwood was surprised to learn that Epstein took 25 per cent of the gross income , and not the 10 per cent that he believed most other managers received at that time . All of Epstein 's expenses were deducted from his artists ' gross income , including office rental , staff wages , travel , telephone costs , and entertaining expenses . Before his death , Epstein knew that the renegotiation of his management contract ( up for renewal on 30 September 1967 ) , would lower his management fee from 25 to 10 per cent , and that NEMS would no longer receive a share of the Beatles ' performance fees , reducing its revenues still further .
= = = Publishing = = =
The Beatles entered into a publishing agreement with Dick James Music ( DJM ) , so James set up a company called Northern Songs . James and his financial partner and accountant , Charles Silver , would each receive 25 per cent of the shares . Lennon and McCartney received 20 per cent each , with Epstein receiving the remaining 10 per cent . The Beatles ' PRS income increased rapidly , so Epstein asked Isherwood to devise a way of avoiding the tax that Lennon and McCartney would owe . Isherwood suggested a stock market flotation for Northern Songs . He also suggested to Epstein that during the flotation Lennon and McCartney should move to houses near Isherwood 's own in Esher . Lennon , Harrison and Starr agreed , while Epstein and McCartney remained in London .
= = = Promoter and presenter = = =
After settling in London in 1965 , Epstein rented an office in Monmouth Street , and later bought the lease of the Saville Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue . He promoted new works by writers such as Arnold Wesker , in productions that occasionally fell foul of the Lord Chamberlain for including " obscene " content or nudity . In 1966 Epstein reinvented it as a music venue featuring various US acts . On 20 February 1967 , Epstein sacked the manager of the theatre , one Michael Bullock , for lowering the safety curtain the previous day shortly before the end of a Chuck Berry concert that Epstein was attending with Lennon and Starr . Two fans had climbed onto the stage to dance , the curtain came down , and they were pushed from the stage . Although Bullock had not given the order , he was held responsible . In the wake of the Beatles ' success Epstein was asked to appear on several music @-@ based TV programmes in Britain . He also hosted a regular part of the US TV show Hullabaloo , filming his appearances in the UK .
= = Personal life = =
Throughout Epstein 's life he was known to be kind and caring to his family , friends of his family , and business colleagues . When Lennon married Cynthia Powell , on 23 August 1962 , Epstein served as best man and paid for the couple 's celebration lunch afterwards . During Cynthia 's pregnancy Epstein paid for a private room in a hospital and offered the Lennons the sole use of his flat on Falkner Street , Liverpool , when they needed a home . He also agreed to be godfather to Lennon 's son Julian .
= = = Sexual orientation = = =
Epstein 's homosexuality was not publicly known until some years after his death , although it had been an open secret among his friends and business associates .
While Epstein was in the Army , he commissioned a tailor to make an officer 's uniform for him that he wore when cruising the bars of London , but was arrested one night at the Army and Navy Club in Piccadilly by the military police for impersonating an officer . Epstein managed to avoid a court martial by agreeing to see an army psychiatrist , who learned of Epstein 's sexuality . After 10 months he was discharged from the army on medical grounds for being " emotionally and mentally unfit " . Epstein later stated that his first homosexual experience was when he returned to Liverpool after being discharged .
Epstein spent a year studying acting at RADA , but dropped out shortly after his arrest for " persistent importuning " outside a men 's public toilet in Swiss Cottage , London ; cottaging , as it was called , was one of the few public places gay and bisexual men could meet at the time , especially if they were closeted . When Epstein first saw the Beatles perform he noticed their stage attire first , saying , " They were rather scruffily dressed , in the nicest possible way , or I should say in the most attractive way : black leather jackets , jeans , long hair of course . " McCartney said that when Epstein started to manage the Beatles they knew that he was homosexual but did not care , because he encouraged them professionally and offered them access to previously off @-@ limits social circles .
Although Lennon often made sarcastic comments about Epstein 's homosexuality to friends and to Epstein personally , no one outside the group 's inner circle was allowed to comment . Ian Sharp , one of Lennon 's art school friends , once made a sarcastic remark about Epstein , saying , " Which one of you [ Beatles ] does he fancy ? " Sharp was sent a letter by Epstein 's office within 48 hours that demanded a complete apology . Sharp apologised , but was then completely ostracised . McCartney sent him a letter directing him to have no contact with any of them in the future . Epstein went on holiday to places such as Amsterdam , Torremolinos and Barcelona or Manchester at weekends , as the attitude to homosexuals there was more tolerant than Liverpool , even though Liverpool did have several gay bars .
In his autobiography , Best stated that Epstein drove them both to Blackpool one evening where Epstein expressed his " very fond admiration . " Epstein then supposedly said , " Would you find it embarrassing if I ask you to stay in a hotel overnight ? " Best replied that he was not interested , and the two never mentioned the incident again . There were reports of a brief sexual encounter between Lennon and Epstein during a four @-@ day holiday in Barcelona , in April 1963 . Lennon always denied the rumours , telling Playboy in 1980 : " Well , it was almost a love affair , but not quite . It was never consummated ... but we did have a pretty intense relationship . " Lennon 's first wife Cynthia also maintains that Lennon 's relationship with Epstein was platonic . A fictionalised account of the Spanish holiday is featured in the 1991 film The Hours and Times .
Epstein 's autobiography , A Cellarful of Noise , was published in the UK in October 1964 , and later in the US . It was ghost @-@ written by journalist Derek Taylor , who served as Epstein 's assistant that year , and then as the publicist for NEMS from 1968 to 1970 . Lennon reportedly once quipped that the memoir should have been titled A Cellarful of Boys . Male homosexual activity was illegal in England and Wales until September 1967 , when it was decriminalised ; however , this was one month after Epstein 's death .
= = = Drug use = = =
After the start of his management career , Epstein started taking stimulants , usually Preludin , which did not require a prescription at the time . Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr had also taken it since their days in Hamburg . Epstein explained his use of the drug as the only means of staying awake at night during numerous concert tours . In 1964 , Brown suspected that Epstein was taking too many pills , as he would often cough at parties , which Brown realised was Epstein 's way of secretly putting pills into his mouth without anyone noticing . McCartney often met Epstein at late night clubs in London , and remembered that Epstein would often grind his jaws , once saying to him , " Ugghhh , the pills " . Epstein also developed dependencies on the drug carbromal , a barbiturate @-@ like sedative / hypnotic drug .
In 1964 , after having been introduced to cannabis by Bob Dylan in New York , Epstein was observed by McCartney standing in front of a mirror , pointing at himself and repeatedly saying " Jew ! " , while laughing loudly , which McCartney found hilarious and " very liberating " . Epstein later became heavily involved in the 1960s drug scene . During the four months when the Sgt. Pepper album was being recorded , Epstein spent his time on holiday , or at the Priory Clinic in Putney , where he tried unsuccessfully to curb his drug use . He left the Priory to attend the Sgt. Pepper launch party at his house on 24 Chapel Street , but returned to the Priory immediately after .
Epstein added his name to an advertisement that appeared in The Times on 24 July 1967 , which called for the legalisation of cannabis , the release of all prisoners imprisoned because of possession , and research into marijuana 's medical uses . The advertisement was sponsored by a group called Soma and was signed by sixty @-@ five people , including the Beatles , Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing , sixteen doctors , and two members of parliament . Epstein responded to questions about the advertisement by saying , " My opinion is that pot smoking is definitely less harmful than drinking alcohol . I am not addicted to either , but I have been very drunk and very ' high ' . " In June 1967 , after McCartney had admitted to LSD use , Epstein defended him to the media , stating that he had taken the drug himself .
= = = Gambling = = =
In August 1965 , the Beatles and Epstein visited Elvis Presley at his house in Perugia Way in Los Angeles , where Elvis ' manager , Colonel Tom Parker , set up a roulette wheel and several packs of playing cards . Epstein immediately asked to play , as he was known for his love of gambling . McCartney frequently visited gambling clubs in London , such as Curzon House , Epstein 's favourite club , where he often ran into Epstein . He once saw Epstein put a Dunhill lighter worth £ 100 on the table , then lose it during a game of cards . Epstein often lost thousands of pounds by playing baccarat or chemin de fer , the original version of baccarat when it was introduced to France , but would stay at Curzon House the whole evening , eating an expensive meal and drinking fine wines . The club never presented Epstein with a bill , as they knew he lost so much in the casino .
= = Death = =
Epstein attended a traditional shiva in Liverpool after his father died , having just come out of the Priory clinic where he had been trying to cure his acute insomnia and addiction to amphetamines . A few days before his death , he made his last visit to a Beatles recording session on 23 August 1967 , at the Chappell Recording Studios on Maddox Street , London .
On 24 August , Epstein asked Brown and Geoffrey Ellis down to Kingsley Hill for the bank holiday weekend . Approximately 50 miles from his home in Chapel Street , Kingsley Hill was Epstein 's country home in Warbleton , Sussex . After they arrived , Epstein decided to drive back to London alone because an expected group of rent boys he had invited failed to arrive , although they did turn up after Epstein left . Epstein phoned Brown at 5 pm the next day from his Chapel Street house in London . Brown thought that Epstein sounded " very groggy " , and suggested that he take a train back down to the nearest railway station , in Uckfield , instead of driving under the influence of Tuinals . Epstein replied that he would eat something , read his mail and watch Juke Box Jury before phoning Brown to tell him which train to meet . He never called again .
Epstein died of an overdose of Carbitral , a form of barbiturate or sleeping pill , in his locked bedroom , on 27 August 1967 . He was discovered after his butler had knocked on the door , and then hearing no response , asked the housekeeper to call the police . Epstein was found on a single bed , dressed in pyjamas , with various correspondence spread over a second single bed . At the statutory inquest his death was officially ruled an accident ; caused by a gradual buildup of Carbitral in his system , combined with alcohol . It was revealed that he had taken six Carbitral pills in order to sleep , which was probably normal for him , but in combination with alcohol they reduced his tolerance to lethal levels .
The Beatles were in Bangor , Gwynedd , at the time , with the Indian guru , Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . Epstein had previously agreed to travel to Bangor after the August Bank Holiday . The shocked and stunned Beatles asked the Maharishi for his advice , and were told , " being within the direct realm of the physical world , [ Epstein 's death ] is not important " . The second of two shows by Jimi Hendrix at Epstein 's Saville Theatre was cancelled on the evening of his death .
Peter Brown wrote in his memoir , The Love You Make : An Insider 's Story of the Beatles , that he had once found a suicide note written by Epstein and had spoken with him about it . According to Brown the note read in part , " This is all too much and I can 't take it any more " . Brown had also found a will in which Epstein left his house and money to his mother and his brother , with Brown also being named as a minor beneficiary . When confronted with the notes , Epstein told Brown that he would be grateful if Brown did not tell anyone , and was sorry he had made Brown worry . He explained that when he wrote the note and composed the will he had simply taken one pill too many , and that he had no intention of overdosing , promising to be more careful in the future . Brown later wrote that he wondered if he had done the right thing by not showing the note to Epstein 's doctor , Norman Cowan , who would have stopped prescribing drugs . The coroner , Gavin Thurston , told the Westminster inquest that Epstein 's death was caused by an overdose of Carbitral , and ruled it as an accidental death . The pathologist , Dr. Donald Teare , stated that Epstein had been taking bromide in the form of Carbitral for some time , and that the barbiturate level in Epstein 's blood was a " low fatal level " .
The Beatles did not attend Epstein 's funeral , both to allow his family some privacy , and to avoid attracting fans and the media . According to Geoffrey Ellis , chief executive of NEMS Enterprises , George Harrison had given Nat Weiss , Epstein 's good friend and confidant , the day before the funeral a single flower ( Ellis remembers it being a chrysanthemum ) wrapped in a newspaper on behalf of all four Beatles , with instructions to place the flower on Brian 's coffin as a final farewell . However , flowers are forbidden at Jewish funerals and burials . Weiss and Ellis discussed this dilemma while walking back to the grave , where they observed two men beginning to shovel dirt onto the casket . Ellis : " Nat , who himself was Jewish , cast the newspaper package unopened onto Brian 's coffin , where it was swiftly covered by earth . " Epstein was buried in section A grave H12 , in the Long Lane Jewish Cemetery , Aintree , Liverpool . The service at the graveside was held by Rabbi Dr Norman Solomon , who said , disparagingly , that Epstein was " a symbol of the malaise of our generation " . A few weeks later , on 17 October , all four Beatles attended a memorial service for Epstein at the New London Synagogue in St John 's Wood ( near Abbey Road Studios ) , which was officiated by Rabbi Louis Jacobs . The Bee Gees ' 1968 song " In the Summer of His Years " was written and recorded as a tribute to Epstein .
= = Legacy = =
Epstein was overlooked when Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr were honoured with the MBE in 1965 , even though Harrison had once said that the MBE stood for " Mister Brian Epstein " . The four letters that were mailed to the Beatles informing them of the Queen 's acceptance of Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's MBE recommendation sat in sacks for three weeks , thought to be fan mail . When they were finally opened , it was discovered that the acknowledgement deadline was the next day . Epstein was upset that he wasn 't honoured as well . The Beatles were among the earliest entrants into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , but Epstein had not been included in the Hall 's " Non @-@ Performers ' Section " until his 2014 induction . Martin Lewis — previously Taylor 's assistant — created the Official Brian Epstein Website , which included a petition that Epstein be inducted into the Hall of Fame . Lewis also organised the 1998 re @-@ publication , in the US , of Epstein 's 1964 autobiography , A Cellarful of Noise .
McCartney summarised the importance of Epstein when he was interviewed in 1997 for a BBC documentary about Epstein , saying , " If anyone was the Fifth Beatle , it was Brian " . In his 1970 Rolling Stone interview , Lennon commented that Epstein 's death marked the beginning of the end for the group : " I knew that we were in trouble then ... I thought , ' We 've fuckin ' had it now ' " . Thirty years after Epstein 's death , McCartney said , " Brian would really be happy to hear how much we loved him " . The first contract between the Beatles and Epstein was auctioned in London in 2008 , fetching £ 240 @,@ 000 .
Epstein was once asked about the future of the Beatles , and as he termed it , their " fresh honesty " , which the interviewer thought could be " corrupted by time " . He replied by saying , " I think they will go in the reverse direction , and become more honest . "
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= Crest ( heraldry ) =
A crest is a component of an heraldic display , consisting of the symbol or device borne on top of the helm . Originating in the decorative sculptures worn by knights in tournaments and , to a lesser extent , battles , crests became solely pictorial devices after the 16th century ( the era referred to by heraldists as that of ' paper heraldry ' ) .
A normal heraldic achievement consists of the shield , above which is set the helm , on which sits the crest , its base encircled by a circlet of twisted cloth known as a torse . The use of the crest and torse independently from the rest of the achievement , a practice which became common in the era of paper heraldry , has led the term ' crest ' to be frequently but erroneously used to refer to the arms displayed on the shield , or to the achievement as a whole .
= = Origin = =
The word ' crest ' derives from the Latin crista , meaning ' tuft ' or ' plume ' , perhaps related to crinis , ' hair ' . Crests had existed in various forms since ancient times : Roman officers wore fans of feathers or horsehair , which were placed longitudinally or transversely depending on the wearer 's rank , and Viking helmets were often adorned with wings and animal heads . They first appeared in a heraldic context in the form of the metal fans worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries . These were primarily decorative , but may also have served a practical purpose by lessening or deflecting the blows of opponents ' weapons ( perhaps why their edges came to be serrated ) . These fans were generally of one colour , later evolving to repeat all or part of the arms displayed on the shield .
The fan crest was later developed by cutting out the figure displayed on it , to form a metal outline ; this evolved in the late 13th and early 14th centuries into a three @-@ dimensional sculpture . These were usually made of cloth , leather or paper over a wooden or wire framework , and were typically in the form of an animal ; also popular were wings , horns , human figures , and panaches of feathers . These were probably worn only in tournaments , not battle : not only did they add to the already considerable weight of the helm , they could also have been used by opponents as a handle to pull the wearer 's head down .
Laces , straps or rivets were used to affix the crest to the helm , with the join being covered by a circlet of twisted cloth known as a torse or wreath , or by a coronet in the case of high @-@ ranking nobles . Torses did not come into regular use in Britain until the 15th century , and are still uncommon on the Continent , where crests are usually depicted as continuing into the mantling . Crests were also sometimes mounted on a furred cap known as a chapeau , as in the royal crest of England .
= = Later development = =
By the 16th century the age of tournaments had ended , and physical crests largely disappeared . Their illustrated equivalents consequently began to be treated as simply two @-@ dimensional pictures . Many crests from this period are physically impossible to bear on a helm , e.g the crest granted to Sir Francis Drake in 1581 , which consisted of a disembodied hand issuing from clouds and leading a ship around the globe ( representing God 's guidance ) .
In the same period , different helms began to be used for different ranks : sovereigns ' and knights ' helms faced forwards ( affronté ) , whereas those of peers and gentlemen faced to the right ( dexter ) . In the mediaeval period crests would always have faced the same way as the helm , but as a result of these rules , the directions of the crest and the helm might be at variance : a knight whose crest was a lion statant , would have the lion depicted as looking over the side of the helm , rather than towards the viewer . Torses also suffered artistically , being treated not as silken circlets , but as horizontal bars .
Heraldry in general underwent something of a renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and many of the illogicalities adopted in previous centuries were discarded . Crests are now generally not granted unless they could actually be used on a physical helm , and the rules about directions of helms are no longer rigidly observed .
= = Usage = =
The use of crests was once restricted to those of ' tournament rank ' , i.e. knights and above , but in modern times nearly all personal arms include crests . They are not generally used by women ( with the exception of reigning queens ) and clergymen , as they did not participate in war or tournaments and thus would not have helms on which to wear them . Some heraldists are also of the opinion that crests , as personal devices , are not suited for use by corporate bodies , but this is not widely observed .
On the Continent , particularly Germany , crests have a far greater significance than in Britain , and it is common for one person to display multiple crests with his arms ; certain high @-@ ranking noblemen are entitled to as many as seventeen . This practice did not exist in Britain until the modern era , and arms with more than one crest are still rare . In contrast to Continental practice , where a crest is never detached from its helm , a Briton with more than one crest may choose to display only one crested helm , and have the other crests simply floating in space . Though usually adopted through marriage to an heiress , examples exist of secondary crests being granted as augmentations : after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg , Robert Ross was granted , in addition to his original crest , the crest of an arm holding the US flag with a broken flagstaff .
After the 16th century , it became common for armigers to detach the crest and wreath from the helm , and use them in the manner of a badge , displayed on crockery , carriage doors , stationery , etc . This led to the erroneous use of the term ' crest ' to mean ' arms ' , which has regrettably become widespread in recent years . Unlike a badge , which can be used by any amount of relatives and retainers , a crest is personal to the armiger , and its use by others is considered usurpation . In Scotland , however , a member of a clan or house is entitled to use a ' crest @-@ badge ' , which consists of the chief 's crest encircled by a strap and buckle inscribed with the chiefly motto .
Marks of cadency are generally not used with crests , though it is not incorrect to do so , and the British royal family continue this practice . It is , however , widely observed in England that no two families may use the same crest . This is in contrast to Scottish practice , in which crests are less significant , and are often borne in the same form by a great many people , even when no blood relationship exists between them . As a result of this lack of need for differentiation , Scottish crests tend to be far simpler than their English counterparts .
The usual torse around the crest is frequently replaced by some kind of coronet , known as a ' crest @-@ coronet ' . The usual form is a simplified ducal coronet , consisting of three fleurons on a golden circlet ; these are not , however , indications of rank , though they are not generally granted nowadays except in special circumstances . In some modern examples , the crest features both a crest @-@ coronet and a torse , though this practice is deprecated by purists .
= = Orders of chivalry = =
Perhaps the only places physical crests are still seen are the chapels of Britain 's orders of chivalry : the Order of the Garter 's St George 's Chapel , the Order of the Thistle 's Thistle Chapel , and the Order of the Bath 's Henry VII Chapel . Within each chapel are rows of stalls for use by the knights ; above these stalls are placed each knight 's sword and crested helm . These are carved out of lime wood and painted and gilded by Ian Brennan , the official sculptor to the royal household .
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= Waller Hall =
Waller Hall is the oldest building on the campus of Willamette University in Salem , Oregon , United States . Built in 1867 as University Hall , the five @-@ story , red @-@ brick structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . The building has been gutted twice by fires with the interior rebuilt each time , and went through renovations in 1987 to 1989 and again in 2005 .
Built in the Renaissance style of architecture , it is currently used for administration offices and is the oldest university building west of the Mississippi in the U.S. still in use . Waller Hall is located on the north end of campus opposite the Oregon State Capitol building across State Street . Designed in the shape of a Greek cross , each side has the same measurements and the top has a cupola .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Due to a variety of factors , including the deterioration of the main campus building dating from 1844 and the need for additional space , the university considered building a new building designed specifically for the university beginning in the 1850s . Then on October 3 , 1860 , the board of trustees for the school resolved to begin the process of building a new primary hall to be used by the university . Reverend Alvin F. Waller was placed in charge of the efforts to raise the funds needed for a building . However , this was unsuccessful and on November 19 , 1862 , the board again passed a resolution calling for a new structure and forming a committee of Waller , Gustavus Hines , Josiah Lamberson Parrish , J. Lamson , and John H. Moores to prepare plans .
On December 2 , the trustees authorized subscriptions to be solicited and paid to Waller with a goal of $ 20 @,@ 000 . On May 20 , 1863 , the board met again and learned that $ 12 @,@ 800 had been pledged and the board then set up a building committee of Waller , Hines , Moores , E.N. Cook , and Thomas Milton Gatch . It was mainly through the efforts of the Reverend Waller that the hall was built . Several designs were then considered for the new building , and on February 22 , 1864 , by a vote of 16 to 1 the board selected the final plan that called for a brick building with a stone foundation . The foundation was to rise to a level 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) above the ground to prevent moisture from the ground seeping into the bricks .
= = = Construction = = =
Construction of the new building began in February 1864 with excavation of the basement . This was on the north section of Willamette ’ s campus in downtown Salem . Then on July 24 , the cornerstone of the building was laid into place in a ceremony . The President of the Board of Trustees , David Leslie , laid the cornerstone of the hall . This ceremony included a time capsule and a speech by Governor A. C. Gibbs .
All of the bricks used in the construction were fired on campus using clay excavated from the construction site in order to build the foundation . The builders ordered 500 @,@ 000 bricks total for the construction project . Construction was completed in 1867 and the building was named University Hall . The school " marched " from the old school building to the new and began using it on October 21 , 1867 .
Total costs for the building were $ 40 @,@ 000 at occupation with a need for approximately an additional $ 17 @,@ 000 to finish and furnish the building . The building was first used for classrooms , a library , parlors , recitation rooms , and some physical education in the attic . Also in the early years the structure housed the chapel services of the school , and some temporary accommodations for students .
= = = Later years = = =
The old school building , the Oregon Institute , burned down in December 1872 leaving University Hall as the only building on campus . As a result , all departments were housed in the building including the College of Law from 1884 to 1923 when it moved to Eaton Hall and the Medical School from 1867 until 1880 when it moved to Portland . University Hall remained the only permanent campus building from 1872 when the Oregon Institute building burned down until 1906 when the Medical Building ( now Art Building ) was built . Other school buildings such as the first Lausanne Hall were located off campus .
On September 16 , 1891 , University Hall , the school 's first brick building , caught on fire . As a result of the fire the top two floors of the building as well as the roof were destroyed . The building was then re @-@ built after the 1891 fire , but unlike the original plans it was constructed with a Mansard style roof . Additionally , a square tower was also built on top in lieu of the original cupola which included a school bell . From its construction until 1987 , Waller Hall was used as an academic hall and hosted classes along with housing the school 's chapel and as offices for the faculty .
In 1912 , Willamette renamed the building in honor of the Reverend Alvan ( Alvin ) F. Waller who was instrumental in getting the hall built . Then on December 17 , 1919 , another fire swept through Waller Hall while school was on break for Christmas . This second fire completely gutted the five @-@ story building , but the exterior walls remained intact . The Mansard roof and square tower were destroyed in the fire . The university rebuilt the hall the following year , and used the original plans that included the round cupola but omitted the Mansard style roof and the square tower topping the structure . Architect Fred A. Legge oversaw the rebuilding and re @-@ design of the hall . A campaign launched in 1920 by the university was set to raise $ 100 @,@ 000 to be used for the reconstruction of Waller , plus completing the new Lausanne Hall and adding a central heating plant .
There was some discussion of demolishing the hall in the 1980s after the structure had become dilapidated . One proposal called for building a replica on the same site as the original , but school administrators opted to renovate Waller Hall . From November 1987 to November 1989 the 25 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) building went through a $ 2 @.@ 26 million renovation . This renovation addressed interior issues with the building including seismic upgrades in the event of a large magnitude earthquake . These renovations also turned the attic into an office suite for the school ’ s president . After renovations in 1988 the building was used for university administration offices . Further renovations were completed in 2005 at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 3 million for upgrading the 100 @-@ year @-@ old windows to newer energy efficient models , repairing the brick , fixing leaks , installing skylights , re @-@ painting , and slightly lightening the exterior red @-@ brick coloring .
= = Architecture = =
Waller Hall was built in the Renaissance style of architecture . This red brick building was designed in the same proportions as a Greek cross . Bishop Janes was responsible for proposing this use of the cross shape for the building . Each of the two wings is 84 feet ( 26 m ) long and 44 feet ( 13 m ) wide with aedicule porches on the west , east , and north ends of the building . Originally , the building was 100 feet ( 30 m ) tall as measured from the base of the building to the top of the dome . The distance from the eaves of the structure to the base is 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The basement of the building is 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) high and the first floor 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high . The foundation is made of stone and the roof has composition shingles . Both the second and third floors are 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) tall . The hall has a cupola topping the structure . Other details include pilasters , dentils , and brick corbelling on the exterior and circular stairways on the interior .
= = Currently = =
Waller Hall houses alumni relations , the school ’ s business office , human resources for the university , the office of communications , university relations , the President ’ s office , and other administrative functions . Additionally , Cone Chapel is on the building 's second floor and seats 300 . Cone Chapel features over a dozen stained glass windows and a classic pipe organ . The chapel is occasionally used for commencement ceremonies , lectures , and concerts at the school . Waller Hall sits in the north central part of campus directly opposite of the Oregon State Capitol . The structure is the oldest university building west of the Mississippi River still in use in the United States .
In 1992 , during the university 's sesquicentennial , the United States Postal Service issued a postal card that featured an image of Waller Hall . Featuring a watercolor painting by George C. Warner of Eugene , Oregon , these 19 cent postcards were part of the Postal Service ’ s Historic Preservation Series .
= = Timeline = =
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= Joe Lillard =
Joseph Johnny Lillard Jr . ( June 15 , 1905 – September 18 , 1978 ) was an American football , baseball , and basketball player . From 1932 to 1933 , he was a running back for the National Football League 's ( NFL ) Chicago Cardinals . Lillard was the last African @-@ American , along with Ray Kemp , to play in the NFL until 1946 , when Kenny Washington and Woody Strode joined the Los Angeles Rams . Lillard received the nickname " The Midnight Express " by the media . In 1933 , he was responsible for almost half of the Cardinals ' points .
An orphan from an early age , Lillard attended Mason City High School before moving to the University of Oregon . He played twice for the university 's football team in 1931 before he was ruled ineligible by the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) for playing semi @-@ professional baseball . The following year , he signed with the Cardinals , but played less frequently toward the end of the season . Lillard was a leading contributor for the Cardinals in 1933 , receiving praise from the Chicago Defender . His performances during the season included a game against the Chicago Bears that featured a punt return for a touchdown . However , he was ejected from two games that season for fighting , into which he was often baited by white opponents .
With the advent of an unofficial color line that excluded black players , Lillard did not play in the NFL after 1933 . He remained active in football , playing for minor league and semi @-@ professional teams , including the New York Brown Bombers , with whom he spent three seasons . Lillard was also a pitcher in Negro league baseball for five seasons from 1932 to 1944 , and a guard in basketball for the future Harlem Globetrotters . After his athletic career , he became an appliance store employee and died in 1978 .
= = Early life = =
Born in Tulsa , Oklahoma to Joe Lillard and Annie Johnson , Lillard was the first of the couple 's two children ; Johnson also had a son from a previous marriage . Lillard took up baseball at the age of six ; his other childhood hobbies included singing and tap dancing . His mother died when Lillard was nine , and his father had left about six years before that time . Afterwards , he moved in 1915 , settling in Mason City , Iowa and moving in with relatives . Lillard attended Mason City High School , graduating in 1927 . In basketball and football , Lillard won all @-@ state honors , and claimed several Iowa track titles .
= = College career = =
Although Lillard planned to attend the University of Minnesota , he changed his mind when Clarence Spears , the college 's head football coach , left to go to the University of Oregon . Lillard decided to attend Oregon , and played for the school 's freshman football team in 1930 . The following year , he appeared in two games for the varsity team . Against Idaho , Lillard was responsible for all of Oregon 's points in a 9 – 0 Ducks win . Suspected of breaking college amateurism rules by playing semi @-@ professional baseball for the Gilkerson Colored Giants , Lillard was briefly suspended by the PCC before Oregon 's next game . The suspected violation placed Lillard 's collegiate eligibility in question . While he did play in games , Lillard claimed that he received money not for playing , but for driving the team . The decision was overturned ; according to PCC rules , no protest was possible during the week prior to a game between PCC teams . In the game against Washington , their second of the season , the Ducks claimed an upset victory , 13 – 0 ; Lillard had a touchdown and intercepted two passes . Before Oregon 's next game against USC , Lillard was ruled ineligible by the PCC as a result of playing with the Gilkerson baseball team . Spears estimated that Lillard had provided half of his team 's production on offense , and USC defeated Oregon by 53 points in the game after the ruling . Lillard dropped out of the university after the PCC 's decision , becoming a professional football player and playing for various All @-@ Star teams that traveled across the United States .
= = Professional American football career = =
After the end of his college career , Lillard participated in a professional all @-@ star game on November 26 , 1931 ; he helped his team to a win with a 55 @-@ yard touchdown run . In a second All @-@ Star game , he recorded a 45 @-@ yard touchdown run for a Chicago @-@ based team in a 20 – 6 win . These performances attracted the attention of NFL teams . For the 1932 NFL season , he joined the Chicago Cardinals . In his first NFL game , against the Portsmouth Spartans , Lillard converted an extra point attempt that helped secure a 7 – 7 tie . One week later , the Cardinals tied the eventual NFL champion Chicago Bears ; Lillard 's performance was praised in the Chicago Defender , which called him " the whole show " . After wins against the Boston Braves and Providence Steamrollers ( in a non @-@ NFL contest ) , the number of plays in which Lillard was on the field for the Cardinals sharply declined . During the latter part of the 1932 season , " Lillard 's teammates had stopped blocking for him , " according to Coyle . Toward the end of the season , he was benched by the Cardinals ; it is unknown whether this was because of an injury or a suspension . Jack Chevigny , the Cardinals ' coach , indicated that Lillard had occasionally failed to attend practice , and had arrived late at other times . The lack of playing time for Lillard was attributed to internal disputes caused by " lackluster effort and a prideful attitude " ; the Chicago Defender offered a different explanation , accusing Chevigny of racism towards Lillard . He ended the season with 121 rushing yards in 52 attempts , and nine successful passes in 28 attempts .
Lillard was a backup in 1933 , although he was one of the Cardinals ' leading players when he received playing time . In the first game of the 1933 NFL season , against the Pittsburgh Pirates , he missed an extra point attempt that proved to be the margin separating the teams in a 14 – 13 Pirates ' win . Lillard was subsequently ejected from the game , having been involved in a dispute with Pirates player Tony Holm . One week later , he threw a touchdown pass in a 7 – 6 loss to the Spartans , though he received criticism from local newspapers for a missed extra point attempt and a short punt that led to a Portsmouth score . In the Cardinals ' third game of the season , against the Cincinnati Reds , Lillard kicked a fourth @-@ quarter field goal to secure Chicago 's lone win of the 1933 season . After the kick , Lillard was punched by Cincinnati guard Les Caywood ; he responded with a punch to Caywood 's head , and was thrown out of the game along with Caywood . He played a key role in the Cardinals ' October 15 , 1933 game against the Bears . In addition to converting a field goal attempt , he had 110 yards in punt returns , including a return of more than 50 yards in which he outran Bears star Red Grange for a touchdown . However , the Cardinals lost by a score of 12 – 9 . In 1933 , the Cardinals posted 52 points in 11 games ; Lillard scored 19 himself and had two touchdown passes . He had 373 rushing yards from 119 attempts . The Chicago Defender called him " easily the best halfback in football " .
During his time in the NFL , Lillard was regarded as a player with multiple talents , possessing the ability to complete passes and execute running and kicking plays . Author Charles Ross called him " a superior athlete " due to his skills in baseball and basketball , and added that in the NFL " arguably he was one of the best players in the league . " He was frequently baited into fighting by opposing white players . His responses during these incidents went against cultural expectations for African @-@ American athletes ; Sports Illustrated 's Daniel Coyle wrote that they " were regarded by all whites and many blacks as prideful foolishness , if not sheer lunacy . " It is not known how other Cardinals players viewed Lillard . Cardinals coach Paul J. Schissler said that he was forced to remove Lillard from some games due to injuries suffered when teams " gave Joe the works " . Lillard also received racial abuse from fans ; author Alan Howard Levy wrote that spectators in Portsmouth , Ohio regularly taunted him when the Cardinals played there . After the 1933 season , Lillard was not retained by the Cardinals , and he did not play again in the NFL . The Cardinals ' decision was criticized as racially motivated by African @-@ American publications . Schissler acknowledged the existence of an unofficial regulation against African @-@ American players in the NFL , and stated that the team 's move was aimed at protecting them and Lillard from violence . In his two @-@ year NFL career , he had 171 rushing attempts , in which he gained 494 yards . The media gave him the nickname of " The Midnight Express " .
