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= Vega = Vega ( α Lyr , α Lyrae , Alpha Lyrae ) is the brightest star in the constellation Lyra , the fifth brightest star in the night sky and the second brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere , after Arcturus . It is a relatively close star at only 25 light @-@ years from Earth , and , together with Arcturus and Sirius , one of the most luminous stars in the Sun 's neighborhood . Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers , leading it to be termed “ arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun . ” Vega was the northern pole star around 12 @,@ 000 BC and will be so again around the year 13 @,@ 727 when the declination will be + 86 ° 14 ' . Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded . It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements . Vega has served as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale , and was one of the stars used to define the mean values for the UBV photometric system . Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun , but since it is 2 @.@ 1 times as massive its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun ; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies . Vega has an unusually low abundance of the elements with a higher atomic number than that of helium . Vega is also a suspected variable star that may vary slightly in magnitude in a periodic manner . It is rotating rapidly with a velocity of 274 km / s at the equator . This is causing the equator to bulge outward because of centrifugal effects , and , as a result , there is a variation of temperature across the star 's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles . From Earth , Vega is being observed from the direction of one of these poles . Based on an observed excess emission of infrared radiation , Vega appears to have a circumstellar disk of dust . This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting debris disk , which is analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System . Stars that display an infrared excess because of dust emission are termed Vega @-@ like stars . = = Observation history = = Astrophotography , the photography of celestial objects , began in 1840 when John William Draper took an image of the Moon using the daguerreotype process . On July 17 , 1850 , Vega became the first star ( other than the Sun ) to be photographed , when it was imaged by William Bond and John Adams Whipple at the Harvard College Observatory , also with a daguerreotype . Henry Draper took the first photograph of a star 's spectrum in August 1872 when he took an image of Vega , and he also became the first person to show absorption lines in the spectrum of a star . Similar lines had already been identified in the spectrum of the Sun . In 1879 , William Huggins used photographs of the spectra of Vega and similar stars to identify a set of twelve " very strong lines " that were common to this stellar category . These were later identified as lines from the Hydrogen Balmer series . Since 1943 , the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified . The distance to Vega can be determined by measuring its parallax shift against the background stars as the Earth orbits the Sun . The first person to publish a star 's parallax was Friedrich G. W. von Struve , when he announced a value of 0 @.@ 125 arcseconds ( 0 @.@ 125 ″ ) for Vega . But Friedrich Bessel was skeptical about Struve 's data , and , when Bessel published a parallax of 0 @.@ 314 ″ for the star system 61 Cygni , Struve revised his value for Vega 's parallax to nearly double the original estimate . This change cast further doubt on Struve 's data . Thus most astronomers at the time , including Struve , credited Bessel with the first published parallax result . However , Struve 's initial result was actually surprisingly close to the currently accepted value of 0 @.@ 129 ″ , as determined by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite . The brightness of a star , as seen from Earth , is measured with a standardized , logarithmic scale . This apparent magnitude is a numerical value that decreases in value with increasing brightness of the star . The faintest stars visible to the unaided eye are sixth magnitude , while the brightest , Sirius , is of magnitude − 1 @.@ 46 . To standardize the magnitude scale , astronomers chose Vega to represent magnitude zero at all wavelengths . Thus , for many years , Vega was used as a baseline for the calibration of absolute photometric brightness scales . However , this is no longer the case , as the apparent magnitude zero point is now commonly defined in terms of a particular numerically specified flux . This approach is more convenient for astronomers , since Vega is not always available for calibration . The UBV photometric system measures the magnitude of stars through ultraviolet , blue , and yellow filters , producing U , B , and V values , respectively . Vega is one of six A0V stars that were used to set the initial mean values for this photometric system when it was introduced in the 1950s . The mean magnitudes for these six stars were defined as : U − B
= B − V = 0 . In effect , the magnitude scale has been calibrated so that the magnitude of these stars is the same in the yellow , blue , and ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . Thus , Vega has a relatively flat electromagnetic spectrum in the visual region — wavelength range 350 – 850 nanometers , most of which can be seen with the human eye — so the flux densities are roughly equal ; 2000 – 4000 Jy . However , the flux density of Vega drops rapidly in the infrared , and is near 100 Jy at 5 micrometers . Photometric measurements of Vega during the 1930s appeared to show that the star had a low @-@ magnitude variability on the order of ± 0 @.@ 03 magnitudes . This range of variability was near the limits of observational capability for that time , and so the subject of Vega 's variability has been controversial . The magnitude of Vega was measured again in 1981 at the David Dunlap Observatory and showed some slight variability . Thus it was suggested that Vega showed occasional low @-@ amplitude pulsations associated with a Delta Scuti variable . This is a category of stars that oscillate in a coherent manner , resulting in periodic pulsations in the star 's luminosity . Although Vega fits the physical profile for this type of variable , other observers have found no such variation . Thus the variability was thought to possibly be the result of systematic errors in measurement . However , a 2007 article surveyed these and other results , and concluded that " A conservative analysis of the foregoing results suggests that Vega is quite likely variable in the 1 @-@ 2 % range , with possible occasional excursions to as much as 4 % from the mean " . Also , a 2011 article affirms on its abstract that " The long @-@ term ( year @-@ to @-@ year ) variability of Vega was confirmed " . Vega became the first solitary main @-@ sequence star beyond the Sun known to be an X @-@ ray emitter when in 1979 it was observed from an imaging X @-@ ray telescope launched on an Aerobee 350 from the White Sands Missile Range . In 1983 , Vega became the first star found to have a disk of dust . The Infrared Astronomical Satellite ( IRAS ) discovered an excess of infrared radiation coming from the star , and this was attributed to energy emitted by the orbiting dust as it was heated by the star . = = Visibility = = Vega can often be seen near the zenith in the mid @-@ northern latitudes during the evening in the Northern Hemisphere summer . From mid @-@ southern latitudes , it can be seen low above the northern horizon during the Southern Hemisphere winter . With a declination of + 38 @.@ 78 ° , Vega can only be viewed at latitudes north of 51 ° S. Therefore , it does not rise at all anywhere in Antarctica or in the southernmost part of South America , including Punta Arenas , Chile ( 53 ° S ) . At latitudes to the north of + 51 ° N , Vega remains continually above the horizon as a circumpolar star . Around July 1 , Vega reaches midnight culmination when it crosses the meridian at that time . This star lies at a vertex of a widely spaced asterism called the Summer Triangle , which consists of the zero @-@ magnitude stars Vega in the constellation Lyra and Altair in Aquila , plus the first magnitude star Deneb in Cygnus . This formation is the approximate shape of a right triangle , with Vega located at its right angle . The Summer Triangle is recognizable in the northern skies for there are few other bright stars in its vicinity . Vega can be identified easily because Altair and its two neighboring stars form a line which points at Vega . = = Properties = = Vega 's spectral class is A0V , making it a blue @-@ tinged white main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen to helium in its core . Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones , Vega 's main @-@ sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years , a tenth of our Sun 's . The current age of this star is about 455 million years , or up to about half its expected total main @-@ sequence lifespan . After leaving the main sequence , Vega will become a class @-@ M red giant and shed much of its mass , finally becoming a white dwarf . At present , Vega has more than twice the mass of the Sun and its full luminosity is about 40 times the Sun 's value . However , because of its high rate of rotation , the pole is considerably brighter than the equator . Since we see it nearly pole @-@ on , its apparent luminosity from Earth is notably higher , about 57 times the Sun 's value . If Vega is variable , then it may be a Delta Scuti type with a period of about 0 @.@ 107 days . Most of the energy produced at Vega 's core is generated by the carbon – nitrogen – oxygen cycle ( CNO cycle ) , a nuclear fusion process that combines protons to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen . This process requires a temperature of about 15 million K , which is higher than the core temperature of the Sun , but is less efficient than the Sun 's proton @-@ proton chain reaction fusion reaction . The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive , which results in a convection zone about the core that evenly distributes the ' ash ' from the fusion reaction within the core region . The overlying atmosphere is in radiative equilibrium . This is in contrast to the Sun , which has a radiation zone centered on the core with an overlying convection zone . The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard light sources . At 5480 Å , the flux is 3 @,@ 650 Jy with an error margin of 2 % . The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by absorption lines of hydrogen ; specifically by the hydrogen Balmer series with the electron at the n = 2 principal quantum number . The lines of other elements are relatively weak , with the strongest being ionized magnesium , iron , and chromium . The X @-@ ray emission from Vega is very low , demonstrating that the corona for this star must be very weak or non @-@ existent . However , as the pole of Vega is facing us and a polar coronal hole may be present , confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X @-@ rays detected from Vega ( or the region very close to Vega ) may be difficult as most of any coronal X @-@ rays would not be emitted along the line of sight . Using spectropolarimetry , a magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the Observatoire du Pic du Midi . This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star . The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of − 0 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 3 G. This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun . Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega , compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun . In 2015 , star spots were detected on the star 's surface — the first such detection for a normal A @-@ type star , and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0 @.@ 68 days . = = = Rotation = = = When the radius of Vega was measured to high accuracy with an interferometer , it resulted in an unexpectedly large estimated value of 2 @.@ 73 ± 0 @.@ 01 times the radius of the Sun . This is 60 % larger than the radius of the star Sirius , while stellar models indicated it should only be about 12 % larger . However , this discrepancy can be explained if Vega is a rapidly rotating star that is being viewed from the direction of its pole of rotation . Observations by the CHARA array in 2005 – 06 confirmed this deduction . The pole of Vega — its axis of rotation — is inclined no more than five degrees from the line @-@ of @-@ sight to the Earth . At the high end of estimates for the rotation velocity for Vega is 236 @.@ 2 ± 3 @.@ 7 km / s along the equator , which is 87 @.@ 6 % of the speed that would cause the star to start breaking up from centrifugal effects . This rapid rotation of Vega produces a pronounced equatorial bulge , so the radius of the equator is 19 % larger than the polar radius . ( The estimated polar radius of this star is 2 @.@ 362 ± 0 @.@ 012 solar radii , while the equatorial radius is 2 @.@ 818 ± 0 @.@ 013 solar radii . ) From the Earth , this bulge is being viewed from the direction of its pole , producing the overly large radius estimate . The local gravitational acceleration at the poles is greater than at the equator , so , by the Von Zeipel theorem , the local luminosity is also higher at the poles . This is seen as a variation in effective temperature over the star : the polar temperature is near 10 @,@ 000 K , while the equatorial temperature is 7 @,@ 600 K. As a result , if Vega were viewed along the plane of its equator , then the luminosity would be about half the apparent luminosity as viewed from the pole . This large temperature difference between the poles and the equator produces a strong ' gravity darkening ' effect . As viewed from the poles , this results in a darker ( lower intensity ) limb than would normally be expected for a spherically symmetric star . The temperature gradient may also mean Vega has a convection zone around the equator , while the remainder of the atmosphere is likely to be in almost pure radiative equilibrium . As Vega had long been used as a standard star for calibrating telescopes , the discovery that it is rapidly rotating may challenge some of the underlying assumptions that were based on it being spherically symmetric . With the viewing angle and rotation rate of Vega now better known , this will allow for improved instrument calibrations . = = = Element abundance = = = Astronomers term " metals " those elements with higher atomic numbers than helium . The metallicity of Vega 's photosphere is only about 32 % of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun 's atmosphere . ( Compare this , for example , to a three @-@ fold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun . ) For comparison , the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about ZSol = 0 @.@ 0172 ± 0 @.@ 002 . Thus , in terms of abundances , only about 0 @.@ 54 % of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium . The unusually low metallicity of Vega makes it a weak Lambda Boötis @-@ type star . However , the reason for the existence of such chemically peculiar , spectral class A0 @-@ F0 stars remains unclear . One possibility is that the chemical peculiarity may be the result of diffusion or mass loss , although stellar models show that this would normally only occur near the end of a star 's hydrogen @-@ burning lifespan . Another possibility is that the star formed from an interstellar medium of gas and dust that was unusually metal @-@ poor . The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 0 @.@ 030 ± 0 @.@ 005 , which is about 40 % lower than the Sun . This may be caused by the disappearance of a helium convection zone near the surface . Energy transfer is instead performed by the radiative process , which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion . = = = Kinematics = = = The radial velocity of Vega is the component of this star 's motion along the line @-@ of @-@ sight to the Earth . Movement away from the Earth will cause the light from Vega to shift to a lower frequency ( toward the red ) , or to a higher frequency ( toward the blue ) if the motion is toward the Earth . Thus the velocity can be measured from the amount of redshift ( or blueshift ) of the star 's spectrum . Precise measurements of this redshift give a value of − 13 @.@ 9 ± 0 @.@ 9 km / s . The minus sign indicates a relative motion toward the Earth . Motion transverse to the line of sight causes the position of Vega to shift with respect to the more distant background stars . Careful measurement of the star 's position allows this angular movement , known as proper motion , to be calculated . Vega 's proper motion is 202 @.@ 03 ± 0 @.@ 63 milli @-@ arcseconds ( mas ) per year in right ascension — the celestial equivalent of longitude — and 287 @.@ 47 ± 0 @.@ 54 mas / y in declination , which is equivalent to a change in latitude . The net proper motion of Vega is 327 @.@ 78 mas / y , which results in angular movement of a degree every 11 @,@ 000 years . In the Galactic coordinate system , the space velocity components of Vega are ( U , V , W ) = ( − 16 @.@ 1 ± 0 @.@ 3 , − 6 @.@ 3 ± 0 @.@ 8 , − 7 @.@ 7 ± 0 @.@ 3 ) km / s , for a net space velocity of 19 km / s . The radial component of this velocity — in the direction of the Sun — is − 13 @.@ 9 km / s , while the transverse velocity is 9 @.@ 9 km / s . Although Vega is at present only the fifth @-@ brightest star in the sky , the star is slowly brightening as proper motion causes it to approach the Sun . Vega will make its closest approach in an estimated 264 @,@ 000 years at a perihelion distance of 13 @.@ 2 ly ( 4 @.@ 04 pc ) . Based on this star 's kinematic properties , it appears to belong to a stellar association called the Castor Moving Group . However , Vega may be much older than this group , so the membership remains uncertain . This group contains about 16 stars , including Alpha Librae , Alpha Cephei , Castor , Fomalhaut and Vega . All members of the group are moving in nearly the same direction with similar space velocities . Membership in a moving group implies a common origin for these stars in an open cluster that has since become gravitationally unbound . The estimated age of this moving group is 200 ± 100 million years , and they have an average space velocity of 16 @.@ 5 km / s . = = Planetary system = = = = = Infrared excess = = = One of the early results from the Infrared Astronomy Satellite ( IRAS ) was the discovery of excess infrared flux coming from Vega , beyond what would be expected from the star alone . This excess was measured at wavelengths of 25 , 60 , and 100 μm , and came from within an angular radius of 10 arcseconds ( 10 ″ ) centered on the star . At the measured distance of Vega , this corresponded to an actual radius of 80 astronomical units ( AU ) , where an AU is the average radius of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . It was proposed that this radiation came from a field of orbiting particles with a dimension on the order of a millimeter , as anything smaller would eventually be removed from the system by radiation pressure or drawn into the star by means of Poynting – Robertson drag . The latter is the result of radiation pressure creating an effective force that opposes the orbital motion of a dust particle , causing it to spiral inward . This effect is most pronounced for tiny particles that are closer to the star . Subsequent measurements of Vega at 193 μm showed a lower than expected flux for the hypothesized particles , suggesting that they must instead be on the order of 100 μm or less . To maintain this amount of dust in orbit around Vega , a continual source of replenishment would be required . A proposed mechanism for maintaining the dust was a disk of coalesced bodies that were in the process of collapsing to form a planet . Models fitted to the dust distribution around Vega indicate that it is a 120 AU @-@ radius circular disk viewed from nearly pole @-@ on . In addition , there is a hole in the center of the disk with a radius of no less than 80 AU . Following the discovery of an infrared excess around Vega , other stars have been found that display a similar anomaly that is attributable to dust emission . As of 2002 , about 400 of these stars have been found , and they have come to be termed " Vega @-@ like " or " Vega @-@ excess " stars . It is believed that these may provide clues to the origin of the Solar System . = = = Debris disks = = = By 2005 , the Spitzer Space Telescope had produced high @-@ resolution infrared images of the dust around Vega . It was shown to extend out to 43 ″ ( 330 AU ) at a wavelength of 24 μm , 70 ″ ( 543 AU ) at 70 μm and 105 ″ ( 815 AU ) at 160 μm . These much wider disks were found to be circular and free of clumps , with dust particles ranging from 1 – 50 μm in size . The estimated total mass of this dust is 3 × 10 − 3 times the mass of the Earth . Production of the dust would require collisions between asteroids in a population corresponding to the Kuiper Belt around the Sun . Thus the dust is more likely created by a debris disk around Vega , rather than from a protoplanetary disk as was earlier thought . The inner boundary of the debris disk was estimated at 11 ″ ± 2 ″ , or 70 – 100 AU . The disk of dust is produced as radiation pressure from Vega pushes debris from collisions of larger objects outward . However , continuous production of the amount of dust observed over the course of Vega 's lifetime would require an enormous starting mass — estimated as hundreds of times the mass of Jupiter . Hence it is more likely to have been produced as the result of a relatively recent breakup of a moderate @-@ sized ( or larger ) comet or asteroid , which then further fragmented as the result of collisions between the smaller components and other bodies . This dusty disk would be relatively young on the time scale of the star 's age , and it will eventually be removed unless other collision events supply more dust . Observations , first with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer by David Ciardi and Gerard van Belle in 2001 and then later confirmed with the CHARA array at Mt . Wilson in 2006 and the Infrared Optical Telescope Array at Mt . Hopkins in 2011 , revealed evidence for an inner dust band around Vega . Originating within 8 AU of the star , this exozodiacal dust may be evidence of dynamical perturbations within the system . This may be caused by an intense bombardment of comets or meteors , and may be evidence for the existence of a planetary system . = = = Possible planets = = = Observations from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in 1997 revealed an " elongated bright central region " that peaked at 9 ″ ( 70 AU ) to the northeast of Vega . This was hypothesized as either a perturbation of the dust disk by a planet or else an orbiting object that was surrounded by dust . However , images by the Keck telescope had ruled out a companion down to magnitude 16 , which would correspond to a body with more than 12 times the mass of Jupiter . Astronomers at the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii and at UCLA suggested that the image may indicate a planetary system still undergoing formation . Determining the nature of the planet has not been straightforward ; a 2002 paper hypothesizes that the clumps are caused by a roughly Jupiter @-@ mass planet on an eccentric orbit . Dust would collect in orbits that have mean @-@ motion resonances with this planet — where their orbital periods form integer fractions with the period of the planet — producing the resulting clumpiness . In 2003 it was hypothesized that these clumps could be caused by a roughly Neptune @-@ mass planet having migrated from 40 to 65 AU over 56 million years , an orbit large enough to allow the formation of smaller rocky planets closer to Vega . The migration of this planet would likely require gravitational interaction with a second , higher @-@ mass planet in a smaller orbit . Using a coronagraph on the Subaru telescope in Hawaii in 2005 , astronomers were able to further constrain the size of a planet orbiting Vega to no more than 5 – 10 times the mass of Jupiter . The issue of possible clumps in the debris disc was revisited in 2007 using newer , more sensitive instrumentation on the Plateau de Bure Interferometer . The observations showed that the debris ring is smooth and symmetric . No evidence was found of the blobs reported earlier , casting doubts on the hypothesized giant planet . The smooth structure has been confirmed in follow @-@ up observations by Hughes et al . ( 2012 ) and the Herschel Space Telescope . Although a planet has yet to be directly observed around Vega , the presence of a planetary system can not yet be precluded . Thus there could be smaller , terrestrial planets orbiting closer to the star . The inclination of planetary orbits around Vega is likely to be closely aligned to the equatorial plane of this star . From the perspective of an observer on a hypothetical planet around Vega , the Sun would appear as a faint 4 @.@ 3 magnitude star in the Columba constellation . = = Etymology and cultural significance = = The name Wega ( later Vega ) comes from a loose transliteration of the Arabic word wāqi ‘ meaning " falling " or " landing " , via the phrase an @-@ nasr al @-@ wāqi ‘ , " the falling eagle " . The term " Al Nesr al Waki " appeared in the Al Achsasi al Mouakket star catalogue and was translated into Latin as Vultur Cadens , " the falling eagle / vulture " . The constellation was represented as a vulture in ancient Egypt , and as an eagle or vulture in ancient India . The Arabic name then appeared in the western world in the Alfonsine Tables , which were drawn up between 1215 and 1270 by order of Alfonso X. Medieval astrolabes of England and Western Europe used the names Wega and Alvaca , and depicted it and Altair as birds . Each night the positions of the stars appear to change as the Earth rotates . However , when a star is located along the Earth 's axis of rotation , it will remain in the same position and thus is called a pole star . The direction of the Earth 's axis of rotation gradually changes over time in a process known as the precession of the equinoxes . A complete precession cycle requires 25 @,@ 770 years , during which time the pole of the Earth 's rotation follows a circular path across the celestial sphere that passes near several prominent stars . At present the pole star is Polaris , but around 12 @,@ 000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega . Through precession , the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14 @,@ 000 . It is the brightest of the successive northern pole stars . Among the northern Polynesian people , Vega was known as whetu o te tau , the year star . For a period of history it marked the start of their new year when the ground would be prepared for planting . Eventually this function became denoted by the Pleiades . The Assyrians named this pole star Dayan @-@ same , the " Judge of Heaven " , while in Akkadian it was Tir @-@ anna , " Life of Heaven " . In Babylonian astronomy , Vega may have been one of the stars named Dilgan , " the Messenger of Light " . To the ancient Greeks , the constellation Lyra was formed from the harp of Orpheus , with Vega as its handle . For the Roman Empire , the start of autumn was based upon the hour at which Vega set below the horizon . In Chinese mythology , there is a love story of Qi Xi ( 七夕 ) in which Niu Lang ( 牛郎 , Altair ) and his two children ( β and γ Aquilae ) are separated from their mother Zhi Nü ( 織女 , lit . " Weaving Girl " , Vega ) who is on the far side of the river , the Milky Way . However , one day per year on the seventh day of the seventh month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar , magpies make a bridge so that Niu Lang and Zhi Nü can be together again for a brief encounter . The Japanese Tanabata festival , in which Vega is known as orihime ( 織姫 ) , is also based on this legend . In Zoroastrianism , Vega was sometimes associated with Vanant , a minor divinity whose name means " conqueror " . The indigenous Boorong people of northwestern Victoria named it as Neilloan , " the flying Loan " . In Hindu mythology , Vega is called Abhijit . The author of Mahabharat , Maharshi Vyas , mentions in the chapter Vana Parva ( Chap . 230 , Verses 8 – 11 ) : " Contesting against Abhijit ( Vega ) , the constellation Krittika ( Pleiades ) went to " Vana " the summer solstice to heat the summer . Then the star Abhijit slipped down in the sky . " P. V. Vartak suggests in his book , The Scholarly Dating of Mahabharat , that the " slipping of Abhijit " and ascension of Krittika ( Pleiades ) might refer to the gradual drop of Vega as a pole star since 12 @,@ 000 BC . Vega is expected to become Earth 's pole star by the year 26 @,@ 000 by some estimates . Medieval astrologers counted Vega as one of the Behenian stars and related it to chrysolite and winter savory . Cornelius Agrippa listed its kabbalistic sign under Vultur cadens , a literal Latin translation of the Arabic name . Medieval star charts also listed the alternate names Waghi , Vagieh and Veka for this star . Vega became the first star to have a car named after it with the French Facel Vega line of cars from 1954 onwards , and later on , in America , Chevrolet launched the Vega in 1971 . Other vehicles named after Vega include the ESA 's Vega launch system and the Lockheed Vega aircraft .
= I See the Light = " I See the Light " is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Glenn Slater for Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 50th animated feature film Tangled ( 2010 ) . A duet originally recorded by American recording artist and actress Mandy Moore and American actor Zachary Levi in their respective film roles as main characters Rapunzel and Flynn Rider , the folk @-@ inspired pop ballad serves as both the film 's love and theme song . Lyrically , " I See the Light " describes the developing romantic relationship between Rapunzel and Flynn , and is featured as the seventh track on the film 's soundtrack album . Tangled was originally conceived by Disney animator Glen Keane . Subsequently , Walt Disney Animation Studios hired veteran Disney composer Alan Menken and lyricist Glenn Slater to write the film 's songs . Initially , Menken and Slater had written a more anthemic version of " I See the Light " before finally re @-@ working it into a gentler , simpler and more folk @-@ oriented song . Menken would later reveal that , out of Tangled 's five songs and musical numbers , he is most proud of " I See the Light " . " I See the Light " has inspired a generally mixed to positive reception from film and music critics , who were largely ambivalent towards the song 's content , questioning its originality . However , the " lantern sequence " during which " I See the Light " is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim , with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D . Critically , both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films , including " Kiss the Girl " from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and " A Whole New World " from Aladdin ( 1992 ) , both of which are love songs also composed by Menken . In spite of its lukewarm reviews , " I See the Light " has garnered numerous awards and accolades . The song was nominated for the Academy and Golden Globe awards for Best Original Song in 2011 , losing both , the former to " We Belong Together " from Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the latter to " You Haven 't Seen the Last of Me " from Burlesque ( 2010 ) . Subsequently , " I See the Light " won both the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Song and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media . Since its release , the song has been recorded and covered by various musical artists , including musical theatre performers David Harris and Lucy Durack , and classical singer Jackie Evancho . = = Background = = The concept of an animated film based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale " Rapunzel " originated from Disney animator Glen Keane in 1998 . Veteran Disney composer Alan Menken had just recently completed scoring Walt Disney Pictures ' Enchanted ( 2007 ) when he received a telephone call from Walt Disney Animation Studios in 2008 , who invited him to compose the music for the studio 's then @-@ upcoming animated film Tangled . Upon accepting , Menken invited frequent collaborator Glenn Slater , with whom he had previously worked on Disney 's Home on the Range ( 2004 ) and the Broadway musical adaptation of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , to serve alongside him as his co @-@ writing lyricist once again . Aware that Tangled would not be " a [ traditional ] musical like Beauty and the Beast or [ The Hunchback of Notre Dame ] " , on both of which Menken worked as a composer , Menken described the film as a " hybrid " because it is " far from [ a ] classic break into song musical . " For Tangled , Menken challenged himself to come up with a different , unique sound that would differ significantly from the musical styles of his previous Broadway musical @-@ influenced film projects and compositions . Inspired by the ongoing motif of Rapunzel 's " long hair and the freedom she wanted " , Menken decided to draw particular influence from the musical genre of 1960s folk rock , citing the musicianship and artistry of Canadian singer @-@ songwriter Joni Mitchell as a major source of musical inspiration . = = Writing and recording = = When it came to writing the film 's songs and musical numbers , Menken and Slater " looked for what is going to be an appropriate song moment for the main characters . " In the specific case of " I See the Light " , Menken elaborated , " The lantern song ... flows pretty much out of the sense of completion and [ Rapunzel ] finally sees the lanterns and has this moment . It ’ s more of a montage number . " Menken and Slater had originally intended for " I See the Light " to sound more " anthem @-@ like " . The songwriters eventually changed their minds , deciding to re @-@ write " I See the Light " into a gentler , more folk @-@ oriented song . Menken spoke of the creative writing process , " we began throwing melodies up , doing songs and riffs and harmonies , and we waited for something to stick " . Additionally , Menken later admitted that , out of Tangled 's five songs and musical numbers , he is most proud of " I See the Light " because it " is a great moment in the film and I am very happy with the beauty and simplicity of the song . " Similarly , co @-@ director Byron Howard also took an immediate liking towards the song . Hailing " I See the Light " as his favorite of the film 's songs , Howard elaborated , " The moment [ co @-@ director Nathan Greno and I ] heard Alan Menken 's demo we knew that one would be a classic . " A romantic duet performed during the narrative portion of the film by its two main characters , Rapunzel and Flynn Rider , " I See the Light " was recorded by American recording artist and actress Mandy Moore as the voice of Rapunzel and American actor Zachary Levi as the voice of Flynn Rider . While filming Tangled , Moore and Levi physically encountered and worked with each other only twice , once on two separate occasions , the purpose of one of which was to record the vocals for " I See the Light " . According to Levi , he and Moore first rehearsed the song live accompanied by the film 's 80 @-@ piece orchestra before eventually being divided into separate isolation booths to record their respective lyrics , verses and harmonies individually . = = Context and scene = = Occurring towards the end of Tangled , " I See the Light " takes place during the film 's second act soon after Rapunzel and Flynn Rider have finally completed their grueling journey from Mother Gothel 's tower to Corona , arriving in the kingdom just in time to experience its annual lantern @-@ lighting ceremony , which Rapunzel has spent eighteen years – her entire life – observing at a distance from the confinement of Gothel 's tower . There the couple embarks on a boat ride to watch the ceremony as " the night sky [ is ] illuminated with a sea of lanterns . " During the pivotal scene , described by critics as the film 's " emotional peak " because of the fact that " Rapunzel ’ s dream of watching the floating lanterns seems to be reali [ z ] ed " , the musical number both " highlights the ... flight of the lanterns " while essentially triggering Rapunzel and Flynn ’ s " budding romance " , who are gradually beginning to fall in love . According to Marianne Paluso of the Catholic News Agency , Rapunzel , during the scene , " finally sees for herself the wondrous floating lanterns she ’ s yearned to see her entire life " . Meanwhile , the audience is shown the way in which " love ... has blossomed between " the film 's two main characters . Commonly referred to by critics as one of Tangled 's " showstopping moments " , Rapunzel and Flynn perform the romantic duet while " play [ ing ] off each other " as they continue to fall in love As a result of " I See the Light " ' s setting , romantic context and lyrical content , several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films , the most frequently referenced of which are " Kiss the Girl " from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and " A Whole New World " from Aladdin ( 1992 ) , both romantic ballads also composed by Menken . One particular reviewer , Steven D. Greydanus of Decent Films Guide , drew comparisons between the scene and the musical " Nutcracker Suite " sequence from Disney 's animated feature film Fantasia ( 1940 ) , describing it as " a moment of visual transcendence . " Throughout the filmmaking process , Tangled 's co @-@ directors Byron Howard and Nathan Greno continued to hold the scene in particularly high regard , constantly boasting to the production team that " I See the Light " " will be the most spectacular animated sequence you 've ever seen . " According to Greno , the use of 45 @,@ 000 floating lanterns during the scene was directly inspired by traditional Indonesian ceremonies during which people " set up rice paper lanterns and send them into the sky . " = = Composition = = A " dreamy " love song that embodies a " classic romantic feel " , " I See the Light " is a " peppy and cheerful " romantic pop ballad accompanied by a " soaring " melody that spans a length of three minutes and forty @-@ four seconds . Stylistically combining both classical and contemporary music with folk influences , the lyrics of the " endearing " romantic duet center around main characters Rapunzel and Flynn while describing their developing romantic relationship , which is finally beginning to allow the couple to " [ see ] life in a whole new way " as they " begin to connect romantically , " ultimately falling in love . According to the song 's official sheet music , published by Walt Disney Music Publishing at the website Musicnotes.com , " I See the Light " is a mid @-@ tempo pop ballad , written in the key of C major ( later changing to E ♭ major ) at a moderately slow tempo of 104 beats per minute . Combined , Moore and Levi 's vocal ranges span over two octaves , with Levi singing the low note of B ♭ 2 and Moore singing the high note of E ♭ 5 . In addition to vocals , the song 's instrumentation also encompasses harp , acoustic guitar and orchestra . = = Other languages = = The movie was officially dubbed into another 40 languages , other than English . Among the artists cast worldwide for the role of Rapunzel , Danna Paola , who dubbed the character in the Latin American Spanish version , was only 15 years old when she took over the role . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = = = = = Song = = = = Musically , " I See the Light " has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , many of whom were generally underwhelmed by the film 's songs . Catherine Jones of the Liverpool Echo reviewed " I See the Light " positively , hailing the song as a " rousing love ballad " . While Jessica Dawson of Common Sense Media described " I See the Light " as a " sweet duet " , Common Sense Media 's Sandie Angulo Chen called it a " great " love song . Lindsey Ward of Canoe.ca praised both Moore and Levi 's vocal performance , commenting , " their work on the film 's signature love ballad ... is bound to melt some hearts . " Meanwhile , several critics have reacted much less favorably towards " I See the Light " . Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net described the song as nothing more than " pretty good " . Tim McCall of The Star @-@ Ledger reviewed " I See the Light " very negatively , describing it as both " predictable " and " the sort of thing you 'd plug your ears through " . McCall went on to pan Slater 's lyrics , describing them as a " dull ... twenty @-@ car pileup of cliche . " Time 's Richard Corliss described " I See the Light " as a " generically tuneful love ballad " . In another review , Corliss similarly commented , " ' I See the Light ' ... isn 't the most inventive of Menken melodies " . Questioning the song 's originality , Cindy White of IGN described " I See the Light " as " unmemorable " . Filmtracks.com wrote a mixed review , describing Levi 's vocal performance as " conservatively appropriate " while criticizing Moore for " lacking in depth of inflection . " = = = = Lantern sequence = = = = Contrastingly , the climactic musical sequence during which " I See the Light " is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn , commonly referred to as the " lantern sequence " , has fared significantly better than the song itself , garnering widespread acclaim from film critics . Keith Uhlich of Time Out described the scene as " especially wonderful " , while Digital Spy 's Simon Reynolds similarly hailed it as one of the film 's most " striking moments " . Although Georgie Hobbs of Little White Lies wrote that , lyrically , " I See the Light " is " nothing special " , she went on to praise the scene , describing it as a " treat ... that will clinch it for romantics and 3D tech @-@ heads alike . " Radio Times ' Alan Jones labeled the sequence one of the film 's " most beautifully uplifting moments " . Similarly , Christian Blauvelt of Slant Magazine highlighted the scene as one of Tangled 's " few moments of otherworldly beauty " . A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote , " A scene of paper lanterns descending through mist onto water is especially breathtaking , partly because it departs from the usual 3 @-@ D insistence on deep focus and sharply defined images , creating an experience that is almost tactile in its dreamy softness . " The New York Post 's Lou Lumenick , whose response to the film 's use of 3D was generally mixed , described " I See the Light " as " the year ’ s best use of 3 @-@ D " . Likewise , Dan Kois of Westword commented , " while Tangled 's 3 @-@ D is mostly unobtrusive , the lights swooping over the audience might be the most crowd @-@ pleasing three @-@ dimensional filigree I 've seen yet . " Rediff.com 's Sukanya Verma praised both the scene and the song , writing , " it 's the luminous imagery of [ " I See the Light " ] , merging the reach of technology with Menken 's sublime melody that produces a spectacular celluloid moment . " Tasha Robinson of The A. V. Club opined , " even a falling @-@ in @-@ love sequence cribbed in part from The Little Mermaid is overwhelmingly magical . " Colin Covert of the Star Tribune wrote , " A romantic boat ride beneath a constellation of floating lanterns is one of the more breathtaking episodes of gratuitous beauty " . MSN Movies ' Glenn Kenny hailed the scene as one of " the most dazzling pieces of moving artwork executed in any animated movie " . = = = Awards and accolades = = = The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences decided to modify the nomination rules pertaining to the Academy Award for Best Original Song after Menken 's Enchanted garnered three separate nominations for the award in 2008 , decreasing the nomination limit from three to only two from any individual film . After the release of Tangled , Menken revealed that the studio will only be submitting one song from the film to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for consideration for the Best Original Song award at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 " to avoid songs canceling each other out if nominated . " Menken decided upon " I See the Light " because he considers it " the heart and center of " the film and " seems to be the one that can break out . " Additionally , several critics expected the song to win Best Original Song , including Time 's Richard Corliss . As widely anticipated , " I See the Light " was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 , becoming Menken 's nineteenth Academy Award nomination . Menken said of the accomplishment , " I don ’ t take it for granted at all " . However , the song ultimately lost to Randy Newman 's " We Belong Together " from Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , another animated feature film released by Walt Disney Pictures , produced by Pixar Animation Studios . Previously , " I See the Light " had garnered a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards in 2011 , which it lost to " You Haven 't Seen the Last of Me " from Burlesque ( 2010 ) , written by Diane Warren and performed by Cher . Lastly , " I See the Light " was nominated for Best Song at the 16th Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2011 , losing to " If I Rise " from 127 Hours ( 2010 ) . " I See the Light " went on to win the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Song in 2010 , and the Best Song Written for Visual Media Award at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012 . Babble.com ranked " I See the Light " as one of the " Greatest ... Disney Movie Moments " . = = Live performances and cover versions = = In celebration of the song 's Best Original Song nomination , Moore and Levi performed " I See the Light " live at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 , accompanied by Menken himself on piano . For the performance , Moore asked that she be provided with a " showstopping " dress , specifically requesting that it not resemble a Disney costume . To comply , fashion designer Monique Lhuillier " incorporated elements of three dresses Moore loved " into the final dress , resulting in a full @-@ skirted cobalt blue gown . Moore revealed that she was feeling confident about the performance " until about two minutes before the show " . Moore also said of the performance , " It was the most intimidating audience I performed for ... I made a point not to look at anyone … because I was nervous . " Australian actor and singer David Harris included his rendition of " I See the Light " on his second studio album At This Stage ( 2011 ) , recording the song as a duet with Australian actress Lucy Durack . Theatre People 's Simon Parris wrote of Harris ' version , " the gorgeous duet .. will have listeners rushing out to watch their Tangled blu @-@ ray again . " American classical singer Jackie Evancho recorded " I See the Light " for her fourth studio album Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) as a duet with American singer Jacob Evancho , her elder brother . Amazon.com described Evancho 's rendition as a " very special duet . "
= Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor ( 782 ) = The Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 782 was one of the largest operations launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire . The invasion was launched as a display of Abbasid military might in the aftermath of a series of Byzantine successes . Commanded by the Abbasid heir @-@ apparent , the future Harun al @-@ Rashid , the Abbasid army reached as far as Chrysopolis , across the Bosporus from the Byzantine capital , Constantinople , while secondary forces raided western Asia Minor and defeated the Byzantine forces there . As Harun did not intend to assault Constantinople and lacked ships to do so , he turned back . The Byzantines , who in the meantime had neutralized the detachment left to secure the Abbasid army 's rear in Phrygia , were able to trap Harun 's army between their own converging forces . The defection of the Armenian general Tatzates , however , allowed Harun to regain the upper hand . The Abbasid prince sent for a truce and detained the high @-@ ranking Byzantine envoys , who included Empress Irene 's chief minister , Staurakios . This forced Irene to agree to a three @-@ year truce and pay a heavy annual tribute . Irene then focused her attention to the Balkans , but warfare with the Arabs resumed in 786 , until mounting Arab pressure led to another truce in 798 , on terms similar to those of 782 . = = Background = = Taking advantage of the internal difficulties of the Umayyad Caliphate that resulted from the civil wars of the 740s and the subsequent Abbasid Revolution , the Byzantines under Emperor Constantine V ( reigned 741 – 775 ) were able to regain the initiative on their eastern borders from the Arabs , and pursued an aggressive strategy . With the gradual consolidation of the Abbasid regime in the 760s and 770s , the situation became more balanced : the Arabs resumed their large @-@ scale raids deep into Asia Minor , although the Byzantines were still capable of major counterstrikes . Thus in 778 , the Byzantines , under Michael Lachanodrakon , seized the town of Germanikeia ( Ma 'rash ) , where they captured significant amounts of booty and took many Syrian Christians captive , and defeated an army sent against them by the Abbasid general Thumama ibn al @-@ Walid . In the next year , the Byzantines took and razed the fortress city of Hadath , forcing Caliph al @-@ Mahdi ( r . 775 – 785 ) to replace the rather passive Thumama with the veteran al @-@ Hasan ibn Qahtaba . Hasan led over 30 @,@ 000 troops in an invasion of Byzantine territory , but the Byzantines offered no opposition and withdrew to well @-@ fortified towns and refuges , until a lack of supplies forced Hasan to return home without achieving much . In response to these Byzantine successes , Caliph al @-@ Mahdi now resolved to take the field in person . On 12 March 780 , Mahdi departed Baghdad and via Aleppo marched to Hadath , which he refortified . He then advanced to Arabissus , where he left the army and returned to Baghdad . His son and heir Harun — better known by his laqab , or regnal name , al @-@ Rashid — was left in charge of one half of the army , which raided the Armeniac Theme and took the small fort of Semaluos . Thumama , who had been entrusted with the other half , penetrated deeper into Asia Minor . He marched west as far as the Thracesian Theme , but was heavily defeated there by Lachanodrakon . In June 781 , as the Arab invasion force assembled at Hadath under Abd al @-@ Kabir , a great @-@ great @-@ nephew of the Caliph Umar ( r . 634 – 644 ) , and again prepared to launch their annual raid , Empress Irene called up the thematic armies of Asia Minor and placed them under the eunuch sakellarios John . The Muslims crossed into Byzantine Cappadocia over the Pass of Hadath , and were met near Caesarea by the combined Byzantine forces under Lachanodrakon . The ensuing battle resulted in a costly Arab defeat , forcing Abd al @-@ Kabir to abandon his campaign and retreat to Syria . This defeat infuriated the Caliph , who prepared a new expedition . Intended as a show of force and a clear display of the Caliphate 's superiority , it was the largest army sent against Byzantium in the second half of the 8th century : it allegedly comprised 95 @,@ 793 men , about twice the total Byzantine military establishment present in Asia Minor , and cost the Abbasid state some 1 @.@ 6 million nomismata , almost as much as the Byzantine Empire 's entire annual income . Harun was the nominal leader , but the Caliph took care to send experienced officers to accompany him . = = Campaign = = On 9 February 782 , Harun departed Baghdad ; the Arabs crossed the Taurus Mountains by the Cilician Gates , and swiftly took the border fortress of Magida . They then advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia . There , Harun left his lieutenant , the hadjib al @-@ Rabi ' ibn Yunus , to besiege Nakoleia and guard his rear , while another force , reportedly 30 @,@ 000 men , under al @-@ Barmaki ( an unspecified member of the powerful Barmakid family , probably Yahya ibn Khalid ) , was sent to raid the rich western coastlands of Asia Minor . Harun himself , with the main army , advanced to the Opsician Theme . The accounts of subsequent events in the primary sources ( Theophanes the Confessor , Michael the Syrian , and al @-@ Tabari ) differ on the details , but the general course of the campaign can be reconstructed . According to Warren Treadgold , the Byzantine effort seems to have been led by Irene 's chief minister , the eunuch Staurakios , whose strategy was to avoid an immediate confrontation with Harun 's huge army , but wait until it had split up and advanced to meet its various detachments independently . The Thracesians under Lachanodrakon confronted al @-@ Barmaki at a place called Darenos , but were defeated and suffered heavy losses ( 15 @,@ 000 men according to Theophanes , 10 @,@ 000 according to Michael the Syrian ) . The outcome of al @-@ Rabi 's siege of Nakoleia is unclear , but he was probably defeated ; Theophanes 's phrasing may imply that the town was taken , but Michael the Syrian reports that the Arabs suffered great losses and failed to capture it , a version of events confirmed by hagiographic sources . Al @-@ Tabari reports that part of the main army under Yazid ibn Mazyad al @-@ Shaybani met a Byzantine force led by a certain Niketas who was " count of counts " ( perhaps the Count of the Opsician Theme ) , probably somewhere near Nicaea . In the ensuing battle , Niketas was wounded and unhorsed in single combat with the Arab general and forced to retire , probably to Nicomedia , where the imperial tagmata ( professional guard regiments ) under the Domestic of the Schools Anthony were assembled . Harun did not bother with them , and advanced to the town of Chrysopolis , across the Bosporus Strait from Constantinople itself . Lacking ships to cross the Bosporus , and with no intention of assaulting Constantinople in the first place , Harun probably intended this advance only as a show of force . Furthermore , despite his success so far , Harun 's position was precarious , as the defeat of al @-@ Rabi threatened his lines of communication with the Caliphate . Consequently , after plundering the Byzantine capital 's Asian suburbs , Harun turned his army back , but during his march along the valley of the Sangarius River , east of Nicaea , he was surrounded by the forces of the tagmata under Anthony in his rear and of the Bucellarians under their general Tatzates to his front . Fortunately for him , at this point Tatzates , an Armenian prince who had defected from his Arab @-@ ruled homeland to the Byzantines in 760 and was closely associated with the iconoclast regime of Constantine V , secretly made contact with him . Tatzates offered to aid Harun in exchange for a pardon and a safe return for himself and his family to his native Armenia . Theophanes explains Tatzates 's actions with his hostility towards Irene 's favourite , Staurakios , but this evidently masks a broader dissatisfaction with Irene 's regime . As Ralph @-@ Johannes Lilie writes , " Tatzates did not see any big opportunities for himself under the new regime and indeed used the good chance that the situation offered him . " Thus , when Harun asked for negotiations , Irene dispatched a delegation of three of her most senior officials : the Domestic Anthony , the magistros Peter , and Staurakios himself . Confident of their military position , they neglected to secure promises for their safety or hostages of their own , so that when they arrived in the Arab camp , they were made prisoners . Coupled with the treachery of Tatzates and the unreliability of the troops under his command , Irene was now forced to negotiate for their release , especially of her trusted aide Staurakios . The two states concluded a three @-@ year truce in exchange for a heavy annual tribute — the Arab sources mention various amounts between 70 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 gold nomismata , while one also adds 10 @,@ 000 pieces of silk . Tabari 's account records that the tribute amounted to " ninety or seventy thousand dinars " , to be paid " at the beginning of April and in June every year " . In addition , the Byzantines were obliged to provide provisions and guides for Harun 's army on its march home , and to hand over Tatzates 's wife and property . Harun released all his captives ( 5 @,@ 643 according to Tabari ) , but kept the rich plunder he had gathered , and returned to the Caliphate in September 782 . Tabari , in his account of the expedition , says that Harun 's forces captured 194 @,@ 450 dinars in gold and 21 @,@ 414 @,@ 800 dirhams in silver , killed 54 @,@ 000 Byzantines in battle and 2 @,@ 090 in captivity and took over 20 @,@ 000 riding animals captive while slaughtering 100 @,@ 000 cattle and sheep . Tabari also reports that the amount of plunder was such that " a work horse was sold for a dirham and a mule for less than ten dirhams , a coat of mail for less than a dirham , and twenty swords for a dirham " — at a time when one to two dirhams was the usual daily salary of a labourer or soldier . = = Aftermath = = The successful Arab invasion had important repercussions in Byzantium . The outcome represented a major blow to Empress Irene 's prestige , while Tatzates , a capable and veteran leader , was lost to the Empire and became the ruler of his native Armenia for the Abbasids . On the other hand , despite the humiliating peace treaty , Byzantium 's losses were not excessive , especially considering the scale of the Arab attack , and Irene used the three years of the truce to strengthen her internal position : she seems to have dismissed most of the " old guard " of Constantine V 's generals , with the long @-@ serving and fanatically iconoclast Michael Lachanodrakon being the most prominent victim of this bloodless purge . In this way , Irene secured control over the military , and was able to refocus its efforts in expanding and consolidating Byzantine control over the Slavs of the Balkans . Despite the truce , the chronicler Ibn Wadih mentions Arab raids into Asia Minor for the years 783 , 784 and 785 . If true , then these would probably represent only minor affairs , as the main sources agree that the truce was mutually respected until spring 785 . In that year , as Irene had strengthened her hold over the army and was preparing to confront the iconoclasts on the domestic front , she decided to cease payment of the tribute , and hostilities recommenced . In early 786 , the Byzantines scored a major success , sacking and razing to the ground the fortress town of Hadath in Cilicia , which the Abbasids had spent the last five years turning into a major stronghold and military base for their cross @-@ border expeditions . After the accession of Harun al @-@ Rashid to the caliphal throne in the same year , however , the Abbasids regained the initiative . Arab pressure mounted , and in 798 Irene was forced to ask for a peace treaty that repeated the stipulations of the 782 truce .
= European route E751 = The European route E751 , or E751 , as defined by the Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries of 1975 , and subsequent documents which amended the treaty , is an east @-@ west Class @-@ B branching European road route . Originating in Rijeka , Croatia , where it diverges from European route E61 before passing through the Kanfanar interchange , the route connects Pula , Rovinj , Poreč and Umag in Croatia with Koper in Slovenia . The route provides a high @-@ performance road link in Istria and Slovenian Littoral . Unlike most routes , the E751 centers on the Kanfanar interchange and has three arms , each extending to Rijeka , Pula and Koper . The total length of the route , including all the route arms , is 160 km ( 99 mi ) . The E751 mostly consists of motorways , but considerable sections are either expressways or two @-@ lane roads with at @-@ grade intersections . All motorway sections of the E751 are tolled , using the electronic toll collection ( ETC ) and ticket systems . Since the 1980s , the E751 has gradually been upgraded from a regular two @-@ lane road to motorway standards , and further upgrades are still being carried out or planned in some areas , particularly in the Rijeka – Kanfanar section and in the section located in Slovenia . The bulk of the E751 consists of the Istrian Y roads operated by BINA Istra . The part of the route in Slovenia is managed by the Slovenian Roads Agency , part of the Government of Slovenia . The E751 is considered to be of great importance for the economy and tourist industry of the region , as it links a large number of resorts to motorway systems in Slovenia and Croatia , providing a significant access route for thousands of motoring tourists . Furthermore , two endpoints of the E751 are located in the vicinity of the two major Adriatic seaports of Rijeka and Koper . = = Route description = = The 160 @-@ kilometre ( 99 mi ) long E751 , part of the International E @-@ road network , connects Croatian and Slovenian Adriatic coastal areas in the vicinity of the city of Rijeka , Istria and Slovenian Littoral . This European route is a Class B branch road , consisting mostly of motorways and expressways along with two @-@ lane roads that have at @-@ grade intersections . It diverges from European route E61 at the Matulji interchange of the Croatian A7 and the A8 motorways , and follows the A8 motorway route . Since sections of the A8 east of Rogovići interchange are still incomplete and lack the second carriageway , those comprise two @-@ lane , limited access roads with grade @-@ separated interchanges ( except the Opatija junction ) with the D8 state road and is at @-@ grade and regulated by traffic lights . As the A8 terminates at the Kanfanar interchange , the E751 switches to the six @-@ lane A9 motorway . At this junction , the E751 is signposted in both directions , following an approximately 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) long arm of the Istrian Y system , consisting of the A9 and the A8 roads , to Pula and a considerably longer northward arm to Umag . The A8 and the A9 are the longest segments of the E751 , being 141 kilometres ( 88 miles ) long combined . Following the northern terminus of the A9 motorway in the Umag interchange , the E751 switches to the 0 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 37 mi ) D510 connector and the northernmost section of the D21 state road running to the Kaštel / Dragonja border crossing to Slovenia . Beyond the border , the E751 follows the G11 road to the city of Koper , where the E751 terminates . Thus , unlike most routes , the E751 centers on a central interchange , Kanfanar , and has three arms , each extending to Rijeka , Pula and Koper . The E751 route is of great importance for economy and tourist industry of Istria and Slovenian Littoral , as it links a large number of resorts to motorway systems in Slovenia and Croatia , providing a significant access route for thousands of motoring tourists . These resorts include Brijuni National Park , Fažana , Rovinj , Poreč , Novigrad , Umag , Piran and Portorož on either side of the Croatian – Slovenian border . Furthermore , two endpoints of the E751 are located in vicinity of two major Adriatic seaports : the Port of Rijeka and the Port of Koper . = = Tolls = = Since June 2011 , the E751 comprises the Croatian A8 and A9 tolled motorways of the Istrian Y. The tolls there are based on the vehicle classification in Croatia using a closed @-@ toll system . Tolls charged along the A9 motorway toll plazas vary depending on the length of route traveled and range from 3 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 0 @.@ 40 ) to 26 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 3 @.@ 51 ) for passenger cars and 15 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 2 @.@ 02 ) to 185 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 25 @.@ 00 ) for semi @-@ trailer trucks . Although A8 also employs a ticket system , usage of the road is free except for vehicles traversing the Učka Tunnel and the Kanfanar – Rogovići section . A user of the entire length of the A8 is charged 36 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 4 @.@ 86 ) for passenger cars or up to 205 @.@ 00 kuna ( € 27 @.@ 70 ) for semi @-@ trailers , depending on vehicle classification in Croatia . Ticket systems employed by the A9 and the A8 are unified ; tolls are not charged when switching between the two roads . The toll is payable in either Croatian kuna or euros using major credit cards , debit cards and a number of prepaid toll collection systems . The latter includes various types of smart cards issued by the motorway operator and ENC , an electronic toll collection ( ETC ) system which is used by most motorways in Croatia and provides drivers with discounted toll rates for dedicated lanes at toll plazas . The operator of the A9 and the A8 routes , BINA Istra , reported a 65 @.@ 8 million kuna ( € 8 @.@ 9 million ) VAT @-@ free toll income in the first half of 2011 ; this represents an increase of 30 @.@ 8 percent compared to the same period of the previous year . The figure includes the entire Istrian Y system : the A9 motorway and the A8 motorway . A major part of the increase is attributed to introduction of the closed @-@ toll system , which replaced an open toll system where the toll was charged at the Mirna Bridge and the Učka Tunnel only . The part of the E751 in Slovenia , maintained by the Slovenian Roads Agency of the Government of Slovenia , is not tolled , nor is a short part of the E751 consisting of less than 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 miles ) Croatian state roads . The state roads in Croatia are maintained by Hrvatske ceste . = = History = = The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe was formed in 1947 , and their first major act to improve transportation was the joint UN declaration numbered 1264 . Signed in Geneva on September 16 , 1950 , it was named the Declaration on the Construction of Main International Traffic Arteries , which defined the first E @-@ road network . This declaration was amended several times before November 15 , 1975 , when it was replaced by the European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries ( AGR ) , which established a route @-@ numbering system and improved standards for roads on the list . The AGR went through several changes , the last one of which , as of 2011 , occurred 2008 . Reorganization of the E @-@ roads network of 1975 and 1983 defined the E751 road and assigned it to Rijeka – Pula – Koper route . Since the first section of the Istrian Y , which constitutes the bulk of the E751 route , started in 1976 , with the first section opening in 1981 , there were no high @-@ performance road routes in Istria . Instead , the E751 was signposted along state roads , specifically the D66 spanning Rijeka and Pula , and then switched to the D21 in Pula all the way to the Kaštel border crossing . As the Istrian Y system was being developed , the E751 designation was gradually transferred to the new route , with consistent signposting of the E751 along the A9 and the A8 , just as the D3 state road designation west of Rijeka was transferred to the B8 and B9 ( later replaced by the A8 and A9 respectively ) . = = = Planned development = = = As of September 2011 , there were several plans aimed at the upgrading of the E751 constituent roads in various stages of design or implementation . The A8 route is planned to be upgraded to six @-@ lane motorway standards by its concessionaire , BINA Istra . The upgrade construction works are completed along a 18 @-@ kilometre ( 11 mi ) section of the route west of Rogovići , while the remainder is scheduled to be upgraded by late 2014 or early 2015 . The A9 motorway is largely complete , and the missing structures required to achieve a full six @-@ lane cross @-@ section of the motorway at the Mirna Bridge and the Limska Draga Viaduct are planned to be completed by 2014 . The remaining unbuilt section of the motorway is a short connection to the Slovenian border and planned H5 expressway . The expressway is scheduled to be built after 2013 , carrying the E751 to its terminus in Koper . = = Junction list = = = = = Kanfanar – Pula arm = = = The entire route is in Istria County , Croatia .
= Battle for No.3 Post = The Battle for No.3 Post ( 28 – 30 May 1915 ) was fought during the Gallipoli Campaign in the First World War , between the forces of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the Turkish 19th Division . The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was responsible for the defence of the northern perimeter of the ANZAC beach @-@ head , holding a sector from the position known as Walker 's Top down the ridge line to the sea . Part of this defence line was formed by No.1 and No.2 Posts , isolated positions in the far north that could only be approached in safety during the hours of darkness . Near the end of May 1915 , the Turks started constructing a new position just inland from No.2 Post , that if left to be completed would cause problems for the New Zealanders . Therefore , it was decided to assault and capture the post . After the position was captured , it was named No.3 Post , and the New Zealanders settled in and attempted to improve its defences . The same night , the Turks counter @-@ attacked . Surrounded and cut off from the rest of the brigade , running short of ammunition and supplies , the defending 9th ( Wellington East Coast ) Squadron held out for twenty @-@ eight hours until relieved , and beat off several attempts to break through their lines . When the squadron was eventually relieved it was decided the post was untenable , and it was abandoned the same night . The New Zealand Mounted Brigade 's casualties during the battle were forty @-@ two dead and 109 wounded . The exact number of Turkish casualties is not known but was around two hundred men . The New Zealand brigade went on to fight in the Battle of Chunuk Bair and the Battle of Hill 60 , and was then evacuated from the peninsula before the campaign ended in December 1915 . = = Background = = = = = ANZAC landings = = = On 25 April , at the start of the Gallipoli Campaign , the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) landed at what later became known as Anzac Cove . Included in the landings was the New Zealand and Australian Division , but the division had been forced to leave part of its strength , including the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , behind in Egypt . The commanders believed there would be no requirement or opportunities for mounted troops on the peninsula . However , heavy casualties , and the lack of any other reinforcements , forced them to reconsider the decision , and the mounted troops were later dispatched to Gallipoli to serve in a dismounted role . = = = New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade = = = Under the command of Brigadier @-@ General Andrew Russell , the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was raised in August 1914 and consisted of three regiments of mounted infantry . While the brigade had an establishment of 1 @,@ 940 men , when dismounted its rifle strength was only the equivalent of an infantry battalion . Each of the brigade 's regiments was formed from three squadrons , each of 158 men organised into a headquarters and four troops . When the brigade arrived in Egypt , it came under the command of the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division . In April 1915 , the division 's infantry units left Egypt for an undisclosed destination , and it was not until 1 May that the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade learned about the Gallipoli landings . Four days later the brigade received news that it would also deploy , as reinforcements , to Gallipoli , but in a dismounted role without their horses . They arrived off the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May , and disembarked at Anzac Cove . The next day , the brigade moved into the front line on the northern left flank , relieving the Royal Naval Brigade . Their trenches stretched from the Aegean Sea to Walker 's Ridge , and included two outposts , No.1 Post and No.2 Post . The latter position was the beach @-@ head 's most northern position , situated only two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Chatham 's Post , which was the southernmost point . The outlying position of the two posts meant that movement between them and the main lines could only be undertaken safely at night . The brigade deployed with the Canterbury Mounted Rifles on the left , the Auckland Mounted Rifles in the centre , and the Wellington Mounted Rifles on the right . = = = Turkish forces = = = The First World War Ottoman Turkish Army was badly underestimated by the Allies . During the war it would defeat forces from the British , French and Russian armies . Before the landings Gallipoli was defended by several divisions , based on infantry battalion strong @-@ points overlooking potential landing beaches . By April 1915 , the Turks had 82 fixed and 230 mobile artillery pieces on the peninsula . In May 1915 , the Turkish force that would confront the New Zealanders was provided by the 19th Division , comprising the 57th , 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments , all under the command of Colonel Mustafa Kemal . Kemal was noted as " the most imaginative , most successful officer to fight on either side " during the Gallipoli Campaign . How the Turks viewed the invasion can be judged by Kemal 's orders to his troops following the initial landings ; " Men , I am not ordering you to attack . I am ordering you to die . In the time that it takes us to die , other forces and commanders can come and take our place . " Virtually all the Turkish Army commanders , down to company commander level , were very experienced , being veterans of the Balkan Wars . But their command structure was weaker at the non @-@ commissioned officer ( NCO ) level , with only one NCO in each company . One advantage that the Turkish Army had over the New Zealanders , at the time , was their hand grenades , which were not used by the British forces . = = No.3 Post = = = = = Capture = = = After an abortive Turkish attack in early May , from the middle of the month the New Zealanders observed their opponents improving their defensive positions . One position in particular was started overnight on 26 / 27 May , at the foot of the ridge that led down to No.2 Post and only 450 yards ( 410 m ) from it . It gave the New Zealanders cause for concern , and therefore it was decided that the position must be captured and denied to the Turks . Plans for the assault were formed , and the task was given to the 1st ( Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry ) Squadron of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles , commanded by Major Percy Acton @-@ Adams . On 28 May , the squadron was concentrated at No.2 Post and at 22 : 00 left the post to capture the Turkish position . By 23 : 30 , after advancing along the ridge , they arrived and with only slight opposition drove off the twenty Turkish defenders at a cost of one dead and five wounded . They were followed up by the 6th ( Manawatu ) Squadron from the Wellington Mounted Rifles , who carried entrenching tools to improve the defences and would then garrison the position , now named No.3 Post . The 6th Squadron , who had orders to " hold the post until relieved " , started constructing defences against a Turkish counter @-@ attack , which would not be easy as the post was surrounded on three sides by the Turks . After sunrise on 29 May the squadron was in full view of the Turks and they were engaged by small arms and artillery fire . They were forced to take cover and stop building defences . That night at 21 : 00 the 6th Squadron was relieved by three troops ( nine officers and ninety @-@ three other ranks ) of the 9th ( Wellington East Coast ) Squadron , Wellington Mounted Rifles , commanded by Major Selwyn Chambers . = = = Defence = = = Chambers and his second in command , Captain Charles Spragg , immediately set about constructing a defensive trench across the post , and strengthening its other defences . But by now the Turks , from the 72nd Infantry Regiment , about 1 @,@ 000 @-@ strong , had managed to use the terrain and darkness to close in on the position . At 22 : 00 Chambers reported that the position was under attack and surrounded , and at 23 : 35 the telephone line to headquarters was cut by the Turks . The area in front of No.3 Post was in a gully and out of sight to the defenders , so they had to climb on the trench parapet to engage the Turks . This tactic worked well , and they broke up the Turkish assault , causing the attackers some casualties . The Turks did not withdraw far , and crept up to the edge of the New Zealanders ' trench during the night . They then threw hand grenades into the New Zealanders ' position . At the same time , small arms fire from the surrounding Turkish positions pinned the New Zealanders down . Just after midnight the New Zealanders sent the 2nd ( Wellington West Coast ) Squadron , commanded by Major James McGregor Elmslie , forward to reinforce the 9th Squadron . But by itself the 2nd Squadron was not strong enough to break through the Turkish lines and reach the post , and at times they had to engage in close quarter fighting in the thick scrub . Eventually the 2nd Squadron had to form their own defensive position in the ground between No.2 and No.3 Posts . At 03 : 00 , just before dawn , Spragg took command of the trench in the southern sector of No.3 Post , opposite where the Turks appeared to be gathering their forces to assault the post . He successfully deployed his men so that when the attack began , it was met and broken up by the New Zealanders ' small arms fire . But by 03 : 30 the post was under sustained Turkish rifle and grenade attack and the relieving 2nd Squadron was still held up on a ridge to the south of the post . Between them and No.3 Post was a strong Turkish force which had dug in and were in communication with the Turkish attackers in the gully to the north of the post . However , the 2nd Squadron could now bring their own small arms fire onto the Turks attacking No.3 Post , making them keep their heads down . At daylight Elmslie led a troop in an attack which captured a Turkish trench to the left of the post . At 06 : 30 communications were re @-@ established with No.3 Post by using signal flags , and Allied artillery were able to bring harassing fire onto the Turkish communications trenches . But by now the defenders were running short of supplies , especially ammunition , and no one could be spared to look after the wounded , who had to see to themselves . The 6th Squadron , commanded by Major Charles Dick , were also sent forward to support the 2nd Squadron 's attempt to break through to the post . Advancing along the ridge from No.2 Post , they reached a position on the open plateau to the north of No.3 Post , but neither of the relieving squadrons could break through the Turkish lines , and were confronted by heavy Turkish fire from the surrounding higher ground . They were blocked by the sheer number of Turkish troops . Around noon the Turks undermined and blew up part of the trench at No.3 Post , which they then occupied . Turkish attacks continued all day , and they brought into action a mountain artillery gun from a nearby position . It was now estimated that around 3 @,@ 000 Turkish troops were involved in the assault on No.3 Post . Unable to break through to No.3 Post during the day , the New Zealanders decided to wait for nightfall to make another attempt . At the same time the Canterbury Mounted Rifles were warned they would have to provide two squadrons to take over the defence , once the 9th Squadron had been relieved . During this time the Turks had not given up their attempts to recapture the post . At 19 : 00 Chambers signalled that the " repeated bombing of the trenches on the northern side of the post had resulted in a portion of the trenches being damaged , to such an extent that he could no longer prevent the enemy from getting in . " This was followed ten minutes later with a message that the Turks had occupied the trenches in the north of the post . Around the same time the 6th Squadron , advancing from the south , had managed to get to within one hundred yards ( 91 m ) of the post before being pinned down . Even though they now had fire support from a mountain artillery battery and a British destroyer , HMS Rattlesnake , they were unable to advance any further . As darkness approached the Turkish attacks lessened , and at 22 : 30 , covered by the 2nd and 6th Squadrons , the 10th ( Nelson ) Squadron and two troops from the 8th ( South Canterbury ) Squadron from the Canterbury Mounted Rifles managed to break through to No.3 Post . By 23 : 00 the 9th Squadron 's survivors had been evacuated and the Canterbury Regiment had taken over the defence of the post . An hour later the 2nd and 6th Squadrons were withdrawn back to the brigade lines . Shortly after the relief , it was decided that the post was untenable and it was abandoned . While the Canterburys were withdrawing south towards No.1 Post they were attacked by the Turks . The New Zealanders turned and opened fire , then counter @-@ attacked in a bayonet charge , forcing the Turks to withdraw before re @-@ occupying No.3 Post . The 9th Squadron had held out for twenty @-@ eight hours , during which the brigade had lost forty @-@ two men killed and 109 wounded , the vast majority from 9th Squadron . Turkish casualties were around two hundred men . = = Aftermath = = The battle for No.3 Post seemed a major event to those involved , but in General Ian Hamilton 's dispatches the fight only received a brief mention : " On 28 May , at 9 p.m. , a raid was made on a Turkish post overlooking the beach 1 @,@ 200 yards north of Kaba Tepe , H.M.S. " Rattlesnake " co @-@ operating . A party of 50 rifles rushed the post , killing or capturing the occupants . A similar raid was made against an enemy trench to the left of our line which cost the Turks 200 casualties , as was afterwards ascertained . " The battle for No.3 Post cost the New Zealanders forty @-@ two dead and 109 wounded . The brigade fought another two battles at Gallipoli : the Battle of Chunuk Bair , and the Battle of Hill 60 . Their involvement in these battles proved costly , and in September 1915 , with a strength of only 249 men , they left the peninsula for the rest camp on the island of Lemnos . During the campaign , 4 @,@ 000 men served in the brigade ; 727 of those were killed and 1 @,@ 239 wounded , which equates to a casualty rate of almost fifty per cent . Amongst the dead were Chambers – the commander of the 9th Squadron – and Elmslie of the 6th Squadron . Both survived the battle for No.3 Post , but not the campaign , and were killed in action in August 1915 during the Battle of Chunuk Bair . Like many other New Zealanders , neither have a known grave , and they are therefore commemorated on the Chunuk Bair Memorial . The adjacent Commonwealth War Graves Commission Chunuk Bair Cemetery has 632 graves of which only ten men have been identified . During the 260 days of the Gallipoli Campaign , a total of 2 @,@ 721 New Zealand soldiers were killed and another 4 @,@ 852 wounded , out of the total 8 @,@ 556 New Zealanders who took part . The exact number of Turkish casualties at Gallipoli is not known , but has been estimated at 87 @,@ 000 dead , from a total of around 250 @,@ 000 casualties . The war between the British and Ottoman Turkish Empires ended on 31 October 1918 , following the signing of the Armistice of Mudros . In November , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles were selected to be part of the Allied force of occupation for the Dardanelles peninsula . During their time there they took the opportunity to look for and bury the brigade 's war dead . Kemal , the commander of the Turkish 19th Division , survived the war . Following the Turkish War of Independence he became known as Atatürk ( Father of the Turks ) and became the first president of the new Republic of Turkey , where he is acknowledged as the nation 's " founding father " .
= New York State Route 146B = New York State Route 146B ( NY 146B ) was a state highway in southern Saratoga County , New York , in the United States . It was 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) long and located entirely within the town of Clifton Park . The western terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 146 , its parent route , in the hamlet of Rexford . The eastern terminus of NY 146B was in the hamlet of Groom Corners , where it met Miller and Sugarhill roads . NY 146B was assigned c . 1932 and removed c . 1965 . Its former routing is now the western portion of County Route 91 ( CR 91 ) . = = Route description = = NY 146B began at an intersection with NY 146 in Rexford , a small riverside hamlet in the town of Clifton Park . The route headed southeastward on Riverview Road , following the northern bank of the Mohawk River ( also part of the Erie Canal ) through the town . It passed to the south of the Edison Country Club and remained on the riverbank to an intersection with Grooms Road approximately 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) southeast of Rexford . Here , NY 146B turned eastward to follow Grooms Road to the hamlet of Groom Corners , a community based around the intersection of Grooms , Miller and Sugarhill roads . NY 146B ended at this junction ; however , Grooms Road continued eastward to a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the town of Halfmoon . = = History = = On July 11 , 1916 , the state of New York let a contract for improving a series of roadways linking Groom Corners to Waite Corners by way of Rexford Flats ( now Rexford ) . Approximately half of the project was complete by 1920 , while the remainder was completed by 1926 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the portion of the Groom Corners – Waite Corners highway from Rexford to Waite Corners became part of the new NY 146 . The remainder of the highway from Rexford to Groom Corners was designated as NY 146B , a spur route of NY 146 , c . 1932 . NY 146B remained unchanged until c . 1965 , when the designation was removed from the highway . The former routing of NY 146B is now part of CR 91 , which continues eastward on Grooms Road to meet US 9 in the town of Halfmoon . Additionally , the Riverview Road portion of old NY 146B is now part of the Mohawk Towpath Scenic Byway , a National Scenic Byway . = = Major intersections = = The entire route was in Clifton Park , Saratoga County .
= Sister City ( Parks and Recreation ) = " Sister City " is the fifth episode of the second season of Parks and Recreation , and the eleventh overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 15 , 2009 . In the episode , Leslie welcomes a delegation from Venezuela , who act disrespectfully toward Pawnee and the United States . The episode was written by Alan Yang and directed by series co @-@ creator Michael Schur . It featured Saturday Night Live performer Fred Armisen in a guest appearance as Raul , the head of the Venezuelan delegation . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 4 @.@ 69 million household viewers , a drop from the previous week . The episode received generally positive reviews . = = Plot = = Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) and the Pawnee parks department prepares for a visit by park department officials from Boraqua , Pawnee 's Sister City in Venezuela . Leslie warns her co @-@ workers the Venezuelan government officials will likely be poor , simple people . Later , the Venezuelan delegation arrives , headed by their parks department vice director Raul Alejandro Bastilla Pedro de Veloso de Morana , the Vice @-@ director Ejecutivo del Diputado del Departmento de Parques , L.G.V. ( Fred Armisen ) . There are cultural clashes right away , like when they mistake Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) for a servant and order him to get their bags . They also mistakenly believe they can choose any woman to have sex with ; they all favor Donna ( Retta ) . Raul and Leslie exchange gifts during a meet @-@ and @-@ greet party , where Raul and the Venezuelans act condescending toward the Pawnee residents , making offensive remarks about the town and mocking the gifts Leslie gives them . They continue to give orders to Tom , who follows along because they give him large cash tips . The Venezuelan intern Johnny ( JC Gonzalez ) falls in love with April ( Aubrey Plaza ) , who convinces him she is feared and very powerful . Meanwhile , Leslie tells the Venezuelans that she is seeking to raise $ 35 @,@ 000 to fill in a pit to make a park . Raul and his colleagues start to laugh , telling her they have so much money from oil , they can build whatever they want . Leslie , who is growing increasingly annoyed with the Venezuelans , decides to take them to Pawnee 's nicest park with hopes of impressing them . Instead , they are disgusted , and Raul mistakes the park for the aforementioned pit . Leslie later takes them to a public meeting to show them democracy in action , but all of the citizens shout angry and annoyed questions at Leslie . An unimpressed Raul wonders where are the armed guards to take the protestors to jail . When Raul tells Leslie they live like kings in Venezuela and answer to nobody , she explodes in anger , insulting their uniforms and Hugo Chavez . The Venezuelans storm out . Leslie calls a meeting and apologizes to Raul , who in turn apologizes as well and offers Leslie a check for $ 35 @,@ 000 to fill in the pit . Leslie fears it may be " dirty money " , but accepts . During a photo opportunity later , Raul sets up a video camera and asks Leslie say " Viva Venezuela " and " Viva Chavez " to it . Against her wishes , Leslie reluctantly does so . When Raul starts speaking Spanish to the camera , Leslie asks April to translate , and learns Raul is discussing his " Committee to Humiliate and Shame America " . A furious Leslie tears up the $ 35 @,@ 000 check and shouts " Viva America " , prompting Raul to declare Pawnee is no longer their sister city and storm out . Leslie insists she will raise the money to build the park without them and Tom , inspired by her example , secretly puts all the tip money he made from the Venezuelans into the park donation jar . The episode ends with Leslie and Tom later receiving an online video from April , who tells them she and Donna are vacationing with Johnny ( JC Gonzalez ) in his Venezuelan palace , which is watched over by armed guards . = = Production = = " Sister City " was written by Alan Yang and directed by series co @-@ creator Michael Schur . The episode featured comedian Fred Armisen in a guest appearance as Raul , the vice director of a Venezuelan parks department . Armisen was a cast member of NBC 's sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , where he previously worked with performer Poehler and writer Schur . Armisen has played Venezuelan characters before , and previously imitated President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez on Saturday Night Live . Armisen said he got into character by thinking about his uncle , who is from Venezuela . But he said it was not a difficult performance because " most of the joke is the uniform " , which included a tan military @-@ style jacket with medals , a red beret and a sash with the colors of the Venezuela flag . The uniform also included a fictional seal designed by Schur , which included an image of Chavez , machine guns , an oil tower , a lion and a parrot . Schur said of the episode 's plot , " They 're very confused because in Venezuela the government is so powerful ; their parks department travels with military escorts and motorcades and stuff . They have all the money in the world because of their oil and they ( don 't understand ) why Pawnee 's parks department is so rinky @-@ dink . " A fan of Parks and Recreation since its inception , Armisen said he laughed as soon as he read the script , and found it even funnier during the table read with the cast . After working with Armisen , Rashida Jones described him as " one of the funniest people on the planet " . Within a week of the episode 's original broadcast , three deleted scenes from " Sister City " were made available on the official Parks and Recreation website . In the first 100 @-@ second clip , Ron talks about his hatred for socialism , and Raul says he fears Ron because of his mustache , which he said makes him " cower in fear " ( repeatedly saying the word ' mustache ' ) . In the second minute @-@ long clip , Raul discusses the medals he received for his parks @-@ related accomplishments , including " doing away with people making speeches in the parks " , " organizing the garbage so it 's not all over the place " and " looking at the leaves " . In the third 100 @-@ second clip , Raul and the Venezuelans question why Leslie does not have a giant oil painting of herself in her office . After his final argument with Leslie , Tom refuses to follow Raul 's orders to open the door for him , and Raul has trouble opening it because " it 's been a while since I 've done this " . = = Cultural references = = " Sister City " largely portrayed Chavez and his socialist ideology in a negative light . The script portrays the Venezuelans as belittling and contemptuous toward Americans . They repeatedly claim Pawnee and the United States are inferior compared to the power and splendor they are accustomed to in Venezuela . Their negative attitude toward Americans is particularly demonstrated by the name of their delegation , the Committee to Humiliate and Shame America , as well as the line from one of the delegates , " This is not personal . We just think you are weak and your city is disgusting . " While discussing how many television channels he gets in Venezuela , Raul said he already knows who wins Project Runway , a fashion design reality television show on the Bravo network . In trying to maintain composure in the face of insults from the Venezuelans , Leslie said she was following the example of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , of whom she said , " Nobody takes a punch like her . She 's the strongest , smartest punching bag in the world . " Raul says his city is also a sister city to Kaesong , North Korea , which he said is " far nicer " than Pawnee . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on October 15 , 2009 , " Sister City " was seen by 4 @.@ 69 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It was a drop from the previous week 's episode , " Practice Date " . " Sister City " received a 2 @.@ 0 rating / 6 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly writer Henning Fog said " Sister City " continued a trend of excellence in the second season that has established Parks and Recreation as NBC 's best comedy . Fog said the episode also further expanded its characters , by showing Leslie is not a complete pushover and Tom is a kind person . Salon.com writer Heather Havrilesky called the episode an " instant classic " , and particularly praised the guest performance of Fred Armisen . She said the episode " benefits from the show 's writers ' increasing habit of giving everything from political scandals to lame local events the Onion treatment " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said it was " another strong one " , and said the Leslie character is growing less clueless and more three @-@ dimensional . Robert Philpot of the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram said he believed the show still too closely resembled The Office , but that " Sister City " " showed that Parks and Recreation can equal The Office for comic discomfort " . Fowler of IGN said the anti @-@ American sentiment demonstrated by the Venezuelan delegation " was a funny twist that didn 't completely wear itself out , although it came close " . Fowler particularly praised Armisen , who he said risked overshadowing the regular cast , and the sardonic comedy of Plaza . Not all reviews were positive . The A.V. Club writer Leonard Pierce , who said he felt the second season had been excellent so far , described " Sister City " as " easily the weakest episode of the season , maybe the series " . Pierce called the political overtones " ham @-@ handed " , the humor was too over @-@ the @-@ top , and the episode suffered from the absence of most of the supporting cast . = = DVD release = = " Sister City " , along with the other 23 second season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode . It also included a commentary track for " Sister City " featuring Amy Poehler , Fred Armisen , Alan Yang and Michael Schur .