After his NFL career ended , Lillard joined the Westwood Cubs of the Pacific Coast Football League for the 1934 season , throwing the most touchdown passes of any player in the league and compiling the second @-@ most touchdowns on runs . In 1935 , he drew interest from coach Fritz Pollard , who was leading the New York Brown Bombers , a semi @-@ professional team of African @-@ American players . Based in Harlem , the team competed against minor league sides and clubs not affiliated with a league . Lillard had played for a Chicago team coached by Pollard before entering the NFL , and decided to join the Brown Bombers . In his first game with the team , on October 13 , 1935 , Lillard scored two touchdowns against the Cagle All @-@ Stars in a 28 – 6 New York win . After three more victories , the Brown Bombers faced the Passaic Red Devils , a three @-@ time champion of Eastern American football leagues . Despite suffering from an illness , Lillard converted a drop kick attempt and intercepted a pass , returning it 52 yards for a touchdown . He was responsible for all of the Brown Bombers ' points in their 10 – 3 win over the Red Devils . Lillard stayed with the Brown Bombers through the 1937 season ; the team went out of business in 1938 . That year , he was a member of an All @-@ Star team of black players that played an exhibition game against the Bears , losing 51 – 0 .
In later years , Lillard played for various minor league sides ; In 1938 , he joined the American Association 's ( AA ) Clifton Wessingtons , playing one season for the club and earning second @-@ team AA all @-@ star honors . The following year , he spent time with two AA teams : the Brooklyn Eagles and Union City Rams . Lillard was named captain of the Rams , making him the first African @-@ American to earn that title on " a major mixed @-@ race pro team . " His final year in minor league football was 1941 , as he played for a short period with the AA 's New York Yankees .
= = Other sports = =
In addition to his professional football career , Lillard was a right @-@ handed pitcher in the Negro leagues for five seasons . In 1932 , he joined the Negro Southern League 's Chicago American Giants and posted a 2 – 2 win – loss record . The Giants moved to the Negro National League before the start of the 1933 season , in which Lillard was the starting pitcher in five games and had a 4 – 0 record , along with a .387 batting average and two home runs as a hitter . He started twice in 1934 , and did not record a decision on either occasion . Lillard did not play in any more recorded games until 1937 , when he had an 0 – 1 record for the Giants , who by this time were playing in the Negro American League ( NAL ) . His final Negro league season was 1944 ; Lillard played with the NAL 's Cincinnati / Indianapolis Clowns , who had open roster space because of players lost to World War II . Along with Sol Butler and Bobby Marshall , he was one of three Negro league baseball players to also compete in the NFL . Author Charles Ross wrote that " He possessed an exceptional fast ball , but erratic control . " Previously , Lillard had been on the Savoy Big Five basketball team ( the future Harlem Globetrotters ) as a guard .
= = Later life and legacy = =
In the late 1930s , Lillard began writing a column on sports in the Independent News . Later in his life , he moved to Astoria , Queens , working at an appliance store and for Vinn Sporting Goods . Lillard had a stroke on September 18 , 1978 , and was afflicted with agnosia as a result ; he died in New York City 's Bellevue Hospital Center .
After five black players appeared in NFL games during the 1926 season , the number of African @-@ Americans in the league declined to between one and two each season until Lillard entered the league . He was the lone African @-@ American playing in the NFL in 1932 and one of two in 1933 ; the other was Ray Kemp , a tackle with the Pirates . Following the 1933 season , an unofficial gentlemen 's agreement was reached between the NFL 's owners not to employ African @-@ American players . Incoming segregationist Boston Redskins owner George Preston Marshall was thought to have been behind the agreement . After the introduction of an unofficial color line , no African @-@ American played in the NFL until 1946 , when Kenny Washington and Woody Strode joined the Los Angeles Rams . Author Charles Ross wrote that " NFL owners may have used Lillard 's volatile personality as an excuse to ban other black athletes . "
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= Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson =
Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson , 1st Duke of Bronté KB ( 29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805 ) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy . He was noted for his inspirational leadership , superb grasp of strategy , and unconventional tactics , all of which resulted in a number of decisive naval victories , particularly during the Napoleonic Wars . He was wounded several times in combat , losing one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the sight in one eye in Corsica . He was shot and killed during his final victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 .
Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle , Maurice Suckling . He rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command in 1778 . He developed a reputation in the service through his personal valour and firm grasp of tactics but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service , where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean . He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states . In 1797 , he distinguished himself while in command of HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent .
Shortly after the battle , Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , where his attack was defeated and he was badly wounded , losing his right arm , and was forced to return to England to recuperate . The following year , he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean to support the Kingdom of Naples against a French invasion . In 1801 , he was dispatched to the Baltic and won another victory , this time over the Danes at the Battle of Copenhagen . He subsequently commanded the blockade of the French and Spanish fleets at Toulon and , after their escape , chased them to the West Indies and back but failed to bring them to battle . After a brief return to England , he took over the Cádiz blockade in 1805 . On 21 October 1805 , the Franco @-@ Spanish fleet came out of port , and Nelson 's fleet engaged them at the Battle of Trafalgar . The battle was Britain 's greatest naval victory , but during the action Nelson , aboard HMS Victory , was fatally wounded by a French sharpshooter . His body was brought back to England where he was accorded a state funeral .
Nelson 's death at Trafalgar secured his position as one of Britain 's most heroic figures . The significance of the victory and his death during the battle led to his signal , " England expects that every man will do his duty " , being regularly quoted , paraphrased and referenced up to the modern day . Numerous monuments , including Nelson 's Column in Trafalgar Square , London , and the Nelson Monument in Edinburgh , have been created in his memory and his legacy remains highly influential .
= = Early life = =
Horatio Nelson was born on 29 September 1758 in a rectory in Burnham Thorpe , Norfolk , England , the sixth of eleven children of the Reverend Edmund Nelson and his wife Catherine Suckling . He was named after his godfather Horatio Walpole ( 1723 – 1809 ) then 2nd Baron Walpole , of Wolterton . His mother , who died on 26 December 1767 , when he was nine years old , was a grandniece of Robert Walpole , 1st Earl of Orford , the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain . She lived in the village of Barsham , Suffolk , and married the Reverend Edmund Nelson at Beccles church , Suffolk , in 1749 . Nelson 's aunt , Alice Nelson was the wife of Reverend Robert Rolfe , Rector of Hilborough , Norfolk and grandmother of Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe . Rolfe twice served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain .
Nelson attended Paston Grammar School , North Walsham , until he was 12 years old , and also attended King Edward VI ’ s Grammar School in Norwich . His naval career began on 1 January 1771 , when he reported to the third @-@ rate HMS Raisonnable as an ordinary seaman and coxswain under his maternal uncle , Captain Maurice Suckling , who commanded the vessel . Shortly after reporting aboard , Nelson was appointed a midshipman and began officer training . Early in his service , Nelson discovered that he suffered from seasickness , a chronic complaint that dogged him for the rest of his life .
= = Early naval career = =
HMS Raisonnable had been commissioned during a period of tension with Spain , but when this passed , Suckling was transferred to the Nore guardship HMS Triumph and Nelson was dispatched to serve aboard the West Indiamen Mary Ann of the merchant shipping firm of Hibbert , Purrier and Horton , in order to gain experience at sea ; he sailed from Medway , Kent , on 25 July 1771 sailing to Jamaica and Tobago , returning to Plymouth on 7 July 1772 . He twice crossed the Atlantic , before returning to serve under his uncle as the commander of Suckling 's longboat , which carried men and dispatches to and from the shore . Nelson then learned of a planned expedition under the command of Constantine Phipps , intended to survey a passage in the Arctic by which it was hoped that India could be reached : the fabled Northwest Passage . At his nephew 's request , Suckling arranged for Nelson to join the expedition as coxswain to Commander Lutwidge aboard the converted bomb vessel HMS Carcass . The expedition reached within ten degrees of the North Pole , but , unable to find a way through the dense ice floes , was forced to turn back . By 1800 Lutwidge began to circulate a story that while the ship had been trapped in the ice , Nelson had seen and pursued a polar bear , before being ordered to return to the ship . Lutwidge 's later version , in 1809 , reported that Nelson and a companion had given chase to the bear , but on being questioned why , replied that " I wished , Sir , to get the skin for my father . "
Nelson briefly returned to Triumph after the expedition 's return to Britain in September 1773 . Suckling then arranged for his transfer to HMS Seahorse , one of two ships about to sail for the East Indies .
Nelson sailed for the East Indies on 19 November 1773 and arrived at the British outpost at Madras on 25 May 1774 . Nelson and Seahorse spent the rest of the year cruising off the coast and escorting merchantmen . With the outbreak of the First Anglo @-@ Maratha War , the British fleet operated in support of the East India Company and in early 1775 Seahorse was dispatched to carry a cargo of the company 's money to Bombay . On 19 February , two of Hyder Ali 's ketches attacked Seahorse , which drove them off after a brief exchange of fire . This was Nelson 's first experience of battle . The rest of the year he spent escorting convoys , during which he continued to develop his navigation and ship handling skills . In early 1776 Nelson contracted malaria and became seriously ill . He was discharged from Seahorse on 14 March and returned to England aboard HMS Dolphin . Nelson spent the six @-@ month voyage recuperating and had almost recovered by the time he arrived in Britain in September 1776 . His patron , Suckling , had risen to the post of Comptroller of the Navy in 1775 , and used his influence to help Nelson gain further promotion . Nelson was appointed acting lieutenant aboard HMS Worcester , which was about to sail to Gibraltar .
Worcester , under the command of Captain Mark Robinson , sailed as a convoy escort on 3 December and returned with another convoy in April 1777 . Nelson then travelled to London to take his lieutenant 's examination on 9 April ; his examining board consisted of Captains John Campbell , Abraham North , and his uncle , Maurice Suckling . Nelson passed , and the next day received his commission and an appointment to HMS Lowestoffe , which was preparing to sail to Jamaica under Captain William Locker . She sailed on 16 May , arrived on 19 July , and after reprovisioning , carried out several cruises in Caribbean waters . After the outbreak of the American War of Independence Lowestoffe took several prizes , one of which was taken into Navy service as the tender Little Lucy . Nelson asked for and was given command of her , and took her on two cruises of his own . As well as giving him his first taste of command , it gave Nelson the opportunity to explore his fledgling interest in science . During his first cruise , Nelson led an expeditionary party to the Caicos Islands , where he made detailed notes of the wildlife and in particular a bird — now believed to be the white @-@ necked jacobin . Locker , impressed by Nelson 's abilities , recommended him to the new commander @-@ in @-@ chief at Jamaica , Sir Peter Parker . Parker duly took Nelson onto his flagship , HMS Bristol . The entry of the French into the war , in support of the Americans , meant further targets for Parker 's fleet and it took many prizes towards the end of 1778 , which brought Nelson an estimated £ 400 in prize money . Parker subsequently appointed him as Master and Commander of the brig HMS Badger on 8 December .
Nelson and Badger spent most of 1779 cruising off the Central American coast , ranging as far as the British settlements at British Honduras ( now Belize ) , and Nicaragua , but without much success at interception of enemy prizes . On his return to Port Royal he learned that Parker had promoted him to post @-@ captain on 11 June , and intended to give him another command . Nelson handed over the Badger to Cuthbert Collingwood while he awaited the arrival of his new ship , the 28 @-@ gun frigate HMS Hinchinbrook , newly captured from the French . While Nelson waited , news reached Parker that a French fleet under the command of Charles Hector , comte d 'Estaing , was approaching Jamaica . Parker hastily organized his defences and placed Nelson in command of Fort Charles , which covered the approaches to Kingston . D 'Estaing instead headed north , and the anticipated invasion never materialised . Nelson duly took command of the Hinchinbrook on 1 September .
Hinchinbrook sailed from Port Royal on 5 October 1779 and , in company with other British ships , proceeded to capture a number of American prizes . On his return to Jamaica in December , Nelson began to be troubled by a recurrent attack of malaria , but remained in the West Indies in order to take part in Major @-@ General John Dalling 's attempt to capture the Spanish colonies in Central America , including an assault on the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception , also called Castillo Viejo , on the San Juan River in Nicaragua . Hinchinbrook sailed from Jamaica in February 1780 , as an escort for Dalling 's invasion force . After sailing up the mouth of the San Juan River , Nelson , with some one thousand men and four small four @-@ pounder cannon , obtained the surrender of Castillo Viejo and its 160 Spanish defenders after a two @-@ week siege . The British blew up the fort when they evacuated six months later after suffering many deaths due to disease and Nelson was praised for his efforts . Parker recalled Nelson and gave him command of the 44 @-@ gun frigate HMS Janus . Nelson had however fallen seriously ill in the jungles of Costa Rica , probably from a recurrence of malaria , and was unable to take command . During his time of convalescence he was nursed by a black " doctoress " named Cubah Cornwallis , the mistress of a fellow captain , William Cornwallis . He was discharged in August and returned to Britain aboard HMS Lion , arriving in late November . Nelson gradually recovered over several months , and soon began agitating for a command . He was appointed to the frigate HMS Albemarle on 15 August 1781 .
= = Command = =
= = = Captain of Albemarle = = =
Nelson received orders on 23 October to take the newly refitted Albemarle to sea . He was instructed to collect an inbound convoy of the Russia Company at Elsinore , and escort them back to Britain . For this operation , the Admiralty placed the frigates HMS Argo and HMS Enterprise under his command . Nelson successfully organised the convoy and escorted it into British waters . He then left the convoy to return to port , but severe storms hampered him . Gales almost wrecked Albemarle as she was a poorly designed ship and an earlier accident had left her damaged , but Nelson eventually brought her into Portsmouth in February 1782 . There the Admiralty ordered him to fit Albemarle for sea and join the escort for a convoy collecting at Cork in Ireland to sail for Quebec in Canada . Nelson arrived off Newfoundland with the convoy in late May , then detached on a cruise to hunt American privateers . Nelson was generally unsuccessful ; he succeeded only in retaking several captured British merchant ships and capturing a number of small fishing boats and assorted craft .
In August he had a narrow escape from a far superior French force under Louis @-@ Philippe de Vaudreuil , only evading them after a prolonged chase . Nelson arrived at Quebec on 18 September . He sailed again as part of the escort for a convoy to New York . He arrived in mid @-@ November and reported to Admiral Samuel Hood , commander of the New York station . At Nelson 's request , Hood transferred him to his fleet and Albemarle sailed in company with Hood , bound for the West Indies . On their arrival , the British fleet took up position off Jamaica to await the arrival of de Vaudreuil 's force . Nelson and the Albemarle were ordered to scout the numerous passages for signs of the enemy , but it became clear by early 1783 that the French had eluded Hood . During his scouting operations , Nelson had developed a plan to assault the French garrison of the Turks Islands . Commanding a small flotilla of frigates and smaller vessels , he landed a force of 167 seamen and marines early on the morning of 8 March under a supporting bombardment . The French were found to be heavily entrenched and after several hours Nelson called off the assault . Several of the officers involved criticised Nelson , but Hood does not appear to have reprimanded him . Nelson spent the rest of the war cruising in the West Indies , where he captured a number of French and Spanish prizes . After news of the peace reached Hood , Nelson returned to Britain in late June 1783 .
= = = The island of Nevis and marriage = = =
Nelson visited France in late 1783 , stayed with acquaintances at Saint @-@ Omer , and briefly attempted to learn French . He returned to England in January 1784 , and attended court as part of Lord Hood 's entourage . Influenced by the factional politics of the time , he contemplated standing for Parliament as a supporter of William Pitt , but was unable to find a seat .
In 1784 he received command of the frigate HMS Boreas with the assignment to enforce the Navigation Acts in the vicinity of Antigua . The Acts were unpopular with both the Americans and the colonies . Nelson served on the station under Admiral Sir Richard Hughes , and often came into conflict with his superior officer over their differing interpretation of the Acts . The captains of the American vessels Nelson had seized sued him for illegal seizure . Because the merchants of the nearby island of Nevis supported the American claim , Nelson was in peril of imprisonment ; he remained sequestered on Boreas for eight months , until the courts ruled in his favour .
In the interim , Nelson met Frances " Fanny " Nisbet , a young widow from a Nevis plantation family . Nelson and Nisbet were married at Montpelier Estate on the island of Nevis on 11 March 1787 , shortly before the end of his tour of duty in the Caribbean . The marriage was registered at Fig Tree Church in St John 's Parish on Nevis . Nelson returned to England in July , with Fanny following later .
= = = During the peace = = =
Nelson remained with Boreas until she was paid off in November that year . He and Fanny then divided their time between Bath and London , occasionally visiting Nelson 's relations in Norfolk . In 1788 , they settled at Nelson 's childhood home at Burnham Thorpe . Now in reserve on half pay , he attempted to persuade the Admiralty and other senior figures he was acquainted with , such as Hood , to provide him with a command . He was unsuccessful as there were too few ships in the peacetime navy and Hood did not intercede on his behalf . Nelson spent his time trying to find employment for former crew members , attending to family affairs , and cajoling contacts in the navy for a posting . In 1792 the French revolutionary government annexed the Austrian Netherlands ( modern Belgium ) , which were traditionally preserved as a buffer state . The Admiralty recalled Nelson to service and gave him command of the 64 @-@ gun HMS Agamemnon in January 1793 . On 1 February France declared war .
= = = Mediterranean service = = =
In May 1793 , Nelson sailed as part of a division under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral William Hotham , joined later in the month by the rest of Lord Hood 's fleet . The force initially sailed to Gibraltar and , with the intention of establishing naval superiority in the Mediterranean , made their way to Toulon , anchoring off the port in July . Toulon was largely under the control of moderate republicans and royalists , but was threatened by the forces of the National Convention , which were marching on the city . Short of supplies and doubting their ability to defend themselves , the city authorities requested that Hood take it under his protection . Hood readily acquiesced and sent Nelson to carry dispatches to Sardinia and Naples requesting reinforcements . After delivering the dispatches to Sardinia , Agamemnon arrived at Naples in early September . There Nelson met Ferdinand IV , King of Naples , followed by the British ambassador to the kingdom , William Hamilton . At some point during the negotiations for reinforcements , Nelson was introduced to Hamilton 's new wife , Emma Hamilton . The negotiations were successful , and 2 @,@ 000 men and several ships were mustered by mid @-@ September . Nelson put to sea in pursuit of a French frigate , but on failing to catch her , sailed for Leghorn , and then to Corsica . He arrived at Toulon on 5 October , where he found that a large French army had occupied the hills surrounding the city and was bombarding it . Hood still hoped the city could be held if more reinforcements arrived , and sent Nelson to join a squadron operating off Cagliari .
= = = Corsica = = =
Early on the morning of 22 October 1793 , Agamemnon sighted five sails . Nelson closed with them , and discovered they were a French squadron . He promptly gave chase , firing on the 40 @-@ gun Melpomene . He inflicted considerable damage but the remaining French ships turned to join the battle and , realising he was outnumbered , Nelson withdrew and continued to Cagliari , arriving on 24 October . After making repairs , Nelson and Agamemnon sailed again on 26 October , bound for Tunis with a squadron under Commodore Robert Linzee . On his arrival , Nelson was given command of a small squadron consisting of Agamemnon , three frigates and a sloop , and ordered to blockade the French garrison on Corsica . The fall of Toulon at the end of December 1793 severely damaged British fortunes in the Mediterranean . Hood had failed to make adequate provision for a withdrawal and 18 French ships @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line fell into republican hands . Nelson 's mission to Corsica took on added significance , as it could provide the British a naval base close to the French coast . Hood therefore reinforced Nelson with extra ships during January 1794 .
A British assault force landed on the island on 7 February , after which Nelson moved to intensify the blockade off Bastia . For the rest of the month he carried out raids along the coast and intercepted enemy shipping . By late February St Fiorenzo had fallen and British troops under Lieutenant @-@ General David Dundas entered the outskirts of Bastia . However , Dundas merely assessed the enemy positions and then withdrew , arguing that the French were too well entrenched to risk an assault . Nelson convinced Hood otherwise , but a protracted debate between the army and naval commanders meant that Nelson did not receive permission to proceed until late March . Nelson began to land guns from his ships and emplace them in the hills surrounding the town . On 11 April the British squadron entered the harbour and opened fire , whilst Nelson took command of the land forces and commenced bombardment . After 45 days , the town surrendered . Nelson subsequently prepared for an assault on Calvi , working in company with Lieutenant @-@ General Charles Stuart .
British forces landed at Calvi on 19 June , and immediately began moving guns ashore to occupy the heights surrounding the town . While Nelson directed a continuous bombardment of the enemy positions , Stuart 's men began to advance . On 12 July Nelson was at one of the forward batteries early in the morning when a shot struck one of the sandbags protecting the position , spraying stones and sand . Nelson was struck by debris in his right eye and was forced to retire from the position , although his wound was soon bandaged and he returned to action . By 18 July most of the enemy positions had been disabled , and that night Stuart , supported by Nelson , stormed the main defensive position and captured it . Repositioning their guns , the British brought Calvi under constant bombardment , and the town surrendered on 10 August . However , Nelson 's right eye had been irreparably damaged and he eventually lost all sight in it .
= = = Genoa and the fight of the Ça Ira = = =
After the occupation of Corsica , Hood ordered Nelson to open diplomatic relations with the city @-@ state of Genoa , a strategically important potential ally . Soon afterwards , Hood returned to England and was succeeded by Admiral William Hotham as commander @-@ in @-@ chief in the Mediterranean . Nelson put into Leghorn , and while Agamemnon underwent repairs , met with other naval officers at the port and entertained a brief affair with a local woman , Adelaide Correglia . Hotham arrived with the rest of the fleet in December ; Nelson and the Agamemnon sailed on a number of cruises with them in late 1794 and early 1795 .
On 8 March , news reached Hotham that the French fleet was at sea and heading for Corsica . He immediately set out to intercept them , and Nelson eagerly anticipated his first fleet action . The French were reluctant to engage and the two fleets shadowed each other throughout 12 March . The following day two of the French ships collided , allowing Nelson to engage the much larger 84 @-@ gun Ça Ira for two and a half hours until the arrival of two French ships forced Nelson to veer away , having inflicted heavy casualties and considerable damage . The fleets continued to shadow each other before making contact again , on 14 March , in the Battle of Genoa . Nelson joined the other British ships in attacking the battered Ça Ira , now under tow from the Censeur . Heavily damaged , the two French ships were forced to surrender and Nelson took possession of the Censeur . Defeated at sea , the French abandoned their plan to invade Corsica and returned to port .
= = = Skirmishes and the retreat from Italy = = =
Nelson and the fleet remained in the Mediterranean throughout the summer . On 4 July Agamemnon sailed from St Fiorenzo with a small force of frigates and sloops , bound for Genoa . On 6 July Nelson ran into the French fleet and found himself pursued by several much larger ships @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line . He retreated to St Fiorenzo , arriving just ahead of the pursuing French , who broke off as Nelson 's signal guns alerted the British fleet in the harbour . Hotham pursued the French to the Hyères Islands , but failed to bring them to a decisive action . A number of small engagements were fought but to Nelson 's dismay , he saw little action .
Nelson returned to operate out of Genoa , intercepting and inspecting merchantmen and cutting @-@ out suspicious vessels in both enemy and neutral harbours . Nelson formulated ambitious plans for amphibious landings and naval assaults to frustrate the progress of the French Army of Italy that was now advancing on Genoa , but could excite little interest in Hotham . In November Hotham was replaced by Sir Hyde Parker but the situation in Italy was rapidly deteriorating : the French were raiding around Genoa and strong Jacobin sentiment was rife within the city itself . A large French assault at the end of November broke the allied lines , forcing a general retreat towards Genoa . Nelson 's forces were able to cover the withdrawing army and prevent them from being surrounded , but he had too few ships and men to materially alter the strategic situation , and the British were forced to withdraw from the Italian ports . Nelson returned to Corsica on 30 November , angry and depressed at the British failure and questioning his future in the navy .
= = = Jervis and the evacuation of the Mediterranean = = =
In January 1796 the position of commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the fleet in the Mediterranean passed to Sir John Jervis , who appointed Nelson to exercise independent command over the ships blockading the French coast as a commodore . Nelson spent the first half of the year conducting operations to frustrate French advances and bolster Britain 's Italian allies . Despite some minor successes in intercepting small French warships ( e.g. , in the action of 31 May 1796 ) , Nelson 's squadron captured a convoy of seven small vessels ) , Nelson began to feel the British presence on the Italian peninsula was rapidly becoming useless . In June the Agamemnon was sent back to Britain for repairs , and Nelson was appointed to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Captain . In the same month , the French thrust towards Leghorn and were certain to capture the city . Nelson hurried there to oversee the evacuation of British nationals and transported them to Corsica , after which Jervis ordered him to blockade the newly captured French port . In July he oversaw the occupation of Elba , but by September the Genoese had broken their neutrality to declare in favour of the French . By October , the Genoese position and the continued French advances led the British to decide that the Mediterranean fleet could no longer be supplied ; they ordered it to be evacuated to Gibraltar . Nelson helped oversee the withdrawal from Corsica , and by December 1796 was aboard the frigate HMS Minerve , covering the evacuation of the garrison at Elba . He then sailed for Gibraltar .
During the passage , Nelson captured the Spanish frigate Santa Sabina and placed Lieutenants Jonathan Culverhouse and Thomas Hardy in charge of the captured vessel , taking the Spanish captain on board Minerve . Santa Sabina was part of a larger Spanish force , and the following morning two Spanish ships @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line and a frigate were sighted closing fast . Unable to outrun them , Nelson initially determined to fight but Culverhouse and Hardy raised the British colours and sailed northeast , drawing the Spanish ships after them until being captured , giving Nelson the opportunity to escape . Nelson went on to rendezvous with the British fleet at Elba , where he spent Christmas . He sailed for Gibraltar in late January , and after learning that the Spanish fleet had sailed from Cartagena , stopped just long enough to collect Hardy , Culverhouse , and the rest of the prize crew captured with Santa Sabina , before pressing on through the straits to join Sir John Jervis off Cadiz .
= = Admiralty = =
= = = Battle of Cape St Vincent = = =
Nelson joined Jervis 's fleet off Cape St Vincent , and reported the Spanish movements . Jervis decided to give battle and the two fleets met on 14 February . Nelson found himself towards the rear of the British line and realised that it would be a long time before he could bring Captain into action . Instead of continuing to follow the line , Nelson disobeyed orders and wore ship , breaking from the line and heading to engage the Spanish van , which consisted of the 112 @-@ gun San Josef , the 80 @-@ gun San Nicolas and the 130 @-@ gun Santísima Trinidad . Captain engaged all three , assisted by HMS Culloden which had come to Nelson 's aid . After an hour of exchanging broadsides which left both Captain and Culloden badly damaged , Nelson found himself alongside San Nicolas . He led a boarding party across , crying " Westminster Abbey ! " or , " glorious victory ! " and forced her to surrender . San Josef attempted to come to the San Nicolas ’ s aid , but became entangled with her compatriot and was left immobile . Nelson led his party from the deck of San Nicolas onto San Josef and captured her as well . As night fell , the Spanish fleet broke off and sailed for Cadiz . Four ships had surrendered to the British and two of them were Nelson 's .
Nelson was victorious , but had disobeyed direct orders . Jervis liked Nelson and so did not officially reprimand him , but did not mention Nelson 's actions in his official report of the battle . He did write a private letter to George Spencer in which he said that Nelson " contributed very much to the fortune of the day " . Nelson also wrote several letters about his victory , reporting that his action was being referred to amongst the fleet as " Nelson 's Patent Bridge for boarding first rates " . Nelson 's account was later challenged by Rear @-@ Admiral William Parker , who had been aboard HMS Prince George . Parker claimed that Nelson had been supported by several more ships than he acknowledged , and that San Josef had already struck her colours by the time Nelson boarded her . Nelson 's account of his role prevailed , and the victory was well received in Britain : Jervis was made Earl St Vincent and Nelson was made a Knight of the Bath . On 20 February , in a standard promotion according to his seniority and unrelated to the battle , he was promoted to Rear @-@ Admiral of the Blue .
= = = Action off Cadiz = = =
Nelson was given HMS Theseus as his flagship , and on 27 May 1797 was ordered to lie off Cadiz , monitoring the Spanish fleet and awaiting the arrival of Spanish treasure ships from the American colonies . He carried out a bombardment and personally led an amphibious assault on 3 July . During the action Nelson 's barge collided with that of the Spanish commander , and a hand @-@ to @-@ hand struggle ensued between the two crews . Twice Nelson was nearly cut down and both times his life was saved by a seaman named John Sykes who took the blows and was badly wounded . The British raiding force captured the Spanish boat and towed her back to Theseus . During this period Nelson developed a scheme to capture Santa Cruz de Tenerife , aiming to seize a large quantity of specie from the treasure ship Principe de Asturias , which was reported to have recently arrived .
= = = Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife = = =
The battle plan called for a combination of naval bombardments and an amphibious landing . The initial attempt was called off after adverse currents hampered the assault and the element of surprise was lost . Nelson immediately ordered another assault but this was beaten back . He prepared for a third attempt , to take place during the night . Although he personally led one of the battalions , the operation ended in failure : the Spanish were better prepared than had been expected and had secured strong defensive positions . Several of the boats failed to land at the correct positions in the confusion , while those that did were swept by gunfire and grapeshot . Nelson 's boat reached its intended landing point but as he stepped ashore he was hit in the right arm by a musketball , which fractured his humerus bone in multiple places . He was rowed back to Theseus to be attended to by the surgeon , Thomas Eshelby . On arriving at his ship he refused to be helped aboard , declaring " Let me alone ! I have got my legs left and one arm . " He was taken to surgeon Eshelby , instructing him to prepare his instruments and " the sooner it was off the better " . Most of the right arm was amputated and within half an hour Nelson had returned to issuing orders to his captains . Years later he would excuse himself to Commodore John Thomas Duckworth for not writing longer letters due to not being naturally left @-@ handed . He developed the sensation of Phantom Limb in his lost arm later on and declared that he had ' found the direct evidence of the existence of soul ' .
Meanwhile , a force under Sir Thomas Troubridge had fought their way to the main square but could go no further . Unable to return to the fleet because their boats had been sunk , Troubridge was forced to enter into negotiations with the Spanish commander , and the British were subsequently allowed to withdraw . The expedition had failed to achieve any of its objectives and had left a quarter of the landing force dead or wounded . The squadron remained off Tenerife for a further three days and by 16 August had rejoined Jervis 's fleet off Cadiz . Despondently Nelson wrote to Jervis : " A left @-@ handed Admiral will never again be considered as useful , therefore the sooner I get to a very humble cottage the better , and make room for a better man to serve the state " . He returned to England aboard HMS Seahorse , arriving at Spithead on 1 September . He was met with a hero 's welcome : the British public had lionised Nelson after Cape St Vincent and his wound earned him sympathy . They refused to attribute the defeat at Tenerife to him , preferring instead to blame poor planning on the part of St Vincent , the Secretary at War or even William Pitt .
= = = Return to England = = =
Nelson returned to Bath with Fanny , before moving to London in October to seek expert medical attention concerning his amputated arm . Whilst in London news reached him that Admiral Duncan had defeated the Dutch fleet at the Battle of Camperdown . Nelson exclaimed that he would have given his other arm to have been present . He spent the last months of 1797 recuperating in London , during which he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and an annual pension of £ 1 @,@ 000 a year . He used the money to buy Round Wood Farm near Ipswich , and intended to retire there with Fanny . Despite his plans , Nelson was never to live there .
Although surgeons had been unable to remove the central ligature in his amputated arm , which had caused considerable inflammation and poisoning , in early December it came out of its own accord and Nelson rapidly began to recover . Eager to return to sea , he began agitating for a command and was promised the 80 @-@ gun HMS Foudroyant . As she was not yet ready for sea , Nelson was instead given command of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Vanguard , to which he appointed Edward Berry as his flag captain . French activities in the Mediterranean theatre were raising concern among the Admiralty : Napoleon was gathering forces in Southern France but the destination of his army was unknown . Nelson and the Vanguard were to be dispatched to Cadiz to reinforce the fleet . On 28 March 1798 , Nelson hoisted his flag and sailed to join Earl St Vincent . St Vincent sent him on to Toulon with a small force to reconnoitre French activities .
= = = Hunting the French = = =
Nelson passed through the Straits of Gibraltar and took up position off Toulon by 17 May , but his squadron was dispersed and blown southwards by a strong gale that struck the area on 20 May . While the British were battling the storm , Napoleon had sailed with his invasion fleet under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral François @-@ Paul Brueys d 'Aigalliers . Nelson , having been reinforced with a number of ships from St Vincent , went in pursuit . He began searching the Italian coast for Napoleon 's fleet , but was hampered by a lack of frigates that could operate as fast scouts . Napoleon had already arrived at Malta and , after a show of force , secured the island 's surrender . Nelson followed him there , but the French had already left . After a conference with his captains , he decided Egypt was Napoleon 's most likely destination and headed for Alexandria . On his arrival on 28 June , though , he found no sign of the French ; dismayed , he withdrew and began searching to the east of the port . While he was absent , Napoleon 's fleet arrived on 1 July and landed their forces unopposed .