= Russian monitor Admiral Spiridov = The Russian monitor Admiral Spiridov was the name ship of her class of monitors built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1860s . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and remained there for her entire career . Aside from an accidental collision her service was uneventful . The sister ships were reclassified as coast @-@ defense ironclads in 1892 before they became training ships in 1900 . Admiral Spiridov was stricken from the Navy List in 1907 and became a coal @-@ storage barge . Her ultimate fate is unknown . = = Design and description = = The Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors were significantly larger than their predecessors , the Charodeika class , and were 254 feet ( 77 @.@ 4 m ) long at the waterline . They had a beam of 43 feet ( 13 @.@ 1 m ) and a maximum draft of 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) . The ships were designed to displace 3 @,@ 196 long tons ( 3 @,@ 247 t ) , but turned out to be overweight and actually displaced 3 @,@ 505 to 3 @,@ 587 long tons ( 3 @,@ 561 to 3 @,@ 645 t ) . Their crew consisted of 280 officers and crewmen . The Admiral Spiridov class had a single two @-@ cylinder horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engine , which drove a single propeller using steam provided by four rectangular fire @-@ tube boilers . The engine was designed to produce a total of 2 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 500 kW ) , which gave the ship a speed of 9 @.@ 1 knots ( 16 @.@ 9 km / h ; 10 @.@ 5 mph ) from 2 @,@ 060 ihp ( 1 @,@ 540 kW ) when she ran her initial sea trials in 1871 . Two years later , Admiral Spiridov ran them again , this time reaching 10 @.@ 2 knots ( 18 @.@ 9 km / h ; 11 @.@ 7 mph ) . The ship carried 280 long tons ( 280 t ) of coal which gave her a range of 1 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km ; 1 @,@ 600 mi ) at full speed . She was fitted with three masts in a light fore @-@ and @-@ aft rig to steady her and aid in maneuvering . The monitors were ultimately designed to be armed with four Obukhov 9 @-@ inch rifled guns , a pair in each turret . In 1874 – 75 the guns were replaced by a single 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) gun . During the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 78 , a 9 @-@ inch mortar was fitted to attack the thin deck armor of enemy ships , but accuracy was poor and they were later removed , probably in the early 1880s . Admiral Spiridov retained her original guns until 1902 , although a more powerful 11 @-@ inch gun may have been installed after that date . Light guns for use against torpedo boats were added to the Admiral Spiridov @-@ class ships during the Russo @-@ Turkish War when a pair of 4 @-@ pounder 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) guns were mounted on the roofs of each gun turret . A variety of other small guns are known to have been fitted , but details are lacking . The ships could also carry 12 to 15 mines . The hull of the Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors was completely covered by wrought @-@ iron armor that was 5 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 to 165 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 3 @.@ 25 inches ( 83 mm ) aft and 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 89 mm ) forward of the main belt . The turrets had 6 inches of armor , except around the gun ports , where it thickened to 6 @.@ 5 inches . The conning tower was 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and the deck armor was in two layers with a total thickness of 1 inch . = = Construction and service = = Admiral Spiridov , named for Admiral Grigory Spiridov , was ordered on 4 June 1865 from the Semiannikov & Poletika Shipyard , Saint Petersburg , although the formal keel @-@ laying was not until 20 November 1866 . Construction was delayed by changes to the design and late deliveries of components . She was launched on 28 August 1868 and then transferred to Kronstadt for fitting out as the shallow waters around Saint Petersburg prevented deep @-@ draft ships from being completed . This added more delays as the dockyard there lacked the equipment to efficiently fit out the ships , and she officially entered service in 1869 at the cost of 1 @,@ 177 @,@ 500 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion , but she was not fully equipped until around 1872 and her trials continued until 1873 . Admiral Spiridov accidentally rammed the monitor Admiral Lazarev in Kronstadt harbor in 1871 , but was only slightly damaged . Steam @-@ powered steering gear was installed in the ship in 1887 and she was reclassified as a coast @-@ defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 . By this time , her role in Russian war plans was to defend the Gulf of Riga against an anticipated German amphibious landing . In 1900 , Admiral Spiridov was assigned to the Kronstadt Engineering School as a training ship . She was transferred to the Port of Kronstadt on 31 March 1907 for disposal . The ship was stricken on 14 August and Admiral Spiridov became a stationary coal @-@ storage barge . Her subsequent fate is unknown . One source suggests that she and her sister Admiral Chichagov , and the two Admiral Lazarev @-@ class monitors , were used as floating piers for the railroad bridge over the Svir River during the construction of the Saint Petersburg – Murmansk Railroad in 1916 before being scrapped in the 1920s .
= Elizabeth Canning = Elizabeth Canning ( married name Treat ; 17 September 1734 – June 1773 ) was an English maidservant who claimed to have been kidnapped and held against her will in a hayloft for almost a month . She ultimately became central to one of the most famous English criminal mysteries of the 18th century . She disappeared on 1 January 1753 , before returning almost a month later to her mother 's home in Aldermanbury in the City of London , emaciated and in a " deplorable condition " . After being questioned by concerned friends and neighbours she was interviewed by the local alderman , who then issued an arrest warrant for Susannah Wells , the woman who occupied the house in which Canning was supposed to have been held . At Wells ' house in Enfield Wash , Canning identified Mary Squires as another of her captors , prompting the arrest and detention of both Wells and Squires . London magistrate Henry Fielding became involved in the case , taking Canning 's side . Further arrests were made and several witness statements were taken , and Wells and Squires were ultimately tried and found guilty — Squires of the more serious and potentially capital charge of theft . However , Crisp Gascoyne , trial judge and Lord Mayor of London , was unhappy with the verdict and began his own investigation . He spoke with witnesses whose testimony implied that Squires and her family could not have abducted Canning , and he interviewed several of the prosecution 's witnesses , some of whom recanted their earlier testimony . He ordered Canning 's arrest , following which she was tried and found guilty of perjury . Squires was pardoned , and Canning sentenced to one month 's imprisonment and seven years of transportation . Canning 's case pitted two groups of believers against one another : the pro @-@ Canning " Canningites " , and the pro @-@ Squires " Egyptians " . Gascoyne was openly abused and attacked in the street , while interested authors waged a fierce war of words over the fate of the young , often implacable maid . She died in Wethersfield , Connecticut , in 1773 , but the mystery surrounding her disappearance remains unsolved . = = History = = = = = Background = = = Canning was born on 17 September 1734 in the City of London , the eldest of five surviving children born to William ( a carpenter ) and Elizabeth Canning . The family lived in two rooms in Aldermanbury Postern ( a northern extension of Aldermanbury that formerly ran from a postern gate on London Wall to Fore Street ; it no longer exists ) in London . Aldermanbury was a respectable but not particularly wealthy neighbourhood . Canning was born into poverty . Her father died in 1751 and her mother and four siblings shared a two @-@ room property with James Lord , an apprentice . Lord occupied the building 's front room , while Canning 's family lived in the back room . Her schooling was limited to only a few months at a writing school , and aged 15 or 16 she worked as a maidservant in the household of nearby publican John Wintlebury , who considered her an honest but shy girl . From October 1752 she lived at the neighbouring home of a carpenter Edward Lyon , who shared Wintlebury 's opinion of the young maidservant . Canning was described as a plump 18 @-@ year @-@ old , about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall with a face pitted by smallpox , a long , straight nose , and wide @-@ set eyes . = = = Disappearance = = = Canning disappeared on 1 January 1753 . With no work that day , she spent time with her family and made plans to go shopping with her mother after visiting her aunt and uncle ( Alice and Thomas Colley ) , but changed her mind and instead remained with them for the evening . At about 9 pm , accompanied by her aunt and uncle for about two @-@ thirds of the journey , she left to return to her lodgings in Aldermanbury . When she failed to return to her lodgings at Edward Lyon 's house , her employer twice went looking for her at her mother 's home . Mrs Canning sent her other three children to Moorfields to search for her , while James Lord went to the Colleys , who told him that they had left Elizabeth at about 9 : 30 pm near Aldgate church in Houndsditch . The next morning Mrs Canning also travelled to the Colleys ' house , but to no avail , as Elizabeth was still missing . Neighbours were asked if they knew of her whereabouts , and weeks passed as Mrs Canning searched the neighbourhood for her daughter , while her relatives scoured the city . An advertisement was placed in the newspapers , prayers were read aloud in churches and meeting houses , but other than a report of a " woman 's shriek " from a hackney coach on 1 January , no clues were found as to Elizabeth 's disappearance . = = = Reappearance = = = Canning reappeared at about 10 pm on 29 January 1753 . At the sight of her daughter , whom she had not seen for almost a month , Elizabeth Canning fainted . Once recovered she sent James Lord to fetch several neighbours , and inside only a few minutes the house was full . Elizabeth was described as being in a " deplorable condition " ; her face and hands were black with dirt , she wore a shift , a petticoat , and a bedgown . A dirty rag tied around her head was soaked with blood from a wounded ear . According to her story she had been attacked by two men near Bedlam Hospital . They had partially stripped her , robbed her and hit her in the temple , rendering her unconscious . She awoke " by a large road , where was water , with the two men that robbed me " and was forced to walk to a house , where an old woman asked if she would " go their way " ( become a prostitute ) . Canning had refused , and the woman cut off her corset , slapped her face and pushed her upstairs into a loft . There the young maidservant had remained for almost a month , with no visitors and existing only on bread and water . The clothing she wore she had scavenged from a fireplace in the loft . Canning had eventually made her escape by pulling some boards away from a window and walking the five @-@ hour journey home . She recalled hearing the name " Wills or Wells " , and as she had seen through the window a coachman she recognised , thought she had been held on the Hertford Road . On this evidence , John Wintlebury and a local journeyman , Robert Scarrat , identified the house as that of " Mother " Susannah Wells at Enfield Wash , nearly 10 miles ( 16 km ) distant . Her reappearance and subsequent explanation ( including the assumption that she had been held at Wells 's house ) were the following day printed in the London Daily Advertiser . She was visited by the apothecary , but with her pulse faint , and so weak she could scarcely speak , she vomited up the medicine he gave her . He administered several glysters until satisfied with the results , following which Canning was taken by her friends and neighbours to the Guildhall to see Alderman Thomas Chitty , to ask that he issue a warrant for Wells 's arrest . = = = = Enfield Wash = = = = Chitty issued the warrant and on 1 February Canning 's friends took her to Enfield Wash . Despite her poor physical condition Canning 's supporters wanted her to identify her captors and the room she claimed to have been held in , and worried she might die before then , took the risk of moving her . Wintlebury , Scarrat and Joseph Adamson ( a neighbour ) were the first to arrive , on horseback . They met the warrant officer and several peace officers , and waited for Susannah Wells to appear . Wells 's house had served a variety of functions , including that of a carpenter 's shop , a butchers and an ale @-@ house . The old woman kept animals in the house and occasionally had lodgers . She had twice been widowed ; her first husband was a carpenter and her second had been hanged for theft . She had also been imprisoned in 1736 for perjury . Sarah Howit , her daughter by her first husband , had lived there for about two years . Howit 's brother John was a carpenter like his father , and lived nearby . When at about 9 am Wells entered her house , the officers immediately moved to secure the building . Inside they found Wells , an old woman named Mary Squires , her children , Virtue Hall and a woman they supposed was Wells 's daughter . Another woman , Judith Natus , was brought down from the loft to be questioned with the rest . The warrant officer who searched the loft was surprised when he discovered that it did not resemble the room described by Canning , and nor could he find evidence of her having jumped from the window . The rest of the party , who had by then arrived in a hired coach and chaise , were similarly surprised . Canning , who had arrived in the chaise with her mother and two other people , was carried into the house by Adamson . There she identified Mary Squires as the woman who had cut off her stays , and claimed that Virtue Hall and a woman presumed to be Squires 's daughter had been present at the time . Canning was then taken upstairs where she identified the loft as the room in which she had been imprisoned — although it contained more hay than she recalled . Boards covering the window appeared to have only recently been fastened there . With such damning evidence against them , the suspects were taken to a nearby justice of the peace , Merry Tyshemaker , who examined Canning alone , and then those from Wells 's house . Squires and Wells were committed , the former for removing Canning 's stays and the latter for " keeping a disorderly House " . George Squires and Virtue Hall , who both denied any involvement in the kidnapping , were set free ; Canning and her supporters were allowed home . = = = = Fielding 's investigation = = = = Assault in 18th @-@ century England was viewed by the authorities not as a breach of the peace , but rather as a civil action between two parties in dispute . The onus therefore was on Canning to take legal action against those she claimed had imprisoned her , and she would also be responsible for investigating the crime . This was an expensive proposition and she would therefore require the help of her friends and neighbours to pursue her case . An additional complication was that rather than send such matters to trial , justices preferred to reconcile the parties concerned . Therefore , although it was the state in which she returned to them on 29 January which most offended Canning 's friends , it was the theft of her stays — valued then at about 10 shillings — that was the most promising aspect of the case . The theft could be tried under a capital statute , making the assault charge less worthy of legal attention . While Canning 's medical treatment continued , her supporters , mostly men , prepared the case against Squires and Wells . They took legal advice from a solicitor , a Mr Salt , who advised them to consult the Magistrate and author Henry Fielding . Fielding was 45 years old , and after years of arguments with other Grub Street authors and a lifetime of drink , was approaching the end of his life . Since " taking the sacrament " four years earlier and becoming a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster , he had , with " volcanic energy " , concerned himself with the activities of criminals . In December 1751 he had published Amelia , a story of a young woman dragged into vice and folly by her abusive husband . Although the book was poorly received , with his experience of criminology Fielding believed he understood the depths to which humans could descend . Thus when Salt divulged the case to him on 6 February Fielding 's curiosity was piqued , and he agreed to take Canning 's sworn testimony the next day . Although Fielding was disinclined to believe a simple servant @-@ girl he was impressed with her modesty and genteel manner , and issued a warrant against all the occupants of Wells 's house , " that they might appear before me , [ and ] give Security for their good Behaviour " . Virtue Hall and Judith Natus were thus seized , but George Squires , his sisters , and Wells 's daughter Sarah Howit , had by then left the house and remained at large . = = = = Early press reports = = = = The London Daily Advertiser , a Grub Street publication , reported on 10 February : The house of that notorious woman well known by the name of Mother Wells , between Enfield Wash and Waltham Cross , was immediately suspected ; and from many Circumstances appears to be the dismal Prison of the unhappy sufferer , whose melancholy Situation since her miraculous Escape is worthy of Compassion and Charitable contributions of all public @-@ spirited people , and anyone who has any regard for the Safety of their Children and Relations , who are equally liable to the same inhuman and cruel Usage ... all these circumstances being duly considered , it is not doubted but a Subscription or Contribution will soon be raised , to enable the Persons who have undertaken to detect this notorious Gang to prosecute their good Intentions with the utmost Vigour , as such a nest of Villains is of the greatest Danger to the Safety of his Majesty 's good Subjects . Meanwhile Canning 's supporters were soliciting donations through the Case of Elizabeth Canning , an independently printed pamphlet designed to raise support for the prosecution of her captors . In the Case of Wells was clearly identified as " that Monster of a Woman " , and in an edited version which appeared a week later in the Public Advertiser it was revealed that Canning had suffered a fit after being struck on the head . Squires was called an " old Gypsy Woman " , who " robbed the girl of her stays ; and then in a miserable naked Condition , because she would not become a common Prostitute , confined her in an old Back Room or loft " . Although Squires was often referred to as a gypsy this identification had , on occasion , been called into question . Being named a gypsy could carry certain legal penalties and although these were rarely applied , gypsies were nevertheless treated as pariahs . Moore ( 1994 ) described Squires as a " dark , tall , but stooping , elderly woman , with an estimated age ranging from sixty to eighty , sometimes depicted as exceptionally hearty " , continuing " all accounts do agree that she was an exceptionally ugly woman , with a very large nose and a lower lip swollen and disfigured by scrofula . " Therefore , for a while , the public were firmly on Canning 's side . An 18 @-@ year @-@ old servant girl threatened with prostitution and held captive by a remarkably ugly old gypsy woman , having escaped , emaciated , to return to her loving mother ; it was a story that the general public , and the gentry , found irresistible . = = = = Virtue Hall 's confession = = = = Although Fielding prided himself upon his fairness — no matter what the social standing of the witness — he subjected Hall to repeated questioning , and frustrated at her contradictory answers threatened her with imprisonment . This had the desired effect because on 14 February Hall stated that John Squires ( son of Mary ) and another man had brought Canning to Wells 's house early on the morning of 2 January . There , before the two kidnappers , Lucy Squires and Hall , the old gypsy had assaulted Canning and forced her upstairs , where she remained until her escape . Hall said that Fortune Natus and his wife Judith had been at the house for some weeks but were moved into the loft to make it appear as though they had stayed there throughout January . Hall 's and Canning 's evidence now tallied almost perfectly , and Fielding turned to Judith Natus . Although she corroborated Hall 's claim that she and her husband had slept in Wells 's loft throughout January , Fielding was unconvinced and urged her to reconsider her statement . Although not charged with any crime , Hall meanwhile was committed to the Gatehouse Prison in Westminster , her stay paid for by the Canningites . Fielding left London for a short while before returning to interview Squires , Wells and the others . Wells and Squires denied any knowledge of Canning or her travails , and strongly protested their innocence . The story as it had appeared in the London Daily Advertiser had already aroused the public 's interest . Fielding had left London believing that he had " ended all the trouble which I thought it necessary for me to give myself in this affair " , but on his return he learnt that during his brief absence , amongst others , several " Noble Lords " had attempted to contact him . On 15 February a reward was offered for the capture and conviction of John Squires and his unnamed associate . Also listed were the locations at which donations could be left , " either applied to the carrying on of the Prosecution , or given to the poor Girl as a Recompence [ sic ] for her Virtue , and Miseries she has gone through " . A rather embellished account of the story was later sent to the press . George Squires could not be found . = = = Trial of Squires and Wells = = = Squires , charged with assault and theft , and Wells , with " well @-@ knowing " what her accomplice had done , were tried on 21 February at the Session House of the Old Bailey . The Lord Mayor of London Sir Crisp Gascoyne presided over the court with a panel of other justices , including Martin Wright ( Justice of the King 's Bench ) , Nathaniel Gundry ( Justice of the Common Pleas ) , Richard Adams ( Baron of the Exchequer since 1753 ; formerly Recorder of London ) , and William Moreton ( appointed Recorder of London in 1753 ) . The gallery was packed with interested spectators . The charge of theft was extremely serious ; the value of Canning 's stays ( about 10 shillings ) meant that if she was found guilty , Squires would almost certainly be hanged at the Tyburn Tree . As she arrived at the court Canning was cheered by the large crowd gathered outside the building . Inside , she testified that she was taken by two men " to the prisoner Wells 's house " at about 4 am on the morning of 2 January . In the kitchen , the old woman ( Squires ) was sat in a chair and asked her " if I chose to go their way " . Canning 's refusal had prompted Squires to cut off her stays , slap her face , and push her up the stairs into a darkened room . She told the court she " saw nothing brought up [ , but w ] hen day @-@ light appeared , I could see about the room ; there was a fire @-@ place and a grate in it , no bed nor bedstead , nothing but hay to lie upon ; there was a black pitcher not quite full of water , and about twenty @-@ four pieces of bread ... about a quartern loaf " . She claimed to have escaped by removing a board from a window at the north end of the loft , climbing out , and jumping down to the soft clay below . She fled along a lane behind the house , through some fields , and on finding a road set out for London . When asked if she had seen or spoken to anyone on the way back , she replied that she had not , explaining that she had shied away from contact for fear of meeting somebody from the house she had escaped from . Canning was cross @-@ examined by William Davy , who questioned her recollection of events in the house . Asked why she had not attempted escape earlier she replied : " Because I thought they might let me out ; it never came into my head till that [ Monday ] morning . " Squires , who had been quietly muttering to herself in the dock , shouted " I never saw that witness in my lifetime till this day three weeks " . Next to appear on the stand was Virtue Hall , who recounted much of her earlier statement to Fielding . Squires again interrupted , asking " What day was it that the young woman was robbed ? " The answer came back , from the court : " She says on the morning of the 2nd of January " , and Squires replied " I return thanks for telling me , for I am as innocent as the child unborn " . Susannah Wells used the opportunity to ask how long Squires and her family were supposed to have been at the house , and was answered by Hall " They were there six or seven weeks in all ; they had been there about a fortnight before the young woman was brought in " . Amongst others , Thomas Colley and Mrs Canning also gave testimony . Canning 's former employer , John Wintlebury , told the court how he had deduced that it was Wells 's house where Canning had been held . Mary Myers and James Lord also claimed to have heard Canning say " Wills or Wells " , as did Robert Scarrat , a hartshorn @-@ rasper and previously a servant in nearby Edmonton who had visited Wells 's house on previous occasions . Although both were subpoenaed as witnesses neither Fortune nor Judith Natus were called to the stand , the attorney responsible later explaining that the mob outside may have intimidated several witnesses . Susannah Wells 's neighbours were turned away by the mob and her daughter and half @-@ brother were quickly recognised and stopped . However , three witnesses found in Dorset by George Squires , to testify for his mother , passed by unrecognised . The first , John Gibbons , said that the Squires had visited his house in Abbotsbury " with handkerchiefs , lawns , muslins , and checks , to sell about town " from 1 – 9 January . This was corroborated by his neighbour , William Clarke . Squires 's last witness , Thomas Greville , claimed that he had accommodated Mary and " her sister and her brother " under his roof in Coombe , on 14 January , where they sold " handkerchiefs , lawns , and such things " . This was contradicted by John Iniser , a fishmonger around Waltham Cross and Theobalds . Insier claimed he knew Squires by sight and that in the three weeks before her arrest he had seen her telling fortunes in the neighbourhood of Wells 's house . Wells , whose witnesses had been unable to pass by the mob outside , was able to offer only two sentences in her defence . She told the court that she had not seen Canning before 1 February , and that " as to Squires , I never saw her above a week and a day before we were taken up . " According to a contemporary report in the London Daily Advertiser , as the three witnesses left the court the mob , waiting in the yard , " beat them , kicked them rolled them in the Kennel and otherwise misused them before they suffered them to get from them " . = = = = Verdict = = = = Character witnesses in 18th @-@ century English trials were , according to author Douglas Hay , " extremely important , and very frequently used ... in character testimony too , the word of a man of property had the greatest weight . Judges respected the evidence of employers , farmers and neighboring gentlemen , not mere neighbors and friends . " The jury were apparently unimpressed by the defence 's case and pronounced both defendants guilty . They were sentenced on 26 February ; Wells would be branded in her hand and spend six months in prison . For stealing Canning 's stays , Squires was to be hanged . By March 1753 pamphlets on Canning 's story were being read in the coffee @-@ houses of London . There was widespread outrage over Squires ' treatment of her , exacerbated when Little Jemmy , " a poor man who cries sticks about the streets " was supposedly robbed and then stamped on by five gypsies . Canning was celebrated by the mob and gentry , several of whom contributed to her purse , enabling her to move to better accommodation in the house of a Mr Marshall , a cheesemonger in Aldermanbury . = = = = Gascoyne 's investigation = = = = Not everybody was satisfied with the verdict . The trial judge Sir Crisp Gascoyne and some of his colleagues on the bench found Canning 's story extremely unlikely . Gascoyne had been disgusted by Canning 's supporters , who while outside the court had prevented witnesses from giving evidence , and he was particularly sympathetic to Mary Squires , whom he named " the poor creature " . Then 52 years old , Gascoyne had started life as a Houndsditch brewer before he married the daughter of a wealthy physician . He had progressed through the ranks to become Master of the Brewer 's Company , then served as Alderman of Vintry Ward , Sheriff of London , and been knighted after presenting an address to the king . He had argued on behalf of the city 's orphans and was known for his benevolence in Essex , where he owned large estates . Gascoyne at once began a private enquiry and wrote to the Anglican minister at Abbotsville , James Harris . He thought it unlikely that the three witnesses found by George Squires would travel so far " to foreswear themselves on behalf of this miserable object " and Harris did not disappoint . The Reverend was able to corroborate Gibbons 's testimony and offer new witnesses who could claim to have seen Squires well away from Enfield Wash . Gascoyne also thought that some of the Canningites doubted the girl 's veracity and had colluded in her version of events to spite him ; this , he thought , was a political attack on a public official and he refused to let the matter rest . He justified his activities by comparing his apparent compassion for the victim , Mary Squires , with his outrage for the deceit of her accuser , Elizabeth Canning , but his fervour was influenced in part by the attitudes of the time . He considered the behaviour of the Canningites inappropriate for their low station and was more impressed by the assurances of people such as Alderman Chitty and Reverend Harris , who as gentlemen and public advocates were presumed more reliable . Gascoyne 's colleague on the bench , Mr Justice Gundry , had written to the Undersheriff of Dorset , who knew John Gibbons and William Clarke . The Undersheriff wrote back claiming that they " would not have given evidence had it not been true " . Clarke may have been in a relationship with Lucy Squires , and claimed that he had stayed with the Squires in Ridgeway . Fifteen prominent residents of Abbotsbury , including churchwardens , Overseers of the Poor , a schoolmaster and a tithing man swore that the Squires were in Dorset in January and that their witnesses were trustworthy men . A further six Abbotsbury men walked 20 miles ( 32 km ) to sign an affidavit corroborating their neighbours ' evidence . Fielding and Gascoyne had each issued contradictory pamphlets on the case , but it was Virtue Hall 's testimony , fundamental in the prosecution of Squires and Wells , which became central to Gascoyne 's investigation . Hall had given her testimony to Fielding under threat of imprisonment and when by chance the Grub Street writer John Hill heard from a Magistrate that she had showed signs of remorse , he was presented with a perfect opportunity to settle an old score . A prodigious writer and author of a renowned newspaper column , The Inspector , Hill had squabbled with several of his peers , notably so in Fielding 's case , as Fielding had closed that argument in his Covent Garden Journal by stating that " this hill was only a paltry dunghill , and had long before been levelled with the dirt . " Supported by the Canningites , Hall was by then staying at the Gatehouse Prison , although still not charged with any crime . Hill immediately communicated his concerns to Gascoyne , who sent for the young woman . Accompanied by a contingent of Canningites , her answers were at first noncommittal , but once isolated from Canning 's friends she soon admitted to Gascoyne that she had perjured herself . She was committed to the Poultry Compter , where the Canningites continued to support her until they learnt that " particular persons only " were allowed to visit . Hall was again questioned on 7 March , by both Gascoyne and Canning 's supporters . When asked why she had lied to the court , she said " when I was at Mr Fielding 's I at first spoke the truth , but was told it was not the truth . I was terrified and threatened to be sent to Newgate , and prosecuted as a felon , unless I should speak the truth . " She was asked by one of her supporters if she was still lying , but her replies were deemed inconclusive and having confessed to and denied most of the things about which she was questioned , each side began to see her as a liability . = = = Perjury = = = Reverend Harris had several of his witnesses sent to London , where they were interviewed by Gascoyne . In Newgate Prison on 9 March , Gascoyne also interviewed Susannah Wells , who confirmed Hall 's new version of events . He then performed several interviews from 12 – 13 March , including Fortune and Judith Natus , and a witness who could cast doubt on John Iniser 's testimony . Gascoyne also asked George and Lucy Squires about their travels early in 1753 ; George was unable to recall all the places they had visited , and so Gascoyne sent him to Dorset to help him remember . Gascoyne then met with Elizabeth Long ( Wells 's daughter ) , who had been prevented by the mob from testifying for her mother , and on 23 March three of Canning 's former witnesses expressed to Gascoyne their doubts about the young maid 's story . Another witness , who swore that Squires had been in Abbotsbury in January , was interviewed two days later . Gascoyne instructed him to visit Squires in Newgate , where the two recognised one another immediately . Meanwhile , John Myles , who had replaced Salt and who now led the Canningites , had been gathering witnesses who could claim they had seen Mary Squires in the vicinity of Enfield Wash . One said he had seen two men dragging a woman towards Enfield early in January . Others told him they had on 29 January seen " a miserable poor wretch " travelling toward London . Myles found witnesses who claimed they had seen Squires at Enfield Wash in December and January . Myles unwittingly made Gascoyne aware of his investigation when he asked a John Cooper of Salisbury his opinion of seven of Gascoyne 's witnesses , who claimed they had seen Squires in Coombe . Cooper wrote back affirming the good character of Thomas Greville ( who had testified for Squires at her trial ) , but later sent the same information to Gascoyne , offering his support . At this point it appeared certain to Gascoyne that Canning had not told the truth . Through January , he thought , the Squires had very likely been travelling through Dorset , Hampshire , and then London , and had not been in Enfield Wash to kidnap Canning . On 13 March , he therefore ordered Canning arrested , for perjury . = = = = Public spats = = = = Gascoyne 's investigation caused a press frenzy . The output of the writers and publishers of Grub Street emboldened opinions about the case , and in some instances reinforced long @-@ held stereotypes of " wicked Gypsies and a poor innocent girl refusing to yield her honour " . The Canningites stirred up anti @-@ gypsy sentiment with a range of pamphlets and advertisements , one of which named the now deeply unpopular Gascoyne " the King of the Gipsies " . Reports began to emerge , of sinister goings @-@ on ; one such claimed that several men on horseback threatened that " they would burn all the people 's houses , barns and corn thereabouts " , should Squires be hanged . Canning 's honesty ( or lack of it ) and Fielding 's handling of the case were raised in a deeply critical attack printed by The London Daily Advertiser . On the same day that Gascoyne ordered Canning 's arrest an advertisement appeared in the Public Advertiser , asking its readers " to suspend their judgement in the Case of the Gypsy Woman till a full State of the whole , which is now being prepared by Mr. Fielding , is published . " Fielding had learnt of Hall 's questioning by Gascoyne and had brought Canning to his house in Bow Street , to " sift the truth out of her , and to bring her to confession if she was guilty . " Satisfied with her account , and unconcerned with Hall , his critique of Squires ' supporters was published as A Clear Statement of the Case of Elizabeth Canning , in which he espoused the virtuous nature of the young maid and attacked those her detractors . Copies sold so quickly that a second print run was ordered two days later . John Hill saw A Clear Statement as a direct attack on Gascoyne , and blasted Fielding with The Story of Elizabeth Canning Considered , which ridiculed his enemy with such comments as : " Who Sir , are you , that are thus dictating unto the Government ? Retire into yourself and know your station . " Fielding , however , played little part in the saga from thereon , believing that Canning 's supporters had begun to see him as an obstacle to their case . About half of those condemned to death during the 18th century went not to the gallows , but to prison , or colonies abroad . Although pardons were not common , it was possible to bypass the Judge and petition the king directly , and although Gascoyne had some concerns about the character of the witnesses upon whom he was able to call , he nevertheless wrote to George II to request that Squires be pardoned . On 10 April 1753 therefore the king granted a stay of execution of six weeks , while new evidence on both sides of the case was sent to the Lord Chancellor Lord Hardwicke and the Attorney and Solicitor @-@ General . Squires would receive her pardon on 30 May 1753 , but Wells was less fortunate ; she served her sentence and was released from Newgate on 21 August . = = = = Trial of the Abbotsbury men = = = = While Squires 's eventual pardon was being deliberated upon , Myles was busy building Canning 's defence . He was far from complacent ; on 20 April he was in Dorchester with a warrant for the arrest of Gibbons , Clark and Greville , the three Abbotsbury men who had testified for Squires . With a small armed party he captured Gibbons and Clarke at the local inn and took them back to Dorchester , but his warrant was incorrectly worded and Gibbons was released by the justice . Clarke was taken to London and interrogated by Myles at his house , for two days , but the cordwainer refused to cooperate . He was granted bail and returned to Abbotsbury . The three were charged with " wilful corrupt perjury " and tried on 6 September 1753 at the Old Bailey . As Lord Mayor , and fearing accusations of bias , Gascoyne excused himself from the case . The defendants were represented by William Davy , who had earlier defended Squires and Wells . Over 100 people were present to testify on their behalf , but the Canningites stayed away ; they were unaware of Gascoyne 's withdrawal and feared an embarrassing release of evidence to the public from an appearance by Canning . They also kept their witnesses away ; with the exception of one of Mrs Canning 's neighbours , none were present . Myles had not been paid by his employers , and to delay proceedings , his brother Thomas sent a clerk to deliver to the court a selection of writs , but nevertheless Gibbons , Clark , and Greville were found not guilty , and released . At this point Canning had not been seen publicly for some time , and she was proclaimed an outlaw . When in November 1753 a new Lord Mayor was installed she remained out of sight , but at the February Sessions in 1754 she reappeared at the Old Bailey and presented herself to the authorities . = = = = Canning 's trial = = = = Canning 's trial began at the Old Bailey on Monday 29 April 1754 , continuing on Wednesday 1 May , 3 – 4 May , 6 – 7 May and ending on 8 May — an unusually long trial for the time . During jury selection the defence objected to three potential jurors ( much less than the Crown 's 17 objections ) but were too late to argue the choice of foreman , who , it was claimed , had publicly called Canning " a LYING B — — H , a CHEAT , or an IMPOSTER " . Presiding over the courtroom was the new Lord Mayor , Thomas Rawlinson ( Crisp Gascoyne 's successor Edward Ironside having died in office in November 1753 ) , with Edward Clive ( Justice of the Common Pleas ) , Heneage Legge ( Baron of the Exchequer ) , William Moreton ( Recorder of London ) , and Samuel Fludyer , alderman . Canning was represented by three attorneys , George Nares , John Morton and a Mr Williams . Prosecuting was Gascoyne 's son Bamber , Edward Willes and William Davy . After her indictment was read by the Clerk of Arraigns the story of Canning 's supposed abduction and imprisonment was retold by Bamber Gascoyne . Then Davy spoke at length . He attacked Canning 's story and told how Squires and her family had travelled through England with smuggled goods to sell . He offered new evidence to support Squires ' alibi and rubbished Canning 's description of her prison , before questioning her account of her escape . He concluded with Virtue Hall 's recantation of her earlier testimony . Willes was the next to speak , picking over the discrepancies between the various accounts offered by Canning of her disappearance . Canning 's defence began with opening statements from Williams and Morton . The latter emphasised her misfortune at twice being subjected to such anguish , firstly for prosecuting her assailants and secondly for being punished for doing so . He complimented the jury and poured scorn on Davy 's allegations , and seized upon the prosecution 's unwillingness to call Virtue Hall to the stand . Morton highlighted how unlikely it was that Canning could so profoundly fool her supporters and countered the prosecution 's complaint about Canning 's description of the loft . The third attorney , George Nares , concentrated on the societal problems of prosecuting Canning for perjury , implying that other victims of crime would be less likely to pursue their assailants , for fear of being prosecuted themselves . Morton questioned George Squires , who could not recall with absolute certainty the path he claimed his family took through the south of England while Canning was missing . His sister Lucy was not called to the stand , as she was considered " rather more stupid than her brother , and has not been on the road since their coming to Enfield Wash " . Robert Willis , who had accompanied Squires to retrace the gypsy family 's steps , was also called to testify ; his evidence was judged as hearsay and ruled inadmissible . As in the trial of Squires and Wells , the reliability of the prosecutor 's witnesses was considered dependent upon their character . Three men from Litton Cheney testified that they had seen the Squires family enter the village on 30 December . The three Abbotsbury men then stepped up and gave their evidence . 39 witnesses for the prosecution were heard on the first day alone ; most of them establishing briefly the Squires family 's alibi . At the end of the first day 's proceedings the mob outside , expecting a short trial and a not guilty verdict , were presented not with the young maid but rather with Crisp Gascoyne . Infuriated , they threw dirt and stones at him , forcing him to retreat to a nearby inn , before returning to the court to escort Canning away from the building . On 1 May therefore the trial continued not with a resumption of the first day 's examination , but with concern over the attack on Gascoyne . A guard was found to protect him and the jury , a member of Canning 's defence was forced to apologise , and the Canningites later that day printed a notice appealing to the crowd to not interfere . Alderman Thomas Chitty was sworn in and , guided by Bamber Gascoyne , gave his account of his first meeting with Canning on 31 January 1753 . Davy questioned several witnesses , who described the discrepancies in Canning 's account of her prison . One of them told of his disgust at Virtue Hall 's testimony against Squires . Along with several other witnesses including Sarah Howit , Fortune and Judith Natus testified that Canning had never been in the loft before 1 February and that it was in fact Howit and Virtue Hall who had been in the loft in January . The end of the day 's proceedings was again overshadowed by the mob outside , and Gascoyne was accorded an escort of " a Body of Constables " . Friday saw yet more witnesses for the prosecution , bringing the total brought by Davy to about 60 . The defence questioned several of those present at the original search of Wells 's house . Canning 's uncle , Thomas Colley , was cross @-@ examined about what his niece ate on her visit of New Year 's Day , the prosecution apparently seeking to establish whether or not she could have been sustained for a month by the bread she claimed to have been given . On the third day of the trial , Mrs Canning was brought to the stand . One possible line of defence for her daughter was simply that she was too stupid to have ever invented the tale , but under cross @-@ examination by Davy Mrs Canning demonstrated that her daughter was capable of writing " a little " . This , in Davy 's view , was sufficient to demonstrate that she was certainly no imbecile . Scarrat was questioned next , and admitted that he had been to Wells 's house before Canning had disappeared . Two of Canning 's neighbours testified to her " deplorable condition " . Her employer was questioned , as was her apothecary , who thought that Canning would have been quite able to survive on the pitcher of water and crusts of bread she claimed to have been given . The defence responded with three witnesses , who each believed that they had encountered a " poor , miserable wretch " at the end of January , when she claimed to have escaped . On 6 May more witnesses for the prosecution were called . As Squires and her family watched , several of Wells 's neighbours insisted they had , about the beginning of 1753 , seen the old gypsy in the area . More witnesses claimed to have seen her in various places around Enfield Wash , including one woman who swore she had seen her on Old Christmas Day . Britain 's calendar had in September 1752 changed from the old @-@ style Julian calendar , to the Gregorian calendar , and the woman was unable to discern the exact day on which she claimed to have seen Squires . She was not alone ; several of the defence 's witnesses were also unable to manage the 11 @-@ day correction required by the calendar change . Others were illiterate , and struggled similarly . The court also heard from three witnesses present solely to discredit the testimony offered by the Natuses . The final day 's proceedings were taken up by Davy , who produced more prosecution witnesses , and proceeded to pick apart the testimony of those who claimed to have seen Squires in Enfield Wash , in January . He summarised the prosecution 's case by telling the jury that Canning was guilty of " the most impious and detestable [ crime ] the human heart can conceive " . The recorder , William Moreton , stated the defence 's case , and asked the jury to consider if they thought that Canning had answered the charges against her to their satisfaction , and if it was possible she could have survived for almost a month on " no more than a quartern @-@ loaf , and a pitcher of water " . = = = Verdict , repercussions , later life = = = The jury took almost two hours to find Canning " Guilty of perjury , but not wilful and corrupt . " The recorder refused to accept the verdict as it was partial , and the jury then took a further 20 minutes to find her " Guilty of Wilful and Corrupt Perjury . " Crisp Gascoyne was not present when the verdict was delivered ; he had been advised to leave earlier , to avoid any trouble outside the court . The defence tried unsuccessfully for a retrial . Canning , held at Newgate prison , was sentenced on 30 May . By a majority of nine to eight , she was given a month 's imprisonment , to be followed by seven years ' transportation . According to the State Trials , Canning spoke , and " hoped they would be favourable to her ; that she had no intent of swearing the gypsey 's life away ; and that what had been done , was only defending herself ; and desired to be considered unfortunate " . The verdict did nothing to assuage the ferocity of the debate . Transcripts of the trial were extremely popular , and portraits of the implacable young maid were offered for sale from shop windows . A reward was offered for information on anyone who had attacked Gascoyne , but mainly the Grub Street press concerned itself with the fallout from the affair . The Gazeteer was filled with satirical letters between such authors as Aristarchus , Tacitus , and T. Trueman , Esq . One such , a Canningite called Nikodemus , complained that without gypsies , " what would become of your young nobility and gentry , if there were no bawds to procure young girls of pleasure for them ? " Those on Squires 's side were not the only ones to come under such attacks ; John Hill wrote a short song celebrating his and Gascoyne 's role in the affair , and pictures of Canning in the loft , her bodice loosened to reveal her bosom , were readily available . Another showed Wells and Squires held aloft by a broomstick , an obvious allusion to witchcraft . Gascoyne had stood for Parliament during Canning 's trial , but came bottom of the poll . To justify his pursuit of Canning , he wrote An Address to the Liverymen of the City of London , from Sir Crisp Gascoyne , and suffered not only literary but physical attacks , as well as death threats . The Canningites published several responses to Gascoyne 's thoughts , including A liveryman 's reply to Sir Crisp Gascoyne 's address , and A refutation of Sir Crisp Gascoyne 's of his conduct in the cases of Elizabeth Canning and Mary Squires , the latter presenting the trial as the culmination of a Gascoyne vendetta against Canning . Canning , held at Newgate , was reported to be in the presence of Methodists , an unfortunate accusation for her side . On the same day this report appeared , handbills were circulated asserting that the Rector of St Mary Magdalen had visited her and was satisfied that she was still a member of the Church of England . Among her visitors was Mr Justice Ledinard , who had helped deliver Virtue Hall to Gascoyne . Ledinard asked Canning to confess but was told by Canning that " I have said the whole truth in court , and nothing but the truth ; and I don 't choose to answer any questions , unless it be in court again . " Despite calls for clemency , she was taken to the convict ship Tryal for her voyage to British America . Several threats made by the ship 's crew , however , meant she eventually sailed on board the Myrtilla in August 1754 . Canning arrived in Wethersfield , Connecticut , and by arrangement with her supporters went to live with the Methodist Reverend Elisha Williams . She was not employed as a servant , but was taken in as a member of Williams ' family . Williams died in 1755 , and Canning married John Treat ( a distant relation of the former governor Robert Treat ) on 24 November 1756 , had a son ( Joseph Canning Treat ) in June 1758 , and a daughter ( Elizabeth ) in November 1761 . She had two more sons ( John and Salmon ) , but died suddenly in June 1773 . = = Views and theories = = For Georgian England , the story of Elizabeth Canning was fascinating . Little attention was paid in the trial to Squires 's request for Canning to " go their way " ; according to Moore ( 1994 ) , overtly the saga questioned Canning 's chastity , while covertly it questioned whether someone of her social standing had any right to be taken notice of . The author Kristina Straub compares the case with the more general debate over the sexuality of female servants ; Canning may have been either a " childlike innocent , victimized by brutally criminal outlaws " , or " a wily manipulator of the justice system who uses innocent bystanders to escape the consequences of her own sexual misdeeds " . The Case of Elizabeth Canning Fairly Stated posited that Canning either suffered imprisonment to protect her virtue , or lied to conceal " her own criminal Transactions in the Dark " . Straub considers that the debate was not merely about Canning 's guilt or innocence , but rather " the kinds of sexual identity that were attributable to women of her position in the social order . " The partisan nature of the Canningites and the Egyptians ensured that the trial of Elizabeth Canning became one of the most notorious criminal mysteries in 18th @-@ century English law . For years the case was a regular feature in such publications as The Newgate Calendar and the Malefactor 's Registers . Artist Allan Ramsay wrote A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of — Concerning the Affair of Elizabeth Canning , which was the inspiration for Voltaire 's Histoire d 'Elisabeth Canning , et de Jean Calas ( 1762 ) , who shared Ramsay 's opinion that Canning had gone missing to hide a pregnancy . The case was revisited in 1820 by James Caulfield , who retold the story but with several glaring mistakes . Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries several authors offered their own interpretations of the case . Caulfield 's essay was followed in 1852 by John Paget 's Elizabeth Canning . Paget 's apt summary of the case read : " in truth , perhaps , the most complete and most inexplicable Judicial Puzzle on record " . Canning 's trial was marked by the prosecution 's inability to find any evidence whatsoever that she had been anywhere but in Wells 's home , and where Canning was in January 1753 remains unknown . Similarly , mystery surrounds the precise movements of the Squires family , when it was supposed they were travelling through Dorset early in 1753 . The writer F. J. Harvey Darton suspected that the family were smugglers , and that it was significant they had passed through Eggardon , where Isaac Gulliver operated ( although Gulliver was , at the time , a child ) . The 18th @-@ century artist Allan Ramsay claimed that Canning 's initial story was " exceedingly stupid " , and false . He viewed the lack of detail in her testimony as unsurprising to a more analytical mind . The US author Lillian Bueno McCue theorised that she was an amnesiac , and that her former employer , John Wintlebury , was to blame for her imprisonment at the Wells house . Treherne ( 1989 ) considers this theory very unlikely however , and instead concludes that Canning was almost certainly at Enfield Wash , but was not kept prisoner at Wells 's home . He suggests that Robert Scaratt implanted the suggestion that Canning had been held at the Wells 's house , as a useful decoy , and that he had somehow been involved in an unwanted pregnancy . Treherne also suggests that Canning was suffering from partial amnesia , and that she may not have lied intentionally at the trial of Squires and Wells . He calls Canning " the first media product . " Although some early authors adopted the same stance as Fielding or Hill , who actively took sides in the affair , most later writers believe that Canning did not tell the truth . Moore ( 1994 ) , however , believes that Canning was probably innocent , explaining the discrepancies between her and the Squires ' testimonies as understandable omissions and modifications , and placing much emphasis on the ability of those men in power to follow their own pursuits — often at the expense of others .
= Siege of Lal Masjid = The Siege of Lal Masjid ( Urdu : لال مسجد محاصرہ , code @-@ named Operation Sunrise ) was a confrontation in July 2007 between Islamic fundamentalist militants and the Government of Pakistan , led by President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . The focal points of the operation were the Lal Masjid ( " Red Mosque " ) and the Jamia Hafsa madrasah complex in Islamabad , Pakistan . Since January 2006 , Lal Masjid and the adjacent Jamia Hafsa madrasah had been operated by Islamic militants led by two brothers , Maulana Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid Ghazi . This organisation advocated the imposition of Sharia ( Islamic religious law ) in Pakistan and openly called for the overthrow of the Pakistani government . Lal Masjid was in constant conflict with authorities in Islamabad for 18 months prior to the military operation . They engaged in violent demonstrations , destruction of property , kidnapping , arson and armed clashes with the authorities . After Lal Masjid militants set fire to the Ministry of Environment building and attacked the Army Rangers who guarded it , the military responded , and the siege of the Lal Masjid complex began . The complex was besieged from 3 to 11 July 2007 , while negotiations were attempted between the militants and the state 's Shujaat Hussain and Ijaz @-@ ul @-@ Haq . Once negotiations failed , the complex was stormed and captured by the Pakistan Army 's Special Service Group . The operation resulted in 154 deaths , and 50 militants were captured . It also prompted pro @-@ Taliban rebels along the Afghan border to nullify a 10 @-@ month @-@ old peace agreement with the Pakistani Government . This event triggered the Third Waziristan War , which marked another surge in militancy and violence in Pakistan and has resulted in more than 3 @,@ 000 casualties . = = Background = = = = = Prior to 2006 = = = The Lal Masjid was founded by Maulana Qari Abdullah in 1965 . In English , Lal Masjid translates to the " Red Mosque " , and the name is derived from the red colour of the mosque 's walls and interiors . Abdullah taught radical Islam and preached Jihad during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Since its founding , Lal Masjid was frequented by leaders of the Pakistani military and government . Muhammad Zia @-@ ul @-@ Haq , the Army Chief of Staff who later became president after seizing power in a coup d 'état in 1977 , was a close associate of Abdullah 's . The mosque is located near the headquarters of Pakistan 's Inter @-@ Services Intelligence ( ISI ) , and several staff members were known to go there for prayers . After the Soviet war in Afghanistan ended in 1989 , the mosque continued to function as a centre for radical Islamic learning and housed several thousand male and female students in adjacent seminaries . Maulana Qari Abdullah was assassinated at the mosque in 1998 . On his death , his sons , Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid , assumed responsibility for the entire complex . The brothers admitted to having regular communication with many of the wanted leaders of al @-@ Qaeda , including Osama bin Laden . Jamia Hafsa was a madrassa for women located near Lal Masjid . It was the largest Islamic religious institution for women in the world , with more than 6 @,@ 000 students . It was constructed by Maulana Qari Abdullah in 1992 . After his assassination , supervision passed to his son Abdul Aziz . Students were taught general subjects , including mathematics and geography but were not tested on these subjects ; the only exams were on religious subjects . Following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States , Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf announced his support for the US @-@ led War on Terror . This declaration sparked conflict with the Lal Masjid , whose leadership was openly pro @-@ Taliban . Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid denied having any links to banned terrorist organisations but were vehemently opposed to the War on Terror and the conflict in Afghanistan . They openly condemned Musharraf and opposed Pakistani security forces , including the Pakistan Rangers and Islamabad Capital Territory police . The mosque became a source for speeches calling for the assassination of Musharraf . One of these speeches was delivered by Masood Azhar , whose Jaish @-@ e @-@ Mohammed group members were later involved in failed attempts to kill the president . In July 2005 , Pakistani authorities attempted to raid the mosque in connection with their investigation into the July 7 , 2005 London bombings , but the police were blocked by baton @-@ wielding female students . After the raid , authorities apologised for the behaviour of the police . = = = After 2006 = = = During 2006 and the first half of 2007 , students and mosque leaders continued to challenge the Pakistani government 's authority by calling for Islamic law and to end co @-@ operation with the United States . They launched an anti @-@ vice campaign , kidnapping alleged prostitutes and burning films . Students at the Red Mosque 's two affiliated seminaries launched a campaign for Shari 'a , occupying a nearby children 's library and embarking on vigilante raids through the capital to stop what they called " un @-@ Islamic activities , " such as DVD vendors , barber shops and a Chinese @-@ run massage parlor that they accused of being a brothel . Most students in the mosque were from the North @-@ West Frontier Province bordering Afghanistan . A confrontation took place when the mosque launched a campaign against the demolition of mosques in Islamabad by the Capital Development Authority . After an illegally constructed mosque was destroyed , students of the seminaries launched an all @-@ out campaign against the government . They blocked authorities from reaching the site and then occupied a nearby children 's library building . This was carried out primarily by the female students . The students set up an around @-@ the @-@ clock vigil and promised a " fight to the death " when the government threatened to evict them . The situation was defused when the authorities opened negotiations . The government later reconstructed the demolished portions of the mosque compound . The Lal Masjid leadership demanded the reconstruction of six other demolished mosques in the capital city . On 27 March 2007 , female students from Jamia Hafsa kidnapped three women , who they accused of running a brothel , and seized two policemen . All of the women were released after supposedly confessing to running the brothel and were shown on the television wearing burqas . Also due in part to an intercession from the Chinese Ambassador , Luo Zhaohui . In an interview on the talk show " Capital Talk , " Lal Masjid students claimed that the madam of the brothel had connections with influential government employees , specifically naming the Minister of Railways Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad . The neighbourhood police station allegedly had prior knowledge of or approved the kidnappings . On 6 April , Abdul Aziz established a sharia court in parallel with Pakistan 's federal judicial system and pledged thousands of suicide attacks if the government attempted to close it . Students continued to occupy the library and challenge governmental control by raiding a brothel . They also kidnapped ten Chinese nationals , as well as several law enforcement officials , women , and children . The approach taken by the Pakistani government in dealing with mosque issues led to accusations of leniency on the part of Musharraf , who felt he was too soft . After exchanging fire with Pakistani troops , students set fire to a Ministry of Environment building near Lal Masjid . The Minister for Environment , Faisal Saleh Hayat , stated that he had requested security for the building , but authorities had failed to provide it . Contrary to claims made earlier , Hayat said the ministry was never ordered to vacate the premises before Pakistan Rangers deployed . = = Timeline = = = = = Siege = = = On 3 July 2007 , a battle erupted between Pakistani security forces and students of Lal Masjid when Law enforcement agencies extended the barbwire around the Masjid precinct . Riot police fired tear gas to disperse the students.Fighting continued , leaving nine people dead and approximately 150 injured . Among the dead were four mosque students , a TV news channel cameraman , a businessman , and a pedestrian . Within minutes , security forces closed off the area , and the capital 's hospitals declared an emergency . Sporadic clashes continued as Pakistan Army troops deployed into the area . The next day , authorities announced an indefinite curfew in Sector G @-@ 6 of Islamabad , where Lal Masjid is located . The army received orders to shoot anyone leaving the mosque with weapons . The government offered Rs . 5 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 50 USDs or £ 41 GBP ) , plus a free education , to anyone exiting the mosque unarmed . Women inside the mosque were also offered safe passage to their homes . Successive deadlines were extended , as mosque leaders allowed some students to surrender , requiring security forces to renegotiate extensions . Government authorities announced the first deadline for the occupants of Lal Masjid to surrender unconditionally as 15 : 30 Pakistan Standard Time ( PST ) , and it was pushed back to 16 : 00 , 18 : 00 , 19 : 30 and then 21 : 30 . The government said that as many as 600 armed militants remained inside the mosque . Before dawn on 5 July , Pakistani troops set off a series of explosions around the mosque . Gunfire was exchanged throughout the day , but open clashes apparently stopped . Deadline extensions continued on 5 July , with the government planning to evacuate the mosque and Jamia Hafsa before the final assault . Interior Minister Aftab Ahmad Sherpao announced at a press conference that the government believed that between 300 and 400 students remained in the mosque , and only 50 to 60 were considered to be militants . Following the fourth deadline , Abdul Aziz was captured trying to escape disguised as a woman wearing a burqa . Following the capture of this leader , about 800 male students and 400 female students of Jamia Hafsa surrendered to the authorities . Abdul Aziz 's younger brother , Ghazi Abdul Rashid , had been negotiating with a government mediator . He claimed that the remaining students were willing to leave the mosque and lay down their arms , provided the government would grant them amnesty and not fire on them . Government officials were sceptical that Abdul Rashid would honour this agreement . In a telephone interview from a live transmission of Geo TV , Ghazi Abdul Rashid denied all the charges against him and reiterated his innocence . He further negotiated with the government for his safe passage and a guarantee that no harm would come to his followers inside the mosque . He also received a promise that his ailing mother would receive medical care . The siege continued on 6 July . Negotiation talks continued between the besieged Lal Masjid administration and government authorities , without resolution . Twenty @-@ one additional students surrendered to authorities , and two students were killed in a shooting incident . The government decided to delay the assault , hoping for the safe evacuation of more students from the besieged mosque . President Pervez Musharraf issued an ultimatum on the evening of 7 July . The Pakistani army took over the operation and replaced the paramilitary troops deployed around the premises . A thirteen @-@ year @-@ old child escaped from the besieged mosque unharmed . Pakistani commandos raided the outer perimeter of the compound , blasting holes through the walls of the mosque to allow trapped women and children to escape . The assaults began shortly after 1 : 00 am ( 20 : 00 GMT ) on 7 July and were met with heavy armed resistance . SSG Commander Lt. Col. Haroon @-@ ul @-@ Islam , who had been leading the operation , was wounded on 6 July and died in the hospital two days later . However , the commandos succeeded , and the boundary wall of Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa collapsed . Abdul Rashid Ghazi said they would not surrender and that they had sufficient ammunition and rations to last a month . On 9 July , a group representing Pakistani madrasahs , headed by Maulana Salimullah Khan , called for an immediate cessation of the Lal Masjid operation . Finland also temporarily closed its embassy in Islamabad on 9 July due to the deteriorating security situation and the proximity of the embassy to the mosque compound . By 10 July , the Pakistani government reported that 100 militants and between 300 and 400 women and children remained inside the mosque . = = = Attack on Musharraf 's aircraft = = = On Friday , 6 July , President General Musharraf left for the flood @-@ affected areas of Balochistan . As the president 's aircraft took off from the Islamabad airport , militants fired anti @-@ aircraft weapons at it from the roof of a house in the Asghar Mall area of Rawalpindi . The militants ' relationship with Lal Masjid remains unknown . Security forces recovered two anti @-@ aircraft guns and a machine gun on the rooftop of a Rawalpindi high @-@ rise , one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from the airport . The government asserted that shots were heard minutes after the president 's aircraft took off . Analysts suggest that it may have been retaliation for ongoing operations against Lal Masjid and the government 's continued efforts to combat terrorism and Talibanization in northern Waziristan . = = = Preparation for the assault = = = Predator unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) flew over Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa on 8 and 9 July , capturing images of the deployment of people inside . Security forces had the images taken to study the claims of Ghazi Abdul Rashid regarding casualties and damage caused to Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa . The UAVs flew over Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa for more than an hour , from 2 : 40 to 4 : 00 am . Senior government officials and the Security Forces personnel examined the pictures and relayed the information directly to the command post on the ground . The UAV was given to Pakistan by the United States for use in the War on Terror . Strategic planning for the assault on the mosque was conducted based on information gathered by the drone . Pakistan deployed several security units to execute the attack on the mosque . These include the Army 's 78th Paratrooper Brigade and 111th Infantry Brigade ; its elite strike force , the Special Service Group ( SSG ) Division ; the Ninth Wing Company of the Pakistan Army Rangers paramilitary force ; and the Anti @-@ Terrorism Squad of the Punjab Police . = = = The Assault = = = = = = = Battle for the mosque = = = = On the morning of 10 July , former Prime Minister Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Federal Religious Affairs Minister Muhammad Ijaz @-@ ul @-@ Haq declared that peace negotiations via loudspeaker and mobile phone had failed . Within minutes , the Special Service Group were issued orders to storm the mosque . Pakistan Army spokesman Waheed Arshad said troops began by attacking and breaching the mosque from the south and assaulted it from three directions at 4 : 00 am ( 23 : 00 GMT ) . The forces immediately came under gunfire from heavily armed militants hunkered down behind sandbagged positions on the roof and from holes in the walls of the mosque . The SSG quickly cleared the mosque 's ground floor , amid explosions coming from the mosque . About 30 women and children ran toward the advancing SSG operators and managed to escape unharmed . While the SSG secured the ground floor of the mosque , they continually received fire from the mosque 's minarets . This slowed the operation 's progress . On the mosque roof , militants had piled sandbags at the base of the minarets , which they now used as steps to shoot at troops below . After the minarets were taken , the SSG progressed deeper into the complex , and the militants threw gasoline bombs in an unsuccessful attempt to set fire to the mosque and stop the assault . Once the ground floor was secured , the SSG attempted to enter the Jamia Hafsa madrasah adjoining the mosque but were delayed by booby traps , which had to be disabled before they could continue into the complex . = = = = Battle for the Jamia Hafsa complex = = = = The SSG entered the complex , which also served as Abdul Rasid Ghazi 's living quarters , and engaged in a firefight in the main courtyard . Militants fired on them from makeshift bunkers beneath the stairwell . Army spokesman Arshad later stated that the militants must have been fortifying the bunkers for several months . Once the courtyard was cleared , the SSG entered the labyrinth of the Jamia Hafsa building . Militants inside were armed with guns and rockets , and some areas were booby @-@ trapped . Some militants had bullet- and explosion @-@ proof vests and other sophisticated weapons . The SSG suffered most of their casualties during this phase of the operation . In close @-@ quarter combat , the SSG were attacked with smoke grenades , incendiary grenades , and fragmentation grenades . Twenty @-@ nine of the thirty @-@ three SSG commandos who were injured in the operation received injuries from fragmentation grenades . As the fight continued , the SSG came upon a room in which half a dozen militants were present . One of the militants detonated a suicide jacket , killing everyone in the room . It took several hours of intense fighting before the SSG gained control of Jamia Hafsa , with only the basement remaining to be secured . = = = = Final stand = = = = Arshad said troops had secured 80 percent of the complex and were moving slowly , as the resistance was intense in the remaining areas . The standoff continued , as heavily armed militants had retreated into the basement using women and children as human shields , according to the Pakistan Army spokesman . The militants in the basement resisted with machine guns , shoulder @-@ fired rockets , and Molotov cocktails . In a last interview with Geo TV during the operation , Abdul Rashid Ghazi , who was hunkered down in the basement , claimed that his mother had been wounded by gunfire and was quoted as saying , " The government is using full force . This is naked aggression ... my murder is certain now . " Ghazi also claimed that 30 rebels were still battling Pakistani troops , but they only had 14 AK @-@ 47s . Militants continued to fire at the SSG commandos from ventilation grilles in the basement . During the firefight , Abdul Rashid Ghazi was shot in the leg and was asked to surrender . However , militants in the room fired back at the SSG , and Ghazi was killed in the crossfire . Other reports say that Ghazi came out of a bunker to surrender , only to be shot by his own forces . The fighting continued until all the personnel trapped in the basement either surrendered or were killed . Behind an Army cordon , emergency workers waited for clearance to enter Lal Masjid . Female police officers were present to handle female survivors and casualties . Relatives of the militants inside the Lal Masjid were also outside the cordon . The Associated Press reported : " The siege has given the neighborhood the look of a war zone " , with troops manning machine guns behind sandbagged posts and from the top of armoured vehicles . = = = Mosque secured = = = On 11 July , officials reported that the Lal Masjid complex had been cleared of militants , and troops were combing the area for booby traps and explosives . The eight @-@ day Lal Masjid operation was the longest ever conducted by the SSG . According to Inter @-@ Services Public Relations , weapons were recovered from the bullet @-@ riddled Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa complexes , including Russian and Chinese variant RPG rockets , anti @-@ tank and anti @-@ personnel landmines , suicide bombing belts , three to five .22 @-@ caliber rifles , RPD , RPK and RPK @-@ 74 light machine guns , Dragunov Sniper Rifles , SKS rifles , AK @-@ 47s , pistols , night vision equipment , and more than 50 @,@ 000 rounds of various calibre ammunition . Lesser sophisticated items and weaponry recovered from the complex included three crates of gasoline bombs prepared in green soft drink bottles , gas masks , recoilless rifles , two @-@ way radios , large plastic buckets containing homemade bombs the size of tennis balls , as well as knives . Intelligence agencies expressed shock at the highly sophisticated weapons that the militants in the Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa compound had , and began an investigation into where the equipment came from . Pakistan Army spokesman Waheed Arshad said that a suicide bomber had detonated himself in the mosque located at the opposite side of the complex to the seminary . Arshad also said a second suicide bomber had detonated himself in the white @-@ domed mosque . In total , it took 36 hours to fully secure the complex and remove the booby traps . = = = Casualties = = = Officials in Islamabad considered the operation a success , citing that they were able to subdue all the fighters inside the mosque — a group that allegedly included foreign terrorists — without a heavy civilian toll . " The number of casualties was much lower than it could have been , " said Shaukat Aziz , Pakistan 's prime minister . Of the 164 SSG Army commandos that participated in the siege and later assault of the mosque , 10 died and 33 were wounded . The Inspector General of Police ( IGP ) reported that from 3 July until 11 July , 1 @,@ 096 people , 628 men , 465 women , and 3 children left or were rescued from the complex . The IGP also confirmed that 102 people were killed during the operation : 91 militants , 10 SSG commandos , and 1 Ranger soldier . This includes the sixteen dead on 10 July . A total of 248 people were injured , including 204 civilians , 41 army soldiers , and 3 Rangers . Seventy @-@ five bodies were recovered from the premises after the operation . Securing Lal Masjid brought an end to nine days of high tension in Islamabad , normally a tranquil city that had been immune to the violence experienced in the tribal areas of Pakistan . Army spokesman Arshad said that , during the operation , 85 people were rescued from the complex , of whom 56 were male . He also said 39 of those rescued were under the age of eighteen . " With militants in different rooms , firing from behind pillars , and then going into basements and clearing it , you can understand the difficulties , " Arshad told journalists . Nineteen bodies were burned beyond recognition , but none of them appeared to be women or children , according to Pakistani officials . An article in The Nation , cited a grave digger at the cemetery where the bodies were being buried , who claimed there was the possibility that there may have been more than one body in each coffin . The article also stated that the government was digging more graves than previously established . The Muttahida Majlis @-@ e @-@ Amal , a coalition of hard @-@ line religious parties , claimed that between 400 and 1 @,@ 000 students had been killed , along with women and children . Spanish @-@ language news channels Univision , Antena 3 , and Telecinco claimed that the total number of deaths in the siege was greater than 286 and could be as high as 300 . Pakistani investigators probing links between Lal Masjid and terrorists have discovered the enrolment registers listing the students who studied at the seminary . The investigators believe the information , found in the Jamia Hafsa complex , will help clarify the number of people killed or missing in the operation . Officials believe the list of registered students matches the number of students evacuated or captured from the mosque and Jamia Hafsa . = = = Damage to mosque = = = The damage to Lal Masjid was extensive . The entrance hall was completely burned out , the ceiling scorched , and the red walls above the oval doorway blackened . However , the mosque itself sustained less damage than the Jamia Hafsa seminary . Bullet casings were found all over the mosque roof , and the inside of Lal Masjid was turned coal black from the militants trying to set the mosque on fire using gasoline bombs . Militants used the mosque 's two white minarets as vantage points , resulting in damage to the minarets . One minaret was completely destroyed , and its speakers were hanging from their wires . The dome , however , was not damaged during the 36 @-@ hour battle . The director general of the Inter Services Public Relations said photographs of the bodies seem to indicate that there were foreigners among the dead . In the Jamia Hafsa complex , damage was extensive , with thousands of bullet holes in the courtyard . The basement was blackened from rockets . The main buildings of the complex were structurally intact , but the boundary walls had been breached in several places . The building had bullet marks in its cement structure . The two courtyards inside the school were filled with shattered glass and spent rounds . Piles of the girls ' bed rolls and stacks of books were piled against walls . On 15 July , the Capital Development Authority was asked by the government to complete the repair and rehabilitation of Lal Masjid in 15 days , and on 27 July , the mosque was reopened to the public . However , the Jamia Hafsa complex was demolished , as it was illegally constructed and in danger of collapsing . = = Al @-@ Qaeda and foreign fighters = = Pakistani intelligence officials said they found letters from Osama bin Laden 's deputy , Ayman al @-@ Zawahiri , after taking control of Lal Masjid . They were written to Abdul Rashid Ghazi and Abdul Aziz Ghazi , directing the brothers and militants to conduct an armed revolt . Government sources believe that as many as 18 foreign fighters from Uzbekistan , Egypt , and Afghanistan had arrived weeks before the final confrontation and established firing ranges to teach the students , including children , how to handle weapons properly . Diplomats were surprised by how quickly al @-@ Zawahiri condemned the attack on the mosque and called on Pakistanis to rise up against Musharraf 's government . Officials blamed the presence of foreign fighters for the breakdown of negotiations , as they seemed about to reach a deal to end the standoff peacefully . According to government sources and western diplomats , the Al @-@ Qaeda fighters in the mosque sought martyrdom instead . Al @-@ Qaeda 's second @-@ in @-@ command , al @-@ Zawahiri , issued a videotape on 11 July 2007 , calling for Pakistanis to join jihad in revenge for the attack by the Pakistan 's Army on the mosque . Al @-@ Zawahri 's four @-@ minute address was titled The Aggression against Lal Masjid and dedicated solely to the clash between the Lal Masjid militants and the Pakistan Army . The video was released by al @-@ Qaeda 's media wing , as @-@ Sahab and subtitled in English . = = Reactions = = = = = Pakistani public = = = Although many Pakistanis were silent about the operation against Lal Masjid , most agreed with the government 's decision to use force to retake the complex . While hardliners have been able to stir up anger every time Musharraf moves against militants , most people have been tolerant and oppose the militant desire to impose their interpretation of Islamic law . Most residents of Islamabad agree that the raid restored local peace , despite fears of retaliation . = = = Pakistani media = = = In a televised address to the nation , Musharraf declared that he was determined to eradicate extremism and terrorism in Pakistan . Dawn supported the government 's actions against Lal Masjid but questioned " how the intelligence agencies failed to get wind of the goings @-@ on in the Lal Masjid and the stockpiling of arms and ammunition in such large quantities . " The Daily Times also supported the government 's position and added , " Let us be clear . No government can violate the universal principle of ' no negotiation with terrorists ' and live to be praised . " The News was more critical , stating , " Once ' Operation Silence ' is over , the firing stops , the dust settles down and the bodies are counted , there are bound to be many questions raised . Why didn 't the government take action earlier against the clerics because had that been the case so many lives would not have been lost ? Why were the Lal Masjid elements allowed so much leeway that the complex became almost like a state within a state , complete with a moral policing force which acted with impunity enforcing a rigid interpretation of Islam on the city 's residents ? How did so many hardened militants , reportedly some foreigners among them , make their way inside the compound situated in the heart of Islamabad ? " . The Post was worried about how the episode would affect Pakistan : " This is going to ratchet up religious sentiments , and could lead to increased polarization between the moderates and extremists in the country , the former including General Musharraf under the banner of ' enlightened moderation ' . " The Islam newspaper criticised the government , stating , " The government cannot absolve itself of the tragedy . If it wanted , the matter could have been resolved at the start . But this was not done and , for the first time in the history of Pakistan , our own security forces not only bombarded a mosque and religious seminary , but also brought in armored personnel carriers , tanks and helicopter gunships in numbers that made you wonder . This shows that all this activity was masterminded by some satanic minds . This incident is tragic , shameful and dangerous . How much it has harmed the country and the nation , and how worse an impact it will leave on the country on the future , can at this point only be imagined . " Nawa @-@ i @-@ Waqt wrote in its editorial , " The entire nation is drowned in shock and grief today . They are mourning the brute use of force . Now we need a comprehensive inquiry over the operation against the Red Mosque . The report should be made public so that the people can know the actual facts . " The Ausaf daily countered , " The entire nation is grieving ... only the USA wanted what happened and proof of that is that the storming operation was celebrated at the White House and Pentagon rather than at General Musharraf 's HQ . " The Pakistan Observer praised the government : " The Government deserves credit for showing remarkable tolerance and patience and exhausted all possible avenues for peaceful settlement of the nerve @-@ shattering crisis " . = = = International reaction = = = China backed Musharraf in his stand against Lal Masjid . The Chinese Minister of Public Security , Zhou Yongkang , referred explicitly to the Lal Masjid militants as terrorists and demanded that Pakistan act more forcefully to protect Chinese nationals working in the country . The European Union President , José Manuel Barroso , issued a statement that it " supports the Government of Pakistan in the defense of the rule of law and the writ of the State against the threat posed by such armed radical groups in the context of the fight against extremism . " The EU also praised the " restraint and moderation showed by the Pakistani authorities . " United States President George W. Bush gave his support to Musharraf as " a strong ally in the war against these extremists . " State Department deputy spokesman Tom Casey noted that the militants had been given many warnings before the commandos moved on the Red Mosque . He said , " The government of Pakistan has proceeded in a responsible way . All governments have a responsibility to preserve order . " Bryan D. Hunt , of the United States ' consulate in Lahore , was quoted as saying that the American government supported the Pakistani government and that " the militants were given many warnings but instead of surrendering they decided to fight and challenge the writ of government . " Hunt also said that the US fully supports Pakistan in their War on Terror and considers Pakistan " their closest ally in South Asia . " Religious parties and figures criticised the support extended by the US consular official and demanded that the government expel him for interfering in Pakistan 's internal affairs . A Pakistani Foreign Office spokesperson Tasneem Aslam characterised the US consulate official 's statement as contrary to diplomatic norms , and open interference in the country 's internal affairs . She said a protest would be lodged . = = Aftermath = = On 16 August 2007 , acting on a suo motu notice , the Supreme Court of Pakistan took up the extrajudicial killings of the people at the Lal Masjid and Jamia Hafsa complex . Performance of the Islamabad administration attracted the reprimand of the court for its slow pace . The court was informed that 61 students were in custody , of whom 39 were on bailable offences . The Chief Justice of Pakistan ordered immediate release of 20 people considered innocent , as recommended by a joint investigation team . National Crisis Management Cell Director Javed Iqbal Cheema told the court that 28 DNA tests had not been confirmed . The Chief Justice also pointed out that Islamabad Deputy Commissioner Mohammad Ali had stated that 30 bodies remained unidentified . Mohammed Ahsan Bhoon , president of the Lahore High Court Bar Association , said , " This issue could have been resolved through negotiations but General Musharraf intentionally spilled the blood of innocent people to please his foreign masters . " Deputy Information Minister Tariq Azim said that the Lal Masjid assault had sent a strong message that the government " meant business . " Musharraf vowed in a nationally televised address that he would " crush extremists throughout Pakistan and move against religious schools like those at the Lal Masjid and those that breed them . " The Lal Masjid siege gave hardliners in Pakistan a rallying point , as well as generating new martyrs and prompting al @-@ Qaeda and the Taliban to launch retaliation attacks in Pakistan . The first attack after the operation against the mosque was on 12 July 2007 ; two suicide attacks killed six people in northwest Pakistan . Another 28 soldiers were killed when a suicide attacker struck a military convoy in northwest Pakistan near the Afghan border on 14 July . The bodies of seventy militants from the Lal Masjid operation were buried in a graveyard near Islamabad . To assist relatives in identifying and in claiming the bodies later , officials took photographs , fingerprints , and DNA samples from the bodies prior to their interment in temporary graves . There have been renewed attacks in Pakistan since the siege . In October 2013 , Musharraf was arrested , days after being bailed on other charges , for being personally responsible for ordering the siege . It came two weeks after a case was filed over his responsibility . = = = 2008 = = = On 6 July 2008 , at 7 : 50 pm local time , a bomb exploded near Lal Masjid killing 18 policemen and a civilian . Pakistani officials claim that the bombing , which occurred on the first anniversary of the siege , was a revenge attack and the work of a 30 @-@ year @-@ old suicide bomber .
= HMS Perseus ( R51 ) = HMS Perseus was a Colossus @-@ class light fleet aircraft carrier built for the Royal Navy during World War II . The ship was initially named Edgar , but she was renamed in 1944 when the Admiralty decided to convert her into an aircraft maintenance carrier . She was completed in 1945 , after the end of World War II , and she made a trip to Australia late in the year . Upon her return to the UK in early 1946 , Perseus was placed in reserve . The ship was recommissioned in 1950 to serve as the trials ship for the steam catapult then under development . Over 1 @,@ 600 test launches were conducted before the catapult was removed in 1952 and she was converted for use as a ferry carrier to transport aircraft , troops and equipment overseas . She was reduced to reserve again in 1954 and sold for scrap in 1958 . = = Design , description and construction = = The Colossus @-@ class carriers were intended to meet a shortage of naval flight decks . Their design was based on that of the Illustrious class , but modified to permit rapid construction in commercial yards . Perseus was not completed to her original design ; the success of the maintenance aircraft carrier Unicorn prompted modification of the ship , whilst under construction , to an aircraft maintenance ship without aircraft catapults . Perseus had an overall length of 695 feet ( 211 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 80 feet 4 inches ( 24 @.@ 5 m ) , and a draught of 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) at deep load . She displaced 12 @,@ 265 long tons ( 12 @,@ 462 t ) at standard load . Each of the ship 's two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . Steam was supplied by four Admiralty three @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers operating at a pressure of 400 psi ( 2 @,@ 758 kPa ; 28 kgf / cm2 ) . The turbines were designed for a total of 40 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave Perseus a speed of 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . The ship carried 3 @,@ 196 long tons ( 3 @,@ 247 t ) of fuel oil which gave her a range of 8 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 700 km ; 9 @,@ 800 mi ) at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) . In order maximize space for workshops and stores , the ship 's arresting gear and catapult were not fitted and all the facilities required for flying operations were removed . Two large deckhouses were added to port of the island and on the rear of the flight deck . The ship had a single hangar , 17 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 33 m ) high . Aircraft were transported between the hangars and the flight deck by two aircraft lifts ( elevators ) ; each measured 34 by 45 feet ( 10 @.@ 4 m × 13 @.@ 7 m ) . Two large cranes were mounted on the flight deck to move aircraft and stores to and from the flight deck . The ship carried two small self @-@ propelled lighters to allow unflyable aircraft to be transferred between ships or to shore facilities . Bulk petrol storage consisted of 98 @,@ 600 imperial gallons ( 448 @,@ 000 l ; 118 @,@ 400 US gal ) . The ship 's crew totalled 854 , plus 222 in her aircraft repair department . Aircraft could undergo maintenance , and most functional and equipment tests carried out aboard - either in the hangar or on the deck . Some components and could be repaired on board , but other work was to be carried out by the workshops on the engine repair and component repair ships that would accompany the maintenance carrier . The ship was equipped with six quadruple mounts for the 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk VIII gun ( " pom @-@ pom " ) . These gun mounts could depress to − 10 ° and elevate to a maximum of + 80 ° . The Mk VIII 2 @-@ pounder gun fired a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) 0 @.@ 91 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 41 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 920 ft / s ( 590 m / s ) to a distance of 3 @,@ 800 yards ( 3 @,@ 500 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 – 98 rounds per minute . She was also fitted with 19 Bofors 40 mm autocannon in single mounts . The Bofors fired a 0 @.@ 719 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 326 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 890 ft / s ( 880 m / s ) . It had a rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute and a maximum range of 10 @,@ 750 yards ( 9 @,@ 830 m ) . All of the guns were mounted on the flight deck , not in sponsons on the side of the hull like her half @-@ sisters that were completed as aircraft carriers . Each " pom @-@ pom " mount was provided with a separate fire @-@ control director fitted with a Type 262 gunnery radar . Perseus was ordered on 14 March 1942 under the name Edgar . She was laid down at Vickers @-@ Armstrong in Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne on 1 January 1943 and was launched on 26 March 1944 . The ship was renamed Perseus in July 1944 , after the decision had been made to convert her to an aircraft maintenance ship , and she was completed on 19 October 1945 . = = Service = = Perseus arrived in Portsmouth on 24 October 1945 , after the end of World War II , to begin working up and sailed on 17 November for Australia . She arrived in Sydney on 21 December , just in time to take charge of winding up the " Air Train " that had supported the British Pacific Fleet . The ship departed Melbourne on 26 March 1946 , carrying a load of aircraft to return to the United Kingdom , and arrived at Rosyth on 17 May where she was placed in reserve . In 1950 , Perseus was fitted with an experimental steam catapult . The catapult was placed on top of the carrier 's existing flight deck and the deckhouse to port of the island was removed to accommodate it . Some 1 @,@ 560 launches were made by the catapult , beginning with over 1 @,@ 000 wheeled dead @-@ loads , of gradually increasing weight , and moving on to with unmanned aircraft with their wings truncated to reduce their ability to glide . The final tests were made by manned aircraft of every type flown by the Fleet Air Arm . After this , the ship arrived in Philadelphia on 14 January 1952 to demonstrate the catapult to the United States Navy . Between them , some 127 launches of manned aircraft were made by the British and the Americans . Perseus arrived back at Portsmouth on 21 March and had the catapult removed . All of her remaining maintenance equipment was removed and she was converted for use as a ferry carrier . On 10 December , the ship carried the Westland Whirlwinds of 848 Squadron to Singapore , arriving on 8 January 1953 . She arrived back at Portsmouth on 11 February and then embarked part of the 100 Grumman Avengers transferred to the Royal Navy under the terms of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act in Norfolk , Virginia on 16 March . She arrived back in Norfolk to load the remaining aircraft on 29 April . Perseus was fitted with temporary grandstand seating ( " bleachers " ) in June for Very Important Persons and the press during Elizabeth II 's Coronation Fleet Review in Spithead . Later in the year she made a trip transporting troops and equipment to the Far East . On 20 January 1954 , 706 Squadron , a second @-@ line unit , flew aboard to conduct trials of the anti @-@ submarine version of the Whirlwind helicopter . They were successful enough that the squadron was redesignated as 845 Squadron afterwards and Perseus ferried them to Malta in April . The ship continued on to deliver relief supplies to Singapore intended for Korea and was reduced to reserve again upon her return on 12 July . The Admiralty intended to convert her to a submarine depot ship and she was towed to Belfast to begin work in 1955 . The cutbacks from the 1957 Defence White Paper caused the conversion to be cancelled and the ship was towed to Gare Loch to await a decision on the ship 's disposition . Perseus sold for scrap in May 1958 and towed to Port Glasgow to begin demolition .