Brueys then anchored his fleet in Aboukir Bay , ready to support Napoleon if required . Nelson meanwhile had crossed the Mediterranean again in a fruitless attempt to locate the French and had returned to Naples to re @-@ provision . He sailed again , intending to search the seas off Cyprus , but decided to pass Alexandria again for a final check . In doing so his force captured a French merchant ship , which provided the first news of the French fleet : they had passed south @-@ east of Crete a month before , heading to Alexandria . Nelson hurried to the port but again found it empty of the French . Searching along the coast , he finally discovered the French fleet in Aboukir Bay on 1 August 1798 .
= = = The Battle of the Nile = = =
Nelson immediately prepared for battle , repeating a sentiment he had expressed at the battle of Cape St Vincent that " Before this time tomorrow , I shall have gained a peerage or Westminster Abbey . " It was late by the time the British arrived and the French , anchored in a strong position with a combined firepower greater than that of Nelson 's fleet , did not expect them to attack . Nelson however immediately ordered his ships to advance . The French line was anchored close to a line of shoals , in the belief that this would secure their port side from attack ; Brueys had assumed the British would follow convention and attack his centre from the starboard side . However , Captain Thomas Foley aboard HMS Goliath discovered a gap between the shoals and the French ships , and took Goliath into the channel . The unprepared French found themselves attacked on both sides , the British fleet splitting , with some following Foley and others passing down the starboard side of the French line .
The British fleet was soon heavily engaged , passing down the French line and engaging their ships one by one . Nelson on Vanguard personally engaged Spartiate , also coming under fire from Aquilon . At about eight o 'clock , he was with Berry on the quarter @-@ deck when a piece of French shot struck him in his forehead . He fell to the deck , a flap of torn skin obscuring his good eye . Blinded and half stunned , he felt sure he would die and cried out " I am killed . Remember me to my wife . " He was taken below to be seen by the surgeon . After examining Nelson , the surgeon pronounced the wound non @-@ threatening and applied a temporary bandage .
The French van , pounded by British fire from both sides , had begun to surrender , and the victorious British ships continued to move down the line , bringing Brueys 's 118 @-@ gun flagship Orient under constant heavy fire . Orient caught fire under this bombardment , and later exploded . Nelson briefly came on deck to direct the battle , but returned to the surgeon after watching the destruction of Orient .
The Battle of the Nile was a major blow to Napoleon 's ambitions in the east . The fleet had been destroyed : Orient , another ship and two frigates had been burnt , seven 74 @-@ gun ships and two 80 @-@ gun ships had been captured , and only two ships @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line and two frigates escaped , while the forces Napoleon had brought to Egypt were stranded . Napoleon attacked north along the Mediterranean coast , but Turkish defenders supported by Captain Sir Sidney Smith defeated his army at the Siege of Acre . Napoleon then left his army and sailed back to France , evading detection by British ships . Given its strategic importance , some historians regard Nelson 's achievement at the Nile as the most significant of his career , even greater than that at Trafalgar seven years later .
= = = Rewards = = =
Nelson wrote dispatches to the Admiralty and oversaw temporary repairs to the Vanguard , before sailing to Naples where he was met with enthusiastic celebrations . The King of Naples , in company with the Hamiltons , greeted him in person when he arrived at the port and William Hamilton invited Nelson to stay at their house . Celebrations were held in honour of Nelson 's birthday that September , and he attended a banquet at the Hamiltons ' , where other officers had begun to notice his attention to Emma . Jervis himself had begun to grow concerned about reports of Nelson 's behaviour , but in early October word of Nelson 's victory had reached London . The First Lord of the Admiralty , Earl Spencer , fainted on hearing the news . Scenes of celebration erupted across the country , balls and victory feasts were held and church bells were rung . The City of London awarded Nelson and his captains swords , whilst the King ordered them to be presented with special medals . The Tsar of Russia sent him a gift , and Selim III , the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , awarded Nelson the Order of the Turkish Crescent for his role in restoring Ottoman rule in Egypt . Lord Hood , after a conversation with the Prime Minister , told Fanny that Nelson would likely be given a Viscountcy , similar to Jervis 's earldom after Cape St Vincent and Duncan 's viscountcy after Camperdown . Earl Spencer however demurred , arguing that as Nelson had only been detached in command of a squadron , rather than being the commander in chief of the fleet , such an award would create an unwelcome precedent . Instead , Nelson received the title Baron Nelson of the Nile .
= = = Neapolitan campaign = = =
Nelson was dismayed by Spencer 's decision , and declared that he would rather have received no title than that of a mere barony . He was however cheered by the attention showered on him by the citizens of Naples , the prestige accorded him by the kingdom 's elite , and the comforts he received at the Hamiltons ' residence . He made frequent visits to attend functions in his honour , or to tour nearby attractions with Emma , with whom he had by now fallen deeply in love , almost constantly at his side . Orders arrived from the Admiralty to blockade the French forces in Alexandria and Malta , a task Nelson delegated to his captains , Samuel Hood and Alexander Ball . Despite enjoying his lifestyle in Naples , Nelson began to think of returning to England , but King Ferdinand of Naples , after a long period of pressure from his wife Maria Carolina of Austria and Sir William Hamilton , finally agreed to declare war on France . The Neapolitan army , led by the Austrian General Mack and supported by Nelson 's fleet , retook Rome from the French in late November , but the French regrouped outside the city and , after being reinforced , routed the Neapolitans . In disarray , the Neapolitan army fled back to Naples , with the pursuing French close behind . Nelson hastily organised the evacuation of the Royal Family , several nobles and the British nationals , including the Hamiltons . The evacuation got under way on 23 December and sailed through heavy gales before reaching the safety of Palermo on 26 December .
With the departure of the Royal Family , Naples descended into anarchy and news reached Palermo in January that the French had entered the city under General Championnet and proclaimed the Parthenopaean Republic . Nelson was promoted to Rear Admiral of the Red on 14 February 1799 , and was occupied for several months in blockading Naples , while a popular counter @-@ revolutionary force under Cardinal Ruffo known as the Sanfedisti marched to retake the city . In late June Ruffo 's army entered Naples , forcing the French and their supporters to withdraw to the city 's fortifications as rioting and looting broke out amongst the ill @-@ disciplined Neapolitan troops . Dismayed by the bloodshed , Ruffo agreed to a general amnesty with the Jacobin forces that allowed them safe conduct to France . Nelson , now aboard Foudroyant , was outraged , and backed by King Ferdinand he insisted that the rebels must surrender unconditionally . He took those who had surrendered under the amnesty under armed guard , including the former Admiral Francesco Caracciolo , who had commanded the Neapolitan navy under King Ferdinand but had changed sides during the brief Jacobin rule . Nelson ordered his trial by court @-@ martial and refused Caracciolo 's request that it be held by British officers , nor was Caracciolo allowed to summon witnesses in his defence . Caracciolo was tried by royalist Neapolitan officers and sentenced to death . He asked to be shot rather than hanged , but Nelson , following the wishes of Queen Maria Carolina ( a close friend of his mistress , Lady Hamilton ) also refused this request and even ignored the court 's request to allow 24 hours for Caracciolo to prepare himself . Caracciolo was hanged aboard the Neapolitan frigate Minerva at 5 o 'clock the same afternoon . Nelson kept the Jacobins imprisoned and approved of a wave of further executions , refusing to intervene despite pleas for clemency from the Hamiltons and the Queen of Naples . When transports were finally allowed to carry the Jacobins to France , less than a third were still alive . On 13 August 1799 , King Ferdinand gave Nelson the newly created Dukedom of Bronté in the Kingdom of Sicily , in perpetual property , enclosing the Maniace Castle , the accompanying Abbey , and the land and the city of Bronte , this as a reward for his support of the monarchy .
Nelson returned to Palermo in August and in September became the senior officer in the Mediterranean after Jervis ' successor Lord Keith left to chase the French and Spanish fleets into the Atlantic . Nelson spent the rest of 1799 at the Neapolitan court but put to sea again in February 1800 after Lord Keith 's return . On 18 February the Généreux , a survivor of the Nile , was sighted and Nelson gave chase , capturing her after a short battle and winning Keith 's approval . Nelson had a difficult relationship with his superior officer : he was gaining a reputation for insubordination , having initially refused to send ships when Keith requested them and on occasion returning to Palermo without orders , pleading poor health . Keith 's reports , and rumours of Nelson 's close relationship with Emma Hamilton , were also circulating in London , and Earl Spencer wrote a pointed letter suggesting that he return home :
You will be more likely to recover your health and strength in England than in any inactive situation at a foreign Court , however pleasing the respect and gratitude shown to you for your services may be .
= = = Return to England = = =
The recall of Sir William Hamilton to Britain was a further incentive for Nelson to return , although he and the Hamiltons initially sailed from Naples on a brief cruise around Malta aboard the Foudroyant in April 1800 . It was on this voyage that Horatio and Emma 's illegitimate daughter Horatia was probably conceived . After the cruise , Nelson conveyed the Queen of Naples and her suite to Leghorn . On his arrival , Nelson shifted his flag to HMS Alexander , but again disobeyed Keith 's orders by refusing to join the main fleet . Keith came to Leghorn in person to demand an explanation , and refused to be moved by the Queen 's pleas to allow her to be conveyed in a British ship . In the face of Keith 's demands , Nelson reluctantly struck his flag and bowed to Emma Hamilton 's request to return to England over land .
Nelson , the Hamiltons and several other British travellers left Leghorn for Florence on 13 July . They made stops at Trieste and Vienna , spending three weeks in the latter where they were entertained by the local nobility and heard the Missa in Angustiis by Haydn that now bears Nelson 's name . By September they were in Prague , and later called at Dresden , Dessau and Hamburg , from where they caught a packet ship to Great Yarmouth , arriving on 6 November . Nelson was given a hero 's welcome and after being sworn in as a freeman of the borough and received the massed crowd 's applause . He subsequently made his way to London , arriving on 9 November . He attended court and was guest of honour at a number of banquets and balls . It was during this period that Fanny Nelson and Emma Hamilton met for the first time . During this period , Nelson was reported as being cold and distant to his wife and his attention to Emma became the subject of gossip . With the marriage breaking down , Nelson began to hate even being in the same room as Fanny . Events came to a head around Christmas , when according to Nelson 's solicitor , Fanny issued an ultimatum on whether he was to choose her or Emma . Nelson replied :
I love you sincerely but I cannot forget my obligations to Lady Hamilton or speak of her otherwise than with affection and admiration .
The two never lived together again after this .
= = = Parker and the Baltic = = =
Shortly after his arrival in England Nelson was appointed to be second @-@ in @-@ command of the Channel Fleet under Lord St Vincent . He was promoted to Vice Admiral of the Blue on 1 January 1801 , and travelled to Plymouth , where on 22 January he was granted the freedom of the city , and on 29 January Emma gave birth to their daughter , Horatia . Nelson was delighted , but subsequently disappointed when he was instructed to move his flag from HMS San Josef to HMS St George in preparation for a planned expedition to the Baltic . Tired of British ships imposing a blockade against French trade and stopping and searching their merchantmen , the Russian , Prussian , Danish and Swedish governments had formed an alliance to break the blockade . Nelson joined Admiral Sir Hyde Parker 's fleet at Yarmouth , from where they sailed for the Danish coast in March . On their arrival , Parker was inclined to blockade Denmark and control the entrance to the Baltic , but Nelson urged a pre @-@ emptive attack on the Danish fleet at harbour in Copenhagen . He convinced Parker to allow him to make an assault , and was given significant reinforcements . Parker himself would wait in the Kattegat , covering Nelson 's fleet in case of the arrival of the Swedish or Russian fleets .
= = = = Battle of Copenhagen = = = =
On the morning of 2 April 1801 , Nelson began to advance into Copenhagen harbour . The battle began badly for the British , with HMS Agamemnon , HMS Bellona and HMS Russell running aground , and the rest of the fleet encountering heavier fire from the Danish shore batteries than had been anticipated . Parker sent the signal for Nelson to withdraw , reasoning :
I will make the signal for recall for Nelson 's sake . If he is in a condition to continue the action he will disregard it ; if he is not , it will be an excuse for his retreat and no blame can be attached to him .
Nelson , directing action aboard HMS Elephant , was informed of the signal by the signal lieutenant , Frederick Langford , but angrily responded : ' I told you to look out on the Danish commodore and let me know when he surrendered . Keep your eyes fixed on him . ' He then turned to his flag captain , Thomas Foley , and said ' You know , Foley , I have only one eye . I have a right to be blind sometimes . ' He raised the telescope to his blind eye , and said ' I really do not see the signal . ' The battle lasted three hours , leaving both Danish and British fleets heavily damaged . At length Nelson dispatched a letter to the Danish commander , Crown Prince Frederick , calling for a truce , which the Prince accepted . Parker approved of Nelson 's actions in retrospect , and Nelson was given the honour of going into Copenhagen the next day to open formal negotiations . At a banquet that evening , he told Prince Frederick that the battle had been the most severe he had ever been in . The outcome of the battle and several weeks of ensuing negotiations was a 14 @-@ week armistice , and on Parker 's recall in May , Nelson became commander @-@ in @-@ chief in the Baltic Sea . As a reward for the victory , he was created Viscount Nelson of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk , on 19 May 1801 . In addition , on 4 August 1801 , he was created Baron Nelson , of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk , this time with a special remainder to his father and sisters . Nelson subsequently sailed to the Russian naval base at Reval ( now Tallinn ) in May , and there learned that the pact of armed neutrality was to be disbanded . Satisfied with the outcome of the expedition , he returned to England , arriving on 1 July .
= = = Leave in England = = =
In France , Napoleon was massing forces to invade Great Britain . After a brief spell in London , where he again visited the Hamiltons , Nelson was placed in charge of defending the English Channel to prevent the invasion . He spent the summer reconnoitring the French coast , but apart from a failed attack on Boulogne in August , saw little action . On 22 October 1801 the Peace of Amiens was signed between the British and the French , and Nelson – in poor health again – retired to Britain where he stayed with Sir William and Lady Hamilton . On 30 October Nelson spoke in support of the Addington government in the House of Lords , and afterwards made regular visits to attend sessions . The three embarked on a tour of England and Wales , visiting Birmingham , Warwick , Gloucester , Swansea , Monmouth and numerous other towns and villages . Nelson often found himself received as a hero and was the centre of celebrations and events held in his honour . In 1802 , Nelson bought Merton Place , a country estate in Merton , Surrey ( now south @-@ west London ) where he lived briefly with the Hamiltons until William 's death in April 1803 . The following month , war broke out again and Nelson prepared to return to sea .
= = Return to sea = =
Nelson was appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Mediterranean Fleet and given the first @-@ rate HMS Victory as his flagship . He joined her at Portsmouth , where he received orders to sail to Malta and take command of a squadron there before joining the blockade of Toulon . Nelson arrived off Toulon in July 1803 and spent the next year and a half enforcing the blockade . He was promoted to Vice Admiral of the White while still at sea , on 23 April 1804 . In January 1805 the French fleet , under Admiral Pierre @-@ Charles Villeneuve , escaped Toulon and eluded the blockading British . Nelson set off in pursuit but after searching the eastern Mediterranean he learned that the French had been blown back into Toulon . Villeneuve managed to break out a second time in April , and this time succeeded in passing through the Strait of Gibraltar and into the Atlantic , bound for the West Indies .
Nelson gave chase , but after arriving in the Caribbean , spent June in a fruitless search for the fleet . Villeneuve had briefly cruised around the islands before heading back to Europe , in contravention of Napoleon 's orders . The returning French fleet was intercepted by a British fleet under Sir Robert Calder and engaged in the Battle of Cape Finisterre , but managed to reach Ferrol with only minor losses . Nelson returned to Gibraltar at the end of July , and travelled from there to England , dismayed at his failure to bring the French to battle and expecting to be censured . To his surprise he was given a rapturous reception from crowds who had gathered to view his arrival , while senior British officials congratulated him for sustaining the close pursuit and credited him with saving the West Indies from a French invasion . Nelson stayed briefly in London , where he was cheered wherever he went , before visiting Merton to see Emma , arriving in late August . He entertained a number of his friends and relations there over the coming month , and began plans for a grand engagement with the enemy fleet , one that would surprise his foes by forcing a pell @-@ mell battle on them .
Captain Henry Blackwood arrived at Merton early on 2 September , bringing news that the French and Spanish fleets had combined and were currently at anchor in Cádiz . Nelson hurried to London where he met cabinet ministers and was given command of the fleet blockading Cádiz . It was while attending one of these meetings on 12 September , with Lord Castlereagh , the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , that Nelson and Major General Arthur Wellesley , the future Duke of Wellington , met briefly in a waiting room . Wellington was waiting to be debriefed on his Indian operations , and Nelson on his chase and future plans . Wellington later recalled , ' He ( Nelson ) entered at once into conversation with me , if I can call it conversation , for it was almost all on his side and all about himself and , in reality , a style so vain and so silly as to surprise and almost disgust me . ' However , after a few minutes Nelson left the room and having been told who his companion was , returned and entered into an earnest and intelligent discussion with the young Wellesley which lasted for a quarter of an hour , on the war , the state of the colonies and the geopolitical situation , that left a marked impression upon Wellesley . This was the only meeting between the two men .
Nelson returned briefly to Merton to set his affairs in order and bid farewell to Emma , before travelling back to London and then on to Portsmouth , arriving there early in the morning of 14 September . He breakfasted at the George Inn with his friends George Rose , the Vice @-@ President of the Board of Trade , and George Canning , the Treasurer of the Navy . During the breakfast word spread of Nelson 's presence at the inn and a large crowd of well wishers gathered . They accompanied Nelson to his barge and cheered him off , which Nelson acknowledged by raising his hat . Nelson was recorded as having turned to his colleague and stated , " I had their huzzas before : I have their hearts now " . Robert Southey reported that of the onlookers for Nelson 's walk to the dock , " Many were in tears and many knelt down before him and blessed him as he passed " .
Victory joined the British fleet off Cádiz on 27 September , Nelson taking over from Rear @-@ Admiral Collingwood . He spent the following weeks preparing and refining his tactics for the anticipated battle and dining with his captains to ensure they understood his intentions . Nelson had devised a plan of attack that anticipated the allied fleet would form up in a traditional line of battle . Drawing on his own experience from the Nile and Copenhagen , and the examples of Duncan at Camperdown and Rodney at the Saintes , Nelson decided to split his fleet into squadrons rather than forming it into a similar line parallel to the enemy . These squadrons would then cut the enemy 's line in a number of places , allowing a pell @-@ mell battle to develop in which the British ships could overwhelm and destroy parts of their opponents ' formation , before the unengaged enemy ships could come to their aid .
= = Battle of Trafalgar = =
= = = Preparation = = =
The combined French and Spanish fleet under Villeneuve 's command numbered 33 ships of the line . Napoleon Bonaparte had intended for Villeneuve to sail into the English Channel and cover the planned invasion of Britain , but the entry of Austria and Russia into the war forced Napoleon to call off the planned invasion and transfer troops to Germany . Villeneuve had been reluctant to risk an engagement with the British , and this reluctance led Napoleon to order Vice @-@ Admiral François Rosily to go to Cádiz and take command of the fleet , sail it into the Mediterranean to land troops at Naples , before making port at Toulon . Villeneuve decided to sail the fleet out before his successor arrived . On 20 October 1805 , the fleet was sighted making its way out of harbour by patrolling British frigates , and Nelson was informed that they appeared to be heading to the west .
At four o 'clock in the morning of 21 October Nelson ordered the Victory to turn towards the approaching enemy fleet , and signalled the rest of his force to battle stations . He then went below and made his will , before returning to the quarterdeck to carry out an inspection . Despite having 27 ships to Villeneuve 's 33 , Nelson was confident of success , declaring that he would not be satisfied with taking fewer than 20 prizes . He returned briefly to his cabin to write a final prayer , after which he joined Victory ’ s signal lieutenant , John Pasco .
Mr Pasco , I wish to say to the fleet " England confides that every man will do his duty " . You must be quick , for I have one more signal to make , which is for close action .
Pasco suggested changing ' confides ' to ' expects ' , which being in the Signal Book , could be signalled by the use of a single flag , whereas ' confides ' would have to be spelt out letter by letter . Nelson agreed , and the signal was hoisted .
As the fleets converged , the Victory ’ s captain , Thomas Hardy , suggested that Nelson remove the decorations on his coat , so that he would not be so easily identified by enemy sharpshooters . Nelson replied that it was too late ' to be shifting a coat ' , adding that they were ' military orders and he did not fear to show them to the enemy ' . Captain Henry Blackwood , of the frigate HMS Euryalus , suggested Nelson come aboard his ship to better observe the battle . Nelson refused , and also turned down Hardy 's suggestion to let Eliab Harvey 's HMS Temeraire come ahead of the Victory and lead the line into battle .
= = = Battle is joined = = =
Victory came under fire , initially passing wide , but then with greater accuracy as the distances decreased . A cannonball struck and killed Nelson 's secretary , John Scott , nearly cutting him in two . Hardy 's clerk took over , but he too was almost immediately killed . Victory ’ s wheel was shot away , and another cannonball cut down eight marines . Hardy , standing next to Nelson on the quarterdeck , had his shoe buckle dented by a splinter . Nelson observed ' this is too warm work to last long ' . The Victory had by now reached the enemy line , and Hardy asked Nelson which ship to engage first . Nelson told him to take his pick , and Hardy moved Victory across the stern of the 80 @-@ gun French flagship Bucentaure . Victory then came under fire from the 74 @-@ gun Redoutable , lying off the Bucentaure ’ s stern , and the 130 @-@ gun Santísima Trinidad . As sharpshooters from the enemy ships fired onto Victory ’ s deck from their rigging , Nelson and Hardy continued to walk about , directing and giving orders .
= = = Wounding and death = = =
Shortly after one o 'clock , Hardy realised that Nelson was not by his side . He turned to see Nelson kneeling on the deck , supporting himself with his hand , before falling onto his side . Hardy rushed to him , at which point Nelson smiled
Hardy , I do believe they have done it at last … my backbone is shot through .
He had been hit by a marksman from the Redoutable , firing at a range of 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The bullet had entered his left shoulder , passed through his spine at the sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae , and lodged two inches ( 5 cm ) below his right shoulder blade in the muscles of his back . Nelson was carried below by sergeant @-@ major of marines Robert Adair and two seamen . As he was being carried down , he asked them to pause while he gave some advice to a midshipman on the handling of the tiller . He then draped a handkerchief over his face to avoid causing alarm amongst the crew . He was taken to the surgeon William Beatty , telling him
You can do nothing for me . I have but a short time to live . My back is shot through .
Nelson was made comfortable , fanned and brought lemonade and watered wine to drink after he complained of feeling hot and thirsty . He asked several times to see Hardy , who was on deck supervising the battle , and asked Beatty to remember him to Emma , his daughter and his friends .
Hardy came belowdecks to see Nelson just after half @-@ past two , and informed him that a number of enemy ships had surrendered . Nelson told him that he was sure to die , and begged him to pass his possessions to Emma . With Nelson at this point were the chaplain Alexander Scott , the purser Walter Burke , Nelson 's steward , Chevalier , and Beatty . Nelson , fearing that a gale was blowing up , instructed Hardy to be sure to anchor . After reminding him to " take care of poor Lady Hamilton " , Nelson said " Kiss me , Hardy " . Beatty recorded that Hardy knelt and kissed Nelson on the cheek . He then stood for a minute or two before kissing him on the forehead . Nelson asked , " Who is that ? " , and on hearing that it was Hardy , he replied " God bless you , Hardy . " By now very weak , Nelson continued to murmur instructions to Burke and Scott , " fan , fan … rub , rub … drink , drink . " Beatty heard Nelson murmur , " Thank God I have done my duty " , and when he returned , Nelson 's voice had faded and his pulse was very weak . He looked up as Beatty took his pulse , then closed his eyes . Scott , who remained by Nelson as he died , recorded his last words as " God and my country " . Nelson died at half @-@ past four , three hours after he had been shot .
= = Return to England = =
Nelson 's body was placed in a cask of brandy mixed with camphor and myrrh , which was then lashed to the Victory 's mainmast and placed under guard . Victory was towed to Gibraltar after the battle , and on arrival the body was transferred to a lead @-@ lined coffin filled with spirits of wine . Collingwood 's dispatches about the battle were carried to England aboard HMS Pickle , and when the news arrived in London , a messenger was sent to Merton Place to bring the news of Nelson 's death to Emma Hamilton . She later recalled ,
They brought me word , Mr Whitby from the Admiralty . " Show him in directly " , I said . He came in , and with a pale countenance and faint voice , said , " We have gained a great Victory . " – " Never mind your Victory " , I said . " My letters – give me my letters " – Captain Whitby was unable to speak – tears in his eyes and a deathly paleness over his face made me comprehend him . I believe I gave a scream and fell back , and for ten hours I could neither speak nor shed a tear .
King George III , on receiving the news , is alleged to have said , in tears , " We have lost more than we have gained . " The Times reported
We do not know whether we should mourn or rejoice . The country has gained the most splendid and decisive Victory that has ever graced the naval annals of England ; but it has been dearly purchased .
The first tribute to Nelson was fittingly offered at sea by sailors of Vice @-@ Admiral Dmitry Senyavin 's passing Russian squadron , which saluted on learning of the death .
= = Funeral = =
Nelson 's body was unloaded from the Victory at the Nore . It was conveyed upriver in Commander Grey 's yacht Chatham to Greenwich and placed in a lead coffin , and that in another wooden one , made from the mast of L 'Orient which had been salvaged after the Battle of the Nile . He lay in state in the Painted Hall at Greenwich for three days , before being taken upriver aboard a barge , accompanied by Lord Hood , chief mourner Sir Peter Parker , and the Prince of Wales . The Prince of Wales at first announced his intention of attending the funeral as chief mourner , but later attended in a private capacity with his brothers when his father George III reminded him that it was against protocol for the Heir to the Throne to attend the funerals of anyone except members of the Royal Family . The coffin was taken into the Admiralty for the night , attended by Nelson 's chaplain , Alexander Scott . The next day , 9 January , a funeral procession consisting of 32 admirals , over a hundred captains , and an escort of 10 @,@ 000 soldiers took the coffin from the Admiralty to St Paul 's Cathedral . After a four @-@ hour service he was interred within a sarcophagus originally carved for Cardinal Wolsey . The sailors charged with folding the flag draping Nelson 's coffin and placing it in the grave instead tore it into fragments , with each taking a piece as a memento .
= = Assessment = =
Nelson was regarded as a highly effective leader , and someone who was able to sympathise with the needs of his men . He based his command on love rather than authority , inspiring both his superiors and his subordinates with his considerable courage , commitment and charisma , dubbed ' the Nelson touch ' . Nelson combined this talent with an adept grasp of strategy and politics , making him a highly successful naval commander . However , Nelson 's personality was complex , often characterised by a desire to be noticed , both by his superiors , and the public . He was easily flattered by praise , and dismayed when he felt he was not given sufficient credit for his actions . This led him to take risks , and to enthusiastically publicise his resultant successes . Nelson was also highly confident in his abilities , determined and able to make important decisions . His active career meant that he was considerably experienced in combat , and was a shrewd judge of his opponents , able to identify and exploit his enemies ' weaknesses . He was often prone to insecurities however , as well as violent mood swings , and was extremely vain : he loved to receive decorations , tributes and praise . Despite his personality , he remained a highly professional leader and was driven all his life by a strong sense of duty . Nelson 's fame reached new heights after his death , and he came to be regarded as one of Britain 's greatest military heroes , ranked alongside the Duke of Marlborough and the Duke of Wellington . In the BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons programme in 2002 , Nelson was voted the ninth greatest Briton of all time .
Aspects of Nelson 's life and career were controversial , both during his lifetime and after his death . His affair with Emma Hamilton was widely remarked upon and disapproved of , to the extent that Emma was denied permission to attend Nelson 's funeral and was subsequently ignored by the government , which awarded money and titles to Nelson 's legitimate family . Nelson 's actions during the reoccupation of Naples have also been the subject of debate : his approval of the wave of reprisals against the Jacobins who had surrendered under the terms agreed by Cardinal Ruffo , and his personal intervention in securing the execution of Caracciolo , are considered by some biographers , such as Robert Southey , to have been a shameful breach of honour . Prominent contemporary politician Charles James Fox was among those who attacked Nelson for his actions at Naples , declaring in the House of Commons
I wish that the atrocities of which we hear so much and which I abhor as much as any man , were indeed unexampled . I fear that they do not belong exclusively to the French – Naples for instance has been what is called " delivered " , and yet , if I am rightly informed , it has been stained and polluted by murders so ferocious , and by cruelties of every kind so abhorrent , that the heart shudders at the recital … [ The besieged rebels ] demanded that a British officer should be brought forward , and to him they capitulated . They made terms with him under the sanction of the British name . Before they sailed their property was confiscated , numbers were thrown into dungeons , and some of them , I understand , notwithstanding the British guarantee , were actually executed .
Other pro @-@ republican writers produced books and pamphlets decrying the events in Naples as atrocities . Later assessments , including one by Andrew Lambert , have stressed that the armistice had not been authorised by the King of Naples , and that the retribution meted out by the Neapolitans was not unusual for the time . Lambert also suggests that Nelson in fact acted to put an end to the bloodshed , using his ships and men to restore order in the city .
= = = Legacy = = =
Nelson 's influence continued long after his death , and saw periodic revivals of interest , especially during times of crisis in Britain . In the 1860s Poet Laureate Alfred Tennyson appealed to the image and tradition of Nelson , in order to oppose the defence cuts being made by Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone . First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher was a keen exponent of Nelson during the early years of the twentieth century , and often emphasised his legacy during his period of naval reform . Winston Churchill also found Nelson to be a source of inspiration during the Second World War . Nelson has been frequently depicted in art and literature ; he appeared in paintings by Benjamin West and Arthur William Devis , and in books and biographies by John McArthur , James Stanier Clarke and Robert Southey . Nelson is also celebrated and commemorated in numerous songs , written both during his life and following his death . Nelson 's victory in the Battle of the Nile is commemorated in " The Battle of the Nile : a favorite patriotic song . " Thomas Attwood 's " Nelson 's Tomb : a Favourite Song " commemorates Nelson 's death in the Battle of Trafalgar .
A number of monuments and memorials were constructed across the country , and abroad , to honour his memory and achievements , with work beginning on Dublin 's monument to Nelson , Nelson 's Pillar , in 1808 , subsequently destroyed in 1966 . In Montreal , a statue was started in 1808 and completed in 1809 . Others followed around the world , with London 's Trafalgar Square being created in his memory in 1835 and the centrepiece , Nelson 's Column , finished in 1843 . A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque was unveiled in 1876 to commemorate Nelson at 147 New Bond Street .
= = Titles = =
Nelson 's titles , as inscribed on his coffin and read out at the funeral by the Garter King at Arms , Sir Isaac Heard , were :
The Most Noble Lord Horatio Nelson , Viscount and Baron Nelson , of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk , Baron Nelson of the Nile and of Hilborough in the said County , Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath , Vice Admiral of the White Squadron of the Fleet , Commander in Chief of his Majesty 's Ships and Vessels in the Mediterranean , Duke of Bronté in the Kingdom of Sicily , Knight Grand Cross of the Sicilian Order of St Ferdinand and of Merit , Member of the Ottoman Order of the Crescent , Knight Grand Commander of the Order of St Joachim .
He was a Colonel of the Royal Marines and voted a Freeman of Bath , Salisbury , Exeter , Plymouth , Monmouth , Sandwich , Oxford , Hereford , and Worcester . The University of Oxford , in full Congregation , bestowed the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law upon Nelson in 1802 .
In July 1799 , Nelson was created Duke of Bronté ( Duca di Bronté ) , of the Kingdom of Sicily ( after 1816 , existing in the nobility of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ) , by King Ferdinand , and after briefly experimenting with the signature " Brontë Nelson of the Nile " signed himself " Nelson & Brontë " for the rest of his life . Nelson had no legitimate children ; his daughter , Horatia , subsequently married the Rev. Philip Ward , with whom she had ten children before her death in 1881 . Because Lord Nelson died without legitimate issue , his viscountcy and his barony created in 1798 , both " of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk " , became extinct upon his death . However , the barony created in 1801 , " of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk " , passed by a special remainder , which included Lord Nelson 's father and sisters and their male issue , to Lord Nelson 's brother , The Reverend William Nelson . William Nelson was created Earl Nelson and Viscount Merton of Trafalgar and Merton in the County of Surrey in recognition of his brother 's services , and also inherited the Dukedom of Bronté .
= = = Armorial bearings = = =
Arms were originally granted and confirmed on 20 October 1797 . The original Nelson family arms were altered to accommodate his naval victories . After the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797 , Nelson was dubbed a Knight of the Bath and granted heraldic supporters of a sailor and a lion . In honour of the Battle of the Nile of 1798 , the Crown granted him an augmentation of arms that may be blazoned " on a chief wavy argent a palm tree between a disabled ship and a ruinous battery all issuant from waves of the sea all proper " , the motto , " Palmam qui meruit ferat " ( " let him who has earned it , bear the palm " , Latin ) , and added to his supporters a palm branch in the hand of the sailor and the paw of the lion , and a " tri @-@ colored flag and staff in the mouth of the latter " After his death , his older brother and heir was granted the augmentation " on a fess wavy overall azure the word TRAFALGAR Or " .
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= Heuschrecke 10 =
The Heuschrecke 10 ( English : Grasshopper 10 ) was a prototype self @-@ propelled gun and Waffenträger ( English : " Weapon carrier " ) developed by Krupp @-@ Gruson between 1943 and 1944 . The official designation of the vehicle was 105 mm leichte Feldhaubitze 18 / 1 L / 28 auf Waffenträger Geschützwagen IVb and was to be built in Magdeburg , Germany . The Heuschrecke featured a removable turret which could be deployed as a pillbox or towed behind the vehicle as an artillery piece .