= A Handful of Dust = A Handful of Dust is a novel by the British writer Evelyn Waugh . First published in 1934 , it is often grouped with the author 's early , satirical comic novels for which he became famous in the pre @-@ Second World War years . Commentators have , however , drawn attention to its serious undertones , and have regarded it as a transitional work pointing towards Waugh 's more substantial postwar fiction . The story concerns the misfortunes of Tony Last , a contented but shallow English country squire who , having been betrayed by his wife and seen his illusions shattered one by one , seeks solace by joining an expedition to the Brazilian jungle , only to find himself trapped in a remote outpost as the prisoner and plaything of an insane settler . Waugh incorporated several autobiographical elements into the story , notably his own recent desertion by his young wife . In 1933 – 34 he had undertaken a journey into the South American interior , and a number of incidents and personalities from the voyage are incorporated into the novel . Tony 's singular fate in the jungle was first used by Waugh as the subject of an independent short story , published in 1933 under the title " The Man Who Liked Dickens " . The book 's initial critical reception was modest , but it was popular with the public and has never been out of print . In the years since publication the book 's reputation has grown ; it is generally considered one of Waugh 's best works , and has more than once figured on unofficial lists of the 20th century 's best novels . Waugh had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1930 , after which his satirical , secular writings drew hostility from some Catholic quarters . He did not introduce overt religious themes into A Handful of Dust , but later explained that he intended the book to demonstrate the futility of humanist , as distinct from religious , especially Catholic , values . The book has been dramatised for radio , stage and screen . = = Plot = = Tony Last is a country gentleman , living with his wife Brenda and his eight @-@ year @-@ old son John Andrew in his ancestral home , Hetton Abbey . The house is a Victorian reconstruction in ersatz Gothic style , described in local guide books as devoid of architectural interest but is nevertheless Tony 's pride and joy . Entirely content with the simple country life , he is seemingly unaware of Brenda 's increasing boredom and dissatisfaction , and of his son 's developing waywardness . When Brenda meets John Beaver , a social parasite controlled by his unscrupulous property @-@ developing mother , she is quickly captivated by his superficial metropolitan gloss , and the two begin an affair . Brenda starts spending her weeks in London , and persuades Tony to finance a small flat , which she rents from Mrs Beaver . Although the Brenda – Beaver liaison is well known among London 's society crowd , Tony remains oblivious ; attempts by Brenda 's friends to compromise him into a relationship with the glamorous and promiscuous Jenny Abdul Akhbar are unsuccessful . Brenda is in London when John Andrew is killed in a riding accident . On being told that " John is dead " , Brenda at first thinks that Beaver has died ; on learning that it is her son John , she betrays her true feelings by uttering an involuntary " Thank God ! " . Thereafter she shows little emotion , and when the funeral is over tells Tony that she wants a divorce so that she can marry Beaver . On learning the extent of her deception Tony is shattered , but agrees to protect Brenda 's social reputation by allowing her to divorce him , and to provide her with £ 500 a year . After spending an awkward weekend in Brighton contriving divorce evidence , Tony learns that , pressed by Beaver and his mother , Brenda is now demanding £ 2 @,@ 000 a year — a sum that would require Tony to give up Hetton . This is too much for him , and his disillusionment with her is complete . He withdraws from the divorce negotiations , and announces that he intends to travel for six months . On his return , he says , Brenda may have her divorce , but without any financial settlement . With no prospect of riches , Beaver loses interest in Brenda , who is thus left adrift and in poverty . Meanwhile , Tony has met an explorer , Dr. Messinger , and joins him on an expedition in search of a supposed lost city in the Brazilian forest . On the outward journey , Tony engages in a frustrated shipboard romance with Thérèse de Vitré , a young girl whose strict Roman Catholicism causes her to shun him when he tells her he has a wife . In Brazil , Messinger proves an incompetent organiser ; he cannot control the native guides , who abandon him and Tony in the depths of the jungle . Tony falls ill , and Messinger takes off in their canoe to find help , but is swept over a waterfall and killed . Tony wanders in a delirium until he is rescued by Mr. Todd , an ancient settler who rules over a small community in an inaccessible part of the jungle . Todd is at first solicitous towards Tony , and nurses him back to health . Although illiterate , Todd owns copies of the complete novels of Charles Dickens , and Tony offers to read to him . However , when Tony is recovered in health and asks to be helped on his way , the old man repeatedly demurs . The readings continue , but the atmosphere becomes increasingly menacing as Tony realises he is being held against his will . When a search party finally reaches the settlement , Todd arranges that Tony be drugged and kept hidden ; he tells the party that Tony has died , and gives them his watch to take home . When Tony awakes he learns that his hopes of rescue are gone , and that he is condemned to read Dickens to his captor indefinitely . Back in England , Tony 's death is accepted ; Hetton passes to his cousins , who erect a memorial to his memory , while Brenda resolves her situation by marrying Tony 's friend Jock Grant @-@ Menzies . = = Background = = Evelyn Waugh , born in 1903 , was the younger son of Arthur Waugh , the managing director of the London publishing firm of Chapman & Hall . After attending Lancing College and Hertford College , Oxford , Waugh taught for three years in a series of private preparatory schools before beginning his career as a writer . His first commercially printed work was a short story , " The Balance " , which Chapman and Hall included in a 1926 anthology . He worked briefly as a Daily Express reporter , and wrote a short biography of the pre @-@ Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti before achieving success in 1928 with the publication of his comic novel , Decline and Fall . By the end of 1932 Waugh had written two further novels , Vile Bodies and Black Mischief , and two travel books . His professional successes were overshadowed by private upheavals ; in June 1928 he had married Evelyn Gardner , but just over a year later the marriage ended when she declared her love for the couple 's common friend John Heygate . Reconciliation proved impossible , and Waugh filed for divorce in September 1929 . At the same time , Waugh was undergoing instruction which led to his reception , in September 1930 , into the Roman Catholic Church . Waugh 's adherence to Catholic teaching on divorce caused him personal and sexual frustration while awaiting the possible annulment of his marriage . He had fallen in love with Teresa Jungman , a lively socialite whose Catholicism precluded any intimacy in their relationship since in the eyes of the Church Waugh remained married . Waugh 's conversion did not greatly affect the acerbic and sharply satirical tone of his fiction — his principal characters were frequently amoral and their activities sometimes shocking . Waugh claimed " the right to write of man 's depravity in such a fashion as to make it unattractive " . When Black Mischief was published in 1932 , the editor of the Catholic journal The Tablet , Ernest Oldmeadow , launched a prolonged attack on the book and its author , stating that the novel was " a disgrace to anybody professing the Catholic name " . Waugh , wrote Oldmeadow , " was intent on elaborating a work outrageous not only to Catholic but to ordinary standards of modesty " . Waugh made no public rebuttal of these charges ; an open letter to the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster was prepared , but on the advice of Waugh 's friends was not sent . = = Creation = = = = = South American journey = = = In 1932 Waugh embarked on an extended voyage to South America . His decision to absent himself may have been a reaction to his increasingly complicated emotional life ; while his passion for Teresa Jungman remained unrequited , he was involved in various unsatisfactory casual sexual liaisons , and was himself being pursued by the much older Hazel Lavery . The choice of South America was probably influenced by Peter Fleming , the literary editor of The Spectator . Fleming had recently returned from an expedition to Brazil seeking traces of Colonel Percy Fawcett who , in 1925 , had disappeared in Brazil while searching for a fabled lost city . Having seen Black Mischief launched to mixed but generally favourable critical comment ( Oldmeadow 's intervention was not immediate ) , Waugh sailed from Tilbury on 2 December 1932 . He arrived in British Guiana on 23 December , and after some days of indecision opted to accompany Mr Haynes , the district commissioner for Rupununi , on a journey into the interior . He hoped that he might reach Manaus , a large city deep within the Brazilian jungle , but transport proved unreliable , and he got no further than the border town of Boa Vista . On the way , at one of his overnight stopping points , he encountered Mr Christie , an elderly mixed @-@ race settler who greeted him with : " I was expecting you . I was warned in a vision of your approach " . The two enjoyed an agreeable dinner together , where Christie talked of the " Fifth Kingdom " ( a biblical prophecy from the Book of Daniel ) . He told Waugh that he had seen the entire gathering of the saints in heaven — surprisingly few , he said — but could not count them because they were incorporeal . Waugh added Christie to his " treasury of eccentrics " , set aside for future literary use . = = = " The Man Who Liked Dickens " = = = Waugh arrived at Boa Vista on 4 February 1933 , to find no boats available to take him on to Manaus . Days of inactivity and boredom followed , with " nothing to read except some lives of the Saints in French and Boussuet 's sermons " . Waugh passed some of the time by writing a short story ; although not identified in the diaries , this story has been generally accepted as " The Man Who Liked Dickens " . Apart from using different names and some minor details this story is the same as the episode that Waugh later used as the climax to A Handful of Dust : an elderly settler ( modelled in manner , speech and appearance on Christie ) , rescues and holds captive a lost explorer and requires him to read aloud the novels of Dickens , in perpetuity . The story was published in 1933 , in America in Hearst 's International – Cosmopolitan , and in Britain in Nash 's Pall Mall Magazine . In an article written many years later , Waugh explained how the story became the basis for his next novel : " The idea [ for the short story ] came quite naturally from the experience of visiting a lonely settler [ Christie ] ... and reflecting how easily he could hold me prisoner . Then , after the short story was written and published , the idea kept working in my mind . I wanted to discover how the prisoner got there , and eventually the thing grew into a study of other sorts of savage at home and the civilized man ’ s helpless plight among them . " = = = Writing and title history = = = On his return to England in May 1933 , Waugh , short of cash , had to complete numerous writing commitments before he could begin work on the projected novel . In October – November he wrote his account of the South American journey , which he called Ninety @-@ two Days . He then went to Fez in Morocco , to begin the novel in warmth and solitude . In January he wrote to Mary Lygon , reporting that he had written 18 @,@ 500 words of " my filthy novel " , and later he told Katharine Asquith : " I have just killed a little boy at a lawn meet and made his mother commit adultery ... so perhaps you won 't like it after all " . By 10 February he had reached the half @-@ way point — 45 @,@ 000 words — but was uncertain about how the story should proceed , and returned to England at the end of February with most of the second half unwritten . He finished the book at the Easton Court Hotel at Chagford , in Devon , a regular retreat that he used when completing writing projects . By mid @-@ April the book was with his publishers , Chapman & Hall , and Waugh was busy correcting the proofs . Waugh 's agent A. D. Peters sold the pre @-@ publication serialisation rights to the American monthly magazine Harper 's Bazaar . Because the " Mr Todd " episode had been published as a short story the previous year , for the purposes of the serialisation Waugh provided an alternative ending . In this , the whole Brazilian adventure was replaced by a brief coda , in which Tony returns from a luxury cruise to be greeted by a chastened Brenda asking to be taken back . Tony agrees , but the balance of the relationship has shifted and , unknown to her , he decides to keep her London flat for his own purposes . Waugh 's biographer Selena Hastings describes this ending as " artistically far more complementary " than that used in the book version ; an earlier biographer , Christopher Sykes thought that had this alternative been retained in the book version , the novel would not have acquired its later distinction . In March 1933 Waugh wrote to Peters from Chagford to say that he intended to call the novel A Handful of Ashes . This title was disliked by Harpers ; an alternative , Fourth Decade , was also considered and rejected . Finally , the story was serialised under the title A Flat in London , and the chosen book title was A Handful of Dust — taken from a line in T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land : " I will show you fear in a handful of dust . " The line is within the section of the poem entitled " The Burial of the Dead " , which depicts a comfortless , lifeless land of desert and rubble , reflecting the empty moral ambience of the novel . The title phrase had been used earlier by Joseph Conrad in the story " Youth " ; by Tennyson in Maud ; and even earlier by John Donne in his Meditations . = = Themes = = = = = Autobiographical = = = In his study of Waugh 's literary life , David Wykes describes A Handful of Dust as " a courageous and skilful act of fictional autobiography " , driven by the trauma of the writer 's divorce without which , Wykes maintains , the book would not have been written . Waugh , says his biographer Martin Stannard , was " dredging the memory of his personal agony " in documenting the breakdown of the Lasts ' marriage . The critic Cyril Connolly , whose first reaction to the work had been negative , later called it " the only book which understands the true horror of the withdrawal of affection in an affair from [ the point of view of ] the innocent party " . Wykes believes that , of the novel 's three central characters , only Tony is representative of his real @-@ life equivalent — Waugh in his pre @-@ Catholic irreligious state . Brenda is portrayed in the novel as typical of many of the women in Waugh 's early stories — well @-@ bred , trivial and faithless — but Wykes argues that she is not a representation of Evelyn Gardner , " neither in inward nor outward qualities " . Nor , he asserts , is Beaver intended as an accurate portrayal of Evelyn Gardner 's lover , the " dreadful nullity " of Beaver being a form of literary revenge on the erudite Heygate . There is general agreement among commentators that other characters are drawn from life : Mr Todd is clearly based on the eccentric but rather less sinister Mr Christie ; Dr Messinger , the incompetent explorer , reflects W. E. Roth , the curator of the Georgetown museum whom Waugh considered accompanying into the jungle , only to be dissuaded by reports of Roth 's irresponsibility and disregard of danger . Thérèse de Vitré , the object of Tony 's forlorn attempt at a shipboard romance , was named " Bernadette " in the original manuscript ; the change was made as a reference to Waugh 's platonic friend Teresa Jungman . Thérèse announces her destiny to marry a rich Catholic , and in an echo of Jungman , recoils from Tony when she discovers that he still has a wife . The culmination of Tony 's misfortunes , his enslavement to Mr Todd and Dickens , is foreshadowed in Waugh 's life by his father 's habit of reading his favourite literature aloud to his family , three or four evenings a week : " ... most of Shakespeare , most of Dickens , most of Tennyson ... stepping about the room and portraying the characters ... he held us enthralled " . = = = Satire and realism = = = Critics and commentators have generally acknowledged that A Handful of Dust stands apart from Waugh 's other prewar fiction . Philip Toynbee describes it as a turning point in Waugh 's journey from outright satire to disillusioned realism : " Much of this book is in the old manner , funny @-@ preposterous laced with funny @-@ bitter , but the whole tone and atmosphere are violently changed when the little boy is killed " . Likewise Gerald Gould in The Observer , reviewing the book 's initial publication in 1934 : " Here was the old gorgeous , careless note of contempt and disillusionment . Gradually , implacably , the note changes and deepens " . A later critic , John Cunningham , recognises that stylistically , the book in a different category from Waugh 's other 1930s novels , both more ambitious and more ambiguous . Although , says Cunningham , " [ i ] t provokes as much knowing laughter as Waugh 's other satires of manners " , it is a significant step away from its predecessors , towards the Catholic " comedies of redemption " that would become the principal focus of his writing life . In his introduction to the 1997 Penguin edition , Robert Murray Davis suggests that in part , the book reflected Waugh 's reconsideration of his position as a Catholic writer , in the light of the recent Oldmeadow furore over Black Mischief . He may have developed a more serious tone to pre @-@ empt further criticism from that quarter , although Stannard maintains that Waugh 's beginnings as a serious writer date back to 1929 , when he was completing Vile Bodies . Waugh 's own comment , in 1946 , was that he was not , according to his own understanding of the term , a " satirical " writer , and that in writing the book he was merely " trying to distil comedy and sometimes tragedy from the knockabout farce of people 's outward behaviour " . William Plomer , writing in The Spectator after the book 's first publication , thought it mistaken " to regard Mr Waugh 's more surprising situations as farcical or far @-@ fetched ; they are on the whole extremely realistic " . However , the mixture of genres was not immediately understood or appreciated by some of Waugh 's admirers ; Connolly 's initial thought was that Waugh had been " destroyed as a writer " , by snobbery and association with country @-@ house living . In Sykes 's view , the fleeting appearances in the book of characters from Waugh 's farcical world , such as Lady Metroland , are awkward and intrusive — the world of A Handful of Dust is not outlandish : " Evelyn would have done better to have forgotten Lady Metroland and her world altogether " . = = = Religion and humanism = = = Cunningham sees A Handful of Dust as a pointer towards Waugh 's later , avowedly Catholic novels , although what religion is in it is either presented farcically ( Mr Tendril the Anglican vicar 's sermons ) , or dismissively ( Tony 's admission that he had never really thought much about God ) . Instead , Christianity is evoked by presenting the awfulness of life without it ; according to the writer and critic Frank Kermode , " [ T ] he callousness of incident and the coldness of tone work by suggesting the positive and rational declaration of the Faith " . The reader , Stannard says , " is never allowed to forget man 's primal bestiality ... God is the key that has been thrown away in this purely secular world " . John Raymond in the New Statesman refers to Waugh 's " unique type of moral vision " , and calls the novel a " powerful twentieth century sermon on the breakdown of a Christian marriage " . Tony 's doomed quest in the Brazilian jungle is framed in biblical terms ; the relevant chapter title , " In Search of a City " alludes to Hebrews 13 : 14 : " For here we have no continuing city , but we seek one to come " . However , Waugh remarked of the novel that it was " humanist , and said all I wanted to say about humanism " . He believed that the essential 20th century conflict was between Christianity and Chaos , and chose to present a chaotic world to demonstrate that civilisation did not have in itself the power to survive . Thus , in the Brazilian jungle , Tony encounters what Davis terms " power without grace ... secular feudalism unredeemed by the saving grace of Christianity " . Todd is the symbol of humanist , irreligious power . = = = English Gothic = = = The critic Bernard Bergonzi refers to Tony Last as " a doomed Gothic hero " , echoing Waugh 's explanation to his friend Henry Yorke that the theme of the book was " a Gothic man in the hands of savages — first Mrs Beaver etc , then the real ones " . According to Stannard , Waugh tended to judge a civilisation by its art , and especially by its architecture , his particular interest being English Gothic which is a major leitmotif of the novel . Tony 's recognition of the extent of Brenda 's betrayal is described as " a whole Gothic world ... come to grief " . Later , Tony finds purpose in his otherwise pointless voyage when he hears of the fabled lost city from Messinger ; he visualises it as Gothic in character , " a transfigured Hetton ... everything luminous and translucent ; a coral citadel crowning a green hill top sewn with daisies " . When at the end of his quest he first catches sight of Todd 's settlement , in his delirium he sees , instead of the reality of mud huts and desolation , " gilded cupolas and spires of alabaster " . Although devoted to original English Gothic , Waugh had mixed views on Gothic Revival architecture , preferring what he called " pre @-@ Ruskin " to the " stodgy " late 19th @-@ century style in which he places Hetton . He instructed the artist responsible for the frontispiece in the first edition of the book to " design the worst possible 1860 " style to depict the house . The guidebook description of Hetton which opens the second chapter reveals that , " formerly one of the notable houses of the county , it was entirely rebuilt in 1864 in the Gothic style and is now devoid of interest " . Thus , Tony 's devotion is shown to be to a false ideal ; his deposition and replacement in his domain by middle @-@ class heirs represents what the writer Brigid Brophy terms " a bourgeois sack of a fake @-@ Gothic Rome " . = = Publication and reception = = = = = Publication history = = = A Handful of Dust first appeared in Harper 's Bazaar , as a serial in five instalments during the summer of 1934 , using the alternative , non @-@ Brazilian ending . The complete novel was first published in book form in London , on 4 September 1934 , by Chapman and Hall . It was an immediate success with the British public , and within four weeks had reached its fifth impression . In the same month it was issued in New York by Farrar & Rinehart , who were initially unenthusiastic about the book and , according to Waugh 's agent , made little promotional effort on its behalf . It has since been published in the United States by ( among others ) Dell Publishing ( 1959 ) ; Little , Brown ( 1977 ) , and Barnes and Noble ( 2001 . Since its first publication the book has remained in print , and has been reproduced in many editions and foreign languages . It was first published as a paperback in 1951 , by Penguin , who have reissued it regularly . In 1945 Bernard Grasset published a translation in French , after which the book was published in most European languages , and also in Chinese , Japanese , Korean and Arabic . = = = Critical reception = = = The initial critical response to the book , while largely complimentary in tone , was nevertheless muted and sparse . This relative paucity of attention , Stannard surmises , might have been a consequence of the earlier serialisation , which meant that the essence of the story was well known before the book appeared . The Times Literary Supplement 's anonymous reviewer deemed the novel " a study of futility " , whose hero is " so incapable of helping himself that he is not worth helping " . Peter Quennell in the New Statesman found the story both painful and amusing — " tragedy and comedy are interdependent " — but was not overcome by the bouts of hilarity that had interrupted his reading of earlier novels such as Decline and Fall . If not exhilarating , the book was " certainly the most mature and best written novel that Mr Waugh has yet produced " . Plomer 's Spectator review described the book as " another of [ Waugh 's ] cultivated pearls " , economically written , holding the reader 's attention throughout and capturing with precision the moods and rhythms of life as it was lived in certain quarters of society . The only overtly hostile review was Oldmeadow 's in The Tablet , which asserted that , after the disquiet in Catholic circles following the publication of Waugh 's previous novel , his co @-@ religionists " reasonably hoped to find Mr Waugh turning over a completely new leaf . He has not done so " . The review mixed literary criticism with moral sermonising , to which Waugh felt bound to object publicly . His friend , the journalist Tom Driberg agreed to place a notice in his " William Hickey " column in the Daily Express , in which Waugh accepted fully Oldmeadow 's right to criticise the literary quality of the work " in any terms he thinks suitable " . However , he added , so far as his moral lecturing was concerned , Oldmeadow was " in the position of a valet masquerading in his master 's clothes . Long employment by a prince of the Church has tempted him to ape his superiors , and , naturally enough , he gives an uncouth and impudent performance " . Many of Waugh 's friends and admirers gave the book unstinting praise , among them Rebecca West , Lady Diana Cooper , Desmond MacCarthy and Hilaire Belloc . Among those less enthusiastic were the novelist J.B. Priestley , who found the characters lightweight and uninvolving , and the devoutly Catholic Katharine Asquith who thought the writing was brilliant but the subject @-@ matter deeply depressing . The novel 's critical standing grew steadily in the years following its publication . In 1942 the American critic Alexander Woollcott chose it as the best English novel in 100 years , a verdict largely endorsed some years later by Frank Kermode . Sykes wrote in 1975 that " there are only five or six novels of this century that can seriously challenge it " . In 2010 Time magazine placed A Handful of Dust in its listing of the hundred best English @-@ language novels published since 1923 ( the year the magazine began publication ) , stating : " If this is Waugh at his bleakest it ’ s also Waugh at his deepest , most poisonously funny " . In the Modern Library 's list of 100 best novels , A Handful of Dust is placed 34th in the " Board list " , although unplaced in the complementary " Readers ' List " . = = Adaptations = = On 8 April 1968 BBC Radio 4 broadcast A Handful of Dust as a radio play , in an adaptation by Denis Constanduros produced by Brian Miller . Jack Watling and Stephanie Beacham played Tony and Brenda Last , with Rex Holdsworth as Mr Todd . A new radio adaptation , with Jonathan Cullen and Tara Fitzgerald in the main roles , was broadcast as a two @-@ part serial in May 1996 . In November 1982 an ensemble cast performed the work as a stage play , directed by Mike Alfreds , at the Lyric Theatre , Hammersmith . A film version , directed by Charles Sturridge , was released in 1988 , with James Wilby as Tony , Kristin Scott Thomas as Brenda , Judi Dench as Mrs Beaver and Alec Guinness as Mr Todd .
= Home Is the Sailor ( Cheers ) = " Home is the Sailor " is the sixth season premiere of the American television sitcom Cheers . It originally aired on September 24 , 1987 on NBC . It is also the first episode including the fictional character Rebecca Howe , portrayed by Kirstie Alley , as the permanent female lead . It follows " I Do , Adieu " , which was Shelley Long 's last of her regular appearances as the female lead , Diane Chambers , who also left Boston on the show . = = Plot = = Six months after Sam sold the bar to a corporation , the place caters to a more up @-@ market clientele . Eddie Lebec turns up and is surprised when Carla Tortelli tells him she is pregnant ( incorporated by actress Rhea Perlman 's real @-@ life pregnancy ) . Sam Malone then returns to the bar after his attempt to sail around the world failed at the first hurdle when his sailboat ran ashore in the Caribbean . Though Cheers has new management , Woody Boyd and Carla are still employed at the bar , but instead they wear uniforms , much to their chagrin . Sam then also needs a job , but the bar already has two bartenders , Woody and a new employee , Wayne . Diane Chambers ' attempts at writing her novel are said to have failed , which led to her leaving Boston to write in Hollywood . Sam then meets Rebecca Howe , who is the new manager of Cheers and almost immediately turned off by him based on the rumors of Sam 's " sexual prowess " . Rebecca uses Sam 's former office as her own and , although it has been completely renovated , Sam is able to use Carla 's tricks to overhear Rebecca talking to her boss Evan Drake , on whom she has a crush . Evan knows Sam as a baseball player and wants to hire him to be a bartender . Sam is then hired , but one of the two current bartenders must be sacked to make room for him . The bar regulars want Wayne to go , but Rebecca wants to fire Woody . A competition then ensues to see if Wayne actually knows how to make every drink known to man . If Wayne loses the bet , he agrees to leave , but if he wins the bet , then he gets Sam 's now @-@ damaged sailboat . The gang plays a prank to cause Wayne to lose over the then @-@ fictional cocktail " Screaming Viking " and he walks out , though Rebecca is wise to their game and tells Sam to leave . Sam then promises nothing of the sort will occur and is provisionally re @-@ hired on the understanding that this is his last chance as Rebecca uses a seductive baseball metaphor @-@ pun about having " no balls " . = = Production = = The producers intended Cheers to be a comedy about a comedy itself set in the Boston bar , but , as Burrows claimed , the " Sam and Diane " romance predominated the show for five years and , as he hypothesized , would have made the bar more of a minor role and more irrelevant if Shelley Long had not left the show as Diane Chambers in 1987 . With Diane written out in " I Do , Adieu " and Long departing the series , the producers planned to revamp the show 's format without losing the bar , which has been their choice of intent , and then was relieved that the series would survive without Shelley Long . As Les Charles observed , Sam was a " straight man " to Diane ; with Diane gone , they made him more " carefree " and a " goof @-@ off . " In seeking a new female lead , James Burrows told People magazine that " we thought of the part as a martinet , a bitch . Then we met [ Alley ] and there was this vulnerability , so we made her the neurotic woman of the 1980s . " When Long decided to leave the show , the creators knew they wanted a new female lead who was unknown to television viewers , would not have blonde hair and resemble Long . Kirstie Alley was one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe . Although she met all the criteria , the producers continued to audition actresses , but none improved on Alley 's portrayal of the character . Following which brunette @-@ haired Alley debuted as Rebecca Howe . Al Rosen , Michael Tulin , Tim Cunningham , Steve Giannelli , Alan Koss are credited for their background appearances . = = Reception = = " Home Is the Sailor " scored a 28 @.@ 4 rating and was third placed in the list of top ten shows that were tuned @-@ in by households on the week of September 21 – 27 , 1987 . This episode earned its writers Glen and Les Charles an Emmy Award nomination for an Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1988 but did not win . In 1997 , it was ranked No. 45 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2014 , IGN ranked it as number two of the top ten Cheers episodes . = = Screaming Viking = = " Screaming Viking " , a fictional made @-@ up cocktail seen in this episode , became an actual cocktail . According to a recipe book The Boston Chef 's Table , this cocktail is sold in the Cheers Beacon Hill , the pub the show was modeled after . The recipe book itself also provides ingredients of this cocktail : " orange @-@ infused rum , dark rum , amaretto , cranberry juice , and pineapple juice " . Colleen Graham from About.com provides different ingredients for the " Screaming Viking " cocktail recipe : " vodka , dry vermouth , lime juice , celery stalk , and [ garnished ] cucumber spear " . A restaurant from Charleston , South Carolina , sells a cocktail variation with different ingredients : seedless cucumber , " garnish [ ed ] " cucumber slice , mint leaves , gin , and tonic water .
= Wallachian Revolution of 1848 = The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia . Part of the Revolutions of 1848 , and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia , it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the Regulamentul Organic regime , and , through many of its leaders , demanded the abolition of boyar privilege . Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian Militia , the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu , whom it replaced with a Provisional Government and a Regency , and in passing a series of major progressive reforms , first announced in the Proclamation of Islaz . Despite its rapid gains and popular backing , the new administration was marked by conflicts between the radical wing and more conservative forces , especially over the issue of land reform . Two successive abortive coups were able to weaken the Government , and its international status was always contested by Russia . After managing to rally a degree of sympathy from Ottoman political leaders , the Revolution was ultimately isolated by the intervention of Russian diplomats , and ultimately repressed by a common intervention of Ottoman and Russian armies , without any significant form of armed resistance . Nevertheless , over the following decade , the completion of its goals was made possible by the international context , and former revolutionaries became the original political class in united Romania . = = Origins = = The two Danubian Principalities , Wallachia and Moldavia , came under direct Russian supervision upon the close of the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1828 – 1829 , being subsequently administered on the basis of common documents , known as Regulamentul Organic . After a period of Russian military occupation , Wallachia returned to Ottoman suzerainty while Russian oversight was preserved , and the throne was awarded to Alexandru II Ghica in 1834 — this measure was controversial from the onset , given that , despite the popular provisions of the Akkerman Convention , Ghica had been appointed by Russia and the Ottomans , instead of being elected by the Wallachian Assembly . As a consequence , the Prince was faced with opposition from both sides of the political spectrum , while also attempting to quell the peasantry 's discontent by legislating against the abuse of estate lessors . The first liberal movement , taking inspiration from the French Revolution and having for its stated purpose the encouragement of culture , was Societatea Filarmonică ( the Philharmonic Society ) , established in 1833 . Hostility towards Russian policies erupted later in 1834 , when Russia called for an " Additional Article " ( Articol adițional ) to be attached to the Regulament , as the latter document was being reviewed by the Porte . The proposed article sought to prevent the Principalities ' Assemblies from modifying the Regulament any further without the consent of both protecting powers . This move met with stiff opposition from a majority of deputies in Wallachia , among whom was the radical Ioan Câmpineanu ; in 1838 , the project was nonetheless passed , when it was explicitly endorsed by Sultan Abdülmecid I and by Prince Ghica . Câmpineanu , who had proposed a reformist constitution to replace the Regulament entirely , was forced into exile , but remained an influence on a younger generation of activists , both Wallachian and Moldavian . The latter group , comprising many young boyars who had studied in France , also took direct inspiration from reformist or revolutionary @-@ minded societies such as the Carbonari ( and even , through Teodor Diamant , from Utopian socialism ) . It was this faction who would first explicitly publicize the demands for national independence and Moldo @-@ Wallachian unification , which it included in a wider agenda of political reforms and European solidarity . Societatea Studenților Români ( the Society of Romanian Students ) was founded in 1846 , having the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine for its honorary president . = = Pre @-@ revolutionary events and outbreak = = In October 1840 , the first specifically revolutionary secret society of the period was repressed by Prince Ghica . Among those arrested and taken into confinement were the high @-@ ranking boyar Mitică Filipescu , the young radical Nicolae Bălcescu , and the much older Dimitrie Macedonski , who had taken part in the uprising of 1821 . The new ruler , Gheorghe Bibescu , released Bălcescu and other participants in the plot during 1843 ; soon afterwards , they became involved in founding a new Freemason @-@ inspired secret society , known as Frăția ( " The Brotherhood " ) , which was to serve as the central factor in the revolution . Early on , Frăția 's nucleus was formed by Bălcescu , Ion Ghica , Alexandru G. Golescu , and Major Christian Tell ; by spring 1848 , the leadership also included Dimitrie and Ion Brătianu , Constantin Bălcescu , Ștefan and Nicolae Golescu , Gheorghe Magheru , C. A. Rosetti , Ion Heliade Rădulescu , and Ioan Voinescu II . It was especially successful in Bucharest , where it also reached out to the middle class , and kept a legal facade as Soțietatea Literară ( the Literary Society ) , whose meetings were attended by the Moldavians Vasile Alecsandri , Mihail Kogălniceanu , and Costache Negruzzi , as well as by the Austrian subject Constantin Daniel Rosenthal . During the early months of 1848 , Romanian students at the University of Paris , including the Brătianu brothers , witnessed and , in some cases , took part in the French republican uprising . Rebellion broke out in late June 1848 , after Frăția 's members came to adopt a single project regarding the promise of land reform . This resolution , which had initially caused dissension , was passed into the revolutionary program upon pressures from Nicolae Bălcescu and his supporters . The document itself , destined to be read as a proclamation , was most likely drafted by Heliade Rădulescu , and Bălcescu himself was possibly responsible for most of its ideas . It called for , among other issues , national independence , civil rights and equality , universal taxation , a larger Assembly , responsible government , a five @-@ year term of office for Princes and their election by the Assembly , freedom of the press , and decentralization . Originally , the revolutionary grouping had intended to take over various military bases throughout Wallachia , and planned to simultaneously organize public gatherings in Bucharest , Râmnicu Vâlcea , Ploiești , Romanați County and Islaz . On June 21 , 1848 , Heliade Rădulescu and Tell were present in Islaz , where , with the Orthodox priest Șapcă of Celei , they revealed the revolutionary program to a cheering crowd ( see Proclamation of Islaz ) . A new government was formed on the spot , comprising Tell , Heliade Rădulescu , Ștefan Golescu , Șapcă , and Nicolae Pleșoianu — they wrote Prince Bibescu an appeal , which called on him to recognize the program as the embryo of a constitution and to " listen to the voice of the motherland and place himself at the head of this great accomplishment " . The revolutionary executive left Islaz at the head of a gathering of soldiers and various others , and , after passing through Caracal , triumphantly entered Craiova without meeting resistance from local forces . According to one account , the gathering comprised as many as 150 @,@ 000 armed civilians . As these events were unfolding , Bibescu was shot at in Bucharest by Alexandru or Iancu Paleologu ( the father of French diplomat Maurice Paléologue ) and his co @-@ conspirators , whose bullets only managed to tear one of the Prince 's epaulettes . Over the following hours , police forces clamped down of Frăția , arresting Rosetti and a few other members , but failing to capture most of them . = = Provisional Government = = = = = Creation = = = Early on June 23 , Bibescu also attempted to regain the loyalty of his Militia forces by an order to take a renewed oath of allegiance — the officers agreed to do so , but added that under no circumstances did they agree to shed the blood of Romanians . In the afternoon , the Bucharest populace , feeling encouraged by this development , rallied in the streets ; around four o 'clock , the church bells on Dealul Mitropoliei began sounding the tocsin ( by banging their tongues on only one side of the drum ) . Public readings of the Islaz Proclamation took place , and the Romanian tricolor was paraded throughout the city . At ten o 'clock in the evening , Bibescu gave in to the pressures , signed the new constitution , and agreed to support a Provisional Government as imposed on him by Frăția . This effectively disestablished Regulamentul Organic , causing the Russian consul to Bucharest , Charles de Kotzebue , to leave the country for Austrian @-@ ruled Transylvania . Bibescu himself abdicated and left into self @-@ exile . On June 25 , the two proposed cabinets were reunited into Guvernul vremelnicesc ( the Provisional Government ) , based on the Executive Commission of the Second French Republic ; headed by the conservative Neofit II , Neofit II , the Metropolitan of Ungro @-@ Wallachia , it consisted of Christian Tell , Ion Heliade Rădulescu , Ștefan Golescu , Gheorghe Magheru , and , for a short while , the Bucharest merchant Gheorghe Scurti . Its secretaries were C. A. Rosetti , Nicolae Bălcescu , Alexandru G. Golescu , and Ion Brătianu . The Government was doubled by Ministerul vremelnicesc ( the Provisional Ministry ) , which was dived into several offices : Ministrul dinlăuntru ( the Minister of the Interior , a position held by Nicolae Golescu ) ; Ministrul dreptății ( Justice – Ion Câmpineanu ) ; Ministrul instrucției publice ( Public Education – Heliade Rădulescu ) ; Ministrul finanții ( Finance – C. N. Filipescu ) ; Ministrul trebilor dinafară ( Foreign Affairs – Ioan Voinescu II ) ; Ministrul de războiu ( War – Ioan Odobescu , later replaced by Tell ) ; Obștescul controlor ( the Public Controller – Gheorghe Nițescu ) . It also included Constantin Crețulescu as President of the City Council ( later replaced by Cezar Bolliac ) , Scarlat Crețulescu as Commander of the National Guard , and Mărgărit Moșoiu as Police Chief . The Wallachian revolutionaries maintained ambiguous relations with leaders of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , as well as with the latter 's ethnic Romanian adversaries in Transylvania . As early as April , Bălcescu , who maintained close contacts with many Romanian Transylvanian politicians , called on August Treboniu Laurian not to oppose the unification of Transylvania and revolutionary Hungary . In parallel , secretive negotiations were carried out between Lajos Batthyány and Ion Brătianu , which were in connection to a project of creating a Wallachian – Hungarian confederation . Although it drew support from radicals , the proposal was ultimately rejected by the Hungarian side , who notably argued that this carried the danger of deteriorating relations with Russia . Progressively , Romanian Transylvanians distanced themselves from the rapprochement , and clarified that their goal was the preservation of Austrian rule , coming into open conflict with the Hungarian revolutionary authorities . = = = Early reforms = = = The following day , the new administrative bodies issued their first decrees . One of them instituted the horizontal tricolor with the inscription DPEПTATE – ФРЪЦIE ( " Justice – Brotherhood " in Romanian Cyrillic as used at the time ) . It proclaimed all traditional civil ranks to be destitute , indicating that the only acceptable distinctions were to be made on the basis of " virtues and services to the motherland " , and creating a national guard . The Government also abolished censorship , as well as capital and corporal punishment , while ordering all political prisoners to be set free . In line with earlier demands , a call for unification of all Romanian @-@ inhabited lands , as " one and indivisible [ nation ] " , was officially voiced during that period . However , this view was still only shared by a relatively small and highly factionalized section of the intelligentsia . The official abolition of Roma slavery was sanctioned by a decree also issued on June 26 . This was the culmination of a process begun in 1843 , when all state @-@ owned slaves had been liberated , and continued in February 1847 , when the Orthodox Church had followed suit and set free its own Roma labor force . The decree notably read : " The Romanian people discards the lack of humanity and the shameful sin of owning slaves and declares the freedom of privately owned slaves . Those who have so far had the sinful shame of owning slaves are forgiven by the Romanian people ; and the motherland , as a good mother , shall compensate , out of its treasury , whosoever shall complain of detriment as a result of this Christian deed " . A three @-@ member Commission was left to decide on the matters of legal implementation and compensation for slave owners — it comprised Bolliac , Petrache Poenaru , and Ioasaf Znagoveanu . The authorities publicized their reforms by making use of new press institutions , the most circulated of which were Poporul Suveran ( a magazine edited by Bălcescu , Bolliac , Grigore Alexandrescu , Dimitrie Bolintineanu and others ) and Pruncul Român ( published by Rosetti and Eric Winterhalder ) . In parallel , the Bucharest populace could regularly hear public communiques read on the fields of Filaret ( known as the " Field of Liberty " ) . = = Disputes and intrigue = = Support for the Provisional Government began to be tested when the issue of land reform and corvées was again brought to the forefront . Aside from the important conservative forces , opponents of the measure were to be found inside the leadership body itself , and included the moderates Heliade Rădulescu and Ioan Odobescu . Revolutionaries who favored passing land into the property of peasants were divided over the amount that was to be ceded , as well as over the issue of compensation to be paid to boyars . A compromise was reached through postponing , with a decision taken to submit all proposals to the vote of the Assembly , which was yet to be convened , instead of drafting a decree . Nevertheless , a Proclamation to estate @-@ holders was issued ( June 28 , 1848 ) , indicating that the reform was to be eventually enforced in exchange for unspecified sums , and calling on peasants to fulfill their corvées until autumn of the same year . This appeal caused a reaction from the opposition forces : Odobescu rallied to the cause of conservatives , and , on July 1 , 1848 , together with his fellow officers Ioan Solomon and Grigorie Lăcusteanu , arrested the entire Government . The coup almost succeeded , being ultimately overturned by the reaction of Bucharesters , who organized street resistance against mutinied troops , mounted barricades , and , eventually , stormed into the executive 's headquarters . The latter assault , led by Ana Ipătescu , resulted in the arrest of all coup leaders . Despite this move , disputes regarding the shape of land reform continued inside the Government . On July 21 , 1848 , Nicolae Bălcescu obtained the issuing of a decree to create Comisia proprietății ( the Commission on Property ) , comprising 34 delegates , two for each Wallachian county , representing respectively peasants and landlords . The new institution was presided over by the landowner Alexandru Racoviță , and had the Moldavian @-@ born Ion Ionescu de la Brad for its vice president . During the proceedings , a number of boyars had switched to supporting peasants : the liberal boyar Ceaușescu , a delegate to the Commission 's fourth session , made a celebrated speech in which he addressed laborers as " brothers " and deplored his own status as a landowner . An emotional audience applauded his gesture , and peasants proclaimed that God forgave Ceaușescu 's deeds . Other landowners , more circumspect , asked peasants what they planned to use for compensation , for which they were to be largely responsible ; according to Mihail Kogălniceanu , their answer was " With these two slave 's arms , we have been working for centuries and provided for all the landowners ' expenses ; once freed , our arms would work twice as much and rest assured that we will not leave you wanting of what the country 's judgment will decide we should pay you " . This reportedly caused an uproar inside the Commission . Peasants and their supporters advocated the notion that each family was supposed to receive at least four hectares of land ; in their system , which made note of differences in local traditional , peasants living in wetlands were to be assigned 16 pogoane ( approx. eight hectares ) , those living in plains 14 ( approx. seven hectares ) , inhabitants of hilly areas 11 ( between five and six hectares ) , while people inhabiting the Southern Carpathian areas were supposed to receive eight pogoane ( approx. four hectares ) . This program was instantly rejected by many landowners , and the negotiations were ended through a decision taken by Heliade Rădulescu , when it was again decided that the ultimate resolution was a prerogative of the future Assembly . The failure to address this most significant of the problems faced by Wallachians contributed to weakening support for the revolutionary cause . = = Diplomatic efforts and regency = = Faced with the clear hostility of the Russian Emperor Nicholas I , Wallachian revolutionaries sought instead a rapprochement with the Ottoman leadership . Efforts were made to clarify that the movement did not seek to reject Ottoman suzerainty : for this purpose , Ion Ghica was sent to Istanbul as early as May 29 , 1848 ; his mission was initially successful , but later events led Sultan Abdülmecid I to reconsider his position , especially after being faced with Russian protests . Süleyman Pașa , Abdülmecid 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , was dispatched to Bucharest with orders to report on the situation and take appropriate measures . Warmly received by the city 's inhabitants and authorities , Süleyman opted to impose a series of formal moves , which were intended to appease Russia . He replaced the Government with a regency , Locotenența domnească , and asked for some changes to be operated in the text of the constitution ( promising that these were to ensure Ottoman recognition ) . The new ruling body , a triumvirate , comprised Heliade Rădulescu , Nicolae Golescu , and Christian Tell . On Süleyman 's explicit advice , a revolutionary delegation was dispatched to Istanbul , where it was to negotiate the movement 's official recognition — among the envoys were Bălcescu , Ștefan Golescu , and Dimitrie Bolintineanu . By that moment , Russian diplomats had persuaded the Porte to adopt a more reserved attitude , and to replace Süleyman with a rapporteur for the Divan , Fuat Pasha . In parallel , Russia ordered its troops in Bessarabia to prepare for an intervention over the Prut River and into Bucharest — the prospect of a Russo @-@ Turkish war was inconvenient for Abdülmecid , at a time when the French Second Republic and the United Kingdom failed to clarify their positions in respect to Ottoman policies . Stratford Canning , the British Ambassador to the Porte , even advised Ottoman officials to intervene against the Revolution , thus serving Prime Minister Palmerston 's policy regarding the preservation of Ottoman rule in the face of outside pressures . The Wallachian delegation was denied reception , and , after a prolonged stay , had to return to Bucharest . = = Metropolitan Neofit 's coup = = On July 11 , 1848 , the false rumor that the Imperial Russian Army had left Bessarabia and was moving southwards cause the regency to leave Bucharest and take refuge in Târgoviște . This occurred after Russia had occupied Moldavia in April , a result of the unsuccessful revolt in that country . The moment was seized by conservatives : headed by Metropolitan Neofit , the latter grouping took over , and announced that the revolution had ended . When a revolutionary courier returned from the Moldavian town of Focșani with news that Russian troops had not left their quarters , the population in the capital prepared for action — during the events , Ambrozie , a priest from the Buzău Bishopric , made himself the revolutionary hero of the hour and earned the nickname Popa Tun , the " Cannon Priest " , after ripping out the lit fuse of a gun aimed at the crowds . The outcome caused Neofit to invalidate his own proclamation , and to transfer his power back to the Provisional Government ( July 12 ) . Over the following months , the population radicalized itself , and , on September 18 , 1848 , just one week before the Revolution was crushed , crowds entered the Interior Ministry , taking over the official copies of Regulamentul Organic and the register of boyar ranks ( Arhondologia ) . The documents were subsequently paraded through the city in a mock funeral cortege , and burned down , one sheet at a time , in the public square on Mitropoliei Hill . Neofit reluctantly agreed to preside over the ceremony and to issue a curse on both pieces of legislation . = = Suppression = = On September 25 [ O.S. September 13 ] 1848 , Ottoman troops headed by Omar Pasha and assisted by Fuat Pasha stormed into Bucharest , partly as an attempt to prevent the extension of Russian presence over the Milcov River . On the morning of that day , Fuat met with local public figures at his headquarters in Cotroceni , proclaiming the reestablishment of the Regulament and appointing Constantin Cantacuzino as Kaymakam of Wallachia . While all revolutionaries who attended the meeting were placed under arrest , Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell sought refuge at the British consulate in Bucharest , where they were received by Robert Gilmour Colquhoun in exchange for a sum of Austrian florins . The radical faction around Nicolae Bălcescu and Gheorghe Magheru had planned resistance on the Danube , but their opinion had failed to rally significant appeal . A group of several thousands soldiers , comprising Oltenian pandurs and volunteers from throughout the land , rallied in Râmnicu Vâlcea under Magheru 's command , without ever going into action . In Bucharest itself , as Fuat prepared to lead his 6000 troops into the garrison on Dealul Spirii , a 900 @-@ strong force led by a detachment of firemen met him with resistance , provoking a brief battle that only lasted two and a half hours during which 158 Turks and 48 Romanians died and 400 Turks and 57 Romanians were wounded . In the evening , the entire city had been pacified . On September 27 , a Russian force under Alexander von Lüders joined the occupation of Bucharest , taking over administration over one half of the city . Russia 's expedition into the two Danubian Principalities was the only independent military initiative of her foreign interventions against the Revolutions of 1848 . Immediately after the events , 91 revolutionaries were sentenced to exile . Of these , a small group was transported by barges from Giurgiu , on their way to the Austrian @-@ ruled Svinița , near the Danube port of Orschowa . The revolutionary artist Constantin Daniel Rosenthal and Maria Rosetti , both of whom had been allowed to go free and had subsequently followed the barges on shore , pointed out that the Ottomans had stepped out of their jurisdiction , and were able to persuade the mayor of Svinița to disarm the guards , which in turn allowed the prisoners to flee . The escapees then made their way to Paris . Most other revolutionaries were detained in areas of present @-@ day Bulgaria until spring 1849 , and , passing through Rustchuk and Varna , were taken to the Anatolian city of Brusa , where they lived at the expense of the Ottoman state . They were allowed to return after 1856 . During their period of exile , rivalry between the various factions became obvious , a conflict which became the basis for political allegiances in later years . In the meantime , Magheru , upon the advice of Colquhoun , ordered the demobilization of his troops ( October 10 ) , and , accompanied by a few of his officers , passed the Southern Carpathians into Hermannstadt — at the time , the Transylvanian city was nominally in the Austrian Empire , but gripped by the Hungarian Revolution . = = Aftermath = = = = = Wallachian activities in Transylvania = = = Starting in December 1848 , a number of Wallachian revolutionaries who had escaped or had been set free from arrest began mediating an understanding between Hungary 's Lajos Kossuth and those Romanian Transylvanian activists and peasants who , under the leadership of Avram Iancu , were mounting military resistance to the Honvédség troops of Józef Bem . Nicolae Bălcescu emerged from his refuge in the Principality of Serbia , and , together with Alexandru G. Golescu and Ion Ionescu de la Brad , began talks with Iancu in Zlatna . The Wallachians presented Kossuth 's proposal that Iancu 's fighters should leave their base in the Apuseni and help rekindle revolution in Wallachia , leaving room for Hungary to resist Russian invention , but the offer was dismissed on the spot . In parallel , Magheru reached out to Hungarian authorities , asking them to consider confederating Hungary proper and Transylvania ; this plan was also rejected . On May 26 , 1849 , Nicolae Bălcescu met with Kossuth in Debrecen , and , despite his personal disappointment with the Hungarian discourse and his ideal of full political rights for Romanians in the region , agreed to mediate an understanding with Iancu , which resulted in a ceasefire and a series of political concessions . This came as Russian troops were entering Transylvania , a military operation culminating in Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Segesvár in late July . = = = Political outcome = = = The Ottoman – Russian occupation prolonged itself until 1851 , while the 1849 Convention of Balta Liman awarded the Wallachian crown to Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei . In contrast to the 1848 – 1849 setbacks , the period inaugurated by the Crimean War disestablished both Russian domination and the Regulamentul Organic regime , and , within the space of one generation , brought about the fulfillment of virtually all revolutionary projects . The common actions of Moldavians and Wallachians , in pace with the presence of Wallachian activists in Transylvania , helped circulate the ideal of national unity , with the ultimate goal of reuniting all majority @-@ Romanian territories within one state . In early 1859 , at the close of a turbulent period , Wallachia and Moldavia entered a personal union , later formalized as the Romanian United Principalities , under Moldavian @-@ born Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza ( himself a former revolutionary ) . Having been allowed to return from exile after the Treaty of Paris , most of the surviving revolutionaries played a major part in the political developments , and organized themselves as Partida Națională , which promoted Cuza during simultaneous elections for the ad hoc Divans . The role of Paris @-@ based Wallachian émigrés in promoting sympathy for common Romanian goals was decisive . Partida succeeded in becoming the major factor in Romanian political life , before forming the basis of the liberal current . With Cuza 's rule , the pace of Westernization increased , and , during the 1860s , a moderate land reform was carried out , monastery estates were secularized , while corvées and boyar ranks were outlawed . Following an 1866 conflict between the increasingly authoritarian Cuza and the political class , various trends organized a coup which brought Prince Carol , a Hohenzollern , to the Romanian throne — echoing a will expressed by some of the 1848 activists to have a foreign dynasty rule over a unified state . In 1877 , as a consequence of the Russo @-@ Turkish War , Romania proclaimed her independence .
= Monbar Hotel attack = The Monbar Hotel attack was carried out by the GAL , a state @-@ sponsored death squad , on 25 September 1985 in Bayonne , France . The targets were four members of ETA military , whom the Spanish government believed to be senior figures in the organisation , itself proscribed as a terrorist group in Spain and France . All four people were killed , with a fifth person , apparently unconnected to ETA , injured in the shooting . This represented the deadliest attack carried out by the GAL . Although two of the participants were apprehended shortly after the shooting , controversy surrounded the possible involvement of senior figures in the Spanish police . This attack , and similar attacks carried out by the GAL , became a major issue during the 1996 Spanish general election after a Supreme court trial established that the Spanish Interior Ministry had provided clandestine funding for the GAL . Spanish Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his security chief , Rafael Vera , were jailed for ten years for sanctioning a kidnapping and misappropriation of public funds to finance the group , and the GAL scandal is seen as a key factor in the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( PSOE ) losing the election , though more senior figures in the PSOE , such as Felipe Gonzalez , denied knowledge and involvement . = = Background = = The French Basque Country had been a favourite haven of ETA . Since mid @-@ 1968 most of ETA 's leadership had lived there and used it as a base for training , infrastructure and planning attacks . ETA commandos also operated from there , crossing the border into Spain to carry out attacks before fleeing back to France . This led to complaints in Spain that French authorities were not doing enough to tackle ETA activity , preferring to leave the Basque conflict to the Spanish to deal with . As one of the larger towns in the French Basque Country , Bayonne had been one of the main bases of ETA organisation there . From 1975 onwards this had prompted a reaction from anti @-@ ETA groups . In April 1975 , Mugalde , a Basque bookshop in the town , was bombed , though no one was injured . On 25 June 1979 , Enrique Gómez Álvarez , an alleged ETA member , was killed by the Batallón Vasco Español ( BVE ) , a right @-@ wing paramilitary group active since 1975 . The BVE vanished after 1981 but , from 1983 onwards , the GAL began carrying out similar attacks and abductions . The first in Bayonne occurred on 17 October 1983 , when alleged ETA members Joxe Lasa Arostegi and José Ignacio Zabala disappeared . Their mutilated bodies were found in Alicante in 1985 . An unsuccessful kidnapping attempt occurred the following day and , in December , Ramón Oñaederra , an alleged ETA member and Mikel Goikoetxea , an alleged ETA leader , were assassinated by the GAL in separate incidents . Prior to the Monbar attack , two people had been killed and six injured in three separate attacks in the town in 1985 . = = The targets = = The targets of the attack were four members of ETA . According to the Spanish authorities , they had a long history within the organisation . Ignacio Asteazunzarra ( Beltza ) had been arrested in 1973 in Loyola , but had been freed by other ETA militants at gunpoint . He was believed to have been part of a cell which had been particularly active in 1979 in attacks in the province of Álava . José María Etxaniz ( Potros ) had begun activity in 1973 . He had been arrested by Spanish police in 1975 , along with 21 others in connection with a large haul of guns and explosives discovered . He had been arrested again by French police in 1984 . He was the leader of ETA military in the Vitoria area , according to Spanish police sources . Agustin Irazustabarrena ( Legra ) belonged to the Sega cell of ETA military , according to Spanish police . He fled to France in 1982 and in 1984 he had been arrested by French police charged with possession of illegal weapons . His trial had still been pending at the time of his death . He was believed to be in charge of cross @-@ border operations for ETA . José Sabino Etxaide had belonged to an information gathering cell of ETA . He had fled to France in 1982 . = = The attack = = The attack occurred at 21 : 15 on a Wednesday evening , as a football game featuring Spain and Iceland was being shown . The four participants exited their car carrying shotguns and machine guns and opened fire on the bar . The bullets shattered the skull of three of the victims and hit the fourth in the heart . Three of the targets were killed instantly , with the fourth dying shortly afterwards in hospital . A fifth person was injured after being hit in the foot , but survived the attack . Three of the four attackers fled on foot through the streets of Bayonne . Pursued by a group of Basque refugees who had witnessed the attack , two of them were caught and handed over to the French police , after having thrown their weapons into the river near the Monbar Hotel . Those apprehended were Pierre Frugoli and Lucien Mattei , both believed to be members of the Marseilles underworld by French police . Police later retrieved two 9mm calibre pistols from the river . Their two accomplices in the attack managed to escape by car . Their vehicle was later found abandoned in San Sebastián . The GAL claimed responsibility in a telephone call the day after the attack . For their part , ETA military released a statement confirming that the four killed had belonged to their organisation . = = Reactions = = Basque president José Antonio Ardanza Garro condemned the attack : " attacks like this do not help us to consolidate democracy or overcome the problems of violence in our society . This attack could provoke a response and a further spiral of violence . " The Basque Nationalist Party voiced suspicion that the attacks were part of a dirty war being carried out by the Spanish state . Herri Batasuna , the political wing of ETA , also accused the Spanish secret services of complicity in such attacks and delivered a letter of protest to the French consulate in Bilbao , criticising the French for perceived inaction against the killers . The PSOE , at that time the governing party of Spain , condemned the incident as an attack on " the freedom of the Basque people " . Their chairman in the Basque Country , Juan Manuel Eguiagaray , stated that he did not believe that the solution to ETA violence was to have similar terrorists trying to even the score . Euskadiko Ezkerra , the Communist Party of Spain and the People 's Alliance also issued statements condemning the attack . Herri Batasuna organised numerous protests against the incident , which at times resulted in street violence and arrests . They also organised a general strike in the Basque Country , though observance of this was limited to San Sebastián and the home towns of those killed . = = Trials = = The trial of Pierre Frugoli and Lucien Mattei opened on 30 November 1987 in Pau , France . Mattei , who had been previously been released after serving one year of a 20 @-@ year sentence for armed assault , retracted his previous confession . Frugoli , however , acknowledged that he had set out to kill ETA members . He stated that he had been recruited by members of the Spanish secret services , codenamed Francis and Miguel , in La Samaritaine bar in Marseilles port . With Mattei , he made several trips to San Sebastián to receive instructions for the attack , the last in the city 's Orly Hotel three days before the attack . He claimed that Francis had offered him 100 @,@ 000 francs for carrying out the attack and 50 @,@ 000 more for each person killed . Francis then met them in Bayonne , supplying them with the weapons used in the attack and the identities of the desired targets . Both Frugoli and Mattei identified Francis as José Amedo Fouce , a police sub @-@ commissioner in Bilbao . Hotel records showed that Amedo had stayed in the Orly hotel at the same time as Frugoli and Mattei . The French judges issued an international arrest warrant for Amedo , whose spokesman denied the charges . On 2 December 1987 , both defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment , with a recommendation that Mattei should serve no less than 18 years in prison . Frugoli 's sentence was subsequently reduced to 20 years in prison . Their accomplices in the attack were never identified . Lawyers for the prosecution suspected that the Miguel who had recruited the mercenaries was Michel Dominguez , a Spanish police officer of French origin who worked with Amedo . In April 1990 a waiter at Londres Hotel and a security employee at the Kursaal casino in San Sebastián both stated that they had seen Amedo and Dominguez on various occasions in the company of Mattei and other GAL mercenaries . In March 1991 , the case against Amedo and Dominguez in relation to the Monbar attack was dropped due to lack of evidence . However , in September 1991 , both Amedo and Dominguez were sentenced to 108 years in prison for organising other GAL attacks . In November 1994 , Spanish High Court judge Baltasar Garzón reopened the case against them for the Monbar attack . Subsequently , three others , Julián Sancristóbal , Juan Alberto Perote and Francisco Álvarez , were implicated in the case . Sancristóbal had been the former director of state security , Perote the former head of the Spanish secret service , while Álvarez had been head of the anti @-@ terrorist squad . They all denied the accusations . The Monbar case was closed in October 2001 , with Garzón declaring that , although suspicions remained about involvement of some of those accused , there was insufficient evidence to prosecute . = = Consequences = = Author Paddy Woodworth argued that " the GAL campaign caused many French Basques to see the ( Spanish Basque ) refugees as causing a rapid decline in the local economy , especially the tourism business , as the news spread that the bars and boulevards of the region 's coastal resorts were now the targets of a terrorist group . " Consequently , the French authorities began to change their stance on the refugees , increasing cross @-@ border cooperation with their Spanish counterparts . This involved deporting ETA members to various other countries and putting greater restrictions on those who remained . As the Monbar case and similar cases came to light , the GAL issue became increasingly controversial in the 1990s , with questions over whether members of the Spanish government and state security service had known about the group 's operations in places like Bayonne and , if so , to what extent they had supported and funded the attacks . This became a major issue during the 1996 Spanish general election with Spanish Interior Minister , José Barrionuevo , and his security chief , Rafael Vera , implicated in the GAL case . In 1998 , both were jailed for ten years for sanctioning a kidnapping and misappropriation of public funds to finance the GAL . Along with various corruption scandals and the poor state of the Spanish economy in the mid @-@ 1990s , the GAL scandal is seen as a key factor in the PSOE defeat .
= Pokémon Red and Blue = Pokémon Red Version and Pokémon Blue Version , originally released in Japan as Pocket Monsters : Red & Green are role @-@ playing video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy . They are the first installments of the Pokémon series . They were first released in Japan in 1996 as Red and Green . " Blue " was released later in the year as a special edition . They were later released as Red and Blue in North America , Europe and Australia over the following three years . Pokémon Yellow , a special edition version , was released roughly a year later . Red and Green have subsequently been remade for the Game Boy Advance as Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen , released in 2004 . The player controls the protagonist from an overhead perspective and navigates him throughout the fictional region of Kanto in a quest to master Pokémon battling . The goal of the games is to become the champion of the Pokémon League by defeating the eight Gym Leaders and then the top four Pokémon trainers in the land , the Elite Four . Another objective is to complete the Pokédex , an in @-@ game encyclopedia , by obtaining the 150 available Pokémon . Red and Blue utilize the Game Link Cable , which connects two games together and allows Pokémon to be traded or battled between games . Both titles are independent of each other but feature the same plot , and while they can be played separately , it is necessary for players to trade among both games in order to obtain all of the first 150 Pokémon . Red and Blue were well @-@ received with critics praising the multiplayer options , especially the concept of trading . They received an aggregated score of 89 % on GameRankings and are perennially ranked on top @-@ game lists including at least four years on IGN 's Top 100 Games of All Time . The games ' releases marked the beginning of what would become a multibillion @-@ dollar franchise , jointly selling millions of copies worldwide . In 2009 they appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records under " Best selling RPG on the Game Boy " and " Best selling RPG of all time " . The games were released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service on February 27 , 2016 , as a commemoration of the franchise 's 20th anniversary . = = Gameplay = = Red and Blue are in a third @-@ person view , overhead perspective and consist of three basic screens : an overworld , in which the player navigates the main character ; a side @-@ view battle screen ; and a menu interface , in which the player configures his or her Pokémon , items , or gameplay settings . The player can use his or her Pokémon to battle other Pokémon . When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer , the screen switches to a turn @-@ based battle screen that displays the engaged Pokémon . During battle , the player may select a maneuver for his or her Pokémon to fight using one of four moves , use an item , switch his or her active Pokémon , or attempt to flee . Pokémon have hit points ( HP ) ; when a Pokémon 's HP is reduced to zero , it faints and can no longer battle until it is revived . Once an enemy Pokémon faints , the player 's Pokémon involved in the battle receive a certain number of experience points ( EXP ) . After accumulating enough EXP , a Pokémon will level up . A Pokémon 's level controls its physical properties , such as the battle statistics acquired , and the moves learned . At certain levels , the Pokémon may also evolve . These evolutions affect the statistics and also the levels at which new moves are learnt ( higher levels of evolution gain more statistics per level , although they may not learn new moves as early , if at all , compared with the lower levels of evolution ) . Catching Pokémon is another essential element of the gameplay . During battle with a wild Pokémon , the player may throw a Poké Ball at it . If the Pokémon is successfully caught , it will come under the ownership of the player . Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP of the target Pokémon and the type of Poké Ball used : the lower the target 's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball , the higher the success rate of capture . The ultimate goal of the games is to complete the entries in the Pokédex , a comprehensive Pokémon encyclopedia , by capturing , evolving , and trading to obtain all 151 creatures . Pokémon Red and Blue allow players to trade Pokémon between two cartridges via a Game Link Cable . This method of trading must be done to fully complete the Pokédex , since certain Pokémon will only evolve upon being traded and each of the two games have version @-@ exclusive Pokémon . The Link Cable also makes it possible to battle another player 's Pokémon team . When playing Red or Blue on a Game Boy Advance or SP , the standard GBA / SP link cable will not work ; players must use the Nintendo Universal Game Link Cable instead . Moreover , the English versions of the games are not compatible with their Japanese counterparts , and such trades will result in corruption of the save files because the games use different languages and therefore character sets . As well as trading with each other and Pokémon Yellow , Pokémon Red and Blue can trade Pokémon with the second generation of Pokémon games : Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal . However , there are limitations : the games cannot link together if one player 's party contains Pokémon or moves introduced in the second generation games . Also , using the Transfer Pak for the Nintendo 64 , data such as Pokémon and items from Pokémon Red and Blue can be used in the Nintendo 64 games Pokémon Stadium and Pokémon Stadium 2 . Red and Blue are not compatible with the Pokémon games of the later " Advanced Generation " for the Game Boy Advance or GameCube . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Pokémon Red and Blue take place in the region of Kanto . This is one distinct region shown in later games , with different geographical habitats for the 151 existing Pokémon species , along with human @-@ populated towns and cities , and Routes connecting locations with one another . Some areas are only accessible once the player learns a special ability or gains a special item . Areas in which the player can catch Pokémon range from caves to the sea , where the kinds of Pokémon available to catch varies . For example , Tentacool can only be caught either through fishing or when the player is in a body of water , while Zubat can only be caught in a cave . = = = Story = = = After venturing alone into tall grass , a voice warns the player to stop , which is revealed to be Professor Oak , a famous Pokémon researcher . Professor Oak explains to the player that wild Pokémon may be living there , and encountering them alone can be very dangerous . He takes the player to his laboratory where the player meets Oak 's grandson , a rival aspiring Pokémon Trainer . The player and the rival are both instructed to select a starter Pokémon for their travels out of Bulbasaur , Squirtle , and Charmander . Oak 's Grandson will always choose the Pokémon which is stronger against the player 's starting Pokémon . He will then challenge the player to a Pokémon battle with their newly obtained Pokémon , and will continue to battle the player at certain points throughout the games . While visiting the region 's cities , the player will encounter special establishments called Gyms . Inside these buildings are Gym Leaders , each of whom the player must defeat in a Pokémon battle to obtain a total of eight Gym Badges . Once the badges are acquired , the player is given permission to enter the Pokémon League , which consists of the best Pokémon trainers in the region . There the player will battle the Elite Four and finally the new Champion : the player 's rival . Also , throughout the game the player will have to battle against the forces of Team Rocket , a criminal organization that abuses Pokémon . They devise numerous plans for stealing rare Pokémon , which the player must foil . = = Development = = The concept of the Pokémon saga stems from the hobby of insect collecting , a popular pastime which game designer Satoshi Tajiri enjoyed as a child . While growing up , however , he observed more urbanization taking place in the town where he lived and as a result , the insect population declined . Tajiri noticed that kids now played in their homes instead of outside and he came up with the idea of a video game , containing creatures that resembled insects , called Pokémon . He thought kids could relate with the Pokémon by individually naming them , and then controlling them to represent fear or anger as a good way of relieving stress . However , Pokémon never bleed or die in battle , only faint – this was a very touchy subject to Tajiri , as he did not want to further fill the gaming world with " pointless violence " . When the Game Boy was released , Tajiri thought the system was perfect for his idea , especially because of the link cable , which he envisioned would allow players to trade Pokémon with each other . This concept of trading information was new to the video gaming industry , because previously connection cables were only being used for competition . " I imagined a chunk of information being transferred by connecting two Game Boys with special cables , and I went wow , that 's really going to be something ! " said Tajiri . Tajiri was also influenced by Square 's Game Boy game The Final Fantasy Legend , noting in an interview that the game gave him the idea that more than just action games could be developed for the handheld . The main characters were named after Tajiri himself as Satoshi , who is described as Tajiri in his youth , and his long @-@ time friend , role model , mentor , and fellow Nintendo developer ; Shigeru Miyamoto as Shigeru . Ken Sugimori , artist and longtime friend of Tajiri , headed the development of drawings and designs of the Pokémon , working with a team of less than ten people who conceived the various designs for all 151 Pokémon . Sugimori in turn finalized each design , drawing the Pokémon from various angles in order to assist Game Freak 's graphics department in properly rendering the creature . Music for the game was composed by Junichi Masuda , who utilized the four sound channels of the Game Boy to create both the melodies and the sound effects and Pokémon " cries " heard upon encountering them . He noted the game 's opening theme , titled " Monster " , was produced with the image of battle scenes in mind , using white noise to sound like marching music and imitate a snare drum . Originally called Capsule Monsters , the game 's title went through several transitions due to trademark difficulties , becoming CapuMon and KapuMon before eventually settling upon Pocket Monsters . Tajiri always thought that Nintendo would reject his game , as the company did not really understand the concept at first . However , the games turned out to be a complete success , something Tajiri and Nintendo never expected , especially because of the declining popularity of the Game Boy . Upon hearing of the Pokémon concept , Miyamoto suggested creating multiple cartridges with different Pokémon in each , noting it would assist the trading aspect . In Japan , Pocket Monsters : Red and Green were the first versions released . They sold rapidly , due in part to Nintendo 's idea of producing the two versions of the game instead of a single title , prompting consumers to buy both . Several months later , the Blue version was released in Japan as a mail @-@ order @-@ only special edition , featuring updated in @-@ game artwork and new dialogue . To create more hype and challenge to the games , Tajiri revealed an extra Pokémon called Mew hidden within the games , which he believed " created a lot of rumors and myths about the game " and " kept the interest alive " . The creature was originally added by Shigeki Morimoto as an internal prank and wasn 't supposed to be exposed to consumers . It was not until later that Nintendo decided to distribute Mew through a Nintendo promotional event . However , in 2003 a glitch became widely known , and could be exploited so anyone could obtain the elusive Pokémon . During the North American localization of Pokémon , a small team led by Hiro Nakamura went through the individual Pokémon , renaming them for western audiences based on their appearance and characteristics after approval from Nintendo Co . Ltd . In addition , during this process , Nintendo trademarked the 151 Pokémon names in order to ensure they would be unique to the franchise . During the translation process , it became apparent that simply altering the games ' text from Japanese to English was impossible ; the games had to be entirely reprogrammed from scratch due to the fragile state of their source code , a side effect of the unusually lengthy development time . Therefore , the games were based on the more @-@ modern Japanese version of Blue ; modeling its programming and artwork , but keeping the same distribution of Pokémon found in the Japanese Red and Green cartridges , respectively . As the finished Red and Blue versions were being prepared for release , Nintendo allegedly spent over 50 million dollars to promote the games , fearing the series would not be appealing to American children . The western localization team warned that the " cute monsters " may not be accepted by American audiences , and instead recommended they be redesigned and " beefed @-@ up " . Then @-@ president of Nintendo Hiroshi Yamauchi refused and instead viewed the games ' possible reception in America as a challenge to face . Despite these setbacks , the reprogrammed Red and Blue versions with their original creature designs were eventually released in North America over two and a half years after Red and Green debuted in Japan . The games were received extremely well by the foreign audiences and Pokémon went on to become a lucrative franchise in America . = = = Music = = = The music was composed by Junichi Masuda on a Commodore Amiga computer , which only features PCM sample playback , and converted to the Game Boy with a program he had written . The audio of Red and Blue consists entirely of game music and sound effects ; all dialogue is on @-@ screen . = = Reception and legacy = = Pokémon Red and Blue set the precedent for what has become a blockbuster , multibillion @-@ dollar franchise . By 1997 , Red , Green , and Blue combined had sold 10 @.@ 4 million copies in Japan . By the end of its run , it had sold a total combined sale of 9 @.@ 85 million in the United States while an additional 3 @.@ 56 million have been sold in United Kingdom . In 2009 , IGN referred to Pokémon Red and Blue as the " Best selling RPG on the Game Boy " and " Best selling RPG of all time " . The games received mostly positive reviews from critics , holding an aggregate score of 87 @.@ 86 % on GameRankings . Special praise was given to its multiplayer features : the ability to trade and battle Pokémon with one another . Craig Harris of IGN gave the games a " masterful " 10 out of 10 , noting that : " Even if you finish the quest , you still might not have all the Pokémon in the game . The challenge to catch ' em all is truly the game 's biggest draw " . He also commented on the popularity of the game , especially among children , describing it as a " craze " . GameSpot 's Peter Bartholow , who gave the games a " great " 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 , cited the graphics and audio as somewhat primitive but stated that these were the games ' only drawbacks . He praised the titles ' replay value due to their customization and variety , and commented upon their universal appeal : " Under its cuddly exterior , Pokémon is a serious and unique RPG with lots of depth and excellent multiplayer extensions . As an RPG , the game is accessible enough for newcomers to the genre to enjoy , but it will entertain hard @-@ core fans as well . It 's easily one of the best Game Boy games to date " . The success of these games has been attributed to their innovative gaming experience rather than audiovisual effects . Papers published by the Columbia Business School indicate both American and Japanese children prefer the actual gameplay of a game over special audio or visual effects . In Pokémon games , the lack of these artificial effects has actually been said to promote the child 's imagination and creativity . " With all the talk of game engines and texture mapping and so on , there is something refreshing about this superlative gameplay which makes you ignore the cutesy 8 @-@ bit graphics " commented The Guardian . The video gaming website 1UP.com composed a list of the " Top 5 ' Late to the Party ' Games " showing selected titles that " prove a gaming platform 's untapped potential " and were one of the last games released for their respective console . Red and Blue were ranked first , and called Nintendo 's " secret weapon " when the games were brought out for the Game Boy in the late 1990s . Nintendo Power listed the Red and Blue versions together as the third best video game for the Game Boy / Game Boy Color , stating that something about the game kept them playing until they caught every Pokémon . Game Informer 's Ben Reeves called them ( along with Pokémon Yellow , Gold , Silver , and Crystal ) the second best Game Boy games and stated that it had more depth than it appeared . Official Nintendo Magazine named the games one of the best Nintendo games of all time , placing 52nd on their list of the top 100 games . Red and Blue made number 72 on IGN 's Top 100 Games of All Time in 2003 , in which the reviewers noted that the pair of games " started a revolution " and praised the deep game design and complex strategy , as well the option to trade between other games . Two years later , it climbed the ranks to number 70 in the updated list , with the games ' legacy again noted to have inspired multiple video game sequels , movies , television shows , and other merchandise , strongly rooting it in popular culture . In 2007 Red and Blue were ranked at number 37 on the list , and the reviewers remarked at the games ' longevity : For everything that has come in the decade since , it all started right here with Pokémon Red / Blue ' ' . Its unique blend of exploration , training , battling and trading created a game that was far more in @-@ depth than it first appeared and one that actually forced the player to socialize with others in order to truly experience all that it had to offer . The game is long , engrossing and sparkles with that intangible addictiveness that only the best titles are able to capture . Say what you will about the game , but few gaming franchises can claim to be this popular ten years after they first hit store shelves . The games are widely credited with starting and helping pave the way for the successful multibillion @-@ dollar series . Five years after Red and Blue 's initial release , Nintendo celebrated its " Pokémoniversary " . George Harrison , the senior vice president of marketing and corporate communications of Nintendo of America , stated that " those precious gems [ Pokémon Red and Blue ] have evolved into Ruby and Sapphire . The release of Pokémon Pinball kicks off a line of great new Pokémon adventures that will be introduced in the coming months " . The series has since sold over 175 million games , all accredited to the enormous success of the original Red and Blue versions . On February 12 , 2014 , an anonymous Australian programmer launched Twitch Plays Pokémon , a " social experiment " on the video streaming website Twitch . The project was a crowdsourced attempt to play a modified version of Pokémon Red by typing commands into the channel 's chat log , with an average of 50 @,@ 000 viewers participating at the same time . The result was compared to " watching a car crash in slow motion " . The game was completed on March 1 , 2014 , boasting 390 hours of multi @-@ user controlled non @-@ stop gameplay . = = Other versions = = = = = Pokémon Blue ( Japan ) = = = Pokémon Blue ( ポケットモンスター青 , Poketto Monsutā Ao , lit . " Pocket Monsters Blue " ) was released in Japan as a mail order @-@ only special edition to subscribers of CoroCoro Comic on October 15 , 1996 . It was later released to general retail on October 10 , 1999 . The game featured updated in @-@ game artwork and new dialogue . Using Blastoise as its mascot , the code , script , and artwork for Blue was used for the international releases of Red and Green , which were renamed to Red and Blue . The Japanese Blue edition of the game features all but a handful of Pokémon available in Red and Green , making certain Pokémon exclusive to these original editions . = = = Pokémon Yellow = = = Pokémon Yellow : Special Pikachu Edition ( ポケットモンスターピカチュウ , Poketto Monsutā Pikachū , lit . " Pocket Monsters Pikachu " ) was a special edition of the Red and Blue versions , and was originally released on September 12 , 1998 , in Japan , with releases in North America and Europe on October 1 , 1999 , and June 16 , 2000 , respectively . The game was designed to resemble the Pokémon anime series , with the player receiving a Pikachu as his starter Pokémon , and their rival starting with an Eevee . Some non @-@ player characters resemble those from the anime , including Jessie , James , and Meowth . = = = Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen = = = Pokémon FireRed Version and LeafGreen Version ( ポケットモンスターファイアレッド・リーフグリーン , Poketto Monsutā Faiareddo Rīfugurīn , lit . " Pocket Monsters : FireRed & LeafGreen " ) are enhanced remakes of the 1996 original Pocket Monsters : Red & Green video games . The new titles were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance and have compatibility with the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter , which originally came bundled with the games . However , due to the new variables added to LeafGreen and FireRed ( such as changing the single , " Special " stat into two separate " Special Attack " and " Special Defense " stats ) , these titles are not compatible with older versions . FireRed and LeafGreen were first released in Japan on January 29 , 2004 , and released to North America and Europe on September 9 and October 1 , respectively . Nearly two years after their original release , Nintendo re @-@ marketed them as Player 's Choice titles . The games received critical acclaim , obtaining an aggregate score of 81 percent on Metacritic . Most critics praised the fact that the games introduced new features while still maintaining the traditional gameplay of the series . Reception of the graphics and audio was more mixed , with some reviewers complaining that they were too simplistic and not much of an improvement over the previous games , Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire . FireRed and LeafGreen were commercial successes , selling a total of around 12 million copies worldwide . = = = Virtual Console = = = On November 12 , 2015 , Nintendo announced during a Nintendo Direct that the original generation of Pokémon games would be released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service on February 27 , 2016 , the 20th anniversary of the games ' original Japanese release . The games also include a first for the Virtual Console — simulated Link Cable functionality to allow trading and battling between games . Each region received the versions of the game as originally released ; as such , Green is exclusive to Japanese consumers . These versions will be able to transfer Pokémon to the upcoming Pokémon Sun and Moon via the Pokémon Bank application . There is also a special bundle along with the Nintendo 2DS with each console matching the corresponding color of the game version which was released in Japan , Europe and Australia on February 27 , 2016 . And in North America a special New Nintendo 3DS bundle with cover plates of Red and Blue 's boxart . By March 31 , 2016 , combined sales of the re @-@ releases reached 1 @.@ 5 million units with more than half being sold in the American market .
= Elisenberg Station = Elisenberg Station ( Norwegian : Elisenberg stasjon ) is an unfinished railway station within the Oslo Tunnel on the Drammen Line in Oslo , Norway . The ghost station was partially built during the construction of the tunnel between 1971 and 1980 , but has never been put into use . It is located between Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station , at Elisenberg in Frogner . A 220 @-@ meter ( 720 ft ) long center platform and part of the access way has been built , but never completed . While the station initially was not put into use because of lack of funds to complete it , it is now unlikely that it will ever be completed , as the need for a station has disappeared and an opening would need a large investment of funds . = = Facilities = = Elisenberg is located approximately halfway between Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station in the Oslo Tunnel of the Drammen Line . It is located under Balchens gate , near the tram stop with the same name . All that has been built at Elisenberg Station is the centre platform , which is 220 meters ( 720 ft ) long and 11 meters ( 36 ft ) wide , and a passageway across the south track . The tracks lay 30 meters ( 98 ft ) below the surface . The plans called for a two @-@ track station which would be connected to the surface via elevators . At ground level , there would have been a vestibule with traveller facilities and ticket sales . The main entrance was to be from Balchensgate , with a secondary entrance from the street junction Elisenbergveien – Frognerveien . = = History = = Planning of the Oslo Tunnel was officially initiated in 1938 , as a way to connect the Drammen Line to Oslo East Station ( Oslo Ø , now Oslo Central Station , Oslo S ) . The Station Committee of 1938 , led by Axel Grenholm , recommended a route that would branch off from the existing line close to the then terminal station of Oslo West Station ( Oslo V ) . Another committee , led by Oddvar Halvorsen , was established in 1960 to look at the matter again . It stated that the tunnel should be longer and intersect with the Drammen Line at a point between Skarpsno and Skøyen , and with a second station built at Frogner . The proposal was presented to Parliament on 4 November 1961 , along with several other matters related to rail transport investments . Construction of the Oslo Tunnel and Elisenberg Station was passed unanimously . A planning office was established in 1962 , initially led by Erik Himle . The final plans for the route were passed by parliament in 1968 , and construction started in 1971 . The rationale for the building of the station was that Frogner was to be developed as a dense , commercial district . However , to cut costs with the Oslo Tunnel , it was decided that parts of Nationaltheatret would not be built yet , and that Elisenberg Station would not open until after the tunnel was completed . By 1978 , the platform area had been built , but the access way had not . The investments cost 30 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , 75 mill. of 1998 standard . The Oslo Tunnel opened , without Elisenberg Station , on 1 June 1980 . During the mid @-@ 1980s , the plans for Elisenberg were again considered , after an initiative by Prime Minister Kåre Willoch who had been stuck in traffic congestion at Frogner . At the time , the cost estimate to open the station was NOK 105 million . The rail administration planned instead to build an additional , western entrance to Nationaltheatret Station , located near the roundabout between Parkveien and Henrik Ibsens gate ( then Drammensveien ) , which would only cost 40 million NOK . This entrance was expected to replace the need for Elisenberg Station , and was located in the middle of the Oslo Tunnel , between Nationaltheatret and Skøyen . Oslo Byes Vel and the Conservative , Red and Centre parties opposed the construction of the entrance , arguing that it would ruin the south @-@ western corner of the Palace Park . The Conservative Party proposed building it further south , across Henrik Ibsens gate , either in Hansteens gate or in Parkveien near Oslo Commerce School , while the others wanted to open Elisenberg Station for traffic . However , by then it had become clear that Frogner west of Solli plass would remain dominantly a residential area . The estimates showed that the station would capture few new riders and instead simply give a shorter walk for a small minority of those who used Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station . With the upgraded Nationaltheatret Station , which opened in 1999 , the capacity of the Oslo Tunnel increased from 16 to 24 trains per hour in each direction , because the station from then had four , rather than two , tracks . A similar upgrade would need to be done for Elisenberg Station , should it be taken into use , or the capacity of the tunnel would again be reduced . It is therefore highly unlikely that the station will ever be opened . In 1998 , the readers of the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten proposed making Elisenberg an emergency exit . In 2008 , one hundred million NOK were given from the state budget of Norway to make improvements to the Oslo Tunnel following a cable fire at Skøyen Station . The replacement of the overhead wires would be started close to Elisenberg Station .
= Triaenops goodmani = Triaenops goodmani is an extinct bat from Madagascar in the genus Triaenops . It is known from three lower jaws collected in a cave at Anjohibe in 1996 , and described as a new species in 2007 . The material is at most 10 @,@ 000 years old . A bat humerus ( upper arm bone ) from the same site could not be identified as either T. goodmani or the living T. menamena . T. goodmani is identifiable as a member of Triaenops or the related genus Paratriaenops by a number of features of the teeth , such as the single @-@ cusped , canine @-@ like fourth premolar and the presence of a gap between the entoconid and hypoconulid cusps on the first two molars . T. goodmani is larger than the living species of Triaenops and Paratriaenops on Madagascar , and on the first molar the protoconid cusp is only slightly higher than the hypoconid , not much higher as in the other species . = = Taxonomy and distribution = = In 1996 , a team led by David Burney collected breccias containing remains of bats and other animals from the cave of Anjohibe in northwestern Madagascar . The bats in the sample were described by Karen Samonds ( previously Irwin ) in her 2006 Ph.D. dissertation and a 2007 paper . She found several living species in addition to two extinct ones that she described as new , Triaenops goodmani and Hipposideros besaoka . At the time , the genus Triaenops was thought to include three species on Madagascar – Triaenops auritus , Triaenops furculus , and Triaenops rufus . Since then , Steven Goodman and Julie Ranivo have discovered that the name rufus is not in fact applicable to the Madagascar species and proposed the name Triaenops menamena for the Madagascan bats previously known as Triaenops rufus . In addition , Petr Benda and Peter Vallo have removed the other two Madagascan species to a separate genus Paratriaenops , so that they are now known as Paratriaenops auritus and Paratriaenops furculus . The specific name of the extinct species , goodmani , honors Steven Goodman for his research on Madagascan bats . The material of T. goodmani is from locality OLD SE within the cave and is about 10 @,@ 000 years old or younger . A cladistic analysis using morphological data could not resolve the relationships of Triaenops goodmani , but did not place it with the other species of Triaenops and Paratriaenops studied . In a 2008 paper , Amy Russell and colleagues commented that cranial ( skull ) characteristics of T. goodmani suggest it is a member of the " T. furculus / T. auritus group " , now placed in Paratriaenops . = = Description = = Triaenops goodmani is known from three mandibles ( lower jaws ) : one with the fourth premolar ( p4 ) and first and second molars ( m1 – 2 ) and two with the second and third molars ( m2 – 3 ) . The jaw is relatively robust . The p4 resembles a canine , having a single cusp that is about as high as the highest cusp on m1 and lacking accessory shelves or cusps . The molars are narrow @-@ crowned and longer than in T. menamena , P. auritus , and P. furculus . Length of m2 ranges from 1 @.@ 55 to 1 @.@ 57 mm and width from 0 @.@ 98 to 1 @.@ 02 mm . On m1 , the trigonid ( front group of cusps ) is narrower and slightly higher than the talonid at the back . The protoconid , one of the main cusps in the trigonid , is the highest cusp , but is only slightly higher than the hypoconid ( a cusp in the talonid ) ; in living Madagascan Triaenops and Paratriaenops , the protoconid is substantially higher than the hypoconid . The paraconid , metaconid ( both cusps in the trigonid ) , and entoconid ( a cusp in the talonid ) are lower than in Paratriaenops auritus . The hypoconulid ( part of the talonid ) is small but distinct and is the lowest cusp . It is separated from the entoconid by a gap . T. goodmani lacks a ridge , the preentocristid , connecting the entoconid to the metaconid . There is a crest ( cingulum ) at the front and back of the tooth . The last two molars are similar to m1 , but in m2 the talonid is only slightly wider than the trigonid and in m3 the two are of equal width . In addition , a shelf is present between the protoconid and hypoconid on m2 and m3 is smaller , lacks the gap between the entoconid and hypoconulid , and has a weak ridge between the entoconid and metaconid . These characteristics are typical of Triaenops and Paratriaenops . From the same site where T. goodmani was found , Samonds also recorded the distal ( far ) end of a Triaenops humerus ( upper arm bone ) , with a width of 3 @.@ 58 mm . This bone was similar to humeri of T. menamena , but she did not identify it as either species because of the small size difference between T. menamena and T. goodmani . In site NCC @-@ 1 ( estimated 69 @,@ 600 to 86 @,@ 800 years old ) , two Triaenops mandibles were recorded , one with p4 and m1 and another with m1 – 2 and part of m3 . Relative to living Triaenops and Paratriaenops , m1 in those jaws is longer and narrower . Although sample sizes are small , the measurements do not resemble those of T. goodmani . In addition , the ridge between the entoconid and metaconid is stronger than in T. goodmani . Samonds identified these jaws only as Triaenops .
= 2000 Austrian Grand Prix = The 2000 Austrian Grand Prix ( formally the XXIV Großer A1 Preis von Österreich ) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 July 2000 at the A1 @-@ Ring near Spielberg , Styria , Austria . It was the tenth round of the 2000 Formula One season and the 24th Austrian Grand Prix . The 71 @-@ lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from pole position . His teammate David Coulthard finished second with Rubens Barrichello third for the Ferrari team . Michael Schumacher , the eventual Drivers ' Champion , led the Championship going into the race and started from fourth position alongside Barrichello . At the first corner BAR 's Ricardo Zonta ran into the rear of Michael Schumacher . The incident forced the German to retire and caused a safety car deployment . After the safety car pulled in after one lap Häkkinen and Coulthard extended a comfortable lead over the rest of the field . When Häkkinen made his pit stop on lap 38 , he rejoined behind Coulthard , but ahead of Barrichello . Coulthard made a pit stop on lap 41 , allowing Häkkinen back into the lead which he held to clinch his second victory of the 2000 season . As a consequence of the race , Coulthard 's second place narrowed the gap to Michael Schumacher in the Drivers ' Championship to six points , while Häkkinen 's win meant he closed to within two points of Coulthard . After the Grand Prix , McLaren were docked 10 points for a post @-@ race technical infringement , resulting in Ferrari maintaining their lead in the Constructors ' Championship with a four @-@ point gap over McLaren , with seven races of the season remaining . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams with two drivers each . The teams ( also known as constructors ) were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought two different tyre compounds to the race ; the Soft and the Medium dry compound tyres . The A1 @-@ Ring underwent minor safety changes in the run @-@ up to the race . The modifications were new kerbs placed across the track with flagstones inside the kerbs to prevent dust from accumulating on the circuit . An additional row of tyres were erected at all corners and were designed to increase absorption in the event of a collision . Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 56 points , ahead of David Coulthard on 44 points and his teammate Mika Häkkinen on 38 points . Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 32 points while Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading with 88 points , six points ahead of their rivals McLaren in second . Benetton on 18 points and Williams with 17 points contended for third place , while Jordan were fifth on eleven points . McLaren and Ferrari had so far dominated the championship , winning the previous nine races . Championship participants Barrichello and Fisichella had each gained second place podium finishes while Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had achieved third place podium finishes . Following the French Grand Prix on 2 July , six teams conducted testing sessions at the Silverstone Circuit between 4 – 6 July to prepare for the Austrian Grand Prix at the A1 @-@ Ring . Frentzen was fastest on the first day of testing , ahead of Sauber 's Pedro Diniz . Alexander Wurz 's car was afflicted with an gearbox issue , resulting in repairs which limited his team 's testing time . Jaguar driver Eddie Irvine was fastest on the second day . Jos Verstappen for Arrows was quickest on the final day of testing , although his car 's front wing was damaged when his engine cover was shed from its chassis . Ferrari and McLaren opted to test at the Mugello Circuit where both teams concentrated their efforts on aerodynamic and suspension set @-@ ups between 4 – 7 July . Ferrari spent one further day performing shakedown runs of their cars at the Fiorano Circuit with their test driver Luca Badoer . Williams and BAR tested at the Autódromo do Estoril between July 5 – 7 where testing consisted of tyre , engine , aerodynamic and set @-@ up optimisation . The Jordan team 's plan to introduce its new car , the EJ10B , at this race was postponed as its bodywork was required to undergo Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) safety tests . This was due to a decision made by the Jordan team to develop the car further and create more spare parts . However , this was the last race that the EJ10 competed , as the EJ10B made its début at the next race . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race , two each on Friday and Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour ; the third and fourth sessions , on Saturday morning , lasted 45 minutes each . Conditions were dry for the Friday practice sessions . Barrichello set the first session 's fastest time , a 1 : 13 @.@ 603 , two @-@ tenths of a second quicker than Jarno Trulli . Ricardo Zonta finished with the third fastest time . Verstappen , Michael Schumacher and Coulthard filled in the next three positions . Fisichella , Johnny Herbert , Jacques Villeneuve and Mika Salo rounded out the top ten positions . Häkkinen 's car was afflicted with an mechanical fuel pump issue ; this restricted him to one out lap and he was slowest overall . In the second practice session , Coulthard set the fastest lap of the day , a 1 : 12 @.@ 464 ; Häkkinen had a trouble free season and ended with the second fastest time . Salo ran quicker during the session and was third fastest . Michael Schumacher and Barrichello had the fourth and seventh fastest times respectively ; they were separated by Zonta and Trulli . Villeneuve , Diniz and Fisichella completed the top ten positions . After the second session , Irvine , who had only participated in the first practice session , withdrew from the Grand Prix . He had felt unwell upon arrival at the circuit and was diagnosed with appendicitis at the infield medical centre . He was replaced by Jaguar 's test driver Luciano Burti . The Saturday morning sessions were held in dry conditions and later on a wet track , were grip was poor and some drivers were forced onto the grass after sliding off the track . Häkkinen was fastest in the third practice session , with a time of 1 : 11 @.@ 355 ; Coulthard had the second fastest time . The two Ferrari drivers were third and fourth ; Barrichello ahead of Michael Schumacher . Verstappen continued his quick form and set the fifth fastest time , ahead of Fisichella and Villeneuve . Zonta , Trulli and Herbert rounded out the top ten fastest drivers in the session . In the final practice session , Häkkinen again set the fastest time , a 1 : 11 @.@ 336 , despite spinning into the gravel late in the session ; his teammate Coulthard remained second quickest . Michael Schumacher was third fastest ahead of teammate Barrichello . Villeneuve was fifth fastest , ahead of Herbert and Frentzen . Salo , Fisichella and Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa completed the top ten ahead of qualifying . Saturday afternoon 's qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session the 107 % rule was in effect , requiring each driver to remain within 107 % of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race . The session was held in overcast conditions ; the air temperature was 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) and the track temperature 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) . Häkkinen clinched his fourth pole position of the season , his first since the San Marino Grand Prix , with a time of 1 : 10 @.@ 410 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by teammate Coulthard who was three @-@ tenths of a second off Häkkinen 's pace . Coulthard felt he could have challenged for pole position but he clipped a kerb going into Castrol Kurve on his final run which cost him time . Both drivers were satisfied with their car 's balance . Barrichello qualified third and said that he changed his car 's set @-@ up to help him to achieve a better lap time . Michael Schumacher qualified fourth , six @-@ tenths of a second behind Häkkinen , and reported that his car 's handling was uneven throughout the circuit . He also had a high @-@ speed spin during the session and aborted his final run after he made a mistake at the exit of Gösser corner . Trulli qualified fifth having used the soft compound tyres to set his fastest lap time . Zonta and Villeneuve set the sixth and seventh fastest times respectively for BAR , both drivers spun during the session . Fisichella recorded the eighth quickest time although he lost a bargeboard when he went off the circuit . He felt he could have secured fifth but a yellow @-@ flag caused him to reduce his pace . Salo and Verstappen completed the top ten positions . Diniz missed qualifying in the top ten by two @-@ thousands of a second and spun off while setting lap times , triggering a yellow @-@ flag. de la Rosa managed twelfth , having struggled with the conditions during the session . He qualified ahead of Sauber driver Nick Heidfeld and Wurz . Frentzen , fifteenth , ran the hard compound tyres and his lap times were set early in the session before track conditions had improved . Frentzen said it was because he felt rain would hit the circuit towards the end of qualifying . Herbert started from sixteenth , after stopping on one run because to a broken left rear suspension caused by a loose suspension bracket at the Niki Lauda Kurve . A rear wishbone on his car had also been flexing . Alesi qualified seventeenth . Jenson Button used the spare Williams car set up for Ralf Schumacher because Button 's race car had engine issues and qualified eighteenth . Button additionally struggled with driving the spare car . His teammate Ralf Schumacher qualified nineteenth in the Williams team 's worst qualifying performance of the season . Burti and the two Minardi drivers qualified at the rear of the field , covering positions twenty to twenty @-@ two . = = = Race = = = The drivers took to the track at 09 : 30 CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up session . It took place in dry weather conditions . Both Ferrari drivers maintained their consistent performance from qualifying , although Barrichello had the fastest time of 1 : 12 @.@ 480 . Michael Schumacher was fifth in the other Ferrari car ; Häkkinen split them in the McLaren for third position , ahead of Verstappen . Zonta completed the top six , 1 @.@ 1 seconds behind Barrichello . The race started at 14 : 00 local time . The conditions on the grid were dry and cloudy before the race . The air temperature ranged from 17 – 18 ° C ( 63 – 64 ° F ) and the track temperature was between 18 – 19 ° C ( 64 – 66 ° F ) ; weather forecasts indicated a 30 % chance of rain . While on an reconnaissance lap , Burti 's car developed a water leak and was forced to start with his team 's spare car from the pit lane . Michael Schumacher also opted to use his team 's spare car . Häkkinen , from pole position on the grid , held onto the lead going into the first corner . Coulthard , who started alongside Häkkinen , maintained second position . Further down the order , Diniz swerved to avoid contact with Verstappen . The resulting manoeuvre resulted in Diniz colliding with Fisichella . Ahead of them , Trulli drove into the back of Barrichello , while Zonta made contact with Michael Schumacher . Diniz made further minor contact with teammate Salo . Both BAR and Prost drivers were forced wide in avoidance . These incidents resulted in the safety car being deployed . During the safety car period , Verstappen drove to his garage because of a gearbox problem . The safety car was withdrawn at the end of the second lap and the race got underway again with Häkkinen in the lead . Button , meanwhile , was immediately overtaken by Barrichello and Frentzen for sixth position . At the completion of the third lap , the race order was Häkkinen , Coulthard , Salo , de la Rosa , Herbert , Barrichello , Frentzen , Button , Marc Gené , Wurz , Heidfeld , Alesi , Villeneuve , Burti , Zonta , Ralf Schumacher , Mazzacane , Diniz and Verstappen . Both McLaren drivers began to pull away from the rest of the field and exchanged fastest laps , as de la Rosa passed Salo for third at the start of lap four . Frentzen in the Jordan became the fourth retirement of the race with an engine failure on lap five and spun off on his car 's oil . Barrichello passed Herbert for fifth position on the same lap , while Zonta passed Burti for 13th . Verstappen set a new fastest lap of the race on lap six as he immediately closed on Diniz in 17th . Alesi overtook his teammate Heidfeld for tenth position on the following lap . Häkkinen continued to set fastest laps and opened the gap between Coulthard and de la Rosa to five seconds by lap eight . Barrichello claimed fourth position after passing Salo on the same lap and Ralf Schumacher made a pit stop for a new front wing . The first Williams driver made a pit stop for further repairs on the following lap . By lap 13 , Häkkinen 's gap to Coulthard was two seconds , who in turn was a further ten seconds in front of de la Rosa . Barrichello , who had damage to his car , was a further six seconds behind the Arrows driver , but was drawing ahead of Salo in fifth . Verstappen suffered an gearbox failure and became the fifth retirement of the race on lap 14 . On lap 17 , Diniz and Zonta were given 10 second stop @-@ go penalties , both for their roles in the lap 1 accidents . They took their penalties immediately . Ralf Schumacher emerged from his garage to rejoin the race on the same lap . Häkkinen had extended his already comfortable lead over Coulthard to 10 seconds by lap 24 . Alesi , who was on a two @-@ stop strategy , became the first driver to make a scheduled pit stop on the same lap and exited in thirteenth place . On lap 25 , Zonta was involved in another collision when he attempted to overtake Minardi driver Gastón Mazzacane at turn 1 which allowed Diniz to move into fourteenth position . de la Rosa made a pit stop from third position to retire from the race with mechanical issues on lap 32 . The result allowed Button to move into the points @-@ scoring positions . Wurz dropped to tenth after running eighth by lap 34 . Meanwhile , Häkkinen took his only pit stop on lap 38 , emerging behind Coulthard . Alesi , who was fourteenth , but yet to make his final pit stop , attempted to pass teammate Heidfeld but the two cars collided at the first corner . Both drivers retired from the race . Coulthard took his pit stop on the same lap , emerging behind Häkkinen . Salo , Herbert , Barrichello , Button and Villeneuve all made pit stops over the next five laps . At the conclusion of lap 50 , with the scheduled pit stops completed , the running order was Häkkinen , Coulthard , Barrichello , Villeneuve , Button , Salo , Herbert , Gené , Wurz , Diniz , Zonta , Burti , Mazzacane and Ralf Schumacher . Ralf Schumacher spun off the track because of brake failure and retired on lap 50 . His teammate Button ran wide while challenging Villeneuve for fourth position on lap 51 but remained in front of Salo . Zonta became the final retirement of the race when his engine failed on lap 59 . On the same lap , Mazzacane was issued with a 10 @-@ second stop @-@ go penalty . He took his penalty on lap 61 . Coulthard set the fastest lap of the race a 1 : 11 @.@ 783 on lap 66 , as he closed a nine @-@ second gap to Häkkinen who was running slower on the same lap , although it appeared that the Finn would win the race comfortably . Diniz overtook Wurz to take ninth position four laps later . Häkkinen crossed the finish line on lap 71 to take his second win of the season in a time of 1 ' 28 : 15 @.@ 818 , at an average speed of 129 @.@ 737 miles per hour ( 208 @.@ 791 km / h ) . Coulthard finished second 12 @.@ 5 seconds behind , ahead of Barrichello in third , Villeneuve in fourth , Button in fifth and Salo rounded out the points scoring positions in sixth . Herbert , Gené , Diniz and Wurz filled the next four positions , abeit one lap behind the winner , with Burti and Mazzacane the last of the classified drivers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference . Häkkinen said that he was happy with his race victory which he believed would help his confidence throughout the remainder of the season . Häkkinen added that his team showed him pit boards which instructed him not to over rev his engine during the first half of the race . Coulthard said that he was satisfied with the outcome of the first lap as it allowed him to drive a conservative race . He added that his strong finish would not mean that he would think about his potential to clinch the Drivers ' Championship . Barrichello explained that his car was loose from contact with Trulli during the race 's early stages which prevented him from challenging de la Rosa . Villeneuve was pleased with his fourth @-@ place finish saying that despite making a bad start , his strategy allowed him to run quicker when no back markers were holding him up . After Button 's fifth position at the race , the Williams team principal Frank Williams said of his performance , " Jenson really excelled himself again driving in difficult circumstances at the end of the race and under a lot of pressure " . Mika Salo scored points for the third time in the season , having scored fifth in Monaco . He said that he was happy , and that he struggled with excessive oversteer in the high speed corners . Michael Schumacher , who was involved in the first lap incident , believed that the race should have been stopped . However , he praised the work of the marshals who had assisted to recover the cars involved . He also believed that Zonta had " over @-@ estimated his ability " and said that he would have a " quiet word " with the BAR driver . Zonta believed that the incident was not his fault and that Michael Schumacher braked harder than him , but apologised for his retirement from the race . Fisichella also agreed that the race should have been stopped , saying , " Three of the protagonists are out and it was stupid not to red flag . " Benetton Technical Director Pat Symonds was highly critical of the driver 's actions as he believed Benetton lost valuable points towards the Constructors ' Championship . " The driving antics of some of our competitors at the first corner were appalling and ruined the race not only for many of the drivers but also for many of the spectators " he said . After the race , it was announced that the FIA was investigating irregularities with an electronic box in Hakkinen 's car . This was due to Formula One 's governing body discovering that one mandatory seal was missing . Further samples from the electronic box were taken after the race ; this was software downloaded which did not discover any issues with the coding . A spokesman for the McLaren team said that : " No one changed the software , so there 's no reason for us to be worried . " At the hearing on 25 July , the FIA ruled that McLaren did not gain an advantage from the missing seal and that Häkkinen 's victory would stand . However , McLaren were docked 10 points from the Constructors ' Championship and were fined $ 50 @,@ 000 for contravening Article 7 of the 2000 Formula One Sporting Regulations , which stated that competitors had to maintain some conditions of safety and eligibility during the event . McLaren International Managing Director Martin Whitmarsh announced that the team would not appeal the penalty . The Vice @-@ President of Mercedes @-@ Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug later criticised the decision and believed that the seal was never put on Häkkinen 's car . Haug also said he would not take any further action regarding the matter . As a consequence of the race , Michael Schumacher 's lead in the Drivers ' Championship was reduced to six points . Coulthard , who finished second , was second on 50 points , two points ahead of teammate Häkkinen and eight ahead of Barrichello . Despite not finishing , Fisichella maintained fifth place with 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari maintained their lead with 92 points , McLaren 's 10 point penalty meant that they remained second on 88 points . Williams jumped to third on 19 points , pushing Benetton down into fourth on 18 points and BAR with 12 points moved ahead of Jordan into fifth , with seven rounds of the season remaining . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= California State Route 55 = State Route 55 ( SR 55 ) is an 18 @-@ mile ( 30 @-@ km ) long north – south highway in the U.S. state of California . The portion of the route built to freeway standards is known as the Costa Mesa Freeway ( formerly the Newport Freeway ) . SR 55 runs between Finley Avenue south of Pacific Coast Highway ( SR 1 ) in Newport Beach and the Riverside Freeway ( SR 91 ) in Anaheim to the north , intersecting other major Orange County freeways such as SR 22 , SR 73 , and Interstate 405 ( I @-@ 405 ) . The freeway passes through suburban Orange County . SR 55 was first added to the state highway system in 1931 , known as part of Legislative Route 43 , and was routed on surface streets . It was renumbered SR 55 in 1959 , and the construction of the freeway portion began in the 1960s and continued until 1992 . Due to congestion , several alternatives are being discussed to expand the freeway portion past its current end in Newport Beach . SR 55 received the first carpool lane in Orange County in 1985 , and the first direct carpool ramp in 1995 . = = Route description = = Starting at Finley Avenue on Newport Boulevard in Newport Beach , 0 @.@ 3 miles ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) south of SR 1 , SR 55 ( Newport Boulevard ) is a four @-@ lane expressway for approximately 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) to its intersection with 17th Street in Costa Mesa . It then follows a traditional street routing through a retail and commercial section of Costa Mesa until its intersection with 19th Street . The segment on Newport Boulevard includes a limited @-@ access interchange at SR 1 . Following the 19th Street intersection , SR 55 becomes an eight @-@ lane below @-@ grade freeway that bisects the northbound and southbound lanes of Newport Boulevard until the Mesa Drive undercrossing . North of Fair Drive , SR 55 is an at @-@ grade or above @-@ grade freeway , with the exception of a 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) stretch between the 1st Street / 4th Street exit and the 17th Street exit in Santa Ana , which is below @-@ grade . SR 55 intersects SR 73 and I @-@ 405 next to John Wayne Airport . The freeway continues north into Santa Ana and Tustin , where there is an interchange with I @-@ 5 . The southbound side of the Costa Mesa Freeway does not have a direct link to northbound I @-@ 5 . SR 55 continues north into Orange , where it meets the eastern terminus of SR 22 . Following this , the freeway continues almost due north until turning northeast to merge with SR 91 eastbound , and intersecting ramps for SR 91 westbound near the Santa Ana River . Today , SR 55 is a heavily @-@ travelled corridor linking southern Orange County with SR 91 , the main corridor between the Inland Empire and the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area , as well as I @-@ 5 , the main north – south corridor for California . A HOV lane has been built along the entire route , with its own off- and on @-@ ramps , including one for I @-@ 5 . However , congestion is still very prevalent throughout the day , as is the norm with many Orange County freeways ; Route 55 experiences a peak daily traffic volume of 262 @,@ 000 vehicles and 17 @,@ 292 trucks . SR 55 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and the National Highway System , a network of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . SR 55 from SR 91 to Costa Mesa is known as the Costa Mesa Freeway , as named by Assembly Concurrent Resolution 177 , Chapter 86 in 1976 . = = History = = SR 55 was built in 1931 and originally numbered Route 43 . It was built from the southern terminus of SR 1 ( the Pacific Coast Highway , or " PCH " ) and continued northbound on roughly the same route it follows today , following Newport Road ( today Newport Boulevard ) northeast to Tustin , and then Tustin Avenue north to near its current terminus at SR 91 . From here , Route 43 continued east on what is now SR 91 towards Riverside . In 1959 , the highway was renumbered as Route 55 , and its route was shortened from Route 1 to the also @-@ renumbered Route 91 . The freeway portion from Chapman Avenue to SR 91 opened on January 18 , 1962 , at a cost of $ 4 @.@ 6 million ( about $ 79 @.@ 1 million today ) . The segment between SR 73 and Chapman Avenue opened in 1966 . SR 55 was the first freeway in Orange County to receive carpool lanes , opened in October 1985 between I @-@ 405 and SR 91 . The stretch of SR 55 between Mesa Drive and 19th Street in Costa Mesa was opened in 1992 ; plans to extend SR 55 freeway south from 19th Street to State Route 1 were never realized due to community opposition , fueling an amendment to the city charter to prevent this extension . In 1995 , the direct carpool lane ramps between I @-@ 5 and SR 55 were completed ; these were the first in Orange County . The year also saw further widening of SR 55 between SR 22 and McFadden Avenue . Between 1996 and 2002 , the fifth lane in both directions was constructed between I @-@ 5 and SR 91 , funded with a sales tax of half a cent approved by Measure M. In April 2007 , the Orange County Transportation Authority approved funds to study the feasibility of extending the Costa Mesa Freeway south to 17th Street via tunnels or flyover ramps . The segment of SR 55 from Finley Street to the Newport Channel bridge was legally authorized to be turned over to the city of Newport Beach in 2009 . SR 55 was formerly called the Newport Freeway . In 2010 , the stretch between Chapman and Katella avenues in the City of Orange was renamed the Paul Johnson Freeway for longtime local radio television traffic reporter Paul Johnson , who died the same year . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Orange County .
= Baltimore Urban Debate League = The Baltimore Urban Debate League ( BUDL , pronounced " boodle " ) , is an American , non profit , urban debate league that aims to educate and mentor inner city middle school and high school students in the Baltimore , Maryland area . The league was started in 1999 by a grant from the Fund for Educational Excellence in collaboration with George Soros ' Open Society Institute . Eight high schools and 90 students participated in the first year . = = Debate format = = = = = High school = = = At the high school level , students debate according to policy debate guidelines . Each season one resolution is established by the National Forensic League and National Catholic Forensic League . There are three divisions on the high school level : novice , junior varsity ( JV ) , and varsity . The three divisions have the same timing conventions for debate rounds , the only exception being preparation time ( novice get ten minutes , JV and varsity get five minutes ) .
= Scheiße ( song ) = " Scheiße " ( English : Shit ) is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her second studio album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) . The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga and RedOne , and was recorded in Europe on the tour bus during the Monster Ball Tour . " Scheiße " was first introduced as a remix during a Thierry Mugler fashion show held in January 19 , 2011 . It is a dance @-@ pop song with heavy , pounding synths . The song also has a fast techno beat with electroclash and Eurodisco influences . Gaga speaks the first verse and parts of the chorus of the song faux @-@ German , as the name of the song is German . The lyrics have a feminist tone , speaking of female empowerment . The song received positive reviews from contemporary critics , who complimented its heavy dance beat and catchy chorus , despite criticizing the faux @-@ German lyrics and Gaga 's accent . The song charted on the South Korean Gaon Music Chart and US Billboard dance charts , as well as entering the component charts in Canada , Germany , and the United States . = = Background = = The song was written and produced by Lady Gaga and RedOne . The song was originally recorded on the Tour Bus in Europe in 2010 , and was later remixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood , California by Trevor Muzzy . Gaga said that the song was inspired after a night of partying at the Laboratory nightclub in Berlin , Germany . The next day , she wrote " Scheiße " , stating that she " meant [ the song ] like ' shit , it 's good . ' But I also meant it the other way ; because this song is really about wanting to be a strong female without all the bullshit that comes along with . Anything that gets in your way from being brave . It 's not the only word I know , I just like that word . It 's sexy . " " Scheiße " was first introduced in a Thierry Mugler fashion show held on January 19 , 2011 as a remix ; the fashion show also featured Gaga on the runway . It featured a thumping dance beat with snippets of German words . The remix ended with the lyrics , " I 'll take you out tonight / say whatever you like . " On January 20 , 2011 , Mugler 's creative director Nicola Formichetti premiered a short film featuring a remix of the song . Gaga commented on her website , Littlemonsters.com , that she wanted to release " Scheiße " as a single but her label did not want her to put it out . " Scheiße " was released as part of Gaga 's second studio album , Born This Way , on May 23 , 2011 . = = Composition = = " Scheiße " is a dance @-@ pop song with techno , electroclash , Eurodisco , and Eurodance from the middle of 1990s influences . Andrew Unterberger of PopDust noted that the song was influenced by Madonna 's music , notably " Justify My Love , " which , like " Scheiße , " has sections in which the artist speaks rather than sings . " Scheiße " has been described as " a strange mash up of digestible , American shopping mecca music and the thud of German nightclub electronica . " The song features a " grimy " bass and so many " fizzing " synths that it produces a " keyboard assault on the senses . " The song 's lyrics are of female empowerment . Although the theme of " Scheiße " is similar to the inspirational theme of other songs on Born This Way , The Village Voice questioned the sincerity of the feminist lyrics , after Gaga had once said , " I ’ m not a feminist . I hail men , I love men , " but calls herself on the song a " blond high @-@ heeled feminist enlisting femmes for this . " " [ Is this ] someone who we ’ re watching evolve or someone who , at any given point , doesn ’ t really know what she ’ s talking about ? " the article wrote of Gaga . The German word " scheiße " , the title of the song and a word frequently used in the song , translates into " shit " into English . Gaga repeatedly speaks in German sounding gibberish during the song , although in a French accent . The song starts with Gaga saying , " I don 't speak German , but I can if you like " , then immediately launches into a spoken verse in faux @-@ German . She then moves to the hook of the song , " I ’ ll take you out tonight , say whatever you like , scheiße be mine " . Following the hook is a pre @-@ chorus backed by syncopated synths , with influences of techno music . The chorus of the song , in which Gaga includes the word " Scheiße " , is backed by " dueling screechy " synths . It is broken up by Gaga repeatedly singing in @-@ between lines " oh oh oh oh oh " in an electronically altered voice . The next verses , containing lyrics of Gaga being a strong woman , are all backed by " growling , guttural " synths , and are mixed with German and English . According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation , " Scheiße " is written in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 131 beats per minute . It is composed on the key of C minor , with Gaga 's voice spanning from F3 to C ♯ 5 . The song follows in the sequence of Cm – Cm / Cm – Eb / Gm as its chord progression . = = Reception = = " Scheiße " received positive reviews from critics , with some calling it a highlight of the album . NME 's Dan Martin also found " Scheiße " comparable to a Madonna song , saying it " channels Miss Kittin doing a rave take on Madonna ’ s ' Erotica ' , " making it a " commanding pop song " and a " triumph " . The Village Voice called " Scheiße " a " highlight " of the album , but questioned the sincerity of the feminist lyrics . BBC Music called the song a " monster tune begging for a sex dungeon @-@ themed video event " . Kerri Manson of Billboard found the song to be " dated " , but strongly praised the chorus . Tim Jonze of The Guardian also found the chorus of the song " ridiculously catchy " and felt it was the most important aspect of the song . He also noticed Berlin techno influences in the song , which were described as " decadent . " Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen , however , felt the chorus was " a whisp " and called the song 's beat " generic Eurodisco thump " . Gaga 's faux @-@ German lyrics were criticized by the magazine , which called it " gibberish that sounds German but isn 't . " Caryn Ganz from Spin called the opening lines of the song ( " I don 't speak German , but I can if you like " ) " hilariously ludicrous . " Tris McCall , in New Jersey On @-@ Line , rewarded " Scheiße " as the " song of the week " and recommended it as Gaga 's next single from Born This Way , noting it to be " no less absurd " than the previous singles . McCall also noted Gaga 's gibberish lyrics and compared them to what a high school student group 's version of Cabaret would sound like . He concluded by praising the song 's production . Prefixmag 's Craig Jenkins said the song " cuts the karaoke crap and kicks ass on the dance floor " and " eschew [ s ] Born This Way ’ s time traveling ethos in favor of a more modern approach . " Ed Commentale from Tinymixtapes gave a mixed review of the German in the song , saying " the singer is not so much speaking the language of the German people , but updating it for the new millennium , enjoining this nation to move beyond its tragic history into a new era of love and dancing ... [ ' Scheiße ' ] reveals a certain disregard for both fact and reality . " Nathan Heller from Slate compared the song to Mediterranean dance tracks , while declaring it as being " custom @-@ tailored to an international audience " . Despite not having been released as a single , the song entered the charts in different countries . In Germany , " Scheiße " debuted at number 90 , after Gaga had included parts of it in her performance at the Germany 's Next Topmodel TV show . Following the release of Born This Way , " Scheiße " peaked at number 13 on the International Digital Download chart in South Korea , jumping 21 positions from the previous week . It also peaked at number 136 on the UK Singles Chart , for one week . In the United States , the song reached number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart of Billboard . It also charted at number four on the Hot Dance / Electronic Digital Songs , as well as at number 67 on the Canadian Hot Digital Songs chart . = = Live performances = = Lady Gaga included the song 's first verse in her performance at the Germany 's Next Topmodel TV show on June 6 , 2011 . She emerged from a well @-@ lit doorway wearing a turquoise wig , a black hat , and a long black dress and walked towards a piano . Only the German lines and the first line of the song were performed , after which Gaga moved to a piano decorated with dollar bills and sang an acoustic version of " Born This Way " . Ray Rodriguez of ImpreMedia , in a review of the performance , stated that " Gaga took over the stage . Gaga always provides material to talk about . And their presentation was no exception and this time she was seen dancing across a row of cutters labeled with the words ' money ' , ' sex ' and ' vanity ' while scantily clad dancers threw her around the stage notes " and Charlie Amter of The Hollywood Reporter stated that " Gaga dazzled German fans " . Becky Bain of Idolator was dismissive , arguing that " She [ Gaga ] Uh , she does know she 's performing on a show featuring models , right ? " The opening faux @-@ German lines , first verse and chorus opened Gaga 's set at the iHeart Radio music festival in Las Vegas . " Scheiße " is performed on the Born This Way Ball world tour after her 2009 single " Paparazzi " . Gaga , with long blonde pigtails , performs a complex dance routine wearing a black top and pants , described by Miguel Dumaual of CBS News as containing " solid dance @-@ beats " . = = Credits and personnel = = Lady Gaga – vocals , songwriter and producer RedOne – songwriter , producer , vocal editing , vocal arrangement , audio engineering , instrumentation , programming , and recording at Tour Bus in Europe Trevor Muzzy – recording , vocal editing , audio engineering , and audio mixing at Larrabee , North Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California Credits adapted from Born This Way album liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Halo Wars = Halo Wars is a real @-@ time strategy ( RTS ) video game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 video game console . It was released in Japan and Australia on February 26 , 2009 ; in Europe on February 27 ; and in North America on March 3 . The game is set in the science fiction universe of the Halo series in the year 2531 , 21 years before the events of Halo : Combat Evolved . The player leads human soldiers aboard the warship Spirit of Fire in an effort to stop an ancient fleet of ships from falling into the hands of the genocidal alien Covenant . Halo Wars was unveiled at the X06 Xbox show in 2006 . Ensemble designed the game specifically for the Xbox 360 controller , in an attempt to circumvent issues present in previous console RTS . Ensemble was closed by Microsoft before the game 's release , but soon after Robot Entertainment was founded by many of Ensemble 's former employees ; this new company continued to support Halo Wars with updates and downloadable content . Halo Wars received generally positive reviews . Reviewers lauded the game 's pre @-@ rendered cinematics , attention to detail in replicating the Halo universe , and intuitive control scheme . Complaints against the game included the lack of an option to play as the Covenant faction in campaign mode as well as the lack of strategic options during play . Critics from GameSpot and USA Today wrote that experienced RTS players would find the strategic elements of the title shallow . The game sold one million units worldwide through March 2009 , making it the best @-@ selling console real @-@ time strategy game to date . Halo Wars 2 , a sequel under development by Creative Assembly will be released February 2017 . An enhanced version of the game — Halo Wars : Definitive Edition — will be released for Windows and Xbox One . = = Gameplay = = Halo Wars is a real @-@ time strategy ( RTS ) video game developed exclusively for the Xbox 360 console , in which players command armies from a bird 's @-@ eye view of the battlefield . The game focuses on military combat , but contains streamlined resource management and base construction elements . It was designed with the Xbox 360 controller in mind ; for example , the A button is used for selecting units . A single tap of the button selects one unit , while a double tap selects all units of the same type . The d @-@ pad navigates to current battles and cycles through bases , while the right analog stick adjusts the camera angle . A radial menu is used for base construction . Halo Wars features a story @-@ based , military campaign game mode that can be played alone or cooperatively over the Xbox Live service . A plotless multiplayer option , called " skirmish mode " , lets players compete against human or computer @-@ controlled opponents . The game features two factions the players can control : the human United Nations Space Command ( UNSC ) as Captain Cutter , Sergeant Forge , or Professor Anders , and the alien Covenant as Prophet Of Regret , Arbiter , or Brute Chieftain . Each faction has different units , strengths , and special abilities . There are three selectable " Leaders " for each side ; the chosen leader allows the use of specific units and upgrades during play . While Covenant Leaders appear on the battlefield as units , human leaders do not . Combat in Halo Wars is balanced by a " rock @-@ paper @-@ scissors " system . In general , ground vehicles are effective in combat against infantry , infantry are effective against aircraft , and aircraft are effective against vehicles . Most units have a unique special ability ; for example , human Marines throw grenades , while the " Warthog " vehicle can run over enemies . Humans have access to their ship , the Spirit of Fire , and its special abilities , such as a powerful coilgun called a M.A.C. ( Magnetic Accelerator Cannon ) . Covenant units are generally weaker than their UNSC counterparts , but can use inexpensive and powerful defensive shield generators to add protection to their bases . Players establish their armies by building and expanding bases ; these are used to train units and to allocate resources to the research of upgrades and technologies . There are a limited number of potential locations for bases on each scenario or map , making base fortification and defense a priority . A player is defeated if all his or her bases are destroyed , unless a new base is quickly established . The army of a player must also be destroyed to be defeated . Units are trained , buildings upgraded , and special abilities activated using resources known as " supplies " . Players can find supplies on the battlefield , or generate them by building supply structures at bases . Greater numbers of these buildings produce more supplies . Some structures and upgrades become available only after the player achieves a certain " tech level " . The UNSC can achieve multiple tech levels through the construction of reactors , with some actions requiring up to level four ; the Covenant builds a single temple that allows three upgrades of tech level . The Covenant has one fewer tech level , and each upgrade is more expensive . Destruction of a temple results in the loss of all tech until the temple is rebuilt . Each base has a limited amount of space , so players must balance their resource buildings with other facilities , such as those used to create military units . The number of units a player can deploy is limited , but certain upgrades ease this limit . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Halo Wars takes place in the science fictional universe of the Halo series , during the 26th century . In 2525 , a collective of alien races known as the Covenant attacked humanity , declaring humans an affront to their gods , the Forerunners . The game takes place in 2531 , roughly 20 years before the events of Halo : Combat Evolved . Six years after the Covenant invaded the colony of Harvest , human UNSC forces are still locked in battle on the planet . = = = Characters = = = The commander of the UNSC warship Spirit of Fire is Captain James Cutter ( Gregg Berger ) , a strong leader who has earned the admiration of his subordinates . Cutter 's lack of political ambition prevents him from climbing the ranks further . Serving under Cutter is Sergeant John Forge ( Nolan North ) , a gruff Marine whose devotion to men has caused him to be jailed twice for disobeying orders and engaging in disorderly conduct . Joining the Spirit of Fire 's military expedition is Professor Ellen Anders ( Kim Mai Guest ) , a scientist interested in ancient ruins of the mysterious Forerunners . The Spirit of Fire is operated with help from Serina ( Courtenay Taylor ) , a super @-@ intelligent artificial intelligence ( AI ) with a sardonic sense of humor ; it has been noted that she demonstrates a level of contempt for the humans she assists . Leading the Covenant search for Forerunner technology is a holy warrior known as the Arbiter ( David Sobolov ) , who the Covenant leaders , the Prophet Hierarchs , have tasked with the oversight of humanity 's destruction . = = = Story = = = The Spirit of Fire is sent to the ruined planet Harvest to investigate Covenant activity , where Cutter learns that the Covenant has excavated something at the planet 's northern pole . When the UNSC 's main outpost on Harvest is captured , Cutter orders Forge to retake it . Soon after , Forge scouts the Covenant excavation and discovers that they , under the direction of the Arbiter , have discovered a Forerunner facility . Forge 's troops defeat the Covenant forces before they can destroy the installation , and Anders arrives . She determines that the facility is an interstellar map , and recognizes a set of coordinates that points to the human colony of Arcadia . After repelling a Covenant counterattack on the Forerunner facility , the Spirit of Fire travels to Arcadia , where the Covenant has begun raiding local cities and slaughtering civilians . Forge contacts the local Spartan special forces and assists with the evacuation process . The Covenant builds a giant energy shield to hide the construction of a gigantic Scarab super @-@ weapon , but the UNSC forces use experimental equipment to break through . The Scarab is destroyed , but the Arbiter kidnaps Anders and escapes the planet . Forge and the Spartans return to the Spirit of Fire and the crew follows Anders ' signal to an uncharted planet in another star system . The planet 's surface is infested by the parasitic Flood , who attack and assimilate any sentient life they encounter . The Spirit of Fire inadvertently activates a Forerunner docking station and enters the planet 's interior . Flood board the ship , and very soon Forerunner Sentinels appear to cleanse the Flood threat and also to destroy all UNSC forces in the process . The crew discovers the planet is actually hollow , with a habitable interior and a miniature sun . The Covenant 's plan is to activate a dormant fleet of highly advanced Forerunner starships inside the planet , and use them to obliterate humanity . While the Forerunner ships are being activated , Anders escapes through a teleportation device and is rescued . Cutter decides to destroy the Forerunner fleet rather than allow the Covenant to use it . Anders formulates a plan to detonate the ship 's faster @-@ than @-@ light drive in the planet 's sun , as the explosion would cause a supernova . Before they can prepare the reactor , Forge and the Spartans are ambushed by the Arbiter and his Elites . The Spartans dispatch the aliens and Forge kills the Arbiter . The reactor is damaged during the fight , necessitating a manual detonation . Forge volunteers for the suicidal task , telling the Spartans that they will be needed in the coming fight . The Spirit of Fire escapes just as Forge overloads the reactor , destroying the Forerunner fleet . Without its faster @-@ than @-@ light drive , the Spirit of Fire is left drifting in space . The crew enters cryonic sleep for long @-@ term storage as Cutter takes a last look at Forge 's empty cryonic tube . If the game is completed on the " Legendary " difficulty mode , Serina wakes Cutter and tells him that " something has happened " . = = Development = = = = = Design = = = Computer game developer Bungie Studios conceived Halo : Combat Evolved as a real @-@ time strategy game in which players would tactically control units and vehicles in a three @-@ dimensional environment . Microsoft acquired Bungie in 2000 , and the game became a first @-@ person shooter and " killer app " for the Xbox console . Bungie produced two best @-@ selling sequels , Halo 2 in 2004 and Halo 3 in 2007 , before separating from Microsoft and becoming an independent company once more . Although Bungie is free to produce new intellectual property , the rights to Halo remain with Microsoft . Shane Kim , the head of Microsoft Game Studios , said during the split announcement that " our intent is to continue investing in [ Halo ] and growing it . " In 2004 , the Microsoft @-@ owned Ensemble Studios — developers of the Age of Empires strategy series — began work on the game that would become Halo Wars . The studio confirmed in April 2006 that it was working on a console @-@ based RTS . CEO Tony Goodman said , " We 're giving RTS games on the console a shot . We actually spent a whole year just trying to reconstruct how the controls would work on an RTS game . " Without revealing the title , Goodman described the game as being shorter and more visceral than their previous projects . Halo Wars was originally not a Halo series title . Ensemble spent 12 to 18 months working on the control scheme , using the Age of Mythology engine . The development team hacked an Age of Mythology expansion , The Titans , and used it as a prototype for control experiments . Ensemble found that managing Age of Mythology 's resources , units , and buildings was too difficult with the console 's controller . " The answer [ to making a PC @-@ style strategy game for a console ] is actually hidden in the question , " Jason Pace , Microsoft Game Studio 's lead producer , told The New Zealand Herald . " It 's something we believe has held strategy games back from succeeding on the console : you can 't effectively bring a PC @-@ style strategy game to the console because the fundamental game mechanic is tied to the mouse and keyboard input devices . It 's not a question of just changing the control scheme to be gamepad friendly — you need to adapt the underlying strategy mechanic to make sense with the new input device . " Senior designer Justin Rouse said that the team kept the controls from the research they had conducted , but scrapped the rest in favor of " build [ ing ] from the floor up what we need [ ed ] : the basics , the core of a strategy game . " With the goal of making " the first great strategy game on the console " , Ensemble streamlined gameplay mechanics ; the game 's single resource is produced at each base site , which allows players to quickly cycle through their bases instead of micromanaging multiple resources at many locations . Once the developers were satisfied with the controls , they presented their project to Microsoft , who suggested that it be turned into a Halo game . Bungie was reportedly not happy about this development . Ensemble 's Founder , Tony Goodman , stated in a 2012 interview that Bungie saw the move as " the whoring out of our franchise " Although Ensemble had to re @-@ create all of Bungie 's assets from scratch , Bungie had produced a large amount of reference material for the Halo film adaptation that the Halo Wars team used for inspiration . Another reference point was art from the Halo first @-@ person shooters ; however , as the art was from a forward perspective and Halo Wars takes place from a bird 's @-@ eye view , the team exaggerated shapes to make the units recognizable . Lead designer Graeme Devine noted that the Warthog Jeep is " actually jumping three times as high as it does in Halo , and it goes four times faster than it does in Halo , and all these things — but it looks the same . Very different , between look and accuracy . " To ensure artistic continuity between Halo Wars and previous games in the series , Ensemble created a set of guidelines for their artists to follow ; for example , the Covenant were to retain their curvy , organic look , while the Forerunner and UNSC were to keep the same geometry angles . UNSC structures and units were given a green tint , with gold specular highlights . The Covenant were textured with a repeating honeycomb pattern , with small blue lights against a purple base color . Devine described the challenge of developing Halo Wars as " getting Halo fans to play a realtime strategy game , and getting realtime strategy fans to play a Halo game . " " Fans of the [ first @-@ person shooter ] series have very strong expectations for how a Halo games looks , feels and plays . Halo is all about heroic action to save humanity , mega @-@ battles across the galaxy , visceral , highly @-@ tuned combat and heart @-@ pounding tension , " Pace said . These themes were considered fundamental to the Halo experience , and so Ensemble tried to replicate them for Halo Wars . Early in play tests , the developers watched devoted Halo fans play the game ; their feedback led to the development of special abilities , which , according to Devine , enhanced the Halo feel . Ensemble initially considered making the Flood a playable race , but this idea did not progress beyond the concept stage . According to Devine , this was largely because the Flood would have needed to be similar to StarCraft 's Zerg , in order to maintain balance with the UNSC and Covenant . This did not match the Flood 's role as " the single scariest thing in the galaxy " . Because of the Master Chief 's large role in previous games , significant effort was expended on the Spartan units . Lead designer Dave Pottinger said the design team " started out just accepting and embracing the fact that the Spartans have to be the coolest unit in the game . If they 're not , it 's not going to meet the Halo fans ' expectations . " To position the Spartans as " kingmakers " in gameplay , the team gave them what it considered to be the " coolest " unit ability : hijacking enemy vehicles . The developers hoped players would become attached to individual Spartans in the campaign and gave each one an individual name ; skirmish units were left nameless . The character design of the Spartans was meant to emphasize their relative inexperience and the setting of the game , which takes place decades before the events of the main trilogy . Devine commented on the Spartans ' look : ... We felt because it was 20 years earlier , these are much younger Spartans . They aren 't quite as experienced as Master Chief , and we looked a lot at combat infantry going into actual wars , and typically at the beginning of a war , especially the Vietnam War , if you look at the infantry , they 're all loaded up . They have all the backpacks on , they have all the belts on , every single bit of armor is there , and they 're carrying around lots of armor . At the end of the war , they 've lost it all and just carry what they need . This is all they have . So if you look at our Spartans , they have more pieces of armor on going into the war . They have more markings on there , more pieces of armor . They 've still got the belts on , they 're still carrying around everything . Ensemble expanded the Halo universe during the game 's development , in order to create enough units to give players strategic options . Among the new units was the Gorgon , a biped mech that used weapons called Needlers to destroy light aircraft . However , Ensemble later realized that the Gorgon invalidated a rule they had established : " anything with two legs that walks " was an infantry unit . Instead , the team added a new aircraft called the Vampire . The UNSC , meanwhile , lacked a melee unit to match the Covenant 's hand @-@ to @-@ hand power . Ensemble considered using the original , less advanced Spartan Mark I suits of armor , in keeping with Halo lore , but once added these units were indistinguishable from Spartans in appearance . Instead , they created a lumbering , mechanized unit called the Cyclops , a nod to Age of Mythology . Time constraints prevented many elements from appearing in the final game . One such missing feature was a fatality system by which Spartans or Covenant leaders could inflict massive damage on large groups of units . Pottinger said that the animations , while interesting , did not mesh with the fast @-@ paced combat of Halo Wars and raised balance concerns . Other elements based on Halo fiction did not work in a strategy game . Although more than 100 people worked on the project , which cost tens of millions of dollars , a Covenant campaign was never realized because of a lack of manpower and money . = = = Announcements = = = Halo Wars was officially announced at Microsoft 's X06 media briefing on September 27 , 2006 , with a pre @-@ rendered trailer created by Blur Studio . The trailer depicts a group of Warthog vehicles searching for missing soldiers . Covenant Elites ambush the patrol and a battle ensues involving human and Covenant vehicles and infantry . The trailer ends with the arrival of Spartan reinforcements . GameSpy listed the trailer in its top 25 video game cinematic moments , because it showed " the world of Halo on a much grander scale " . Halo Wars was exhibited at the Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) in 2007 and 2008 . Devine narrated the soundtrack for a video shown at E3 2007 , which was later made available on the Xbox Live Marketplace . This video described the game 's controls , user interface , vehicles , special weapons , and new units . It also showed a UNSC base consisting of an airbase , vehicle depot , missile silo , and other buildings . IGN , Next Generation , and PC World ranked Halo Wars as one of the most anticipated showings at E3 . On September 10 , 2008 , Ensemble Studios announced that it would close after Halo Wars ' completion . Ensemble founder Tony Goodman and other employees announced the formation of a new studio , Robot Entertainment , shortly before the game 's release ; another group of ex @-@ staff created Bonfire Studios . Robot announced that , while developing new intellectual property , it would support Halo Wars and Age of Empires through a partnership with Microsoft Game Studios . = = = Audio = = = Halo Wars ' music was composed by Stephen Rippy , the composer for all of the Age of Empires games . Rippy wanted to write new material while maintaining continuity by reusing iconic elements of the Halo trilogy 's music , written by Martin O 'Donnell and partner Michael Salvatori . Consultation with O 'Donnell and Salvatori finished before Rippy became involved in the project , but the composer sent a compact disc of his work to O 'Donnell halfway through the writing process . Before starting work on Halo Wars , Rippy listened to previous Halo soundtracks and searched for useful material in discarded Ensemble projects ; " I 'm a big fan of both cataloging that stuff and stealing from it without remorse , " Rippy said . " Sometimes you don 't know what you 've got until you really , really need it . " Rippy and audio lead Kevin McMullan examined O 'Donnell 's tracks to identify elements to reuse in Halo Wars . Foregoing his usual method of writing melodies before determining the method of sound production , Rippy built melodies around synthesizer patches or drum loops . He felt that scoring for science fiction was a change of pace from his previous work , which was written for historical settings . Rippy began writing music for the game in April 2007 . " Some of the plot points of Halo Wars revolve around discovery , and I think that was my favorite idea to write to — that sense of , ' no one 's seen this before , ' " he said . The first two tracks combined repurposed elements from past projects with his efforts to convey the Halo sound . " Flollo " contained musical ideas Rippy had experimented with since his last project , Age of Empires III : The WarChiefs . " Bad Here Day " was the first piece in which he tried to incorporate the " Halo sound " . Rippy felt it important to avoid repeating too many old themes because he wanted the game to have its own identity ; however , he wanted to continue to incorporate choir and piano , elements he believed to be integral to the sound of previous Halo games . In adherence to an Ensemble Studios tradition , the tracks are often named after coined phrases and inside jokes , rather than in @-@ game events . By the end of 2007 , Rippy had completed all of the gameplay music , including end credits , battle themes , and ambient world tracks . In the game 's skirmish mode , the music reflects the environment rather than the warring factions . To ensure that the character of the music changed depending on the environment , he followed self @-@ imposed rules ; one environment could feature guitars , but not piano , for instance . To musically unify each world , he added a short introductory piece containing common elements . In contrast with the skirmish mode , the campaign mode contains different recurring melodies for each major character and the human ship Spirit of Fire . Rippy 's most intensive work period was January 2008 , when he began writing music for the game 's cinematics ; by this point , he had been working on the score for nine months . Rippy finished the score by February 2008 , and , after three months , all tracks were ready to be recorded . Although the previous live orchestrations for Halo games were performed by the Northwest Sinfonia in Seattle , Washington , Rippy chose the FILMharmonic Orchestra of Prague to record Halo Wars ' music . Rippy had been in Prague attending recording sessions for Age of Empires III : The Asian Dynasties and loved both the city and the sound the orchestra produced . The lower cost of recording in Eastern Europe was an additional benefit . The March 10 – 15 recording sessions involved 24 vocalists and 45 instrumentalists ; choir and string sections were later overdubbed to enlarge the sound . In all , roughly 65 minutes of Halo Wars ' 75 @-@ minute score were recorded in Prague . The final touches and production took place in Seattle ; O 'Donnell attended one of the mixing sessions . Rippy used the Audiokinetic Wwise pipeline to create dynamic music that changes with the action in the game . Although Rippy used Wwise 's tools only for dynamic music , they made audio system setup much easier than in previous Ensemble games . For each battle sequence , the musical cue was divided into sections and mixed differently for each section . " When a cue is triggered , an intro plays and then the game randomly picks between all of those elements for as long as the battle continues , " Rippy explained . " Once it 's over , an outro plays and then it 's back to the regular " world " music . It was an interesting way to work , and I 'd like to push it further if there 's an opportunity in the future . " Four tracks from Halo Wars were included as a preview on a bonus DVD bundled with Halo Trilogy — The Complete Original Soundtracks , a December 2008 compilation of previous Halo music . The tracks were mixed in Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 @-@ channel Surround Sound and packaged with video of recording sessions and the " Five Long Years " trailer . The soundtrack was released on February 17 as a standalone compact disc and as a digital download . AOL Radio secured the exclusive rights to premiere the soundtrack early , playing a new track at the beginning of every hour . = = Release = = The pre @-@ release playable demo for Halo Wars was first mentioned in the October 2007 issue of Official Xbox Magazine , and it became available for download on February 5 , 2009 ; redemption codes for early access were given starting January 29 . According to Microsoft , the game demo was downloaded by more than 2 million Xbox Live Gold members in the first five days , and set a record for most demo downloads on the service . In addition to the standard retail version , a Limited Collector 's Edition of Halo Wars was made available . To attract Halo 3 's player base , Microsoft bundled early access to the Mythic Map Pack , a collection of three Halo 3 multiplayer maps , with the collector 's edition . A 48 @-@ page , half @-@ size hardcover graphic novel was also included ; titled Halo Wars : Genesis , it was created by Phil Noto , Graeme Devine , and Eric Nylund . It explores the background stories of Anders , the Arbiter , Forge and Cutter . Other bonuses included a unique in @-@ game vehicle , trading cards , and a Spirit of Fire patch . Players who pre @-@ ordered the game from certain retailers received a special in @-@ game Warthog vehicle with flame decals . GameStop announced that on February 28 , 2009 , one thousand stores in the United States would hold Halo Wars tournaments , and two thousand GameStop stores held midnight releases for the game . European markets sold a " Best of Halo " bundle of Halo Wars , Halo 3 and an Xbox 360 . On release , Halo Wars reached second place on the United Kingdom weekly sales charts behind Killzone 2 . Halo Wars reached only 16 @.@ 7 % of Halo 3 's first @-@ week sales , but it outsold Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars threefold , making it the fastest @-@ selling console strategy game . The following week , Halo Wars 's sales were ranked fifth . In Australia , Halo Wars ' weekly sales ranked highest , ahead of Killzone 2 . By March 12 , the limited edition and standard version were ranked second and third , respectively , on the United States Xbox 360 sales charts , behind Call of Duty : World at War . Gamasutra attributed the surge in Halo 3 sales to the release of Halo Wars ; the former was fourth in the United States and second in Australia in sales of Xbox 360 games , and reappeared on the list of top 20 United States console games for February . Before the game 's release , industry analyst Michael Pachter estimated that Halo Wars would sell 2 million units . On March 19 , 2009 , Microsoft announced that the game had sold 1 million units and that players had spent 118 total years of time in online skirmish matches . According to NPD Group 's March sales figures , Halo Wars sold 639 @,@ 000 copies in North America through March , making it the third best @-@ selling game in the market . In June 2016 , Microsoft announced Halo Wars : Definitive Edition — an enhanced version of the game — for Windows and Xbox One . The Definitive Edition will be included with Ultimate Edition version of Halo Wars 2 . = = Downloadable content = = After Ensemble 's closing , Robot Entertainment announced that it was developing downloadable content ( DLC ) for Halo Wars . Pottinger described support as ongoing rather than a one @-@ time effort and compared it to Bungie 's post @-@ launch additions to Halo 3 . He stated that Robot would also work on balance issues , bug fixes , and other patches . The first DLC package , Strategic Options , added three new multiplayer modes . " Keepaway " is similar to capture the flag ; in it , players try to capture and hold Forerunner units . In " Tug @-@ of @-@ war " , players earn points by fielding large armies and destroying enemy units . In " Reinforcement " , players receive units as reinforcements , rather than training them at bases . The amount of available resources and reactors determines which types of units are deployed and the upgrades they can earn . Strategic Options was released on May 19 , 2009 , after a patch that addressed software bugs and game balance issues . The update garnered criticism for its small size ( 2 megabytes ) and high price ( 800 Microsoft Points ) . Pottinger responded on the Halo Wars forums that the game modes were small downloads " because they are rules . There is some new content , but it 's obviously a different type of content compared to a map . " Robot released a second DLC package on July 21 , 2009 . The DLC , dubbed " Historic Battles " , contains four additional maps and four new Xbox Live achievements . = = Reception = = Halo Wars garnered generally positive reviews . The game has an average of 82 / 100 on aggregate web site Metacritic . Critics were split on whether Halo Wars was a successful console translation of the RTS genre . GameSpy 's Allen Rausch argued that , as Halo : Combat Evolved showed that first @-@ person shooters could work on consoles , Halo Wars " is an RTS ... on a console ... and it works " . Tom Price of TeamXbox said that gamers have been waiting a long time for a console RTS " to get it right " , and Halo Wars did so ; reviewers for Official Xbox Magazine credited Ensemble with creating a strategy game that felt " absolutely at home on the console " , rather than a " poorly shoehorned ... port " of a PC game with clumsy controls . 1UP 's Thierry Nguyen was neutral about whether it was a good RTS game or Halo title , but called it a " solid beginning towards what could be a really good console RTS " . Digital Trends ' Scott Steinberg said that , while not perfect , Halo Wars made a strong case for the viability of RTS on consoles ; " There 's certainly the potential to have PC holdouts seriously reconsidering hoisting the controller . " Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle offered a dismissive summation of the game as " a remedial game — real @-@ time strategy for dummies " , and stated that the game offered relatively little innovation when compared to other Halo titles . Reviewers generally praised Halo Wars 's controls . Critics who were less experienced RTS players , such as Darren Zenko of the Toronto Star , appreciated the streamlined RTS experience . In contrast , critics such as Luke Anderson of GameSpot said that the game lacked the depth necessary to attract more seasoned RTS players . Some critics were frustrated by the lack of control features — specifically , the ability to create and manage groups of units , the lack of hotkeys , the inability to set rally points for different units , and the need to return to the base to adjust production . Nguyen wrote that " finesse maneuvers [ ... ] are more difficult to pull off than they should be " . Brett Molina of USA Today said that experts would find the action oversimplified , but that the game " is an excellent choice for fans of the Halo universe and players new to real @-@ time strategy " . Reviewers for GameSpy , G4tv , and Eurogamer stated that the controls worked well mainly because the developers omitted features to make most options quickly available ; for example , limiting base construction to select areas made sure players could easily find their buildings . Reviewers considered the factions balanced . Eurogamer 's Kieron Gillen commented that the Covenant was harder to master , especially because the campaign served as a tutorial for the UNSC , but no similar introduction was available for the Covenant . However , he said the two sides were " authentically different " , and each offered its own challenges to players . Some critics , such as Nick Cowen of The Daily Telegraph , wished that the Flood was a playable faction ; in contrast , Ryan Geddes of IGN disliked the Flood and appreciated their exclusion . Will Porter of IGN UK enjoyed the rock @-@ paper @-@ scissors RTS mechanics , but said that " since the game is singularly crap at indicating which units are rocks and which scissors , " players had to learn which units were best via trial and error , an issue that was more prevalent with the Covenant . The game 's plot was well received . Reviewers praised the game 's cinematics and voice acting . Geddes said the story was good , but not on par with those of Bungie 's Halo games , and that most of the characters were stereotypical and somewhat unlikable . Critics noted that for a strategy game , the campaign was rather short , with only 15 missions ; Nate Ralph of Wired completed each in fewer than 40 minutes . Jon Wilcox of Total Video Games wrote " there 's an ebb and flow " to the gameplay , with " lengthy chapters cut with shorter punchy ones or time @-@ based missions , all together creating a surprisingly compelling experience " . Wilcox said the additions of performance @-@ based medals added replay value to the campaign . Price said that , although the story and mission structure of the game was fairly standard , levels that were " rote " in other RTS games seemed more substantial in Halo Wars . Reviewers such as Geddes , Wilcox , and Patrick Kolan of IGN UK said that the lack of a Covenant campaign was an unfortunate omission . Publications judged the multiplayer aspect of the game well . Wilcox noted that , although the multiplayer mode " added [ nothing ] new [ to RTS games ] , at the very least it 's a solid experience that expands the longevity of Halo Wars . " Adam Biessener of Game Informer wrote that Halo Wars gameplay was better against human players , as campaign " gimmicks " and poor artificial intelligence were not an issue . The Mirror 's Kevin Lynch found fault with the " limited " variety of game modes . Critics generally agreed that Ensemble re @-@ created the Halo universe 's aesthetic well . Gillen said knowledge of the game universe could alleviate some issues of player ignorance regarding units ' actions : " It 's not just the geek thrill of seeing a Scarab in action — it 's that you understand what the Scarab means on the battlefield ( trouble ) , " he wrote . " We know which characters are best against tanks , and which are probably best in special vehicles . " Nguyen said that , although the core units meshed well , the inclusion of Ensemble @-@ developed units gave Halo Wars the feeling of a generic science @-@ fiction title . While giving the game a mixed review , Anderson said that the authentic @-@ looking units and environments went a long way to integrating the game with the rest of the series . Wilcox commented that with the Halo @-@ inspired menu system and Rippy 's score , " before the campaign even begins , the message is clear : this is still very much a Halo game . " Overall , Halo Wars was judged a fitting final game for Ensemble . = = Sequel = = On August 4 , 2015 , Microsoft announced Halo Wars 2 , developed by Creative Assembly with assistance from 343 Industries . The game is set for release in February 2017 for the Xbox One and Windows 10 .
= Jonathan Sánchez = Jonathan Omar Sánchez ( born November 19 , 1982 ) , nicknamed " The Kid , " or " The Comeback Kid , " is a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . A left @-@ handed starter , Sánchez 's pitching repertoire consists of a low @-@ to @-@ mid 90s mph fastball , a change @-@ up , and a slurve in the 80s . After being drafted by the San Francisco Giants in 2004 , Sánchez quickly worked his way through the Giants ' minor league system . In 2006 , he was called up to the major leagues and was used mostly in a long relief role . In 2007 , he made the team out of spring training and was again used mostly in long relief , though he spent part of his season in the minors . In 2008 , he made the Giants ' starting rotation and remained in it for the entire year , except for a stint on the disabled list . Sánchez began 2009 as a starter but was moved to the bullpen during the season . He was returned to the rotation on July 10 because of an injury to fellow starter Randy Johnson , however , and he threw a no @-@ hitter against the San Diego Padres that day . In 2010 , Sánchez struck out 200 batters for the first time and was a member of the Giants team that won the World Series . He was traded to the Kansas City Royals in 2012 , who traded him to the Colorado Rockies after he struggled in the first half of the season . He began 2013 with the Pittsburgh Pirates . = = High school and college = = Sánchez attended Blanca Malaret High School in Sabana Grande , Puerto Rico . After graduating in 2000 , Sánchez pitched for four seasons at Ohio Dominican University in Columbus , Ohio . While at the university , Sánchez threw four no @-@ hitters and set school records for most strikeouts in a single game ( sixteen ) , most strikeouts in a single season ( 105 ) , most strikeouts in a career ( 311 ) , and most shutouts in a career ( ten ) . However , his final collegiate appearance was arguably his worst , as he was saddled with the loss in the Panthers ' NAIA regional playoff defeat to Saint Vincent College , going five innings and allowing six runs on six hits . = = Professional career = = = = = Draft and minor leagues = = = Sánchez was selected by the San Francisco Giants in the twenty @-@ seventh round ( 820th overall ) of the 2004 MLB draft . In his first year of professional ball , he went 7 – 1 with a 3 @.@ 72 ERA in fifteen games ( nine were starts ) with the Rookie league Arizona League Giants and the Single @-@ A ( short @-@ season ) Salem @-@ Keizer Volcanoes . While pitching in the Arizona League , he tied for third in the league in wins , with five . Sánchez was promoted to the Single @-@ A Augusta GreenJackets of the South Atlantic League in 2005 . He went 5 – 7 with a 4 @.@ 08 ERA in twenty @-@ five starts , but he led the South Atlantic League in strikeouts with 166 , averaged 11 @.@ 9 in nine innings pitched , and was selected to the league 's All @-@ star team . During the offseason , Sánchez pitched for the Carolina club of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League , posting a 2 – 2 record with a 2 @.@ 91 ERA in 19 relief appearances . Coming into 2006 , Sánchez was ranked as the sixth best prospect in the Giants ' organization by Baseball America . He began the 2006 season with the Double @-@ A Connecticut Defenders , where in thirteen appearances ( three starts ) he went 2 – 1 with a 1 @.@ 15 ERA and forty @-@ six strikeouts . = = = San Francisco Giants ( 2006 – 2011 ) = = = = = = = 2006 = = = = Sánchez was called up to the Giants on May 26 , 2006 , as a reliever . He made his MLB debut two days later on May 28 against the Colorado Rockies . He pitched one inning in relief and retired all three batters he faced ( Todd Helton , Matt Holliday , and Garrett Atkins ) . His performance was overshadowed , however , because Barry Bonds hit his 715th home run in the same game to surpass Babe Ruth for second place on the all @-@ time home run list . On June 4 , Sánchez picked up his first major league win . With the score tied at six in the eleventh inning against the New York Mets , Sánchez entered the game and pitched a scoreless inning . The Giants won the game 7 – 6 in the twelfth on an RBI single by Pedro Feliz . Sánchez posted a 2 – 0 record with a 1 @.@ 37 ERA in twenty @-@ two games in his first stint with the team . On July 29 , the Giants sent him to their AAA affiliate , the Fresno Grizzlies , to improve his abilities as a starter . While at Fresno , he went 2 – 2 with a 3 @.@ 80 ERA in six starts . With the expansion of the MLB rosters on September 1 , Sánchez was recalled from Fresno . Sánchez won his first major league start on September 6 ( in place of Noah Lowry , who was injured ) , giving up one run in 5 ⅔ innings pitched in a 3 – 2 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . After that , Sánchez replaced Brad Hennessey in the rotation . However , Sánchez did not pitch well in his last four appearances of the season ( one came in relief ) , as he had an 11 @.@ 36 ERA in them . = = = = 2007 = = = = Entering the 2007 season , Sánchez was ranked as the second best prospect in the Giants ' organization ( behind only Tim Lincecum ) by Baseball America . Sánchez made the Giants ' roster out of spring training . He struggled in his first fourteen games , however , and was sent down to Fresno on May 21 when Russ Ortiz came off the disabled list . Sánchez returned to the majors on June 6 when , coincidentally , Ortiz got hurt again . On June 13 , he picked up his first major league hit ( an RBI double ) in a 7 – 4 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays . On July 4 , he was placed on the disabled list with a strained rib cage , but he was reactivated on July 18 . Sánchez was sent back to Fresno on August 11 to make room for Brian Wilson on the roster . He returned in September , and he replaced Lowry ( who was injured ) in the rotation . He made four starts , but he lost three of them and had a 7 @.@ 16 ERA in all four of them . After straining his left oblique muscle in his fourth start , he was shut down for the rest of the season and replaced in the rotation by Travis Blackley . He finished the year 1 – 5 with a 5 @.@ 88 ERA in thirty @-@ three games ( four starts ) . = = = = 2008 = = = = In 2008 , Sánchez made the Giants ' starting rotation out of spring training as the fifth starter . In only his second start of the season , he struck out a career high ten batters against the San Diego Padres in a game the Giants eventually won 1 – 0 . Sánchez struck out ten batters again in a 3 – 1 victory against the Cincinnati Reds on April 25 , becoming the first Giants left @-@ handed pitcher since Shawn Estes to strike out at least ten batters in a game more than once in a season . From May 28 through June 12 , Sánchez won a career best four straight starts . On June 12 , in a 10 – 7 victory over the Colorado Rockies , he became the first Giants ' starter to allow seven runs and win a game since Russ Ortiz did it in 2000 . In his next start , on June 17 against the Detroit Tigers , Sánchez took a no @-@ hitter into the sixth inning , but he was ultimately the losing pitcher in a 5 – 1 loss . Sánchez finished the first half with an 8 – 5 record and 115 strikeouts , which were the most ever in the first half of a season by a Giants ' left @-@ hander during the Giants ' tenure in San Francisco . The second half did not go well for Sánchez . He lost five straight decisions starting on July 9 before getting placed on the disabled list on August 16 . In his last start before going on the disabled list , he no @-@ hit the Houston Astros through five innings . However , he was the losing pitcher in a 3 – 1 loss . Sánchez returned on September 1 , but lost his sixth straight game as the Colorado Rockies prevailed by a score of 4 – 0 . He finally ended his losing streak on September 12 , when he was the winning pitcher in a 5 – 2 win over the San Diego Padres . Sánchez did not win another game all year , though , and he finished the second half of the season with a 1 – 7 record . Sánchez still finished with a 9 – 12 record , and he struck out 157 batters in 158 innings . = = = = 2009 = = = = Sánchez was again the fifth starter in the Giants ' rotation in 2009 . The season did not start well for him , though , as he had a 2 – 8 record in the first part of the year . On June 28 , Ryan Sadowski replaced him in the rotation . Sánchez did not stay in the bullpen very long though . After Randy Johnson strained his shoulder , Sánchez was chosen to start against the San Diego Padres on July 10 . In that game , Sánchez not only threw the first complete game and the first shutout of his career ; he threw a no @-@ hitter , becoming the first Giants ' pitcher to do so since John Montefusco no @-@ hit the Atlanta Braves in 1976 . In the process , Sánchez struck out a new career high of eleven batters . Sánchez had a perfect game going into the eighth inning , but an error by Juan Uribe allowed the only baserunner of the night . Sánchez almost lost the no @-@ hitter during the ninth inning when Edgar Gonzalez hit a ball deep to centerfield . However , Aaron Rowand made a spectacular catch , and Sánchez got his no @-@ hitter . Sánchez 's no @-@ hitter was also special because his father Sigfredo , who had never seen his son start a major league game , was in attendance . The no @-@ hitter proved to be a turning point in Sánchez 's season , as he went 6 – 4 the rest of the way to finish with an 8 – 12 record . He remained in the rotation for the entire time . Sánchez also struck out 177 batters in 163 @.@ 1 innings for a 9 @.@ 75 average per nine innings . This was good for fourth in the National League , behind only Tim Lincecum , Yovani Gallardo , and Javier Vázquez . = = = = 2010 = = = = Sánchez was arbitration eligible to begin 2010 , but he avoided arbitration by signing a one @-@ year contract with the Giants . He was named the fourth starter out of spring training this time . Sánchez began started strong in 2010 , as he was 7 – 6 by the All @-@ Star break . Because of injuries to the Giants ' left @-@ handed relief pitchers , Sánchez made his only relief appearance of the year on July 30 in a 6 – 5 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers . On August 3 , Sánchez tied Juan Marichal 's record when he struck out seven straight batters in a 10 – 0 win over the Colorado Rockies . Two months later , on the last day of the season , Sánchez started against the San Diego Padres . Sánchez pitched five shutout innings , scored the first run after hitting a triple in the third inning , and was the winning pitcher in a 3 – 0 win . The win sent the Giants to the playoffs for the first time since 2003 . In Game three of the 2010 NLDS against the Atlanta Braves , Sánchez struck out eleven batters in a game the Giants won 3 – 2 . Sánchez gave up three runs over six innings in Game two of the 2010 NLCS , but he was the losing pitcher in a 6 – 1 loss . Sánchez also started Game six . He only lasted two innings , giving up two runs and getting pulled from the game after an argument with Chase Utley . However , the Giants won the game 3 – 2 and returned to the World Series . Sánchez 's only World Series game was unsuccessful , as he gave up all four runs in 4 @.@ 2 innings in the Giants ' 4 – 2 loss to the Texas Rangers in Game three . However , the Giants ultimately won the World Series for the first time in fifty @-@ six years . Sánchez was arbitration @-@ eligible following the season , but the Giants avoided arbitration with him by signing him to a one @-@ year contract . = = = = 2011 = = = = Sánchez started the season 2nd in the Giants ' rotation , as to split the righties Lincecum and Cain , as well as to split the lefites Sánchez , Zito , and Bumgarner . He did not fare well early in the season , and was placed on the DL shortly before Barry Zito was activated in June . When Sánchez returned from the DL , he was still experiencing the control problems that had plagued him before he was injured . Sánchez sprained his foot in August while on the road in Atlanta , and remained on the DL until the end of the season , ending with a line of 4 – 7 W / L ; 4 @.@ 26 ERA ; 101 @.@ 1 IP ; 102 Ks ; 66 BBs ; .220 Opp AVG ; and a WHIP of 1 @.@ 44 . = = = Kansas City Royals ( 2012 ) = = = On November 7 , 2011 , Sánchez was traded to the Kansas City Royals with prospect Ryan Verdugo for outfielder Melky Cabrera . He struggled with the Royals , pitching to a 1 @-@ 6 record and 7 @.@ 76 ERA in 53 1 ⁄ 3 innings , while allowing 65 hits , including eight home runs , and 44 walks . After allowing seven runs on seven hits and one walk in 1 1 ⁄ 3 innings in a start against the Seattle Mariners , the Royals designated Sánchez for assignment on July 17 , 2012 . = = = Colorado Rockies ( 2012 ) = = = The Royals traded Sánchez to the Colorado Rockies for Jeremy Guthrie on July 20 . He only made 3 starts for the Rockies and was 0 @-@ 3 with a 9 @.@ 53 ERA . = = = Pittsburgh Pirates ( 2013 ) = = = The Pirates signed Sánchez to a minor @-@ league deal on February 6 , 2013 . The deal included an invitation to spring training . Sanchez made the team and was in the starting rotation to begin the season . On April 26 , 2013 , he was ejected for the first time in his MLB career by umpire Tim Timmons after intentionally pitching at St. Louis Cardinals batter Allen Craig following back @-@ to @-@ back home runs by Matt Carpenter and Carlos Beltrán and a single by Matt Holliday . After posting an 11 @.@ 85 ERA with the Pirates , he was designated for assignment on April 30 , and was later released on May 8 . = = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = = On May 13 , 2013 , Sánchez signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers . After spending a month at the Dodgers extended spring training location in Arizona , Sánchez joined the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes on June 24 . He made 14 starts and was 7 @-@ 3 with a 5 @.@ 13 ERA . = = = Chicago Cubs = = = On December 18 , 2013 , Sánchez signed a minor league deal with the Chicago Cubs . He was released on July 2 , 2014 . = = = Cincinnati Reds = = = On January 29 , 2016 , Sánchez signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds . He was released on March 18 . = = International play = = Sánchez was chosen to pitch for Puerto Rico in the 2009 World Baseball Classic . He made two starts in the Classic . He won the first one on March 11 by pitching four scoreless innings in a 5 – 0 victory over the Netherlands . Although he only pitched 22 ⁄ 3 innings and gave up three runs in his next start against the United States , he was in line for the win going into the ninth inning . However , J. C. Romero and Fernando Cabrera blew the lead , and the United States knocked Puerto Rico out of the Classic with a 6 – 5 victory . = = Pitch repertoire = = Sánchez throws a fastball that travels about ninety @-@ one mph for his main pitch , though it sometimes can go up to ninety @-@ five mph . His other pitches ( slurve and change @-@ up ) travel in the low eighties . Wildness has been a problem for Sánchez ; he has walked 10 % – 15 % of major @-@ league batters faced each season . However , he also strikes out a lot of batters ; he struck out two hundred for the first time in his career in 2010 . That year , he led all qualifying MLB starting pitchers in limiting hits per innings pitched ( 6 @.@ 61 H / 9 ) , and his career swinging @-@ strike percentage is among the best in the majors .