Krupp produced only three prototypes from 1942 – 1943 . The Heuschrecke initially made use of a shortened Panzerkampfwagen IV ( Panzer IV ) chassis , but it was later switched to the Geschützwagen IV chassis , developed for the Hummel self @-@ propelled gun . Mass production of the Heuschrecke 10 was scheduled to start in February 1945 , but never occurred .
= = Development = =
= = = Precursor = = =
Towards the end of September 1939 , Krupp designed the " first real self @-@ propelled artillery piece " , the Sonderkraftfahrzeug 165 / 1 ( Special Purpose Vehicle 165 / 1 , abbreviated Sd.Kfz. 165 / 1 ) . The Sd.Kfz. 165 / 1 was similar in design to the Heuschrecke , but did not have the chassis @-@ mounted launching mechanism to remove the turret . After a series of tests , the Sd.Kfz. 165 / 1 was accepted by the Wehrmacht in early January 1940 . In 1941 , Krupp built prototype vehicles armed with the 105 mm leichte Feldhaubitze 18 / 1 L / 28 ( light field howitzer 18 / 1 L / 28 , abbreviated leFH 18 / 1 L / 28 ) cannon based on a modified Panzer IV chassis . The prototypes were fitted with a smaller six @-@ cylinder Maybach HL66P engine , which had a power capacity of 188 hp ( 140 kW ) . Although 200 vehicles were ordered , Krupp completed only 10 prototypes in the final four months of 1942 . These saw service on the Eastern Front .
= = = Prototypes = = =
The design phase of the Heuschrecke began in 1942 , when Krupp conceived a new type of self @-@ propelled artillery . In 1943 , Krupp produced three prototypes , with serial numbers from 582501 to 582503 , which were designated as either Heuschrecke 10 or Heuschrecke IVb .
The Heuschrecke designed by Krupp was similar in design to a vehicle built by Alkett and Rheinmetall @-@ Borsig , the 105 mm leFH 18 / 40 / 2 auf Geschützwagen III / IV , which was ready in March 1944 . The competing Rheinmetall @-@ Borsig model had overall slightly better performance than that of Krupps ' vehicle . It was decided , however , to utilize an alternate chassis on the Rheinmetall @-@ Borsig model , that of the Panzer IV . Production was to start in October 1944 , but the chassis choice was changed to that of the Geschützwagen IV in December 1944 . Production , in Magdeburg , was then intended to commence in February 1945 , but none were produced .
= = = Cancellation = = =
The Nazi high command thought that the production of the Heuschrecke would disrupt the production of the needed Panzers . The quantity of materials required for the construction of weapon @-@ carriers were so great that companies like Krupp were told to halt production . The majority of weapon @-@ carriers never left the production stage . The Heuschrecke was seen as interesting by the General Inspector of the Panzer Troops , Heinz Guderian , however , Guderian agreed that their development was not worth the disruption to tank production . The development of the Heuschrecke was therefore canceled in February 1943 .
= = Design = =
= = = Turret = = =
The distinguishing feature of the Heuschrecke was its removable turret . A lifting gantry attached to the chassis could remove the turret for use on concrete fortifications or the ground . Although the howitzer could equally be fired from the chassis , the vehicle was designed to carry the artillery piece to a firing emplacement for removal before usage . The turretless vehicle could be used as an ammunition carrier or recovery vehicle . The prototype turret was armed with the 105 mm leFH 18 / 1 L / 28 . The production models , however , were to have the 105 mm leFH 43 L / 28 .
= = = Chassis and Engine = = =
The Heuschrecke consisted of a welded steel hull , with thickness ranging from 10 to 25 millimeters , and sloped armour to deflect incoming fire more effectively . It had a large ammunition stowage , making it one of the chosen ammunition @-@ carriers to help alleviate losses of ammunition that could not otherwise be transported . The original prototype engine was the twelve @-@ cylinder Maybach HL90 , but for the production models , the twelve @-@ cylinder Maybach HL100 was chosen .
= = Surviving vehicle = =
It is believed only one Heuschrecke 10 survived the war . This sole survivor was originally on display at Aberdeen Proving Grounds . It was transferred from there to the Fort Sill Field Artillery Museum in Fort Sill , Oklahoma along with several other World War II self @-@ propelled guns . Shortly after its arrival at Fort Sill in 2012 , the Grasshopper 10 was restored by the Fort Sill Directorate of Logistics paint shop .
= = Specification comparison = =
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= German destroyer Z3 Max Schultz =
The German destroyer Z3 Max Schultz was a Type 1934 destroyer built for the Kriegsmarine in the mid @-@ 1930s . Shortly before the beginning of World War II , the ship accidentally rammed and sank a German torpedo boat . Max Schultz spent the following month under repair . In mid @-@ February 1940 , while proceeding into the North Sea to search for British fishing trawlers , one of her sisters , Z1 Leberecht Maass , was bombed and sunk by a patrolling German bomber . While trying to rescue survivors , Max Schultz struck a British mine and sank with all hands .
= = Design and description = =
Max Schultz had an overall length of 119 meters ( 390 ft 5 in ) and was 114 meters ( 374 ft 0 in ) long at the waterline . The ship had a beam of 11 @.@ 30 meters ( 37 ft 1 in ) , and a maximum draft of 4 @.@ 23 meters ( 13 ft 11 in ) . She displaced 2 @,@ 223 long tons ( 2 @,@ 259 t ) at standard load and 3 @,@ 156 long tons ( 3 @,@ 207 t ) at deep load . The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets , each driving one propeller shaft , were designed to produce 70 @,@ 000 PS ( 51 @,@ 000 kW ; 69 @,@ 000 shp ) using steam provided by six high @-@ pressure Wagner boilers . The ship had a designed speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) , but her maximum speed was 38 @.@ 7 knots ( 71 @.@ 7 km / h ; 44 @.@ 5 mph ) . Max Schultz carried a maximum of 752 metric tons ( 740 long tons ) of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of 4 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 100 km ; 5 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but the ship proved top @-@ heavy in service and 30 % of the fuel had to be retained as ballast low in the ship . The effective range proved to be only 1 @,@ 530 nmi ( 2 @,@ 830 km ; 1 @,@ 760 mi ) at 19 knots .
The ship carried five 12 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 34 guns in single mounts with gun shields , two each superimposed , fore and aft . The fifth gun was carried on top of the aft superstructure . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four 3 @.@ 7 cm SK C / 30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and six 2 cm C / 30 guns in single mounts . Max Schultz carried eight above @-@ water 53 @.@ 3 @-@ centimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes in two power @-@ operated mounts . A pair of reload torpedoes were provided for each mount . Four depth charge throwers were mounted on the sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern . Enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each . Mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines . A system of passive hydrophones designated as ' GHG ' ( Gruppenhorchgerät ) was fitted to detect submarines . The crew numbered 10 officers and 315 enlisted men , plus an additional four officers and 19 enlisted men if serving as a flotilla flagship .
= = Construction and career = =
The ship was ordered on 7 July 1934 and laid down at Deutsche Werke , Kiel , on 2 January 1935 as yard number K244 . She was launched on 30 November 1935 and completed on 8 April 1937 . She was named after Max Schultz who commanded the torpedo boat V69 and was killed in action in January 1917 . Korvettenkapitän Martin Balzer was appointed as her first captain . Max Schultz was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Division on 26 October 1937 and made a port visit to Ulvik , Norway in April 1938 , together with her sisters Z2 Georg Thiele and Z4 Richard Beitzen . Upon her return she was taken in hand by Deutsche Werke to have her bow rebuilt to reduce the amount of water that came over the bow in head seas . This increased her length by .3 meters ( 1 ft 0 in ) . The ship participated in the August Fleet Review and the following fleet exercise . In December , Max Schultz , together with her sisters Leberecht Maass , Georg Thiele , and Richard Beitzen , sailed to the area of Iceland to evaluate their seaworthiness in a North Atlantic winter with their new bows . On 23 – 24 March 1939 , the ship was one of the destroyers that escorted Adolf Hitler aboard the pocket battleship Deutschland to occupy Memel . She participated in the Spring fleet exercise in the western Mediterranean , as the flagship of Rear Admiral Günther Lütjens , and made several visits to Spanish and Moroccan ports in April and May .
Days before the outbreak of World War II , in the early morning hours of 27 August 1939 , the destroyer accidentally collided with and sank the torpedo boat Tiger near Bornholm . Two men were killed and six were wounded aboard the torpedo boat , while no one was injured aboard Max Schultz . The latter 's bow was severely damaged and she had to be towed , stern @-@ first , by Z2 Georg Thiele . Two tugboats arrived a half @-@ hour later and took over the tow to Swinemünde at a speed of 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) . Max Schultz was under repair until late September and did not participate in the Polish Campaign .
She patrolled the Skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods during October . While returning from one such patrol on 28 October , one of the ship 's turbines exploded , causing boiler room No. 1 to flood and knocking out the ship 's power . Attempts to tow her failed , but the ship eventually managed to restore power and she sailed to Kiel for repairs . Max Schultz , Beitzen and Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt laid 110 magnetic mines in the Shipwash area , off Harwich , on 9 / 10 February 1940 that sank six ships of 28 @,@ 496 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaged another .
On 22 February , Max Schultz and five other destroyers , Z1 Leberecht Maass , Z4 Richard Beitzen , Z6 Theodor Riedel , Z13 Erich Koellner and Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt , sailed for the Dogger Bank to intercept British fishing vessels in " Operation Wikinger " . En route , the flotilla was erroneously attacked by a Heinkel He 111 bomber from Bomber Wing ( Kampfgeschwader ) 26 . Leberecht Maass was hit by at least one bomb , lost steering , and broke in half , sinking with the loss of 280 of her crew . During the rescue effort , Max Schultz hit a mine and sank with the loss of her entire crew of 308 . Hitler ordered a Court of Inquiry to be convened to investigate the cause of the losses and it concluded that both ships that been sunk by bombs from the He 111 . The Kriegsmarine had failed to notify its destroyers that the Luftwaffe was making anti @-@ shipping patrols at that time and had also failed to inform the Luftwaffe that its destroyers would be at sea . Postwar evidence revealed that one or both ships struck a British minefield laid by the destroyers Ivanhoe and Intrepid .
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= Battle of Lang Vei =
The Battle of Lang Vei ( Vietnamese : Trận Làng Vây ) began on the evening of 6 February and concluded during the early hours of 7 February 1968 , in Quảng Trị Province , South Vietnam . Towards the end of 1967 the 198th Tank Battalion , Vietnam People 's Army ( VPA ) 203rd Armored Regiment , received instructions from the North Vietnamese Ministry of Defense to reinforce the 304th Division as part of the Route 9 @-@ Khe Sanh Campaign . After an arduous journey down the Ho Chi Minh trail in January 1968 , the 198th Tank Battalion linked up with the 304th Division for a major offensive along Highway 9 , which stretched from the Laotian border through to Quảng Trị Province . On 23 January , the VPA 24th Regiment attacked the small Laotian outpost at Bane Houei Sane , under the control of the Royal Laos Army BV @-@ 33 ‘ Elephant ’ Battalion .
In that battle the 198th Tank Battalion failed to reach the battle on time because its tank crews struggled to navigate their tank equipment through the rough local terrain . However , as soon as the PT @-@ 76 tanks of the 198th Tank Battalion turned up at Bane Houei Sane , the Laotian soldiers and their families panicked and retreated into South Vietnam . After Bane Houei Sane was captured , the 24th Regiment prepared for another attack which targeted the U.S. Special Forces Camp at Lang Vei , manned by Detachment A @-@ 101 of the 5th Special Forces Group . On 6 February , the North Vietnamese 24th Regiment , again supported by the 198th Tank Battalion , launched their assault on Lang Vei . Despite fighting with air and artillery support , the U.S.-led forces conceded ground and the North Vietnamese quickly dominated their positions . By the early hours of 7 February the command bunker was the only position still held by allied forces , but they were besieged by North Vietnamese soldiers above ground . During the entire ordeal , U.S. and indigenous Civilian Irregular Defense Group ( CIDG ) forces trapped inside the command bunker had to endure North Vietnamese harassment , which came in the form of fragmentation and tear gas grenades . To rescue the American survivors inside the Lang Vei Camp , a counter @-@ attack was mounted , but the Laotian soldiers , who formed the bulk of the attack formation , refused to fight the North Vietnamese . Later on , U.S. Special Forces personnel were able to escape from the camp , and were rescued by a U.S. Marine task force . { 242 , Stanton , The Rise and fall of an American Army }
= = Background = =
= = = North Vietnam = = =
The task of capturing Lang Vei was entrusted to the 24th Regiment , Vietnam People 's Army 304th Division , led by Colonel Le Cong Phe . The regiment was to be supported by the 2nd Battalion ( part of the 101D Regiment , 325th Division ) , the 2nd Artillery Battalion ( part of the 675th Artillery Regiment ) , one tank company ( part of the 198th Tank Battalion , 203rd Armored Regiment ) , two sapper companies , one anti @-@ aircraft gun company , and one flamethrower platoon . One of the most important features of the North Vietnamese formation were the elements of the 203rd Armoured Regiment ; the Route 9 @-@ Khe Sanh Campaign marked the first time the Vietnam People ’ s Army deployed its armored forces on the battlefield . In 1964 , soldiers of North Vietnam ’ s first armored unit — the 202nd Armored Regiment — was sent into South Vietnam without their T @-@ 34 main battle tanks , because their prime mission was to learn enemy armor tactics in order to prepare for future missions . On 22 June 1965 , the North Vietnamese Ministry of Defense passed Resolution 100 / QD @-@ QP , to establish the 203rd Armored Regiment , and Resolution 101 / QD @-@ QP to create an Armored Force Command .
For North Vietnamese commanders , the creation of an independent armored force command represented a significant milestone in the development of their army , because it enabled them to respond to the circumstances on the battlefield with a modern armored force . To prepare for their upcoming mission , the 203rd Armored Regiment undertook a series of combined @-@ arms training with infantry and artillery units in different types of terrain , in order to operate in Vietnam ’ s rough mountainous and jungle conditions . On 5 August 1967 , the Ministry of Defense ordered the 203rd Armored Regiment to form a sub @-@ unit , namely the 198th Tank Battalion equipped with 22 PT @-@ 76 amphibious tanks , to bolster the strength of the 304th Division in South Vietnam . From their base in Luong Son , Hòa Bình Province , the 198th Tank Battalion began their arduous 1 @,@ 350 kilometers ( 840 mi ) journey down the Ho Chi Minh trail under constant U.S. air @-@ strikes . In January 1968 , the 198th Tank Battalion arrived on the field where it joined the 304th Division for an attack on the Laotian outpost of Ban Houei Sane .
= = = United States = = =
The Lang Vei Special Forces Camp was placed under the control of the United States Army 's Detachment A @-@ 101 , Company C , 5th Special Forces Group , to train and equip locally recruited Vietnamese through the Civilian Irregular Defense Group ( CIDG ) program . Detachment A @-@ 101 had originally been established in July 1962 at Khe Sanh . In 1966 , Detachment A @-@ 101 moved to its first site at an area near the village of Lang Vei , when the United States Marines took control of Khe Sanh as part of an American military build @-@ up in South Vietnam ’ s northern provinces . However , the first camp at Lang Vei proved to be only temporary , when the North Vietnamese army attacked the camp on May 4 , 1967 . Even though the North Vietnamese attack had been repelled , damage to the camp was extensive . Since the original camp site had lacked good observation and fields of fire beyond the barbed @-@ wire perimeter , the 5th Special Forces Group commander decided to move the camp to a more suitable area , about 1 @,@ 000 meters to the west . The new camp , situated on Highway 9 about 7 kilometers ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) to the west of Khe Sanh , was completed in 1967 .
In 1967 , Captain Franklin C. Willoughby assumed command of Detachment A @-@ 101 at Lang Vei , which had a tactical area of responsibility of 220 square kilometers ( 85 sq mi ) , and was one of nine operational CIDG camps in I Corps Tactical Zone . From Lang Vei , U.S Special Forces personnel worked jointly with a 14 @-@ man South Vietnamese special forces contingent and six interpreters ; they were responsible for border surveillance , interdiction of enemy infiltration and assistance in the Revolutionary Development Program . To accomplish those tasks Willoughby had one Montagnard company , three South Vietnamese rifle companies and three combat reconnaissance platoons at his disposal . Early in January 1968 , Detachment A @-@ 101 received reinforcements in the form of a Mobile Strike Force Company , consisting of 161 Hre tribesmen , along with six U.S. Special Forces advisors . Elements of this Mobile Strike Force Company operated from a fortified bunker about 800 meters west of the camp , which served as an observation post . During the day the Hre tribesmen of the Mobile Strike Force conducted patrols ; at night they took up ambush positions in the vicinity of the camp .
Prior to the battle , Willoughby placed Company 101 of 82 Bru Montagnard tribesmen , on the northeastern flank of the camp , with the 3rd Combat Reconnaissance Platoon positioned just behind it . Company 104 was placed in the southern end of the camp ; Company 102 , consisting of 42 men , was positioned at the opposite end about 450 meters to the west , while the 43 @-@ man Company 103 was positioned further south . The 1st and 2nd Combat Reconnaissance Platoons were placed at the northern and southern perimeters respectively , about 200 meters apart . Individually , the CIDG personnel carried M1 and M2 carbines with nearly 250 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , and each company was also equipped with one 81mm mortar . Among heavy weapons , there were two 106mm recoilless rifles , two 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch mortars and nineteen 60mm mortars positioned around the camp . For close @-@ in support , the CIDG personnel were furnished with 100 disposable M @-@ 72 anti @-@ tank weapons . If necessary , Willoughby could also request support from at least two rifle companies from the United States 24th Marines Regiment based at Khe Sanh , along with artillery support from other locations within range .
= = Prelude = =
Following the construction of the new camp site west of Lang Vei , Willoughby and his CIDG soldiers concentrated their efforts on strengthening the camp ’ s defenses , and they made relatively few contacts with the North Vietnamese . However , unbeknown to Willoughby , the North Vietnamese 304th Division had assembled on the battlefield , reinforced by the 198th Tank Battalion , with the following orders : the 66th Regiment was given the task of capturing Khe Sanh village , part of Huong Hoa District , to begin their Route 9 @-@ Khe Sanh Campaign ; the 24th Regiment was ordered to destroy the enemy strongholds of Ban Houei Sane and Lang Vei ; while the 9th Regiment was ordered to destroy any reinforcements that may try to relieve those bases areas . From December 1967 , CIDG soldiers operating from Lang Vei began to report more frequent contacts with the North Vietnamese . By mid @-@ January , U.S. military intelligence also reported movements of North Vietnamese formations across the Xe Pone River from Laos into South Vietnam . At the same time , the North Vietnamese began to harass the Lang Vei Special Forces Camp with mortar and artillery fire at least two or three times a week , and North Vietnamese patrols even probed the camp ’ s perimeters .
On January 21 , 1968 , the North Vietnamese 66th Regiment began their attack on Khe Sanh village , seat of the local Huong Hoa government . At that time , Khe Sanh village was defended by the South Vietnamese Regional Force 915th Company and the U.S. Marines Combined Action Company Oscar . Throughout the night , the combined U.S and South Vietnamese forces held their position , but at the first daylight U.S. soldiers on the ground called in air strikes and artillery support from the Khe Sanh Combat Base . Fighting in and around Khe Sanh village continued throughout the day and into the following night , and was finally captured at 09 : 30 on 22 January . At 11 : 00am Colonel David Lownds ordered Delta Company , of 1 / 26th Marines Regiment , to relieve the defenders inside Khe Sanh village , but reversed his orders after second thoughts about North Vietnamese ambushes . Later , the South Vietnamese Regional Force 256th Company was destroyed by the enemies ’ 9th Regiment as they marched towards Khe Sanh village . The North Vietnamese 66th Regiment paid a heavy price for their victory with 154 killed and 496 wounded .
On the evening of 23 January , one day after the fall of Khe Sanh village , the North Vietnamese 304th Division moved against their next target , the small Laotian outpost at Ban Houei Sane . Prior to 1968 , Laotian forces at Ban Houei Sane had played an important role in the war , watching North Vietnamese infiltration into South Vietnam from a section of the Ho Chi Minh Trail running through Laos . The outpost was manned by 700 Laotian soldiers of BV @-@ 33 ‘ Elephant ’ Battalion , Royal Laos Army , led by Lieutenant Colonel Soulang Phetsampou . As night fell , the North Vietnamese 3rd Battalion of the 24th Regiment began attacking the outpost . The 198th Tank Battalion , which was tasked with supporting the 24th Regiment , was delayed as their tank crews tried to navigate their PT @-@ 76 amphibious tanks through the rough local terrain . However , confusion quickly descended on the Laotian defenders as North Vietnamese PT @-@ 76 tanks turned up outside their outpost . After three hours of fighting , Soulang decided to abandon his outpost , so he radioed the Lang Vei Special Forces Camp and requested helicopters to evacuate his men and their families . However , as helicopters were unavailable , the Laotians decided to move eastward by foot along Highway 9 , in an attempt to reach Lang Vei just across the border in South Vietnam .
Following the collapse of both Khe Sanh village and Ban Houei Sane , thousands of civilian refugees made their way towards Lang Vei village and the Special Forces Camp . With an estimated 8 @,@ 000 non @-@ combatants within a thousand meters of his camp , Willoughby radioed Da Nang for assistance . This arrived on January 25 in the form of food and medical supplies , along with a six @-@ man Special Forces augmentation team . The Laotian soldiers of BV @-@ 33 , with assistance from the new Special Forces team , were given materials to restore the old Lang Vei Camp , where they would remain until further orders were issued from Da Nang . The Laotian soldiers and their families brought with them stories of a North Vietnamese attack supported by tanks , which was a cause for concern for Willoughby , because Ban Houei Sane was only 15 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) away across the border . On January 30 , Willoughby 's fears were confirmed when a North Vietnamese deserter , Private Luong Dinh Du , surrendered himself to the U.S. Special Forces in Lang Vei . Under interrogation , Private Du revealed that tracked vehicles had positioned near his unit , but a planned attack was canceled twice for unknown reasons .
= = Battle = =
In response to the threat posed by the North Vietnamese , Willoughby stepped up daytime patrols and night ambushes around his camp . On the afternoon of February 6 , Lieutenant Colonel Daniel F. Shungel — commander of Company C , 5th Special Forces — flew into Lang Vei from Da Nang as a diplomatic gesture towards the Laotian commander Phetsampou . At 23 : 30 , North Vietnamese artillery started pounding the Lang Vei Special Forces Camp , which covered the movement of the 24th Regiment and the 3rd Battalion , 101D Regiment . From an observation post above the tactical operations centre , Sergeant Nickolas Fragos saw the first North Vietnamese tanks moving along Lang Troai road , attempting to breach the barbed @-@ wires just in front of Company 104 . He immediately went down to the tactical operations center and described what he had witnessed to Willoughby ; Shungel then advised Willoughby to concentrate all available artillery and air support on the North Vietnamese formation just in front of Company 104 . Soon afterwards , three North Vietnamese PT @-@ 76 tanks were knocked out by a 106mm recoilless rifle manned by Sergeant First Class James W. Holt , but the barbed wire in front of Company 104 was quickly overcome by the combined North Vietnamese tank @-@ infantry attack .
Meanwhile , from inside the tactical operations center , Willoughby was busy calling in air and artillery support . He also radioed the 26th Marines Regiment at Khe Sanh to request the deployment of two rifle companies as part of the reinforcement plan , but his request was denied . Believing that the attack on Company 104 was the enemy ’ s main effort , Willoughby concentrated his artillery support there during the early stages of the battle . About 10 minutes after the artillery had begun firing , a U.S. Air Force forward air @-@ controller arrived over Lang Vei along with a flareship and an AC @-@ 119 Shadow gunship . Willoughby then requested air strikes on the ravines located north of the camp , on Lang Troai road , and the areas west of the early warning outpost manned by the Hre soldiers of the Mobile Strike Force . Despite the ferocity of the air strikes and artillery fire , the North Vietnamese managed to break through the Company 104 area , forcing the defenders to retreat into the 2nd and 3rd Combat Reconnaissance Platoon positions behind them . By 01 : 15 , the North Vietnamese had captured the entire eastern end of the Special Forces Camp and , from the Company 104 area , began pouring fire on Company 101 .
At the opposite end of the camp , three North Vietnamese PT @-@ 76 tanks rolled through the barbed @-@ wire barrier in front of Company 102 and 103 . From point blank , North Vietnamese tank crews destroyed several bunkers with their guns , forcing the soldiers of Company 102 and 103 to abandon their positions . Those who survived the onslaught either retreated to the reconnaissance positions , or along Highway 9 , toward Khe Sanh in the east . About 800 meters to the west , Sergeant First Class Charles W. Lindewald , an adviser to the Mobile Strike Force , also reported back to Willoughby that the early warning outpost was in danger of being overrun . To save it , Lindewald directed artillery strikes on the North Vietnamese troops moving up towards his outpost , but he later died from a gunshot wound to the stomach as the North Vietnamese overran the outpost . At about 01 : 30 , Shungel and his hastily organized tank @-@ killer teams were busy engaging the North Vietnamese tanks that were roaming the Company 104 area ; on many occasions the M @-@ 72 rockets fired by the Americans either missed completely , jammed , misfired , or simply failed to knock out the enemy tanks . By 02 : 30 , the North Vietnamese had broken through the inner perimeter of the camp , and began harassing the soldiers trapped inside the tactical operations center , which included Willoughby along with seven other Americans , three South Vietnamese special forces , and 26 CIDG soldiers .
Above ground , American and Vietnamese soldiers who had escaped death or capture tried to escape from the North Vietnamese . From the team house , a group of four Americans and about 50 CIDG soldiers held a quick conference and decided that they would leave the camp through the northern perimeter , where there was no visible sign of the North Vietnamese . Without much difficulty , the Americans and the CIDG soldiers were able to make it through the barbed @-@ wire barrier , but North Vietnamese soldiers on the eastern side of the camp had detected their movement and began firing on the group . Ultimately , only two Americans and about 10 Vietnamese soldiers managed to escape from the camp , taking refuge in a dry creek bed that offered some cover and concealment . At around 03 : 30 am , Willoughby made another request for the Marines at Khe Sanh to send reinforcements , but again his request was turned down . In an attempt to save the defenders at Lang Vei , Company C Headquarters in Da Nang tried to call for reinforcements from the Marines at Khe Sanh , but its request was also turned down . Finally , Company C Headquarters placed another Mobile Strike Force Company and a company @-@ sized unit on standby alert in Da Nang , to be airlifted into battle as soon as helicopters were available .
Back in Lang Vei , the North Vietnamese continued to harass the small force of soldiers still trapped in the command bunker with hand grenades , explosives and bursts of gunfire down the stairwell that led into the bunker . Shortly after 06 : 00 am , the North Vietnamese threw several fragmentation grenades and tear gas grenades down the stairwell , causing panic amongst the defenders . Then , a voice called down the stairwell in Vietnamese , demanding the American @-@ led forces give up at once . Following a quick discussion with his CIDG soldiers , the South Vietnamese special forces commander led his troops up the stairwell to surrender but were killed by North Vietnamese soldiers , leaving behind their American counterparts . After the South Vietnamese had gone up , there was another short verbal exchange between the Americans in the bunker and the North Vietnamese in English , which was followed by another fire @-@ fight when the Americans refused surrender . At 06 : 30 am , the North Vietnamese successfully blasted a hole on the northern wall , gaining direct access into the command bunker . However , instead of launching a direct attack on the last American stronghold , the North Vietnamese continued to throw grenades through the wall .
At dawn , Sergeant First Class Eugene Ashley , Jr. assembled about 100 Laotian soldiers of BV @-@ 33 at the old Lang Vei Camp in order to launch a rescue operation and , if possible , recapture the Special Forces Camp from the North Vietnamese . Even though Phetsampou had initially refused to take part in the operation , the Americans held him to his earlier promise of providing them with troops . After Ashley had formed the Laotian soldiers into a skirmish line , he radioed the forward air @-@ controllers overhead to direct strafing runs on the Special Forces Camp to soften up the enemy . Ashley was killed after making several attempts to rescue the soldiers trapped in the Command bunker , and he was postumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor .
Meanwhile , as General William C. Westmoreland learned of the North Vietnamese attack on Lang Vei and Lownd ’ s refusal to send a relief force , he ordered the U.S. Marines to supply enough helicopters to airlift a 50 @-@ man strike force with the aim of rescuing the survivors . Subsequently , Colonel Jonathan F. Ladd — commanding officer of the 5th Special Forces Group — and Major General Norman J. Anderson , commander of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing — were directed to formulate a rescue plan . While Willoughby and his men waited for help in the command bunker , Ashley and his Laotian contingent cautiously entered the Special Forces Camp .
The Laotian soldiers were evidently reluctant to advance on the enemy , and only inched forward when the Americans ordered them to do so . In their first attempt to break through North Vietnamese lines , Ashley and his men were beaten back . Undeterred , the American @-@ led forces tried to penetrate North Vietnamese positions several times , and only stopped after Ashley was shot in the chest and later killed by an exploding artillery round . The Laotians , who feared the North Vietnamese , disengaged from the fight and fled . After Ashley 's final attack had failed , Willoughby and his men made the decision to abandon their position . However , after Specialist Four James L. Moreland was mortally wounded , Captain Willoughby decided to leave him in the bunker , because the remaining Americans were in no physical condition to carry out the wounded man . Under the cover of U.S. air strikes , Willoughby and other American survivors ran towards the old Lang Vei Camp , which was evacuated by U.S. Marine CH @-@ 46 from HMM @-@ 262 , which lifted in a 50 @-@ man reaction force . By 17 : 30 on 7 February , all known survivors had been evacuated to Khe Sanh .
= = Aftermath = =
The fight for Lang Vei , though short in duration , was a costly endeavor for both sides . In their efforts to hold the camp , the combined Montagnard and South Vietnamese CIDG soldiers suffered 309 killed , 64 wounded , and 122 captured . Of the original 24 Americans who took part in the battle , seven were killed in action , 11 sustained injuries , and three were captured . Nearly all of the camp ’ s weaponry and equipment were either destroyed or captured by enemy forces . In contrast , for North Vietnam , the battle for Lang Vei marked the first successful use of armor in the war . In terms of human casualties , the North Vietnamese claimed to have lost 90 soldiers killed in action , and 220 wounded . On the evening of February 7 , though the fight was over for the military forces , the ordeal continued for the civilians who were caught in the fighting . An estimated 6 @,@ 000 survivors from the old Lang Vei Camp that included South Vietnamese soldiers and their families , Montagnard tribesmen and the Laotians , followed the Americans and descended on the Khe Sanh Combat Base .
However , when they reached the American compound , Lownds refused to give them entry because he feared that North Vietnamese soldiers may have mingled with the crowd . Instead , Lownds ordered his soldiers to herd the civilians into bomb craters , disarmed the local soldiers , and kept them under guard even though North Vietnamese artillery shells continued to rain down on the base . No food or medical aid was given to the civilians as they were kept outside the wires of the American compound . Frustrated by the lack of support and poor treatment by the Americans , Phetsampou complained that his people were being treated more like an enemy . On 10 February , Laotian civilian refugees started walking back to Laos along Highway 9 , because they feared for their lives and preferred to die in their own country . On February 15 , through arrangements made by the Laotian embassy in Saigon , the Laotian commander and his soldiers were flown back to their country on a Royal Laotian Air Force C @-@ 47 transport aircraft .
= = Video = =
Battle of Ta May @-@ Lang Vei ( In Vietnamese ) on YouTube
Special Forces : Untold Stories - The U.S. Green Beret : The Battle of Lang Vei
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= 2006 Gator Bowl =
The 2006 Gator Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Louisville Cardinals and the Virginia Tech Hokies at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , United States , on January 2 , 2006 . The game was the final contest of the 2005 football season for each team and resulted in a 35 – 24 Virginia Tech victory . Louisville represented the Big East Conference ( Big East ) , and Virginia Tech represented the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) in the competition .
Virginia Tech was selected as a participant in the 2006 Gator Bowl following a 10 – 2 regular season that included wins over 15th @-@ ranked Georgia Tech and traditional rivals Virginia and West Virginia . A loss to Florida State in the inaugural ACC Championship Game gave Tech a position in the Gator Bowl instead of the more prestigious Bowl Championship Series @-@ run Orange Bowl game . Facing the 12th @-@ ranked Hokies were the 15th @-@ ranked Louisville Cardinals , who finished 9 – 2 during the regular season of their first year in the Big East Conference . Louisville won its last five games before the Gator Bowl and participated in the Liberty Bowl at the end of the previous season . Pre @-@ game media coverage of the game focused on Virginia Tech 's fall from being a contender for the national championship , Louisville 's loss of star quarterback Brian Brohm to injury , the fact that both teams were playing under new conference affiliations , and the rise of Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick , younger brother of NFL star Michael Vick .
The 2006 Gator Bowl began on January 2 , 2006 , at 12 : 30 p.m. EST in Jacksonville . Louisville led for much of the game , beginning with an 11 @-@ yard touchdown pass in the first quarter by backup quarterback Hunter Cantwell , who filled in for the injured Brohm . Tech 's offense replied with a field goal , but Louisville was able to add another touchdown before the end of the quarter , extending its lead to 14 – 3 . In the second quarter , Virginia Tech fought back and narrowed Louisville 's lead to a single touchdown . At halftime , the score was 17 – 10 in Louisville 's favor . In the second half , Virginia Tech 's offense began to have success . Tech earned the only points of the third quarter — a 28 @-@ yard field goal from kicker Brandon Pace — to narrow Louisville 's lead to 17 – 13 . In the fourth quarter , the game fully turned in the Hokies ' favor . Though Louisville scored a touchdown early in the quarter , Virginia Tech scored 22 unanswered points in the final 13 minutes of the game to take a 35 – 24 lead and earn the win .