= Devil May Care ( Faulks novel ) = Devil May Care is a James Bond continuation novel written by Sebastian Faulks . It was published in the UK by Penguin Books on 28 May 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the birth of Ian Fleming , the creator of Bond . The story centres on Bond 's investigation into Dr Julius Gorner , a megalomaniac chemist with a deep @-@ seated hatred of England . Faulks wrote the book in the style of Fleming , and the novel carried the credit " Sebastian Faulks writing as Ian Fleming " ; he also took the same timeframe as Fleming , setting the novel in 1967 , following the events in Fleming 's last novel The Man with the Golden Gun . He ignored the influences of the other Bond continuation authors and the films , producing a characterisation of Bond in the style of Fleming 's . The novel was broadly well received by critics and went into the best @-@ seller lists by the end of the first week of sales , selling 44 @,@ 093 copies in four days to become the fastest @-@ selling fiction book after the Harry Potter titles . Faulks stated that although he enjoyed writing the book , he would write no more Bond novels . = = Plot = = The story is set in the 1960s . Bond is instructed by his superior , M , to investigate a man named Dr Julius Gorner , and his bodyguard , Chagrin . Bond is warned that his performance will be monitored and that a new 00 agent is waiting in the wings if his actions go awry . Bond flies to Imperial Iran ( Persia ) to investigate . Gorner owns factories and produces legitimate pharmaceuticals , however MI6 suspects he has other motives . During Bond 's investigation he identifies Gorner due to a deformity of his hand , and establishes Gorner 's complicity in a scheme to not only flood Europe with cheap drugs but also to launch a two @-@ pronged terrorist attack on the Soviet Union , whose retaliation will subsequently devastate the UK . The attack is to be made using a stolen British airliner , earlier hijacked over Iraqi airspace , and an ekranoplan . Bond is assisted in his investigation by Scarlett Papava ( whose twin sister Poppy is under Gorner 's emotional spell ) , Darius Alizadeh ( the local head of station ) , JD Silver ( an in @-@ situ agent ) , and Felix Leiter . Bond is eventually captured by Gorner in the heroin plant , who explains that Bond is to be used as bait during a drugs delivery across the Afghan desert , and should he survive an expected ambush , is to fly the captured airliner into the Russian heartland . Bond would be identified as British upon its destruction , increasing the evidence against the British Government . Bond survives the predicted Afghan attack and plots an escape attempt , which sees Scarlett get away due to Bond surrendering himself as a diversion . In the morning he is taken aboard the aeroplane . Before the airliner can bomb the Soviets , with the aid of the airliner 's pilot and Scarlett ( who had been hiding on board ) , Bond regains control of the aeroplane and crashes it into a mountainside after parachuting to safety . Meanwhile , Felix Leiter and Darius inform agent Silver of the second method of attack . Silver shows himself to be a double agent by failing to call in an airstrike against the Ekranoplan and by attempting to kill Leiter and Darius . In the shoot @-@ out Darius successfully calls in the airstrike at the cost of his own life and Leiter survives only thanks to the timely arrival of Hamid , his taxi driver . The Ekranoplan is destroyed by RAF Vulcan bombers before it reaches its target . Bond and Scarlett escape through Russia but are pursued by Chagrin , who Bond finally kills on a train . Later Gorner meets him on a boat and tries to shoot him , but Bond pushes him off , where he is torn to pieces by a propeller . With the subsequent elimination of both Chagrin and Gorner , Bond considers his mission a success , and on condition that the agent M has waiting in the wings will not take his place Bond is sent to assess the new agent , designated 004 . She turns out to be Scarlett Papava . Scarlett discloses that the story of her twin sister was a ploy to convince Bond to enable her to join the mission . Papava feared that if Bond knew she was a potential 00 agent , he would not have worked with her . With Bond returning to active duty , Scarlett moves off to her own operations as a full 00 agent . = = Characters and themes = = The central character of the novel is James Bond , the fictional MI6 agent created by Ian Fleming . Faulks modelled his version of the character on Fleming 's version , ignoring the other continuation authors and the films ; when interviewed , Faulks said that " My Bond is Fleming 's Bond — not Connery , or Moore or Craig , for all their charms " , going on to say that " my Bond drinks and smokes as much as ever " . Faulks saw Bond as a man in constant peril : " This Bond , this solitary hero with his soft shoes and single under @-@ powered weapon , was a man in dreadful danger . You feared for him . " On another occasion he returned to the theme , describing the character as " a very vulnerable man , with his nice suit and soft shoes and ludicrously underpowered gun . He finds himself in terrible situations , and he 's all on his own — you just worry for his safety . " With the novel following the fictional timeframe of The Man with the Golden Gun , Bond is still in a state of decline following the death of his wife , and has been forced to take a sabbatical on medical grounds . His mind and body were feeling the effects of his previous missions and lifestyle and he was considering M 's offer of a desk job ; before he can make the decision , M sends him out on another mission . For the main female character in the book , Faulks created Scarlett Papava , a fellow MI6 agent who is promoted to the 00 section at the end of the novel . Academic Tony Garland draws a similarity between Papava and the John Gardner character Fredericka von Grüsse , as they both create " a tension between mission and desire . " Faulks himself considered that : " My female lead — the ' Bond girl ' — has a little more depth than Fleming 's women , but not at the expense of glamour " , although Christopher Hitchens complained that " there is almost no sex until the very last pages . " The primary antagonist of the novel is Dr Julius Gorner , a chemist with main de singe , monkey 's paw : a left hand resembling that of a monkey , covered with hair and without an opposed thumb . Writer Ian Thomson sees Gorner as being " a villain to rival the half @-@ Chinese Dr Julius No " , describing him as " a megalomaniac in the cruel lineage of Tamburlaine " . When mocked as a student at Oxford because of his hand , he became obsessed with destroying England . Gorner was Lithuanian by birth , which was a nod by Faulks to Auric Goldfinger 's Baltic background , whilst his cheating in a game of tennis against Bond was " a deliberate twin to golf with Auric Goldfinger ; there is even a sinister Asian manservant — Chagrin , nodding across literary time to Oddjob — who helps his boss to cheat . " Academic Marc DiPaolo also noted a similarity between Gorner 's plans to take over the media and destroy British culture from within and the actions of Rupert Murdoch . The main theme of the novel is drugs , which Faulks said came partly from the timeframe of the novel and partly from Fleming not using it as a major theme : " 1967 , the summer of love ... Drugs were first coming to public notice . The Stones were busted , and there was that famous leader in The Times . And , you know , what are we talking about now all the time ? Drugs . It 's still very resonant . And there 's little about drug @-@ dealing in Fleming . It 's not something he did in any depth . " Faulks also wanted to broaden the aspect of the story compared to Fleming : " The book is set during the Cold War and I wanted it to not just be a crime story but to also have a political background . I was also determined that although the book is set in 1967 , I wanted the issues that it touches on to still be alive to us today " . = = Background = = During May 2006 Sebastian Faulks was approached by Ian Fleming Publications and asked to write a Bond book for Ian Fleming 's centenary . Although he initially refused , he was persuaded after he re @-@ read Fleming 's novels and the company gave him an article by Fleming in 1962 — How to Write a Thriller — which revealed that he wrote each Bond book in only six weeks . Faulks copied elements of Fleming 's routine , joking that " In his house in Jamaica , Ian Fleming used to write 1000 words in the morning , then go snorkelling , have a cocktail , lunch on the terrace , more diving , another 1000 words in the late afternoon , then more martinis and glamorous women . In my house in London , I followed this routine exactly , apart from the cocktails , the lunch and the snorkelling . " The novel carried the unusual credit of " Sebastian Faulks writing as Ian Fleming " and Faulks described how — using Fleming 's article — he had employed the same style as Fleming did in his novels : " it 's standard journalistic : no semicolons , few adverbs , few adjectives , short sentences , a lot of verbs , a lot of concrete nouns . These are the tools , and that 's literally the style . " Faulks also commented that " some people find it perplexing but I think the way that the book has been presented ... is a clever way of showing that it is not my book , although , of course , it is my book . " A large part of Devil May Care is set in Persia ( now Iran ) ; it was an area Fleming had not previously dealt with in his Bond novels , describing it as " full of thieves and crooks " . Faulks said of his choice of location that Fleming " didn 't set any of his books there , which is surprising in some ways because Lebanon in the 60s would have made a great setting for a Bond story . But his loss is my gain . " . Faulks was known for his previous best @-@ selling works Charlotte Gray , Birdsong and On Green Dolphin Street . He was the fifth author to produce an original Bond novel for Ian Fleming Publications ( formerly Glidrose ) , after Fleming himself . Kingsley Amis ( writing as " Robert Markham " ) produced Colonel Sun , John Gardner wrote fourteen original novels and two novelizations , and Raymond Benson produced six original novels and three novelizations . Additionally , Christopher Wood had produced two novelizations of the Eon films , while Charlie Higson and Samantha Weinberg ( as " Kate Westbrook " ) had also published Bond @-@ related novels . Faulks stated that Devil May Care would be his only Bond book , saying : " One tribute , one centenary , one book " , adding " My contract did offer me a second go , but definitely not ... ' Once funny , twice silly , three times a slap ' , as the nanny saying goes . But I think it would be a good gig for someone to do . " He saw his novel as a continuation of the Fleming books , saying " I tried to put the films out of mind " , adding that " I prepared in a rather pedantic way by reading all of the books in chronological order and when I got to the end I wrote mine . " = = Release and reception = = Devil May Care was published in the UK on Wednesday , 28 May 2008 , to mark the centenary of Ian Fleming 's birth . The hardcover published by Penguin Books was 295 pages long and cost £ 18 @.@ 99 . It was released through Doubleday in the United States . 400 @,@ 000 hardcover copies were printed for the launch for the UK and US markets . The jacket artwork featured the model Tuuli Shipster , muse of the British photographer , Rankin . Shipster said : " I was thrilled that Penguin chose me to be their Bond girl . It ’ s fantastic to be involved with something so iconic . " The cover picture was taken by British photographer and commercials director , Kevin Summers . The jacket was created by the design agency The Partners . In the UK , Devil May Care went to the top of the best @-@ seller lists by the end of the first week 's sales , having sold 44 @,@ 093 copies in four days ; this made it the fastest @-@ selling fiction book after the Harry Potter titles . Waterstones reported selling 19 @,@ 000 in the first four days of sales . The book was released in paperback version in the UK on 28 May 2009 . On 27 May 2008 , the day before Devil May Care was launched , the press party to publicise the launch of the book included Tuuli Shipster bringing copies up the Thames on a speedboat for a party on HMS Exeter , while two Lynx helicopters circled the ship . The ship , together with its 205 @-@ strong crew , had been loaned by the Royal Navy for the occasion . = = = Reviews = = = Writing in The Times , Peter Millar thought that " This is vintage Bond , in a very real sense " ; he went on to observe that the central figure was " Bond as Fleming abandoned him , shortly before his own death " . Millar summarised his critique by saying that the novel was a " ripping yarn , but don 't take it seriously " . Sam Leith , reviewing the novel for The Daily Telegraph thought that Faulks managed to avoid pastiche in his writing of the book , but had some fun , with " crass stuff ... being played , of course , for laughs " . Leith noted that aside from the more camp elements to the book — of which he approved — " when [ Faulks ] throttles down and lets the Bond schtick do its own work he soon hits a comfortable cruising speed . Plot Bristol fashion : violent pre @-@ credit sequence ; flirtatious exchange with Moneypenny ; apprehension mid @-@ snoop ; transportation to secret base ; villain confessing plans ; thwarting of plans ; coitus . " Reviewing the novel for The Guardian , Mark Lawson wrote that Faulks had made a good job of imitating Fleming , as the plot " persistently picks up whispers from the books Fleming left behind " , and using a style and turn of phrase that " read as if they were directly borrowed from Fleming . " The main difference Lawson identified between Fleming and Faulks was that Faulks " misses the chilling indifference of tone which Bond 's creator brought to both kissing and killing " . Overall , Lawson considered that Devil May Care " is a smart and enjoyable act of literary resurrection . Among the now 33 post @-@ Fleming Bonds , this must surely compete only with Kingsley Amis 's for the title of the best . " Nicola Barr , writing for The Guardian 's Saturday edition , was broadly supportive of Faulks , commenting that " No one expects or wants subtlety from Bond , and Faulks delivers a thriller that manages to feel reassuringly familiar rather than predictable . " Euan Ferguson , writing in The Guardian 's sister paper , The Observer , stated that " It 's good . Which is to say it 's better than it could have been . It is not , however , that good . " He noted that Faulks " evokes scenes with deft skill : recreates a time and a world with great brio , and manages it with the block script of Fleming 's journalistic nature rather than his own more cursive style . " Ferguson remained unsatisfied by the book , although he absolves the author of the blame , saying " the problem isn 't Faulks , it 's Bond . With Fleming 's untimely death , the link was broken " . Ferguson is pessimistic about Bond 's future and predicted that " Bond 's tux now flaps in the wind and despite Faulks having made such a well @-@ finessed fist of this , it is , I suspect , a last hurrah for 007 , destined to die on the page , if not the screen " . The critic for the London Evening Standard observed that " for once , the claim on the cover , Sebastian Faulks writing as Ian Fleming is more than just publishers effrontery , it 's a genuine strategy " . The critic went on to note that Faulks had " not attempted to modernise Bond one whit " and that he had " delivered in convincing fashion too , in plain prose . " Writing in the Financial Times , Christopher Hitchens complained that although Faulks claimed to be writing ' as Fleming ' , it fell short of doing so : " This pot @-@ boiler takes several times as long as most Bond classics . There is almost no sex until the very last pages . There is almost no torture – an absolute staple of a Bond narrative – until the very last pages . " Hitchens admitted that Faulks had referred to elements of Fleming 's novels , so that " those who have a canonical attitude to Fleming will be able to collect their share of in @-@ jokes and cross @-@ references " ; similarly , " wispy fragments of Vesper Lynd and Honey Ryder drift in and out of shot and memory in much the same way " . Hitchens concluded his review of the novel by considering that Bond had been " cheapened " in the novel . Janet Maslin , reviewing Devil May Care for the International Herald Tribune , remarked that Faulks did not " tinker with the series ' surefire recipe for success " , which resulted in " a serviceable madeleine for Bond nostalgists and a decent replica of past Bond escapades " . Patrick Anderson , writing in The Washington Post , admitted that he " was never a great fan of the Bond books " and considered that " Devil May Care has its amusing and entertaining moments , but there were other moments when I thought it would never end " . The New York Times critic , Charles McGrath , felt that Faulks " improbably injects new life into the formula " , which meant that Devil May Care was " a stronger novel than any that Fleming wrote " . Fritz Lanham , writing for the Houston Chronicle declared that " so satisfying was Sebastian Faulks ' new James Bond novel that I felt obliged to celebrate by making myself a vodka martini , very dry , shaken , not stirred . " Lanham considered that Faulks had " produced a book true to the spirit of the originals " , whilst also producing a novel that " works as a thriller " .
= Jerome , Arizona = Jerome is a town in the Black Hills of Yavapai County in the State of Arizona . Founded in the late 19th century on Cleopatra Hill overlooking the Verde Valley , it is more than 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) above sea level . It is about 100 miles ( 160 km ) north of Phoenix along State Route 89A between Sedona and Prescott . Supported in its heyday by rich copper mines , it was home to more than 10 @,@ 000 people in the 1920s . As of the 2010 census , its population was 444 . The town owes its existence mainly to two ore bodies that formed about 1 @.@ 75 billion years ago along a ring fault in the caldera of an undersea volcano . Tectonic plate movements , plate collisions , uplift , deposition , erosion , and other geologic processes eventually exposed the tip of one of the ore bodies and pushed the other close to the surface , both near Jerome . In the late 19th century , the United Verde Mine , developed by William A. Clark , extracted ore bearing copper , gold , silver , and other metals from the larger of the two . The United Verde Extension ( UVX ) Mine , owned by James Douglas , Jr . , depended on the other huge deposit . In total , the copper deposits discovered in the vicinity of Jerome were among the richest ever found in any time or place . Jerome made news in 1917 , when strikes involving the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) led to the expulsion at gunpoint of about 60 IWW members , who were loaded on a cattle car and shipped west . Production at the mines , always subject to fluctuations for various reasons , boomed during World War I , fell thereafter , rose again , then fell again during and after the Great Depression . As the ore deposits became exhausted , the mines closed , and the population dwindled to fewer than 100 by the mid @-@ 1950s . Efforts to save the town from oblivion succeeded when residents turned to tourism and retail sales . Jerome became a National Historic Landmark in 1967 . In the early 21st century , Jerome has art galleries , coffee houses , restaurants , wineries , and a state park and local museum devoted to mining history . = = Geography = = Jerome is about 100 miles ( 160 km ) north of Phoenix and 45 miles ( 72 km ) southwest of Flagstaff along Arizona State Route 89A between Sedona and Prescott . Other nearby communities include Clarkdale , Cottonwood , and Prescott Valley , all along Route 89A . Jerome is in Arizona 's Black Hills and within the Prescott National Forest at an elevation of more than 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) . Woodchute Wilderness is about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west of Jerome , and Mingus Mountain , at 7 @,@ 726 feet ( 2 @,@ 355 m ) above sea level , is about 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of town . Jerome State Historic Park is in the town itself . Bitter Creek , a tributary of the Verde River , flows intermittently through Jerome . = = Geology = = Most of Cleopatra Hill , the rock formation upon which Jerome was built , is 1 @.@ 75 billion ( 1 @,@ 750 million ) years old . Created by a massive caldera eruption in Precambrian seas south of what later became northern Arizona , the Cleopatra tuff was then part of a small tectonic plate that was moving toward the proto @-@ North American continent . After the eruption , cold sea water entered Earth 's crust through cracks caused by the eruption . Heated by rising magma to perhaps 660 ° F ( 349 ° C ) , the water was forced upward again , chemically altering the rocks it encountered and becoming rich in dissolved minerals . When the hot solution emerged from a hydrothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean , its dissolved minerals solidified and fell to the sea floor . The accumulating sulfide deposits from two such vents formed the ore bodies , the United Verde and the UVX , most important to Jerome 1 @.@ 75 billion years later . These ore bodies formed in different places along a ring fault in the caldera . About 50 million years after they were deposited , the tectonic plate of which they were a part collided with another small plate and then with the proto @-@ North American continent . The collisions , which welded the plates to the continent , folded the Cleopatra tuff in such a way that the two ore bodies ended up on opposite sides of a fold called the Jerome anticline . No record exists for the next 1 @,@ 200 million years of Jerome 's geologic history . Evidence from the Grand Canyon , further north in Arizona , suggests that thick layers of sediment may have been laid down atop the ore bodies and later eroded away . The gap in the rock record has been called The Great Unconformity . About 525 million years ago , when northern Arizona was at the bottom of a shallow sea , a thin layer of sediment called the Tapeats Sandstone was deposited over the Cleopatra formation . Limestones and other sediments accumulated above the sandstone until about 70 million years ago when the Laramide Orogeny created new mountains and new faults in the region . One of these faults , the Verde Fault , runs directly under Jerome along the Jerome anticline . Crustal stretching beginning about 15 million years ago created Basin and Range topography in central and southern Arizona , caused volcanic activity near Jerome , and induced movement along the Verde Fault . This movement exposed the tip of the United Verde ore body at one place on Cleopatra Hill and moved the UVX ore body to 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) below the surface . Hickey Formation basalts , laid down between 15 and 10 million years ago , cover the surface beneath the UVX headframes and Jerome State Historic Park . In the 21st century , the natural rock features in and around Jerome have been greatly altered by mining . The town is underlain by 88 miles ( 142 km ) of mine shafts , which may have contributed to the subsidence that destroyed the downtown Jerome structures that slid slowly downhill during decades of active mining . The United Verde open pit , about 300 feet ( 91 m ) deep , is on the edge of town next to Cleopatra Hill , which is marked with a large " J " . The side of the pit consists of Precambrian gabbro . Mine shafts beneath the pit extend to 4 @,@ 200 feet ( 1 @,@ 300 m ) below the surface . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Since the United Verde ore body at Jerome was partly visible on the surface , it is likely that native peoples had long mined it for the colorful copper @-@ bearing minerals malachite and azurite . Later , in 1585 , a Spanish exploring expedition made note of the ore . In 1598 , Captain Marcos Farfán de los Godos , hired by Juan de Oñate to explore the land , staked out claims of copper mines in modern @-@ day Jerome . = = = 19th century = = = The first mining claims in the Verde District were filed in 1876 . In 1880 , Frederick Augustus Tritle , a governor of the Arizona Territory , and Frederick F. Thomas , a mining engineer from San Francisco , bought these claims from the original owners . In 1883 , with the aid of eastern financiers including James A. MacDonald and Eugene Jerome of New York City , they created the United Verde Copper Company . The small adjacent mining camp on Cleopatra Hill was named Jerome in honor of Eugene Jerome , who became the company secretary . United Verde built a small smelter at Jerome and constructed wagon roads from it to Prescott , the Verde Valley , and the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad depot at Ash Fork . However , transport by wagon was expensive , and in late 1884 after the price of copper had fallen by 50 percent , the company ceased operations . William A. Clark , who had made a fortune in mining and commercial ventures in Montana , bought the United Verde properties and , among other improvements , enlarged the smelter . He also ordered construction of a narrow gauge railway , the United Verde & Pacific , to Jerome Junction , a railway transfer point 27 miles ( 43 km ) to the west . As mining of the ore expanded , Jerome 's population grew from 250 in 1890 to more than 2 @,@ 500 by 1900 . By then the United Verde Mine had become the leading copper producer in the Arizona Territory , employing about 800 men . Over its 77 @-@ year life ( 1876 to 1953 ) , this mine produced nearly 33 million tons of copper , gold , silver , lead and zinc ore . The metals produced by United Verde and UVX , the other big mine in Jerome , were said to be worth more than $ 1 billion . Taken together , the copper deposits of Jerome amounted to " some of the richest ever found on Earth " . Jerome had a post office by 1883 . It added a schoolhouse in 1884 and a public library in 1889 . After four major fires between 1894 and 1898 destroyed much of the business district and , in 1898 , half of the community 's homes , Jerome was incorporated as a town in 1899 . Incorporation made it possible to collect taxes to build a formal fire @-@ fighting system and to establish building codes that prohibited tents and other fire hazards within the town limits . Local merchant and rancher William Munds was the first mayor . By 1900 , Jerome had churches , fraternal organizations , and a downtown with brick buildings , telephone service , and electric lights . In addition to banks , hotels , and stores , among the thriving businesses were many associated with alcohol , gambling , and prostitution , serving a population that was 78 percent male in 1900 . In 1903 , the New York Sun proclaimed Jerome to be " the wickedest town in the West " . = = = Early 20th century = = = Jerome , which was legally separate from United Verde and supported many independent businesses , did not meet the definition of a company town even though it depended for decades largely on this one company . In 1914 , a separate company , the United Verde Extension Mining Company ( UVX ) , led by James S. Douglas , Jr . ( Rawhide Jimmy ) , discovered a second ore body near Jerome that produced a bonanza . The UVX Mine , also known as the Little Daisy Mine , became spectacularly profitable : during 1916 alone , it produced $ 10 million worth of copper , silver and gold , of which $ 7 @.@ 4 million was profit . This mine eventually produced more than $ 125 million worth of ore and paid more than $ 50 million in dividends . Total production amounted to four million tons , much less than the United Verde total , but uncommonly rich , averaging more than 10 percent copper and in places rising to 45 percent . Starting in 1914 , World War I greatly increased the demand for copper , and by 1916 the number of companies involved in mining near Jerome reached 22 . These companies employed about 3 @,@ 000 miners in the district , and Jerome 's population rose to an estimated 10 @,@ 000 by 1917 . Meanwhile , United Verde was building a large smelter complex and company town , Clarkdale , and a standard gauge railway , the Verde Tunnel and Smelter Railroad , to haul ore from its mine to the new smelter . After the new railway opened in 1915 , the company dismantled the Jerome smelter and converted the mine to an open @-@ pit operation . The switch from underground to open @-@ pit mining stemmed from a series of fires , some burning for decades , in the mine 's high @-@ sulfur ores . Removing the overburden and pouring a mixture of water , waste ore , and sand into rock fissures helped control the fires . By 1918 , UVX also had its own smelter in its own company town , Clemenceau , a part of Cottonwood . = = = Jerome Deportation = = = In 1917 , two miners ' strikes involving the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) , which had been organizing strikes elsewhere in Arizona and other states , took place in Jerome . Seen as a threat by business interests as well as other labor unions , the Wobblies , as they were called , were subject nationally to sometimes violent harassment . The labor situation in Jerome was complicated at the time by the existence of three separate labor unions — the International Union of Mine , Mill , and Smelter Workers ( MMSW ) ; the Liga Protectora Latina , which represented about 500 Mexican miners in Jerome ; and the IWW . The MMSW , which in May called a strike against United Verde , regarded the rival IWW with animosity and would not recognize it as legitimate . In response , the IWW members threatened to break the strike . Under pressure , the MMSW voted 467 to 431 to settle for less than they wanted . In July , the IWW called for a strike against all the mines in the district . In this case , the MMSW voted 470 to 194 against striking . Three days later , about 250 armed vigilantes rounded up at least 60 suspected IWW members , loaded them onto a railroad cattle car , and shipped them out of town . Nine were arrested and jailed temporarily in Prescott though never charged with a crime ; others were taken to Needles , California , then to Kingman , Arizona , where they were released after promising to desist from labor agitation . = = = 1920 – 53 = = = Following a brief post @-@ war downturn , boom times returned to Jerome in the 1920s . Copper prices rose to 24 cents a pound in 1929 , and United Verde and UVX operated at near capacity . Wages rose , consumers spent , and the town 's businesses — including five automobile dealerships — prospered . United Verde , seeking stable labor relations , added disability and life insurance benefits for its workers and built a baseball field , tennis courts , swimming pools , and a public park in Jerome . Both companies donated to the Jerome Public Library and helped finance projects for the town 's schools , churches , and hospitals . In 1930 , after the start of the Great Depression , the price of copper fell to 14 cents a pound . In response , United Verde began reducing its work force ; UVX operated at a loss , and a third big mine , Verde Central , closed completely . The price of copper fell further in 1932 to 5 cents a pound , leading to layoffs , temporary shut @-@ downs , and wage reductions in the Verde District . In 1935 , the Clark family sold United Verde to Phelps Dodge , and in 1938 UVX went out of business . Meanwhile , a subsidence problem that had irreparably damaged at least 10 downtown buildings by 1928 worsened through the 1930s . Dozens of buildings , including the post office and jail , were lost as the earth beneath them sank away . Contributing causes were geologic faulting in the area , blast vibrations from the mines , and erosion that may have been exacerbated by vegetation @-@ killing smelter smoke . Mining continued at a reduced level in the Verde District until 1953 , when Phelps Dodge shut down the United Verde Mine and related operations . Jerome 's population subsequently fell below 100 . To prevent the town from disappearing completely , its remaining residents turned to tourism and retail sales . They organized the Jerome Historical Society in 1953 and opened a museum and gift shop . = = = After 1953 = = = To encourage tourism , the town 's leaders sought National Historic Landmark status for Jerome ; it was granted by the federal government in 1967 . In 1962 , the heirs of Jimmy Douglas donated the Douglas mansion , above the UVX mine site , to the State of Arizona , which used it to create Jerome State Historic Park . By sponsoring music festivals , historic @-@ homes tours , celebrations , and races , the community succeeded in attracting visitors and new businesses , which in the 21st century include art galleries , craft stores , wineries , coffee houses , and restaurants . = = Climate = = July is typically the warmest month in Jerome , when highs average 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and lows average 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) . January is coldest , when the high temperatures average 49 ° F ( 9 ° C ) and the lows average 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The highest recorded temperature was 108 ° F ( 42 ° C ) in 2003 , and the lowest was 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) in 1963 . August , averaging 3 @.@ 03 inches ( 77 mm ) of rain , is the wettest month , while as is typical for Arizona the spring months of April to June generally do not have significant rainfall . Although most precipitation arrives as rain in Jerome , snow and fog sometimes occur . On average , about 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 cm ) of snow falls in Jerome in January and lesser amounts in February , March , April , November , and December . Even so , the average depth of snow on the ground in Jerome between 1897 and 2005 was so close to zero that it is reported as zero . Jerome is often windy , especially in spring and fall . Summer thunderstorms can be violent . = = Demographics = = The makeup of early Jerome differed greatly from the 21st @-@ century version of the town . The original mining claims were filed by Whites , but as the mines were developed , workers of many nationalities arrived . Among these were people of Irish , Chinese , Italian , and Slavic origin who came to Jerome in the late 19th century . By the time of World War I , Mexican nationals were arriving in large numbers , and census figures suggest that in 1930 about 60 percent of the town 's residents were Latino . This statistic is supported by mining company records showing that about 57 percent of the UVX workers were Mexican nationals in 1931 and that foreign @-@ born and Spanish @-@ surnamed workers accounted for about 77 percent of the UVX work force . The ratio of females to males also varied greatly over time in Jerome . Census data from 1900 through 1950 show a gradual rise in the percentage of female residents , who accounted for only 22 percent of the population at the turn of the century but about 50 percent by mid @-@ century . As of the census of 2000 , there were 329 people , 182 households , and 84 families residing in the town . The population density was 462 people per square mile ( 179 / km2 ) . There were 215 housing units at an average density of about 302 per square mile ( 117 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the town was about 92 % White , 0 @.@ 30 % Black or African American , about 2 @.@ 5 % Native American , 0 @.@ 30 % Asian , about 2 % from other races , and 3 % from two or more races . About 8 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . At the 2010 census , the population of the town was 444 . In 2000 , there were 182 households out of which 17 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 29 % were married couples living together , 10 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 54 % were non @-@ families . About 42 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 1 @.@ 81 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 37 . In the town the population was spread out with about 13 % under the age of 18 , 7 % from 18 to 24 , 27 % from 25 to 44 , 41 % from 45 to 64 , and 12 @.@ 5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 46 years . For every 100 females there were 103 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 98 males . As of 2014 , the median income for a household in the town was about $ 32 @,@ 000 . About 10 % of families in Jerome were below the poverty line in 2014 . = = Education and government = = Children from Jerome in kindergarten through eighth grade attend the Clarkdale – Jerome School in Clarkdale . Older students from Jerome are enrolled at Mingus Union High School in Cottonwood . Each of these communities had its own schools during the first half of the 20th century , but declining populations and shrinking tax revenues led to consolidation . Jerome has a mayor @-@ council government . The five seats on the council are filled by public election once every two years . Traditionally , the council member receiving the most votes in that election becomes the mayor . Nikki Check , who got the most votes in the 2012 election , is the mayor through 2014 . The town is in the Verde Valley Precinct of the Yavapai County Justice Court system . Along with Clarkdale and Cottonwood , it is in Sector Two of the Eastern Area Command of the Yavapai County Sheriff 's Office . = = In popular culture = = Jerome is referred to in the Barenaked Ladies album , All In Good Time , released in 2010 . It is the title of Track 9 with references to Mingus Mountain , from which Jerome can be seen . Folksinger Kate Wolf wrote and recorded a song , " Old Jerome " , first released on a posthumous album , The Wind Blows Wild , in 1988 . John Olson 's model railroad , the Jerome & Southwestern , was originally developed as a series of articles in Model Railroader magazine and later released in book form . The railroad was set in and around Jerome , and referred to other local sites such as Clarkdale , Cleopatra Hill , and Mingus Mountain . The novel Muckers ( 2013 ) by Sandra Neil Wallace , a former sportscaster for ESPN , is a historical novel for young adults that is based on the Jerome High School football team of 1950 . The team went undefeated that year , shortly before the copper mine closed and Jerome 's population dwindled . = = Notable residents = = Maynard James Keenan , lead singer of the band Tool , A Perfect Circle , and Puscifer . Katie Lee , folk singer Fred Rico , major league baseball player = = = Fiction = = = Molloy , Terry ( 2008 ) " Jerome Times : Ghosts Upon The Page " . Jerome Times Publishing Co . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 615 @-@ 21864 @-@ 9 Rabago , Roberto ( 2011 ) . Rich Town Poor Town : Ghosts of Copper 's Past . Jerome , Arizona : MultiCultural Educational Publishing Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 9703721 @-@ 9 @-@ 2 . = = = Non @-@ fiction = = = Alenius , E. M. J. ( 1968 ) . United Verde Copper Company : A Brief History of the United Verde Open Pit , Jerome , Arizona . Tucson , Arizona : The Arizona Bureau of Mines ( Bulletin 178 ) . OCLC 105511 Brewer , Jr . , James W. ( 1993 ) . Jerome : Story of Mines , Men , and Money ( pamphlet ) . Tucson , Arizona : Western National Parks Association . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 877856 @-@ 31 @-@ 0 . Rodda , Jeanette , and Nancy R. Smith ( 1990 ) . Experience Jerome : The Mogules , Miners and Mistresses of Cleopatra Hill . Sedona , Arizona : Thorne Enterprises . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 935810 @-@ 77 @-@ 6 .
= The Boat Race 1906 = The 63rd Boat Race took place on 7 April 1906 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race , and their crew was slightly heavier than their opponents . In a race umpired by Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 25 seconds , the fastest winning time for four years . The win took the overall record to 34 – 28 in Oxford 's favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1905 race by three lengths , and led overall with 34 victories to Cambridge 's 27 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe ( for the third consecutive year ) , Stanley Muttlebury , five @-@ time Blue between 1886 and 1890 , and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were William Fletcher , who rowed for them in the 1890 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 races and Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue ) . The umpire for the fourth year was old Etonian and former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman who rowed in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 @.@ 5 lb ( 77 @.@ 6 kg ) , 4 @.@ 125 pounds ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Cambridge crew included two rowers with Boat Race experience , in Banner Johnstone and Ronald Powell , both of whom were rowing in their third consecutive event . Powell was rowing alongside his brother Eric . Oxford 's crew contained four who had represented their university in the event , including E. P. Evans who was making his third appearance . All of the participants in the race were registered as British . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . According to former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater , the Light Blues went into the race as " firm favourites " . Conditions were described as " very fast , a strong tide and no wind " . Umpire Pitman started the race at noon , and Cambridge led from the first stroke . Going clear within two minutes , the Light Blues held an advantage of at least four lengths by the time they passed below Barnes Bridge . The victory secured , they paddled to the finish , winning by three and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 25 seconds . It was their fourth win in five years in the fastest winning time since the 1902 race , and took the overall record in the event to 34 – 28 in Oxford 's favour .
= Villanelle = A villanelle ( also known as villanesque ) is a nineteen @-@ line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain . There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes , with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza , which includes both repeated lines . The villanelle is an example of a fixed verse form . The word derives from Latin , then Italian , and is related to the initial subject of the form being the pastoral . The form started as a simple ballad @-@ like song with no fixed form ; this fixed quality would only come much later , from the poem " Villanelle ( J 'ay perdu ma Tourterelle ) " ( 1606 ) by Jean Passerat . From this point , its evolution into the " fixed form " used in the present day is debated . Despite its French origins , the majority of villanelles have been written in English , a trend which began in the late nineteenth century . The villanelle has been noted as a form that frequently treats the subject of obsessions , and one which appeals to outsiders ; its defining feature of repetition prevents it from having a conventional tone . = = Etymology = = The word villanelle derives from the Italian villanella , referring to a rustic song or dance , and which comes from villano , meaning peasant or villein . Villano derives from the Medieval Latin villanus , meaning a " farmhand " . The etymology of the word relates to the fact that the form 's initial distinguishing feature was the pastoral subject . = = History = = The villanelle originated as a simple ballad @-@ like song — in imitation of peasant songs of an oral tradition — with no fixed poetic form . These poems were often of a rustic or pastoral subject matter and contained refrains . Prior to the nineteenth century , the term would have simply meant country song , with no particular form implied — a meaning it retains in the vocabulary of early music . According to Julie Kane , the refrain in each stanza indicates that the form descended from a " choral dance song " wherein a vocal soloist — frequently female — semi @-@ improvised the " unique " lyrics of each stanza , while a ring of dancers — all female , or male and female mixed — chimed in with the repetitive words of the refrain as they danced around her in a circle . " The fixed @-@ form villanelle , containing the nineteen @-@ line dual @-@ refrain , derives from Jean Passerat 's poem " Villanelle ( J 'ay perdu ma Tourterelle ) " , published in 1606 . The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics ( 1993 ) suggests that this became the standard " villanelle " when prosodists such as César @-@ Pierre Richelet based their definitions of the form on that poem . This conclusion is refuted by Kane , however , who argues that it was instead Pierre @-@ Charles Berthelin 's additions to Richelet 's Dictionnaire de rimes that first fixed the form , followed a century later by the poet Théodore de Banville ; his creation of a parody to Passerat 's " J 'ay perdu ... " would lead Wilhelm Ténint and others to think that the villanelle was an antique form . Despite its classification and origin as a French poetic form , by far the majority of villanelles have been written in English . Subsequent to the publication of Théodore de Banville 's treatise on prosody " Petit traité de poésie française " ( 1872 ) , the form became popularised in England through Edmund Gosse and Austin Dobson . Gosse , Dobson , Oscar Wilde , Andrew Lang and John Payne were among the first English practitioners — theirs and other works were published in Gleeson White 's Ballades and Rondeaus , Chants Royal , Sestinas , Villanelles , & c . Selected ( 1887 ) , which contained thirty @-@ two English @-@ language villanelles composed by nineteen poets . Most modernists disdained the villanelle , which became associated with the overwrought formal aestheticism of the 1890s , i.e. , the decadent movement in England . In his 1914 novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , James Joyce includes a villanelle written by his protagonist Stephen Dedalus . William Empson revived the villanelle more seriously in the 1930s , and his contemporaries and friends W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas also picked up the form . Dylan Thomas 's " Do not go gentle into that good night " is perhaps the most renowned villanelle of all . Theodore Roethke and Sylvia Plath wrote villanelles in the 1950s and 1960s , and Elizabeth Bishop wrote a particularly famous and influential villanelle , " One Art , " in 1976 . The villanelle reached an unprecedented level of popularity in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of the New Formalism . Since then , many contemporary poets have written villanelles , and they have often varied the form in innovative ways ; in their anthology of villanelles ( Villanelles ) , Annie Finch and Marie @-@ Elizabeth Mali devote a section entitled " Variations on the Villanelle " to such innovations . = = Form = = The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines ( tercets ) followed by a single stanza of four lines ( a quatrain ) for a total of nineteen lines . It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains : the first line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the second and fourth stanzas , and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas . The rhyme @-@ and @-@ refrain pattern of the villanelle can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2 abA1A2 where letters ( " a " and " b " ) indicate the two rhyme sounds , upper case indicates a refrain ( " A " ) , and superscript numerals ( 1 and 2 ) indicate Refrain 1 and Refrain 2 . The pattern is below set against " Do not go gentle into that good night " by Dylan Thomas : The villanelle has no established meter , although most 19th @-@ century villanelles have used trimeter or tetrameter and most 20th @-@ century villanelles have used pentameter . Slight alteration of the refrain line is permissible . = = Effect = = With reference to the form 's repetition of lines , Philip K. Jason suggests that the " villanelle is often used , and properly used , to deal with one or another degree of obsession " citing Sylvia Plath 's " Mad Girl 's Love Song " amongst other examples . He notes the possibility for the form to evoke , through the relationship between the repeated lines , a feeling of dislocation and a " paradigm for schizophrenia " . This repetition of lines has been considered to prevent villanelles from possessing a " conventional tone " and that instead they are closer in form to a song or lyric poetry . Stephen Fry opines that the villanelle " is a form that seems to appeal to outsiders , or those who might have cause to consider themselves as such " , having a " playful artifice " which suits " rueful , ironic reiteration of pain or fatalism " . ( In spite of this , the villanelle has also often been used for light verse , as for instance Louis Untermeyer 's " Lugubrious Villanelle of Platitudes " . ) On the relationship between form and content , Anne Ridler notes in an introduction to her own poem " Villanelle for the Middle of the Way " a point made by T. S. Eliot , that " to use very strict form is a help , because you concentrate on the technical difficulties of mastering the form , and allow the content of the poem a more unconscious and freer release " . In an introduction to his own take on the form , entitled " Missing Dates " , William Empson suggests that while the villanelle is a " very rigid form " , nonetheless W. H. Auden — in his long poem The Sea and the Mirror — had " made it sound absolutely natural like the innocent girl talking " . = = Examples = = " Do not go gentle into that good night " by Dylan Thomas . Probably the best @-@ known villanelle in English . " The Waking " by Theodore Roethke . " Mad Girl 's Love Song " by Sylvia Plath . " One Art " by Elizabeth Bishop . " If I Could Tell You ( poem ) " by W.H. Auden Edwin Arlington Robinson 's villanelle " The House on the Hill " was first published in The Globe in September 1894 . The villanelle written by Stephen Dedalus , the protagonist of James Joyce 's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . It has been the subject of several critical analyses . " Hate the Villanelle , " a song by They Might Be Giants , first performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music Howard Gilman Opera House in June 2014 .
= Hurricane Bertha ( 2014 ) = Hurricane Bertha was an unusual tropical cyclone in early August 2014 that attained minimal hurricane status , despite having a disheveled appearance and a relatively high atmospheric pressure . On July 26 , a tropical wave south of the Cape Verde Islands was monitored for possible tropical cyclogenesis . Over the following days , it slowly developed and acquired gale @-@ force winds and enough convection to be designated as Tropical Storm Bertha early on August 1 . A mostly disorganized cyclone , Bertha quickly moved across the Lesser Antilles , clipping the northern end of Martinique , later that day . During its trek across the eastern Caribbean Sea , its circulation became severely disrupted and it may have degenerated into a tropical wave . On August 3 , it traversed the Mona Passage and moved over the Southeastern Bahamas where conditions favored development . Despite an overall ragged appearance on satellite imagery , data from Hurricane Hunters indicated it intensified to a hurricane on August 4 ; it acquired peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) that day . Turning north , and later northeast , Bertha soon weakened as it began to merge with an approaching trough to the west . This merger ultimately took place on August 6 , at which time Bertha was declared extratropical well to the south of Nova Scotia . The remnant system raced eastward across the Atlantic and later struck the United Kingdom on August 10 . Once over the North Sea , the storm stalled for a few days before resuming its eastward track . It was last noted around the Baltic Sea on August 16 . As a tropical cyclone , Bertha 's impact was relatively minor . Widespread power outages occurred along its path but no major damage or loss of life took place . Enhanced swells and rip currents associated with the hurricane resulted in three fatalities and dozens of rescues along the East Coast of the United States . After becoming an extratropical system , it had significant effects in Western Europe . Particularly hard hit was the United Kingdom , where wind gusts reached 108 mph ( 174 km / h ) . Unseasonably heavy rains triggered widespread flooding which shut down roads and prompted evacuations . One fatality took place offshore . On mainland Europe , a small tornado outbreak resulted in scattered structural damage in Belgium , France , and Germany . = = Meteorological history = = On July 24 , 2014 , a westward moving tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa near the Cape Verde Islands . Following the development of convective activity — showers and thunderstorms — on July 26 , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring the system for potential tropical cyclogenesis . A disorganized system , development was forecast to be slow due to unfavorable environmental conditions . Organization and coverage of convection began improving by July 28 , due in part to the passage of a Kelvin wave . An area of low pressure subsequently consolidated within the disturbance on July 29 and the NHC assessed the system as having imminent potential of becoming a tropical depression . Convection soon diminished over the system , though its circulation remained well @-@ defined . Moving west @-@ northwest around the periphery of a strong subtropical ridge , the low acquired tropical storm @-@ force winds early on July 31 but continued to lack convection . A hurricane hunter aircraft investigated the system that afternoon and found winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) north and northeast of the center . In the hours following the weather reconnaissance mission , a band of deep convection blossomed near the center , prompting the NHC to designate the system as Tropical Storm Bertha at 00 : 00 UTC on August 1 . Upon its classification , Bertha was situated roughly 345 mi ( 555 km ) east @-@ southeast of Barbados in the Lesser Antilles . Within hours of Bertha 's designation on August 1 , wind shear stemming from a trough over the central Atlantic displaced convection from the circulation center . Satellite imagery depicted a well @-@ defined and vigorous circulation ; however , observations from the hurricane hunters indicated a wind field more akin to a tropical wave . Around 21 : 00 UTC , Bertha clipped the northern end of Martinique with sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Persistent shear continued to take its toll on the cyclone as it entered the Caribbean Sea with aircraft data indicating no closed circulation at 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) elevation . Despite this , observations from Martinique and Dominica indicated that there was some semblance of a surface circulation , and the NHC continued to monitor Bertha as a tropical storm . Throughout August 2 , convection steadily increased in coverage and organization though the center of Bertha remained displaced from the strongest thunderstorms to the southwest . NEXRAD weather radar imagery from San Juan , Puerto Rico depicted a disorganized , possibly open circulation throughout the day . In light of this , NHC forecaster John Beven noted that the system could degenerate into an open wave around the time in reached Hispaniola later on August 2 . Continued effects of dry air entrainment , shear , and land interaction further degraded Bertha 's structure and late on August 2 , " the system barely [ qualified ] as a tropical cyclone " . Various data sources indicated no closed circulation by 21 : 00 UTC and it was noted that advisories could be discontinued , at least temporarily . Early on August 3 , the disheveled storm moved through the Mona Passage and brushed the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic before emerging over the Atlantic Ocean . As the storm moved away from Hispaniola its movement became more northwesterly , following the edge of the subtropical ridge . Moving near the Turks and Caicos Islands , Bertha 's circulation finally became better organized and banding features developing over its eastern periphery . Subsequent strengthening of upper @-@ level outflow , decreased shear , increased mid @-@ level humidity , and high sea surface temperatures enabled rapid intensification . Deep convection wrapped cyclonically into the storm and winds reached 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) by 03 : 00 UTC on August 4 . During the early part of August 4 , structural organization began to degrade with convection becoming more limited in extent and banding features dissipating . The only factor aiding the storm was its well @-@ defined outflow . However , despite the storm 's ragged and weak appearance observations from hurricane hunters indicated that it had intensified into a hurricane by 12 : 00 UTC . Bertha is estimated to have reached its peak intensity around this time with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 47 inHg ) . Additionally , by this time its movement had shifted to due north and with increased forward momentum . Through the remainder of August 4 and into the early hours of August 5 , Bertha maintained hurricane status with its atypical structure . At times , its circulation became exposed due to increasing shear . Acceleration to the north @-@ northeast ahead of a trough off the East Coast of the United States ensued as the system weakened below hurricane intensity during the overnight of August 4 – 5 . Steadily increasing shear kept the circulation center mostly devoid of thunderstorms , with periodic bursts of convection being quickly pushed away . The storm 's motion became more northeasterly early on August 6 as it began to undergo an extratropical transition . An upper @-@ level jet streak coupled with the system that morning , prompting convection to develop away from the storm 's center . Bertha soon merged with the trough steering it northeast as it moved into the cold sector of the front , which extended from Nova Scotia to The Bahamas . The merger of these systems marked Bertha 's transition into an extratropical system , at which time it was located 290 mi ( 470 km ) south @-@ southeast of Halifax , Nova Scotia . Slight intensification took place shortly thereafter with winds increasing to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) before weakening resumed . The system raced eastward across the Atlantic and ultimately degraded into a trough several hundred miles southwest of Ireland on August 9 . Bertha 's remnants struck the United Kingdom the following day and later moved over the North Sea . There , the storm stalled for a few days before resuming its eastward track . The decaying cyclone moved over Scandinavia on August 14 and was last noted on August 16 near the Baltic Sea . = = Warnings and watches = = = = Preparations and impact = = = = = Caribbean = = = Late on August 1 , Bertha crossed the Lesser Antilles , bringing strong winds and heavy rain to many islands . Across Martinique , the storm produced sustained winds of 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) with gusts to 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) . Numerous lightning strikes caused widespread surges in the electrical grid and left 150 @,@ 000 residences without electricity . Power was restored to all customers by the evening of August 2 . Rainfall was relatively light and less than anticipated with 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 in ( 30 to 60 mm ) falling across northern areas of the island and 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 79 in ( 10 to 20 mm ) over southern areas . Similar effects were felt in Guadeloupe where gusts reached 57 mph ( 92 km / h ) on La Désirade . A general 3 @.@ 9 to 5 @.@ 9 in ( 100 to 150 mm ) fell across Basse @-@ Terre Island . Few reports of downed trees and power lines were received and overall damage was negligible . Some rain and wind also affected Barbados . Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit declared a public holiday for the afternoon of August 1 in order for all workers to return home in advance of the storm . Several LIAT flights for the island and St. Lucia were canceled . Wind gusts on Dominica reached 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) and hundreds of people lost power . Coincidentally , Bertha threatened the United States Virgin Islands 18 years after a hurricane in 1996 of the same name , with both affecting the primary elections . Turnout was low as expected due to the storm , with 9 @,@ 217 people ( 26 @.@ 05 percent ) of voters showing up to polls . In response to the storm , the Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency was activated , leave for all police officers was suspended , and officers began operating on 12 ‑ hour shifts on August 1 . The Public Works Department appropriated sandbags and cleared storm drains in anticipation of heavy rain . The outer edges of Bertha produced near @-@ hurricane @-@ force around the United States Virgin Islands , with an offshore buoy near St. Thomas measuring a gust of 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) . Gale @-@ force winds on St. Croix snapped many tree limbs . Across Puerto Rico , the outer bands of Bertha dropped a general 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of rain , with isolated areas reaching 10 in ( 250 mm ) , over areas suffering from a drought . Accumulations peaked at 11 @.@ 11 in ( 282 mm ) in Adjuntas . Some flooding occurred on the island , resulting in the partial collapse of two roads . The Río Grande de Arecibo topped its banks between highways 10 and 123 within the Utuado Municipality . Landslides blocked a few roads around Aceitunas . Tropical storm @-@ force wind gusts , peaking at 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) , downed some trees and power lines . Prolific lightning accompanied the storm and resulted in 29 @,@ 000 residences losing power . In Arroyo , 239 people , mostly athletes , sought refuge in public shelters . Following the designation of Tropical Storm Bertha on August 1 , the Ministry of Public Works and Communications in the Dominican Republic activated emergency operations to prepare for the storm . Several flights to and from Las Américas International Airport near Santo Domingo were canceled on August 2 . Heavy rains in the country , peaking at 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) in Bayaguana , caused significant flooding , especially along the Soco River which overflowed its banks . The communities of Atilano , Cabeza de Toro , Campiña , Concho Primo , and Lima , were temporarily isolated by the rising waters . Less substantial flooding occurred elsewhere in the country , with seven homes inundated in Moscú . Additionally , strong winds downed many trees in the region . Across the Southeastern Bahamas , residents were warned of the approaching storm ; however , many were preoccupied with a local regatta and ignored warnings . In the Turks and Caicos , locals brought their boats closer to shore and anchored them . Hotels were reportedly " taking seriously the threat of the storm . " Increased surf and sporadic heavy rains associated with Bertha affected portions of Cuba . = = = United States East Coast = = = Though Bertha remained hundreds of miles offshore , long @-@ period swells resulted in dangerous rip currents across the East Coast of the United States . Two people required rescue off the coast of Jacksonville , Florida due to rip currents . Lingering swells resulted in the drowning of a man at Mickler 's Landing in Ponte Vedra Beach . Further north near Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , a man was pulled out to sea by rip currents and rescued by the Hatteras Island Rescue Squad ; however , after being hospitalized he later succumbed to his injuries and died . Tropical storm warnings were raised for offshore zones ; waves of 15 to 25 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 to 7 @.@ 6 m ) were forecast for areas off the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey . Several people were injured in rough seas at Rehoboth Beach , Delaware while lifeguards performed multiple rescues . In Ocean City , New Jersey , 25 rescues took place on August 5 . That same day , a woman nearly drowned near Atlantic City after being pulled out by rip currents . = = = Western Europe = = = Heavy rains from the remnant of Bertha caused widespread flooding across the United Kingdom . Flood warnings were issued for 6 regions across the nation while alerts were raised for a further 47 areas during the storm 's passage . In London , a water main burst and inundated surrounding streets . Thirty shops were affected and nearby stations of the London Underground were swamped . The Prudential RideLondon race was shortened by 14 mi ( 23 km ) due to the storm . The River Dee rose to its highest level since 1990 and flooded surrounding areas . Footbridges and paths along its banks were washed away , though no structures were affected . Lossiemouth , Scotland , received a month 's worth of rain in roughly 12 hours . Flooding in Elgin prompted the evacuation of 200 homes . Numerous roads were washed out across Scotland and First ScotRail reported widespread service disruption . High winds and flooding also damaged crops across the region , namely in Scotland . Offshore , a man suffered a fatal head injury on his yacht amid rough seas and high winds . The Solent Coastguards flew out to rescue the man , but he was declared dead on the scene . Twenty vessels competing in the 2014 EXE Sails GP14 World Championships were caught in high winds produced by the storm and capsized in the Strangford Lough . A nearby hospital declared a major incident and the coast guard rushed to rescue the 97 sailors stranded in the water . Only one person suffered injuries , but all were treated for hypothermia . The outer bands of Bertha 's remnants produced a prolonged period of severe weather over mainland Europe , extending from France to Sweden . In southwest Germany , gusts reached 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . On August 10 , a small tornado outbreak occurred with touchdowns taking place in Belgium , France , and Germany . The strongest of these , rated F2 on the Fujita Scale , affected Bad Schwalbach , Germany ; 50 homes were damaged in the area and a swath of forest was heavily damaged . An F1 tornado struck an outdoor event in Luxembourg , Belgium , resulting in four serious injuries . Additionally , an EF1 storm traveled for 25 mi ( 41 km ) through the Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais region of France . Another tornado , rated F0 , touched down in Kingston upon Hull , United Kingdom , on the same day . Alerts were raised across Norway for the potential of flooding and damaging winds .
= Free as a Bird = " Free as a Bird " is a song originally composed and recorded in 1977 as a home demo by John Lennon . In 1995 a studio version of the recording , incorporating contributions from Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , was released as a single by The Beatles . It was released 25 years after the break @-@ up of the band and 15 years after the death of Lennon . The single was released as part of the promotion for The Beatles Anthology video documentary and the band 's Anthology 1 compilation album . For the Anthology project , McCartney asked Lennon 's widow Yoko Ono for unreleased material by Lennon to which the three remaining ex @-@ Beatles could contribute . " Free as a Bird " was one of two such songs ( along with " Real Love " ) for which McCartney , Harrison , and Starr contributed additional instrumentation , vocals , and arrangements . Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra , who had worked with Harrison on Harrison 's album Cloud Nine and as part of the Traveling Wilburys , was asked to co @-@ produce the record . The music video for " Free as a Bird " was produced by Vincent Joliet and directed by Joe Pytka ; from the point of view of a bird in flight , it depicts many references to Beatles songs , such as " Strawberry Fields Forever , " " Penny Lane " , " Paperback Writer " , " A Day in the Life " , " Eleanor Rigby " , " Revolution " , and " Helter Skelter " . " Free as a Bird " won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and was The Beatles ' 34th Top 10 single in the United States . The song secured the group at least one Top 40 hit in four different decades ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s and 1990s ) . = = Origins = = McCartney , Harrison and Starr originally intended to record some incidental background music , as a trio , for the Anthology project , but later realised , according to Starr , that they wanted to record " new music " . According to Harrison , they had always agreed that if one of them was not in the band , the others would never replace them and , " ... go out as the Beatles " , and that the " only other person that could be in it was John . " McCartney then asked Ono if she had any unreleased recordings by Lennon , so she sent him cassette tapes of four songs . " Free as a Bird " was recorded by Lennon in 1977 , in his and Ono 's Dakota building apartment in New York City , but was not complete . Lennon introduced the song on the cassette by imitating a New York accent and saying , " Free — as a boid " ( bird ) . The other songs were " Grow Old With Me " , " Real Love " , and " Now and Then " . Ono says that it was Harrison and former Beatles road manager Neil Aspinall who initially asked her about the concept of adding vocals and instrumentation to Lennon 's demo tapes . Ono stated : " People have said it was all agreed when Paul came over to New York to induct John into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , but it was all settled before then . I just used that occasion to hand over the tapes personally to Paul . " McCartney went to Ono 's home after the induction ceremony at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to listen to , and receive , the Lennon demo tapes ; he recalls the meeting with Ono : She was there with Sean ... and she played us a couple of tracks . There were two newies on mono cassettes which he did at home ... [ s ] o I checked it out with Sean , because I didn 't want him to have a problem with it . He said , " Well , it 'll be weird hearing a dead guy on lead vocal . But give it a try . " I said to them both , " If it doesn 't work out , you can veto it . " When I told George and Ringo I 'd agreed to that they were going , " What ? What if we love it ? " It didn 't come to that , luckily . I said to Yoko , " Don 't impose too many conditions on us , it 's really difficult to do this , spiritually . We don 't know , we may hate each other after two hours in the studio and just walk out . So don 't put any conditions , it 's tough enough . " During an interview for the Anthology project , McCartney revealed that he was surprised to learn that Lennon 's demos of " Free as a Bird " and " Real Love " had already been released and were well known by Lennon fans . Starr admitted that when he first listened to the recording he found it very emotional . = = = Recording = = = George Martin , who had produced most of the Beatles ' 1960s recordings , turned down an invitation to produce " Free as a Bird " due to hearing problems ( though he subsequently managed to produce and direct the Anthology series ) . Harrison , in turn , suggested Lynne as producer , and work commenced at McCartney 's studio in February 1994 . Geoff Emerick and Jon Jacobs were chosen to engineer the new tracks . The original tape of Lennon singing the song was recorded on a mono cassette , with vocals and piano on the same track . They were impossible to separate , so Lynne had to produce the track with voice and piano together , but commented that it was good for the integrity of the project , as Lennon was not only singing occasional lines , but also playing on the song . Although Lennon had died in 1980 , Starr said that the three remaining Beatles agreed they would pretend that Lennon had " gone for lunch " , or had gone for a " cup of tea " . The remaining Beatles recorded a track around Lennon 's basic song idea , but which had gaps they had to fill in musically . Some chords were changed , and the arrangement was expanded to include breaks for McCartney and Harrison to sing extra lines . Harrison played slide guitar in the solo . The Beatles ' overdubs and production were recorded between February and March 1994 in Sussex , England , at McCartney 's home studio . It ends with a slight coda including a strummed ukulele by Harrison ( an instrument he was known to have played often ) and the voice of John Lennon played backwards . The message , when played in reverse , is " Turned out nice again " , which was the catchphrase of George Formby . The final result sounds like " made by John Lennon " , which , according to McCartney , was unintentional and was only discovered after the surviving Beatles reviewed the final mix . When Starr heard McCartney and Harrison singing the harmonies , and later the finished song , he said that it sounded just like them [ The Beatles ] . He explained his comment by saying that he looked at the project as " an outsider " . Lynne fully expected the finished track to sound like The Beatles , as that was his premise for the project , but Harrison added : " It 's gonna sound like them [ The Beatles ] if it is them ... It sounds like them now " [ in the present ] . McCartney , Harrison and Starr all agreed that the recording process was more pleasurable than when they later recorded " Real Love " ( the second song chosen for release ) ; as it was almost finished , they had very little input , and felt like sidemen for Lennon . = = Music video = = The music video for " Free as a Bird " was produced by Vincent Joliet and directed by Joe Pytka and depicts , from the point of view of a bird in flight , many references to Beatles songs , such as " Penny Lane " , " Paperback Writer " , " A Day in the Life " , " Eleanor Rigby " , " Helter Skelter " , " Piggies " , " The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill " , " Strawberry Fields Forever " , " Doctor Robert " , and " The Fool on The Hill " . Between 80 and 100 allusions to the Beatles ' story , music and lyrics in the video have been estimated . Although the bird can be heard at the beginning of the video , it is never seen . Neil Aspinall ( Apple Records executive at the time ) said that this was because no @-@ one could agree on what kind of bird it should be . Pytka had to send his ideas to McCartney , Harrison and Starr , as well as Ono , to make sure they all agreed before he could proceed with the filming of the video . Derek Taylor ( ex @-@ Apple Records executive ) sent a two @-@ page letter to Pytka confirming that he could proceed , and personally encouraged and supported Pytka 's ideas . The video was filmed in as many authentic locations as possible : Penny Lane was made by Pytka 's art department to look as it was in the 1950s , and other locations filmed were The Liver Building , and Liverpool Docks ( as a reference to Lennon 's father Alfred Lennon ) . Although Pytka fixed the ideas on a storyboard , he abandoned it as soon as filming began , and followed ideas based on what angles and perspectives the steadycam camera produced . One instance was the filming of the car crash , which Pytka filmed for hours from above , but realised that a steadycam shot on the ground was a much better idea . Archive footage was used by imposing it on scenes shot by Pytka , who utilised a greenscreen stage to digitally blend it into the finished film , such as Paul 's Old English Sheepdog in the graveyard , and the elephant in the ballroom procession scene . The elephant was put in last , as Aspinall phoned Pytka and said that Starr liked the scene , but insisted an elephant be put in it , which Pytka later did , as he had already put a sitar in at the request of Harrison . Apart from the steadycam shots , Pytka used a Russian @-@ made Akil @-@ crane for sweeping overhead shots , such as the Abbey Road zebra crossing shot at the end , as well as a remote @-@ controlled toy helicopter with a camera added to it for intricate aerial shots . To make it more interesting , two Blue Meanies make cameos . Harrison played the ukulele in the studio for the song , and asked to appear as the ukulele player seen only from behind at the very end of the video . Pytka resisted this , as he felt it would be wrong for any contemporary members of the Beatles to appear on screen . Pytka later stated that it was " heartbreaking " that Harrison had not played the role , particularly after Harrison 's death in 2001 and upon discovering that the ukulele was not a sample of an old song as Pytka had assumed . The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1997 . On 6 November 2015 , Apple Records released a new deluxe version of the 1 album in different editions and variations ( known as 1 + ) . Most of the tracks on 1 have been remixed from the original multi @-@ track masters by Giles Martin . Giles Martin , with Jeff Lynne also remixed " Free as a Bird " to accompany the music video for the DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases . The remix of " Free as a Bird " cleans up Lennon 's vocal further , and uses a different take of Harrison 's vocal phrase , replacing the lyric " whatever happened to the life that we once knew " with " whatever happened to the love that we once knew " . Towards the end of the track , this version also contains a clip of Lennon stating the phrase " turned out nice again " played forward - which was played backwards in the original mix of the song . McCartney 's lead vocal , buried in the original mix to serve as a double track for Lennon 's own vocal , can now be heard more prominently in the second verse . = = Chart performance = = " Free as a Bird " was premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the early hours of 20 November 1995 . It was released as a single in the UK on 4 December 1995 , two weeks after its appearance on the Anthology 1 album . The single sold 120 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , entering the UK Singles Chart at No. 2 . It remained on the chart for eight weeks . In the US , the song reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming The Beatles ' 34th Top 10 single in America . It was the group 's first Top 10 song in the U.S. in nineteen and a half years , the longest span for the group between Top 10 hits since first charting in America in 1964 . = = Critical reception = = " Free as a Bird " marked the first time a single containing new material had been released under The Beatles ' name since " The Long and Winding Road " in the United States in 1970 . The promotional video was broadcast during episode one of The Beatles Anthology that aired on ITV in the UK and ABC in the US . " Free as a Bird " was greeted with mixed reviews . Its release was criticised by Caroline Sullivan in The Guardian as a publicity gimmick , exploiting the Beatles brand , and owing less to the Beatles than to Lynne . Andy Gill in The Independent called the song " disappointingly low @-@ key . ... George 's guitar weeps gently enough when required , but the overall effect is of a dirge . " Chris Carter , now the host of Breakfast with the Beatles , commented : " I would value any song ( especially if it was great ) performed by John , Paul , George and Ringo , no matter how ( or when ) it was recorded . " " Free as a Bird " later won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . = = Personnel = = According to Ian MacDonald : John Lennon – lead vocal , piano Paul McCartney – lead vocal , harmony vocal , bass , acoustic guitar , piano , synthesizer George Harrison – lead vocal , harmony vocal , electric slide guitar , acoustic guitar , ukulele Ringo Starr – drums , harmony vocal = = Track listings = = All songs written by John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , except where noted . 7 " UK : R6422 / USA : NR @-@ 58497 " Free as a Bird " – 2 : 42 " Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) " – 3 : 02 Music recorded 28 November 1967 at EMI Studios , London ; Christmas greetings recorded 6 December 1967 at EMI Studios , London CD UK : CDR6422 / USA : CDP 58497 " Free as a Bird " – 4 : 26 " I Saw Her Standing There " ( Lennon – McCartney ) – 2 : 51 Recorded 11 February 1963 at EMI Studios , London Produced by George Martin This version ( take 9 ) was recorded after the version released on the album Please Please Me ( take 1 ) . The introductory count @-@ in from take 9 was edited onto the start of take 1 for the album . " This Boy " ( Lennon – McCartney ) – 3 : 17 Recorded 17 October 1963 at EMI Studios , London Produced by George Martin Two incomplete versions ( takes 12 and 13 ) , which both break down into laughter . " Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) " – 3 : 02 = = Charts and certifications = =
= Aboriginal title in the Taney Court = The Supreme Court of the United States , under Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ( 1836 – 1864 ) , issued several important decisions on the status of aboriginal title in the United States , building on the opinions of aboriginal title in the Marshall Court . The Taney Court heard Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) and New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) , the first two aboriginal title cases involving indigenous plaintiffs to reach the Supreme Court since Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1830 ) , and the first two cases won by indigenous parties in the Supreme Court . In Marsh v. Brooks ( 1850 ) , in dicta , the Court declared : " That an action of ejectment could be maintained on an Indian right to occupancy and use , is not open to question . " The remaining cases involved no indigenous parties . In United States v. Brooks ( 1850 ) , the Court refused to inquire into allegations of fraud on the part of Commissioner Jehiel Brooks in negotiating a treaty with the Caddo . Following the Marshall Court 's precedent , the Taney Court continued to uphold the validity of state land grants issued before the extinguishment of aboriginal title . Depending on the applicable law , the Taney Court held that aboriginal title could sometimes be asserted as a defense in trespass , ejectment , and writ of right actions , even by those with no claim to title themselves . = = United States v. Brooks ( 1850 ) = = In 1835 , a treaty negotiated by Commissioner Jehiel Brooks provided for the Caddos to cede certain lands to Franois Grappe and his three sons , Jacques , Dominique , and Balthazar Grappe . The Grappes sold the land to Col. Brooks . On February 24 , 1846 , the United States attorney for the District of Louisiana filed suit against Col. Brooks , alleging that he had fraudulently included the lands within those ceded by the Caddos to the United States . At trial , the judge refused to allow the federal government to read various documents into evidence ; the jury returned a verdict for Brooks . The Court affirmed , holding that " Brooks being the alienee of the Grappes for the entire reservation , he may hold it against any claim of the United States , as his alienors would have done . " The court refused to consider " conjectural intimations , which were made in the argument of it , concerning the influences which were used to secure the reservation , or the designs of the commissioner in having it done . " = = The Seneca cases ( 1857 – 1858 ) = = The two aboriginal title cases involving indigenous litigants to reach the Taney Court both involved the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians and the Tonawanda Reservation , both argued by John H. Martindale ( first as the district attorney of Genesee County , New York , then in private practice ) , and both originated in the New York state courts . = = = Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) = = = Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) was the first litigation of aboriginal title in the U.S. Supreme Court by an indigenous plaintiff since Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , and the first Supreme Court case won by an indigenous plaintiff . According to a contemporary New York Times article : " The questions involved are of great magnitude , and affect more or less the title to a large portion of the State of New York . " The Court affirmed a judgement for the plaintiff on a cause of action of trespass . Moreover , the Court held that Indian removal treaties could not be enforced by private parties , either through self @-@ help or through the courts . Fellows also underscored the importance of the trust relationship between the federal government and the tribes in holding that the federal government retained the sole discretion to enforce , or not enforce , such treaties against the tribes . = = = New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) = = = New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) was a companion case to Fellows . An individual Seneca party of interest , prevailed in a suit brought under a New York statute authorizing state district attorneys to remove non @-@ Indian trespassers from Indian lands in county courts . At the time Fellows was decided , this case had reached the U.S. Supreme Court but had not yet been argued . The defendant @-@ appellants , before the Court , unsuccessfully challenged the state statute under the Indian Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution , the federal Nonintercourse Act and the Treaty of Buffalo Creek between the federal government and the Senecas . Because the Senecas relied on state law , and the defendants relied on federal law , the case is essentially the inverse of Nonintercourse Act litigation of over the next 150 years . = = Dicta in disputes between non @-@ Indians = = Several decisions note the extinguishment of aboriginal title as a condition of land grants . More than once , in dicta , the Court cited the purchase of aboriginal title in New Jersey . = = = Sac and Fox Half @-@ Breed Tract cases ( 1850 – 1854 ) = = = An 1824 federal treaty with the Sac and Fox tribes set aside a 119 @,@ 000 acre Half @-@ Breed Tract in Iowa between the Mississippi River and the Des Moines River . The treaty declared the lands inalienable . In 1834 , Congress transferred the fee title to the lands to the Half @-@ Breeds , rendering the land transferable . By 1841 , the Tract was owned in fee almost entirely by non @-@ Indians . The Taney Court heard for land disputes involving the Iowa Half @-@ Breed Tract : the first two from the Supreme Court of the Iowa Territory ; the second two from the United States District Court for the District of Iowa . Marsh v. Brooks I ( 1850 ) Marsh v. Brooks ( 1850 ) , a writ of right action , involved a plaintiff holding an 1839 federal land patent ( issued under an 1836 statute ) and a trespasser defendant asserting that the plaintiff 's title was invalid because of the Half @-@ Breed Tract treaty and legislation . The Iowa Supreme Court refused to let the defendants raise this defense ; Justice John Catron , for a unanimous Court , reversed and remanded . The Court provided the following dicta on aboriginal title : This Indian title consisted of the usufruct and right of occupancy and enjoyment ; and , so long as it continued , was superior to and excluded those claiming the reserved lands by patents made subsequent to the ratification of the treaty ; they could not disturb the occupants under the Indian title . That an action of ejectment could be maintained on an Indian right to occupancy and use , is not open to question . This is the result of the decision in [ Johnson v. McIntosh and Cornet v. Winton , written by Justice Catron while he was on the Tennessee high court ] . . . . The Supreme Court held that an ejectment defendant could assert the defense of aboriginal title , even if the defendant did not even claim to hold the aboriginal title : It was also insisted on the argument here , that , as it did not appear that any half @-@ breeds , or their heirs or assigns , were in existence when the trial below took place , the outstanding title relied on could not be set up by the defendants . To which it may be answered , that it was necessary for the plaintiffs to show themselves to be owners of the land . . . ; and if the land had been previously granted , nothing was left to pass by the second patent . . . . The general rule is , that , where the same land has been twice granted , the elder patent may be set up in defence by a trespasser , when sued by a claimant under the younger grant , without inquiring as to who is the actual owner of the land at the time of the trial . Webster v. Reid ( 1850 ) In Webster v. Reid ( 1850 ) , the Court declared unconstitutional an Iowa territorial statute that authorized bench trials against " ‘ the Owners of the Half @-@ breed Lands lying in Lee County , " with notice by publication . Marsh v. Brooks II ( 1852 ) Marsh v. Brooks ( 1852 ) involved the same parties that had been before the Court in 1850 . Having re @-@ filed in federal court , the plaintiffs again prevailed , and this time , the Court ( again , the opinion authored by Justice Catron ) affirmed . In dicta , the Court offered the following interpretation of the status of aboriginal title in the Spanish Louisiana territory : That the Sacs and Foxes did claim the country generally , where this land lies , is not controverted ; nor was their claim ceded to the United States till 1824 . And this raises the question whether , according to Spanish usage , whilst that power governed Louisiana , an existing Indian claim to territory precluded inhabitation and cultivation under a permit to inhabit and cultivate a particular place designated in the permit , and which was in the Indian country . Spain had no treaties with any of the Indian tribes in Louisiana , fixing limits to their claims , so far as we are informed . The Indians were kept quiet , and at peace with Spanish subjects , by kind treatment and due precautions , which did not allow obtrusion on lands claimed by them , without written permits from the Governor ; but that such permits were usual , cannot be doubted . Again in dicta , the Court seemed to apply the concept of adverse possession to aboriginal lands : [ The plaintiff 's tract ] was held and improved by authority of the Spanish government , and claimed as individual property , to which the Indian right of possession did not extend ; of this the Indians never complained , nor do they now complain ; no half @-@ breed owner and Indian descendant is defending this suit ; it is defended by trespassers , showing no color of claim under the half @-@ breeds , or any one else ; shelter is sought under the assumption that Honoré 's permit and inhabitation were neither known or recognized by the Sacs and Foxes , and that therefore , the additional article of the treaty of 1804 , cannot protect the title of Reddick . . . . [ I ] t must be presumed that the Indians both had knowledge and assented to Honoreé 's claim ; and we are furthermore of opinion , that the Indian tribes , and the half @-@ breeds , who claim under them , must be held to knowledge , and to consent , that Honoré took and held , rightful possessions , from the fact of his open and notorious actual occupancy , and holding for himself , in their midst . Coy v. Mason ( 1854 ) Coy v. Mason ( 1854 ) , another dispute between non @-@ Indians , remarked in dicta that the Half @-@ Breed Tract had been held " by the same title , and in the same manner , that other Indian titles are held . " = = = Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) = = = In dicta , Dred Scott v. Sandford made several comments regarding aboriginal title . Chief Justice Taney was not present at the opinion announcement for Fellows because he was at home working on the Dred Scott opinion , which was announced the next day . Dred Scott , in dicta , opined the following on aboriginal title : The situation of [ blacks ] was altogether unlike that of the Indian race . The latter . . . were situated in territories to which the white race claimed the ultimate right of dominion . But that claim was acknowledged to be subject to the right of the Indians to occupy it as long as they thought proper , and neither the English nor colonial Governments claimed or exercised any dominion over the tribe or nation by whom it was occupied , nor claimed the right to the possession of the territory , until the tribe or nation consented to cede it . Justice John Catron , concurring in Dred Scott , also noted in dicta that : [ B ] ecause Congress has express power to regulate commerce among the Indian tribes and to prohibit intercourse with the Indians , that therefore Dr. Emerson 's title might be defeated within the country ceded by the Indians to the United States as early as 1805 . . . . = = = State land grants = = = Lattimer 's Lessee v. Poteet ( 1840 ) Lattimer 's Lessee v. Poteet ( 1840 ) was an appeal from a judgment for the defendant in an ejectment action in the United States circuit court of North Carolina . It was undisputed that the plaintiff 's title arose from a North Carolina state land grant to Cherokee lands within the boundaries demarcated by the federal Cherokee treaties . The sole defense was that the state grant was void because of the federal Cherokee treaties . Before the Supreme Court , the plaintiffs argued that it was " not in the power of the United States and the Cherokee nation , by the treaty of Tellico in 1798 , to vary in any degree the treaty line of Holston ; so as to affect private rights , or the rights of North Carolina . " The Court responded that , as a matter of fact , the Tellico treaty had merely confirmed the Holston treaty boundaries , both of which were to be interpreted by the parties to the treaty . The Court held that , as a matter of federal law , the state grants were not void merely because they were granted before the Cherokee 's title was extinguished : " The Indian title being only a right of occupancy , the state of North Carolina had the power to grant the fee in the lands , subject to this right . " But , under the North Carolina surveying statute as interpreted by the North Carolina courts , such grants were invalid . Thus , the Court affirmed . Chief Justice Taney concurred in the judgment , but disagreed that the political branches had interpreted the Tellico treaty to demarcate the relevant boundary . Justice Catron also concurred . He " admit [ ted ] . . . that the contracting parties had the power afterwards to settle its position " but argued that " they never saw proper to do [ so ] . " Catron argued that " [ t ] he land in controversy was granted before this line was run " and thus that the treaty of Holston " will manifestly tend to disturb titles made in reference to another line . " Catron concurred only because " the bill of exceptions sets forth not a single fact ; and the correctness of the instructions of the Court below cannot therefore be tested by the evidence given on the trial ; whether they are right or wrong , it is impossible for me to say " ; thus , he defaulted to a " presumption that the instructions were proper . " Justice Wayne dissented without opinion . Kinney v. Clark ( 1844 ) Kinney v. Clark ( 1844 ) involved a Virginia land grant given before the Cherokee aboriginal title to the lands had been extinguished . The Court opined that : " If Clark 's entry was made , however , on lands reserved [ for the Cherokees ] from location by the act of 1779 , then it is void , because the act did not open the land office for such purpose , nor extend to the excepted lands . " The Court quoted at length from the Long Island treaty ( 1777 ) and noted : " This treaty fully explains why the Cherokee country was excepted from the land @-@ law of 1779 , and locations on it prohibited ; no reasons could add force to its stipulations . " However , the Court determined that : " The opinion of the [ Virginia ] Court of Appeals in 1791 is conclusive to the point @-@ that if the land in dispute was not Cherokee country , it was not within the exception of the land @-@ law of 1779 ; and that Clark 's title is good , as all the lands in the commonwealth not excepted , were subject to appropriation on Treasury warrants , although claimed by Indians whose lands were not protected from location by statute . " Finally , the decision of the United State circuit court of Kentucky was affirmed on the basis of Kentucky 's statute of limitations . = = = Spanish Florida and Louisiana = = = Mitchel v. United States ( 1841 ) The plaintiff in Mitchel v. United States ( 1841 ) sued the federal government in the Florida state courts , basing his claim on a grant from the Creek and Seminole Indians , ratified by the Spanish during their rule of Florida . The plaintiff 's claim was allowed only in part , and he appealed . Justice Wayne , noted that the case involved the same plaintiff as in Mitchel v. United States ( 1835 ) , a decision of the Marshall Court . Therefore , Wayne opined , " [ t ] he case before us does not require any discussion upon the nature and extent of the property held by the Florida Indians in these lands , under Spain . That was satisfactorily done in the decision given by this court in the original case . " The Court further noted : " We will not enter into the question , how far the appropriation of the land for a fortress , by order of the government , extinguished the Indian title . It might be done successfully , upon the positions taken by this court in respect to the rights of European monarchs to Indian lands in North America , in Johnson v. McIntosh . Chouteau v. Molony ( 1853 ) In Chouteau v. Molony ( 1853 ) , Justice Wayne , for a unanimous Court , interpreted a grant from the Fox tribe to be a mere right to mine lead , rather than a grant of land because it was not confirmed by the Spanish authorities as required by Spanish law and because it included a Fox village which the tribe would have been unlikely to cede . = = = Others = = = Maney v. Porter ( 1846 ) Chief Justice Taney held in Maney v. Porter ( 1846 ) that the Court had no jurisdiction to review state court actions claiming money damages from fraudulent land sales where : [ T ] he suit was not brought to uphold any title or right which the complainant claimed under the Choctaw treaty , or under the law of Congress which he states to have been passed upon the subject . For he does not ask for a conveyance of the reservations , nor of the Indian title to them . And he does not even aver that these claims are valid , or that he has any title to them ; but , on the contrary , charges that none of the claims had been secured , and states that he did not think it probable that they would be obtained by the assignees of the Indians . And as the case has been removed here from the decision of a state court , we have no right to review it unless the complainant claimed some right under the treaty with the Choctaws or the act of Congress . . . . In the case before us , no such title , right , or privilege was claimed by the bill , and of course no decision was made against it in the state court . We therefore can exercise no jurisdiction . . . and are not authorized to examine any questions of fraud or failure of consideration , or breach of contract . . . . Gaines v. Nicholson ( 1850 ) In Gaines v. Nicholson ( 1850 ) , Justice Nelson wrote the following in dicta : There is no doubt but that all persons in whose behalf reservations were made under [ an Indian ] treaty . . . and had made improvements thereon . . . were entitled to the section , including their improvements , in preference to any other right that could have been previously acquired under the government ; because the land embraced within the section was so much excepted from the cession . No previous grant of Congress could be paramount , according to the right of occupancy which this government has always conceded to the Indian tribes within her jurisdiction . It was so much carved out of the Territory ceded , and remained to the Indian occupant , as he had never parted with it . He holds , strictly speaking , not under the treaty of cession , but under his original title , confirmed by the government in the act of agreeing to the reservation . Doe v. Wilson ( 1859 ) In Doe v. Wilson ( 1859 ) , Justice Catron , for the Court , held that a treaty with the Pottawatomie created individual , alienable allotments ; thus , the grantee of an individual Pottowatomie had good title .