Tailback Cedric Humes was named the most valuable player of the game for Virginia Tech , and quarterback Hunter Cantwell was named the Cardinals ' most valuable player . Tech punter Nic Schmitt set Gator Bowl records for punt yardage and average punt distance , kicking the ball six times for 300 yards , an average of 50 yards per kick . Virginia Tech 's win was marred by excessive penalties and unsportsmanlike conduct that resulted in the ejection of one player . Following the game , Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick was released from the team as a result of several incidents of misconduct , including a stomp on Louisville defender Elvis Dumervil 's leg during the game . Several players who participated in the game , including Dumervil , later went on to careers in the National Football League .
= = Team selection = =
In the 2005 college football season , the Atlantic Coast Conference had an automatic bid to the Gator Bowl . By contract , the Gator Bowl Association — which produces the game — possessed the first pick of bowl @-@ eligible ACC teams after the winner of the ACC Championship Game was given a spot in a Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) game . This was the final year that the Gator Bowl had first pick of eligible ACC teams , as contract renegotiations later resulted in the Gator Bowl slipping to the third selection , beginning with the 2006 college football season . Virginia Tech , losers of the 2005 ACC Championship Game , were chosen by the Gator Bowl Association to participate as the ACC 's representative to the 2006 Gator Bowl .
The other half of the matchup would consist of either Notre Dame or the first selection from the Big East Conference after that conference 's automatic BCS bid . Because Notre Dame was selected to play in the 2006 Fiesta Bowl , a BCS game , the Gator Bowl Association was required to select the Big East 's Louisville Cardinals , which , like Virginia Tech , finished second in their conference .
= = = Virginia Tech = = =
The Virginia Tech Hokies football team began the 2005 college football season as reigning Atlantic Coast Conference football champions . The Hokies also played in the 2005 Sugar Bowl against the third @-@ ranked Auburn Tigers , losing 16 – 13 in a close contest . Expectations were high for the Hokies to repeat their ACC championship performance the next year , and a preseason poll of media covering ACC football resulted in Virginia Tech being picked to face Florida State in the inaugural ACC Championship Game .
In its first game of the season , however , eighth @-@ ranked Virginia Tech almost let those expectations fall short . At North Carolina State , the Hokies trailed at halftime and were tied at the beginning of the fourth quarter before eking out a 20 – 16 win in the final minutes . The Hokies bounced back from the close contest in their second game of the season — against the Duke Blue Devils — as Tech raced to a 45 – 0 victory . The Hokies held Duke to just 35 yards of total offense , Tech 's best defensive performance in the modern era .
The win over Duke was followed by several others in succession . Heading into their ninth game of the season , the Hokies were 8 – 0 record and the third @-@ ranked college football team in the country . Against the fifth @-@ ranked Miami Hurricanes , however , Virginia Tech suffered its first defeat of the season , falling 27 – 7 . Tech recovered by winning its next two games , earning a spot in the inaugural Atlantic Coast Conference Championship Game , held in Jacksonville , Florida . There , the Hokies lost , 27 – 22 , to the Florida State Seminoles . The Seminoles earned an automatic bid to a Bowl Championship Series game by virtue of the victory — had Virginia Tech won the game , it would have been awarded the bid . The day after Tech lost the ACC Championship Game , the Gator Bowl extended a formal invitation to Virginia Tech , which the Hokies accepted . Ninth @-@ ranked Miami , the same team that beat the Hokies 27 – 7 earlier in the season , was considered for selection , but the Gator Bowl Association took into consideration Virginia Tech 's history of having a large fan base travel to its bowl games , and selected the Hokies on those grounds .
= = = Louisville = = =
The Louisville Cardinals football team came into the 2005 season having gone 11 – 1 the previous season , including a season @-@ ending 44 – 40 victory over Boise State in the 2004 Liberty Bowl . In addition , Louisville was also entering a new conference — the Big East — after departing Conference USA following the end of the 2004 season . In a poll of media members covering the Big East prior to the 2005 season , Louisville was predicted to win the Big East championship its first year in the conference .
In their first and second games of the season , the Cardinals lived up to that expectation . At in @-@ state rival Kentucky , Louisville earned a 31 – 24 victory to win the Governor 's Cup . This was followed the next week by a 63 – 27 victory over non @-@ conference opponent Oregon State . Unfortunately for the Cardinals , their first Big East conference game of the season — and of school history — did not go as well . At South Florida , the ninth @-@ ranked Cardinals were outscored 45 – 14 , the first time in 13 games Louisville 's offense was held to less than 30 points .
Following the loss , Louisville recovered , scoring 61 points and 69 points , respectively , in non @-@ conference wins over Florida Atlantic University and North Carolina , returning to their previous offensive success . Again , however , Louisville faltered against a Big East opponent . The Cardinals ' second Big East game , at West Virginia University , was another Louisville loss , 46 – 44 . West Virginia later went on to finish 11 – 1 for the season , winning the Big East championship and defeating the Georgia Bulldogs in the 2006 Sugar Bowl .
Louisville , meanwhile , returned to its winning ways . The Cardinals , following their loss to the Mountaineers , won their first Big East game in school history the next week , over the Cincinnati Bearcats , 46 – 22 . The rout of Cincinnati sparked a five @-@ game winning streak , which concluded on December 3 with a 30 – 20 victory over the University of Connecticut Huskies . Unfortunately for the Cardinals , starting quarterback Brian Brohm , who had the sixth @-@ best season ( in terms of passing yards ) in Louisville history , suffered a season @-@ ending knee injury . With West Virginia having won the Big East championship and an automatic Bowl Championship Series game bid , Big East second @-@ place Louisville was selected by the Gator Bowl even before the victory over Connecticut .
= = Pregame buildup = =
Pregame media and fan interest surrounding the game focused largely on Louisville 's top @-@ ranked offense and Virginia Tech 's first @-@ ranked scoring defense . Other major points of media coverage included the two teams ' quarterbacks : Louisville 's Hunter Cantwell , who replaced starter Brian Brohm after Brohm suffered a season @-@ ending knee injury ; and Virginia Tech 's Marcus Vick , brother of National Football League star Michael Vick . Also a concern for Louisville was the health of star running back Michael Bush , who missed two games in November due to an injury . On a wider note , there was also interest in the conference @-@ level showdown between a new Big East team ( Louisville ) and a team that left the Big East for the ACC after the 2003 season ( Virginia Tech ) . For Virginia Tech , there was also the hope of overcoming the disappointment of a season that saw the Hokies ranked third in the country and in the hunt for the national championship before failing to even win the Atlantic Coast Conference and missing a bid to a Bowl Championship Series game .
When betting on the game opened , spread bettors favored Virginia Tech by 10 points . Five days after betting opened , the point spread narrowed to 7 @.@ 5 , still in favor of Virginia Tech . Two weeks later , the point spread remained at 7 @.@ 5 in favor of Virginia Tech .
= = = Offensive matchup = = =
= = = = Louisville offense = = = =
Heading into the Gator Bowl , Louisville 's scoring offense was ranked third in the country — averaging 45 @.@ 2 points per game — and was held under 30 points just once in their preceding 21 games . The high @-@ powered Cardinals ' offense was predicted to pose a challenge for the Virginia Tech defense .
With star quarterback Brian Brohm having undergone surgery to repair a torn anterior cruciate ligament , there were some questions as to how backup Hunter Cantwell would perform under pressure . Cantwell played well in the Cardinals ' season @-@ ending contest against Connecticut , but some commentators predicted that Virginia Tech 's quicker defense would pose problems for him . In that contest , Cantwell completed 16 of 25 passes for 271 yards and a touchdown . In high school , Cantwell passed for 7 @,@ 272 yards and 70 touchdowns . His .606 career completion percentage ranked 11th in Kentucky state history .
Running back Michael Bush was predicted to return to form after suffering a foot injury that kept him out of two games in November . Bush ran for 121 yards and three touchdowns against Connecticut , his first game back from the injury . Heading into the Gator Bowl , Bush earned a school @-@ record 24 touchdowns and led the country in scoring . He ran for 1 @,@ 049 yards in nine games . He was also a capable receiver , catching 20 passes for 245 yards and a touchdown . But with Brohm on the sidelines , it was expected the Cardinals would rely on Bush 's legs more than usual , in an effort to minimize the need for the inexperienced Cantwell to pass the ball .
Louisville wide receiver Mario Urrutia , who caught 31 passes for 702 yards and six touchdowns during the regular season , stirred a bit of controversy in the final days leading up to the Gator Bowl after he declared that Virginia Tech 's first @-@ ranked defense was " mostly hype " .
= = = = Virginia Tech offense = = = =
Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick was considered the key player for the Virginia Tech offense heading into the Gator Bowl . The younger brother of first @-@ overall NFL Draft pick Michael Vick — who also played for Tech — Marcus led the league in passing efficiency ( 141 @.@ 6 rating ) , completed 166 of 268 passes ( 60 @.@ 3 percent ) for 2 @,@ 190 yards and 15 touchdowns , with ten interceptions . On the ground , he ran for 370 yards and six touchdowns . Prior to the Gator Bowl , he pledged that he would return for another season at Virginia Tech before entering the NFL draft . " The NFL is tough . It 's the real deal . You 've got to be ready for it . You just don 't want to rush into just throwing yourself out there because of the money or anything like that . You 've got to really be prepared for it " , he said .
On the ground , two different Tech players were predicted to share time running the ball . Senior running back Cedric Humes was predicted to get the bulk of the carries in the game , but redshirt freshman Branden Ore was also predicted to see some plays at times . Humes rushed the ball 140 times for 639 yards and ten touchdowns during the regular season . Ore , meanwhile , ran the ball for 591 yards and six touchdowns .
Wide receiver Josh Morgan was also considered a key component of the Hokie offense . Morgan finished the season with 28 receptions for 471 yards and four touchdowns . Prior to the game , Morgan predicted that if the Hokies executed their plays well , they would emerge the victors .
Backup guard Brandon Gore broke his ankle during the Hokies ' loss to Florida State and would not be able to participate . Senior Tech running back Mike Imoh , who shared time running the ball during the regular season with Ore and Humes , was also out after undergoing surgery to repair an injured ankle . Adding to the injury situation for Virginia Tech was offensive tackle Jimmy Martin , who suffered a sprained knee ligament in practice leading up to the game . Martin started 45 consecutive games prior to the Gator Bowl , a streak that was broken when he was replaced by Brandon Frye on the day of the game .
= = = Defensive matchup = = =
= = = = Louisville defense = = = =
Shortly after Louisville was selected to the 2006 Gator Bowl , Cardinals defensive end Elvis Dumervil was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Trophy , given annually to the top defensive college football player in the United States . Dumervil also earned several other honors in the weeks leading up to the game , including being named Big East Defensive Player of the Year , an Associated Press All @-@ American and earning the Ted Hendricks Award , given annually to the best defensive end in the country . Dumervil led the nation in sacks ( 20 ) and forced fumbles ( 10 ) during the regular season . Prior to the game , he announced that he was looking forward to the contest , saying , " To me , I wanted to play the best possible team in the Gator Bowl , and I think that 's what we 've got " .
A week and a half after Dumervil won the Nagurski Trophy , senior defensive tackle Montavious Stanley , who was a leader on defense for Louisville , underwent surgery to repair a torn pectoral muscle . Stanley was the Cardinals ' best run @-@ stopper on defense , amassing 48 tackles and 5 @.@ 5 sacks during the season .
= = = = Virginia Tech defense = = = =
Coming into the Gator Bowl , the Virginia Tech defense was ranked first in total defense , second in pass defense , fourth in rushing defense , and third in scoring defense , allowing an average of just over 12 points per game . The Virginia Tech defense was led by defensive end Darryl Tapp , a first @-@ team All @-@ ACC pick , an American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) All @-@ American , a finalist for the Lott Trophy , and a finalist for the Ted Hendricks Award . Tapp was considered a natural leader both on and off the field and led the Hokies ' defensive workouts during practice . Tapp finished the regular season with 45 tackles ( including 12 @.@ 5 for a loss ) and ten sacks . He was also named a second @-@ team Associated Press All @-@ American , and he won the Dudley Award , given annually to the best college football player in the state of Virginia .
Tech cornerback Jimmy F. Williams , considered a cornerstone of the Hokie defense , was a finalist for the Nagurski Trophy that season , but lost to Louisville 's Elvis Dumervil . Williams was Tech 's sole first @-@ team Associated Press All @-@ American and also was named to the American Football Coaches Association , Football Writers Association of American and Walter Camp All @-@ America teams . He recorded 44 tackles and an interception for the Hokies in the regular season . Williams had foregone entering the NFL draft after the 2004 college football season in order to return to Virginia Tech for his senior season , and he was expected to be a high draft pick upon graduation .
= = Game summary = =
The 2006 Gator Bowl kicked off at 12 : 30 p.m. EST on January 2 , 2006 in Jacksonville , Florida . Official attendance for the game was listed as 63 @,@ 780 , placing it at 34th ( out of 62 ) on the list of Gator Bowls in terms of attendance . At kickoff , the weather was mostly cloudy with a temperature of approximately 76 degrees . The wind was from the south @-@ southwest at 11 miles per hour ( 18 km / h ) . Approximately 4 @.@ 14 million American households watched the game on television , earning the game a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 93 . The pre @-@ game show featured the Marching Virginians , the Cardinal Marching Band , and the Wachovia Dance Team , a collection of Jacksonville @-@ area entertainers . Also before kickoff , the stadium was overflown by a flight of U.S. Navy F / A @-@ 18 Super Hornets from VFA @-@ 103 , based in Virginia . The national anthem was sung by Monty Lane Allen , member of a Gospel singing group .
= = = First quarter = = =
Virginia Tech won the ceremonial pre @-@ game coin toss to select first possession and deferred its option to the second half ; Louisville elected to receive the opening kick . The Cardinals began the game 's opening drive at their own 18 @-@ yard line after the opening kickoff . Running back Michael Bush rushed for 12 yards on the game 's opening play , netting the game 's first first down . Subsequent plays , however , saw Louisville struggle to gain another . Facing fourth down and six yards at their own 34 @-@ yard line , the Cardinals seemingly prepared to punt . Instead , the Cardinals executed a trick play by running back Kolby Smith , who ran with the ball . Smith surprised the Tech defense and broke free for a 30 @-@ yard run , converting the first down and continuing the Louisville drive . Eight plays later , Louisville quarterback Hunter Cantwell connected on an 11 @-@ yard pass to Mario Urrutia for a touchdown and the game 's first points . The extra point kick was good , and with 10 : 42 remaining in the first quarter , Louisville took a 7 – 0 lead .
Virginia Tech 's first possession of the game began at its own 32 @-@ yard line after Louisville 's post @-@ touchdown kickoff . Tech running back Cedric Humes gained 12 yards and a first down on the Hokies ' first play of the game , and quarterback Marcus Vick completed a 24 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Josh Hyman three plays later to get another first down and drive the Hokies into Louisville territory . After Vick was stopped for losses on two consecutive rushing plays , he completed another long pass to Hyman for a first down . Subsequent plays saw Tech advance into the Louisville red zone but fail to gain another first down . Kicker Brandon Pace entered the game to attempt a 36 @-@ yard field goal kick , which was successful . With six minutes remaining in the first quarter , Tech cut Louisville 's lead to 7 – 3 .
Louisville 's second drive of the game was much quicker than the Cardinals ' first . After beginning at their own 20 @-@ yard line , it took the Cardinals just seven plays to travel 80 yards and earn a touchdown . Louisville was helped throughout the drive by repeated Virginia Tech personal foul penalties . Tech players committed three separate 15 @-@ yard personal fouls during the drive , one of which came after Louisville 's successful extra point kick when cornerback Jimmy Williams bumped a game official . Williams was ejected from the game for the contact and was removed from the field after watching the next series from the sidelines . The touchdown and extra point extended Louisville 's first @-@ quarter lead to 14 – 3 .
Tech received the ball at its 20 @-@ yard line with 2 : 44 remaining in the first quarter . Three quick rushes picked up 22 yards and two first downs , pushing the ball to the Tech 42 @-@ yard line . On the next play , however , wide receiver Justin Harper committed a 15 @-@ yard pass interference penalty , which negated much of the previous plays ' gains . Marcus Vick rushed for five yards , threw two incomplete passes , and was unable to get another first down after the penalty . With time winding down in the quarter , Tech was forced to punt the ball away . The game 's first punt traveled 53 yards , and Louisville took over on offense at its 40 @-@ yard line following a 25 @-@ yard punt return as time expired in the quarter . At the end of the first quarter , Louisville led Virginia Tech , 14 – 3 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
Louisville began the second quarter in possession of the ball at its 40 @-@ yard line . Despite having good field position , the Cardinals were unable to gain more than four yards on three plays and were forced into their first punt of the game . Throughout much of the second quarter , both teams traded punts as each went three and out on several occasions . By the quarter 's halfway point , Virginia Tech punted the ball twice in the period . Louisville punted the ball three times after kicking no punts at all in the first quarter .
After the third Louisville punt , Virginia Tech took over at its 46 @-@ yard line . Unlike the previous second @-@ quarter possessions , which saw the Tech offense struggle to move the ball effectively , Tech began its drive with a five @-@ yard rush . After losing seven yards on the next play , Marcus Vick completed a 19 @-@ yard pass to tight end Jeff King , driving the Hokies into Louisville territory for the first time in the quarter . Two plays later , Vick connected with wide receiver Justin Harper on a 33 @-@ yard pass that resulted in the Hokies ' first touchdown of the game . With 4 : 56 remaining in the first half of the game , Tech trimmed Louisville 's lead to 14 – 10 .
Following the Tech touchdown , Louisville attempted to answer with points of its own before halftime . After starting on his own 20 @-@ yard line , Hunter Cantwell completed two quick passes that resulted in 26 yards . Two plays later , Michael Bush broke free for a 34 @-@ yard run , driving Louisville deep into the Virginia Tech side of the field . Despite having a first down at the Virginia Tech 18 @-@ yard line , Louisville was unable to gain any yards on three consecutive plays . Bush was stopped for no gain on a rushing attempt , and two Cantwell passes fell incomplete . Kicker Arthur Carmody came in to complete a 35 @-@ yard field goal , and with 2 : 16 remaining in the first half , Louisville led by a score of 17 – 10 .
After receiving Louisville 's kickoff , Virginia Tech elected to run out the clock and bring the first half to an end . During the process , Marcus Vick ran the ball on a designed play and was tackled by Cardinals defensive end Elvis Dumervil after Vick gained nine yards . Following the play , Vick paused , then stomped on Dumervil 's leg . Though referees failed to observe the stomp , television commentators replayed the action , and Tech coaches considered pulling Vick from the game as punishment . At the end of the first half of play , Louisville held a 17 – 10 lead .
= = = Third quarter = = =
The second half of play began with Virginia Tech receiving the ball , going three and out , and punting the ball back to Louisville . The Cardinals reciprocated by also going three and out and punting the ball back to Virginia Tech . The Hokies began their second drive of the quarter at their one @-@ yard line . Despite beginning deep in their own end of the field , Virginia Tech mounted a successful drive . Tailback Branden Ore and quarterback Marcus Vick alternated rushes , picking up 18 yards and a first down . After Vick was sacked by the Louisville defense , he recovered by throwing a 29 @-@ yard pass for another first down . Following the pass , Vick and Ore rushed for six consecutive plays , alternating carries at various intervals . Inside the Louisville red zone , however , the Cardinals ' defense stiffened and the Tech offense began to falter . After Tech successfully gained a first down on fourth and one , the Hokies were unable to gain another . Tech kicker Brandon Pace was forced to make his second field goal of the game , this one a 28 @-@ yarder , to make the game 17 – 13 with 2 : 52 remaining in the quarter . The Tech drive began with 11 : 17 remaining in the quarter and took eight minutes and 25 seconds off the clock .
Louisville received the post @-@ field goal kickoff , but again went three and out , punting the ball back to Virginia Tech . Louisville did not pick up a first down in the third quarter , and Tech began yet another drive as time ran out in the quarter . With one quarter remaining in the game , Tech narrowed the Louisville lead to 17 – 13 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
Shortly after the fourth quarter began , the Virginia Tech drive that began in the waning moments of the third quarter came to an end . The Hokies were forced to punt , and Louisville began its first drive of the fourth quarter . The Cardinals ' Harry Douglas ran for 29 yards on their first play of the drive . On the second , Hunter Cantwell completed a 29 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Gary Barnidge . It took Louisville just 33 seconds and two plays to travel 58 yards and earn a touchdown . The score gave Louisville a 24 – 13 lead with 13 : 32 remaining to play . But just as it took Louisville just two plays to score , so too did it take Virginia Tech two plays to answer the Louisville touchdown . After taking over at his team 's 22 @-@ yard line , Marcus Vick completed a 54 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver David Clowney . Virginia Tech and Louisville committed offsetting 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalties before the play , to no effect on the Hokie offense . On the next play after the long pass , Cedric Humes rushed for 24 yards and the answering Hokie touchdown . It took just 28 seconds for Virginia Tech to answer the Louisville touchdown . Having done that , Tech went Louisville one better , successfully scoring a two @-@ point conversion on a pass from Vick to Morgan . The touchdown and two @-@ point conversion cut the Louisville lead to 24 – 21 .
The Cardinals began their second drive of the quarter at their own 25 @-@ yard line . In fits and starts , the Louisville offense advanced down the field . Kolby Smith ran for a yard , Michael Bush for two , then six yards , and Cantwell completed two passes of seven yards each . The Cardinals were also helped by a defensive pass interference penalty against Virginia Tech , which gave Louisville a first down by penalty . As Louisville began to enter Tech territory in earnest , however , the Cardinals suffered their first turnover of the game . Facing third down and three yards from the Virginia Tech 40 @-@ yard line , Cantwell was sacked and fumbled the ball . Tech defender Xavier Adibi scooped up the loose ball , and Tech gained the initiative . Following the fumble , the Hokies began a drive at their 47 @-@ yard line . On the first play , Tech was aided by a pass interference penalty on Louisville . The penalty was followed by a three @-@ yard Cedric Humes rush and yet another pass interference penalty against Louisville . Humes rushed twice more for five yards , and Vick completed a 16 @-@ yard pass to David Clowney before Vick completed a five @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jeff King . The score and subsequent extra point gave Virginia Tech a 28 – 24 lead — its first of the game — with 6 : 03 remaining .
Louisville took over on offense needing to get a touchdown to regain a lead before the waning clock finally ran out of time . After the Tech kickoff and a touchback , the Cardinals took over at their 20 @-@ yard line . Michael Bush ran for 10 yards and a first down , and Hunter Cantwell scrambled for six more on a rushing play . Facing third down and needing four yards , Cantwell dropped back to pass for the first down . As the pass soared through the air , Tech defender James Anderson jumped and caught the ball , intercepting it . Still on his feet , Anderson quickly rushed the other way and , unimpeded , ran 39 yards into the end zone for a Virginia Tech touchdown . The score and extra point energized Virginia Tech 's offense and defense and gave the Hokies an 11 @-@ point lead — 35 – 24 — with 4 : 45 remaining in the game .
Louisville returned on offense , needing to score quickly , make a stop on defense , then score a second time to take the lead . The energized Tech defense was disinclined to allow any such thing . Though Cantwell completed two short passes for 16 yards and a first down , he was sacked on first down and the Tech defense prevented him from completing another pass . Two passes were knocked down by Hokie defenders , while another fell short . After Louisville failed to convert a fourth down , Virginia Tech took over on offense . The Hokies proceeded to run out the clock , executing two short rushes and an incomplete pass . Louisville had one final chance on offense after a Tech punt , but three consecutive desperation Hail Mary passes were unsuccessful . Two fell incomplete , and the third was intercepted by Tech cornerback Brandon Flowers . With time almost gone , Tech finished running out the clock and secured the victory . As time expired , Virginia Tech held a 35 – 24 lead and won the 2006 Gator Bowl .
= = Final statistics = =
Running back Cedric Humes was named the game 's most valuable player for Virginia Tech , and quarterback Hunter Cantwell was named the Cardinals ' most valuable player . Tech punter Nic Schmitt set Gator Bowl record for punt yardage and average punt distance , kicking the ball six times for 300 yards , an average of 50 yards per kick .
Despite being more highly promoted in pregame media coverage , Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick was outperformed statistically by Louisville 's Hunter Cantwell . Vick completed 11 of 21 passes for 203 yards and two touchdowns . He also ran for 10 yards on 13 carries . Cantwell , meanwhile , completed 15 of his 37 passes for 216 yards , three touchdowns , and three interceptions .
On the ground , Tech running back Cedric Humes led all rushers with 22 carries for 113 yards and one touchdown . Louisville 's leading rusher , Michael Bush , had 16 carries for 94 yards and one fumble . The third @-@ leading rusher in the game was Tech 's Branden Ore , who carried the ball 11 times for 56 yards . Louisville 's Kolby Smith carried the ball three times for 32 yards , including a 30 @-@ yard run that was the game 's second @-@ longest rushing play .
Defensively , Virginia Tech dominated , intercepting the ball three times , forcing a fumble once , and earning one defensive touchdown . Two Louisville defenders had the best individual performances during the game , however . Brandon Johnson and Abe Brown had six tackles apiece , and Brown sacked Marcus Vick once for a loss of ten yards . The sack was one of three earned by the Louisville offense during the game . Virginia Tech 's defense earned two sacks during the game , and the Hokies ' leading tackler was Vince Hall , who recorded four and two assists on sacks of Louisville 's Hunter Cantwell .
= = Postgame effects = =
Virginia Tech 's victory in the 2006 Gator Bowl had far @-@ reaching effects for both the Hokies and the Louisville Cardinals . The win pushed Tech to 11 – 2 on the season , while the Cardinals ' loss ensured they ended the 2005 season with a 9 – 3 overall record . The game itself provided more than $ 14 million in economic benefit to the Jacksonville area as Louisville and Virginia Tech fans flocked to the region , spending money on food , hotel rooms , transportation , and entertainment .
Virginia Tech quarterbacks coach Kevin Rogers announced after the game that he would be leaving the team in order to become an assistant coach with the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings . Rogers was replaced by new hire Mike O 'Cain . Tech offensive coordinator Bryan Stinespring 's second job as offensive line coach was filled by James Madison University assistant coach Curt Newsome .
= = = Marcus Vick = = =
Following the 2005 ACC Championship Game , Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick stormed off the field , refusing to talk to reporters following the loss . Vick , who picked up a 15 @-@ yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty late in that game , also earned several unsportsmanlike conduct penalties in the 2006 Gator Bowl , where post @-@ game replays revealed he purposefully stomped on the leg of Louisville Cardinals ' defensive end Elvis Dumervil . Vick claimed he apologized to Dumervil after the game , but Dumervil stated that no apology was made . In the wake of the incident , Virginia Tech officials announced that they would be conducting a review of Vick 's conduct on and off the field .
On January 6 , 2006 , just a few days after the Gator Bowl , Virginia Tech officials dismissed Vick from the Virginia Tech football team , citing a December 17 traffic stop in which Vick was cited for speeding and driving with a revoked or suspended license . Vick hid the information from the team and the infraction was not discovered until January . The traffic stop , an earlier suspension from the team , and his unsportsmanlike conduct during the 2005 ACC Championship Game and 2006 Gator Bowl were used as grounds for his dismissal . In response to being dismissed from the team , Vick was quoted as saying , " It 's not a big deal . I 'll just move on to the next level , baby " . Vick appeared in one regular @-@ season NFL game for the Miami Dolphins in 2006 . The Dolphins did not renew his contract , and he has been out of football ever since .
= = = 2006 NFL Draft = = =
On April 29 and 30 , the National Football league held its annual player draft . Over a dozen players who participated in the 2006 Gator Bowl were selected in the draft . Virginia Tech had a record nine players selected in the draft , with Darryl Tapp ( 31st overall ) selected first from the Hokies . Jimmy Williams ( 37th overall ) , James Anderson ( 88th ) , Jeff King ( 155th ) , Jonathan Lewis ( 177th ) , Justin Hamilton ( 222nd ) , Jimmy Martin ( 227th ) , Will Montgomery ( 234th ) , and Cedric Humes ( 240th ) were the other Tech players selected . Louisville had four players selected in the draft . Offensive guard Jason Spitz was selected 75th overall and was the first Cardinals ' offensive lineman to be drafted since 1996 . Elvis Dumervil was selected with the 126th selection , linebacker Brandon Johnson was selected 142nd , and defensive tackle Montavious Stanley was selected 182nd .
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= Ruth Archer =
Ruth Archer ( also Pritchard ) is a fictional character from the British BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers , played by English actress Felicity Finch . She made her debut in the 15 July 1987 episode . The character was created and introduced to The Archers as a love interest for established character David Archer ( Timothy Bentinck ) , whose then girlfriend was deemed unsuitable for the role of mother to the next generation of the Archer family by the editor of the show Liz Rigbey . Finch was cast as Ruth after a successful audition .
Ruth is portrayed as being strong @-@ willed , determined and loyal . She is also a New Woman and a farmer , traits that made her stand out from the other female characters in The Archers at the time of her introduction . In later years , Ruth has mellowed and is more open to negotiation . Her storylines have often revolved around her marriage to David and her work on Brookfield Farm . In the early 2000s , the scriptwriters had Ruth and David isolate themselves from the community during a foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak . Ruth was also diagnosed with breast cancer , a storyline which Finch undertook extensive research for and later named as one of her Archers highlights .
The show 's 15,000th episode focused on Ruth contemplating whether to consummate her affair with herdsman Sam Batton ( Robin Pirongs ) , after believing David was having his own affair with his ex @-@ girlfriend Sophie Barlow ( Moir Leslie ) . Ruth ultimately chose to return home to her family . The storyline , which had begun in 2004 , was heavily criticised by listeners , who inundated the BBC with complaints . Low listener figures were also attributed to the storyline , while the editor Vanessa Whitburn said the backlash helped keep Ruth faithful to David .
Critical opinion on the character differs . She has been described as a " much @-@ loved character " and a " cheery supermum @-@ farmer " , but has also been called the " most irritating " Ambridge resident and she is disliked by some listeners for being a Geordie . Other listeners hoped Ruth would be killed off during the show 's 60th anniversary celebrations . Away from The Archers , the character has appeared in the Rwandan radio soap Urunana , the BBC telethon Children in Need and has been frequently parodied on the comedy programme Dead Ringers .
= = Creation and casting = =
When Liz Rigbey was appointed editor of The Archers in 1986 , she began implementing several changes in a bid to revitalise the show which had become tired . Rigbey brought in new writers , retired some characters and introduced new ones . In his 1996 book , The Archers : The True Story , Rigbey 's predecessor William Smethurst explained that she had " wisely " decided that David Archer 's ( Timothy Bentinck ) fashion designer girlfriend , Sophie Barlow ( Moir Leslie ) , was not suitable for the role of matriarch to the next generation of the Archer family . During the script meeting to invent David 's new love interest , the writers played with the idea of making the character Scottish and calling her either Anne , Heather or Thistle to show off her spiky nature .
Rigbey also wanted to make sure that everyone liked the character , and eventually nineteen year old , agricultural student Ruth Pritchard was created . Actress ( later presenter ) Felicity Finch was cast as Ruth . Finch had not listened to The Archers prior to her audition in 1987 and she tried to learn as much as she could about the history of the show before she came to the studio . Smethurst thought the decision to cast a Geordie was " odd " and wrote that it harked back to the days when the show would cast lots of Scottish and Irish actors , irritating the audience . Finch 's first scenes as Ruth were broadcast on 15 July 1987 .
= = Development = =
= = = Characterisation = = =
In her fictional backstory , Ruth was born on 16 June 1968 to Solly ( Richard Griffiths ) and Heather Pritchard ( Joyce Gibbs ; Margaret Jackman ) . She was raised in Prudhoe , Northumberland . Ruth worked on an Israeli kibbutz for a year , prior to her acceptance onto an agricultural course at Harper Adams University College . She then applied for a year 's work experience at Brookfield Farm and she was hired by Phil Archer ( Norman Painting ) . Smethurst wrote that Ruth stood out among many of the other female characters at the time of her introduction , as she was a New Woman , a feminist and a farmer . Her favourite style is a pair of jeans and a T @-@ shirt . Upon her arrival in Ambridge , Ruth felt like an outsider . This was not helped by David 's attitude towards her being an unskilled woman and her landlady 's nosy demeanour . Ruth 's " dedication and willingness " eventually won David round and he came to appreciate her .
Speaking to the BBC , Finch said Ruth " is strong willed , determined and pretty direct in her approach to life and people in general . " Finch explained having breast cancer mellowed Ruth and instead of fighting her corner , she is quite likely to negotiate instead . Finch added her character appreciates life day to day . Robert Hanks writing for The Independent described Ruth as The Archers ' " matriarch @-@ in @-@ waiting " and said she is " a family lynchpin – loyal wife , loving mother , and handy in the milking @-@ shed when called on . " Simon Frith and Chris Arnot , authors of The Archers Archives , opined Ruth is not a stereotypical farmer 's wife . They said " Ruth is more likely to have her hand in a rubber glove rather than an oven glove – thrust up the back end of a Friesian rather than delving into an Aga and emerging with something wholesome for supper . "
= = = Marriage to David Archer = = =
Ruth 's marriage to David is central to her character . Finch explained that it took Ruth a while to see that there were good qualities in David , as his initial behaviour towards her was unpleasant . Finch called David " a sexist pig " and said he resented Ruth 's presence almost immediately . However , Ruth had noticed his ruggedness and she was attracted to the way he helped the sickly animals . After David noticed his brother flirting with Ruth , he realised that he loved her and told her about his feelings . Despite getting off to a bad start , Ruth and David began dating and were married towards the end of 1988 . Finch thought Ruth and David had " a really believable partnership " and were well @-@ suited , saying " They are both very capable of becoming highly emotional if something riles them but thankfully they tend to react to different things . So , often one will be able to calm , soothe and support the other through most crises . Or at least provide some kind of balance to a problem . " The actress added that Ruth and David are the best of friends .