= Early Founders Memorial Stone = The Foundation Stone of the Monument to the Early Founders of Singapore , usually called the Early Founders Memorial Stone is a national memorial that is dedicated to the early founders ( " Unknown Immigrants " ) of Singapore . The original idea was raised by a graduates ' association and an open design competition was held for the memorial project . The foundation stone was initially erected along Collyer Quay Street outside the Fullerton Hotel in 1970 . After a series of setbacks and delays , the project was finally scrapped after no worthy design was accepted , which resulted the foundation stone becoming the memorial afterwards . In 2000 , the memorial was relocated to the National Archives of Singapore at Canning Rise before moving back to the grounds of The Fullerton Hotel in 2010 . = = History = = The original idea of erecting a keynote memorial at the Singapore waterfront as a dedication to Singapore 's early founders was mooted in 1969 by the Alumni International Singapore ( AIS ) , a body set up to represent Singaporean graduates from 11 countries who had gathered locally for Singapore 's 150th anniversary . AIS announced that a proposed memorial on Queen Elizabeth Walk by the Padang would required some S $ 250 @,@ 000 ( US $ 163 @,@ 000 ) to be raised . An open design competition was held and sculptors were asked to come up with a design to celebrate the Singaporean for " his courage , his adventurous and enterprising spirit and his indomitable will , not only to survive but to make good . " = = = Foundation stone = = = On 18 January 1970 , President Yusof bin Ishak laid the memorial 's foundation stone along Collyer Quay Street , on what was supposed to be a temporary site . Before an audience of some 500 people , including members of the diplomatic corps , President Yusof gave a speech : It carries no great names . In fact it has no names at all . It is for all men . It is not for the Chinese , the Indian , the Eurasian or any other single race . It is for all who in one way or another helped to create a modern multiracial , multicultural and multilingual Singapore . The foundation stone consists of a rectangular granite stone topping off a pyramid @-@ shaped brick pedestal with inscriptions in the four official languages ( English , Malay , Mandarin , and Tamil ) : This foundation stone of the monument in tribute to the early founders of Singapore was laid by Inche Yusof Bin Ishak , the President of the Republic of Singapore on the 18th day of January 1970 . = = = Competition = = = In July 1973 , designs for the memorial had been received from 38 sculptors but the top two prizes were not awarded ; it was found that no entry being deemed worthy of the honour by AIS panel of judges earlier . Instead , five sculptors received merit awards from AIS , together with a token S $ 250 . One of the merit awards recipients , Ng Eng Teng , who was to receive Singapore 's Cultural Medallion in 1981 and who now has his critically acclaimed works all over Singapore , commented unhappily : " We have never been so embarrassed or insulted in all our professional lives . No professional artist of our standing would condescend to receive such an amount . We felt we had been taken for a ride . " In response , AIS expressed regret that the aggrieved sculptors had publicly stated their dissatisfaction . The alumni further rejected a complaint that the results were 10 months overdue , and repeated that no suitable entry had been received . Subsequently , three of the five sculptors banded together to produce a design they described as " four pieces of cuboid leaning towards each other and pivoted on four corners " which was referred by AIS as resembling " four chopsticks " . Ironically , this was the nickname and roughly the design concept of the Civilian War Memorial , which was adopted in another separate open competition in 1966 . In September 1975 , the alumni announced in public again that the Early Founders Project was at " a very advanced stage and will be launched as soon as Government approval has been obtained . The site of the monument has already been earmarked on the reclaimed land off the Esplanade . " Despite the announcement , the ambitious project became inactive and was finally scrapped after no worthy design was accepted and not nearly enough of the S $ 250 @,@ 000 funds had been raised . In 1985 , the alumni announced that the funds collected earlier would be rediverted to other projects , such as providing scholarships . = = = Roles switched = = = As a result , the memorial stone became the memorial itself . The monument was later moved by the authorities to make way for the gentrification of the Fullerton Building , and was relocated to the National Archives of Singapore , where it stands almost forgotten today . The authorities hope that when Singapore 's community of values had evolved to the point that a common language of art could be used to complete the task of building such a monument again . On 9 July 2010 , the foundation stone was moved back to the corner of Fullerton Building where it now sits overlooking the Singapore River following a ceremony and speech by The Minister for Information , Communication and the Arts .
= Operation Sandstone = Operation Sandstone was a series of nuclear weapon tests in 1948 . It was the third series of American tests , following Trinity in 1945 and Crossroads in 1946 , and preceding Ranger . Like the Crossroads tests , the Sandstone tests were carried out at the Pacific Proving Grounds , although at Enewetak Atoll rather than Bikini Atoll . They differed from Crossroads in that they were conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission , with the armed forces having only a supporting role . The purpose of the Sandstone tests was also different : they were primarily tests of new bomb designs rather than of the effects of nuclear weapons . Three tests were carried out in April and May 1948 by Joint Task Force 7 , with a work force of 10 @,@ 366 personnel , of whom 9 @,@ 890 were military . The successful testing of the new cores in the Operation Sandstone tests rendered every component of the old weapons obsolete . Even before the third test had been carried out , production of the old cores was halted , and all effort concentrated on the new Mark 4 nuclear bomb , which would become the first mass @-@ produced nuclear weapon . More efficient use of fissionable material as a result of Operation Sandstone would increase the U.S. nuclear stockpile from 56 bombs in June 1948 to 169 in June 1949 . = = Origins = = Nuclear weapons were developed during World War II by the Manhattan Project , which created a network of production facilities , and the weapons research and design laboratory at the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Two types of bombs were developed : the Mark 1 Little Boy , a gun @-@ type fission weapon using uranium @-@ 235 , and the Mark 3 Fat Man , an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon using plutonium . These weapons were not far removed from their laboratory origins . A great deal of work remained to improve ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended during the war that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . Norris Bradbury , who replaced Robert Oppenheimer as director at Los Alamos , felt that " we had , to put it bluntly , lousy bombs . " Plutonium was produced by irradiating uranium @-@ 238 in three 250 MW nuclear reactors at the Hanford site . In theory they could produce 0 @.@ 91 grams ( 0 @.@ 032 oz ) of plutonium per megawatt @-@ day , or about 20 kilograms ( 44 lb ) per month . In practice , production never approached such a level in 1945 , when only between 4 and 6 kilograms ( 8 @.@ 8 and 13 @.@ 2 lb ) was produced per month . A Fat Man core required about 6 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 14 lb ) of plutonium , of which 21 % fissioned . Plutonium production fell off during 1946 due to swelling of the reactors ' graphite neutron moderators . This is known as the Wigner effect , after its discoverer , the Manhattan Project scientist Eugene Wigner . These reactors were also required for the production ( by irradiation of bismuth @-@ 209 ) of polonium @-@ 210 , which was used in the initiators , a critical component of the nuclear weapons . Some 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) of bismuth @-@ 209 had to be irradiated for 100 days to produce 600 curies of polonium @-@ 210 , a little over 132 milligrams ( 2 @.@ 04 gr ) . Because polonium @-@ 210 has a half @-@ life of only 138 days , at least one reactor had to be kept running . The oldest unit , B pile , was therefore closed down so that it would be available in the future . Investigation of the problem would take most of 1946 before a fix was found . Uranium @-@ 235 was derived from enrichment of natural uranium at the Y @-@ 12 plant and K @-@ 25 site in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . Improvements in the processes and procedures of the electromagnetic and gaseous isotope separation between October 1945 and June 1946 led to an increase in production to around 69 kilograms ( 152 lb ) of uranium @-@ 235 per month , which was only enough for one of the very wasteful Little Boys . A Fat Man was 17 @.@ 5 times as efficient as a Little Boy , but a ton of uranium ore could yield eight times as much uranium @-@ 235 as plutonium , and on a per @-@ gram basis , plutonium cost somewhere between four and eight times as much to produce as uranium @-@ 235 , which at this time cost around $ 26 per gram . = = Weapon development 1945 – 48 = = The objectives of the Sandstone series of tests were to : test nuclear cores and initiators ; improve the theory and knowledge of implosion type weapons ; test levitated cores ; test composite cores ; and determine the most economic designs in terms of efficient use of fissionable material . Levitation meant that instead of being immediately inside the tamper , there would be an air gap between the tamper and the core , which would be suspended inside on wires . This would allow the tamper to gain more momentum before striking the core . The principle was similar to swinging a hammer at a nail . In order for this to work outside the laboratory , the wires had to be strong enough to withstand being dropped from an aircraft , but thin enough to not disturb the spherical symmetry of the implosion . The Theoretical Division at Los Alamos , known as T Division , had run computer calculations on the levitated core as early March 1945 . The use of the levitated core had been proposed during the planning for Operation Crossroads , but it had been decided instead to use the existing solid core " Christy " design . This was named after its designer , Robert Christy . For Sandstone , however , it was decided that at least two of the three tests would use levitated cores . The motivation behind the composite core was to make better use of the available fissionable material . The use of uranium @-@ 235 in an implosion weapon instead of the inefficient gun type Little Boy was an obvious development . However , while plutonium was more expensive and harder to produce than uranium @-@ 235 , it fissions faster , because it makes better use of the neutrons its fission produces . On the other hand , the slower reaction of uranium @-@ 235 permits the assembly of super @-@ critical masses , making it theoretically possible to produce weapons with high yields . By July 1945 , Oppenheimer and Groves were considering using both materials in a composite core containing 3 @.@ 25 kilograms ( 7 @.@ 2 lb ) of plutonium and 6 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 14 lb ) of uranium @-@ 235 . The composite cores became available in 1946 . Los Alamos ' priority then became the development of an all @-@ uranium @-@ 235 core . By January 1948 the national stockpile contained 50 cores , of which 36 were composite Christy cores , nine were plutonium Christy cores , and five were composite levitated cores . Testing the new levitated , composite and uranium @-@ 235 cores would require at least three test firings . More efficient weapons would require less efficient initiators . This meant that less polonium would be required . At the time of Sandstone , the national stockpile of polonium @-@ beryllium initiators consisted of 50 A @-@ Class initiators , with more than 25 curies of polonium , and 13 B @-@ Class initiators with 12 to 25 curies . During Sandstone , at least one test would be conducted with a B @-@ Class initiator . = = Preparations = = = = = Organization = = = The tests were authorized by President Harry S. Truman on 27 June 1947 . The Atomic Energy Commission 's Director of Military Applications , Brigadier General James McCormack and his deputy , Captain James S. Russell , met with Bradbury and John Manley at Los Alamos on 9 July to make arrangements for the tests . They readily agreed that they would be scientific in nature , with Los Alamos supplying the technical direction and the armed forces providing supplies and logistical support . The cost of the tests , around $ 20 million , was divided between the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy Commission . Lieutenant General John E. Hull was designated as test commander . Rear Admiral William S. Parsons and Major General William E. Kepner reprised their Operation Crossroads roles as deputy commanders . Joint Task Force 7 was formally activated on 18 October 1947 . As its commander , Hull was answerable to both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Atomic Energy Commission . Joint Task Force 7 consisted of 10 @,@ 366 personnel , 9 @,@ 890 of them military . Its headquarters consisted of about 175 men , of whom 96 were on board the USS Mount McKinley . The rest were accommodated on the USS Albemarle , Curtiss and Bairoko . A special division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory , known as J Division , was created specifically to manage nuclear testing . An Atomic Energy Commission group ( Task Group 7 @.@ 1 ) was responsible for preparing and detonating the nuclear weapons , and conducting the experiments . It consisted of some 283 scientists and technicians responsible for nuclear tests from J Division , the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , the Naval Research Laboratory , the Naval Ordnance Laboratory , Argonne National Laboratory , the Aberdeen Proving Ground , the Atomic Energy Commission , Edgerton , Germeshausen & Grier , and other agencies . Each dealt with a different aspect of the tests . The Naval Ordnance Laboratory handled the blast measurement tests , while the Naval Research Laboratory conducted the radiation measurement experiments , and Argonne National Laboratory did gamma ray measurements . Edgerton , Germeshausen , and Grier were contractors hired to design and install the timing and firing systems . Seven experimental weapon assemblies and six cores were delivered to San Pedro , California , and loaded on the weapon assembly ship USS Curtiss , in February 1948 , but the Atomic Energy Commission only gave permission for the expenditure of three cores in the tests . = = = Ships = = = The naval forces were organized as Task Group 7 @.@ 3 . It consisted of : = = = Civil affairs = = = In September 1947 , Hull , Russell , who was designated test director on 14 October , and Joint Task Force 7 's scientific director , Darol K. Froman from the Los Alamos Laboratories , set out with a group of scientists and military officers to examine various proposed test sites in the Pacific . Enewetak Atoll was chosen as the test site on 11 October . The island was remote , but with a good harbor and an airstrip . It also had ocean currents and trade winds that would carry fallout out to sea , an important consideration in view of what had happened at Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads . As the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was a United Nations trust territory administered by the United States , the United Nations Security Council was notified of the upcoming tests on 2 December . The atoll was inhabited by the dri @-@ Enewetak , who lived on Aomon , and the dri @-@ Enjebi , who lived on Bijire . Their original homes had been on Enewetak and Enjebi , but they had been moved during the war to make way for military bases . The population , about 140 in number , had been temporarily relocated to Meck Island during Operation Crossroads . This time , Ujelang Atoll , an uninhabited atoll 124 nautical miles ( 230 km ; 143 mi ) southwest of Enewetak , was selected as a relocation site . A Naval Construction Battalion group arrived there on 22 November to build accommodation and amenities . The military authorities met with the local chiefs on 3 December , and they agreed to the relocation , which was carried out by USS King County by 20 December . An LST and four Douglas C @-@ 54 Skymaster aircraft were placed on standby to evacuate Ujelan in case it was affected by fallout , but were not required . Unlike the Crossroads tests , which were conducted in the media spotlight , the Sandstone tests were carried out with minimal publicity . On 15 April , there was still discussion in Washington about whether or not there should be any public announcement of the tests at all . Hull opposed making any announcement until after the series was completed , but the AEC commissioners felt that the news would leak out , and the United States would look secretive . It was therefore decided to make a last minute announcement . There was no announcement of the purpose of the tests , and only cursory press releases . On 18 May , after the series was over , Hull held a press conference in Hawaii , but only permitted the media to quote from written statements . = = = Construction = = = Enjebi , Aomon , and Runit Islands were cleared of vegetation and graded level to make it easier to install the required instrumentation , and a causeway was built between Aomon and Bijire so the instrument cables could be run from the test tower on Aomon to the control station on Bijire . The detonations were ordered so that later test areas would suffer minimal fallout from the earlier shots . The Army component , Task Group 7 @.@ 2 , was responsible for construction work . It consisted of the 1220th Provisional Engineer Battalion , with the 1217th and 1218th Composite Service Platoons , the 18th Engineer Construction Company and 1219th Signal Service Platoon ; Companies D and E of the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade 's 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment ; the 461st Transportation Amphibious Truck Company ; 854th Transportation Port Company ; 401st CIC Detachment ; and the Naval Shore Base Detachment . = = Operations = = As in Operation Crossroads , each detonation was given its own code name , taken from the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet . All used modified Mark III assemblies , and were detonated from 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) towers . The timing of the detonations was a matter of compromise . The gamma ray measurement experiments required darkness , but the Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress drones that would sample the clouds needed daylight to control them . As a compromise , the Sandstone detonations all took place shortly before dawn . The detonations in the United States ' Sandstone series are listed below : = = = X @-@ Ray = = = The X @-@ Ray nuclear device used a levitated composite core . It was detonated on Enjebi just before sunrise at 06 : 17 on 15 April 1948 , with a yield of 37 kilotons . The efficiency of utilization of the plutonium was about 35 % ; that of the uranium @-@ 235 was 25 % or more . This was somewhat higher than Los Alamos ' prediction . Observers watching from ships in the lagoon saw a brilliant flash and felt the radiant heat . A condensation cloud 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ; 5 @.@ 8 mi ) in diameter quickly enveloped the fireball , which glowed within the cloud . It took 45 to 50 seconds for the thunderous roar of the explosion to reach the observers . About 20 minutes later , Bariko launched a helicopter to check on the cable winch which was to collect samples . It also lowered boats to test radioactivity levels in the lagoon . B @-@ 17 pilotless drone aircraft were flown through the clouds , and a drone light tank was used to recover soil samples from the crater . Unfortunately , it became bogged and had to be towed out ten days later . = = = Yoke = = = The Yoke nuclear device used a levitated all @-@ uranium @-@ 235 core . It was detonated on Aomon just before sunrise on 1 May 1948 at 06 : 09 , a day late due to unfavorable winds . The observers saw a similar flash and felt the same heat as the X @-@ Ray blast , but the 6 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 11 km ; 6 @.@ 9 mi ) wide condensation cloud was larger , and the sound of the explosion more forceful . One observer likened it to the sound of " a paper bag which is forcefully burst in a small room " . They were correct : its yield of 49 kilotons made it the largest nuclear detonation up to that time , but it was considered inefficient and wasteful of the fissile material . = = = Zebra = = = Zebra , the third test , and the last of the Sandstone series , was detonated on Runit just before sunrise at 06 : 04 on 15 May 1948 . This test was characterized by AEC Chairman David Lilienthal as the " hardest and most important " test of the three . By using one of the B @-@ class initiators , it demonstrated that these could still be used with confidence . The observers perceived the flash and blast as similar to the previous two tests , but this time the base of the condensation cloud was at 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) , which gave the observers an unobstructed view of the fireball , which therefore appeared to be brighter and last longer than the other two . Looks were deceiving : its levitated uranium @-@ 235 core produced a yield of 18 kilotons . The procedures used in the previous tests were repeated , but this time the winch cable snagged , and the test samples had to be retrieved by a jeep , exposing its crew to more radiation . The Los Alamos personnel assigned to remove the filters from the B @-@ 17 drones had apparently carried out the procedure on X @-@ Ray and Yoke without problems , but this time three of them suffered radiation burns on their hands serious enough to be hospitalized and need skin grafting . One of the men who had carried out the procedure for Yoke was then also found to have burns on his hands and was hospitalized too , but was discharged on 28 May . Once again the drone tank gave trouble , and bogged in the crater , but the soil samples were retrieved by the backup drone tank . Both tanks were subsequently dumped in the ocean . = = Outcome = = The successful testing of the new cores in the Sandstone tests had a profound effect . Practically every component of the old weapons was rendered obsolete . Even before the third test had been carried out , Bradbury had halted production of the old cores , and ordered that all effort was to be concentrated on the Mark 4 nuclear bomb , which would become the first mass @-@ produced nuclear weapon . The more efficient use of fissionable material would increase the nuclear stockpile from 56 bombs in June 1948 to 169 in June 1949 . The Mark III bombs were withdrawn from service in 1950 . At the same time , new production plants were coming online and the Wigner effect problem had been solved . By May 1951 , plutonium production was twelve times that of 1947 , while uranium @-@ 235 production had increased eight @-@ fold . The Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , Major General Kenneth D. Nichols , saw clearly that the era of scarcity was over . He now " recommended that we should be thinking in terms of thousands of weapons rather than hundreds . "
= Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World = Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World is a non @-@ fiction compilation book about targeted killing edited by Claire Finkelstein , Jens David Ohlin , and Andrew Altman . It was published by Oxford University Press in 2012 . The book grew out of contributions by the authors to a conference in April 2011 at the University of Pennsylvania Law School . Targeted Killings features eighteen essays in five sections arranged by topic . The work argues that after the 11 September attacks by Al @-@ Qaeda in 2001 , the United States and other countries began to see the tactic of targeted killing differently . The practice of targeted killing had previously been accepted in situations of self @-@ defence in military settings ; after 11 September 2001 it was used to kill non @-@ combatants and those not directly involved in a particular armed force . The book begins with a discussion of targeted killing of non @-@ combatants , followed by discussions of legalities , the rationale of self @-@ defence , the choice of targets , and when and whether the ends can be used to justify the means . Several contributors defend targeting of non @-@ combatants , while Jeremy Waldron discusses the morality associated with the tactic and argues against its use . Jeff McMahan identifies the problematic nature of targeted killing and emphasizes regulations for law enforcement to avoid abuse of process . Richard V. Meyer writes that any entity wishing to carry out targeted killing should first have to declare war on the targeted parties . Kevin H. Govern examines the elimination of Osama Bin Laden and identifies this killing as justified and the product of a rational decision @-@ making process . In the final portion of the book , Fernando Tesón says that targeted killing is particularly justified against terrorists because they use tactics specifically designed to kill civilians . The book was well received in law reviews and by academics across multiple disciplines . Robin Geiß and Steven J. Barela praised its coverage of the legal , moral , political , and strategic aspects of targeted killings . Steven R. Ratner welcomed its addition to the academic literature , and Madeline E. Cohen wrote that it would be a useful reference for additional research . Abraham David Sofaer praised its treatment of the subject and tables , though he argued the book could have given more weight to the law enforcement model of the use of deadly force against individuals . = = Background = = Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World developed as an outgrowth from a conference in April 2011 that focused on philosophy and law . The conference took place at the Institute for Law and Philosophy of the University of Pennsylvania . Experts in the fields of public policy , politics , military regulations , battlefield knowledge , law , ethics , and philosophy discussed contemporaneous issues surrounding targeted killing in society . The conference was titled " Using Targeted Killing to Fight the War on Terror : Philosophical , Moral , and Legal Challenges " and was organized by the University of Pennsylvania Law School . At the time of the book 's initial print publication date , its editor Andrew Altman worked as Professor of Philosophy at Georgia State University and concurrently as Director of Research at the Jean Beer Blumenfeld Center for Ethics . Claire Finkelstein was the Algernon Biddle Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania and concurrently as co @-@ director of the University of Pennsylvania Institute of Law and Philosophy . Jens David Ohlin was employed as an Associate Professor of Law at Cornell Law School . Ohlin 's work had been published in academic journals , including the American Journal of International Law , the Columbia Law Review , and the Harvard International Law Journal . He wrote the 2008 book Defending Humanity : When Force is Justified and Why with George Fletcher , which was also published by Oxford University Press . Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World was published in hardcover format by Oxford University Press on 30 April 2012 . A paperback version was published at the same time . It was also published as an e @-@ book for the Amazon Kindle by Amazon.com on 1 March 2012 . In September 2012 , the work was published at Oxford Scholarship Online . = = Content summary = = Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World begins with an introduction by Andrew Altman . This is followed by eighteen essays broken into five sections arranged by topic . The work says that after the Al @-@ Qaeda attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001 , the US and other countries began to see the tactic of targeted killing differently . The practice of targeted killing had previously been accepted in situations of self @-@ defense in military settings ; after the attacks it was used to kill non @-@ combatants and those not directly involved in a particular armed force . The first section of the book is a discussion of targeted killing of non @-@ combatants . In an essay titled " Rebutting the Civilian Presumption : Playing Whack @-@ a @-@ Mole Without a Mallet ? " , Colonel Mark Maxwell criticizes the opposition of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) to targeted killing . Maxwell writes that individuals may indeed serve a combat task without being a member of a particular state force . He argues for an extension of the definition of combatant to include those who arm themselves and engage in combat roles . " Targeting Co @-@ Belligerents " by professor Jens David Ohlin supports Maxwell 's opinion and describes an analytical viewpoint called " linkage " in which he states armed terrorists and members of organizations can be killed . Ohlin interprets the guidelines of the ICRC to include reliance upon a military system of identification of combatants . " Can Just War Theory Justify Targeted Killing " by professor Daniel Statman is an analysis of three thought processes used to discuss targeted killing rules : " contractualist " , " collectivist " , and " individualist " . Statman writes that the tactic of targeted killing is a just form of combat in each of these analyses . New York University and Oxford University professor Jeremy Waldron deconstructs the morality associated with the tactic and argues against its use . He says that similar rationalizations could be used by the enemy against those conducting the targeted killings , there may be an inherent selection bias of targets , and warns of a slippery slope when defending an actor that uses the methodology . In the second portion of the book , a group of articles discuss which sets of laws should be used to regulate targeted killing . Philosophy professor Jeff McMahan of Rutgers University asks , " Targeted Killing : Murder , Combat or Law Enforcement ? " . He says that eliminating enemies for purposes of self @-@ defense is justified . McMahan writes about the problematic nature of targeted killing and emphasizes regulations for law enforcement to avoid abuses of process . University of Pennsylvania law and philosophy professor Claire Finkelstein writes in " Targeted Killing as Preemptive Action " about the difficulties of rationalizing targeted killing outside of the realm of typical combat between state actors . Finkelstein characterizes people as noncombatants unless they are a member of a group that includes identification through standardized attire and criminal behaviour patterns . Mississippi College School of Law professor Richard V. Meyer writes that current regulations and standards for targeted killing are inadequate . He says that any entity wishing to carry out targeted killing should first have to declare war on the targeted parties involved . The book 's third group of essays analyzes the rationale of self @-@ defence as a justification for targeted killing . Washburn University School of Law professor Craig Martin writes in " Going Medieval : Targeted Killing , Self @-@ Defense and the Jus ad Bellum Regime " that self @-@ defence is not an appropriate rationale for targeted killing because such a justification is restricted to conflicts between state actors . University of Tulsa School of Law professor Russell Christopher writes in " Imminence in Justified Targeted Killing " that self @-@ defence should be ruled out as a suitable position in several examples of potential conflict . He critiques arguments by governments including the United Kingdom and the United States that self @-@ defense can be used as a rationalization of action against imminent danger . Western Washington University emeritus philosophy professor Phillip Montague says in an essay titled " Defending Defensive Targeted Killings " that use of this tactic against combatants can be seen as defensible and justified acts against terrorism or those who assist terrorist organizations . The fourth portion of the book discusses how to make specific choices in targeted killing situations prior to state actors carrying out actions against individuals . University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law professor Amos N. Guiora discusses " The Importance of Criteria @-@ Based Reasoning in Targeted Killing Decisions " and concludes that instead of combatant commanders in the field , lawyers in consultation with decision algorithms must make decisions on targets . Pepperdine University School of Law professor Gregory S. McNeal critiques the arguments of those against targeted killing in his essay , " Are Targeted Killings Unlawful ? A Case Study in Empirical Claims Without Empirical Evidence " . He differentiates between decision @-@ making processes of the United States military and those of the Central Intelligence Agency , emphasizing the U.S. military tactic of attempting to avoid collateral damage . Ave Maria School of Law associate professor Kevin H. Govern examines the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his piece " Operation Neptune Spear : Was Killing Bin Laden a Legitimate Military Objective ? " . He says this particular killing was justified and borne out of a rational decision @-@ making process . American University Washington College of Law professor Kenneth Anderson distinguishes the use of military drones from targeted killing in his article " Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum : Making the Use of Force Too Easy ? " . He says targeted killing as response to threats and to prevent potential terrorist attacks is justified . The final portion of the book analyzes consequentialism within the scope of normative ethics and deontological ethics . Florida State University Tobias Simon Eminent Scholar Fernando Tesón writes in his essay " Targeted Killing in War and Peace : A Philosophical Analysis " that targeted killing is particularly justified against terrorists because they use tactics specifically designed to kill civilians . University of Illinois law and philosophy professor Michael Moore says in " Targeted Killings and the Morality of Hard Choices " that targeted killing can be seen as justified through both deontological and consequentialist models . University of Pennsylvania School of Law professor Leo Katz writes in " Targeted Killing and the Strategic Use of Self @-@ Defense " that there is a danger of a state government artificially generating instances in which it asserts it must use targeted killing in self @-@ defense . He warns against situations in which governments find it easier to kill terrorists than to put them through due process of law . Katz concludes that current regulations support targeted killing because existing law does not consider his argument and justifies the tactical elimination of terrorists . = = Reception = = Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World was reviewed in the European Journal of International Law by University of Potsdam international and European law professor Robin Geiß . The reviewer wrote that the book " is a thought @-@ provoking contribution that takes a refreshingly broad and timely approach in addressing the legal , ethical , and strategic @-@ political dimension of the contemporary debate over targeted killings " . Geiß concluded , " There is some overlap between the chapters , their relationship is not always evident , and as much as the interdisciplinary approach of this volume is to be appreciated , assembling and interlinking the different legal , ethical , and political findings in an overarching , concluding chapter would have been particularly useful . Nevertheless , the book reflects the entire spectrum of diverging views on the matter , and adds an important impetus to move the current debate forward . " Assistant Professor and Head of Reference at Leonard Lief Library , Lehman College , City University of New York , Madeline E. Cohen wrote in an article for the International Journal of Legal Information , " Within the context of moral and legal principles , and military strategy , the subject of targeted killings is analyzed in great detail . These essays are interdisciplinary in their approach , and give various sides of arguments on this rich subject . " She concluded , " An excellent introduction by Andrew Altman provides an overview of ' Our Asymmetric World ' and models used to combat terrorism . References , tables of cases and legal instruments are included making this an excellent reference for further research . " Abraham David Sofaer reviewed the book for the Texas Law Review . Sofaer wrote , " It is a beautiful book : large , with print size that is easy on the eyes , and with sufficient space between lines of text to make the complex material at least visually digestible . It has useful tables of cases , instruments , legislation , and abbreviations , as well as an index . " He commented , " it should be clear that a reader seeking a single , nonredundant and objective account of targeted killing should find another book . On the other hand , this collection of essays provides several original and useful treatments of various aspects of the subject . " Sofaer said that the book could have given more weight to the law enforcement model of how and when to use deadly force against individuals . The collection also received a review from University of Geneva postdoctoral research fellow in the faculty of law , Steven J. Barela , in the Journal of International Criminal Justice . Barela described the book as " a constructive work with a wide purview onto one of the most pressing and difficult policy questions of our time " . He stated , " this volume provides a valuable entry point for investigating this kaleidoscope of legal and moral issues " . Steven R. Ratner of the University of Michigan Law School reviewed the book for the American Journal of International Law , writing , " In light of the complexity of the legal and moral issues , Targeted Killings is a welcome addition to the academic literature . It aims to combine in one volume perspectives from legal experts , moral philosophers , and military planners . " University of Reading law lecturer Robert P. Barnidge , Jr. wrote in the Boston University International Law Journal , " Targeted Killings also provides some clarity as to the threshold between armed conflict and situations falling short of armed conflict " . He concluded , " [ the book 's ] main contribution to the discussion lies in its focus on the willing use of violence on a significant scale by an organized group " .
= 2007 Toyota / Save Mart 350 = The 2007 Toyota / Save Mart 350 was the sixteenth stock car race of the 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series and the first of the season 's two road course events . It was held on June 24 , 2007 at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma , California before a crowd of 102 @,@ 000 . The 90 @-@ lap race was won by Juan Pablo Montoya of the Chip Ganassi Racing team who started from thirty @-@ second position . Kevin Harvick finished second and his Richard Childress Racing teammate Jeff Burton came in third . Although Jamie McMurray won the pole position , he was passed by Robby Gordon on the first lap . Gordon held the position until the first round of green @-@ flag pit stops , and Carl Edwards took over the first position . He held it for twelve laps until Gordon got ahead of Edwards . At the race 's final restart on lap 70 , Tony Stewart took over the lead when he passed Gordon , but ceded it to McMurray after Stewart made a pit stop . McMurray slowed on lap 97 as he attempted to conserve fuel which allowed Montoya to close the gap . Montoya got ahead of McMurray for the lead after a seven @-@ lap battle and held it to win the race . There were seven cautions and eleven lead changes by eight drivers . It was Montoya 's first win in the Nextel Cup Series , and became the first foreign driver since 1974 to win in the series . After the race Jeff Gordon 's lead in the Drivers ' Championship was reduced because he , along with his teammate Jimmie Johnson , were penalized for a car infringement . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , 49 points ahead of their nearest rival Ford with twenty races remaining in the season . The race attracted 6 @.@ 5 million television viewers . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The course , Infineon Raceway , now called Sonoma Raceway , is one of two road courses to hold NASCAR races , the other is Watkins Glen International . The standard road course at Infineon Raceway is a twelve @-@ turn course that is 2 @.@ 52 miles ( 4 @.@ 06 km ) long ; the track was modified in 1998 , adding the Chute , which bypassed turns five and six , shortening the course to 1 @.@ 95 miles ( 3 @.@ 14 km ) . The Chute was only used for NASCAR events such as this race , and was criticized by many drivers , who preferred the full layout . In 2001 , it was replaced with a 70 @-@ degree turn , 4A , bringing the track to its current dimensions of 1 @.@ 99 miles ( 3 @.@ 20 km ) . Before the race , Jeff Gordon led the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 392 points , with Denny Hamlin in second and Jimmie Johnson third . Matt Kenseth and Jeff Burton were fourth and fifth , and Carl Edwards , Tony Stewart , Kevin Harvick , Clint Bowyer , Martin Truex , Jr . , Kyle Busch and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. rounded out the top twelve . Chevrolet led the Manufacturers ' Championship with 129 points , 47 ahead of their nearest rival Ford in second . Dodge was third on 73 points , and Toyota was fourth on 47 . Jeff Gordon was the race 's defending champion . Several teams chose to temporarily replace their regular drivers with road course ringers . Michael Waltrip Racing replaced Michael Waltrip and David Reutimann with two @-@ time NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion Terry Labonte and the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona winner P. J. Jones . BAM Racing chose to replace Mike Bliss ( who was competing at The Milwaukee Mile ) with the 2005 Trans @-@ Am Series champion Klaus Graf , while Hall of Fame Racing replaced Tony Raines with endurance driver Ron Fellows . Former SCCA Trans @-@ Am champion Brian Simo was selected by Front Row Motorsports to drive the No. 37 Dodge , while American Le Mans Series and Busch Series East race winner Butch Leitzinger was selected to replace Bill Davis Racing driver Jeremy Mayfield . Brandon Ash attempted to qualify in his self @-@ owned No. 02 car , and endurance racing driver Marc Goossens was entered in the No. 91 Riley @-@ D 'Hondt Motorsports Toyota . Scott Pruett announced he would not participate for the Chip Ganassi Racing team due to a scheduling conflict ; Former V8 Supercars champion Marcos Ambrose , who was scheduled to drive the No. 47 JTG Daugherty Racing car withdrew . Rookie of the Year competitor Juan Pablo Montoya made his NASCAR début on a road course after leaving Formula One in 2006 , and was considered by several drivers to be a contender to win the race despite no previous experience of Infineon Raceway . Montoya said he hoped to have a chance of winning , and expected his main rival to be Jeff Gordon . After he finished with a top @-@ ten at the previous round ( the Citizen Bank 400 ) Jamie McMurray hoped to continue his momentum into Sonona , and move up in the Drivers ' Championship standings . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race : one on Friday and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , the second 50 minutes and the third 60 minutes . Gordon and Johnson were prohibited from competing in the first practice session and Friday 's qualifier because their right @-@ front fenders were deemed too wide by race officials during an pre @-@ event inspection , and both drivers were required to start at the rear of the field for the race . Bobby Labonte was fastest in the first practice session with a time of 77 @.@ 539 seconds ; Robby Gordon was second and Kurt Busch third . Stewart took fourth position , and McMurray placed fifth . Fellows , Edwards , Ryan Newman , Harvick and Kasey Kahne rounded out the session 's top @-@ ten fastest drivers . Said , Dave Blaney and Stewart went off the track but continued . Although fifty @-@ two drivers were entered in the qualifier ; according to NASCAR 's qualifying procedure only forty @-@ three could race . McMurray clinched the third pole position of his career , and his first since the 2005 Pennsylvania 500 , with a time of 77 @.@ 521 seconds . He had an advantage because he recorded his lap when weather conditions were cooler . McMurray was joined on the grid 's front row by Robby Gordon and had the pole position until McMurray 's lap . Earnhardt qualified third , Said fourth and Stewart started fifth . Burton , Bill Elliott , Kahne , Newman and Bowyer rounded out the top ten qualifiers . The nine drivers who failed to qualify were Ward Burton , Scott Riggs , Ash , Paul Menard , Brian Vickers , A. J. Allmendinger , Simo , Kenny Wallace and Graf . After the qualifier McMurray said that he was slightly nervous and felt another driver could record a faster lap time , " I definitely felt with Juan and Ryan going out later , I would definitely get beat . I kept telling everybody that . My heart was definitely beating faster this morning when I got up , looking forward to this . " On Saturday afternoon in cool weather conditions Montoya was fastest in the second practice session with a lap of 77 @.@ 591 seconds , ahead of Harvick and Jeff Gordon . Stewart was fourth @-@ fastest ; Fellows was fifth and Kyle Busch sixth . Kahne , Elliott Sadler , Bobby Labonte and Edwards followed in the top ten . David Ragan stalled after he spun . Afterward , Edwards and Ragan left the track and flew to Milwaukee Mile to participate in the AT & T 250 Busch Series race ; both drivers returned to Sonoma after the race 's completion . Later that day , Hamlin paced the final practice session with a time of 78 @.@ 219 ; Stewart was second and Robby Gordon third . Harvick was fourth @-@ fastest , ahead of Sadler and Newman . Fellows was seventh @-@ fastest , McMurray eighth , Johnson ninth and Jeff Gordon tenth . Hamlin was afflicted with an electrical issue which was corrected after his team installed an new distributor . J. J. Yeley damaged his car 's sheet metal structure in an accident at turn ten , while Jeff Gordon spun and hit the turn eleven tire barrier and sustained minor damage . Dale Jarrett and Kyle Busch both went off track but did not damage their cars . = = = Race = = = Live television coverage of the race , the sixteenth of thirty @-@ six of the 2007 season , began at 3 : 30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time live in the United States on TNT . Around the start of the race , weather conditions were sunny , clear , and breezy . Tina Coleman began pre @-@ race ceremonies with an invocation . Actress and singer @-@ songwriter Emmy Rossum performed the national anthem , and retired football wide receiver Jerry Rice along with Mike Wells of the Northern California Toyota Dealers commanded the drivers to start their engines . No drivers moved to the rear of the field . The race started at 5 : 22 p.m. McMurray maintained his pole position advantage heading into the first corner , while Stewart fell down the field after he ran wide at the second turn but did not damage his car . Robby Gordon and Earnahrdt moved into the first and second positions , as McMurray dropped to third . The race 's first caution was prompted on lap two when Goossens , Kenseth and Kyle Petty made contact in the eleventh turn ; Goossens was unable to restart his car . Some drivers made pit stops for fuel and tires under caution . Kenseth and Petty had damage to their cars repaired . Robby Gordon maintained his lead at the lap @-@ five restart , ahead of Earnhardt and McMurray . Three laps later , Earnhardt attempted to pass Robby Gordon at the esses but was unable to complete the manoeuvre . After starting from 32nd , Montoya had moved up into 20th by the 13th lap . Sterling Marlin 's engine failed on lap 14 , and the race 's second caution was issued one lap later because he stopped in turn eight . Some drivers elected to make pit stops during the caution . Robby Gordon remained the leader for the lap @-@ 17 restart , followed by Earnhardt and McMurray . Kyle Busch attempted to pass Montoya in turn eleven but locked his brakes and spun ; he avoided contacting the wall but fell to the rear of the field . McMurray passed Earnhardt for second on the following lap . Eight laps later , a brake duct was located in turn four , which triggered the third caution . Robby Gordon led the field back up to speed at the lap @-@ 30 restart . Montoya and Johnson made contact on the 32nd lap . Green @-@ flag pit stops began on the next lap when Earnhardt made a pit stop for tires and fuel . McMurray reclaimed the first position when Robby Gordon made his pit stop on lap 35 ; McMurray held it for the next lap and succeeded it to Johnson as other lead lap drivers made similar pit stops . Hamlin took over the lead when he out @-@ braked Johnson in turn eleven on lap 37 . Stewart took over the lead on the 41st lap when Hamlin made his pit stop . Fellows took over the position on the next lap , before the fourth caution was displayed on lap 44 when a large piece of metal was located at the start @-@ finish line . Fellows chose to pit under caution , and Edwards led the field at the lap @-@ 46 restart ; he was followed by Kyle Busch , Reed Sorenson , Jones and David Stremme . On lap 49 , Kahne and Bobby Labonte made contact which resulted in Labonte spinning ; similarly , Joe Nemechek spun at turn eleven and his rear @-@ end hit the tire barriers , all three drivers continued . Robby Gordon moved back up into second when he passed Kyle Busch three laps later . Jarrett battled with Johnny Sauter for position on lap 53 , and both drivers made contact ; Jarrett spun in turn four and subsequently stalled . The incident prompted the race 's fifth caution . Edwards led the field at the lap @-@ 56 restart , followed by Robby Gordon . On the same lap , Robby Gordon passed Edwards to retake the lead . The sixth caution was triggered on the next lap when Ragan spun on the chute before entering turn ten ; he went through the grass , and was unable to restart his engine . Robby Gordon led the field back to racing speed on the lap @-@ 59 restart , followed by Edwards , Kyle Busch , McMurray and Said . McMurray moved up into second position by lap 62 after he passed Kyle Busch and Edwards . Leitzinger spun into the grass on lap 61 , but rejoined the track . On the following lap , Kurt Busch spun sideways in turn eleven after Montoya got into his rear @-@ end and managed to restart his engine despite falling down the order . Sorenson spun off the track , and hit the wall . He continued but spun a second time in turn seven after he clipped a curb which caused the race 's seventh ( and final ) caution . Several drivers chose to pit under caution . McMurray and Edwards made pit stops for fuel and tires , while Said stalled which required his pit crew to push @-@ start his car . Jeff Green collided with teammate Sauter on pit road and damaged his right @-@ front fender . Green was observed speeding , but his race ended after his right @-@ front tire caught fire . Robby Gordon elected not to make a pit stop and remained the leader at the lap @-@ 70 restart . Stewart out @-@ braked Robby Gordon to take over the lead on the same lap , while Gordon lost a further position to Earnhardt when he was passed in turn eleven . Earnhardt ceded second position when he made a scheduled pit stop for four tires and fuel two laps later . Robby Gordon made a similar stop on the 75th lap , and Stewart did the same which allowed McMurray to reclaim the lead . Kenseth spun off into the grass on lap 75 ; he recovered after correcting his car and continued . Nemechek spun a second time at turn eleven but restarted his car on the following lap . By the 86th lap , McMurray led Harvick , Montoya , Kyle Busch and Burton , and the gap between the top three drivers was at 1 @.@ 3 seconds five laps later . Harvick was passed by Montoya around the inside at turn eleven on lap 92 . Five laps later , McMurray reported his car 's engine was cutting out at several points around the track . Montoya made contact with McMurray while attempting to pass him , but McMurray held the first position . Montoya tried again on lap 102 by taking the inside line into turn eleven and momentarily moved in front of McMurray , but ran deep into the corner which allowed McMurray to retain the lead . Two laps later , Montoya passed McMurray around the inside entering turn four to take over the lead . Stewart moved ahead of Jeff Gordon but slid and made contact with Gordon on the 106th lap . Fourth @-@ place runner Edwards ran out of fuel two laps later and drove to pit road ; McMurray slowed after running low on fuel . Montoya conserved fuel for the remaining two laps to win his first career victory in the Nextel Cup Series . He became the first foreign @-@ born driver to win in the series since Earl Ross won the 1974 Old Dominion 500 , as well as the first Hispanic , and was Chip Ganassi Racing 's first victory since October 2002 . Harvick finished second , ahead of Richard Childress Racing teammate Jeff Burton in third , Bowyer in fourth and Greg Biffle fifth . Stewart , Jeff Gordon , Kyle Busch , Said and Hamlin rounded out the top ten finishers . The race had seven cautions and eleven lead changes by eight different drivers during the race . = = = Post @-@ race comments = = = Montoya appeared in victory lane to celebrate his first career victory in the Nextel Cup Series in front of the crowd ; earning $ 310 @,@ 600 for the victory . He said that he was " more relieved than excited " as he was given high expectations that he would perform well in NASCAR . He also stated : " It 's huge . I would say right now it 's the biggest thing I 've done . In open @-@ wheel , that 's what I was meant to be winning in . In stock cars , I wasn 't . To get our first win in our first year is huge . We know we 're a little bit behind on some of the ovals , but I think this is a big boost for everybody working in the shop . " Harvick , who finished in second , felt Montoya did not have sufficient fuel to reach the race 's conclusion : " I 've been a big fan of Montoya 's since he came over . He 's a great road racer , but he wasn 't the fastest . The strategy won it for him today . " Third @-@ place finisher Burton was happy with his finishing position : " Obviously we worked really hard all last year and this year on fuel mileage and it paid off for us today . It was a good run for us . We ran competitive all race long . " Jeff Gordon was happy with the way his race was run : " I thought ( crew chief ) Steve Letarte and everyone on our team just called this race perfectly to come from that far back to a top 10 . We played the ( pit ) strategy the best way we possibly could and we had some cautions fall our way , which was some good fortune for us to gain some spots . " Fourth @-@ place finisher Biffle said his car felt good but felt it was difficult to overtake other drivers . Robby Gordon , who led 48 laps ( the most laps of any driver ) was disappointed by finishing in 16th position : " Not to make excuses , but we were gonna run out of fuel . It ’ s disappointing that we had a car as fast as we had , started on the front row , and not just get beat but finish 16th . " He said he hoped any problems with his fuel mileage would be resolved by the season 's second road course event at Watkins Glen . Two days after the race , Hendrick Motorsports were given penalties for Jeff Gordon 's and Johnson 's cars . The penalties , for actions determinal to stock car racing , car , car parts , components and / or equipment used that did not conform to NASCAR rules , parts or car components not previously approved by NASCAR that were installed or modified to enhance aerodynamic performance , and unauthorized alterations to the car 's fender , included a $ 100 @,@ 000 fine for crew chiefs Steve Letarte and Chad Knaus who were placed on probation until December 31 , 2007 , and were suspended from the next six races , and the loss of 100 drivers and owners points for Rick Hendrick , Gordon and Johnson . Nextel Cup Series director John Darby said there was flaring on Johnson 's and Gordon 's front fenders that increased their width by one inch longer than the regulations allowed . On June 28 , Hendrick Motorsports announced they would not appeal the penalties , and Johnson and Gordon later stated that they accepted the decision although they felt the penalties were harsh . The result kept Gordon in the lead of the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 438 points , ahead of Hamlin in second . Kenseth and Burton moved up one positions into third and fourth , while Johnson fell to fifth position . Stewart moved in front of Edwards for sixth , while Harvick and Bowyer remained in eighth and ninth positions . Kyle Busch , Truex and Earnhardt rounded out the top twelve . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship 135 points ; Ford remained in second with 86 points . Dodge maintained third position , and Toyota remained in fourth . The race attracted a television audience of 6 @.@ 5 million people . It took two hours , fifty @-@ six minutes , and eleven seconds to complete the event , and the margin of victory was 4 @.@ 097 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race results = = = = = Standings after the race = =
= Sega Channel = Sega Channel was an online game service developed by Sega for the Genesis video game console , serving as a content delivery system . Launching in December 1994 , Sega Channel was provided to the public by TCI and Time Warner Cable through cable television services by way of coaxial cable . It was a pay to play service , through which customers could access Genesis games online , play game demos , and get cheat codes . Lasting until July 31 , 1998 , Sega Channel operated three years after the release of Sega 's next generation console , the Sega Saturn . Though criticized for its poorly timed launch and high subscription fee , Sega Channel has been praised for its innovations in downloadable content and impact on online services for video games . = = History = = Released in Japan as the Mega Drive in 1988 , North America in 1989 , and Europe and other regions as the Mega Drive in 1990 , the Sega Genesis was Sega 's entry into the 16 @-@ bit era of video game consoles . In 1990 , Sega started their first Internet @-@ based service for the console , Sega Meganet , in Japan . Operating through a cartridge and a peripheral called the " Mega Modem " , this system allowed Mega Drive owners to play seventeen games online . A North American version of this system , dubbed " Tele @-@ Genesis " , was announced but never released . Another phone @-@ based system , the Mega Anser , turned the Japanese Mega Drive into an online banking terminal . Due to Meganet 's low number of titles , prohibitively high price , and the Mega Drive 's lack of success in Japan , the system proved to be a commercial failure . By 1992 , the Mega Modem peripheral could be found in bargain bins at a reduced price , and a remodeled version of the console released in 1993 removed the EXT 9 @-@ pin port altogether , preventing the newer model from being connected to the Meganet service . In April 1993 , Sega announced the Sega Channel service , which would utilize cable television services to deliver content . National testing in the United States for the service began in June , and deployment across the United States began in December , with a complete release in North America in 1994 . By June 1994 , Sega Channel had gained a total of 21 cable companies signed up to carry the service . Fees in the United States for the service varied depending on location , but were approximately US $ 15 monthly , plus a $ 25 activation fee , which included the adapter . During the planning stages of the service , Sega looked to capitalize on the rental market , which had seen some success with the Sega CD being rented through Blockbuster , Inc . , and was looking to base the service 's offering of games and demos to help sell more cartridges . In early 1995 , Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama decided to end development on the Sega Genesis and its add @-@ ons , the Sega CD and Sega 32X . This decision was made to support the Sega Saturn , which had been released in Japan already . This placed the release of the Sega Channel right at the height of the Genesis ' decline from the market . At its peak , Sega Channel had over 250 @,@ 000 subscribers , but by 1997 , the number of subscribers had dropped to 230 @,@ 000 , two years after Nakayama made the decision to shift focus from the Genesis to the Saturn . Though Sega looked at options to bring the service to PCs , the service was eventually discontinued by July 31 , 1998 . = = Technical aspects and specifications = = After making the initial purchase and paying the activation fee , Genesis owners would receive an adapter that would be inserted into the cartridge slot of the console . The adapter connected the console to a cable television wire , doing so by the use of a coaxial cable output in the rear of the cartridge . Starting up a Genesis console with an active Sega Channel adapter installed would prompt for the service 's main menu to be loaded , which was a process that took approximately 30 seconds . From there , gamers could access the content they wished to play and download it into their system , which could take up to a few minutes per game . This data would be downloaded into the adaptor 's on @-@ board 4 MB RAM , and would be erased when the system was powered off . Programming and transmission of the Sega Channel 's monthly services started with a production team at Sega , which would put together content every month and load it onto a CD @-@ ROM . It was then sent to a satellite station , located in Denver , Colorado . From the station , the signal was transmitted via a Galaxy 7 satellite , which uploaded at 1 @.@ 435 GHz and downloaded at 1 @.@ 1 GHz , to the local cable providers . In Canada and across South America and Europe , however , the satellite transmission stage was bypassed altogether in favor of direct uploads of the Sega Channel CD @-@ ROM via a cable television headend . In order for the signal to function properly , it had to be clear of noise in order to prevent download interruptions . To ensure no issues , cable providers had to " clean " their broadcast signal . = = Game library = = The Sega Channel service ( also known as " Sega On The Line " ) hosted up to 50 Genesis games at any one time . Titles would rotate monthly ; however , some updates happened on a weekly basis . Games for the service included titles developed by Sega , such as Sonic & Knuckles , Eternal Champions , and Space Harrier II ; as well as titles developed by licensees of Sega , such as Bubsy 2 and Aladdin . Some of these games had reduced content compared to their cartridge release so that they could fit the adapter 's memory , such as Super Street Fighter II . Sega Channel also hosted games in some regions that would not receive a cartridge release , such as Pulseman , Mega Man : The Wily Wars , and Alien Soldier , which were hosted on the service in North America . The service also offered demos of upcoming games , such as Primal Rage . Though games and demos rotated on a regular basis , categories into which games were placed remained static and did not change . With parental controls in mind , all games for the service received a rating from the Videogame Rating Council . The service also contained a lockout system which would allow parents to set a passcode in order to access mature rated content . In addition to games and demos , Sega Channel also hosted other features . Cheat codes were directly accessible from the network , as well as game hints . The service also hosted contests , such as a promotion with Electronic Arts ' Triple Play ' 96 , and a 1995 event where players who completed Primal Rage during a brief 24 @-@ hour period where the full game was accessible were given a phone number to call , making them eligible to win prizes . = = Reception and legacy = = During its lifetime , Sega Channel won one of Popular Science 's " Best of What 's New " award for the year 1994 . Likewise , in August 1995 , a survey conducted by Sports Illustrated found that children between 9 and 13 years old were five times more likely to subscribe to Sega Channel than to purchase a Sega Saturn or the upcoming Nintendo 64 or PlayStation . The service would go on to garner as many as 250 @,@ 000 subscribers ; however , Sega had anticipated having over one million subscribers by the end of its first year , and had made the service available to over 20 million households . Retrospective reception of Sega Channel praises its innovation and role in the development of online gaming , but criticizes its high subscription fees and timing into the market . IGN writer Adam Redsell notes how Sega Channel caused many cable companies to clean their broadcast signal and its role in the development of high @-@ speed internet , stating " ... the very fact that you ’ re enjoying broadband internet right now could well be thanks to SEGA . " Levi Buchanan , also writing for IGN , credits Sega Channel with its role in the development of modern gaming and content delivery services , such as Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network , stating " SEGA and the entire industry learned important lessons from the SEGA Channel . SEGA was still committed to the idea of downloads and online , as evidenced by the Dreamcast 's SegaNet ... You can also see the DNA of early services like the SEGA Channel in modern portals like XBLA and PSN , where demos are now a staple . " The staff of UGO Networks also credits Sega Channel with being an important step in the development of both services . Ken Horowitz of Sega @-@ 16 criticizes Sega 's poor timing of the launch of Sega Channel and the subscription 's high price . According to Horowitz , " Who would spend $ 13 a month to play games for a dying system ? This horrendous blunder ( one of many by [ Sega Enterprises ] ) caused retailers to dump their inventory of systems , thereby sealing the fate of the Sega Channel once and for all . " Buchanan echoes the same sentiments , stating , " Perhaps if the SEGA Channel had been released earlier in the console 's lifecycle — the Genesis launched in 1989 in America — things might have turned out differently . After all , the service did gain notice for its advancement of gaming and technology . " UGO also notes the potential Sega Channel could have had with some more development time in the field of competitive multiplayer , stating , " If the Sega Channel had come a little earlier in the life of the Genesis it would have seen much more exposure , and maybe online play would have been feasible for games that could have been developed directly for the service . "
= Half @-@ Life 2 : Lost Coast = Half @-@ Life 2 : Lost Coast is an additional level for the 2004 first @-@ person shooter video game Half @-@ Life 2 . Developed by Valve Corporation , it was released on October 27 , 2005 , through the Steam content delivery service as a free download to owners of the Microsoft Windows version of Half @-@ Life 2 . Lost Coast serves as a technology demonstration , specifically showcasing the high @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering implemented in the Source engine . The level was designed with a variety of appropriate environments to emphasize these effects . In addition , Lost Coast was the first video game developed by Valve to allow developers to explain various elements of design as the player progresses through the level . Lost Coast follows Half @-@ Life protagonist Gordon Freeman as he travels up a coastal cliff to destroy a Combine artillery launcher in a monastery , which is firing on a nearby town . The Lost Coast level was originally created for Half @-@ Life 2 , but was ultimately removed from the game . As a result , it has several minor story details that were not included in Half @-@ Life 2 . The level received a generally positive reception , and there was consensus among reviewers that the new features included in Lost Coast should be integrated into future games released by Valve . = = Gameplay = = Lost Coast uses the same first @-@ person shooter gameplay mechanics as Half @-@ Life 2 . The game is viewed from the perspective of the player character , and plot information is imparted through scripted sequences rather than cutscenes . A heads @-@ up display at the bottom of the screen shows the player 's health , energy gauge , and ammunition status , while available weapons are shown at the top . Health and armor energy can be replenished by picking up medical supplies and energy cells respectively , or by using wall @-@ mounted charging devices . The player character is equipped with a small armory of weapons from Half @-@ Life 2 at the beginning of the level , including a pistol , shotgun , crossbow , and gravity gun . The gravity gun allows the player to manipulate physical objects in the world ; it can be used to pick up nearby objects and throw them at enemies or create cover from enemy fire . The gravity gun can also be used to perform several non @-@ combat functions , such as grabbing out @-@ of @-@ reach supply crates . = = Story = = Half @-@ Life 2 : Lost Coast opens with the protagonist , Gordon Freeman , finding himself near a group of decaying piers , underneath a monastery set up on rocks and overlooking the small town of St. Olga . A fisherman recognizes Gordon and directs him to the monastery , which the enemy Combine are using as a platform to launch artillery shells filled with headcrabs into the town . The fisherman opens a gate , allowing the player to proceed , and awaits Gordon 's return . As Gordon proceeds up the cliffside to the Byzantine Christian monastery , he encounters heavy resistance from Combine soldiers who rappel down the cliff to try to stop him . Gordon fights his way up , enters the church 's nave , and disables the artillery launcher . This alerts nearby soldiers , who assault the sanctuary in force , while a Combine attack helicopter arrives to support the soldiers . After defeating the soldiers in the courtyard , Gordon moves to scaffolding over the side of the cliff and destroys the helicopter with RPGs . The helicopter crashes into the scaffolding , freeing up a path to a crude elevator which lowers Gordon back down to the pier . The fisherman congratulates Freeman on his success , invites him to a feast in St. Olga , and the screen fades out . As the level ends , the fisherman exclaims that Gordon is " getting all fuzzy ' round the edges " . = = Development = = = = = Level design = = = Lost Coast was originally conceived as a part of the Highway 17 chapter in Half @-@ Life 2 ( Highway 17 's development name was " Coast " , hence the name " Lost Coast " ) , but was later discarded during development . As a result , Lost Coast features minor storyline details that were removed from Half @-@ Life 2 , such as the headcrab artillery launchers . Each area of the level was designed with a specific purpose . An Eastern Orthodox architectural style was deliberately chosen for the monastery , as buildings of this type " are very colorful and have a large variety of materials " and are " often lit naturally , with extremes of darkness and brightness , " providing an ideal showcase for the HDR lighting effects . Valve also thought that the use of a monastery would help provide a starker contrast between old human architecture and futuristic Combine technology found within it . The cliffside that leads to the monastery had a gameplay @-@ oriented purpose , and was meant to emulate a similar cliffside combat scene in Half @-@ Life . The cliffside also forces the player to be observant of threats from above and below , breaking from normal horizontal combat . The monastery 's courtyard was designed as an area where the player recovers from the cliffside combat , while also presenting a contained combat arena later in the level in which the player must hold their ground while they are attacked from multiple directions . = = = High @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering = = = The goal of Lost Coast was to demonstrate the new high @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering implemented into the Source game engine . Valve first attempted to implement high @-@ dynamic @-@ range rendering in Source in late 2003 . The first method stored textures in RGBA color space , allowing for multisample anti @-@ aliasing and pixel shaders to be used , but this prevented alpha mapping and fog effects from working properly , as well as making textures appear sharp and jagged . The second method involved saving two versions of a texture : one with regular data , and the other with overbrightening data . However , this technique did not allow for multisample anti @-@ aliasing and consumed twice as much video card memory , making it infeasible . The third method , shown at the E3 convention in 2005 , used floating point data to define the RGB color space , allowing for reasonably efficient storage of the high @-@ dynamic @-@ range data . However , this method also did not allow for multisample anti @-@ aliasing , and was only compatible with Nvidia video cards , leaving ATI cards unable to run high dynamic range . The fourth and final method compromised between the second and third methods , using overbrightening textures sparingly and allowing ATI cards to render HDR in a different way to the Nvidia ones while nearly producing the same end result . The final version of Valve 's high @-@ dynamic @-@ range technology adds a significant number of lighting effects to the engine , aimed at making the game appear more realistic . Bloom shading was introduced , blurring bright edges in the game world and emulating a camera 's overexposure to light . This is combined with exposure control to tailor the effect to represent the human eye . For example , as the player exits a dark area into a light area , the new area is initially glaringly bright , but quickly darkens , representing the adjustment of the player character 's eyes to the light . New cube mapping techniques allow the reflection cast by an object to correspond with the brightness of the light source , and lightmaps enable light bouncing and global illumination to be taken into account in the rendering . Refraction effects were added to make light account for the physical attributes of an object and to emulate the way light is reflected by water . The Lost Coast level is specifically designed to showcase these effects . It uses the sea and beach as opportunities to demonstrate water @-@ based effects , the monastery to demonstrate bloom from its whitewash walls , and the sanctuary to provide the means to show refraction through stained glass windows and cube maps on golden urns and candlesticks . As a technology showcase , Valve considered Lost Coast to have very demanding system requirements . The game runs on computers with specifications lower than what is recommended , albeit without some key features such as high dynamic range . If a non @-@ high @-@ dynamic @-@ range @-@ capable card is used , the developer commentary is changed slightly to reflect this . For example , Gabe Newell would describe the effects that are seen in a different manner . = = = Commentary system = = = In addition to a showcase for visual improvements , Lost Coast acted as a testbed for Valve 's commentary system . When the feature is enabled , additional items appear in the game that can be interacted with to play an audio commentary . Each audio piece ranges from ten seconds to a minute of commentary . Players hear the developers talk about what the player is seeing , what is happening , why they made certain decisions , and what kinds of challenges they faced . Commentary tracks are represented by floating speech bubbles called commentary nodes . Valve intended for players to first play the level with commentary disabled , and after completing the level , play it again with commentary enabled , learning about each new stage as they progress . The company has since made the commentary system standard in all of its later video games . = = Release and reception = = Lost Coast was released on October 27 , 2005 , as a free download from Valve 's Steam content delivery service to anyone who purchased Half @-@ Life 2 . People who received Half @-@ Life 2 as a gift from Valve 's online store were not eligible to download the level . Valve announced on May 30 , 2007 that Lost Coast , along with Half @-@ Life 2 : Deathmatch , would be made available for free to owners of ATI Radeon cards . It was later released without charge to Nvidia graphics card owners along with Half @-@ Life 2 : Deathmatch , Peggle Extreme , and the first eleven levels of Portal . Lost Coast was generally well received by video game critics . 1UP.com enjoyed the amount of detail , including the graphics , puzzles , and intelligent enemies , saying , " Valve just packed more atmosphere into a tiny snippet than most shooters muster , period . " The review also praised the level 's commentary system , calling it an informative addition , and enjoyed the interesting and insightful comments made by some of its creators . The level satisfied UGO because " it would be harder not to enjoy this level in all its beautifully rendered glory — even after you 've broken all the windows and spattered the walls with Combine blood , " and GameSpot commented that " the textures in Lost Coast are noticeably more detailed and numerous than in the retail game . " The review concluded hoping that the features introduced in Lost Coast would be included in Valve 's future releases . Negative reaction to the game focused on its length and gameplay . 1UP.com and UGO both considered it short ; Shawn Elliott of 1UP.com described it as " a lickety @-@ split run through postcard @-@ pretty tide pools , up cliffs , and into a church turned Combine outpost " . UGO 's Nigel Grammer stated that Lost Coast 's gameplay seemed to be secondary to the level 's graphics . Lost Coast 's gameplay disappointed Brad Shoemaker of GameSpot , who compared it to that of Half @-@ Life 2 and considered them to be very similar , saying that it " isn 't going to set the world on fire " .