Ruth continued with her studies at Harper Adams and she and David eventually established " a good working relationship " . Ruth was given the responsibility of looking after the dairy herd , before becoming a partner in the farm . Ruth and David 's first child , Philippa Rose , or Pip ( Helen Monks ) , was born in February 1993 . Joanna Toye and Adrian Flynn , authors of The Archers Encyclopaedia , said Ruth took to motherhood well and did not let it stop her from playing an active part in Brookfield . The couple 's second child , Joshua , was born in 1997 . Ruth and David later purchased some Hereford cattle and began to establish themselves as suppliers of traditional beef . Toye and Flynn observed that Ruth and David 's marriage had to be strong when the Archer siblings began arguing over who would inherit Brookfield Farm . Ruth told David that " time was too precious to spend in argument " and suggested they moved away . However , David 's father , Phil , decided that the farm should go to the couple .
In 2012 , the couple were faced with a campaign of intimidation , after David witnessed an assault on Adam Macy ( Andrew Wincott ) . Ruth was " unnerved " when the silent phone calls began and she sent the children to stay with her mother . The intimidation ended after a barn at Brookfield was set alight and the arsonist was caught , following an anonymous tip off . In 2013 , Ruth and David celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary and Finch hoped the couple would continue to make Brookfield a thriving business , while relaxing into semi @-@ retirement . Finch commented , " Any couple who after 25 years still love going out for meals together , having the occasional break away without the kids and the odd roll in a haystack are doing pretty well I reckon . " The following year , Ruth discovered that , at 45 , she was expecting her fourth child . However , the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage .
= = = Breast cancer = = =
In 2000 , the character was diagnosed with breast cancer . After discovering a lump in her breast in May , Ruth was checked out by her general practitioner , Tim Hathaway ( Jay Villiers ) . The following month Ruth was told that she had breast cancer and that as it was multi @-@ focal , she would need a mastectomy followed by a course of chemotherapy . Ruth was thirty @-@ four at the time of her diagnosis , which was unusually young to contract such a cancer . Breast cancer nurse Vickki Harmer acted as a consultant to the scriptwriters during the storyline and BBC Radio 4 invited listeners to ring a helpline for further advice after Ruth received her diagnosis . Finch contacted the breast cancer charity , Breakthrough , when she learnt about her character 's new story and she spoke extensively about the research she did and the effect of the diagnosis on her character :
Everyone I talked to seemed to have a relative or a friend who 'd been through it . That was the other thing – everyone reacts to the problem differently so there 's no textbook way of playing Ruth in her present situation . In fact , the way I 'm playing her now might surprise some people because in the past she 's been such a strong character and here she is collapsed and weeping and thinking the worst . Occasionally you may suggest to the script editor that you don 't think your character will react a certain way , but with Ruth I have absolute trust in the scriptwriter 's characterisation .
The storyline continued to play out over the following months as Ruth had her mastectomy operation , began a slow process of recovery and came to terms with her new appearance . When Ruth 's chemotherapy treatment began during the Autumn months , David , Heather and close friend Usha ( Souad Faress ) were a constant source of support and comfort to her . Following her last course of chemotherapy , Ruth returned to work on the farm and was later given the all clear . In 2002 , Ruth became pregnant and gave birth to her third child , Ben ( Thomas Lester ) . A representative from Cancer Active explained it was medically unwise of Ruth not to take precautions for two years , as her body would still contain toxic drugs from the chemotherapy . But a consultant from the Newcastle Fertility Centre said that there were many cases of women with breast cancer going on to have babies after chemotherapy . They added that there was no evidence of an increased risk in the cancer recurring if a women goes onto have a child after remaining cancer free for two years .
Speaking to The Observer 's Sue Arnold , Finch believed The Archers had done " a great service for women 's health " by tackling the subject of breast cancer . Finch later revealed that she had received letters from listeners about the storyline and one woman wrote to thank her because she had found a lump in her breast after listening to the show . Finch also named the storyline as one of her Archers highlights . Delyth Morgan , chief executive of Breakthrough said The Archers treated the subject of breast cancer " as sensibly as one can reasonably expect . " Morgan continues saying that Breakthrough liked how the show had highlighted the effect that a cancer diagnosis can have on a partner . In contrast , the radio series Feedback reported that the storyline had initially attracted a negative response from listeners , who felt the subject should have been handled with more optimism .
= = = Foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak = = =
Shortly after inheriting Brookfield , Ruth and David were faced with a countrywide foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak . They decided to isolate themselves from the community in a bid to stop the disease spreading onto their land and infecting their animals . Farmworker Bert Fry ( Eric Allan ) also came to live with the family in seclusion , so he could help out with the animals . Ruth and David became frustrated with the situation and Ruth also had trouble sleeping . The couple later sent Pip to live with relatives . Soap Opera author Dorothy Hobson wrote that it was a " drastic measure " , but believed the storyline to be part of The Archers ' continued commitment in responding to topical events . The show 's then editor , Vanessa Whitburn , said that some storylines had to be put on hold in order for the cast and crew to weave in the foot @-@ and @-@ mouth outbreak into the show . Whitburn told Samantha Lyster from the Birmingham Post , " We decided that David and Ruth Archer should isolate themselves because they had just taken control of the farm and they had the most to lose should foot @-@ and @-@ mouth hit them . " Whitburn later said she was " particularly proud " of the storyline and all the work that went into it . Finch commented that dealing with the constant re @-@ writes was hard , but enjoyable work . The storyline was praised by farmers for its realistic portrayal .
= = = Near affair with Sam Batton = = =
After expanding the dairy herd in May 2004 , David and Ruth hired specialist herdsman Sam Batton ( Robin Pirongs ) . Ruth frequently came into contact with Sam around the farm and he confided in Ruth about his relationship with Kirsty Miller ( Annabelle Dowler ) . Ruth found herself becoming jealous when Sam went on holiday with Kirsty . In their book , The Archers Archives , Simon Frith and Chris Arnot commented that the " simmering mix of sexual chemistry " between Ruth and Sam reached boiling point when David 's ex @-@ girlfriend , Sophie Barlow , returned to Ambridge and asked David to help organise a charity fashion show . Ruth became stressed and insecure about David spending time with his ex @-@ girlfriend and she turned to Sam . The main reason for Ruth 's insecurity was her image , as she had recently undergone a mastectomy and felt " dowdy " next to Sophie . Ruth became emotionally confused when Sam informed her that he had broken up with Kirsty . She then caught David lying about meeting up with Sophie and believed he was having an affair . Unbeknownst to Ruth , Sophie had tried to entice David into an affair , but he resisted her advances .
Elisabeth Mahoney from The Guardian observed that Ruth and David 's marriage imploded while Sophie was around and she said the speed at which it happened made for genuinely shocking listening . Mahoney said " Felicity Finch and Tim Bentinck spat their toxic lines out with much relish , and for once emphatically shook off their characters ' middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road cosiness and golden couple status . " After seeking Sam out for comfort , Ruth kissed him . When Sam declared his love for Ruth , she agreed to spend the night with him at a hotel in Oxford . Ruth told David she was meeting an friend for the night . Tim Teeman from The Times commented that the moment Ruth became stuck in traffic contrasted with " the scary new land she was travelling towards " . Ruth 's decision to spend the night with Sam was the focus of The Archers ' 15,000th episode , which was broadcast on 7 November 2006 . The episode was written by Joanna Toye , who told Emily Lambert of the Western Mail that the traffic jam was used to increase the tension .
Editor Vanessa Whitburn told Chris Arnot of The Independent that the climax to the storyline was planned three months prior to the show 's anniversary . When Ruth listened to a voicemail from her daughter , it reminded her of home and she called Sam to say she could not be with him . Ruth then turned to Usha for support , before returning home to David , who observed Ruth 's emotional state . After Sam quit his job , Ruth eventually told David the truth about what happened . Bentinck explained that when he and Finch finished recording the scene , they were both crying as it had been very distressing . David was initially unable to forgive Ruth for her actions , but after speaking to Usha and gaining some perspective , over time things between himself and Ruth became easier .
= = Reception = =
Despite being popular with many , the character of Ruth has also gained much criticism over the years . In 2007 , Karen Price from the Western Mail called Ruth a " much @-@ loved character " and The Scotsman 's Fordyce Maxwell called Ruth " the archetype of common sense and forward planning " . Victoria Summerley from The Independent noted the character was " instantly recognisable " because she is a Geordie and bemoaned the fact " poor inoffensive Ruth " was disliked by some of the more hardcore fans because of this . Nicholas Lezard from the same publication disliked Ruth , branding her " highly irritating " . He later thought the scriptwriters had created in David and Ruth " the only couple in the Western Hemisphere who are delighted that their parents are coming for Christmas . " Ruth and David were described by The Times critic , Tim Teeman , as " the series ' golden couple — the future Phil and Jill " . While The Herald 's Anne Simpson said the couple were " the standing stones of Ambridge : rooted , solid , weathered by storms but unbeaten , a reassuring constant in our national life . "
Ruth 's mastectomy after breast cancer was named one of the most shocking storylines from The Archers by The Daily Telegraph 's Nick Collins . Stephen Glover from the Daily Mail wrote that Ruth " was the least likely candidate in the village to join the ranks of Ambridge inhabitants who over the years have relished a bit on the side . " Glover 's colleague Nigel Andrew was not a fan of the adultery storyline and wanted the old Ruth back , saying she had " been replaced by Ruth Mark 2 , a helpless overgrown teenager , reduced to a puddle of lust by amorous cowman Sam . " Rachel Cooke of the New Statesman was not a fan of the character at all , writing " Ruth bores me to sobs , so I didn 't give a fig that this was out of character . " Lezard noted that Ruth had gone from " cheery supermum @-@ farmer to lovelorn hysteric facing total loss " .
Reaction to the near affair storyline from listeners was generally negative and Chris Hastings from The Daily Telegraph reported that the BBC had been inundated with complaints , saying the storyline was " utterly ridiculous " , while others questioned its plausibility . Listeners started an online protest against the storyline following Whitburn 's appearance on Feedback . The show 's presenter Roger Bolton commented on the backlash saying fans thought the plot was " unbelievable and over @-@ sensational . " Other listeners thought Ruth and David had undergone personality transplants and accused the BBC of trying to turn The Archers into a radio version of EastEnders .
The official website had over 11 @,@ 000 responses to a poll asking listeners whether Ruth should go with Sam , compared to the usual 3 @,@ 000 . Fifty @-@ two per cent of the listeners thought Ruth should go to Sam . The Archers website had received 1 @.@ 2 million page impressions due to the storyline in 2006 . In February 2007 , a writer for the Daily Record reported almost 200 @,@ 000 listeners had deserted The Archers due to controversial storylines , such as Ruth and Sam 's affair . The writer said figures for the last three months of 2006 , when the Ruth and Sam storyline peaked , revealed 4 @.@ 44 million listeners tuned in , which was down 169 @,@ 000 on the previous quarter . Whitburn told Midgley that the backlash from listeners helped keep Ruth faithful to David , and agreed that she was not the type to have an affair .
The Spectator 's Kate Chisholm was delighted that Ruth did not spend the night with Sam and believed that she " kept true to her blunt , honest character ( and biblical name ) . " Chisholm also felt that as an outsider to Ambridge , Ruth had always been treated with " slight suspicion " . Ian Sanderson , who runs Archers Anarchists , branded Ruth " ghastly " and " the Geordie gorgon " , he also opined that she was " one of Ambridge 's most irritating and frumpy residents . " In 2011 , a Belfast Telegraph reporter commented that Ruth had become an " unpopular figure " and listeners had wanted her to die during the 60th anniversary episode . Actor Graham Seed , whose character Nigel Pargetter was killed off during the anniversary , shared the same view , saying he would " do in " Ruth . When asked why , he replied " Well , she goes on a bit , doesn 't she ? ' Oooooh David ! ' and all that . I 'd do old Ruthie in , or Tom Archer and his bloody sausages . "
= = In popular culture and other media = =
In 1999 , Finch flew to Rwanda to help launch a new radio soap called Urunana , a programme which is aimed predominantly at women and focuses on health issues , child care and genocide within the country of Rwanda . A decade later , the makers of Urunana invited Finch to record a guest appearance as Ruth for the show . Ruth 's scenes saw her married to a shopkeeper named Munyakazi , who was reluctant to let her train as a community health worker . Of the storyline , Finch said " Although all this seemed not a little bizarre for strong @-@ willed , independent Ruth , when I cast my mind back , it wasn 't a million miles away from David 's ( my Archers husband of more than 20 years ) reaction to having a female student arrive to work alongside him at Brookfield in 1987 . "
On 18 November 2005 , Finch and six of her co @-@ stars appeared as their respective characters on the BBC 's Children in Need broadcast , alongside presenter Terry Wogan . Ruth joined her husband , David , and friend , Lynda Snell ( Carole Boyd ) , in one of three scenes written especially for the show . Ruth 's renowned way of saying " ooooh nooooh " has been frequently parodied on the comedy programme Dead Ringers .
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= Chasing Time ( song ) =
" Chasing Time " is a song recorded by American rapper Azealia Banks for her debut studio album , Broke with Expensive Taste ( 2014 ) . It was released as the third single from the album on September 22 , 2014 . Production of the song was handled by Andrew " Pop " Wansel , while it was written by Banks , Ronnie Colson , Warren Felder , Jonathan Harris , Steve Mostyn , Kelly Sheehan and Wansel . Lyrically , the track discusses Banks recovering from a breakup . " Chasing Time " received positive reviews from music critics , with Mike Wass of Idolator commenting that the song included a " soaring chorus " . To promote the single , Banks released a music video for " Chasing Time " on November 13 , 2014 , which was produced by Nina Dluhy @-@ Miller and directed by Marc Klasfeld . Banks also held a contest in which she asked budding producers to submit remixes of " Chasing Time " , with the winner receiving $ 10 @,@ 000 .
Pitchfork Media included the track in their list of ' The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 ' .
= = Background = =
In 2011 , it was reported that Banks was working on her debut studio album with British producer Paul Epworth , despite not having signed to a record label at the time . In January 2012 , Banks signed a record deal with Interscope and Polydor Records to work on new music , and a month later , she announced the title of the album as Broke with Expensive Taste . Approximately a year later , she submitted the complete version of Broke with Expensive Taste to her labels . Banks initially thought it would receive favorable reception from the labels , but the representatives informed Banks that she had not recorded a " hit " single for the album . Ultimately , Banks ended the record deal with Interscope / Polydor in July 2014 . She later approached Jeff Kwatinetz and signed a contract with his company , Prospect Park . Banks eventually released the album on November 7 , 2014 .
Throughout December 2014 , Banks released a series of videos in which she broke down tracks from Broke with Expensive Taste and revealed how each song came to be , dubbed the ' 16 Days of Azealia ' . During the breakdown video for " Chasing Time " , Banks revealed that the song was conceived after the aforementioned occasion of her handing a completed version of the album in to her labels . In response to their request that Banks created something more current , she produced " Chasing Time " . This was further confirmed in an interview with Pitchfork Media 's Jeremy Gordon , in which Banks said " it got to a point where they were like , ' Azealia , we get it , you ’ re cool , but we 've spent $ 2 million on this record , can you just give us one [ hit ] ? ' So then I did ' Chasing Time ' , and I was just like , ' You know , this isn 't gonna work out . ' "
= = Composition = =
" Chasing Time " is a song that runs for a duration of three minutes and thirty seconds . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone described the song as " diva house music " , going on to commend the tracks instrumental and Banks ' vocal surge . In a later Rolling Stone article , Jon Blistein said that the song balanced an " eclectic " mix of influences , from Banks ' fast rapping technique over the electronic @-@ inspired beat to the " pop @-@ diva " hook she performs on top of house production . Colin Stutz from Billboard described the song as a " hook heavy pseudo @-@ sung track that rides the line with hip @-@ hop and pop over some crisp house production " , going on to label the track as seapunk . Elias Leight , also from Billboard , described the song 's production as a mix of hip @-@ hop , pop and dance beats , going on to describe how the track boldly shifts in genres throughout its duration , and that the track could be aimed at a man , or her former labels . Consequence of Sound 's Dusty Henry noted that Banks " spends most of the time showing off her singing chops by wailing over booming , dance club beats " .
Banks describes the track as genre @-@ specific , citing pop @-@ crossover and UK garage . On the song 's lyrical content , she explains " It 's about the journey , the breakup is apart of it , but it 's really about the journey " . She went on to describe how the song fits in to a larger puzzle of the album in which the album 's opening track , " Idle Deliah " , is the metaphorical morning , and later tracks on the album , including " Chasing Time " are representative of later in the evening .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
" Chasing Time " received generally positive reviews from critics . Rolling Stone 's Jon Dolan gave the song three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars , commenting that Banks was " delivering a splashy anthem of resilience and determination in the face of romantic collapse " . Mike Wass from Idolator concluded that Banks " genuinely shines in the soaring chorus " , while observing the difference in style she displayed on the song compared to her earlier singles . While reviewing the music video of the single , Melissa Locker from Time commented that " Chasing Time " was " one of the more noteworthy songs " from Broke with Expensive Taste . Pitchfork Media 's Tim Finney ranked the song as the 70th best track released in 2014 .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
" Chasing Time " first appeared on charts on December 27 , 2014 , debuting on the US Dance Club Songs chart at number 39 . Over the duration of seven weeks , the song steadily climbed the chart , eventually peaking at number 12 , remaining on the chart for a total of twelve weeks . Internationally , the song peaked at number 48 on the Japan Hot 100 , as reported by Billboard .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
A music video for " Chasing Time " premiered on MTV on November 13 , 2014 . The video was produced by Nina Dluhy @-@ Miller and directed by Marc Klasfeld . John Walker from MTV likened the video past sci @-@ fi themed videos , " the black and white visuals are as sleek and futuristic as some of the sci @-@ fi music video greats " going on to compare the video to visuals for songs such as " No Scrubs " by TLC and " Scream " by Michael and Janet Jackson . Both Tom Breihan for Stereogum and Melissa Locker for Time commented on the obscenity of the video , both claiming that the video was only just safe for work . Melissa Locker from Time also called the video a " beautifully minimalist [ ic ] clip " , going on to comment on Banks ' likeness to Lil ' Kim in one scene of the clip . Elias Leight from Billboard also compared Banks to past music stars , seeing three distinct similarities . He writes , " her ensembles call to mind three ' 90s acts : Missy Elliott ( when Banks and her dancers wear trash @-@ bag couture ) , Lil ' Kim ( in her famous nipple @-@ pasty look at the 1999 VMAs ) and TLC ( in their ' No Scrubs ' -era revealing space suits ) " .
= = = Remix contest = = =
In November 2014 , shortly after the release of Broke with Expensive Taste , Banks announced that a contest would take place around " Chasing Time " . The contest , for which Banks partnered with Soundcloud , BitTorrent and MTV , involved fans creating remixes to the song using stems made available to downloaded from BitTorrent , to then upload their entries to Soundcloud . The winner would receive $ 10 @,@ 000 , and their remix would become the first official remix to the track . Entries for the competition closed on December 15 , 2014 . Eliza Berman from Time commended the contest , commenting that the song " practically beg for a remix " , while revealing that there were a large variety in entries , with submissions ranging from acoustic to club sounds . The winners were announced on January 13 , 2015 . The second runner @-@ up received tickets and backstage passes to one of Banks ' upcoming shows , the first runner @-@ up was allowed to spend the day with Banks in the studio , while the winner won the aforementioned $ 10 @,@ 000 .
= = = Live performances = = =
On April 10 , 2015 , Banks performed " Chasing Time " during her set at the Coachella Festival . Rap @-@ Up commented that the audience 's " energy was consistently high " during the performance . The song was also part of Banks ' Broke with Expensive Taste Tour ( 2014 – 15 ) .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from Broke with Expensive Taste liner notes .
Locations
Recorded at Mason Sound and Glenwood Place studios ( North Hollywood , California )
Mixed at The Fortress of Amplitude studios ( Los Angeles , California )
Personnel
Vocals – Azealia Banks
Songwriting – Azealia Banks , Ronnie Colson , Warren Felder , Jonathan Harris , Steve Mostyn , Kelly Sheehan , Andrew Wansel
Production – Andrew Wansel
Mixing – Rob Kinelski
Mixing assistant – David Baker
= = Release history = =
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= New York State Route 171 =
New York State Route 171 ( NY 171 ) is a state highway running east to west through Herkimer County , New York , in the United States . It connects the hamlet of Gulph in the town of Frankfort to the village of Frankfort by way of the Frankfort Gorge . Its western end is at the junction of County Route 145 ( CR 145 ) and CR 185 southeast of Gulph . The eastern end is 5 @.@ 69 miles ( 9 @.@ 16 km ) to the east at an intersection with Main Street in Frankfort village . NY 171 is a narrow , two @-@ lane highway for its whole length .
NY 171 is one of several signed state highways in New York that do not intersect any other signed New York state routes . However , this was not always the case . When it was originally assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , Main Street in Frankfort was part of NY 5S . A new freeway alignment for NY 5S was constructed between Utica and Ilion in the late 1960s , isolating NY 171 from the remainder of the state highway system . Frankfort 's interchange with NY 5S is now at Cemetery Street , 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) to the west .
= = Route description = =
NY 171 begins at an intersection with CR 145 ( Ball Road ) and CR 185 ( Gulph Road ) southeast of the hamlet of Gulph . The route heads eastward , passing through a dense forest in the town of Frankfort . The forest surrounds NY 171 for a substantial distance , separating it from more developed areas of the town . The highway eventually turns to the northeast , following a winding , curve @-@ filled route that leads through the Frankfort Gorge towards the village of Frankfort . As it heads through the valley , NY 171 intersects with CR 13 , known locally as Furnace Road . CR 13 and NY 171 parallel for a short distance as CR 13 climbs the north face of the gorge and then turns northward at its top .
The route then passes under a series of power lines , loosely paralleling the more northerly CR 96 ( Higby Road ) to the outskirts of the village of Frankfort . Here , NY 171 intersects with several roads of local importance before crossing over the NY 5S freeway to enter the village itself . On the eastern side of the highway , NY 171 becomes South Litchfield Street and passes through areas that are mostly residential . It continues to the village 's central business district . State maintenance of the route ends at a junction with Canal Street. but the route continues as a village @-@ maintained highway for one more block to an intersection with Main Street .
= = History = =
Most of what is now NY 171 was improved to state highway standards as part of a project contracted out by the state of New York on July 12 , 1916 . The work covered the 5 @.@ 10 miles ( 8 @.@ 21 km ) of the route outside of the Frankfort village limits . The reconstruction was completed in the 1920s , and the Frankfort Gorge road was added to the state highway system as unsigned State Highway 1346 ( SH 1346 ) by 1926 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , SH 1346 became part of NY 171 , which continued northeast to Main Street in Frankfort on several state and locally maintained streets . At the time , Main Street was part of NY 5S , another route assigned as part of the renumbering .
In the late 1960s , a limited @-@ access highway was constructed between Utica and Ilion alongside NY 5S . The new highway became part of a rerouted NY 5S in the early 1970s . As a result , NY 171 , which does not interchange with the highway , no longer connects to any other signed state routes . NY 171 is the only signed state highway in New York that is completely isolated from the remainder of the state highway system .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Herkimer County .
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= New York City Subway =
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority , a subsidiary agency of the state @-@ run Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Opened in 1904 , the New York City Subway is one of the world 's oldest public transit systems , one of the world 's most used metro systems , and the metro system with the most stations and the most trackage . It offers service 24 hours per day and every day of the year .
The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations , with 469 stations in operation ( 422 , if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations ) . Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , and the Bronx . The Staten Island Railway is not officially considered part of the subway , as it lacks a rail link with the subway system , so passengers to another borough take a ferry or bus . The Port Authority Trans @-@ Hudson and the AirTrain JFK , in Manhattan and Queens respectively , accept the subway 's MetroCard but are not part of the subway ; thus , free transfers are not allowed .
The system is also one of the world 's longest . Overall , the system contains 233 miles ( 375 km ) of routes , translating into 660 miles ( 1 @,@ 060 km ) of revenue track ; and a total of 846 miles ( 1 @,@ 362 km ) including non @-@ revenue trackage .
By annual ridership , the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit rail system in the United States and in the Western world , as well as the seventh busiest rapid transit rail system in the world ; the metro ( subway ) systems in Beijing , Seoul , Shanghai , Moscow , Tokyo , and Guangzhou record a higher annual ridership . In 2015 , the subway delivered over 1 @.@ 76 billion rides , averaging approximately 5 @.@ 7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5 @.@ 9 million rides each weekend ( 3 @.@ 3 million on Saturdays ; 2 @.@ 7 million on Sundays ) . Ridership continues to increase , and on September 23 , 2014 , more than 6 @.@ 1 million people rode the subway system , establishing the highest single @-@ day ridership since ridership was regularly monitored in 1985 .
All services pass through Manhattan except for the G train , the Franklin Avenue Shuttle , and the Rockaway Park Shuttle . Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated , on embankments , or in open cuts , and a few stretches of track run at ground level . In total , 40 % of track is not underground despite the " subway " moniker . Many lines and stations have both express and local services . These lines have three or four tracks . Normally , the outer two are used for local trains , while the inner one or two are used for express trains . Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations .
= = History = =
Alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870 . His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended 312 feet ( 95 m ) under Broadway in Lower Manhattan operating from Warren Street to Murray Street and exhibited his idea for a subway propelled by pneumatic tube technology . The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons , although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery and northwards towards the Harlem River . In 1912 , workers excavating for the present @-@ day BMT Broadway Line dug into the old Beach tunnel ; today , no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall Station under Broadway .
The Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system . A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894 , and construction began in 1900 . The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27 , 1904 , almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City , which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line . The fare was $ 0 @.@ 05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150 @,@ 000 passengers . The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line . The oldest right @-@ of @-@ way , which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek , was in use in 1864 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn , Bath and Coney Island Rail Road .
By the time the first subway opened , the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems , the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company ( BRT , later Brooklyn – Manhattan Transit Corporation ( BMT ) ) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ) . The city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies . The first line of the city @-@ owned and operated Independent Subway System ( IND ) opened in 1932 ; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down , but stayed within the core of the City due to its small startup capital . This required it to be run ' at cost ' , necessitating fares up to double the five @-@ cent fare popular at the time .
In 1940 , the city bought the two private systems . Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after . Integration was slow , but several connections were built between the IND and BMT ; these now operate as one division called the B Division . Since the IRT tunnels , sharper curves , and stations are too small and therefore can not accommodate B Division cars , the IRT remains its own division , the A Division . However , many passenger transfers between stations of all three former companies have been created , allowing the entire network to be treated as a single unit .
The New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) , a public authority presided by New York City , was created in 1953 to take over subway , bus , and streetcar operations from the city , and placed under control of the state @-@ level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968 .
Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT , IRT , and IND , the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor unions . Since the union 's founding , there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA : 12 days in 1966 , 11 days in 1980 , and three days in 2005 .
By the 1970s and 1980s , the New York City Subway was at an all @-@ time low . Ridership had dropped to 1910s levels , and graffiti and crime were rampant on the subway ; in general , the subway was very poorly maintained during that time , and delays and track problems were common . Still , the NYCTA managed to open six new subway stations in the 1980s , make the current fleet of subway cars graffiti @-@ free , as well as order 1 @,@ 775 new subway cars . By the early 1990s , conditions had improved significantly , although maintenance backlogs accumulated during those 20 years are still being fixed today .
Entering the 21st century , progress continued despite several disasters . The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan , particularly the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line , which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center . Sections of the tunnel , as well as the Cortlandt Street station , which was directly underneath the Twin Towers , were severely damaged . Rebuilding required the suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street . Ten other nearby stations were closed for cleanup . By March 2002 , seven of those stations had reopened . The rest ( except for Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line ) reopened on September 15 , 2002 , along with service south of Chambers Street . In 2012 , Hurricane Sandy wreaked havoc , flooding several underwater tunnels and other facilities near New York Harbor . The immediate damage was fixed within six months but long @-@ term resiliency and rehabilitation projects continue .
= = = Construction methods = = =
When the IRT subway debuted in 1904 , the typical tunnel construction method was cut @-@ and @-@ cover . The street was torn up to dig the tunnel below before being rebuilt from above . Traffic on the street above would be interrupted due to the digging up of the street . Temporary steel and wooden bridges carried surface traffic above the construction .
Contractors in this type of construction faced many obstacles , both natural and man @-@ made . They had to deal with rock formations , and ground water , which required pumps . Twelve miles of sewers , as well as water and gas mains , electric conduits , and steam pipes had to be rerouted . Street railways had to be torn up to allow the work . The foundations of tall buildings often ran near the subway construction , and in some cases needed underpinning to ensure stability .
This method worked well for digging soft dirt and gravel near the street surface . However , tunnelling shields were required for deeper sections , such as the Harlem and East River tunnels , which used cast @-@ iron tubes . Segments between 33rd and 42nd streets under Park Avenue , 116th Street and 120th Street under Broadway , and 145th Street and Dyckman Street ( Fort George ) under Broadway and Saint Nicholas Avenue as well as the tunnel from 96th Street to Central Park North – 110th Street & Lenox Avenue , used either rock or concrete @-@ lined tunnels .
About 40 % of the subway system runs on surface or elevated tracks , including steel or cast iron elevated structures , concrete viaducts , embankments , open cuts and surface routes . All of these construction methods are completely grade @-@ separated from road and pedestrian crossings , and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade @-@ separated with flying junctions . The sole exceptions of at @-@ grade junctions of two lines in regular service are the 142nd Street junction and the Myrtle Avenue junction , whose tracks both intersect at the same level .
The 7 @,@ 700 workers who built the original subway lines were mostly immigrants living in Manhattan .
More recent projects use tunnel boring machines , which increase the cost . They minimize disruption at street level and avoid already existing utilities . Examples of such projects include the extension of the IRT Flushing Line and the IND Second Avenue Line .
= = = Expansion = = =
Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904 , various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system . One of the more expansive proposals was the " IND Second System " , part of a plan to construct new subway lines in addition to taking over existing subway lines and railroad rights @-@ of @-@ way . The most grandiose IND Second Subway plan , conceived in 1929 , was to be part of the city @-@ operated IND , and was to comprise almost 1 ⁄ 3 of the current subway system . By 1939 , with unification planned , all three systems were included within the plan , which was ultimately never carried out . Many different plans were proposed over the years of the subway 's existence , but expansion of the subway system mostly stopped during World War II .
Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction , discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines , to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding , the most notable being the Second Avenue Subway . Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s , and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system 's existence .
After the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed in 1940 , the city went into great debt , and only 29 new stations have been added to the system since . Five stations were on the abandoned New York , Westchester and Boston Railway @-@ operated IRT Dyre Avenue Line , fourteen stations were on the abandoned LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch ( now the IND Rockaway Line ) , six were on the Archer Avenue Lines and 63rd Street Lines ( built as part of a 1968 plan ) , two stations ( 57th Street and Grand Street ) were part of the Chrystie Street Connection , the Harlem – 148th Street terminal , and the 7 Subway Extension to the west side of Manhattan .
= = Lines and routes = =
Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings , so that a train " line " is more or less synonymous with a train " route " . In New York City , however , routings change often because of changes in the availability of connections or the setup of service patterns . Within the nomenclature of the subway , the " line " describes the physical railroad track or series of tracks that a train " route " uses on its way from one terminal to another . " Routes " ( also called " services " ) are distinguished by a letter or a number and " Lines " have names . They are also designations for trains , as exemplified in the Billy Strayhorn song " Take the " A " Train " .
There are 24 train services in the subway system , including three short shuttles . Each route has a color and a local or express designation representing the Manhattan trunk line of the particular service . The color lime green is exclusively assigned to the Crosstown Line route , which operates entirely outside Manhattan , while the shuttles are all assigned dark slate gray . The lines and services are not referred to by color ( e.g. , Blue Line or Green Line ) by native New Yorkers or by most New York City residents , but out @-@ of @-@ towners and tourists often refer to the subway lines by color .
The 1 , 6 , 7 , C , G , L , M and R trains are fully local and make all stops . The 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , < 6 > , < 7 > , A , B , D , E , F , N and Q trains have portions of express and local service . The J train normally operates local , but during rush hours it is joined by the Z train in the peak direction ; both the J and Z run local , express or skip @-@ stop on different parts of their shared route . The letter S is used for three shuttle services : Franklin Avenue Shuttle , Rockaway Park Shuttle , and 42nd Street Shuttle .
Though the subway system operates on a 24 @-@ hour basis , during late night hours some of the designated routes do not run , run as a shorter route ( often referred to as the ' shuttle train ' version of its full @-@ length counterpart ) or run with a different stopping pattern . These are usually indicated by smaller , secondary route signage on station platforms . Because there is no nightly system shutdown for maintenance , tracks and stations must be maintained while the system is operating . This work sometimes necessitates service changes during midday , overnight hours , and weekends . See also FASTRACK below .
When parts of lines are temporarily shut down for construction purposes , the transit authority can substitute free shuttle buses ( using MTA Regional Bus Operations bus fleet ) to replace the routes that would normally run on these lines . The transit authority announces planned service changes through its website , via placards that are posted on station and interior subway @-@ car walls , and through its Twitter page .
= = = Trunk lines = = =
= = = Subway map = = =
The current official transit maps of the New York City Subway are based on a 1979 design by Michael Hertz Associates . The maps are not geographically accurate due to the complexity of the system ( i.e. Manhattan being the smallest borough , but having the most services ) , but are known to help tourists navigate the city , as major city streets are shown alongside the subway stations serving them . The newest edition of the subway map , which took effect on June 27 , 2010 , reflects the latest service changes and also makes Manhattan bigger and Staten Island smaller . Part of the reason for the current incarnation is that earlier diagrams of the subway ( the first being produced in 1958 ) , while being more aesthetically pleasing , had the perception of being more geographically inaccurate than the diagrams today . The design of the subway map by Massimo Vignelli , published by the MTA between 1972 and 1979 , has since become recognized in design circles as a modern classic ; however , the MTA deemed the map flawed due to its placement of geographical elements .
A late night @-@ only version of the map was introduced on January 30 , 2012 . On September 16 , 2011 , the MTA introduced a Vignelli @-@ style interactive subway map , " The Weekender " , to its website ; as the title suggests , the map is a way for riders to get information about any planned work , from late Friday night to early Monday morning , that is going on either on a service ( s ) or station ( s ) of the subway during the weekend only .
There are several privately produced schematics which are available online or in published form , such as those by Hagstrom Map . Additionally , the New York City subway map has served as the subject of artistic endeavors . Among these are works by Fadeout Design and by Alexander Chen .
= = Stations = =
Most of the 469 stations are served 24 hours a day . Underground stations in the New York City Subway are typically accessed by staircases going down from street level . Many of these staircases are painted in a common shade of green , with slight or significant variations in design . Other stations have unique entrances reflective of their location or date of construction . Several station entrance stairs , for example , are built into adjacent buildings . Nearly all station entrances feature color @-@ coded globe or square lamps signifying their status as an entrance .
Out of all the stations on the New York City Subway ,
277 are fully underground
153 are elevated stations
29 are on an embankment
9 are open cut stations
This means that 61 % of the stations are below the surface ( 59 % being fully underground and about 2 % being sub @-@ surface stations ) . 39 % of stations are above the surface or overground .
= = = Concourse = = =
Many stations in the subway system have mezzanines . Mezzanines allow for passengers to enter from multiple locations at an intersection and proceed to the correct platform without having to cross the street before entering . Inside mezzanines are fare control areas , where passengers physically pay their fare to enter the subway system . In many older stations , the fare control area is at platform level with no mezzanine crossovers . Many elevated stations also have platform @-@ level fare control with no common station house between directions of service .
Upon entering a station , passengers may use station booths ( formerly known as token booths ) or vending machines to buy their fare , which is currently stored in a MetroCard . Each station has at least one booth , typically located at the busiest entrance . After swiping the card at a turnstile , customers enter the fare @-@ controlled area of the station and continue to the platforms . Inside fare control are " Off @-@ Hours Waiting Areas " , which consist of benches and are identified by a yellow sign .
= = = Platforms = = =
A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from 480 to 600 feet ( 150 to 180 m ) long , though some IND platforms may be as long as 660 to 745 feet ( 201 to 227 m ) long . Platforms of former commuter rail stations , such as those on the IND Rockaway Line , are even longer . Due to the large number of transit lines , one platform or set of platforms often serve more than one service . Passengers need to look at the overhead signs at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when , and at the arriving train to see which one it is .
There are a number of common platform configurations :
On a double track line , a station may have one center island platform used for trains in both directions , or 2 side platforms , one for a train in each direction .
For lines with three or four tracks with express service , local stops will have side platforms and the middle one or two tracks will not stop at the station . On these lines , express stations typically have two island platforms , one for the local and express in one direction , and another for the local and express in the other direction . Each island platform provides a cross @-@ platform interchange between local and express services . Some lines with four @-@ track express service have two tracks each on two levels and use both island and side platforms .
= = = Accessibility = = =
Since the majority of the system was built before 1990 , the year the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) went into effect , many New York City Subway stations were not designed to be handicapped @-@ accessible . Since then , elevators have been built in newly constructed stations to comply with the ADA . ( Most grade @-@ level stations required little modification to meet ADA standards . ) In addition , the MTA identified " key stations " , high @-@ traffic and / or geographically important stations , which must conform to the ADA when they are extensively renovated . As of March 2016 , there are 103 currently accessible stations ; many of them have AutoGate access . Under the current MTA plans , the number of ADA accessible stations will go up to 144 by 2020 . The MTA has been sued by a disability rights group for not including an elevator during the $ 21 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 renovation of the Middletown Road subway station in the Bronx . Only 19 % of all of the subway system 's stations are fully accessible to people with disabilities .
= = Rolling stock = =
As of December 2015 , the New York City Subway has 6 @,@ 407 cars on the roster . A typical New York City Subway train consists of 8 to 11 cars , although shuttles can have as few as two , and the train can range from 150 to 600 feet ( 46 to 183 m ) in length .
The system maintains two separate fleets of cars , one for the A Division routes and another for the B Division routes . All B Division equipment is about 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 05 m ) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches ( 18 @.@ 44 m ) or 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 86 m ) long , whereas A Division equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches ( 2 @.@ 67 m ) wide and 51 feet 4 inches ( 15 @.@ 65 m ) long . There is also a special fleet of B Division cars that is used for operation in the BMT Eastern Division , where 75 @-@ foot ( 22 @.@ 86 m ) long cars are not permitted .
Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter " R " followed by a number ; e.g. : R32 . This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased . Cars with nearby contract numbers ( e.g. : R1 through R9 , or R26 through R29 , or R143 through R160B ) may be relatively identical , despite being purchased under different contracts and possibly built by different manufacturers .
Since 1999 , the R142 , R142A , R143 , R160 , and R188 cars have been placed into service . These cars are collectively known as New Technology Trains ( NTTs ) due to modern innovations such as LED and LCD route signs and information screens , as well as recorded train announcements and the ability to facilitate Communication @-@ Based Train Control ( CBTC ) . Live conductor announcements can still be made .
On March 24 , 2012 , the MTA announced that it ordered 300 R179 subway cars from Bombardier . The total price of the contract is US $ 599 million , with the first test train of ten cars arriving in June 2016 , due to ongoing delivery problems .
= = Fares = =
Riders pay a single fare to enter the subway system and may transfer between trains at no extra cost until they exit via station turnstiles ; the fare is a flat rate regardless of how far or how long the rider travels . Thus , riders must swipe their MetroCard upon entering the subway system , but not a second time upon leaving .
As of April 2016 , nearly all fares are paid by MetroCard ; the base fare is $ 2 @.@ 75 when purchased in the form of a reusable " pay per ride " MetroCard , with the last fare increase occurring on March 22 , 2015 . Single @-@ use cards may be purchased for $ 3 @.@ 00 , and 7 @-@ day and 30 @-@ day unlimited ride cards can lower the effective per @-@ ride fare significantly . Reduced fares are available for the elderly and people with disabilities .
Currency collected throughout the system is handled by the Money room .
= = = MetroCard = = =
In November 1993 , the subway system introduced a fare system called the MetroCard , which allows riders to use cards that store the value equal to the amount paid to a station booth clerk or vending machine . The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours ; several MetroCard @-@ only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001 . With the addition of unlimited @-@ ride MetroCards in 1998 ( for 7 @-@ day and 30 @-@ day periods , later 1 @-@ day " Fun Pass " and 14 @-@ day periods , both of which have been discontinued ) , the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States with the exception of BART in San Francisco to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel . In January 2014 , the MTA stated that it wants to implement a contactless fare system to replace the MetroCard by 2019 .
= = Modernization = =
= = = FASTRACK = = =
In January 2012 , the MTA introduced a new maintenance program , FASTRACK , to speed up repair work . This program involves a more drastic approach than previous construction , and completely shuts down a major portion of a line for overnight work on four consecutive weeknights from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. According to the MTA , this new program proved much more efficient and quicker than regular service changes , especially because it happened at night and not the weekend , when most transit closures had occurred before . In 2012 the program only closed lines in Midtown and Lower Manhattan , while in 2013 it expanded to other corridors requiring minimal shuttle buses and in 2014 to even more locations . There were corridors scheduled for 2014 during 24 weeks of the year , and in 2015 there were 12 corridors scheduled during 22 weeks . In 2016 , there are 13 corridors scheduled during 21 weeks .
= = = Technology = = =
= = = = Train arrival " countdown clocks " = = = =
In 2003 , the MTA signed a $ 160 million contract with Siemens Transportation Systems to install digital real @-@ time message boards ( officially Public Address Customer Information Screens , or PA / CIS ) at 158 of its IRT stations to display the number of minutes until the arrival of the next trains . Payments to the company were stopped in May 2006 following many technical problems and delays and MTA started to look for alternative suppliers and technologies . In January 2007 Siemens announced that the issues had been resolved and that screens would start appearing at 158 stations by the end of the year . In 2008 , the system @-@ wide roll @-@ out was pushed back again , to 2011 , with the MTA citing technical problems .
An in @-@ house simpler system developed by MTA for the L trains was operational by early 2009 and the first three displays of the larger Siemens system became operational at stations on the IRT Pelham Line ( 6 < 6 > trains ) in the Bronx in December 2009 . Siemens signs were in operation in 110 A Division stations by March 2011 and in 153 IRT mainline and 24 Canarsie Line stations by late 2011 . Simpler countdown clocks , which only announce the track on which the train is arriving and the number of stops the train is from the station , are used at 40 stations . This includes thirteen stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line , nineteen stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line , three stations on the BMT Broadway Line , and five stations on the BMT Astoria Line ; however , the clocks on the Broadway and Astoria Lines are no in use As of 2016 . The announcements are voiced by radio traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast and Carolyn Hopkins .
In 2012 , real @-@ time station information for the 1 through 6 trains and the 42nd Street Shuttle was made available , through MTA 's ' Subway Time ' mobile app and as open data , to third party developers via a API . In early 2014 , data for the L train were also given to developers .
Displays at 22 IRT Flushing Line and the 5 IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations are not expected to be operational until the late 2010s , with the delay being attributed to upgrades to upgrading the signal system with CBTC for the IRT Flushing Line stations and to signal modernizations for IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations . Displays at 267 B Division stations will be installed as part of the 2015 – 2019 capital funding program . Upon the October 2015 approval of funding for the 2015 – 2019 capital program , full installation of the countdown clocks was deferred to beyond 2020 , with 320 out of 469 stations having countdown clocks by then . This was attributed to the rate of installation of wi @-@ fi and 3G systems in subway stations , which , among other things , makes countdown clocks viable . The B , D , and N were expected to get countdown clocks in 2016 ; the B and D would get the PA / CIS along their shared IND Concourse Line stations , the D along the BMT West End Line , and the N along the BMT Sea Beach Line . Meanwhile , the IRT Flushing Line ( 7 < 7 > ) was to get the clocks in 2018 , a delay from an earlier announced date of 2016 . The countdown clocks for the rest of the B Division will be installed as part of the Integrated Service Information and Management – B Division ( ISIM @-@ B ) project , which will upgrade signal towers and connect track circuits to a central database .
= = = = PayPass trials = = = =
The MTA signed a deal with MasterCard in the first few months of 2006 to test out a new RFID card payment scheme . Customers had to sign up at a special MasterCard website and use a MasterCard PayPass credit or debit card / tag to participate . Participating stations included IRT Lexington Avenue Line ( 4 5 6 < 6 > trains ) from the Third Avenue – 138th Street and 138th Street – Grand Concourse stations in the Bronx to Borough Hall in Brooklyn , as well as the Court Square – 23rd Street in Queens for the E M 7 < 7 > trains . Originally scheduled to end in December 2006 , the trial was extended into 2007 due to " overwhelming positive response " .
In light of the success of the first PayPass pilot project in 2006 , another trial was started by the MTA . This one started on June 1 , 2010 , and ended on November 30 , 2010 . The first two months started with the customer just using the MasterCard PayPass debit or credit card . However , this trial was the debut of having a rider use the VISA PayWave debit or credit card to enter the system , which started on August 1 , 2010 . For six months , a rider could use either a MasterCard Paypass or VISA PayWave credit / debit card to pay for a fare on an expanded list of subway and bus routes .
= = = = Help Point = = = =
The MTA set up another technology pilot project for the New York City Subway called " Help Point " on April 5 , 2011 . Help Point is a new digital @-@ audio communications system for use in case of an emergency or to obtain subway information for travel directions . The top button is labeled red for emergencies and connects to the Rail Control Center . The bottom button is labeled green and connects to a MTA station agent for any inquiries . All units are equipped with a microphone and speaker , and can optionally be installed with a camera . Also , the test units were equipped for the hearing impaired ( under ADA compliance ) .
The two subway stations that were part of this trial were on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line . They were the 23rd Street and the Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall stations . The Help Points at the Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall station were wireless , while those at the 23rd Street station ones were hard @-@ wired , to test which type of transmission is best for the subway .
After the Help Point test was successfully completed , the MTA started to install Help Points in all 469 subway stations to replace the existing Customer Assistance Intercom ( CAI ) units . The help points were to be installed in 139 stations by 2014 , and the remaining 333 stations would have Help Points by the end of 2019 .
= = = = On The Go ! Travel Station = = = =
On September 19 , 2011 , the MTA set up another pilot project , an online , interactive touchscreen computer program called " On The Go ! Travel Station " ( OTG ) . It lists any planned work or service changes occurring on the subway as well as information to help travelers find landmarks or locales near the stations with an OTG outlet , with advertisements as well . The first station to test this new technology was Bowling Green on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line . Other stations scheduled to participate in this program were Penn Station ( with the LIRR ) , Grand Central Terminal ( with Metro @-@ North ) , Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center in Brooklyn , and Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue / 74th Street – Broadway in Queens .
New and existing On the Go ! kiosks were to receive an interface overhaul as a result of the MTA 's partnership with Control Group , a technology and design consultancy firm . Control Group were adding route lookups , countdown to train arrivals , and service alerts . Between 47 and 90 interactive wayfinding kiosks were scheduled to be deployed in 2013 . As of January 2016 , there are 155 kiosks at 131 stations .
= = = = Cellular phone and wireless data = = = =
New York City Subway began to provide underground cellular phone with voice and data service , and free Wi @-@ Fi to passengers in 2011 at six stations . The new network was installed and owned by Transit Wireless as part of company 's $ 200 million investment . The company expanded the services to 30 more stations in 2013 and signed an agreement with all 4 major wireless network operators ( Verizon Wireless , AT & T , Sprint , and T @-@ Mobile ) to allow their cellular phone customers to use its network . The MTA and Transit Wireless are splitting the fees received from those wireless carriers for the usage of the network . The Wi @-@ Fi service , which operates using antennae , is operated by Boingo Wireless .
Transit Wireless expects to provide service to the remaining 241 underground stations by 2017 , including the three deep @-@ level subway stations under construction . The next 40 key stations ( 11 in midtown Manhattan and 29 in Queens ) have antennas that were in service by March 2014 . The wireless for these 40 underground stations were completed by October 2014 . Phase 3 of the project was completed in March 2015 and added service to the Flushing @-@ Main St station in Queens , as well as stations in Lower Manhattan , West Harlem and Washington Heights . Phase 4 of the project covered twenty underground stations in the Bronx and seventeen in Upper Manhattan ; this phase , completed in November 2015 , provided service to major stations such as Lexington Avenue – 53rd Street , Lexington Avenue – 59th Street , 149th Street – Grand Concourse , and 125th Street . Phases 6 and 7 of the Transit Wireless network build @-@ out will connect the 90 remaining Brooklyn and Manhattan underground stations in 2017 , about one year ahead of schedule .
= = = 2015 – 2019 Capital Program overhaul = = =
Under the 2015 – 2019 MTA Capital Plan , thirty @-@ one stations in all five boroughs will undergo a complete overhaul and would be entirely closed for up to 6 months at a time , according to Governor Andrew Cuomo . Updates would include cellular service , Wi @-@ Fi , charging stations , improved signage , subway countdown clocks , service alerts , neighborhood maps , new art , and improved station lighting . The stations would also include glass barriers near fare control areas ( rather than the current metal fences that separate the paid and unpaid areas of the station ) , as well as new tiled floors that are easy to clean . Minor component work , such as station signage , tiling , and lighting , would also be performed at over 170 other stations as part of the plan .
In addition , at least 1 @,@ 025 R211 subway cars are expected to be ordered under the plan . The R211s would include 58 @-@ inch ( 150 cm ) wide doors , wider than the current MTA standard of 50 inches ( 130 cm ) , thereby projected to reduce station dwell time by 32 % . The new cars will have Wi @-@ Fi installed , USB chargers , digital advertisements , digital customer information displays , illuminated door opening alerts , and security cameras , unlike the current New Technology Trains , which lack these features . Some lines , like the IND Eighth Avenue Line , would get communications @-@ based train control as part of a larger plan to automate the system . These measures are all projected to help reduce overcrowding on the subway , which is prevalent .
= = Safety and security = =
Crime , train accidents , suicides and threats of terrorism all impact the subway system .
= = = Signalling = = =
= = = = Manual signalling = = = =
The system currently uses Automatic Block Signaling with fixed wayside signals and automatic train stops in order to provide safe train operation across the whole system . The New York City Subway system has , for the most part , used block signalling since its 1904 opening , and many portions of the signaling system were installed between the 1930s and 1960s . Some replacement parts must be custom built for the MTA , as they are no longer available from signaling suppliers . Additionally , some subway services have reached their train capacity limits and cannot operate extra trains with the current Automatic Block Signaling system . As of May 2014 , the system consists of about 14 @,@ 850 signal blocks , 3 @,@ 538 mainline switches , 183 major track junctions , 10 @,@ 104 automatic train stops , and 339 @,@ 191 signal relays .
These signals work by preventing trains from entering a " block " occupied by another train . Typically , the blocks are 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) long . If no train is in the block , the signal will light up as green . When a train enters the block , the signal turns red , marking the block as occupied . The train 's maximum speed will depend on how many blocks are open in front of it . However , the signals do not register a train 's speed , nor where in the block the train is located .
Subway trains are stopped mechanically at all signals showing " stop " aspects by automatic train stops located alongside the tracks ; all cars are equipped with tripcocks . Although this is a simple principle of train stops , that wayside trippers must not be moved to trip ( " stop " ) position until it is guaranteed that the train has fully passed the signal with all its cars .
Today , the majority of all subway delays are caused by signal problems . Whenever a signal stops working , all of the signals behind of it turn red , as it is uncertain whether there is a train in that section .
= = = = Automation = = = =
In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the MTA began automating the subway by Communication @-@ Based Train Control ( CBTC ) . Under CBTC , the fixed @-@ block signal system is removed . Instead , equipment aboard every train identifies the location of the train . The central control center uses this information to adjust speed for best use of the track . Trains , with CBTC , can then operate closer together . With the new system , signals and interlockings aren 't needed , their job being done better by trackside controllers , controllers on the train , and a control center . The location of the train is also used to inform passengers of arrival times . The MTA 's form of CBTC uses a reduced form of the old fixed @-@ block signaling system , requiring that both be maintained at high cost .
The BMT Canarsie Line , on which the L train runs , was chosen for pilot testing because it is a self @-@ contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other lines . CBTC became operational in February 2009 . Due to an unexpected ridership increase , the MTA ordered additional cars , and increased service from 15 trains to 26 trains per hour , an achievement beyond the capability of the block system . The total cost of the project was $ 340 million .
After the success of the BMT Canarsie Line automation , the IRT Flushing Line , carrying the 7 < 7 > trains , was next chosen to be outfitted with CBTC . Eventually , the MTA has plans to automate a much larger portion , using One Person Train Operation ( OPTO ) in conjunction with CBTC . Siemens Transportation Systems built the CBTC system on the Canarsie line . Thales is building the CBTC system for the Flushing Line . In late winter 2008 , the MTA embarked on a 5 @-@ week renovation and upgrade project on the 7 < 7 > trains between Flushing – Main Street and 61st Street – Woodside to upgrade signaling and tracks for CBTC . On February 27 , 2008 , the MTA issued an Accelerated Capital Program to continue funding the completion of CBTC for the 7 < 7 > trains and to begin on the IND Queens Boulevard Line ( E F trains ) . The proposed plan is estimated to cost US $ 1 @.@ 4 billion . At the current pace of installation , it would take 175 years for CBTC to be installed at a cost of $ 20 billion .
The New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision ( ATS ) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division ( the Flushing line , and the trains used on the 7 < 7 > services , do not have ATS . ) ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center ( OCC ) to see where trains are in real time , and whether each individual train is running early or late . Dispatchers can hold trains for connections , re @-@ route trains , or short @-@ turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays .
= = = Train accidents = = =
Despite the signal system , there have been at least 64 major train accidents since 1918 , when a train bound for South Ferry smashed into two trains halted near Jackson Avenue on the IRT White Plains Road Line in the Bronx . Several accidents resulted when the train operator ran through red signals and rear @-@ ended the subway train in front of it ; this resulted in the signaling practice of " keying by " , which allowed train operators to bypass red signals . The deadliest accident , the Malbone Street Wreck , occurred on November 1 , 1918 beneath the intersection of Flatbush Avenue , Ocean Avenue , and Malbone Street ( the latter of which is now Empire Boulevard ) near the Prospect Park station of the then @-@ BRT Brighton Line in Brooklyn , killing 93 people . As a result of accidents , such as the 1995 Williamsburg Bridge crash , timer signals were installed . These signals have resulted in reduced speeds across the system . Accidents such as derailments are also due to broken equipment , such as the rails and the train itself .
= = = Passenger safety = = =
= = = = Track safety and suicides = = = =
A portion of subway @-@ related deaths in New York consists of suicides committed by jumping in front of an oncoming train . Between 1990 and 2003 , 343 subway @-@ related suicides have been registered out of a citywide total of 7 @,@ 394 ( 4 @.@ 6 % ) and subway @-@ related suicides increased by 30 % , despite a decline in overall suicide numbers .
Due to increase in people hit by trains in 2013 , in late 2013 and early 2014 the MTA started a test program at one undisclosed station , with four systems and strategies to eliminate the number of people hit by trains . Closed @-@ circuit television cameras , a web of laser beams stretched across the tracks , radio frequencies transmitted across the tracks , and thermal imaging cameras focused on the station 's tracks were set to be installed at that station . At the unidentified station , which is rumored to be Rector Street , tests have gone so well at the testing site that these track protection systems will be installed systemwide as part of the 2015 – 2019 capital program .
The MTA also expressed interest in starting a pilot program to install platform edge doors . Several planned stations in the New York City Subway may possibly feature platform screen doors , possibly including future stations such as those part of the Second Avenue Subway . Currently , the MTA is planning a test program to install screen doors at a subway station on the BMT Canarsie Line . As part of the 2010 – 2014 capital program , the station was going to be Sixth Avenue , but it is uncertain whether or not that this will be the station chosen .
= = = = Crime = = = =
Crime rates have shown variations over time , with a drop starting in the 1990s and continuing today . In order to fight crime , various approaches have been used over the years , including an " If You See Something , Say Something " campaign and a new initiative to ban people who commit a crime in the subway system from entering the system for a certain length of time .
In order to fight crime , various approaches have been used . A new initiative by the MTA to prevent crime is to ban people who commit one in the subway system from entering it for a certain length of time . In the 1960s , for example , mayor Robert Wagner ordered an increase in the Transit Police force from 1 @,@ 219 to 3 @,@ 100 officers . During the hours at which crimes most frequently occurred ( between 8 : 00 p.m. and 4 : 00 a.m. ) , the officers went on patrol in all stations and trains . In response , crime rates decreased , as extensively reported by the press . In July 1985 , however , the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City published a study showing riders abandoning the subway , fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances .
To counter these developments , policy that was rooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s was implemented . In line with this Fixing Broken Windows philosophy , the New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) began a five @-@ year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984 . In 1993 , Mayor Rudy Giuliani took office and with Police Commissioner Howard Safir , the strategy was more widely deployed in New York under the rubrics of " zero tolerance " and " quality of life " . Crime rates in the subway and city dropped . Giuliani 's campaign credited the success to the zero tolerance policy . The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed .
New York City Police Department Commissioner William J. Bratton and author of Fixing Broken Windows , George L. Kelling , however , stated the police played an " important , even central , role " in the declining crime rates . The trend continued and Giuliani 's successor , Michael Bloomberg , stated in a November 2004 press release : " Today , the subway system is safer than it has been at any time since we started tabulating subway crime statistics nearly 40 years ago . "
= = = = Photography = = = =
After the September 11 attacks in New York , the MTA exercised extreme caution regarding anyone taking photographs or recording video inside the system and proposed banning all photography and recording in a meeting around June 2004 . However , due to strong response from both the public and from civil rights groups , the rule of conduct was dropped . In November 2004 , the MTA again put this rule up for approval , but was again denied , though many police officers and transit workers still confront or harass people taking photographs or video . However , on April 3 , 2009 , the NYPD issued a directive to officers stating that it is legal to take pictures within the subway system so long as it is not accompanied with suspicious activity .
Currently , the MTA Rules of Conduct , Restricted Areas and Activities section states that anyone may take pictures or record video , provided that they do not use lights , reflectors or tripods . Lights , reflectors and tripods are permitted by members of the press who have identification issued by the NYPD .
= = = = Terrorism prevention = = = =
On July 22 , 2005 , in response to bombings in London , the New York City Transit Police introduced a new policy of randomly searching passengers ' bags as they approached turnstiles . The NYPD claimed that no form of racial profiling would be conducted when these searches actually took place . The NYPD has come under fire from some groups that claim purely random searches without any form of threat assessment would be ineffectual . Donna Lieberman , Executive Director of the NYCLU , stated , " This NYPD bag search policy is unprecedented , unlawful and ineffective . It is essential that police be aggressive in maintaining security in public transportation . But our very real concerns about terrorism do not justify the NYPD subjecting millions of innocent people to suspicionless searches in a way that does not identify any person seeking to engage in terrorist activity and is unlikely to have any meaningful deterrent effect on terrorist activity . " The searches were upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in MacWade v. Kelly .
On April 11 , 2008 , MTA received a Ferrara Fire Apparatus Hazardous Materials Response Truck , which went into service three days later . It will be used in the case of a chemical or bioterrorist attack .
Najibullah Zazi and others were arrested in September 2009 and pleaded guilty in 2010 to being part of an al @-@ Qaeda plan to undertake suicide bombings on the New York City subway system .
= = Challenges = =
= = = 2009 – 2010 budget cuts = = =
The MTA faced a budget deficit of US $ 1 @.@ 2 billion in 2009 . This resulted in fare increases ( three times from 2008 to 2010 ) and service reductions ( including the elimination of two part @-@ time subway services , the V and W ) . Several other routes were modified as a result of the deficit . The N was made a full @-@ time local in Manhattan ( in contrast to being a weekend local / weekday express before 2010 ) , while the Q was extended nine stations north to Astoria – Ditmars Boulevard on weekdays , both to cover the discontinued W. The M was combined with the V , routing it over the Chrystie Street Connection , IND Sixth Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills – 71st Avenue on weekdays instead of via the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and BMT West End Line to Bay Parkway . The G was truncated to Court Square full @-@ time . Construction headways on eleven routes were lengthened , and off @-@ peak service on seven routes were lengthened .
= = = Capacity constraints = = =
Several subway lines have reached their operational limits in terms of train frequency and passengers , according to data released by the Transit Authority . As of June 2007 , all of the A Division services except the 42nd Street Shuttle , as well as the E and L trains were beyond capacity , as well as portions of the N train . In April 2013 , New York magazine reported that the system was more crowded than it had been in the previous 66 years . The subway reached a daily ridership of 6 million for 29 days in 2014 , and was expected to record a similar ridership level for 55 days in 2015 ; by comparison , in 2013 , daily ridership never reached 6 million . In particular , the express tracks of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line are noted for operating at full capacity during peak hours . The Long Island Rail Road East Side Access project is expected to bring many more commuters to the Lexington Avenue Line when it opens around the year 2022 , further overwhelming its capacity .
By early 2016 , delays as a result of overcrowding were up to more than 20 @,@ 000 every month , four times the amount in 2012 . The overcrowded trains have resulted in an increase of assaults because of tense commutes . With less platform space , more passengers are forced to be on the edge of the platform resulting in the increased possibility of passengers falling on the track . One possible solution that the MTA is considering is platform screen doors , which exist on the Airtrain JFK to prevent passengers from falling onto the tracks . In order to prevent hitting passengers who could fall onto the tracks , train operators are being instructed to go into stations at lower speeds . The increased proximity of riders could result in the spread of contagious diseases .
= = = = Alleviation = = = =
The Second Avenue Subway , which will have communications @-@ based train control ( CBTC ) , will relieve pressure on the Lexington Avenue Line ( 4 5 6 < 6 > trains ) when the Second Avenue Subway 's first segment begins operating in December 2016 by shifting an estimated 225 @,@ 000 passengers , and CBTC installation on the Flushing Line is expected to increase the rate of trains per hour on the 7 < 7 > trains , but little relief will come to other crowded lines until later . The L trains , which are overcrowded during rush hours , already have CBTC operation . The installation of CBTC has reduced the L 's running time by 3 % . Even with CBTC , there are limits on the potential increased service . For L service to be increased further , a power upgrade as well as additional space for the L to turn around at its Manhattan terminus , Eighth Avenue are needed . The MTA is also seeking to implement CBTC on the IND Queens Boulevard Line . CBTC is to be installed on this line in five phases , with phase one ( 50th Street / 8th Avenue and 47th – 50th Streets – Rockefeller Center to Kew Gardens – Union Turnpike ) being included in the 2010 – 2014 capital budget . The $ 205 @.@ 8 million contract for the installment of phase one was awarded in 2015 to Siemens and Thales . Planning for phase one started in 2015 , with major engineering work to follow in 2017 . The total cost for the entire Queens Boulevard Line is estimated at over $ 900 million . Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is also provided in the 2015 – 2019 capital project . The MTA projects that 355 miles of track will receive CBTC signals by 2029 , including most of the IND , as well as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line . The MTA also is planning to install CBTC equipment on the IND Crosstown Line , the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Brighton Line before 2025 . As part of the installation of CBTC , the whole fleet of subway cars needs to be remodeled or replaced .
Due to an increase of ridership , the MTA has tried to increase capacity wherever possible by adding more frequent service , specifically during the evening hours . However , this increase will not likely keep up with the growth of subway ridership . Some lines have capacity for additional trains during peak times , but there are too few subway cars for this additional service to be operated .
As part of the R211 subway car order , the MTA is planning to test a train of 10 open @-@ gangway experimental prototype cars , which could increase capacity by up to 10 % by utilizing the space , that in previous models was the unused space between cars .
The MTA also hopes to test other , smaller ideas on some services . The F , 6 , and 7 trains are expected to get 100 more " station platform controllers " to manage the flow of passengers on and off crowded trains for maximum ridership during rush hours , for a total of 129 such employees ; these workers would also answer passengers ' questions about subway directions , rather than having conductors answering them and thus delaying the trains . Subway guards , the predecessors to the platform controllers , were used during the Great Depression and World War II . Shortened " next stop " announcements on trains are being tested on the 2 and 5 trains . " Step aside " signs on the platforms , reminding boarding passengers to let departing passengers off the train first , are being tested at Grand Central – 42nd Street , 51st Street , and 86th Street on the Lexington Avenue Line . Cameras would also be installed so the MTA could observe passenger overcrowding .
In systems like the London Underground , stations just simply get closed off when they are overcrowded , such as the busy Oxford Circus tube station , which had to close more than 100 times in a year . Currently , the restrictions are not yet necessary , according to MTA spokesman Kevin Ortiz .
= = = Subway flooding = = =
Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms , even minor ones . Rainwater can disrupt signals underground and require the electrified third rail to be shut off . Every day , the MTA moves 13 million gallons of water when it is not raining . Since 1992 , $ 357 million has been used to improve 269 pump rooms . By August 2007 , $ 115 million was earmarked to upgrade the remaining 18 pump rooms .
Despite these improvements , the transit system continues to experience flooding problems . On August 8 , 2007 , after more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of rain fell within an hour , the subway system flooded , causing almost every subway service to either be disabled or seriously disrupted , effectively halting the morning rush . This was the third incident in 2007 in which rain disrupted service . The system was disrupted on this occasion because the pumps and drainage system can handle only a rainfall rate of 1 @.@ 75 inches ( 44 mm ) per hour ; the incident 's severity was aggravated by the scant warning as to the severity of the storm .
In addition , as part of a $ 130 million and an estimated 18 @-@ month project , the MTA began installing new subway grates in September 2008 in an attempt to prevent rain from overflowing into the subway system . The metallic structures , designed with the help of architectural firms and meant as a piece of public art , are placed atop existing grates but with a 3 @-@ to @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 76 to 102 mm ) sleeve to prevent debris and rain from flooding the subway . The racks will at first be installed in the three most flood @-@ prone areas as determined by hydrologists : Jamaica , Tribeca , and the Upper West Side . Each neighborhood is scheduled to have its own distinct design , some featuring a wave @-@ like deck which increases in height and features seating ( Jamaica ) , others with a flatter deck that includes seating and a bike rack .