= Accelerated Evolution = Accelerated Evolution is the sixth studio album by Canadian musician Devin Townsend , released in 2003 . The album , written and produced by Townsend , was a mix of musical styles from alternative and hard rock to progressive metal . Townsend , the lead vocalist and guitarist , assembled a group of Vancouver musicians to perform with him on the album : guitarist Brian Waddell , drummer Ryan Van Poederooyen , bassist Mike Young , and keyboardist Dave Young . This lineup , the Devin Townsend Band , was Townsend 's first dedicated lineup for his solo material , and was created as a counterpart to Townsend 's extreme metal project Strapping Young Lad . Accelerated Evolution was written and recorded at the same time as Strapping Young Lad 's self @-@ titled album , with Townsend dividing his energy between the two . Accelerated Evolution was recorded in Vancouver , British Columbia from September to November 2002 , and was released on Townsend 's independent label , HevyDevy Records , in March 2003 . The album was well received by critics for its blend of genres and influences , its musical accessibility , and its large @-@ scale rock production style . = = Background = = During the creation of his early solo albums Infinity ( 1998 ) and Physicist ( 2000 ) , Devin Townsend went through personal struggles that affected his writing ability . These struggles were resolved on Terria ( 2001 ) , which Townsend described as " a really healing record " . After Terria , Townsend felt a newfound enthusiasm for his music , saying , " Bring it on . I 'm going to be so fucking sensitive but so intense , and be unafraid to be either . " In 2002 , Townsend began work on his next two albums . He reunited his extreme metal project Strapping Young Lad , which had been on hiatus for four years , and began writing the band 's new release , Strapping Young Lad ( SYL ) . At the same time , Townsend formed a new , permanent band " on par with Strapping " to record and tour for his solo releases . The Devin Townsend Band consisted of Brian Waddell on guitar , Ryan Van Poederooyen on drums , and brothers Mike Young and Dave Young on bass and keyboards , respectively . Townsend performed guitar , vocals , and production , as he did in Strapping Young Lad . Townsend chose members of local bands who " hadn 't had the same experiences " and could give a fresh perspective on " all those emotions " that were present in his solo material . He found it " refreshing " to play with people who appreciated his solo material more than Strapping Young Lad 's . Notable was the absence of drummer Gene Hoglan of Strapping Young Lad , who had played on Townsend 's previous three solo albums . Townsend wrote and produced the band 's first album at the same time he was working on SYL , spending half the week on one and half on the other . The album was engineered and mixed by Townsend and Shaun Thingvold , who has worked on many of Townsend 's and Strapping Young Lad 's albums . It had the working title Relationships , but was renamed Accelerated Evolution , a nod to the frantic pace of putting a new band together in under a year . = = Music = = Accelerated Evolution was written as " the polar opposite " of SYL . The album blended aspects of different genres , including alternative rock , hard rock , and progressive metal , with elements of " heaviness , ambience , humor , and experimentalism " . The album has been described as more melodic and more rock @-@ based than SYL or Physicist , yet " more song @-@ oriented " than Terria , with influences by John Lennon , Jimi Hendrix , and Rush . Songs such as " Storm " , " Suicide " , and " Sunday Afternoon " were compared to Townsend 's Infinity , but were noted as " less frantic and more mature " . Townsend wrote the album to be " commercially viable " , making his existing style more concise and accessible but without going so far as to write " pop songs " . Townsend utilized clean vocals much more than in his previous albums , and produced and mixed the album in his trademark " wall of sound " style , blending " layers upon layers of guitars , keyboards , and vocals " . All tracks written by Devin Townsend , with additional arrangements by Brian Waddell , Ryan Van Poederooyen , Dave Young , and Mike Young . The end of " Traveller " samples " Sister " from Ocean Machine . " Depth Charge " would later be referenced in " Decimator " from SYL 's The New Black . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Devin Townsend . Inside Out Music 's special edition of Accelerated Evolution included Project EKO , an electronica EP by Townsend . = = Release = = Accelerated Evolution was released in March 2003 on Townsend 's independent label , HevyDevy Records . It is distributed in Canada by HevyDevy , in Japan by Sony , and in Europe and North America by InsideOut . The album art was created by Travis Smith , who also did the art for Terria and SYL . InsideOut also released a special edition of the album which contained a 3 @-@ track EP called Project EKO , Townsend 's first foray into electronica . The album reached number 135 on the French albums chart and number 249 on the Japanese albums chart . Prior to the formation of the Devin Townsend Band , Townsend had represented his solo releases live with the Strapping Young Lad lineup ; the band would play one set of Strapping Young Lad songs and one set of Devin Townsend songs . After the release of Accelerated Evolution , Townsend began touring with The Devin Townsend Band , at times separately from Strapping Young Lad and at times sharing the bill . After playing two release shows in Vancouver in July 2003 , The Devin Townsend Band toured Canada with Strapping Young Lad and Zimmers Hole in October 2003 . This was followed by a North American tour with progressive metal band Symphony X through November and December 2003 . = = Critical reception = = Accelerated Evolution was well received by critics . Mike G. of Metal Maniacs called Accelerated Evolution " the album of the year " , praising it for " the hard @-@ to @-@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible , simultaneously heavy ' n ' rockin ' yet majestic and beautiful . " William Hughes of Sputnikmusic called it " amazing " , saying the album " has elements that will appeal to fans of all different genres , from progressive to metal . " Alex Henderson of Allmusic called the album " excellent " , and praised Townsend 's ability to blend genres and influences : " The Canadian rocker provides enough downtuned guitars to put this CD in the alt rock category . And yet Accelerated Evolution has a big sound that suggests the pop @-@ metal , arena rock and hard rock of the ' 70s and ' 80s – big melodies , big harmonies , big guitars , big vocals , big production . " Chris Hawkins of KNAC.com said , " Like always , what Devin manages to do is take the most infectious rhythm , place his stamp upon it , and thus create something completely original . " Xander Hoose of Chronicles of Chaos compared the album favorably to SYL , noting that " there is more variation , and the songs are more memorable and layered than their one @-@ dimensional SYL counterparts . " Hoose added , " For those who thought Terria was going too much in the wrong direction , Accelerated Evolution will probably come as a relief . " = = Chart performance = = = = Personnel = = Devin Townsend – guitar , vocals , ambience Ryan Van Poederooyen – drums Mike Young – bass Brian Waddell – guitar Dave Young – keyboards = = = Production = = = Devin Townsend – production , audio engineering , mixing Shaun Thingvold – engineering , mixing Goran Finnberg – mastering Misha Rajaratnam , Dan Kearley , Carla Levis , Scott Cooke , Jay Van Poederooyen , Lori Bridger , Chris Guy – assistance = = = Artwork = = = Omer Cordell – photography ( credited as Omer Shaked ) Travis Smith – graphics , layout
= History of Solidarity = The history of Solidarity ( Polish : Solidarność , pronounced [ sɔliˈdarnɔɕt ͡ ɕ ] ) , a Polish non @-@ governmental trade union , began on 14 August 1980 , at the Lenin Shipyards ( now Gdańsk Shipyards ) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others . In the early 1980s , it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet @-@ bloc country . Solidarity gave rise to a broad , non @-@ violent , anti @-@ communist social movement that , at its height , claimed some 9 @.@ 4 million members . It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism . Poland 's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981 , followed by several years of political repression , but in the end was forced into negotiation . The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity @-@ led opposition resulted in semi @-@ free elections in 1989 . By the end of August 1989 , a Solidarity @-@ led coalition government had been formed , and , in December 1990 , Wałęsa was elected president . This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland 's transformation into a modern democratic state . Solidarity 's early survival represented a break in the hard @-@ line stance of the communist Polish United Workers ' Party ( PZPR ) , and was an unprecedented event ; not only for the People 's Republic of Poland — a satellite of the USSR ruled by a one @-@ party communist regime — but for the whole of the Eastern bloc . Solidarity 's example led to the spread of anti @-@ communist ideas and movements throughout the Eastern Bloc , weakening communist governments . This process later culminated in the Revolutions of 1989 . In the 1990s , Solidarity 's influence on Poland 's political scene waned . A political arm of the " Solidarity " movement , Solidarity Electoral Action ( AWS ) , was founded in 1996 and would win the Polish parliamentary elections in 1997 , only to lose the subsequent 2001 elections . Thereafter , Solidarity had little influence as a political party , though it did become the largest trade union in Poland . = = Pre – 1980 roots = = In the 1970s and 1980s , the initial success of Solidarity in particular , and of dissident movements in general , was fed by a deepening crisis within Soviet @-@ influenced societies . There was declining morale , worsening economic conditions ( a shortage economy ) , and growing stress from the Cold War . After a brief boom period , from 1975 the policies of the Polish government , led by Party First Secretary Edward Gierek , precipitated a slide into increasing depression , as foreign debt mounted . In June 1976 , the first workers ' strikes took place , involving violent incidents at factories in Płock , Radom and Ursus . When these incidents were quelled by the government , the worker 's movement received support from intellectual dissidents , many of them associated with the Committee for Defense of the Workers ( Polish : Komitet Obrony Robotników , abbreviated KOR ) , formed in 1976 . The following year , KOR was renamed the Committee for Social Self @-@ defence ( KSS @-@ KOR ) . On October 16 , 1978 , the Bishop of Kraków , Karol Wojtyła , was elected Pope John Paul II . A year later , during his first pilgrimage to Poland , his masses were attended by hundreds of thousands of his countrymen . The Pope called for the respecting of national and religious traditions and advocated for freedom and human rights , while denouncing violence . To many Poles , he represented a spiritual and moral force that could be set against brute material forces , he was a bellwether of change , and became an important symbol — and supporter — of changes to come . = = Early strikes ( 1980 ) = = Strikes did not occur merely due to problems that had emerged shortly before the labor unrest , but due to governmental and economic difficulties spanning more than a decade . In July 1980 , Edward Gierek 's government , facing economic crisis , decided to raise prices while slowing the growth of wages . At once there ensued a wave of strikes and factory occupations , with the biggest strikes taking place in the area of Lublin . The first strike started on July 8 , 1980 in the State Aviation Works in Świdnik . Although the strike movement had no coordinating center , the workers had developed an information network to spread news of their struggle . A " dissident " group , the Workers ' Defence Committee ( KOR ) , which had originally been set up in 1976 to organize aid for victimized workers , attracted small groups of working @-@ class militants in major industrial centers . At the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk , the firing of Anna Walentynowicz , a popular crane operator and activist , galvanized the outraged workers into action . On August 14 , the shipyard workers began their strike , organized by the Free Trade Unions of the Coast ( Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża ) . The workers were led by electrician Lech Wałęsa , a former shipyard worker who had been dismissed in 1976 , and who arrived at the shipyard late in the morning of August 14 . The strike committee demanded the rehiring of Walentynowicz and Wałęsa , as well as the according of respect to workers ' rights and other social concerns . In addition , they called for the raising of a monument to the shipyard workers who had been killed in 1970 and for the legalization of independent trade unions . The Polish government enforced censorship , and official media said little about the " sporadic labor disturbances in Gdańsk " ; as a further precaution , all phone connections between the coast and the rest of Poland were soon cut . Nonetheless , the government failed to contain the information : a spreading wave of samizdats ( Polish : bibuła ) , including Robotnik ( The Worker ) , and grapevine gossip , along with Radio Free Europe broadcasts that penetrated the Iron Curtain , ensured that the ideas of the emerging Solidarity movement quickly spread . On August 16 , delegations from other strike committees arrived at the shipyard . Delegates ( Bogdan Lis , Andrzej Gwiazda and others ) together with shipyard strikers agreed to create an Inter @-@ Enterprise Strike Committee ( Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy , or MKS ) . On August 17 a priest , Henryk Jankowski , performed a mass outside the shipyard 's gate , at which 21 demands of the MKS were put forward . The list went beyond purely local matters , beginning with a demand for new , independent trade unions and going on to call for a relaxation of the censorship , a right to strike , new rights for the Church , the freeing of political prisoners , and improvements in the national health service . Next day , a delegation of KOR intelligentsia , including Tadeusz Mazowiecki , arrived to offer their assistance with negotiations . A bibuła news @-@ sheet , Solidarność , produced on the shipyard 's printing press with KOR assistance , reached a daily print run of 30 @,@ 000 copies . Meanwhile , Jacek Kaczmarski 's protest song , Mury ( Walls ) , gained popularity with the workers . On August 18 , the Szczecin Shipyard joined the strike , under the leadership of Marian Jurczyk . A tidal wave of strikes swept the coast , closing ports and bringing the economy to a halt . With KOR assistance and support from many intellectuals , workers occupying factories , mines and shipyards across Poland joined forces . Within days , over 200 factories and enterprises had joined the strike committee . By August 21 , most of Poland was affected by the strikes , from coastal shipyards to the mines of the Upper Silesian Industrial Area ( in Upper Silesia , the city of Jastrzębie @-@ Zdrój became center of the strikes , with a separate committee organized there , see Jastrzębie @-@ Zdrój 1980 strikes ) . More and more new unions were formed , and joined the federation . Thanks to popular support within Poland , as well as to international support and media coverage , the Gdańsk workers held out until the government gave in to their demands . On August 21 a Governmental Commission ( Komisja Rządowa ) including Mieczysław Jagielski arrived in Gdańsk , and another one with Kazimierz Barcikowski was dispatched to Szczecin . On August 30 and 31 , and on September 3 , representatives of the workers and the government signed an agreement ratifying many of the workers ' demands , including the right to strike . This agreement came to be known as the August or Gdańsk agreement ( Porozumienia sierpniowe ) . Other agreements were signed in Szczecin ( the Szczecin Agreement of August 30 ) , and Jastrzębie @-@ Zdrój on September 3 . It was called the Jastrzębie Agreement ( Porozumienia jastrzebskie ) and as such is regarded as part of the Gdańsk agreement . Though concerned with labor @-@ union matters , the agreement enabled citizens to introduce democratic changes within the communist political structure and was regarded as a first step toward dismantling the Party 's monopoly of power . The workers ' main concerns were the establishment of a labor union independent of communist @-@ party control , and recognition of a legal right to strike . Workers ' needs would now receive clear representation . Another consequence of the Gdańsk Agreement was the replacement , in September 1980 , of Edward Gierek by Stanisław Kania as Party First Secretary . = = First Solidarity ( 1980 – 1981 ) = = Encouraged by the success of the August strikes , on September 17 workers ' representatives , including Lech Wałęsa , formed a nationwide labor union , Solidarity ( Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy ( NSZZ ) " Solidarność " ) . It was the first independent labor union in a Soviet @-@ bloc country . Its name was suggested by Karol Modzelewski , and its famous logo was conceived by Jerzy Janiszewski , designer of many Solidarity @-@ related posters . The new union 's supreme powers were vested in a legislative body , the Convention of Delegates ( Zjazd Delegatów ) . The executive branch was the National Coordinating Commission ( Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza ) , later renamed the National Commission ( Komisja Krajowa ) . The Union had a regional structure , comprising 38 regions ( region ) and two districts ( okręg ) . On December 16 , 1980 , the Monument to Fallen Shipyard Workers was unveiled in Gdansk , and on June 28 , 1981 , another monument was unveiled in Poznan , which commemorated the Poznań 1956 protests . On January 15 , 1981 , a Solidarity delegation , including Lech Wałęsa , met in Rome with Pope John Paul II . From September 5 to 10 , and from September 26 to October 7 , Solidarity 's first national congress was held , and Lech Wałęsa was elected its president . Last accord of the congress was adoption of republican program " Self @-@ governing Republic " . Meanwhile , Solidarity had been transforming itself from a trade union into a social movement or more specifically , a revolutionary movement . Over the 500 days following the Gdańsk Agreement , 9 – 10 million workers , intellectuals and students joined it or its suborganizations , such as the Independent Student Union ( Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów , created in September 1980 ) , the Independent Farmers ' Trade Union ( NSZZ Rolników Indywidualnych " Solidarność " or Rural Solidarity , created in May 1981 ) and the Independent Craftsmen 's Trade Union . It was the only time in recorded history that a quarter of a country 's population ( some 80 % of the total Polish work force ) had voluntarily joined a single organization . " History has taught us that there is no bread without freedom , " the Solidarity program stated a year later . " What we had in mind was not only bread , butter and sausages , but also justice , democracy , truth , legality , human dignity , freedom of convictions , and the repair of the republic . " Tygodnik Solidarność , a Solidarity @-@ published newspaper , was started in April 1981 . Using strikes and other protest actions , Solidarity sought to force a change in government policies . In some cases , as in Bielsko @-@ Biała , Solidarity managed to force corrupt officials of the government to lose their jobs . At the same time , it was careful never to use force or violence , so as to avoid giving the government any excuse to bring security forces into play . After 27 Bydgoszcz Solidarity members , including Jan Rulewski , were beaten up on March 19 , a four @-@ hour warning strike on March 27 , involving around twelve million people , paralyzed the country . This was the largest strike in the history of the Eastern bloc , and it forced the government to promise an investigation into the beatings . This concession , and Wałęsa 's agreement to defer further strikes , proved a setback to the movement , as the euphoria that had swept Polish society subsided . Nonetheless the Polish communist party — the Polish United Workers ' Party ( PZPR ) — had lost its total control over society . Yet while Solidarity was ready to take up negotiations with the government , the Polish communists were unsure what to do , as they issued empty declarations and bided their time . Against the background of a deteriorating communist shortage economy and unwillingness to negotiate seriously with Solidarity , it became increasingly clear that the Communist government would eventually have to suppress the Solidarity movement as the only way out of the impasse , or face a truly revolutionary situation . The atmosphere was increasingly tense , with various local chapters conducting a growing number of uncoordinated strikes as well as street protests , such as the Summer 1981 hunger demonstrations in Poland , in response to the worsening economic situation . On December 3 , 1981 , Solidarity announced that a 24 @-@ hour strike would be held if the government were granted additional powers to suppress dissent , and that a general strike would be declared if those powers were used . = = Martial law ( 1981 – 83 ) = = After the Gdańsk Agreement , the Polish government was under increasing pressure from the Soviet Union to take action and strengthen its position . Stanisław Kania was viewed by Moscow as too independent , and on October 18 , 1981 , the Party Central Committee put him in the minority . Kania lost his post as First Secretary , and was replaced by Prime Minister ( and Minister of Defence ) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski , who adopted a strong @-@ arm policy . On December 13 , 1981 , Jaruzelski began a crack @-@ down on Solidarity , declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation ( Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego , or WRON ) . Solidarity 's leaders , gathered at Gdańsk , were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service ( Służba Bezpieczeństwa or SB ) , and some 5 @,@ 000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night . Censorship was expanded , and military forces appeared on the streets . A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred , chiefly at the largest plants and at several Silesian coal mines , but were broken by ZOMO paramilitary riot police . One of the largest demonstrations , on December 16 , 1981 , took place at the Wujek Coal Mine , where government forces opened fire on demonstrators , killing 9 and seriously injuring 22 . The next day , during protests at Gdańsk , government forces again fired at demonstrators , killing 1 and injuring 2 . By December 28 , 1981 , strikes had ceased , and Solidarity appeared crippled . The last strike in the 1981 Poland , which ended on December 28 , took place in the Piast Coal Mine in the Upper Silesian town of Bieruń . It was the longest underground strike in the history of Poland , lasting 14 days . Some 2000 miners began it on December 14 , going 650 meters underground . Out of the initial 2000 , half remained until the last day . Starving , they gave up after military authorities promised they would not be prosecuted . On October 8 , 1982 , Solidarity was banned . The range of support for the Solidarity was unique : no other movement in the world was supported by Ronald Reagan and Santiago Carrillo , Enrico Berlinguer and the Pope , Margaret Thatcher and Tony Benn , peace campaigners and NATO spokesman , Christians and Western communists , conservatives , liberals and socialists . The international community outside the Iron Curtain condemned Jaruzelski 's actions and declared support for Solidarity ; dedicated organizations were formed for that purpose ( like Polish Solidarity Campaign in Great Britain ) . US President Ronald Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland , which eventually would force the Polish government into liberalizing its policies . Meanwhile , the CIA together with the Catholic Church and various Western trade unions such as the AFL @-@ CIO provided funds , equipment and advice to the Solidarity underground . The political alliance of Reagan and the Pope would prove important to the future of Solidarity . The Polish public also supported what was left of Solidarity ; a major medium for demonstrating support of Solidarity became masses held by priests such as Jerzy Popiełuszko . Besides the communist authorities , Solidarity was also opposed by some of the Polish ( émigré ) radical right , believing Solidarity or KOR to be disguised communist groups , dominated by Jewish Trotskyite Zionists . In July 1983 , martial law was formally lifted , though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life , as well as food rationing , remained in place through the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1980s . = = Underground Solidarity ( 1982 – 88 ) = = Almost immediately after the legal Solidarity leadership had been arrested , underground structures began to arise . On April 12 , 1982 , Radio Solidarity began broadcasting . On April 22 , Zbigniew Bujak , Bogdan Lis , Władysław Frasyniuk and Władysław Hardek created an Interim Coordinating Commission ( Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna ) to serve as an underground leadership for Solidarity . On May 6 another underground Solidarity organization , an NSSZ " S " Regional Coordinating Commission ( Regionalna Komisja Koordynacyjna NSZZ " S " ) , was created by Bogdan Borusewicz , Aleksander Hall , Stanisław Jarosz , Bogdan Lis and Marian Świtek . June 1982 saw the creation of a Fighting Solidarity ( Solidarność Walcząca ) organization . Throughout the mid @-@ 1980s , Solidarity persevered as an exclusively underground organization . Its activists were dogged by the Security Service ( SB ) , but managed to strike back : on May 1 , 1982 , a series of anti @-@ government protests brought out thousands of participants — several dozen thousand in Kraków , Warsaw and Gdańsk . On May 3 more protests took place , during celebrations of the Constitution of May 3 , 1791 . On that day , communist secret services killed four demonstrators – three in Warsaw and one in Wrocław . Another wave of demonstrations occurred on August 31 , 1982 , on the first anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement ( see August 31 , 1982 demonstrations in Poland ) . Altogether , on that day six demonstrators were killed – three in Lubin , one in Kielce , one in Wrocław and one in Gdańsk . Another person was killed on the next day , during a demonstration in Częstochowa . Further strikes occurred at Gdańsk and Nowa Huta between October 11 and 13 . In Nowa Huta , a 20 @-@ year @-@ old student Bogdan Wlosik was shot by a secret service officer . On November 14 , 1982 , Wałęsa was released . However , on December 9 the SB carried out a large anti @-@ Solidarity operation , arresting over 10 @,@ 000 activists . On December 27 Solidarity 's assets were transferred by the authorities to a pro @-@ government trade union , the All @-@ Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych , or OPZZ ) . Yet Solidarity was far from broken : by early 1983 the underground had over 70 @,@ 000 members , whose activities included publishing over 500 underground newspapers . In the first half of 1983 street protests were frequent ; on May 1 , two persons were killed in Kraków and one in Wrocław . Two days later , two additional demonstrators were killed in Warsaw . On July 22 , 1983 , martial law was lifted , and amnesty was granted to many imprisoned Solidarity members , who were released . On October 5 , Wałęsa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The Polish government , however , refused to issue him a passport to travel to Oslo ; Wałęsa 's prize was accepted on his behalf by his wife . It later transpired that the SB had prepared bogus documents , accusing Wałęsa of immoral and illegal activities that had been given to the Nobel committee in an attempt to derail his nomination . On October 19 , 1984 , three agents of the Ministry of Internal Security murdered a popular pro @-@ Solidarity priest , Jerzy Popiełuszko . As the facts emerged , thousands of people declared their solidarity with the murdered priest by attending his funeral , held on November 3 , 1984 . The government attempted to smooth over the situation by releasing thousands of political prisoners ; a year later , however , there followed a new wave of arrests . Frasyniuk , Lis and Adam Michnik , members of the " S " underground , were arrested on February 13 , 1985 , placed on a show trial , and sentenced to several years ' imprisonment . = = Second Solidarity ( 1988 – 89 ) = = On March 11 , 1985 , power in the Soviet Union was assumed by Mikhail Gorbachev . The worsening economic situation in the entire Eastern Bloc , including the Soviet Union , together with other factors , forced Gorbachev to carry out a number of reforms , not only in the field of economics ( uskoreniye ) but in the political and social realms ( glasnost and perestroika ) . Gorbachev 's policies soon caused a corresponding shift in the policies of Soviet satellites , including the People 's Republic of Poland . On September 11 , 1986 , 225 Polish political prisoners were released — the last of those connected with Solidarity , and arrested during the previous years . Following amnesty on September 30 , Wałęsa created the first public , legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law — the Temporary Council of NSZZ Solidarność ( Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność ) — with Bogdan Borusewicz , Zbigniew Bujak , Władysław Frasyniuk , Tadeusz Janusz Jedynak , Bogdan Lis , Janusz Pałubicki and Józef Pinior . Soon afterwards , the new Council was admitted to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions . Many local Solidarity chapters now broke their cover throughout Poland , and on October 25 , 1987 , the National Executive Committee ( Solidarity ) \| National Executive Committee of NSZZ Solidarność ( Krajowa Komisja Wykonawcza NSZZ Solidarność ) was created . Nonetheless , Solidarity members and activists continued to be persecuted and discriminated , if less so than during the early 1980s . In the late 1980s , a rift between Wałęsa 's faction and a more radical Fighting Solidarity grew as the former wanted to negotiate with the government , while the latter planned for an anti @-@ communist revolution . By 1988 , Poland 's economy was in worse condition than it had been eight years earlier . International sanctions , combined with the government 's unwillingness to introduce reforms , intensified the old problems . Inefficient government @-@ run planned @-@ economy enterprises wasted labor and resources , producing substandard goods for which there was little demand . Polish exports were low , both because of the sanctions and because the goods were as unattractive abroad as they were at home . Foreign debt and inflation mounted . There were no funds to modernize factories , and the promised " market socialism " materialized as a shortage economy characterized by long queues and empty shelves . Reforms introduced by Jaruzelski and Mieczysław Rakowski came too little and too late , especially as changes in the Soviet Union had bolstered the public 's expectation that change must come , and the Soviets ceased their efforts to prop up Poland 's failing regime . In February 1988 , the government hiked food prices by 40 % . On April 21 , a new wave of strikes hit the country . On May 2 , workers at the Gdańsk Shipyard went on strike . That strike was broken by the government between May 5 and May 10 , but only temporarily : on August 15 , a new strike took place at the " July Manifesto " mine in Jastrzębie Zdrój . By August 20 the strike had spread to many other mines , and on August 22 the Gdańsk Shipyard joined the strike . Poland 's communist government then decided to negotiate . On August 26 , Czesław Kiszczak , the Minister of Internal Affairs , declared on television that the government was willing to negotiate , and five days later he met with Wałęsa . The strikes ended the following day , and on November 30 , during a televised debate between Wałęsa and Alfred Miodowicz ( leader of the pro @-@ government trade union , the All @-@ Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ) , Wałęsa scored a public @-@ relations victory . On December 18 , a hundred @-@ member Citizens ' Committee ( Komitet Obywatelski ) was formed within Solidarity . It comprised several sections , each responsible for presenting a specific aspect of opposition demands to the government . Wałęsa and the majority of Solidarity leaders supported negotiation , while a minority wanted an anticommunist revolution . Under Wałęsa 's leadership , Solidarity decided to pursue a peaceful solution , and the pro @-@ violence faction never attained any substantial power , nor did it take any action . On January 27 , 1989 , in a meeting between Wałęsa and Kiszczak , a list was drawn up of members of the main negotiating teams . The conference that began on February 6 would be known as the Polish Round Table Talks . The 56 participants included 20 from " S " , 6 from OPZZ , 14 from the PZPR , 14 " independent authorities " , and two priests . The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw from February 6 to April 4 , 1989 . The Communists , led by Gen. Jaruzelski , hoped to co @-@ opt prominent opposition leaders into the ruling group without making major changes in the structure of political power . Solidarity , while hopeful , did not anticipate major changes . In fact , the talks would radically alter the shape of the Polish government and society . On April 17 , 1989 , Solidarity was legalized , and its membership soon reached 1 @.@ 5 million . The Solidarity Citizens ' Committee ( Komitet Obywatelski " Solidarność " ) was given permission to field candidates in the upcoming elections . Election law allowed Solidarity to put forward candidates for only 35 % of the seats in the Sejm , but there were no restrictions in regard to Senat candidates . Agitation and propaganda continued legally up to election day . Despite its shortage of resources , Solidarity managed to carry on an electoral campaign . On May 8 , the first issue of a new pro @-@ Solidarity newspaper , Gazeta Wyborcza ( The Election Gazette ) , was published . Posters of Wałęsa supporting various candidates , appeared throughout the country . Pre @-@ election public @-@ opinion polls had promised victory to the communists . Thus the total defeat of the PZPR and its satellite parties came as a surprise to all involved : after the first round of elections , it became evident that Solidarity had fared extremely well , capturing 160 of 161 contested Sejm seats , and 92 of 100 Senate seats . After the second round , it had won virtually every seat — all 161 in the Sejm , and 99 in the Senate . These elections , in which anti @-@ communist candidates won a striking victory , inaugurated a series of peaceful anti @-@ communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe that eventually culminated in the fall of communism . The new Contract Sejm , named for the agreement that had been reached by the communist party and the Solidarity movement during the Polish Round Table Talks , would be dominated by Solidarity . As agreed beforehand , Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected president . However , the communist candidate for Prime Minister , Czesław Kiszczak , who replaced Mieczysław Rakowski , failed to gain enough support to form a government . On June 23 , a Solidarity Citizens ' Parliamentary Club ( Obywatelski Klub Parliamentarny " Solidarność " ) was formed , led by Bronisław Geremek . It formed a coalition with two ex @-@ satellite parties of the PZPR — United People 's Party and Democratic Party — which had now chosen to " rebel " against the PZPR , which found itself in the minority . On August 24 , the Sejm elected Tadeusz Mazowiecki , a Solidarity representative , to be Prime Minister of Poland . Not only was he a first non @-@ communist Polish Prime Minister since 1945 , he became the first non @-@ Communist prime minister in Eastern Europe for nearly 40 years . In his speech he talked about the " thick line " ( Gruba kreska ) which would separate his government from the communist past By the end of August 1989 , a Solidarity @-@ led coalition government had been formed . = = Party and trade union ( 1989 to the present ) = = The fall of the communist regime marked a new chapter in the history of Poland and in the history of Solidarity . Having defeated the communist government , Solidarity found itself in a role it was much less prepared for — that of a political party — and soon began to lose popularity . Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified . Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman , but support for him could be seen to be crumbling . One of his main opponents , Władysław Frasyniuk , withdrew from elections altogether . In September 1990 , Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo . Later that month , Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland . In December 1990 , he was elected president . He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote . Next year , in February 1991 , Marian Krzaklewski was elected the leader of Solidarity . President Wałęsa 's vision and that of the new Solidarity leadership were diverging . Far from supporting Wałęsa , Solidarity was becoming increasingly critical of the government , and decided to create its own political party for action in the upcoming 1991 parliamentary elections . The 1991 elections were characterized by a large number of competing parties , many claiming the legacy of anti @-@ communism , and the Solidarity party garnered only 5 % of the votes . On January 13 , 1992 , Solidarity declared its first strike against the democratically elected government : a one @-@ hour strike against a proposal to raise energy prices . Another , two @-@ hour strike took place on December 14 . On May 19 , 1993 , Solidarity deputies proposed a no @-@ confidence motion — which passed — against the government of Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka . President Wałęsa declined to accept the prime minister 's resignation , and dismissed the parliament . It was in the ensuing 1993 parliamentary elections that it became evident how much Solidarity 's support had eroded in the previous three years . Even though some Solidarity deputies sought to assume a more left @-@ wing stance and to distance themselves from the right @-@ wing government , Solidarity remained identified in the public mind with that government . Hence it suffered from the growing disillusionment of the populace , as the transition from a communist to a capitalist system failed to generate instant wealth and raise Poland 's living standards to those in the West , and the government 's financial " shock therapy " ( the Balcerowicz Plan ) generated much opposition . In the elections , Solidarity received only 4 @.@ 9 % of the votes , 0 @.@ 1 % less than the 5 % required in order to enter parliament ( Solidarity still had 9 senators , 2 fewer than in the previous Senate ) . The victorious party was the Democratic Left Alliance ( Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej or SLD ) , a post @-@ communist left @-@ wing party . Solidarity now joined forces with its erstwhile enemy , the All @-@ Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( OPZZ ) , and some protests were organized by both trade unions . The following year , Solidarity organized many strikes over the state of the Polish mining industry . In 1995 , a demonstration before the Polish parliament was broken up by the police ( now again known as policja ) using batons and water cannons . Nonetheless , Solidarity decided to support Wałęsa in the 1995 presidential elections . In a second major defeat for the Polish right wing , the elections were won by an SLD candidate , Aleksander Kwaśniewski , who received 51 @.@ 72 % of votes . A Solidarity call for new elections went unheeded , but the Sejm still managed to pass a resolution condemning the 1981 martial law ( despite the SLD voting against ) . Meanwhile , the left @-@ wing OPZZ trade union had acquired 2 @.@ 5 million members , twice as many as the contemporary Solidarity ( with 1 @.@ 3 million ) . In June 1996 , Solidarity Electoral Action ( Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność ) was founded as a coalition of over 30 parties , uniting liberal , conservative and Christian @-@ democratic forces . As the public became disillusioned with the SLD and its allies , AWS was victorious in the 1997 parliamentary elections . Jerzy Buzek became the new prime minister . However , controversies over domestic reforms , Poland 's 1999 entry into NATO , and the accession process to the European Union , combined with AWS ' fights with its political allies ( the Freedom Union — Unia Wolności ) and infighting within AWS itself , as well as corruption , eventually resulted in the loss of much public support . AWS leader Marian Krzaklewski lost the 2000 presidential election , and in the 2001 parliamentary elections AWS failed to elect a single deputy to the parliament . After this debacle , Krzaklewski was replaced by Janusz Śniadek ( in 2002 ) but the union decided to distance itself from politics . In 2006 , Solidarity had some 1 @.@ 5 million members making it the largest trade union in Poland . Its mission statement declares that Solidarity , " basing its activities on Christian ethics and Catholic social teachings , works to protect workers ' interests and to fulfill their material , social and cultural aspirations . " The European Solidarity Centre , a museum and library devoted to the history of Solidarity and other opposition movements of the Eastern Bloc , opened in Gdańsk on 31 August 2014 .
= Cherry Springs State Park = Cherry Springs State Park is a 82 @-@ acre ( 33 ha ) Pennsylvania state park in Potter County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . The park was created from land within the Susquehannock State Forest , and is on Pennsylvania Route 44 in West Branch Township . Cherry Springs , named for a large stand of Black Cherry trees in the park , is atop the dissected Allegheny Plateau at an elevation of 2 @,@ 300 feet ( 701 m ) . It is popular with astronomers and stargazers for having " some of the darkest night skies on the east coast " of the United States , and was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( DCNR ) and its Bureau of Parks as one of " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " . The earliest recorded inhabitants of the area were the Susquehannocks , followed by the Seneca nation , who hunted there . The first settlement within the park was a log tavern built in 1818 along a trail ; the trail became a turnpike by 1834 and a hotel replaced the tavern in 1874 , then burned in 1897 . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the old @-@ growth forests were clearcut ; the state forest was established in 1901 and contains second growth woodlands . " Cherry Springs Scenic Drive " was established in 1922 , and the Civilian Conservation Corps built much of Cherry Springs State Park during the Great Depression , including a picnic pavilion listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) . An annual " Woodsmen 's Show " has been held in the park each August since 1952 . Cherry Springs State Park was named Pennsylvania 's first dark sky park by the DCNR in 2000 . The adjoining Cherry Springs Airport , built in 1935 , was closed and its land was added to the park in 2006 , to expand its stargazing area . On June 11 , 2007 , the International Dark @-@ Sky Association named it the second " International Dark Sky Park " ; under optimum conditions the Milky Way casts a discernible shadow . Cherry Springs has received national press coverage and hosts two star parties a year , which attract hundreds of astronomers . There are regular stargazing and educational programs for the public at the park , and the Woodsmen 's Show attracts thousands each summer . Cherry Springs also offers rustic camping , picnic facilities , and trails for mountain biking , hiking , and snowmobiling . The surrounding state forest and park are home to a variety of flora and fauna . = = History = = = = = Native Americans = = = Archeological evidence shows that humans have lived in what is now Pennsylvania since at least 10 @,@ 000 BC . The first settlers were Paleo @-@ Indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools . The hunter @-@ gatherers of the Archaic period , which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 BC , used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artifacts . The Woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi @-@ permanent villages and horticulture , between 1000 BC and 1500 AD . Archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles , burial mounds , pipes , bows and arrows , and ornaments . Historical records show that the earliest known inhabitants of the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin , which includes Cherry Springs State Park , were the Iroquoian @-@ speaking Susquehannocks . They were a matriarchal society that lived in large long houses in stockaded villages . Decimated by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois , by 1675 they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes . Another name for the tribe is " Susquehanna " , and both the river and the Susquehannock State Forest which almost completely surrounds the park are named for them . After the departure of the Susquehannocks , the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois , who lived in long houses , primarily in what is now upstate New York , and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers . The Seneca , members of the Iroquois Confederacy , hunted in the area of what is now Cherry Springs State Park . Their nearest villages were 51 miles ( 82 km ) to the northeast at modern Painted Post , New York , and 43 miles ( 69 km ) to the southeast at what is now Lock Haven , Pennsylvania . The Seneca had temporary hunting camps to the east in the area of Pine Creek Gorge . To fill the void left by the demise of the Susquehannocks , the Iroquois also encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the West Branch watershed , including the Lenape ( or Delaware ) and Shawnee . The Seneca allowed very few travelers to pass through the area and kept non @-@ native settlement to a minimum . The French and Indian War ( 1754 – 1763 ) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin , and more departed after the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) . The United States acquired the Last Purchase , including what is now Cherry Springs State Park , from the Iroquois in the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix in October 1784 . In the years that followed , Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania . = = = Pioneers and lumber = = = Potter County was formed from part of Lycoming County on March 26 , 1804 , but the difficult terrain and thick old @-@ growth forest prevented the new county from being settled by European @-@ Americans until 1808 . Prior to the arrival of William Penn and his Quaker colonists in 1682 , up to 90 percent of what is now Pennsylvania was covered with woods : more than 31 @,@ 000 square miles ( 80 @,@ 000 km2 ) of eastern white pine , eastern hemlock , and a mix of hardwoods . The forests in and near the three original counties , Philadelphia , Bucks , and Chester , were the first to be harvested , as the early settlers used the readily available timber and cleared land for agriculture . By the time of the American Revolution , logging had reached the interior and mountainous regions , and became a leading industry in Pennsylvania . Trees furnished fuel to heat homes , tannin for the state 's many tanneries , and wood for construction , furniture , and barrel making . Large areas of forest were harvested by colliers to fire iron furnaces . Rifle stocks and shingles were made from Pennsylvania timber , as were a wide variety of household utensils , and the first Conestoga wagons . The area surrounding Cherry Springs State Park has been a wilderness for much of its history . A bridle path was cut through the woods in 1806 – 1807 , and was widened to accommodate wagons in 1812 . ( Modern Pennsylvania Route 44 , which passes through the park , follows the course of this path between Jersey Shore and Coudersport . ) In 1818 the Ceres Land Company , which owned much of the land in Potter County and sought to open the area to settlement , hired an early settler , Jonathan Edgcomb , to build a tavern or hotel for travelers at the site of the park . The hotel was in a very remote location 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Coudersport , and its visitors were few , occasional wandering travelers or Native Americans . Edgcomb and his wife received 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of land in exchange for building the hotel and running it for three years . When the contract expired in 1821 , they sold their land and left the area , but the hotel and land that Edgcomb had cleared became known as " Edgcomb 's Clearing " . The Jersey Shore and Coudersport Turnpike was constructed along the wagon path between 1825 and 1834 , and tolls were collected for travel on the road until 1860 . The park is in West Branch Township , which was incorporated from Eulalia Township in 1856 . A post office was opened at Edgcomb 's Clearing in 1873 ; the locals petitioned the United States Post Office to change the name to " Cherryville " , for a nearby group of Black Cherry trees . However , since there was already a Cherryville , Pennsylvania , post office in Lehigh Township in Northampton County , the name " Cherry Spring " was chosen as a compromise . In time an " s " was added , hence the name " Cherry Springs " . There are also at least two springs in the park . In 1874 a new , larger hotel was built on the other side of the road from the original tavern . It provided accommodations for wealthy summer visitors from Coudersport . This part of Potter County became known for an abundance of game and fish , and attracted hunters and anglers who also stayed at the Cherry Springs Hotel . This era as a " sportsmen 's paradise " was not to last , as the more profitable lumber industry came to West Branch and surrounding townships , which were home to " some of the tallest , straightest timber left standing " along the East Coast of the United States . When lumbermen reached the Cherry Springs area in the late 1880s , eastern white pine and eastern hemlock covered the surrounding mountains . Lumberjacks harvested the trees and sent them down the creeks to the West Branch Susquehanna River to the Susquehanna Boom and sawmills at Williamsport . Clearcutting allowed silt to choke the streams , and nothing was left except the dried @-@ out tree tops , which became a fire hazard . As a result , large swaths of land burned and were left barren , and much of the central part of the state became known as the " Pennsylvania Desert " . The Cherry Springs Hotel itself burned in 1897 and the property was abandoned . = = = Civilian Conservation Corps = = = As the timber was exhausted and the land burned , many companies simply abandoned their holdings . In 1897 the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed legislation which authorized the purchase of " unseated lands for forest reservations " and the first Pennsylvania state forest lands were acquired the following year . The first land for the Susquehannock State Forest was acquired in 1901 ; the cost for the major acquisitions was an average of $ 2 @.@ 50 per acre ( $ 6 @.@ 18 per ha ) . This is roughly equivalent to $ 48 per acre ( $ 120 per ha ) in 2016 terms . As of 2003 , the Susquehannock State Forest , which almost entirely surrounds the park , covered 265 @,@ 000 acres ( 107 @,@ 000 ha ) , chiefly in Potter County with small tracts in Clinton and McKean counties . The park traces its existence back to 1922 , when the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry established three scenic areas in state forests as part of a " plan for retaining their natural beauty " . One of these was the 6 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 10 @.@ 5 km ) " Cherry Springs Scenic Drive " on the old Coudersport @-@ Jersey Shore Turnpike . That same year , one of 16 " Class B " public campgrounds in the state forests was located on Cherry Springs Drive . These campgrounds were free for the public to use and all had potable water , picnic tables , a fireplace , garbage can , and a latrine . The land where the hotel sat was purchased by the state in 1932 . Like many state parks in north central Pennsylvania , development of the facilities at Cherry Springs was the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , a work relief program for young men from unemployed families . Established in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal legislation , the CCC was designed to combat unemployment during the Great Depression . It operated in every U.S. state , and established ten CCC camps in the Susquehannock State Forest , of which eight were in Potter County . Cherry Springs was home to CCC Camp S @-@ 136 @-@ Pa , which was established on May 27 , 1933 . According to the camp 's 1936 History : " Through the efforts of the [ CCC ] enrollees Cherry Springs Park , formerly a clearing , has been transformed into a park of which the people of Potter County can be proud of . " [ sic ] A historic recreation of the original tavern was built , as were a rifle range , picnic tables and shelters , roads , and hiking trails . The young men of the CCC camps worked to clear brush from the woods as a fire prevention measure . After clearing the woods , they planted stands of Norway Spruce and white pine , as well as an apple orchard . Camp @-@ 136 @-@ Pa closed on July 10 , 1937 . Men from CCC Camp S @-@ 88 @-@ Pa , based at nearby Lyman Run in Potter County , were also active in the park . In 1939 , they built a structure at Cherry Springs which is " the largest and most unique of the CCC @-@ built picnic pavilions " in the state , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The pavilion overlooks PA Route 44 and is shaped like an H , with two partially enclosed structures ( the vertical lines of the H ) connected by a breezeway ( the horizontal bar ) . The breezeway is a roof supported by eight log columns with log railings . The ends of the pavilion are built from log walls with white chinking , like log cabins . Each end has a large opening to the breezeway in one wall , while the other three sides are fully enclosed with a large window in the wall facing the highway , a stone fireplace and chimney on the opposite wall , and a door flanked by windows on the wall opposite the breezeway . A 1984 survey of Pennsylvania state parks found the " three picnic pavilions , and their associated latrines " at Cherry Springs " typical of the smallest day use areas constructed by the CCC " . These pavilions are examples of the rustic style built by the CCC in state parks throughout the Great Depression . Local materials were used in a way that minimized impact on the natural surroundings , and in a manner that resembled the building style of the pioneer settlements of the Appalachian Mountains . In addition to the two CCC camps active at the park , Cherry Springs also was home to Camp Elliott , which was run by the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters ( precursor to the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( DCNR ) ) for college students and other unemployed men . In 1935 they built an airfield , Cherry Springs Intermediate Field , just north of the park . The 40 @-@ acre ( 16 ha ) airfield was originally built for emergency landings and later became a small airport . In 1936 it had a sod runway of dimensions 2 @,@ 400 by 500 feet ( 730 by 150 m ) , and a hangar . The United States ' entry into the Second World War led to the end of the CCC and all its camps were closed by the summer of 1942 . = = = Modern era = = = The park has had several names through the years , starting with its 1922 establishment as " Cherry Springs Scenic Drive " and the associated " Cherry Springs ' Class B ' public campground " . The 1941 Pennsylvania Department of Highways official map of Potter County shows it as " Cherry Springs State Park " . On November 11 , 1954 , the Pennsylvania Geographic Board officially named it " Cherry Springs State Forest Picnic Area " . Forrey 's 1984 History of Pennsylvania 's State Parks and the 1986 NRHP nomination form still used this name , but Forrey clarified that it was " under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of State Parks " . Cupper 's 1993 Our Priceless Heritage : Pennsylvania 's State Parks 1893 – 1993 refers to it as " Cherry Springs State Park " , and this remains the official name as of 2009 . In the post @-@ war era , the park was long known chiefly for its isolated location and primitive camping facilities . In August 1952 it played host to the first Woodsmen 's Carnival , an annual celebration of the lumbering industry , which was again active in the second growth forests in the area . The festival , originally sponsored by the Penn @-@ York Lumbermen 's Club , features lumberjack competitions as a reminder of the past , as well as displays of new equipment . In 1987 the Galeton Rotary Club took over sponsorship , and renamed the event the Woodsmen 's Show in 1990 . In the 1980s , the CCC and its work in the park were honored . Cherry Springs State Park was one of several to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Civilian Conservation Corps with a CCC reunion in the summer of 1983 . On May 11 , 1987 , the Cherry Springs Picnic Pavilion was listed on the NRHP . None of the other remaining CCC structures in the park had retained its historic integrity sufficiently to be included on the NRHP . Cherry Springs began attracting stargazers in the early 1990s . In 1999 the " Dark Sky Fund " was established and continues " to enhance the stargazing and astronomy experience " by funding improvements at the park . In 2000 Cherry Springs was officially named a " Dark Sky Park " by the DCNR , and that same year it became part of the Hills Creek State Park complex , an administrative grouping of eight state parks in Potter and Tioga counties . The headquarters for Cherry Springs are at nearby Lyman Run State Park . The National Public Observatory picked it " as the pilot for the Stars @-@ n @-@ Parks program " in April 2001 . The DCNR acquired the Cherry Springs Airport in 2006 " to expand the overall Dark Sky observation area and allow for increased programming opportunities " at the park , and closed it in 2007 . On June 11 , 2008 , the International Dark @-@ Sky Association named Cherry Springs State Park the second " International Dark Sky Park " . ( The first was Natural Bridges National Monument in Utah . ) = = Geology and climate = = Cherry Springs State Park is at an elevation of 2 @,@ 300 feet ( 701 m ) above sea level , atop the Allegheny Plateau and " near the glaciated boundary " . The plateau and the Appalachian Mountains were all formed in the Alleghenian orogeny some 300 million years ago , when Gondwana ( specifically what became Africa ) and what became North America collided , forming Pangaea . Although the region appears mountainous , these are not true mountains : instead millions of years of erosion have made this a dissected plateau , causing the " mountainous " terrain seen today . The hardest of the ancient rocks are on top of the ridges , while the softer rocks eroded away forming the valleys . The park is in the West Branch Pine Creek drainage basin , where the underlying rocks are primarily conglomerate , sandstone , and shale . Two major rock formations are present in Cherry Springs State Park , both at least partly from the Carboniferous period . The youngest of these , which forms the highest points in the park , is the early Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation , a gray conglomerate that may contain sandstone , siltstone , and shale , as well as anthracite coal . The lower formation is the late Devonian and early Mississippian Huntley Mountain Formation , which is made of relatively soft grayish @-@ red shale and olive @-@ gray sandstone . Outside the park the creek has cut down into the Devonian Catskill Formation , a reddish sandstone . The Allegheny Plateau has a continental climate , with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges of 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) in winter and 26 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in summer . The mean annual precipitation for the West Branch Pine Creek watershed is 40 to 42 inches ( 1 @,@ 016 to 1 @,@ 067 mm ) . January is the coldest month at Cherry Springs , July the warmest , and June the wettest . The highest recorded temperature at the park was 94 ° F ( 34 ° C ) in 1966 , and the record low was − 28 ° F ( − 33 ° C ) in 1963 . = = Ecology = = Cherry Springs State Park and the surrounding Susquehannock State Forest have recovered from the clearcutting of the lumber era . However , the composition of the forests has changed , so that there are now more hardwoods , including sugar maple and black cherry , and fewer eastern white pine and eastern hemlock . The park also has apple trees from the CCC orchard . Over 400 species of birds have been found in Pennsylvania , including 186 that breed in the state . Birds such as ospreys , hawks , owls , nightjars , and bald eagles have returned to the park and state forest , and saw @-@ whet owls have been studied in the park . Some animals which had been locally extinct have also returned or been reintroduced to the area , including white @-@ tailed deer , elk , fishers ( a type of weasel ) , and otters . Although banned in the park , hunting is allowed in the surrounding state forest , which regained its title as a " sportsmen 's paradise " in the 20th century . Game species include black bears , white @-@ tailed deer , ducks , ruffed grouse , rabbits , gray and red squirrels , and wild turkeys . Other animals present in the park and forest include chipmunks , minks , raccoons , porcupines , groundhogs , and the occasional bobcat , as well as frogs , beetles , and moths . A branch of Hopper House Run rises within the park , and flows east and then north into the West Branch Pine Creek . West Branch Road ( or Branch Road ) follows the valleys of the run and creek from Pennsylvania Route 44 east 10 miles ( 16 km ) to Galeton . PA 44 roughly follows the line dividing the Pine Creek watershed to the north and the Sinnemahoning Creek watershed to the south . East Fork Road leaves PA 44 in the park and follows the East Fork Sinnemahoning Creek valley southwest 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the village of Conrad . Both creeks are approved trout streams for fishing , which means they are stocked with trout in season . = = Recreation = = = = = Dark skies = = = Astronomers and stargazers appreciate Cherry Springs State Park for the darkness and clarity of its skies , which make it " perhaps the last best refuge of the natural night sky " in the eastern half of the United States . The sky at Cherry Springs has been classified as a 2 on the Bortle Dark @-@ Sky Scale , meaning it has almost no light pollution . Such " truly dark , starry skies are unavailable to two @-@ thirds of the world 's population , including 99 percent of people in the continental U.S. and Western Europe " . With optimum conditions , 10 @,@ 000 stars are visible with the naked eye at the park , clouds appear only as black holes in the starry sky , and the Milky Way is so bright that it casts a discernible shadow . In contrast , big city residents can see a few dozen stars at best , and even those in rural areas can typically only see 2 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 stars . The Milky Way cannot be seen by most in the eastern US , even when there is no moonlight to obscure it . The quality of the night skies at the park and its growing popularity for stargazing are the result of several factors . Cherry Springs is in the midst of the largely undeveloped 262 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 106 @,@ 000 ha ) Susquehannock State Forest , and is on a summit 2 @,@ 300 feet ( 701 m ) above sea level . Because it is on the Allegheny Plateau , there are no mountain peaks to block the sky , and the Astronomy Field offers a 360 degree unobstructed view . The closest city is Williamsport , 60 miles ( 97 km ) to the southeast . Surrounding communities sit in deep valleys , so the intervening terrain screens much of the light they produce ; the park has no artificial skyglow in any direction . Cherry Springs is generally fog @-@ free and its latitude puts it in excellent position to observe the Galactic Center of the Milky Way . The remote location also means there is little commercial air traffic to interfere with astrophotography , while PA Route 44 still offers relatively easy access to the park from Interstate 80 . In addition to these natural factors , much has been done intentionally to make the skies at the park clear and dark and help keep them that way . Within the park , former overhead electrical lines have been buried so they do not obstruct views , all lighting is shielded , and all white lights have been converted to red , which has the least effect on night vision and astrophotography . Light from passing vehicles is blocked by earthen berms covered with grass , or shrubbery and spruce trees ; the Astronomy Field gate has a special light @-@ blocking tarp . The park 's Dark Sky Fund has paid for many of these improvements since 1999 . Since the 2006 acquisition of the Cherry Springs airport , a new Public Programming field has been established on the former airstrip . This field is northeast of PA Route 44 and is intended for educational programs or stargazing , but not for those who spend the night . Overnight observers and those with large telescopes use the Astronomy Field southwest of the highway . Nighttime visitors may only use flashlights with red filters , and may only point them at the ground . The Astronomy Field has further restrictions on lights , and parts of the park are light @-@ free zones . To help preserve the dark skies at Cherry Springs State Park , Tri @-@ County Rural Electric company installs light @-@ shielding caps on outdoor lights at local homes for free . In 2001 the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed the " Outdoor Lighting Control Act " , which both established the park as a " Dark Sky Preserve " and required minimal and shielded lighting at all new state facilities to reduce light pollution . A design guide for the Pennsylvania Wilds region , which includes the park , emphasizes the importance of maintaining dark skies . The DCNR spent $ 396 @,@ 000 in June 2007 to buy mineral rights under 1 @,@ 980 acres ( 800 ha ) of the park and state forest to prevent natural gas drilling and associated development there . A wind farm has been proposed on a site 13 @.@ 7 miles ( 22 @.@ 0 km ) from the park . In 2008 Potter County passed an ordinance that wind turbine lights shall not " interfere with the state @-@ designated Dark Skies Preserve at Cherry Springs State Park " . That same year the DCNR commissioned a study on the wind farm 's impact , which concluded the red warning lights on the wind turbines would not impact the darkness of the sky and would only be directly visible from the Astronomy Field under rare conditions . Others in the astronomy community challenged these conclusions and feared that new lights on " several dozen wind turbines near the park " will degrade observations and astrophotography . The study also recommended that the DCNR shield and redirect lights at the nearby Denton Hill State Park downhill ski area to make the sky even darker at Cherry Springs . = = = Astronomical observing = = = The staff at Cherry Springs State Park did not intend for it to become an attraction for amateur astronomers ; the astronomers came to them instead . In 1997 or 1998 Chip Harrison , the park supervisor , noticed a man looking through a telescope at the park at about 1 AM . When Harrison asked why the man had come there , the astronomer said he had noticed an isolated black patch over north central Pennsylvania on nighttime satellite photos . Cherry Springs State Park is in that patch , one of the best locations east of the Mississippi River for stargazing . An increasing number of astronomers began to come to Cherry Springs , most in the 14 @-@ day dark sky period around the new moon , between the last quarter and first quarter phases . The park is open year @-@ round and between 60 and 85 nights each year have ideal conditions , when the apparent magnitudes of the faintest stars visible can range from 7 @.@ 1 to 7 @.@ 5 . The park 's Astronomy Field has been upgraded to accommodate these astronomers . In 2005 a rotating 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) slotted observatory dome , two 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) clamshell domes , and a 10 @-@ by @-@ 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 by 3 @.@ 7 m ) sky shed were added , as well as a small amphitheater for programs . The four structures protect telescopes from the wind and thermal currents . The next year concrete pads 4 and 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 and 1 @.@ 8 m ) in diameter were placed at random in the field , and electrical pedestals , each with six outlets , were added to power telescopes and computers . In 2009 , Wi @-@ Fi internet access was added to the Astronomy Field . While a typical clear night might have 50 to 100 observers , each year the park hosts two major star parties which both attract several hundred astronomers for several nights . The Black Forest Star Party , sponsored by the Central Pennsylvania Observers of State College , has been held each fall since 1999 . The Cherry Springs Star Party , sponsored by the Astronomical Society of Harrisburg , has been held each June since 2005 . There are also free public programs at the amphitheater on the former airport site , some of which are part of the National Public Observatory 's Stars @-@ n @-@ Parks program . Meteor showers will also attract a crowd and the Aurora Borealis can be seen from the park . A stargazing business , " Crystal Spheres " , has been established and presents Music and Stars programs , with an hour @-@ long concert followed by an hour of stargazing . Such " nature tourism " has a positive economic impact for the area . Awards and press recognition have come to Cherry Springs and its staff . Thom Bemus , who initiated and coordinates the Stars @-@ n @-@ Parks program , was named DCNR 's 2002 Volunteer of the Year . In 2007 the park 's Dark Sky Programming and staff received the Environmental Education Excellence in Programming award from the Pennsylvania Recreation and Parks Society . Operations manager Chip Harrison and his wife Maxine , who directs the Dark Sky Fund , received a 2008 award from the Pennsylvania Outdoor Lighting Council for " steadfast adherence and active promotion of the principles of responsible outdoor lighting at Cherry Springs State Park " . The DCNR has named Cherry Springs one of " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " , specifically for having the " darkest night skies on the east coast " . Cherry Springs State Park was featured in the national press in 2003 when USA Today named it one of " 10 Great Places to get some stars in your eyes " , in 2006 when National Geographic Adventure featured it in " Pennsylvania : The Wild , Wild East " , and in The New York Times in 2007 . All these were before it was named an International Dark Sky Park by the International Dark @-@ Sky Association in 2008 . = = = Woodsmen 's Show = = = The Woodsmen 's Show attracts thousands of visitors to Cherry Springs State Park on the first weekend in August . It has been held every year since 1952 , and has been sponsored by the Galeton Rotary Club since 1987 . In 2008 events at the three @-@ day show included tree @-@ felling , cross @-@ cutting , log rolling , axe @-@ throwing , horse pulling , spring board chopping , the standing block chop , and chainsaw competitions and demonstrations . The 2008 show also featured historic recreations of life in a logging camp , musical performances , and vendors selling food , crafts , and equipment related to the lumber industry . The show and its events , which celebrate Potter County 's lumbering history , have changed with time . In the early years , up to three working sawmills were set up just for the carnival , and there was an associated Woodsmen 's Ball on Saturday evening , after the carnival ended . The Woodsmen 's Show had its first female competitor in 1979 . Some events have been tried and discontinued ; in 1987 one @-@ hour seminars on topics such as " Outdoor Adventures on Mules " and the first " Woodsmen 's Carnival Queen " were introduced , and in 1993 there was tractor pulling with lawn tractors . In 1990 the name was changed from the " Woodsmen 's Carnival " to the " Woodsmen 's Show " , a third day was added , and an ecumenical church service was held Sunday morning in the large picnic pavilion . The next year the show was part of the STIHL Timbersports Series and some of the competition was televised on ESPN . Although it is no longer part of the STIHL series , as of 2008 many of the same athletes competed at the show . Attendance was 4 @,@ 000 the first year and grew to 12 @,@ 000 three years later in 1955 , then peaked at 33 @,@ 000 in 1962 , with nearly as many in 1965 ( 32 @,@ 000 ) and 1981 ( 30 @,@ 000 ) . In 1983 , 20 @,@ 000 visitors came to the show , 15 @,@ 000 came in 1985 , and by the early 21st century attendance was about 14 @,@ 000 . Admission is charged and cash prizes are awarded in the competitions . Proceeds from the show under the Penn @-@ York Lumbermen 's Club went to promote the lumber industry and support the Pennsylvania Lumber Museum . The Galeton Rotary Club has used the funds to improve the standard of living in and around Galeton , including college scholarships , a new roof for the Community building , support for the local public library , and clean @-@ up and maintenance of the downtown . = = = Camping , picnicking , and trails = = = The park has 30 camping sites which can each accommodate a tent , or a recreational vehicle ( RV ) up to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) long . The sites all have a fire ring , lantern hanger , and picnic table , and are classified as rustic because they have no running water . The camping area , which is southeast of Pennsylvania Route 44 , is open from April to December and does not accept reservations . The park has two modern latrines , one in the camping area and the other at the Astronomy Field . There is also a holding tank dump station for RVs . Although the Astronomy Field is not an official camping area , overnight observers may set up tents and vehicles there in which to camp . In addition to the picnic tables and small pavilion in the camping area , the main picnic area at Cherry Springs is on the southwest side of Route 44 , in and around the large historic , CCC @-@ built pavilion . The area surrounding the pavilion has many picnic tables situated in an old apple orchard and a stand of huge white pine and Norway spruce trees . Cherry Springs State Park is at the southern end of a 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) long , single @-@ track mountain bike trail , which begins at Denton Hill State Park and passes through Patterson State Park . In 2005 the snowmobile trailhead at Cherry Springs was moved to the southern end of the park to avoid the Astronomy Field . The snowmobile trail is one of many trails available for cross @-@ country skiing , backpacking , hiking , and all @-@ terrain vehicle and horseback riding in the surrounding Susquehannock State Forest . The 85 @-@ mile ( 137 km ) long Susquehannock Trail System passes close to the park and loops around it . South of the park the trail passes through the Hammersley Wild Area , which at 30 @,@ 253 acres ( 12 @,@ 243 ha ) without roads is the second largest wild area in Pennsylvania . = = Nearby state parks = = Cherry Springs State Park is on Pennsylvania Route 44 in West Branch Township , 10 miles ( 16 km ) southwest of Galeton . The following state parks are within 30 miles ( 48 km ) of Cherry Springs State Park :
= Ricardo Arjona = Edgar R. Arjona Morales ( born 19 January 1964 ) , known as Ricardo Arjona ( Spanish pronunciation : [ riˈkaɾðo arˈxona ] ) , is a Guatemalan singer @-@ songwriter and former basketball player and school teacher . Arjona is one of the most successful Latin American artists of all time , with more than 20 million albums sold . He is often called El Animal Nocturno ( The Nocturnal Animal ) , thanks to his breakthrough success with his fourth studio album which bears the same name . His music ranges from ballads to Latin pop , rock , pop rock , Cuban music , and more recently a cappella performances and a mixture of Tejano music and Norteño music , and other Afro @-@ American and Latin sounds . Arjona is noted for his lyrical style , and often addresses topics such as love , sexuality , violence , racism and immigration . As of 2014 , Arjona had released fourteen studio albums , one live album , nine compilation albums and forty @-@ three singles . Four Arjona albums reached number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums , and ten reached number one in Argentina . Four albums had charted on the Billboard 200 . Four singles had reached number one on the Billboard Latin Songs chart and seven had done the same on Latin Pop Songs . His work earned him numerous awards and accolades , including one Grammy Award , one Latin Grammy Award , the " Latin Heritage " Award as well as awards from the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ; a silver and golden torch and two silver seagulls from the 2010 Viña del Mar International Song Festival , two Billboard Latin Music Awards , and a " Latin Trajectory of the Year " Award at the Orgullosamente Latino Awards of 2010 . = = Early years and personal life = = Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales was born on 19 January 1964 in Jocotenango , Guatemala , to parents Ricardo Arjona Moscoso and Mimi Morales de Arjona . He spent most of his childhood in Guatemala City , where he began his musical instruction . At age twelve , he participated in the contest " Festival Infantil Juventud 74 " with " Gracias al Mundo " , a song composed by his father , finally winning the event . Although he initially enrolled in architecture and engineering at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ( USAC ) , he graduated with a degree from the School of Communication Sciences . In the city of Buenos Aires , Argentina , he met Puerto Rican Leslie Torres and had two children with her : Adria and Ricardo . They separated in 2005 . As of 2010 , Arjona was dating Venezuelan model Daisy Arvelo , with whom he has a child . = = Sports career = = Arjona was a talented basketball player who played for Leones de Marte and TRIAS . He toured Central America as a member of the Guatemala national basketball team . Until recently , he held the record for the most points scored ( 78 ) in a single game by a Guatemalan . He also taught at a primary school ( called Santa Elena III ) , where he claimed to have spent six hours giving lessons and the rest of the day playing soccer . This earned him a visit from a Ministry of Education representative , who was sent to evaluate his pupils . The representative found that the students ' education was actually above average . In 1988 , he became the basketball coach of a boys ' school ( called Instituto Don Bosco ) . = = Music career = = = = = 1980s : Beginnings and early breakthrough = = = Arjona began his musical career at age 21 , when he signed with the now defunct , Guatemalan record label , Discos de Centroamerica S.A. and distributed by < PolyGram and released his debut album Déjame Decir Que Te Amo in 1985 . The label attempted to portray Arjona as a stereotypical Latin lover . The title track was released as a single , " Déjame Decir Que Te Amo " . This album failed to chart , but received moderate praise from critics , with Allmusic awarding it three stars out of five . Because of his negative experience recording the album and its commercial failure , he decided to abandon music to teach school . At age 24 , Arjona reversed course and sought the opportunity to represent his country in the OTI Festival with the song " Con Una Estrella En El Vientre " . The sessions immediately following this decision produced the song " S.O.S Rescátame " . His second studio album , Jesús , Verbo No Sustantivo brought him commercial and critical success across Latin America and the U.S. and became a best @-@ seller in many Central American territories . = = = 1990s : International breakthrough , Si El Norte Fuera El Sur and Sin Daños a Terceros = = = Arjona started the new decade as a regular in the Mexican telenovela ( soap opera ) " Alcanzar una Estrella " ( English translation : Reaching a Star ) , which assisted him in becoming a known singer throughout Latin America . After joining Sony Music in 1990 he released Del Otro Lado del Sol , one of his least successful albums . That year , he started composing songs for other artists , such as Yuri 's " Detrás de Mi Ventana " , for her album Nueva era ( 1993 ) . The song became a hit , reaching No.1 on the US Hot Latin Songs chart for three weeks in 1994 . He later covered the song in his compilation album , Trópico ( 2009 ) , alongside Melina León . Animal Nocturno , Arjona 's fourth studio album , was released in 1993 . The album contained the hit singles " Mujeres " ( No. 6 on Latin Songs ) and " Primera Vez " ( No. 6 on Latin Songs ) and received thirteen platinum and one diamond certifications . Animal Nocturno sold 500 @,@ 000 copies in 1994 , and carried Arjona to fame along with his work on the Mexican telenovela Alcanzar Una Estrella , which allowed him to showcase his songwriting and singing skills . He confirmed his reputation with the release of his fifth studio album , Historias . The album sold 2 million copies throughout Latin America and received twenty @-@ seven platinum and two diamond certifications , including quadruple Platinum in Argentina . Historias reached No. 43 on Top Latin Albums and included the hit singles " Te Conozco " ( No. 3 on Billboard Latin Songs ) and " Señora De Las Cuatro Décadas " ( No. 7 on Latin Songs ) . The Allmusic review by Jason Birchmeier awarded the album 4 @.@ 5 stars stating that " If you were to pick only one Arjona album for your collection that wasn 't a greatest @-@ hits compilation , this should be the one . Historias was a career @-@ defining success for Arjona . " His fourth and fifth studio albums were the best @-@ selling of his career . In 1996 , he released his sixth studio album , Si El Norte Fuera El Sur . This was the first album in which Arjona ventured beyond the theme of love to explore nationalism and globalization , among other sociopolitical topics . Its four singles were " Si El Norte Fuera El Sur " ( No. 9 on Latin Pop Songs ) , whose main theme is the relationship between the United States and Latin America , " Tu Reputación " ( No. 18 on Latin Songs , No. 2 on Latin Pop Songs ) , " Me Enseñaste " ( No. 18 on Latin Pop Songs ) , and " Ella y Él " ( No. 24 on Latin Songs , No. 8 on Latin Pop Songs ) . Birchmeier awarded the album 4 @.@ 5 stars stating " All in all , it 's Arjona 's third classic album in a row , each distinct from its predecessor . " Billboard named it the Rock Album of the Year in 1997 . Si El Norte Fuera El Sur received multiple Platinum certifications in the United States and Argentina . In 1998 , he released his seventh studio album , Sin Daños a Terceros . Terry Jenkins from Allmusic , on his review of the album , awarded it 4 stars , writing that " Sin Daños a Terceros continues Ricardo Arjona 's streak of accomplished , affecting albums that spotlights both his melodic skills and his sharp social consciousness . " His fourth consecutive album to receive critical success , Sin Daños a Terceros also enjoyed commercial success , debuting at No. 6 on Top Latin Albums , the first to reach the top 10 , and reaching No. 3 on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart . It contained the hit singles " Dime Que No " ( No. 6 on Latin Songs , No. 3 on Latin Pop Songs ) , and " Mentiroso " ( No. 22 on Latin Songs , No. 5 on Latin Pop Songs ) . The album received multiple Platinum certifications from the United States and Argentina . More than 700 @,@ 000 copies were sold . On 5 December 1998 and in front of a live audience of more than 100 @,@ 000 people at the Hippodrome of Guatemala City , Arjona recorded his first live album , the 1999 release Vivo . The album was moderately successful , certified Gold in Mexico and Platinum in the United States and Argentina . It produced the hit " Desnuda " , which became his first No. 1 on the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart . As of December 2005 , Vivo had sold 243 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , his best @-@ selling album there as of that date . = = = 2000 – 2005 : Galería Caribe , world tour , Santo Pecado , hiatus and Adentro = = = Arjona 's eighth studio album , Galería Caribe was preceded by the single " Cuándo " , which became a commercial success and reached No. 1 on both Top Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs . The singer commented that the album consumed twelve months and that before starting , he " had more friends . " He also mentioned he had " lived in love with Caribbean culture and music since my childhood . " Birchmeier awarded the album 3 stars stating " All in all , Galería Caribe is a curious entry in Arjona 's catalog that most fans can overlook without missing much . " The album became his first to chart on the Billboard 200 , peaking at No. 136 , while charting at No. 1 on Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums . It was awarded Platinum certification in Mexico , Argentina and the US . Its three singles were " Lo Poco Que Queda De Mi " ; " Mesías " , which reached No. 19 on Top Latin Songs and No. 11 on the Latin Pop Songs chart ; and " A Cara O Cruz " , which reached No. 28 on Latin Pop Songs . To promote the album , which sold more than one million copies , Arjona embarked on his Galería Caribe Tour , which began in Mexico in 2000 and finished in 2001 . On " Mesias " Arjona talks about a character who appears " in the form of a wealthy , well @-@ armed magnate with [ ... ] some sinister plan for the world . " Some critics argued that it was a " metaphorical attack " on capitalism and imperialism , named as " classic Arjona targets . " The song became a subject of some controversy when fans and critics noted connections between its theme and the attacks of September 2001 , months after the song 's release , which resulted in the FBI investigating Arjona . The singer later commented that " Mesías " had no relationship to the attacks , and that the lyrics were pure coincidence . He further stated the FBI had never spoken directly to him , but instead to somebody on his team . On 19 November 2002 , Arjona released his ninth studio album , Santo Pecado , preceded by singles " El Problema " , which reached No. 1 on both the Billboard Top Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts ; and " Minutos " which reached No. 5 on the Top Latin Songs and No. 3 on the Latin Pop Songs charts . Santo Pecado became a commercial success , selling more than 300 @,@ 000 copies just in Mexico ( double Platinum ) , 160 @,@ 000 in Argentina ( quadruple Platinum ) and 200 @,@ 000 in the United States ( double Platinum ) . In 2003 Arjona released Lados B , his second compilation album , including songs that were " not so commercial " , and that he wanted to give a second chance at radio airplay . The album contained songs from all his past studio albums . Critical reception for the album was mixed . Birchmeier noted that it was " a misleading entry point into Arjona 's catalog . " Despite this , the album received a Gold certification in Mexico . On 6 December 2005 , Arjona released his tenth studio album , Adentro . This was Arjona 's first collaboration with Tommy Torres . In an interview , the singer commented that he first " tested " Torres by sending him the " hookiest and darkest tracks " on the album , " Acompañame A Estar Solo " and " Iluso " . Torres said that he " went all out on the first demo , hiring a full band that included a string orchestra " , which grabbed Arjona 's attention . The album was critically acclaimed , with Evan C. Gutierrez from Allmusic giving it four stars out of five and commenting that " Be it for the stripped , natural production value , the confident performance of Ricardo Arjona , or his relevant @-@ as @-@ ever lyricism , he 's got both his loyal fans and the execs at Norte smiling . While the instrumentation , performance , and overall sonic palette of this project are minimalist and unassuming , there is a depth and brilliance to them . The listener 's ear does not tire or want for more , humble as Adentro is . " Arjona further commented that Adentro was " a very representative and tremendously complete album , " adding that " having different producers made it rich in possibilities . " Adentro became Arjona 's second studio album to chart on the Billboard 200 , reaching No. 126 . It reached No. 3 on the Top Latin Albums and No. 2 on the Lain Pop Albums charts . Five singles were released from Adentro : the lead single , " Acompañame A Estar Solo " ( No. 7 on Latin Songs , No. 1 on Latin Pop Songs ) , " Pingüinos En La Cama " featuring Spanish singer Chenoa ( No. 44 on Latin Songs , No. 19 on Latin Pop Songs ) ; " Mojado " , featuring American Tejano / Norteño band Intocable ( No. 34 on Latin Songs , No. 30 on Latin Pop Songs ) , " A Ti " ( No. 14 on Latin Songs , No. 3 on Latin Pop Songs ) and " De Vez En Mes " ( No. 49 on Latin Songs , No. 16 on Latin Pop Songs ) . The album sold more than a million copies worldwide . = = = 2006 – 2007 : Adentro Tour and Quién Dijo Ayer = = = In 2006 , Arjona started the first leg of his world tour , named the Adentro Tour . The tour resumed in 2007 for a second leg , in which he visited more countries . Approximately two million people attended the performances . The tour was officially closed on 14 September 2007 on the mainland city of Barquisimeto , Venezuela , during the International Fair , in front of more than 100 @,@ 000 people . On 21 August 2007 , Arjona released his fifth compilation album , Quién Dijo Ayer . The album is a two @-@ disc set which contains , on the first disc , new versions of past hits , some of them including featured artists such as Marta Sánchez on " Tarde ( Sin Daños a Terceros ) " from Sin Daños a Terceros ; Panteón Rococó on " Si El Norte Fuera el Sur " , from the album of the same name ; Marc Anthony on " Historia de Taxi " , from Historias ; Eros Ramazzotti on " A Ti " , from Adentro and Sandro on " Realmente No Estoy Tan Solo " from Historias , and which was the last song recorded by the singer , who died on 4 January 2010 . Arjona 's manager told Argentinian newspaper Clarín that " [ the singer ] had the idea of inviting Roberto [ Sandro ] for his album , he [ Sandro ] showed enthusiasm and manifested the same degree of appreciation to Arjona . It seemed to him that he [ Arjona ] was an artist who proclaims the same values he proclaimed . " The second disc contained remastered versions of the hits on the first disc , but in their original versions . It was the second time Arjona collaborated with Torres . The album became a critical and commercial success . Jason Birchmeier commented that " while only a couple of the new versions depart stylistically from the originals , the contemporary productions breathe new life into these songs , which should be well known by longtime fans " ; and reaching double Platinum in Argentina and the United States , and Platinum in Mexico . The record was additionally certified Gold in Colombia , Chile and Venezuela . Two singles were released from the album . The first , " Quién " , a previously unreleased song produced by Torres , failed to reach the top 20 on Latin Songs , standing at No. 21 , but reached No. 4 on the Latin Pop Songs chart . Arjona commented that " ' Quién ' is a story with the hurry of the desperate , is the flashback of those who end up loving alone . " " Quiero " , the second single , reached No.12 on the Latin Songs chart , and No.8 on the Latin Pop Songs chart . = = = 2008 – 2010 : New label , Quinto Piso , world tour and Poquita Ropa = = = After spending the majority of his career with Sony , and Sony BMG , Arjona signed a long @-@ term deal with Warner Music Latina in September 2008 . Iñigo Zabala , chairman of Warner Music Latin America , said " He 's an artist that fits perfectly with our company , " and that " We are a label that has a major catalog of songwriters and quality pop and rock from the likes of Maná , Alejandro Sanz , Laura Pausini , and now , Arjona . " Arjona announced his eleventh studio album , 5to Piso , on 18 November 2008 . The album was preceded by the first single , " Como Duele " on September , which reached No. 2 on Top Latin Songs and No. 1 on Latin Pop Songs . He moved approximately 200 @,@ 000 copies of the album in the first month at retail , and it went Platinum in Mexico , the United States , Spain , Argentina , Venezuela , Colombia , Guatemala , and several other countries . It debuted at No. 1 on Top Latin Albums , becoming his second chart @-@ topper on that list , and sold more than one million copies worldwide . The album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Album and a Latin Grammy Award nomination for Best Singer @-@ Songwriter Album . The album received positive critical response . Birchmeier gave it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , saying that " More typical than exceptional for Arjona at this point in his career , 5to Piso isn 't as grand an album as his past few ... Yet it 's a great album all the same , particularly the opening run of songs that culminates with ' Cómo Duele ' , and it finds Arjona still at the top of his craft . " While Warner Music released his new studio album , Sony Music released a compilation album , Simplemente Lo Mejor . This led to speculation that the labels were in a fight to win Arjona 's fanbase and sales . Simplemente Lo Mejor contained hits from past albums , namely Sin Daños a Terceros , Si El Norte Fuera El Sur , among others . This compilation went Gold in Mexico , and Platinum in Argentina . " Sin Ti ... Sin Mi " was released as 5to Piso 's second single , and reached No. 4 on both Top Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts . On 24 April 2009 , Arjona started the Quinto Piso Tour . The tour included 123 shows in the United States , Spain , Argentina , Guatemala , Colombia , Venezuela and Mexico , among many other countries in Latin America , and ended on 18 June 2010 . The Quinto Piso Tour was one of the most successful tours made by a Latin artist , with more than one million attendees from 19 countries . He received in 2010 the " Latin Tour of the Year " Billboard Latin Music Award for the tour . On 26 February 2010 , he participated in the 2010 Viña del Mar International Song Festival as one of the top performers . His performance was followed by Colombian singer Fanny Lu . One hour after Lu 's performance , a 8 @.@ 8 magnitude massive earthquake affected the south @-@ central regions of Chile . On social networks , Arjona was jokingly blamed , with remarks such as " earthquakes go where he goes " , making reference also to the earthquake felt in Mexico after the singer arrived . After the tour , Arjona announced his twelfth studio album , Poquita Ropa , which was released on 24 August 2010 . It was preceded by the genre @-@ mixing track " Puente " , an ode to Havana , Cuba 's largest and capital city . The song failed to break in the upper tier of Billboard charts , and was reportedly prohibited in Cuba . The album became his third to debut or reach No. 1 on the Top Latin Albums chart . Within two weeks of release , the album received a Gold certification in Chile , United States , Colombia and Puerto Rico ; and Platinum certification in Mexico and Argentina . The album marked a change in Arjona 's sound , which he called a " stripped @-@ down version " of his music . Birchmeier gave the album a somewhat positive review , saying that it was a " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " yet considered it " impressive " . Two more singles were released from Poquita Ropa , " Vida " , a song the singer dedicated to his recently deceased father ; and " Marta " , an autobiographical song whose music video stars Edith González . Both , like the lead single , failed to gain much airplay in the U.S. , and charted poorly . = = = 2011 – 13 : Independiente , Metamorfosis and world tour = = = Arjona released his thirteenth studio album , Independiente , on 4 October 2011 . It became his fourth number @-@ one on the Top Latin Albums chart the week ending 22 October 2011 ; and within a week went Gold in Chile , United States and Mexico ; and Platinum in Venezuela and Argentina . Independiente was his first release as an independent artist , appearing on his Metamorfosis label , a company he created to refocus his career . The album was distributed by Warner . Billboard noted that although other groups have decided to go independent after working with major record labels , Arjona was by far the most important artist in Latin pop to do so . By the end of 2012 , the album sold more than 75 @,@ 000 copies in the United States and 400 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . " El Amor " was released in August 2011 as the lead single from Independiente ; it managed to top both the US Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts . It also became a hit in the rest of Latin America , reaching number one in several countries . " Fuiste Tú " , a collaboration with Guatemalan singer Gaby Moreno , followed as second single in February 2013 ; it reached number two on the Latin Songs chart , and topped the Latin Pop Songs chart . On May , Arjona released the music video for " Mi Novia Se Me Está Poniendo Vieja . " However , " Te Quiero " was released as third single in July 2012 , and became the second song off the album to top the Latin Songs chart . This made Independiente Arjona 's first album to ever have two number @-@ one hits on that chart . The song also topped the Latin Pop Songs chart , becoming the third song off the album to do so . " Si Tu No Existieras " was released in November 2012 , and managed to peak at number 14 in Mexico . To promote the album , Arjona embarked on the Metamorfosis World Tour . The show , his first since 2009 's Quinto Piso Tour , comprised five legs across North and Latin America . It ran from January 2012 until March 2013 and included 102 shows in 18 different countries , with an estimated attendance of over one million people . The tour opened in Toluca , where he had started all of his concert tours , and grossed more than $ 13 @.@ 4 million in the United States . = = Music and style = = Arjona 's primary musical style is Latin pop . He usually sings without the help of featured or additional singers . His style varied over the years , as Arjona took risks to keep his music from becoming stale . In contrast to the ballad @-@ laden Déjame Decir Que Te Amo , on the following two albums Arjona experimented with a range of pop / rock styles . Animal Nocturno intersperses energetic rock songs among heartfelt ballads , and the instrumentation is heavy on guitar , synthesizer , and drums . On Historias , each song is stylistically distinct and the instrumentation is varied . Around two dozen instruments were used on the album , including horns , piano and Hammond B @-@ 3 , and strings . On Si El Norte Fuera El Sur , he crafted a relatively low @-@ key effort characterized by intimate songs about love , culture , and politics . Most of the songs were written in 1995 while Arjona was touring and are performed acoustically with Caribbean touches . Besides a couple of rockers , the songs are fairly even in tone and tempo . In Galería Caribe , Arjona explored Afro @-@ Caribbean sounds , employing traditional rhythms such as guaracha , bachata , merengue , and salsa . On Santo Pecado , Arjona explored the use of symphonic sounds on his ballads , amidst a couple of rock songs stylistically similar to those on Sin Daños a Terceros . This album included the song " La Nena ( Bitácora de un Secuetro ) " , in which Arjona relates the story of a girl who is kidnapped by her uncle . Then , in 2005 , Arjona adopted new sounds in Adentro . Gutierrez considered the instrumentation , performance , and overall sonic palette to be " minimalist " and " unassuming " . On this album , Arjona included more Latin sounds , Mexican and Tejano music on " Mojado " , a song about immigration ; merengue and Colombian tones on " Adiós Melancolía " , and some on " No Te Cambio Por Nada " . On 2007 's Quién Dijo Ayer , Arjona reworked past songs to fit a new style . For example , he gave " Si El Norte Fuera El Sur " a ska beat , and performed with the aid of Panteón Rococó . He transformed " Historia de Taxi " into a salsa song , with the help of American singer Marc Anthony and pianist Sergio George , who commented that " It 's been interesting to work with two figures from different music worlds on the interest of making good music . " He further stated that " every time a reunion of this kind happens , it 's a reason to celebrate . " Birchmeier commented , " While only a couple of the new versions depart stylistically from the originals , the contemporary productions breathe new life into these songs . " " Realmente No Estoy Tan Solo " was re @-@ recorded with singer Sandro . This turned out to be the last song recorded by the latter , who died 4 January 2010 . This album included three new songs . The lead single , " Quién " was written by Arjona and produced by himself and Torres . " Quiero " and " Espantapájaros " are the other two new songs on the album . 5to Piso is mainly driven by piano and strings . Exceptions are " La Bailarina Vecina " , crafted with pure orchestral arrangements ; and " Ni Tú Ni Yo " , a ranchera style song featuring Paquita la del Barrio . The album also includes a song called " Que Nadie Vea " , in which the artist sings about homosexuality . On 5to Piso , Arjona commented that he tried to recoup the freshness of his first albums , saying that he " tried to reconcile a little with the Ricardo Arjona from the first albums to let out some of that freshness that makes so good to the songs . " Poquita Ropa offered a drastic change in which Arjona minimized the number of instruments . The result was a set of a capella performances . Arjona commented about this album that " music and women look better with little clothes . " Production was handled by Arjona and Dan Warner , who also worked with Shakira , Celine Dion and Christina Aguilera . Birchmeier gave the album a somewhat positive review , saying that it was a " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " , considering it " impressive " . He also commented that Poquita Ropa " finds Arjona at his most naked , backed by spare arrangements of acoustic guitar , piano , and Hammond B @-@ 3 along with occasional touches of strings , woodwinds , and chorus vocals . " " Puente " , the lead single , is the only notable exception . It lasts eight and a half minutes and is divided in three parts . The first is sung mainly with a piano . The second part is a ballad with Caribbean and Latin sounds , with some salsa and Cuban influences . The third mixes salsa and merengue , with Cuban influences . " Puente " resembles Arjona 's work on Galería Caribe . This album was the first since Adentro , that Arjona worked without Torres . In Independiente , Arjona returned to his trademark sound , which Torres helped craft . David Jeffries of Allmusic gave the album a somewhat positive review . He compared the production values and musical style of Independiente with those of past albums Animal Nocturno and Historias , stating , " Returning fans will revel in this combination of freedom and growth , and appreciate the return of producer Tommy Torres , the man who has been behind the boards for quite a few of Arjona 's most popular releases " , referring precisely to the absence of Torres in the production of Poquita Ropa . = = Discography = = = = Awards and nominations = = In 1993 , he received the Rafael Álvarez Ovalle Order from the then President of Guatemala , Ramiro de León Carpio , for his international accomplishments . At USAC a library hall bears his name . His birthplace , Jocotenango , named a street after him .