In October 2012 , Hurricane Sandy caused a lot of damage to New York City , and many subway tunnels were inundated with floodwater . The subway opened with limited service two days after the storm and was running at 80 percent capacity within five days ; however , some infrastructure needed years to repair . A year after the storm , MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz said , " This was unprecedented in terms of the amount of damage that we were seeing throughout the system . " The storm flooded nine of the system 's 14 underwater tunnels , many subway lines , and several subway yards , as well as completely destroying a portion of the IND Rockaway Line and much of the South Ferry terminal station . Reconstruction required many weekend closures on several lines , as well as several long @-@ term closures on the Greenpoint Tunnel , Montague Street Tunnel , Rockaway Line , and the South Ferry station , with a long @-@ term closure planned for the 14th Street Tunnel ; some reconstruction is expected to last until at least 2020 .
= = = Full and partial subway closures = = =
On August 27 , 2011 , due to the approach of Hurricane Irene , the MTA suspended subway service at noon in anticipation of heavy flooding on tracks and in tunnels . It was the first weather @-@ caused shutdown in the history of the system . Service was restored by August 29 .
On October 29 , 2012 , another full closure was ordered before the arrival of Hurricane Sandy . All services on the subway , the Long Island Rail Road and Metro @-@ North were gradually shut down that day at 7 : 00 P.M. , to protect passengers , employees and equipment from the coming storm . The storm caused serious damage to the system , especially the IND Rockaway Line , which had many sections between Howard Beach – JFK Airport and Hammels Wye on the Rockaway Peninsula heavily damaged , leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system . This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 R32 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service ( temporarily designated the H ) . Also , several of the system 's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge . South Ferry suffered serious water damage and did not reopen until April 4 , 2013 by restoring service to the older loop @-@ configured station that had been replaced in 2009 ; the stub @-@ end terminal tracks remain out of service pending extensive repairs and the new island @-@ platformed station is not expected to reopen until 2017 .
On January 26 , 2015 , another full closure was ordered by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo due to the January 2015 nor 'easter , which was originally projected to leave New York City with 20 to 30 inches ( 51 to 76 cm ) of snow . The next day , the subway system was partially reopened . A number of New York City residents criticized Cuomo 's decision to shut down the subway system for the first time ever due to snow . The nor 'easter dropped much less snow in the city than originally expected , totaling only 9 @.@ 8 inches ( 25 cm ) in Central Park .
On January 23 , 2016 , a partial subway closure was ordered due to the January 2016 United States blizzard , wherein all aboveground stations were closed ; the underground lines remained open during the blizzard . Most of the subway resumed service the next day , with some lingering delays due to an average of 26 inches ( 66 cm ) of snow in the area .
= = = Litter and rodents = = =
Litter accumulation is a perennial problem in the subway system . In the 1970s and 1980s , dirty trains and platforms , as well as graffiti were a serious problem . The situation had improved since then , but the 2010 budget crisis , which caused over 100 of the cleaning staff to lose their jobs , threatened to curtail trash removal from the subway system .
The New York City Subway system is infested with rats . Rats are sometimes seen on platforms , and are commonly seen foraging through garbage thrown onto the tracks . They are believed to pose a health hazard , and on rare instances have been known to bite humans . Subway stations notorious for rat infestation include Chambers Street , Jay Street – MetroTech , West Fourth Street , Spring Street and 145th Street .
Decades of efforts to eradicate or simply thin the rat population in the system have been unsuccessful . In March 2009 , the Transit Authority announced a series of changes to its vermin control strategy , including new poison formulas and experimental trap designs . In October 2011 , the MTA announced a new initiative to clean 25 subway stations , along with their garbage rooms , of rat infestations . Also in October 2011 , the MTA announced a pilot program aimed at reducing levels of garbage in the subways by removing all garbage bins from the subway platforms . The initiative is being tested at the Eighth Street – New York University and Flushing – Main Street stations . As of March 2016 , stations along the BMT Jamaica Line , BMT Myrtle Avenue Line , and various other stations had their garbage cans removed due to the success of the program . There are also vacuum trains that are designed to remove trash off of the tracks , but are ineffective and often broken . A 2016 study by Travel Math had the New York City Subway listed as the dirtiest subway system in the country based on the number of viable bacteria cells .
= = = Noise = = =
Rolling stock on the New York City Subway produces high levels of noise that exceed guidelines set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . In 2006 , Columbia University 's Mailman School of Public Health found noise levels averaged 95 decibel ( dB ) inside subway cars and 94 dB on platforms . Daily exposure to noise at such levels for as little as 30 minutes can lead to hearing loss . Noise on one in 10 platforms exceeded 100 dB . Under WHO and EPA guidelines , noise exposure at that level is limited to 1 @.@ 5 minutes . A subsequent study by Columbia and the University of Washington found higher average noise levels in the subway ( 80 @.@ 4 dB ) than on commuter trains including Port Authority Trans @-@ Hudson ( PATH ) ( 79 @.@ 4 dB ) , Metro @-@ North ( 75 @.@ 1 dB ) and Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) ( 74 @.@ 9 dB ) . Since the decibel scale is a logarithmic scale , sound at 95 dB is 10 times more intense than at 85 dB and 100 times more intense than at 75 dB , and so forth . In the second study , peak subway noise registered at 102 @.@ 1 dB .
Currently , the MTA , with the engineering firm Arup , is working to reduce the noise levels in stations . In order to reduce noise , the MTA is investing in low @-@ vibration track using ties encased in concrete @-@ covered rubber and neoprene pads . Continuously welded rail , which is also being installed , reduces the noise being made by the wheels of trains . The biggest change that is going to be made is in the design of stations . Current stations were built with tile and stone , which bounce sound everywhere , while newer stations will have the ceilings lined with absorbent fiberglass or mineral wool that will direct sound toward the train and not the platform . With less noise from the trains , platform announcements could be heard more clearly . They will be clearer with speakers spaced periodically on the platform , angled so that announcements could be heard by the riders . Some of these changes will be in place on the soon @-@ opening Second Avenue Subway .
= = Public relations = =
The Board of Transportation , and its successor , MTA New York City Transit , has had numerous events that promote increased ridership of their transit system .
= = = Miss Subways = = =
From 1941 to 1976 , the Board of Transportation / New York City Transit Authority sponsored the " Miss Subways " publicity campaign . In the musical On the Town , the character Miss Turnstiles is based on the Miss Subways campaign . The campaign was resurrected in 2004 , for one year , as " Ms. Subways " . It was part of the 100th anniversary celebrations . Featuring young models , entertainers and others , the monthly campaign , which included the winners ' photos and biographical blurbs on placards in subway cards , featured such winners as Mona Freeman and prominent New York City restaurateur Ellen Goodman . The winner of this contest was Caroline Sanchez @-@ Bernat , an actress from Morningside Heights .
= = = Subway Series = = =
Subway Series is a term applied to any series of baseball games between New York City teams , as opposing teams can travel to compete merely by using the subway system . Subway Series is a term long used in New York , going back to series between the Brooklyn Dodgers or New York Giants and the New York Yankees in the 1940s and 1950s . Today , the term is used to describe the rivalry between the Yankees and the New York Mets . During the 2000 World Series , cars on the 4 train ( which stopped at Yankee Stadium ) were painted with Yankee colors , while cars on the 7 train ( which stopped at Shea Stadium ) had Mets colors . The term could also be applied to the rivalry between the New York Knicks and the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association , or the New York Rangers and the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ever since the Nets and the Islanders moved to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn .
= = = Holiday Train = = =
Since 2003 , the MTA has operated a Holiday Train on Sundays in November and December , from the first Sunday after Thanksgiving to the Sunday before Christmas Day . This train was made of cars from the R1 through R9 series . The route made all stops between Second Avenue in Manhattan and Queens Plaza in Queens via the IND Sixth Avenue Line and the IND Queens Boulevard Line . In 2011 , the train operated on Saturdays instead of Sundays .
The contract , car numbers ( and year built ) used were Arnines , specifically R1 100 ( 1930 ) , R1 381 ( 1931 ) , R4 401 ( 1932 ) , R4 484 ( 1932 ) – Bulls Eye lighting and a test P.A. system added in 1946 , R6 @-@ 3 1000 ( 1935 ) , R6 @-@ 1 1300 ( 1937 ) , R7A 1575 ( 1938 ) – rebuilt in 1947 as a prototype for the R10 subway car , and R9 1802 ( 1940 ) .
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= Luc Bourdon =
Joseph Luc Bourdon ( February 16 , 1987 – May 29 , 2008 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Manitoba Moose , from 2006 until 2008 . After overcoming childhood arthritis , he was selected third overall in the 2003 Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) draft and played for the Val @-@ d 'Or Foreurs , Moncton Wildcats , and Cape Breton Screaming Eagles , spending four seasons in the QMJHL . The Canucks drafted Bourdon with their first selection , tenth overall , in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft . Noted as a strong defenceman who could contribute on offence , Bourdon represented Canada in three international tournaments , winning two gold medals at the IIHF World U20 Championship and a silver medal at the IIHF World U18 Championship . Bourdon died at the age of 21 near his hometown of Shippagan , New Brunswick , when his motorcycle collided with a tractor trailer .
= = Early life = =
Born on February 16 , 1987 , Bourdon was an only child raised by his mother , Suzanne Boucher , in the small French @-@ speaking community of Shippagan , New Brunswick . When he was nine , he was diagnosed with juvenile arthritis and needed to use a wheelchair , which he later overcame . As a teenager , he attended Marie @-@ Esther Secondary , where he was a straight @-@ A student . Growing up in a fishing town , he worked summers on his uncle 's crab fishing boat .
He played as a 13- and 14 @-@ year @-@ old with the Peninsule Acadien Lynx , and with the Miramichi Rivermen from ages 15 – 16 , both local minor ice hockey teams . After being the third overall choice in the 2003 QMJHL draft , Bourdon left home when he was 16 , returning in the off @-@ season to live with his mother . Upon turning professional and signing his first contract , he anonymously donated C $ 10 @,@ 000 to the local minor hockey association for families who could not afford equipment . His donation was posthumously revealed by his former bantam hockey coach , Gilles Cormier , who managed the local arena at the time of Bourdon 's death .
= = Playing career = =
Bourdon joined the Val @-@ d 'Or Foreurs for the 2003 – 04 season , registering eight points in 64 regular season games and scoring one goal in seven playoff games . He appeared in all 70 games with the Foreurs in 2004 – 05 , scoring 13 goals and 19 assists , and participated in the CHL Top Prospects Game , an exhibition for draft @-@ eligible players . In June 2005 , Bourdon was the tenth pick overall , selected by the Vancouver Canucks , at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft . Ranked sixth overall for North American skaters coming into the draft , Bourdon was noted as a physical two @-@ way defenceman with significant offensive skills and a strong shot , as well as an excellent skater . He was the second Shippagan @-@ born hockey player to be drafted in the NHL , after goaltender Yanick Degrace was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in 1991 .
Invited to the Canucks training camp , Bourdon almost made the team as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old , but instead was returned to the QMJHL for further development . He began the 2005 – 06 season with the Foreurs , registering 20 points in 20 games , before being traded to the Moncton Wildcats , who were hosting the 2006 Memorial Cup . In exchange for Bourdon , the Wildcats sent Ian Mathieu @-@ Girard , Jean @-@ Sébastien Adam , a fourth @-@ round pick , and a first @-@ round selection in 2008 to Val @-@ d 'Or . Shortly after the trade , Bourdon injured his ankle , suffering a fractured fibula , high and low sprains , and a second @-@ degree ligament tear . Although he returned to join Moncton in the playoffs , doctors told him that it would take two years to fully recover . He managed a full recovery after one year , but his turning ability and backwards skating sometimes lagged . Competing in the Memorial Cup , he reached the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) final with the Wildcats , who lost 6 – 2 to the Quebec Remparts .
After signing a three @-@ year contract , worth $ 850 @,@ 000 per year with the Canucks on May 4 , 2006 , Bourdon earned a spot on the team 's 2006 – 07 opening roster . He played his first NHL game on October 10 , 2006 against the Minnesota Wild , but after playing nine games and scoring no points , he was sent again to the QMJHL for further development . On January 8 , 2007 , Bourdon was again traded in the QMJHL , with Moncton sending him to the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles in exchange for Mark Barberio and a first round selection in the 2007 QMJHL draft . As a Screaming Eagle , Bourdon lost in the QMJHL semi @-@ final against his former team , Val @-@ d 'Or . He finished the 2006 – 07 QMJHL season with 20 points in 36 games . When the Canucks did not qualify for the playoffs , they sent Bourdon to play five games for the Manitoba Moose , who were in the middle of the AHL playoffs . He was held pointless through five AHL playoff games . Including his participation in the 2007 World Junior Championships , Bourdon played for five different teams throughout the 2006 – 07 season .
Initially failing to make the Canucks starting roster out of training camp , Bourdon began the 2007 – 08 season with the Manitoba Moose ; however , because of a series of injuries among the Canucks ' defencemen throughout the season , Bourdon was called up on several occasions . Bourdon scored his first goal on November 16 , 2007 , against goaltender Niklas Bäckström in a 6 – 2 win over the Minnesota Wild . Bourdon finished the season on the Canucks roster , and was sent back to the Manitoba Moose for the AHL playoffs , playing in six playoff games for the Moose . He appeared in 27 games for the Canucks over the season , scoring two goals , as well as scoring 14 points during 41 games with the Moose .
As a young and promising defenceman , Bourdon was regularly mentioned in rumours of trades for more offence at the forward positions . Most significantly , he was speculated to be part of a package in exchange for Tampa Bay Lightning forward Brad Richards . Although Bourdon had a powerful shot , he did not play defence responsibly enough to earn a regular spot on the roster . He began to show signs of improvement and maturity as the Canucks used him more in the 2007 – 08 season .
= = = International play = = =
Bourdon made his international debut representing Team Canada in the 2005 World Under @-@ 18 Championships , held in the Czech Republic , earning one assist in a silver @-@ medal effort .
In the 2006 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in British Columbia , Bourdon competed in his first of two consecutive World Junior Championships . He was named player of the game in round @-@ robin play after a scoring a goal and an assist in a 4 – 0 win against Norway . He finished the tournament leading all defencemen in scoring with six points in six games and was named to the tournament 's all @-@ star team . Upon winning gold , Bourdon returned to Shippagan and showcased his medal at the local arena to crowds of supporters .
At the 2007 World Junior Championships in Leksand and Mora , Sweden , Bourdon was awarded a second player of the game distinction after the first round @-@ robin contest against Sweden , in which he scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 2 – 0 victory . Later in the tournament , Bourdon scored the game @-@ tying goal in the third period of a 2 – 1 shootout win over the United States in the semi @-@ final . In total , Bourdon picked up two goals and two assists in six games , helping Canada to a second straight gold medal .
= = Death = =
Bourdon was killed instantly in a motorcycle collision in Lamèque , New Brunswick , near his hometown of Shippagan on May 29 , 2008 , when he hit a tractor @-@ trailer after losing control of his 2009 Suzuki GSX @-@ R1000 and crossing the centre line . Environment Canada showed winds gusting to more than 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) in the area at the time of the accident . The RCMP stated that Bourdon 's inexperience with motorcycles may have been a factor in the crash .
Bourdon 's agent , Kent Hughes , stated that he never knew about his client 's new hobby ( motorcycles ) . " I had no idea , " he explained to CKNW in Vancouver . " Another client of ours , Kris Letang , said Luc let him know he was riding his dad 's motorcycle with some friends a week or two ago . I have since been told — though I don 't know — that he actually bought a motorcycle two days ago " . Maryse Bourdon , Luc 's stepmother , said he had purchased the motorcycle about three weeks before . Letang , Bourdon 's close friend and former roommate from junior hockey , planned to buy a motorcycle after Bourdon told him about his ; because of the crash , he decided against it .
The American Hockey League , where Bourdon had played for the Manitoba Moose , observed a moment of silence in Bourdon 's honour prior to game one of the Calder Cup Finals between the Chicago Wolves and the Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton Penguins just hours after the accident , and on May 31 , the Pittsburgh Penguins and Detroit Red Wings observed a moment of silence before game four of the 2008 Stanley Cup Final . During the 2008 NHL Draft , the Canucks ' management wore guitar pins to remember Bourdon , because he was an avid guitarist .
At the Canucks ' 2008 – 09 NHL season home opener against the Calgary Flames , the Canucks honoured Bourdon with a brief pre @-@ game ceremony . Bourdon 's family was presented with his last game @-@ worn jersey , given by the fan who won the jersey during an annual charity event the previous season . Afterwards , Tom Cochrane and Red Rider performed " Big League " during the video tribute . Commemorative pins were handed out to fans attending the game and were worn throughout the season by General Motors Place hosts . The Canucks also wore " LB " on their helmets that season in memory of Bourdon . At General Motors Place , the Luc Bourdon Wall of Dreams was established to commemorate Bourdon .
The Manitoba Moose honoured Bourdon with a video tribute before their 2008 – 09 home opener on October 10 , 2008 . Moose players all wore # 4 Bourdon jerseys during the warmup , and " # 4 LB " patches were worn on the jerseys of players all season . A senior men 's ice hockey team in New Brunswick , the Lameque / Shippagan Pêcheurs , also honoured him , wearing a " 28 Bourdon " patch on their jerseys over the course of the 2008 – 09 season . During the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , Team Canada honoured Bourdon by wearing LB stickers in their opening game . In addition , no Canadian player wore the jersey number 6 , the number Bourdon wore with the national team , throughout the tournament .
In the 2008 @-@ 2009 season , the QMJHL Moncton Wildcats hockey club where Luc had played during the 2006 season paid tribute by having former New Brunswick professional musician Roland Gauvin from 1755 French musical group play " Le monde a bien change " along a video tribute . Also presented to the Bourdon family from the Wildcats Franchise Executives was Luc 's Moncton Wildcats Jersey as well as Flowers . The team wore the LB patch as well for the season .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
All statistics taken from NHL.com
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= SaGa Frontier 2 =
SaGa Frontier 2 ( サガ フロンティア 2 , Saga Furontia Tsū ) is a role @-@ playing video game developed by Square for the PlayStation . It is the eighth original game in their SaGa series . Initially released in Japan in April 1999 , an English version was made available in North America in January 2000 by Square Electronic Arts and in PAL regions the following March by Square . Development for the title was headed by series creator Akitoshi Kawazu , with music by Masashi Hamauzu . The game features an art style unique to the series at the time it was released , utilizing hand @-@ painted watercolor backdrops and characters to give the game a storybook feel . Like other SaGa games , gameplay is largely non @-@ linear , giving the player multiple paths to follow in order to complete the game .
Set in the fictional world of Sandail , the game 's plot , as well as location and character names , draw heavily from medieval Germanic and Anglo @-@ Saxon influence . The game 's plot is divided into two separate stories , with the player given the option to control either Gustave XIII , an exiled would @-@ be heir on a quest to reclaim his throne , or William Knights , a young man investigating the death of his parents , with both scenarios eventually intertwining in a larger plot involving the fate of the world . SaGa Frontier 2 was met with generally positive reviews , with the Japanese version receiving three re @-@ issues in June 2000 , March 2002 , and July 2006 respectively .
= = Gameplay = =
SaGa Frontier 2 is a role @-@ playing video game featuring two @-@ dimensional character sprites on hand @-@ drawn backgrounds . Players advance through the game by completing story @-@ based missions and interacting with non @-@ player characters to move the plot forward . At the start of the game , the player is given the option of assuming the role of one of two heroes , each with their own individual stories and objectives . Like previous titles in the SaGa series , the game 's plot progresses in a mostly non @-@ linear fashion , with a heavier emphasis on exploration and battling than adhering strictly to the narrative . While the player is restricted by the basic flow of the story , they are free to travel to many parts of the game world whenever they choose , and must traverse harsh dungeon environments and defeat enemies to affect their current place in the story .
Battles in SaGa Frontier 2 utilize a turn @-@ based approach where the player must input specific commands for each character at the beginning of each combat round , with each action taking place in accordance with a character 's speed rating . In any given round , player may choose to attack an enemy with an equipped weapon , as well as use magic spells to cause harm to their opponent or aid their allies . By continually attacking an enemy with weapons , characters randomly learn special weapon skills that can deal more damage , as well as combine with other party member 's attack to form combo attacks . Combat scenarios are divided into three separate types , which are either selectable by the player or dictated automatically by the plot - Duel , which allows one @-@ on @-@ one combat ; Team , where up to four characters may take part against an entire enemy group ; or Strategic , which can contain a large number of characters in a strategy @-@ like scenario . Each character may equip up to two different kinds of weapons , and may become more specialized in a particular field of combat by assigning them " roles " , which increase their proficiency with certain weapon and spell combinations as well as give them additional abilities . By winning battles , characters may increase their statistics based on their actions in combat , thus becoming more powerful .
= = Plot = =
SaGa Frontier 2 has two separate storylines : one is the history of Gustave XIII of the country of Finney , and the other concerns a character named Wil Knights . The game takes place in the land of Sandail , with the games timeline spanning several decades .
Gustave XIII is the former prince of Thermes , the capital of Finney , and was intended to be the heir to the throne of his father , Gustave XII . The son is disinherited and exiled by his father when , at the age of 7 , he fails to manifest any magical abilities , known as Anima , during a ritual known as the Firebrand Ceremony . His mother , Queen Sophie , unsuccessfully tries to prevent Gustave XIII 's banishment . She and Gustave XIII are banished from the castle by Gustave XII and are forced to live in the slums of Thermes . Master Cielmer , a magician as well as teacher and councilor to Gustave XIII assists both mother and son in escaping Thermes and seeking asylum in the city Gruegel in the kingdom of Na . Despite being granted a mansion to live in my the king of Na , Gustave is still resentful of his rejection and lack of magical powers .
At age seventeen he apprentices as a blacksmith and learns to fight , and it is during his period his mother dies . He then moved to the city @-@ state of Wide where he insinuates himself with the ruler and overthrows him . Five years later , Gustaves father dies , and at the behest of his best friend Kelvin decides to claim the throne . A war then breaks out between Gustave XIII and his half @-@ brother in which Gustave conquers Finney and becomes the ruler of all the surrounding kingdoms except Na . This one holdout is controlled by Phillip , Gustaves brother , who blames Gustave for their mothers death . During the subsequent conflict , Gustave admits he lacks magical powers , and abdicates in favor of Phillip . Gustave then build a city of his own called Hahn Nova , but it is overrun by monsters and burned to the ground . The fate of Gustave and his friends is left a mystery .
The secondary playable storyline in the game is that of Wil Knights , who is a member of a rich family of " diggers " ; after the death of his parents , Wil relocated to the kingdom of Westia . At the age of fifteen Wil sets out to become a famous digger : after hearing about a legendary object known as " The Egg " , Wil sets out to find it . After adventures in the Arctic region of Weissland , Wil becomes known as " Tycoon Wil " , though he continues to search for the Egg . Wil then has a son named Rich who goes in search of the Egg and finds a young woman named Misty in possession of it . And even though his wife announces their baby girl Ginny has been born , he becomes obsessed with the woman and the Egg , and never returns from his quest .
The final part of the story involves Ginny Knights following the path of her father and grandfather in searching for the legendary object . Upon hearing of the evil powers of the Egg , and its role in leading her father to his death , Ginny decides to find and destroy the object . She eventually discovers the Egg is now possessed by " Fake Gustave " , a pretender to the throne of Finney trying to take power in the wake of Gustave XII 's death . After Ginny defeats him , she then battles the powerful demonic object , and upon its defeat is revealed to be controlled by the demon Vadagara and The Devil King . Their defeat by Ginny ends the objects evil influence and attempts to insidiously control the kingdoms of Sandail .
= = Development = =
SaGa Frontier 2 was first announced in a September 1998 issue of Japanese The PlayStation magazine , where Square claimed the game would be taking a stylistic departure from the original SaGa Frontier released one year earlier , as well as confirming the title 's release for spring 1999 . A representative from the company stated that they would be abandoning the CG full @-@ motion videos and computer @-@ style graphics of the previous title to focus on a more traditional , hand @-@ drawn look . The game 's art style was achieved by using hand @-@ drawn and painted artwork produced on a canvas that would be scanned and digitized to produce the game 's backgrounds and character sprites . Many of the game 's towns , locations , and characters draw heavily from medieval Germanic influence , with much of the story taking place within a fictional time @-@ frame similar to the 13th century . New features not seen in the previous SaGa Frontier title include compatibility with the PlayStation 's DualShock analog controller and PocketStation peripheral device for accessing additional content .
The North American version was announced at the 1999 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles by Square . In January 2000 , the game was released in that region by Square Electronic Arts , and was made available in PAL regions the following March . A promotional movie for SaGa Frontier 2 was included on the SquareSoft 2000 Collector 's CD Vol . 3 , which was packaged with the initial North American release of Vagrant Story .
= = = Music = = =
While Kenji Ito served as composer for most of the previous SaGa games , the music for SaGa Frontier 2 was written by series newcomer Masashi Hamauzu , who had previously provided the soundtrack for Square 's Chocobo no Fushigina Dungeon two years earlier . SaGa Frontier 2 's music was recorded at Sunrise Studio in Tokyo , and on April 21 , 1999 , Square released the three @-@ disc SaGa Frontier II Original Soundtrack in Japan courtesy of publisher DigiCube . The soundtrack features German track names to keep with the game 's eastern European theme , and was popular enough to be re @-@ issued on the Square Enix Music label in February 2006 . In July 1999 , an album called Piano Pieces " SF2 " was released featuring piano renditions of music from the game , featuring arrangements from Hamauzu himself along with Naoko Endo , Daisuke Hara , Mikiko Saiki , Daisuke Karasuda , and Michiko Minakata .
= = Reception = =
SaGa Frontier 2 was a bestseller in Japan . The game has sold over 675 @,@ 000 copies in Japan as of December 2004 . Like SaGa Frontier , the game has been re @-@ released several times over the years , once in 2000 as part of the Square Millennium Collection , again in 2002 as part of the PSone Books best @-@ seller range , and again in 2004 as a part of the Square Enix Ultimate Hits line .
The game maintains a 74 % average score from aggregate review website GameRankings based on 26 reviews , and received generally positive reviews from western publications . GameSpot praised the game 's art design in a time when three @-@ dimensional computer graphics were becoming more prominent , stating " [ t ] he title 's relaxed and flowing tones are a pleasant breeze of creativity when compared with most titles ' CG , polygons , and pixel @-@ perfect graphics . The unique presentation is SaGa Frontier 2s greatest strength , triumphantly stating : There is still a place for two @-@ dimensional graphics . " However , the website felt that the game may alienate fans of the original SaGa Frontier for taking too many liberties with gameplay and style , and that while players were still free to explore scenarios at their own pace , the game 's story itself was more linear than the average SaGa title . SaGa Frontier 2 's graphics were also praised by IGN who called the game " beautiful " with a " romantic soundtrack that is of the utmost quality . But it isn 't too memorable . " IGN 's biggest problem with the title was its low replay value and weak presentation , which the website felt didn 't take full advantage of the PlayStation 's CD format by including an opening movie or character voices , ultimately calling it a " slightly above average game " . GamePro magazine called attention to the game 's " well organized " menu system and responsive control which took advantage of the PlayStation 's DualShock analog control sticks , as well as " a solid story that is sure to please role @-@ players and strategy fans alike . "
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= Office Olympics =
" Office Olympics " is the third episode of the second season of the television series The Office , and the show 's ninth episode overall . It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Paul Feig . It originally aired on October 5 , 2005 on NBC . The episode guest starred Nancy Walls , the real @-@ life wife of series star Steve Carell , as Carol Stills .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) leave the office to buy a condo . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) , along with Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , organizes office games and gets his co @-@ workers to play them .
" Office Olympics " was inspired by The King of the Hill Office Olympics , which were created and ran by members of the television show King of the Hill . After the episode aired , other " Office Olympics " were organized in actual offices across the country . The episode marks the first appearance of Mose , Dwight 's Amish cousin , played by writer Mike Schur . Mose was based on an actual person , with the same name , on the UPN reality show Amish in the City . The episode contained several cultural references , with many alluding to the actual Olympic games . " Office Olympics " received largely positive reviews from critics . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 9 in the 18 – 49 demographic and was viewed by 8 @.@ 3 million viewers .
= = Plot = =
While Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) leaves with Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) to sign closing papers for his new condominium , the staff fills out their expense reports . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) " dies " of boredom , and Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) revives him by calling him to the reception desk and throwing objects into Dwight 's coffee mug . Jim discovers that his co @-@ workers have their own office games , such as Toby 's " Dunderball " , and Kevin and Oscar 's " paper football flicking and hitting " game . Jim and Pam organize the Games of the First Dunder @-@ Mifflin Olympiad , competing for hand @-@ made medals constructed from yogurt lids and paper clips .
At the condominium signing , Michael discusses the deal with his realtor , Carol Stills ( Nancy Walls ) . Dwight finds a variety of things wrong with the condominium , and , at the very end of the deal , Michael gets cold feet but relents when he learns that backing out of the deal will cost him a substantial amount of money .
When Michael and Dwight return , the coffee cup race quickly dissolves , and the office returns to normal . Michael isolates himself in his office , still upset over the closure of his condo . When Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) attempts to throw away his gold medal , Jim and Pam organize the " closing ceremonies " , believing them important to the office staff , and they award Michael the gold medal for closing on his condo . They also award Dwight the silver medal for unknown reasons . Michael feels touched by this and thanks everyone for the honor .
= = Production = =
" Office Olympics " was written by Michael Schur . This episode was the first episode of the series directed by Paul Feig . Producer Greg Daniels said the idea for the actual Office Olympics stemmed from The King of the Hill Office Olympics , which were created and ran by Daniel 's former assistant Tim Croston and the show 's two production assistants at the time : Tony Gennaro and Seranie Manoogian . The games were held in the King of the Hill offices , where Daniel served as executive producer . Daniels later elaborated on the types of games they played , stating " Like , who ’ s going to get off the elevator first and races in chairs . The funny thing is then it became a TV episode and it has now gone full circle and I hear offices are doing it all over . " After the episode aired , other " Office Olympics " were organized in actual offices across the country . The Chicago Tribune organized an interview with a majority of The Office cast members who — in character — explained the rules to the various games . The Yogurt Lid Medals reappear in the third season finale , " The Job " : Receiving the lid and a note from Pam is the catalyst for Jim 's decision between Pam and Karen .
This episode establishes the use of cold openings in The Office , a practice which continues for the rest of the series . The first shot of Steve Carell in the title sequence is also updated .
When choosing Michael 's car for the episode , producer Kent Zbornak brought in pictures of various cars and had the writers choose which one they thought Michael would most likely own . The writers ended up choosing a Chrysler Sebring convertible , because according to B. J. Novak " we figured it 's the showiest car that he could afford " . While shooting the scene in Michael 's car , cameraman Randall Einhorn accidentally broke the back window , which ended up costing $ 859 to replace .
Writer Mike Schur made a cameo appearance in the episode , appearing in a photograph as Dwight 's Amish cousin Mose . The idea for Schur to be Dwight 's Amish cousin had been a joke among the writers since the first season . Mose was based on an actual participant , with the same name , on the UPN reality show Amish in the City .
= = Cultural references = =
After telling Ryan he can take his pants off and run around the office , Michael makes a direct reference to the 1983 teen comedy @-@ drama film Risky Business . Dwight compares his friendship to Michael , using the analogy that Michael is " like Mozart , and I 'm like ... Mozart 's friend . No . I 'm like Butch Cassidy and Michael is like ... Mozart . " When Michael asks Pam if she had his magazine subscriptions changed to his new address , he mentions Small Businessman , American Way , Maxim , Cracked , and the fictitious Fine Arts Aficionado Monthly . When touring his condo , Michael makes a Mr. Bill joke to the head of the condo association , whose name is Mr. Bill . The jokes are a reference to the clay figurine star of a parody of children 's shows that was part of Saturday Night Live .
Due to the nature of the episode , several explicit references are made to the Olympic Games . When Jim starts the Office Olympics by lighting the " Torch " , he hums " Olympic Fanfare and Theme " by John Williams , one of the themes for the actual Olympic games . When the games are finished , the employees play a recording of " The Star Spangled Banner " .
= = Reception = =
" Office Olympics " originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 4 , 2005 . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 3 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 9 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . An encore presentation of the episode , on April 25 , 2006 , received 1 @.@ 8 rating / 6 % share and was viewed by over 4 @.@ 3 million viewers .
" Office Olympics " received mostly positive reviews . Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that " The Office has turned the corner into separating itself from the British version . " Sciannamea went on to say that " although Michael still garners the most attention , the other characters are beginning to break out . " His only criticism of the episode was that " Dwight is too creepy " , Sciannamea suggested that the writers " tone down his insanity a bit " . " Miss Alli " of Television Without Pity graded the episode with a " A- " . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A " and called it the show 's " first truly classic episode " , due to the added " verve " of both plots . Adams praised the way the main story and Jim and Pam 's stories were intercut with each other , so that both could play off of each other ; he wrote that " Michael Schur ’ s a great writer , and Paul Feig knows how to let superb comedic performances flow from his actors , but the stitch @-@ up job here makes the two halves of the episodes complementary when they could ’ ve rocketed in opposite directions and ripped ' Office Olympics ' apart . "
Entertainment Weekly named Dwight 's line comparing his relationship with Michael to Mozart and Butch Cassidy as one of " TV 's funniest lines " for the week ending October 10 , 2005 . When Pam tries to get Angela to play the games with her fellow employees , Angela cattily reveals that she plays a game called " Pam Pong " , where she counts how many times Jim goes to talk to Pam at her reception desk . Pop punk band Sweet Diss and the Comebacks later named one of their songs — a " [ Pam ] Beesly tribute " — after the game .
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