= Uncle Tom 's Cabin = Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or , Life Among the Lowly , is an anti @-@ slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe . Published in 1852 , the novel " helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War " , according to Will Kaufman . Stowe , a Connecticut @-@ born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist , featured the character of Uncle Tom , a long @-@ suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve . The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings . Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best @-@ selling novel of the 19th century and the second best @-@ selling book of that century , following the Bible . It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s . In the first year after it was published , 300 @,@ 000 copies of the book were sold in the United States ; one million copies in Great Britain . In 1855 , three years after it was published , it was called " the most popular novel of our day . " The impact attributed to the book is great , reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War , Lincoln declared , " So this is the little lady who started this great war . " The quote is apocryphal ; it did not appear in print until 1896 , and it has been argued that " The long @-@ term durability of Lincoln 's greeting as an anecdote in literary studies and Stowe scholarship can perhaps be explained in part by the desire among many contemporary intellectuals ... to affirm the role of literature as an agent of social change . " The book and the plays it inspired helped popularize a number of stereotypes about black people . These include the affectionate , dark @-@ skinned " mammy " ; the " pickaninny " stereotype of black children ; and the " Uncle Tom " , or dutiful , long @-@ suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress . In recent years , the negative associations with Uncle Tom 's Cabin have , to an extent , overshadowed the historical impact of the book as a " vital antislavery tool . " = = Publication = = Uncle Tom 's Cabin first appeared as a 40 @-@ week serial in The National Era , an abolitionist periodical , starting with the June 5 , 1851 , issue . It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks . Stowe expanded the story significantly , however , and it was instantly popular , such that several protests were sent to the Era office when she missed an issue . Because of the story 's popularity , the publisher John P. Jewett contacted Stowe about turning the serial into a book . While Stowe questioned if anyone would read Uncle Tom 's Cabin in book form , she eventually consented to the request . Convinced the book would be popular , Jewett made the unusual decision ( for that time ) to have six full @-@ page illustrations by Hammatt Billings engraved for the first printing . Published in book form on March 20 , 1852 , the novel sold 3 @,@ 000 copies on that day alone. and soon sold out its complete print run . A number of other editions were soon printed ( including a deluxe edition in 1853 , featuring 117 illustrations by Billings ) . In the first year of publication , 300 @,@ 000 copies of Uncle Tom 's Cabin were sold . At that point , however , " demand came to an unexpected halt .... No more copies were produced for many years , and if , as is claimed , Abraham Lincoln greeted Stowe in 1862 as ' the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war , ' the work had effectively been out of print for many years . " Jewett went out of business , and it was not until Ticknor and Fields put the work back in print in November 1862 that demand began again to increase . The book was translated into all major languages , and in the United States it became the second best @-@ selling book after the Bible . A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman , a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views . Uncle Tom 's Cabin sold equally well in Britain , with the first London edition appearing in May 1852 and selling 200 @,@ 000 copies . In a few years over 1 @.@ 5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain , although most of these were infringing copies ( a similar situation occurred in the United States ) . = = Plot = = = = = Eliza escapes with her son , Tom sold " down the river " = = = The book opens with a Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts . Even though he and his wife Emily Shelby believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves , Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them — Uncle Tom , a middle @-@ aged man with a wife and children , and Harry , the son of Emily Shelby 's maid Eliza — to a slave trader . Emily Shelby is averse to this idea because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold ; Emily 's son , George Shelby , hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor . When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry , Eliza determines to run away with her son . The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child ( she had already miscarried two children ) . Eliza departs that night , leaving a note of apology to her mistress . Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat which sets sail down the Mississippi River . While on board , Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva . Eva 's father Augustine St. Clare buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans . Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share . = = = Eliza 's family hunted , Tom 's life with St. Clare = = = During Eliza 's escape , she meets up with her husband George Harris , who had run away previously . They decide to attempt to reach Canada . However , they are tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker . Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family , causing Phineas to push Loker down a cliff after George had shot him in the side . Worried that Loker may die , Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment . Back in New Orleans , St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who , while opposing slavery , is prejudiced against black people . St. Clare , however , believes he is not biased , even though he is a slave owner . In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong , St. Clare purchases Topsy , a young black slave . St. Clare then asks Ophelia to educate her . After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years , Eva grows very ill . Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven , which she shares with the people around her . As a result of her death and vision , the other characters resolve to change their lives , with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks , Topsy saying she will better herself , and St. Clare pledging to free Tom . = = = Tom sold to Simon Legree = = = Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge , however , he dies after being stabbed outside of a tavern . His wife reneges on her late husband 's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree . Legree ( a transplanted northerner ) takes Tom and Emmeline ( whom Legree purchased at the same time ) to rural Louisiana , where they meet Legree 's other slaves . Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree 's order to whip his fellow slave . Legree beats Tom viciously and resolves to crush his new slave 's faith in God . Despite Legree 's cruelty , however , Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can . While at the plantation , Tom meets Cassy , another of Legree 's slaves . Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold ; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold , she killed her third child . At this point Tom Loker returns to the story . Loker has changed as the result of being healed by the Quakers . George , Eliza , and Harry have also obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada . In Louisiana , Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation . However , he has two visions , one of Jesus and one of Eva , which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian , even unto death . He encourages Cassy to escape , which she does , taking Emmeline with her . When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone , Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom . As Tom is dying , he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him . Humbled by the character of the man they have killed , both men become Christians . Very shortly before Tom 's death , George Shelby ( Arthur Shelby 's son ) arrives to buy Tom 's freedom but finds he is too late . = = = Final section = = = On their boat ride to freedom , Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris 's sister and accompany her to Canada . Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long @-@ lost daughter who was sold as a child . Now that their family is together again , they travel to France and eventually Liberia , the African nation created for former American slaves . George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves . George tells them to remember Tom 's sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity . = = Major characters = = = = = Uncle Tom = = = Uncle Tom , the title character , was initially seen as a noble , long @-@ suffering Christian slave . In more recent years , however , his name has become an epithet directed towards African @-@ Americans who are accused of selling out to whites . Stowe intended Tom to be a " noble hero " and praiseworthy person . Throughout the book , far from allowing himself to be exploited , Tom stands up for his beliefs and is grudgingly admired even by his enemies . = = = Eliza = = = Eliza is a slave and personal maid to Mrs. Shelby who escapes to the North with her five @-@ year @-@ old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley . Her husband , George , eventually finds Eliza and Harry in Ohio and emigrates with them to Canada , then France and finally Liberia . The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati by John Rankin to Stowe 's husband Calvin , a professor at the school . According to Rankin , in February 1838 a young slave woman , Eliza Harris , had escaped across the frozen Ohio River to the town of Ripley with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way further north . = = = Eva = = = Evangeline St. Clare is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare . Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via steamship to New Orleans to be sold , and he rescues the five- or six @-@ year @-@ old girl from drowning . Eva begs her father to buy Tom , and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare house . He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva . Eva often talks about love and forgiveness , even convincing the dour slave girl Topsy that she deserves love . She even touches the heart of her Aunt Ophelia . Eventually Eva falls terminally ill . Before dying , she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves , telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven . On her deathbed , she convinces her father to free Tom , but because of circumstances the promise never materializes . A similar character , also named Little Eva , later appeared in the children 's novel Little Eva : The Flower of the South by Philip J. Cozans ( although this ironically was an anti @-@ Tom novel ) . = = = Simon Legree = = = Simon Legree is a cruel slave owner — a Northerner by birth — whose name has become synonymous with greed . He is arguably the novel 's main antagonist . His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith ; he eventually orders Tom whipped to death out of frustration for his slave 's unbreakable belief in God . The novel reveals that , as a young man , he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed . He sexually exploits Cassy , who despises him , and later sets his designs on Emmeline . It is unclear if Legree is based on any actual individuals . Reports surfaced after the 1870s that Stowe had in mind a wealthy cotton and sugar plantation owner named Meredith Calhoun , who settled on the Red River north of Alexandria , Louisiana . Generally , however , the personal characteristics of Calhoun ( " highly educated and refined " ) do not match the uncouthness and brutality of Legree . Calhoun even edited his own newspaper , published in Colfax ( originally " Calhoun 's Landing " ) , which was renamed The National Democrat after Calhoun 's death . However , Calhoun 's overseers may have been in line with the hated Legree 's methods and motivations . = = Other characters = = The more notable of the secondary and minor characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are : Arthur Shelby – Tom 's master in Kentucky . Shelby is characterized as a " kind " slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman . Emily Shelby – Arthur Shelby 's wife . She is a deeply religious woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence upon her slaves and is appalled when her husband sells his slaves with a slave trader . As a woman , she has no legal way to stop this , as all property belongs to her husband . George Shelby – Arthur and Emily 's son , who sees Tom as a friend and as the perfect Christian . Chloe – Tom 's wife and mother of his children . Augustine St. Clare – Tom 's third owner and father of Eva . St. Clare is complex , often sarcastic , with a ready wit . After a rocky courtship he marries a woman he grows to hold in contempt , though he is too polite to let it show . St. Clare recognizes the evil in chattel slavery but is not willing to relinquish the wealth it brings him . After his daughter 's death he becomes more sincere in his religious thoughts and starts to read the Bible to Tom . He plans on finally taking action against slavery by freeing his slaves , but his good intentions ultimately come to nothing . Marie St. Clare – Wife of Augustine , she is a self @-@ absorbed woman without a hint of compassion for those around her , including her own family . Given to an unending list of ( apparently imaginary ) physical maladies , she continually complains about the lack of sympathy she is receiving . She has separated her personal maid , Mammy , from her own two children because they would interfere with her duties . As Marie drives Mammy to exhaustion , she criticizes her for selfishly seeking to attend her own family . Upon the unexpected death of Augustine , Marie countermands the legal process that would have given Tom his freedom . George Harris – Eliza 's husband . An intelligent and clever half @-@ white slave who is fiercely loyal to his family . Topsy – A young slave girl . When asked if she knows who made her , she professes ignorance of both God and a mother , saying " I s 'pect I growed . Don 't think nobody never made me . " She is transformed by Eva 's love . During the early @-@ to @-@ mid 20th century , several doll manufacturers created Topsy and Topsy @-@ type dolls . The phrase " growed like Topsy " ( later " grew like Topsy " ) passed into the English language , originally with the specific meaning of unplanned growth , later sometimes just meaning enormous growth . Miss Ophelia – Augustine St. Clare 's pious , hard @-@ working , abolitionist cousin from Vermont . She displays the ambiguities towards African @-@ Americans felt by many Northerners at the time . She argues against the institution of slavery yet , at least initially , feels repulsed by the slaves as individuals . Prue – A depressed slave who was forced to let her child starve to death . She takes up drinking in her misery , and is ultimately beaten and killed for it . Quimbo and Sambo – slaves of Simon Legree who act as overseers of the plantation . On orders from Legree , they savagely whip Tom but afterward tearfully repent of their deeds to Tom , who forgives them as he lies dying . = = Major themes = = Uncle Tom 's Cabin is dominated by a single theme : the evil and immorality of slavery . While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text , such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity , she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery . Stowe sometimes changed the story 's voice so she could give a " homily " on the destructive nature of slavery ( such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states , " The most dreadful part of slavery , to my mind , is its outrages of feelings and affections — the separating of families , for example . " ) . One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this " peculiar institution " forcibly separated families from each other . One of the subthemes presented in the novel is temperance . Stowe made it somewhat subtle and in some cases she weaved it into events that would also support the dominant theme . One example of this is when Augustine St. Clare is killed , he attempted to stop a brawl between two inebriated men in a cafe and was stabbed . One other example is the death of the slave woman Prue who was whipped to death for being drunk on a consistent basis ; however , her reasons for doing so is due to the loss of her baby . In the opening of the novel , the fates of Eliza and her son are being discussed between slave owners over wine . Considering that Stowe intended this to be a subtheme , then this scene could foreshadow future events that puts alcohol in a bad light . Because Stowe saw motherhood as the " ethical and structural model for all of American life " and also believed that only women had the moral authority to save the United States from the demon of slavery , another major theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women . Through characters like Eliza , who escapes from slavery to save her young son ( and eventually reunites her entire family ) , or Eva , who is seen as the " ideal Christian " , Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices . While later critics have noted that Stowe 's female characters are often domestic clichés instead of realistic women , Stowe 's novel " reaffirmed the importance of women 's influence " and helped pave the way for the women 's rights movement in the following decades . Stowe 's puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novel 's final , overarching theme — the exploration of the nature of Christianity and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally incompatible with slavery . This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to " look away to Jesus " after the death of St. Clare 's beloved daughter Eva . After Tom dies , George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying , " What a thing it is to be a Christian . " Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom 's Cabin — and because of Stowe 's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith — the novel often takes the " form of a sermon . " = = Style = = Uncle Tom 's Cabin is written in the sentimental and melodramatic style common to 19th century sentimental novels and domestic fiction ( also called women 's fiction ) . These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe 's time and tended to feature female main characters and a writing style which evoked a reader 's sympathy and emotion . Even though Stowe 's novel differs from other sentimental novels by focusing on a large theme like slavery and by having a man as the main character , she still set out to elicit certain strong feelings from her readers . The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers . Georgiana May , a friend of Stowe 's , wrote a letter to the author , saying : " I was up last night long after one o 'clock , reading and finishing Uncle Tom 's Cabin . I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child . " Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva . Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time , because in 1852 , 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name . Despite this positive reaction from readers , for decades literary critics dismissed the style found in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured " women 's sloppy emotions . " One literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery , " it would be just another sentimental novel , " while another described the book as " primarily a derivative piece of hack work . " In The Literary History of the United States , George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom 's Cabin " Sunday @-@ school fiction " , full of " broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos . " However , in 1985 Jane Tompkins expressed a different view of Uncle Tom 's Cabin with her book In Sensational Designs : The Cultural Work of American Fiction . Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed , writing that sentimental novels showed how women 's emotions had the power to change the world for the better . She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century , including Uncle Tom 's Cabin , were remarkable for their " intellectual complexity , ambition , and resourcefulness " ; and that Uncle Tom 's Cabin offers a " critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better @-@ known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville . " This view remains the subject of dispute . Writing in 2001 , legal scholar Richard Posner described Uncle Tom 's Cabin as part of the mediocre list of canonical works that emerges when political criteria are imposed on literature . = = Reactions to the novel = = Uncle Tom 's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history . Upon publication , Uncle Tom 's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery ( who created a number of books in response to the novel ) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists . As a best @-@ seller , the novel heavily influenced later protest literature . = = = Contemporary and world reaction = = = Uncle Tom 's Cabin outraged people in the American South . The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters . Acclaimed Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms declared the work utterly false , while others called the novel criminal and slanderous . Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile , Alabama , being forced to leave town for selling the novel to threatening letters sent to Stowe ( including a package containing a slave 's severed ear ) . Many Southern writers , like Simms , soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe 's novel . Some critics highlighted Stowe 's paucity of life @-@ experience relating to Southern life , saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region . For instance , she had never been to a Southern plantation . However , Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati . It is reported that " She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write [ the ] famous anti @-@ slavery novel . Scenes she observed on the Ohio River , including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart , as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews , contributed material to the emerging plot . " In response to these criticisms , in 1853 Stowe published A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , an attempt to document the veracity of the novel 's depiction of slavery . In the book , Stowe discusses each of the major characters in Uncle Tom 's Cabin and cites " real life equivalents " to them while also mounting a more " aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had . " Like the novel , A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin was also a best @-@ seller . However , while Stowe claimed A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin documented her previously consulted sources , she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel . A major part of the Key was Stowe 's critique of how the legal system supported slavery and licensed owners ' mistreatment of slaves . Thus , Stowe put more than slavery on trial ; she put the law on trial . This continued an important theme of Uncle Tom 's Cabin — that the shadow of law brooded over the institution of slavery and allowed owners to mistreat slaves and then avoid punishment for their mistreatment . In some cases , as Stowe pointed out , it even prevented kind owners from freeing their slaves . Despite these criticisms , the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans . According to Stowe 's son , when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented , " So this is the little lady who started this great war . " Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line , and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made . Since then , many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement . Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement . Uncle Tom 's Cabin also created great interest in the United Kingdom . The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200 @,@ 000 copies . Some of this interest was because of British antipathy to America . As one prominent writer explained , " The evil passions which Uncle Tom gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance [ of slavery ] , but national jealousy and national vanity . We have long been smarting under the conceit of America — we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen . Our clergy hate her voluntary system — our Tories hate her democrats — our Whigs hate her parvenus — our Radicals hate her litigiousness , her insolence , and her ambition . All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy . " Charles Francis Adams , the American minister to Britain during the war , argued later that " Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; or Life among the Lowly , published in 1852 , exercised , largely from fortuitous circumstances , a more immediate , considerable and dramatic world @-@ influence than any other book ever printed . " A French edition , translated by M. L. Carion ( or by [ Anne- ] Louise Swanton @-@ Belloc ? ( 1796 – 1881 ) ) , appeared by 1853 published in Cambrai and in Paris . By 1857 , the novel had been translated into 20 languages , including two independent translations into Slovene just one year after its original publication , which started the since @-@ then uninterrupted dialogue between American authors and Slovene translators and readers . Later , it was translated into almost every major language , including Chinese ( with translator Lin Shu creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel in 1901 ) and Amharic ( with the 1930 translation created in support of Ethiopian efforts to end the suffering of blacks in that nation ) . The book was so widely read that Sigmund Freud reported a number of patients with sado @-@ masochistic tendencies who he believed had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in Uncle Tom 's Cabin . = = = Literary significance and criticism = = = As the first widely read political novel in the United States , Uncle Tom 's Cabin greatly influenced development of not only American literature but also protest literature in general . Later books which owe a large debt to Uncle Tom 's Cabin include The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson . Despite this undisputed significance , Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been called " a blend of children 's fable and propaganda . " The novel has also been dismissed by a number of literary critics as " merely a sentimental novel , " while critic George Whicher stated in his Literary History of the United States that " Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel 's enormous vogue ; its author 's resources as a purveyor of Sunday @-@ school fiction were not remarkable . She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama , humor , and pathos , and of these popular sentiments she compounded her book . " Other critics , though , have praised the novel . Edmund Wilson stated that " To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom 's Cabin may ... prove a startling experience . " Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics aren 't dismissing the book because it was simply too popular during its day . Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel ( aside from the obvious themes , such as condemning slavery ) . For example , as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist , Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel . Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents : whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil . Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible ? Which of Stowe 's characters should be emulated , the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris ? Stowe 's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson 's : God 's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them . Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the Free Will Movement . In this view , the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor , while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery . In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah , who operates on passion . During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed , just as the Republican Party ( three years later ) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles . Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe 's book , with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery . For Stowe , blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families . Moreover , Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person 's family , thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race . Consequently , she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society . The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery . In this view , abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered . In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self @-@ image or their standing in society , some abolitionists drew on principles of women 's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism , and praised men for cooperation , compassion , and civic spirit . Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional , aggressive masculine action . All the men in Stowe 's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other . = = Creation and popularization of stereotypes = = Modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for what are seen as condescending racist descriptions of the book 's black characters , especially with regard to the characters ' appearances , speech , and behavior , as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate . The novel 's creation and use of common stereotypes about African Americans is significant because Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best @-@ selling novel in the world during the 19th century . As a result , the book ( along with illustrations from the book and associated stage productions ) played a major role in permanently ingraining these stereotypes into the American psyche . Among the stereotypes of blacks in Uncle Tom 's Cabin are the " happy darky " ( in the lazy , carefree character of Sam ) ; the light @-@ skinned tragic mulatto as a sex object ( in the characters of Eliza , Cassy , and Emmeline ) ; the affectionate , dark @-@ skinned female mammy ( through several characters , including Mammy , a cook at the St. Clare plantation ) ; the pickaninny stereotype of black children ( in the character of Topsy ) ; the Uncle Tom , an African American who is too eager to please white people . Stowe intended Tom to be a " noble hero " . The stereotype of him as a " subservient fool who bows down to the white man " evidently resulted from staged " Tom Shows " , over which Stowe had no control . These negative associations have to a large degree overshadowed the historical impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin as a " vital antislavery tool " . The beginning of this change in the novel 's perception had its roots in an essay by James Baldwin titled " Everybody 's Protest Novel " . In the essay , Baldwin called Uncle Tom 's Cabin a " very bad novel " which was also racially obtuse and aesthetically crude . In the 1960s and 1970s , the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel , saying that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in " race betrayal " , and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners . Criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time . In recent years , however , scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have begun to re @-@ examine Uncle Tom 's Cabin , stating that the book is a " central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations " . = = Anti @-@ Tom literature = = In response to Uncle Tom 's Cabin , writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe 's novel . This so @-@ called Anti @-@ Tom literature generally took a pro @-@ slavery viewpoint , arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe 's book were overblown and incorrect . The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife , both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended family style plantation . The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people . Among the most famous anti @-@ Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms , Aunt Phillis 's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman , and The Planter 's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz , with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe 's when the two lived in Cincinnati . Simms ' book was published a few months after Stowe 's novel , and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe 's book and her view of slavery . Hentz 's 1854 novel , widely read at the time but now largely forgotten , offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman — the daughter of an abolitionist , no less — who marries a southern slave owner . In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom 's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War , between twenty and thirty anti @-@ Tom books were published . Among these novels are two books titled Uncle Tom 's Cabin As It Is ( one by W. L. Smith and the other by C. H. Wiley ) and a book by John Pendleton Kennedy . More than half of these anti @-@ Tom books were written by white women , with Simms commenting at one point about the " Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman ( Stowe ) answered by a Southern woman . " = = Dramatic adaptations = = = = = Tom shows = = = Even though Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the best @-@ selling novel of the 19th century , far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book . Eric Lott , in his book Uncle Tomitudes : Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production , estimates that at least three million people saw these plays , ten times the book 's first @-@ year sales . Given the lax copyright laws of the time , stage plays based on Uncle Tom 's Cabin — " Tom shows " — began to appear while the novel was still being serialized . Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama ( although she did eventually go to see George L. Aiken 's version and , according to Francis Underwood , was " delighted " by Caroline Howard 's portrayal of Topsy ) . Aiken 's stage production continued as " the most popular play in England and America for seventy @-@ five years . " Stowe 's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations , some launched for ( various ) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures . No international copyright laws existed at the time . The book and plays were translated into several languages ; Stowe received no money , which could have meant as much as " three fourths of her just and legitimate wages . " = = = On the plays = = = All Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy . These plays varied tremendously in their politics — some faithfully reflected Stowe 's sentimentalized antislavery politics , while others were more moderate , or even pro @-@ slavery . Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of Black people , while a number of productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster ( including " My Old Kentucky Home " , " Old Folks at Home " , and " Massa 's in the Cold Ground " ) . The best @-@ known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway . The version by Aiken is perhaps the best known stage adaptation , released just a few months after the novel was published . This six @-@ act behemoth also set an important precedent by being the first show on Broadway to stand on its own , without the performance of other entertainments or any afterpiece . Most of Aiken 's dialogue is lifted verbatim from Stowe 's novel and it included four full musical numbers written by the producer , George C. Howard . Another legacy of this adaptation is its reliance upon very different locations all portrayed on the same stage . This reliance led to large sets and set a precedent for the future days of film . By focusing on the stark and desperate situations of his characters , Aiken appealed to the emotions of his audiences . By combining this melodramatic approach with the content of Stowe 's novel , Aiken helped to create a powerful visual indictment against the institution of slavery . The many stage variants of Uncle Tom 's Cabin " dominated northern popular culture ... for several years " during the 19th century , and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century . One of the unique and controversial variants of the Tom Shows was Walt Disney 's 1933 Mickey 's Mellerdrammer . Mickey 's Mellerdrammer is a United Artists film released in 1933 . The title is a corruption of " melodrama " , thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows , as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin by the Disney characters . In that film , Mickey Mouse and friends stage their own production of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Mickey Mouse was already black @-@ colored , but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey dressed in blackface with exaggerated , orange lips ; bushy , white sidewhiskers made out of cotton ; and his trademark white gloves . = = = Film adaptations = = = Uncle Tom 's Cabin has been adapted several times as a film . Most of these movies were created during the silent film era ( Uncle Tom 's Cabin was the most @-@ filmed book of that time period ) . Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and " Tom " shows , audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot , making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words . There has been no Hollywood treatment since the end of the silent era . The first film version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin was one of the earliest full @-@ length movies ( although full @-@ length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes ) . This 1903 film , directed by Edwin S. Porter , used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras . This version was evidently similar to many of the " Tom Shows " of earlier decades and featured numerous stereotypes about blacks ( such as having the slaves dance in almost any context , including at a slave auction ) . In 1910 , a three @-@ reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin . According to The Dramatic Mirror , this film was " a decided innovation " in motion pictures and " the first time an American company " released a dramatic film in three reels . Until then , full @-@ length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film . The movie starred Florence Turner , Mary Fuller , Edwin R. Phillips , Flora Finch , Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell , Sr. At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades . The last silent film version was released in 1927 . Directed by Harry A. Pollard ( who played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) , this two @-@ hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era ( at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 8 million ) . The black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role , but he was fired after the studio decided his " portrayal was too aggressive . " James B. Lowe took over the character of Tom . The screenplay takes many liberties with the original book , including altering the Eliza and George subplot , introducing the Civil War and Emancipation , and combining the characters of Eliza and Emmeline . Another difference occurs after Tom dies : Simon Legree is haunted by an apparitional vision of the late Tom and falls to his death in a futile effort to attack the ghostly image . Black media outlets of the time praised the film , but the studio — fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences — ended up cutting out controversial scenes , including the film 's opening sequence at a slave auction ( in which a mother is torn away from her baby ) . The story was adapted by Harvey F. Pollard , Thew and A. P. Younger , with titles by Walter Anthony . It starred James B. Lowe , Virginia Grey , George Siegmann , Margarita Fischer , Mona Ray and Madame Sul @-@ Te @-@ Wan . For several decades after the end of the silent film era , the subject matter of Stowe 's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation . In 1946 , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . A German @-@ language version , Onkel Toms Hütte , directed by Géza von Radványi , was released in 1965 and was presented in the United States by exploitation film presenter Kroger Babb . The most recent film version was a television broadcast in 1987 , directed by Stan Lathan and adapted by John Gay . It starred Avery Brooks , Phylicia Rashad , Edward Woodward , Jenny Lewis , Samuel L. Jackson and Endyia Kinney . In addition to film adaptations , versions of Uncle Tom 's Cabin have been produced in other formats . In Brazil , the adapted version A Cabana do Pai Tomás was produced as a TV soap opera by Rede Globo ; with 205 episodes , it was aired from July 1969 to March 1970 . A number of animated cartoons were produced , including the Bugs Bunny cartoon Southern Fried Rabbit ( 1953 ) , in which Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom and sings My Old Kentucky Home in order to cross the Mason @-@ Dixon line ; Uncle Tom 's Bungalow ( 1937 ) , a Warner Brothers cartoon supervised by Tex Avery ; Eliza on Ice ( 1944 ) , one of the earliest Mighty Mouse cartoons produced by Paul Terry ; and Uncle Tom 's Cabaña ( 1947 ) , an eight @-@ minute cartoon directed by Tex Avery . Uncle Tom 's Cabin has influenced numerous movies , including Birth of a Nation . This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom , where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy ( Yankee soldiers ) to defend , according to the film 's caption , their " Aryan birthright . " According to scholars , this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with , and been understood by , audiences of the time . Other movies influenced by or making use of Uncle Tom 's Cabin include Dimples ( a 1936 Shirley Temple film ) , Uncle Tom 's Uncle , ( a 1926 Our Gang episode ) , its 1932 remake Spanky , the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I ( in which a ballet called " Small House of Uncle Thomas " is performed in traditional Siamese style ) , and Gangs of New York ( in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day @-@ Lewis 's characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ) . = = Collections = = Major collections of Uncle Tom 's Cabin books , ephemera , and artifacts reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin .
= Avonmouth ( BPRP ) railway station = Avonmouth railway station was the terminus of the Bristol Port Railway and Pier , a self @-@ contained railway which ran along the River Avon in Bristol , England . The station , which opened in 1865 , was adjacent to a pier on the River Severn at Avonmouth . It had two platforms and an adjacent hotel , as well as an engine shed and water tank . The station was closed in 1902 as the land was required for the expansion of Avonmouth Docks , although it remained in use for workers ' trains until 1903 . The hotel continued in operation until 1926 , when it too was demolished to make way for the docks . The station site is now in the middle of Avonmouth Docks . = = History = = = = = Construction = = = The station was opened on 6 March 1865 when services began on the Bristol Port Railway and Pier ( BPRP ) , a self @-@ contained railway owned by the Bristol Corporation . The line ran along the north bank of the River Avon in Bristol , England , to a deep water pier on the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth . The route was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge and mostly single track , with Avonmouth being the line 's northern terminus , 6 miles 74 chains ( 11 @.@ 1 km ) from the southern terminus at Hotwells . Avonmouth had two tracks , aligned roughly north / south , with a platform on either side . The western platform was 265 feet ( 81 m ) long , the eastern one 200 feet ( 61 m ) . The eastern platform had a booking office , and was connected by a path to the neighbouring Avonmouth Hotel . A gate led to a pontoon and floating bridge across to a 300 feet ( 91 m ) -long pier , which opened on 3 June 1865 . The western platform fell out of use early in the station 's operation . The station also had an engine shed and water tank . = = = Operation and closure = = = The BPRP ran in to trouble by 1871 when the terminal pier at Avonmouth became difficult to use due to a build @-@ up of silt . With no prospect of a proper dock being funded without a connection to the national rail network , the Clifton Extension Railway ( CER ) was approved . This was a joint venture by the BPRP , Great Western Railway and Midland Railway . It ran from Sneyd Park Junction , south of Sea Mills , via Clifton Down , to join up with the national network at Narroways Hill Junction . The new line opened in 1877 , but passenger trains from the national network terminated at Clifton Down as the link from Clifton to Sneyd Park Junction was not cleared for passenger use until 3 August 1878 . Even after services were allowed to run , the Midland and Great Western Railways did not think the BPRP track was in a suitable condition and so refused to run any passenger trains beyond Clifton Down . When through services finally began operation in 1885 , they did not reach the original Avonmouth terminus , instead running to Avonmouth Dock ( the modern day Avonmouth station ) , 1 mile 62 chains ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) back down the line towards Bristol . Despite the increased traffic the BPRP suffered financially , and was taken over by the CER in 1890 . A single @-@ track , freight @-@ only line was built past the Avonmouth railway station in 1900 , linking to the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway at Pilning . The expansion of Avonmouth Docks , and particularly the construction of Royal Edward Dock , led to the closure of Avonmouth station , as the land was required for construction . Services for the general public were withdrawn on 1 October 1902 , but the station was used for unadvertised workers ' trains until 15 May 1903 , with the official closure the following day . After the closure of the station , all trains terminated at Avonmouth Dock . The station site is now in the middle of Avonmouth Docks . = = = The Avonmouth Hotel = = = When the station opened , the surrounding area was almost entirely rural , and would remain so throughout the station 's existence . Indeed , in 1902 , John L Dunk wrote in The Railway Magazine that he could not think why trains ran only to an inn and a few cottages . The area did however see some development , as the Avonmouth Hotel was built adjacent to the station , as well as 10 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 m2 ) of pleasure gardens . The gardens boasted a concert hall , as well as an ornamental lake , and hosted fêtes at Easter and Whitsun . Despite excursion trains to the gardens , they were not viable financially . The hotel remained in business after the station 's closure , albeit isolated from public transport . It provided accommodation for many Europeans emigrating to the Americas via Avonmouth , and during the First World War it housed the Women 's Army Auxiliary Corps . It was finally demolished in 1926 when the Royal Edward Dock was expanded .
= Fucking Machines = Fucking Machines ( also known as Fuckingmachines.com and fuckingmachines ) is a pornographic website founded in 2000 that features video and photographs of women engaged in autoerotic sexual stimulation with penetrative sex @-@ machines and sex toys . Based in San Francisco , California , the site is operated by Kink.com. Web entrepreneur Peter Acworth launched Fucking Machines on September 25 , 2000 , as his company 's second website after Kink.com. Devices shown on the site were created with the intent to bring women authentic orgasms . Performers were instructed to allow themselves to be recorded experiencing pleasure . After the site applied in 2005 to trademark the phrase " fuckingmachines " , the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) denied the application and ruled that the mark was obscene . Free speech lawyer Marc Randazza represented the site and appealed the decision . Orlando Weekly called his legal brief , " one of the most entertaining legal documents you 're likely to come across . " The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated . Randazza 's argument in the case became known as The Fuck Brief . The website has been the subject of attention from journalists and academics studying sexuality . Writer Regina Lynn highlighted the site 's emphasis on communication , and Annalee Newitz of AlterNet classed it as part of Porn 2 @.@ 0 . Violet Blue wrote in The Adventurous Couple 's Guide to Sex Toys that it helped popularize the idea of machines aiding in sex acts . The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices as disturbing . Jessica Roy wrote for The New York Observer that Fucking Machines ' examples of orgasms were a form of transhumanism . Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon in Screening the Dark Side of Love : From Euro @-@ Horror to American Cinema , titled " Fucking Machines : High @-@ Tech Bodies in Pornography " . She observed , " Strictly speaking , the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled . " = = History = = = = = Film production = = = Peter Acworth founded Fucking Machines as the second website within his company Cybernet Entertainment , Inc . , and it launched on September 25 , 2000 . Cybernet Entertainment subsequently began to use the name Kink.com for business purposes . The director and webmaster of the site , who uses the professional name Tomcat , received a university degree in film and media , and had experience with filmmaking and operating the sex @-@ machines . He began work at Kink.com as a production assistant . He focused his direction style on filming the female participants experiencing sincere pleasure from the machines . The site features machines designed to bring women orgasms . Sarah Schaschek noted in Screening the Dark Side of Love that the majority of the film production crew members were female . Across its websites , Kink.com formed a values statement and set of guidelines for directors and performers , taking preventative measures against victimization . The site production staff developed a practice of interviewing performers both before and after the film sessions . Models appearing on Fucking Machines film shoots are instructed to be authentic and experience pleasure from the machines without acting . In 2007 , Fucking Machines relocated with the other Kink.com sites to the San Francisco Armory . Film shoots take place in the basement of the Armory . Fucking Machines was featured at the 2007 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada , with a marketing tagline , " Sex at 350 rpm " . They published a book that demonstrated inventions including " The Drilldo " and " The Double Crane " . A device called the " Cunnilingus Machine " , which incorporated rubber tongues on a moving chain apparatus , was featured in 2007 as part of the Adult Treasure Expo in Japan at the Makuhari Messe convention center . The Arse Elektronika sex and technology seminar , held in October 2007 in San Francisco , California , featured a robot from Fucking Machines called " Fuckzilla " in a live performance with one of the expo attendees . Kink.com signed a deal in 2007 with Pulse Distribution to sell material from Fucking Machines and its other sites to consumers in a DVD format . The first DVD distributed by the site in 2008 was titled Fucking Machines Volume 1 and featured 211 minutes of material with performers Aliana Love , Michah Moore , Lexi Love , and Sasha Grey . By 2009 the website included 50 devices in its films . A 2009 article in SF Weekly was critical of the California state government for directing tax revenue towards classes on film production which were attended by Fucking Machines video editors . This article , in turn , was criticized by TheSword.com and characterized as " prudishness " by SFist and the San Francisco Bay Guardian . The website asserts to its visitors that all performers engaged in sexual activities depicted in the videos appear of their own volition and feel bliss and gratification from the experience . The majority of new entrants to the adult film industry enjoyed their work with Fucking Machines because they discovered it was more socially acceptable to perform with a sexual device , rather than a human partner . Public relations manager for Kink.com Thomas Roche observed in a 2009 interview that Fucking Machines did not have a focus on BDSM material . In September 2010 the site had a live filming with an audience of 40 spectators , followed by the introduction in November 2010 of an interactive format in which viewers could watch shoots and recommend devices for the participants . By 2012 the site had 500 hours of archival footage with adult film performers , including Alexis Texas , Flower Tucci , and Sasha Grey . = = = Trademark appeal = = = Fucking Machines filed a request in July 2005 to the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) to secure its intellectual property rights for the mark " fuckingmachines " , having met the first standard that the word was not in use by any other entity . The site became involved in a trademark dispute when the USPTO refused to grant a trademark for the name of the site , asserting that it was obscene . The case for Fucking Machines ' use of the mark was handled by free speech attorney Marc Randazza . The decision of the U.S. government was determined by lawyer Michael Engel , who ruled : " Registration is refused because the proposed mark consists of or comprises immoral or scandalous matter . The term ' fucking ' is an offensive and vulgar reference to the act of sex . ... A mark that is deemed scandalous ... is not registrable . " The USPTO based its rejection on a 1905 statute . It had previously refused the applications of 39 marks for using the word " fuck " and five marks for using the word " fucking " . Requests to trademark terms including " shit " had been turned down by the USPTO 50 times , and a mark using " cunt " was rejected . Trademarks including the word " ass " had been accepted 135 times , and the word " bitch " was approved in several trademarks as well . In response to the USPTO decision in the case , Randazza stated , " The trademark office has gone off the deep end with 2 ( a ) rejections . " Section 2 ( a ) , 15 USC § 1052 ( a ) disallows requests for marks that have " immoral , deceptive , or scandalous matter " . Cybernet Entertainment , LLC , filed an " amendment and response to office action " of the USPTO decision in August 2006 . Randazza introduced his brief with : " The Applicant respectfully challenges this characterization of the word ' fucking ' and its allegedly ' offensive and vulgar ' root : ' fuck ' . " Orlando Weekly commented on Randazza 's brief in the case : " Randazza ... is frequently involved in free @-@ speech cases – is fighting the federal government for your right to trademark any dirty word you please . And his filing in the case is one of the most entertaining legal documents you 're likely to come across . " Randazza 's argument in the case came to be known as The Fuck Brief . Randazza argued : [ T ] his much maligned four @-@ letter word has no intrinsic meaning . Fuck [ can ] play a role as a figurative term , for example , " to fuck " can also mean " to deceive . " It is a word of force that can assist us in our expressions of joy when used as an infix , as in " abso @-@ fucking @-@ lutely " . " Fuck " helps us express rage when we scream " fuck you " at a football referee , or at a motorist who has just cut us off in traffic . " Fuck " can help us express pain , as it is quite frequently the first thing out of most men 's mouths when they strike their thumb ( accidentally ) with a hammer . " Fuck " is a vehicle for our disappointment , when we see that our report card is not as good as we had hoped , or when our significant other is late for dinner , or leaves us altogether . " Fuck " is an old friend , who can always make us laugh . Randazza explained to Orlando Weekly that he used the word " fuck " routinely throughout his brief as part of his argument that the term is used in a variety of ways . He cited related terms , including " fuck @-@ me boots " , and frequent use of the word " fuck " in films including Wedding Crashers , Casino , and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back . The reply by Engel for the USPTO acknowledged the routine use of the word , and simultaneously asserted its scandalous nature : " Although the word is frequently used , it still is considered shocking in most formal or polite situations . For example , the word is bleeped out on basic cable , and broadcasters can be fined by the FCC for letting the word go out on the airwaves . " He argued that the word was restricted in the workplace and by government regulations . Randazza filed an appeal on June 5 , 2007 , and the matter was scheduled for a hearing before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board . Acworth told Orlando Weekly he considered ceasing appeals when the mark had initially been rejected by the USPTO . He said he was not intending to be the adult industry 's representative for First Amendment rights . Acworth stated to Orlando Weekly , " Marc talked me into it . I 'm not normally this sort of person . Marc thought he had a pretty good shot at it . I 'm really going on his advice . ... I have no real agenda with it . " Adult entertainment attorney Robert Apgood stated he agreed with the actions of Acworth and Randazza . Apgood pointed out he had observed a significant increase in applications to the USPTO that were rejected because their potential trademarks were deemed " scandalous " by the government . He stated , " It 's really quite unfortunate that the executive branch is now reaching deep into the machinations of government to further its ' legislation of morality ' agenda . It is truly encouraging to see the likes of Acworth and Randazza take up this sorely needed fight . " The appeal was denied in April 2008 and the case was terminated . The application status was last listed as " abandoned " for failure to respond by the appealing party . = = Analysis = = Advice columnist Dan Savage recommended the site in 2004 for readers interested in learning more about sex @-@ machines . In the 2005 book edited by Carly Milne Naked Ambition , writer Regina Lynn commented on the site 's emphasis on communication . Author Timothy Archibald consulted the operators behind Fucking Machines for research on his book Sex Machines : Photographs and Interviews . Annalee Newitz of AlterNet visited the set of Fucking Machines in 2006 and classed the production as part of the phenomenon of Porn 2 @.@ 0 . Author Violet Blue wrote in her 2006 book The Adventurous Couple 's Guide to Sex Toys , " Fucking Machines put machine sex on the map and into the popular consciousness , paving the way for a few individual companies to mass produce somewhat affordable sex @-@ machines that couples and individuals can purchase and use at home . " In her 2007 book Naked on the Internet , author Audacia Ray wrote of the fucking machines : " In the fusion of female sexuality and technology , the curious and enthralling thing about these toys is the way in which they cast sexuality and technology together in a near miasma of technophobia and technofetishism . " Jon Mooallem of The New York Times Magazine described the website as " dedicated entirely to women having sex with large and distressingly elaborate machines . " In an article for Wired News , Regina Lynn noted that the presence of Fucking Machines at the 2007 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo was a move to the mainstream for the website : " The website has been around for years , in that grey area of ' indie internet kink ' the Industry doesn 't quite understand . Yet this year it is smack dab in the middle of the mainstream porn . " Bonnie Ruberg of The Village Voice wrote in a 2008 article that Fucking Machines replaces the insecurity men feel about vibrators and transform it into a turn @-@ on . The 2008 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History described the aesthetic of the devices on the site as harrowing . In his 2009 book From Aches to Ecstasy , author Arnold P. Abbott commented of the devices used by the site : " Fucking Machines are mechanical marvels which had to be invented by the Marquis De Sade himself . " He observed that some of the machines , " would seem to be replicas to those used during the Inquisition to extract false confessions " . In a 2012 article for The New York Observer , journalist Jessica Roy characterized Fucking Machines ' examples of orgasms as a form of transhumanism . In the book Screening the Dark Side of Love : From Euro @-@ Horror to American Cinema ( 2012 ) , Sarah Schaschek devoted a chapter to the phenomenon , titled " Fucking Machines : High @-@ Tech Bodies in Pornography " . Schaschek concluded , " While antipornography feminists usually criticize that female performers are visually and practically degraded by men in heterosexual pornography , it is hard to uphold such an impression in the FuckingMachines videos . Given that all pornography eroticizes difference , and given that sexual fantasies usually require clearly drawn roles of dominance and submission , the women of FuckingMachines seem to resist at least a few of these categories . ... Strictly speaking , the women in these videos are both the controllers and the controlled . "
= Krulak Mendenhall mission = The Krulak Mendenhall mission was a fact @-@ finding expedition dispatched by the Kennedy administration to South Vietnam in early September 1963 . The stated purpose of the expedition was to investigate the progress of the war by the South Vietnamese regime and their US military advisers against the Viet Cong insurgency . The mission was led by Victor Krulak and Joseph Mendenhall . Krulak was a major general in the United States Marine Corps , while Mendenhall was a senior Foreign Service Officer experienced in dealing with Vietnamese affairs . The four @-@ day whirlwind trip was launched on September 6 , 1963 , the same day as a National Security Council ( NSC ) meeting , and came in the wake of increasingly strained relations between the United States and South Vietnam . Civil unrest gripped South Vietnam as Buddhist demonstrations against the religious discrimination of President Ngô Đình Diệm 's Catholic regime escalated . Following the raids on Buddhist pagodas on August 21 that left a death toll ranging up to a few hundred , the US authorized investigations into a possible coup through a cable to US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr .. In their submissions to the NSC , Krulak presented an extremely optimistic report on the progress of the war , while Mendenhall presented an extremely bleak picture of military failure and public discontent . Krulak disregarded the effects of popular support for the Viet Cong . The general felt that the Vietnamese soldiers ' efforts in the field would not be affected by the public 's unease with Diệm 's policies . Mendenhall focused on gauging the sentiment of urban @-@ based Vietnamese and concluded that Diệm 's policies increased the possibility of religious civil war . Mendenhall said that Diệm 's policies were causing the South Vietnamese to believe that life under the Viet Cong would improve the quality of their lives . The divergent reports led US President John F. Kennedy to famously ask his two advisers : The two of you did visit the same country , didn 't you ? The inconclusive report was the subject of bitter and personal debate among Kennedy 's senior advisers . Various courses of action towards Vietnam were discussed , such as fostering a regime change or taking a series of selective measures designed to cripple the influence of Ngô Đình Nhu , Diệm 's brother and chief political adviser . Nhu and his wife Madame Ngô Đình Nhu were seen as the major causes of the political problems in South Vietnam . The inconclusive result of Krulak and Mendenhall 's expedition resulted in a follow @-@ up mission , the McNamara Taylor mission . = = Background = = After the Huế Phật Đản shootings on May 8 , civil unrest broke out in South Vietnam . Nine Buddhists were gunned down by the Roman Catholic regime of President Ngô Đình Diệm after defying a government ban on the flying of Buddhist flags on Vesak , the birthday of Gautama Buddha , and marching in an anti @-@ government protest . Following the shootings , Buddhist leaders began to lobby Diệm for religious equality and compensation and justice for the families of the victims . With Diệm remaining recalcitrant , the protests escalated . The self @-@ immolation of Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức at a busy Saigon intersection became a public relations disaster for the Diệm regime , as photos of the event made front @-@ page headlines worldwide and became a symbol of Diệm 's policies . As protests continued , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) Special Forces loyal to Diệm 's brother Ngô Đình Nhu raided pagodas across the country on August 21 , leaving a death toll estimated to be up to a few hundred , and causing extensive damage under the declaration of martial law . Universities and high schools were closed amid mass pro @-@ Buddhist protests . In the meantime , the fight against the Viet Cong insurgency had begun to lose intensity amid rumours of sectarian infighting amongst ARVN troops . This was compounded by the plotting of a coup by various ARVN officers , which distracted attention from the fight against the Viet Cong insurgency . In the aftermath of the pagoda raids , the Kennedy administration sent Cable 243 to the US Embassy , Saigon , ordering an exploration of alternative leadership possibilities . = = Initiation and expedition = = At the end of the National Security Council ( NSC ) meeting on September 6 , it was agreed that the first priority was to obtain more information on the ground situation in Vietnam . US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara proposed sending Marine Corps Major General Victor Krulak on an immediate fact @-@ finding trip . The NSC agreed that Joseph Mendenhall — a Foreign Service Officer with Vietnam experience — would accompany him . The pair began the mission later the same day . On their return trip to Washington , D.C. , Krulak and Mendenhall were to bring John Mecklin and Rufus Phillips back from Saigon to report . Mecklin was the United States Information Service ( USIS ) director , while Phillips served as the director of rural programs for United States Operations Mission ( USOM ) and as an advisor for the Strategic Hamlet Program . The State Department sent the Saigon embassy a detailed cable containing questions about Vietnamese public opinion across all strata of society . In Krulak 's own words , the objective was to observe " the effect of recent events upon the attitudes of the Vietnamese in general , and upon the war effort against the Viet Cong " . In a fast paced four @-@ day trip , the two men traveled throughout Vietnam before returning to Washington to file their reports . Krulak visited 10 locations in all four Corps zones of the ARVN and spoke with US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr . , the head of US forces in Vietnam General Paul Harkins and his staff , 87 US advisors , and 22 ARVN officers . Mendenhall went to Saigon , Huế , Da Nang , and several other provincial cities , talking primarily to Vietnamese friends . Their estimates of the situation were almost completely opposite . Mecklin wrote afterwards that it " was a remarkable assignment , to travel twenty @-@ four thousand miles and assess a situation as complex as Vietnam and return in just four days . It was a symptom of the state the US Government was in . " The mission was marked by the tension between its leaders . Mendenhall and Krulak intensely disliked one another , speaking to each other only when necessary . Mecklin and Krulak became embroiled in a dispute during the return flight . Krulak disapproved of Mecklin 's decision to bring television footage that had been censored by the Diệm regime back to the US , believing the action was a violation of sovereignty . After a long and bitter argument aboard the aircraft , Krulak called upon Mecklin to leave the film in Alaska during a refueling stop at Elmendorf Air Force Base , further suggesting that the USIS director remain with the film in Alaska . = = Report and debriefing = = The NSC reconvened on the morning of September 10 to hear the delegation 's reports immediately after its return from Vietnam . Mendenhall had previous experience in Vietnamese affairs , having served under the previous US Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow . Durbrow had urged Diệm on a number of occasions to implement political reform . Krulak was a marine known for his belief in using military action to achieve foreign affairs objectives . His temperament earned him the nickname " Brute " , which originated from his wrestling career at the Naval Academy . The Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric noted that Mendenhall was regarded " with great suspicion on the Virginia side of the river [ the Pentagon , headquarters of the Defense Department ] " , whereas Krulak was " universally liked and trusted in the Pentagon , both on the civilian and military side " . The backgrounds of Krulak and Mendenhall were reflected in their diametrically opposite analyses of the war . Krulak gave a highly optimistic analysis of the military progress and discounted the effect of the Buddhist crisis on the ARVN 's fight against the Viet Cong . His general conclusion was that " [ t ] he shooting war is still going ahead at an impressive pace . It has been affected adversely by the political crisis , but the impact is not great . " Krulak asserted that a substantial amount of fighting was still required , particularly in the Mekong Delta , which was regarded as the Viet Cong 's strongest region . Krulak asserted that all levels of the ARVN officer corps were very conscious of the Buddhist crisis , but he believed that most had not allowed religious beliefs to negatively affect their internal military relationships to a substantial degree . He believed that the ARVN officers at all levels were obedient and could be expected to carry out any order they regarded as being lawful . Krulak further asserted that the political crisis had not significantly damaged bilateral military ties . Moving along to the Vietnamese view of their leaders , Krulak predicted that there was dissatisfaction among the officers , which he believed was mainly directed at Ngô Đình Nhu , the younger brother of Diệm who was widely seen as the power behind the regime . Krulak believed that most officers wanted to see the back of Nhu , but that few were willing to resort to a coup . Krulak reported that three US advisers strongly criticized the Nhus and advocated the pair 's departure from South Vietnam in order to avoid a public relations disaster at the United Nations . However , Krulak felt that these problems were outweighed by what he believed to be a successful military effort . Krulak felt that the war would be won irrespective of the political leadership . He predicted that the ARVN had little ability to facilitate an improvement in governance and felt that they would not flex whatever muscle they had . Krulak optimistically concluded : Excluding the very serious political and military factors external to Vietnam , the Viet Cong war will be won if the current US military and sociological programs are pursued , irrespective of the grave defects in the ruling regime . Mendenhall strongly disputed Krulak 's assessments . He argued that the anti @-@ Diệm sentiment had reached a level where the collapse of civilian rule was possible . He reported a " reign of terror " in Saigon , Huế and Da Nang , observing that the popular hatred usually reserved for the Nhus had spread to the generally respected Diệm . Mendenhall asserted that many Vietnamese had come to believe that life under Diệm worse than being ruled by the Viet Cong . Mendenhall thought that a civil war on religious grounds was possible . He predicted that the war could only be won with a regime change , otherwise South Vietnam would collapse under sectarian infighting or a massive communist offensive . The diametrically opposite nature of the two reports prompted Kennedy 's famous query , " You two did visit the same country , didn 't you ? " = = = Debate = = = Krulak attempted to explain the contrasting assessments by pointing out that Mendenhall had surveyed urban areas , while he ventured into the countryside " where the war is " . Krulak asserted that political issues in Saigon would not hamper military progress , stating " We can stagger through to win the war with Nhu remaining in control . " Assistant Secretary of State Roger Hilsman asserted that the contrasting reports " was the difference between a military and a political view " . During the debate over the differences in outlook , Mendenhall asserted that Saigon had suffered " a virtually complete breakdown " following the pagoda raids . Mendenhall reported that Vietnamese public servants feared being seen with Americans . He recalled one visit when he had to remain quiet while his Vietnamese host crept around the room , searching for hidden microphones . Mendenhall asserted that " Saigon was heavy with an atmosphere of fear and hate " and that the people feared Diệm more than the Viet Cong . He reported many public servants no longer slept at home due to a fear of midnight arrests by Nhu 's secret police . Many officials had recently spent the bulk of their day negotiating the release of their children , who had been incarcerated for participating in pro @-@ Buddhist protests . Mendenhall asserted that internal turmoil was now a higher priority than the war against the communists . Mendenhall denounced Saigon 's reconciliation and goodwill gestures towards the Buddhists as a public relations stunt . He reported that monks from provincial areas who had been arrested in Saigon for demonstrating were not returned to their places of origin as promised . Mendenhall noted that when the monks were released , Diệm 's officials retained their identification papers . This resulted in their re @-@ arrest upon attempting to leave the capital . The monks were then branded as Viet Cong because they did not have government identification papers . As news of such tactics spread across the capital , some monks sought refuge in the Saigon homes of ARVN officers . Mendenhall insisted that the United States was responsible for the situation because it had helped the Ngo family gain power , armed and funded it . He reasoned that as Diệm used the arms against his own people , Washington also shared responsibility . He stated that " a refusal to act would be just as much interference in Vietnam 's affairs as acting " . According to the Pentagon Papers , " the critical failure of both reports was to understand the fundamental political role that the army was coming to play in Vietnam " . The papers concluded the ARVN was the only institution capable of deposing and replacing Diệm . Diệm and Nhu fully realized the potential threat , responding with the divide and conquer paradigm . They usurped the prerogative of senior officer promotion and appointed generals based on loyalty to the palace , giving orders directly to officers . This action caused deep distrust among the senior officers and fragmented their power . Krulak failed to realize that if the situation deteriorated to the point where discontent with Diệm posed the possibility of a communist victory , the generals would intervene in politics because of what would happen to them under communist rule . Neither Krulak nor Mendenhall seemed to anticipate that if a military junta came to power , the divisive effect of Diệm 's promotion politics would manifest itself as the generals vied for power . Neither of the pair put any emphasis on the detrimental effects that would have been caused by political infighting among the generals . During the NSC meeting , Frederick Nolting – who preceded Lodge as US Ambassador to South Vietnam – took issue with Mendenhall 's analysis . Regarded as a Diệm apologist , Nolting pointed out that Mendenhall had been pessimistic about South Vietnam for several years . Mecklin , reinforced and pushed Mendenhall 's view further , calling on the administration to apply direct pressure on Saigon by suspending non @-@ military aid , in an attempt to cause a regime change . In Mecklin 's words : This would unavoidably be dangerous . There was no way to be sure how events would develop . It was possible , for example , that the Vietnamese forces might fragment into warring factions , or that the new government would be so incompetent and / or unstable that the effort against the Viet Cong would collapse . The US should therefore resolve now to introduce American combat forces if necessary to prevent a Communist triumph midst the debris of the Diệm regime . The Pentagon Papers opined that Mecklin understood the pitfalls of a military junta that Krulak and Mendenhall had overlooked . Regardless , Mecklin concluded that the US should proceed in fostering a regime change , accept the consequences , and contemplate the introduction of US combat troops to stop a possible Viet Cong victory . The NSC meeting then heard Phillips ' bleak prognosis of the situation in the Mekong Delta . He claimed that the Strategic Hamlet Program was a shambles in the delta , stating that they were " being chewed to pieces by the Viet Cong " . When it was noted that Phillips had recently witnessed a battle in the delta , Kennedy asked Phillips for his assessment . Phillips replied : " Well , I don 't like to contradict General Krulak , but I have to tell you , Mr. President , that we 're not winning the war , particularly in the delta . The troops are paralysed , they 're in the barracks , and this is what is actually going on in one province that 's right next to Saigon . " Phillips asserted that removing Nhu was the only way to improve the situation . Phillips asserted that the only means of removing Nhu was to bring in Colonel Edward Lansdale , the CIA operative who had consolidated Diệm 's position a decade earlier , a proposal that Kennedy dismissed . Phillips recommended three measures : Terminate aid to the ARVN Special Forces of Colonel Le Quang Tung , who took his orders directly from the palace and not the army command . Tung had led the raids on Buddhist pagodas on August 21 in which hundreds were killed and widespread physical destruction occurred . The Special Forces were used mainly for repressing dissidents rather than fighting communists . Cut funds to the Motion Picture Center , which produced hagiographic films about the Nhus . Pursue covert actions aimed at diving and discrediting Tung and Major General Tôn Thất Đính . Dinh was the military governor of Saigon and the Commander of the ARVN III Corps . Dinh was the youngest general in the history of the ARVN , primarily due to his loyalty to the Ngo family . In the ensuing debate , Kennedy asked Phillips what would happen if Nhu responded to the cuts by diverting money away from the army to prop up his personal schemes . When Kennedy asked if Nhu would blame the US for any resulting military deterioration , Phillips replied that the ARVN would revolt , because the ARVN officers were on Viet Cong hit lists would not allow the communists to run loose . Phillips said that if Nhu tried to divert military aid away from the troops to prop up his personal schemes , the Americans could deliver the money straight to the countryside in suitcases . = = = Robust disagreement = = = The meeting became confrontational when Krulak interrupted Phillips , asserting that American military advisers on the ground rejected the USOM officer 's assessments . Phillips conceded that although the overall military situation had improved , this was not the case in the crucial delta areas . Phillips noted that the provincial military adviser in Long An Province adjacent to Saigon , had reported that the Viet Cong had overrun 200 Strategic Hamlets in the previous week , forcing the villagers to dismantle the settlement . McNamara shook his head at the radically divergent reports . When Krulak derided Phillips , Assistant Secretary of State W. Averell Harriman could no longer restrain himself and called the general " a damn fool " . Phillips diplomatically took over from Harriman and asserted that it was a battle for hearts and minds rather than pure military metrics . Mecklin generated more disquiet by advocating the use of American combat troops to unseat the Diệm regime and win the war . He asserted that " the time had come for the US to apply direct pressure to bring about a change of government , however distasteful " . Mecklin asserted that there would be a backlash if aid was simply cut , so US troops would have to directly fix the problem . Mecklin later wrote to USIS head Edward R. Murrow to insist that US troops would welcome combat in the case of a communist escalation . On the journey back to the United States , he had asserted that the use of American combat forces would encourage the coup and lift morale against the Viet Cong . He also called for the engineering of a coup . He called for the US to show more intent . The pessimism expressed by Phillips and Mecklin surprised Frederick Nolting , who preceded Lodge as the US ambassador in Saigon . Nolting said that Phillips ' account " surprised the hell out of me . I couldn 't believe my ears . " Nolting asserted that Mecklin was psychologically vulnerable to being brainwashed because he had recently split with his wife . At the time , Mecklin was living with journalists David Halberstam and Neil Sheehan of The New York Times and UPI respectively . Halberstam and Sheehan both won Pulitzer Prizes and were strident critics of Diệm . = = Aftermath = = One strategy that received increasing consideration in NSC meetings — as well as at the US Embassy , Saigon and in Congress — was a suspension of non @-@ military aid to Diệm . After the erroneous Voice of America broadcast on August 26 , which announced an aid suspension , Lodge was given the discretion on August 29 to suspend aid if it would facilitate a coup . In the meantime , the US Senate began to pressure the administration to take action against Diệm . Hilsman was lobbied by the Senate Subcommittee on the Far East . Senator Frank Church informed the administration of his intention to introduce a resolution condemning Diệm 's anti @-@ Buddhist repression and calling for the termination of aid unless religious equality was instituted . This resulted in Church agreeing to temporarily delay the introduction of the bill to avoid embarrassing the administration . While the delegation was in Vietnam , the strategy of using a selective aid suspension to pressure Diệm into ending religious discrimination was actively discussed at the State Department . In a television interview on September 8 , AID Director David Bell warned that Congress might cut aid to South Vietnam if Diệm did not change his policies . On September 9 , Kennedy backed away from Bell 's comments , stating " I don 't think we think that [ a reduction in aid to Saigon ] would be helpful at this time . " On September 11 , the day after Krulak and Mendenhall tabled their reports , Lodge reversed his position . In a long cable to Washington , he advocated the consideration of using non @-@ military aid suspension to spark the toppling of Diệm . Lodge concluded that the US could not get what it wanted from Diệm , and had to force events to come to a head . After another White House meeting on the same day , Senator Church was informed that his bill was acceptable , so he introduced the legislation into the Senate . The National Security Council re @-@ convened on September 17 to consider two of Hilsman 's proposals for dealing with Diệm . The plan favored by Hilsman and his State Department colleagues was the " pressures and persuasion track " . This involved an escalating series of measures at both public and private level , including selective aid suspension and pressuring Diệm to remove Nhu from power . The alternative was the " reconciliation with a rehabilitated GVN track " , which involved the public appearance of acquiescence to Diệm 's recent actions and an attempt to salvage as much as possible from the situation . Both proposals assumed that an ARVN coup was not forthcoming . The inconclusive report saw a follow @-@ up mission sent to Vietnam , the McNamara Taylor mission , led by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Maxwell D. Taylor .
= Living in the Material World = Living in the Material World is the fourth studio album by English musician George Harrison , released in 1973 on Apple Records . As the follow @-@ up to 1970 's critically acclaimed All Things Must Pass and his pioneering charity project , the Concert for Bangladesh , it was among the most highly anticipated releases of that year . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America two days after release , on its way to becoming Harrison 's second number 1 album in the United States , and produced the international hit " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " . It also topped albums charts in Canada and Australia , and reached number 2 in Britain . Living in the Material World is notable for the uncompromising lyrical content of its songs , reflecting Harrison 's struggle for spiritual enlightenment against his status as a superstar , as well as for what many commentators consider to be the finest guitar and vocal performances of his career . In contrast with All Things Must Pass , Harrison scaled down the production for Material World , using a core group of musicians comprising Nicky Hopkins , Gary Wright , Klaus Voormann and Jim Keltner . Ringo Starr , John Barham and Indian musician Zakir Hussain were among the album 's other contributors . Upon release , Rolling Stone described it as a " pop classic " , a work that " stands alone as an article of faith , miraculous in its radiance " . Most contemporary reviewers consider Living in the Material World to be a worthy successor to All Things Must Pass , even if it inevitably falls short of Harrison 's grand opus . Author Simon Leng refers to the album as a " forgotten blockbuster " , representing " the close of an age , the last offering of the Beatles ' London era " . EMI reissued the album in 2006 , in remastered form with bonus tracks , and released a deluxe @-@ edition CD / DVD set that included film clips of four songs . = = Background = = George Harrison 's 1971 – 72 humanitarian aid project for the new nation of Bangladesh had left him an international hero , but also exhausted and frustrated in his efforts to ensure that the money raised would find its way to those in need . Rather than record a follow @-@ up to his acclaimed 1970 triple album , All Things Must Pass , Harrison put his solo career on hold for over a year following the two Concert for Bangladesh shows , held at Madison Square Garden , New York , in August 1971 . In an interview with Disc and Music Echo magazine in December that year , pianist Nicky Hopkins spoke of having just attended the New York sessions for John Lennon 's " Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) " single , where Harrison had played them " about two or three hours " worth of new songs , adding : " They were really incredible . " Hopkins suggested that work on Harrison 's next solo album was to begin in January or February at his new home studio at Friar Park , but any such plan was undone by Harrison 's commitment to the Bangladesh relief project . While he found time during the last few months of 1971 to produce singles for Ringo Starr and Apple Records protégés Lon & Derrek Van Eaton , and to help promote the Ravi Shankar documentary Raga , Harrison 's next project in the role of music producer was not until August 1972 , when Cilla Black recorded his composition " When Every Song Is Sung " . Throughout this period , Harrison 's devotion to Hindu spirituality – particularly to Krishna consciousness via his friendship with A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada – reached new heights . As Harrison admitted , his adherence to his spiritual path was not necessarily consistent . His wife , Pattie Boyd , and their friend Chris O 'Dell would joke that it was hard to tell whether he was dipping into his ever @-@ present Japa Yoga prayer bag or " the coke bag " . This duality has been noted by Harrison biographers Simon Leng and Alan Clayson : on one hand , Harrison earned himself the nickname " His Lectureship " during his prolonged periods of fervid devotion ; on the other , he participated in bawdy London sessions for the likes of Bobby Keys ' eponymous solo album and what Leng terms Harry Nilsson 's " thoroughly nasty " " You 're Breakin ' My Heart " , both recorded in the first half of 1972 . Similarly , Harrison 's passion for high @-@ performance cars saw him lose his driver 's licence for the second time in a year after crashing his Mercedes into a roundabout at 90 miles an hour , on 28 February , with Boyd in the passenger seat . In August 1972 , with the Concert for Bangladesh documentary film having finally been released worldwide , Harrison set off alone for a driving holiday in Europe , during which he chanted the Hare Krishna mantra nonstop for a whole day , he later claimed . Religious academic Joshua Greene , a Hare Krishna devotee , has described this trip as Harrison 's " preparation " for recording the Living in the Material World album . = = Songs = = Rather than revisit compositions left over from the All Things Must Pass sessions , Harrison 's material for Living in the Material World was drawn from the 1971 – 72 period , with the exception of " Try Some , Buy Some " , which he wrote in 1970 and recorded with former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971 . The songs reflected his spiritual devotion – in the case of " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " , " Living in the Material World " , " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " and " Try Some , Buy Some " – as well as his feelings before and after the Bangladesh benefit concerts , with " Miss O 'Dell " and " The Day the World Gets ' Round " . Both " The Lord Loves the One " and the album 's title track were directly inspired by Prabhupada 's teachings . Greene writes of Harrison adapting a passage from the Bhagavad Gita into his lyrics for " Living in the Material World " and adds : " Some of the songs distilled spiritual concepts into phrases so elegant they resembled Vedic sutras : short codes that contain volumes of meaning . " On " Give Me Love " , Harrison blended the Hindu bhajan style ( or devotional song ) with Western gospel music , repeating the formula of his 1970 – 71 international hit " My Sweet Lord " . In his 1980 autobiography , I Me Mine , he describes the song as " a prayer and personal statement between me , the Lord , and whoever likes it " . Whereas Harrison 's Krishna devotionals on All Things Must Pass had been uplifting celebrations of faith , his latest compositions betrayed a more austere quality , partly as a result of the Bangladesh experience . His musical arranger , John Barham , would later suggest that a spiritual " crisis " might have been the cause ; other observers have pointed to Harrison 's failing marriage to Boyd . Leng writes of his frame of mind at this time : " while George Harrison was bursting with musical confidence , Living in the Material World found him in roughly the same place that John Lennon was when he wrote ' Help ! ' – shocked by the rush of overwhelming success and desperately wondering where it left him . " Other song themes addressed the Beatles ' legacy , either in direct references to the band 's history – in the case of " Living in the Material World " and " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " – or in Harrison 's stated desire to live in the present , free of his former identity , in the case of " The Light That Has Lighted the World " , " Who Can See It " and " Be Here Now " . The lyrics to " Who Can See It " reflect Harrison 's disenchantment with his previous , junior status to former bandmates Lennon and Paul McCartney , while " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " was his comment on McCartney 's 1971 High Court action to dissolve the band as a business entity . In line with Prabhupada 's teachings , all such pursuits of fame , wealth or position meant nothing in Harrison 's 1972 world @-@ view . Author Gary Tillery writes of Material World 's lyrical content : " The album expresses his impressions of the mundane and the spiritual worlds and the importance of ignoring the lures of the everyday world and remaining focused on the eternal verities . " Even in seemingly conventional love songs such as " That Is All " and " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " , Harrison appeared to be addressing his deity as much as any human partner . Musically , the latter composition reflects the influence of Brill Building songwriters of the early 1960s , while Harrison sings of a love delivered " like it came from above " . Harrison donated his copyright for nine of the eleven songs on Living in the Material World , together with the non @-@ album B @-@ side " Miss O 'Dell " , to his Material World Charitable Foundation . The latter initiative was set up in reaction to the tax issues that had hindered his relief effort for the Bangladeshi refugees , and ensured a perpetual stream of income , through ongoing publishing royalties , for dispersal to the charities of his choice . = = Production = = After the grand , Wall of Sound production of All Things Must Pass , Harrison wanted a more understated sound this time around , to " liberate " the songs , as he later put it . He had intended to co @-@ produce with Phil Spector as before , although the latter 's erratic behaviour and alcohol consumption ensured that , once sessions were under way in October 1972 , Harrison was the project 's sole producer . Spector received a credit for " Try Some , Buy Some " , however , since Harrison used the same 1971 recording , featuring musicians such as Leon Russell , Jim Gordon , Pete Ham and Barham , that they had made for Ronnie Spector 's abandoned solo album . A release date was planned for January or February 1973 , with the album title rumoured to be The Light That Has Lighted the World . Within a month , the title was announced as The Magic Is Here Again , with an erroneous report in Rolling Stone magazine claiming that Eric Clapton was co @-@ producing and that the album was set for release on 20 December 1972 . = = = Recording = = = In another contrast with his 1970 triple album , Harrison engaged a small core group of musicians to support him on Living in the Material World . Gary Wright and Klaus Voormann returned , on keyboards and bass , respectively , and John Barham again provided orchestral arrangements . They were joined by Jim Keltner , who had impressed at the 1971 Bangladesh concerts , and Nicky Hopkins , whose musical link to Harrison went back to the 1968 Jackie Lomax single " Sour Milk Sea " . Ringo Starr also contributed to the album , when his burgeoning film career allowed , and Jim Horn , another musician from the Concert for Bangladesh band , supplied horns and flutes . The recording engineer was Phil McDonald , who had worked in the same role on All Things Must Pass . All the rhythm and lead guitar parts were performed by Harrison alone – the ex @-@ Beatle stepping out from the " looming shadow " of Clapton for the first time , Leng has noted . Most of the basic tracks were recorded with Harrison on acoustic guitar ; only " Living in the Material World " , " Who Can See It " and " That Is All " featured electric rhythm parts , those for the latter two songs adopting the same Leslie @-@ toned sound found on much of the Beatles ' Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . Ham and his Badfinger bandmate Tom Evans augmented the line @-@ up on 4 and 11 October , although their playing would not find its way onto the released album . The sessions took place partly at Apple Studio in London , but mostly at Harrison 's home studio , FPSHOT , according to Voormann . Apple Studio , together with its Savile Row , London W1 address , would receive a prominent credit on the Living in the Material World record sleeve , as a further sign of Harrison 's championing of the Beatles @-@ owned recording facility . At the weekends during these autumn months , Hopkins recorded his own solo album , The Tin Man Was a Dreamer ( 1973 ) , at Apple , with contributions from Harrison , Voormann and Horn . Voormann has described the mood at the Friar Park sessions as " intimate , quiet , friendly " and in stark contrast to the sessions he , Harrison and Hopkins had attended at Lennon 's home in 1971 , for the Imagine album . Keltner recalls Harrison as having been focused and " at his peak physically " throughout the recording of Living in the Material World , having given up smoking and taken to using Hindu prayer beads . The sessions continued until the end of November , when Hopkins left for Jamaica to work on the Rolling Stones ' new album . During this period , Harrison co @-@ produced a new live album for Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan for a January release on Apple Records , the highly regarded In Concert 1972 . = = = Overdubbing and mixing = = = After hosting a visit by Bob Dylan and his wife Sara at Friar Park , Harrison resumed work on the album in January 1973 , at Apple . " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " , which he had originally given to Jesse Ed Davis to record in 1971 , was taped at this point . The lyrics ' courtroom theme had a new relevance in early 1973 , as he , Lennon and Starr looked to sever all legal ties with manager Allen Klein , who had been the prime cause for McCartney 's earlier litigation . For the rest of January and through February , extensive overdubs were carried out on the album 's basic tracks – comprising vocals , percussion , Harrison 's slide guitar parts and Horn 's contributions . " Living in the Material World " received significant attention during this last phase of the album production , with sitar , flute and Zakir Hussain 's tabla being added to fill the song 's two " spiritual sky " sections . The resulting contrast between the main , Western rock portion and the Indian @-@ style middle eights emphasised Harrison 's struggle between physical @-@ world temptations and his spiritual goals . The Indian instrumentation overdubbed on this track and " Be Here Now " also marked a rare return to the genre for Harrison , recalling his work with the Beatles over 1966 – 68 and his first solo album , Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) . Barham 's orchestra and choir were the final items to be recorded , on " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , " Who Can See It " and " That Is All " , in early March . With production on the album completed , Harrison flew to Los Angeles for Beatles @-@ related business meetings and to begin work on Shankar and Starr 's respective albums , Shankar Family & Friends ( 1974 ) and Ringo ( 1973 ) . = = Album artwork = = As he had done with All Things Must Pass and The Concert for Bangladesh , Harrison entrusted the album 's art design to Tom Wilkes , and the latter 's new business partner , Craig Baun . The gatefold and lyric insert sleeves for Living in the Material World were much commented @-@ on at the time of release , Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone describing the record as " beautifully @-@ packaged with symbolic hand @-@ print covers and the dedication , ' All Glories to Sri Krsna ' " , while author Nicholas Schaffner likewise admired the " color representations of the Hindu scriptures " , in the form of a painting from a Prabhupada @-@ published edition of the Bhagavad Gita . Reproduced on the lyric insert sheet ( on the back of which was a red Om symbol with yellow surround , on a black background ) , this painting features Krishna with Arjuna , the legendary archer and warrior , in a chariot , being pulled by the enchanted seven @-@ headed horse Uchchaihshravas . With the album arriving at the height of the glam or glitter rock musical trend , Clayson writes of this image : " a British teenager might have still dug the gear worn by Krishna in his chariot … Androgynous in beaded kaftan , jewelled fez and peacock feather , and strikingly pretty , the Supreme Personality of Godhead was not unlike some of the new breed of theatrical British chartbusters . " For the album 's striking front @-@ cover image , Wilkes used a Kirlian photograph of Harrison 's hand holding a Hindu medallion . The photo was taken at UCLA 's parapsychology department , as was the shot used on the back cover , where Harrison instead holds three US coins : a couple of quarters and a silver dollar . The gatefold 's inner left panel , opposite the album 's production credits , showed Harrison and his fellow musicians – Starr , Horn , Voormann , Hopkins , Keltner and Wright – at a long table , laden with food and wine . A deliberate parody of da Vinci 's The Last Supper , the picture was taken in California at the mock @-@ Tudor home of entertainment lawyer Abe Somers , by Hollywood glamour photographer Ken Marcus . As with the US coinage used on the back cover , various details in the photo represent what Harrison termed the " gross " aspects of life in the material world . Clayson has speculated about the symbolism and hidden messages within the photo : whether the nurse with a pram , set back from and to the left of the table , was a reference to Boyd 's inability to conceive a child ; and the empty , distant wheelchair in memory of Harrison 's late mother . Theologian Dale Allison observes the anti @-@ Catholic sentiment within this inner @-@ gatefold photo , following on from Harrison 's lyrics to his 1970 song " Awaiting on You All " . Harrison is dressed as a priest , all in black , sporting an Old West six @-@ shooter – " a slam at the perceived materialism and violence of the Roman church " , Allison writes . On the back cover , underneath the second hand @-@ print design , text provides details of the fictitious Jim Keltner Fan Club , information on which was available by sending a " stamped undressed elephant " – for : self @-@ addressed envelope – to a Los Angeles postal address . This detail was an affectionate thank @-@ you to the popular drummer ( Starr would repeat the gesture on his album later in the year ) , as well as a light @-@ hearted dig – in its use of " wing " symbols , like those in Wings ' logo – at McCartney , who had recently launched a fan club for his new band . = = Release = = Due to the extended recording period , Living in the Material World was issued at the end of a busy Apple release schedule , with April and May 1973 having already been set aside for the Beatles compilations 1962 – 1966 and 1967 – 1970 and for Paul McCartney & Wings ' second album , Red Rose Speedway . Schaffner recorded in his book The Beatles Forever : " For a while there ... album charts were reminiscent of the golden age of Beatlemania . " Preceding Harrison 's long @-@ awaited release was the acoustic single " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " , which became his second number 1 hit in the United States . This was accompanied by a billboard and print advertising campaign , including a three @-@ panel poster combining the album 's front and back covers , and an Apple publicity photo showing Harrison , now free of the heavy beard familiar from the All Things Must Pass – Concert for Bangladesh era , with his hand outstretched , mirroring Wilkes ' album cover image . Living in the Material World was issued on 30 May 1973 in America ( with Apple catalogue number SMAS 3410 ) and on 22 June in Britain ( as Apple PAS 10006 ) . It enjoyed immediate commercial success , entering the Billboard 200 at number 11 and hitting number 1 in its second week , on 23 June , demoting Wings ' album in the process . Material World spent five weeks atop the US charts , having been awarded a gold disc by the RIAA within two days of release , for advance orders . In the UK , the album peaked at number 2 , held from the top position by the soundtrack to Starr 's movie That 'll Be the Day . Despite high sales initially , its follow @-@ on success was limited by what Leng terms the " anomalous " decision to cancel the release of a second US single , " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " . With Living in the Material World , Harrison achieved the Billboard double for a second time when " Give Me Love " hit the top position during the album 's stay at number 1 – the only one of his former bandmates to have done it even once being McCartney , with the recent " My Love " and Red Rose Speedway . Harrison carried out no supporting promotion for Material World ; " pre @-@ recorded tapes " were issued to BBC Radio 1 and played repeatedly on the show Radio One Club , but his only public appearance in Britain was to accompany Prabhupada on a religious procession through central London , on 8 July . According to author Bill Harry , the album sold over 3 million copies worldwide . = = Critical reception = = = = = Contemporary reviews = = = Leng describes Living the Material World as " one of the most keenly anticipated discs of the decade " and its unveiling " a major event " . Among expectant music critics , Stephen Holden began his highly favourable review in Rolling Stone with the words " At last it 's here " , before hailing the new Harrison album as a " pop classic " and a " profoundly seductive record " . " Happily , the album is not just a commercial event , " he wrote , " it is the most concise , universally conceived work by a former Beatle since John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band . " Billboard magazine noted the twin themes found throughout the album – " the Beatles and their mish @-@ mash " versus a " spiritual undercoat " – and described Harrison 's vocals as " first @-@ rate " . Two weeks ahead of the UK release date , Melody Maker published a full @-@ page " exclusive preview " of Material World by its New York correspondent , Michael Watts . The latter wrote that " the most strikingly immediate impression left by the album " concerned its lyrics , which , although " solemn and pious " at times , were " more interesting " thematically than those on All Things Must Pass , such that Material World was " as personal , in its own way , as anything that Lennon has done " . While describing the pared @-@ down production as " good artistic judgement in view of the nature of the lyrics " , Watts concluded : " Harrison has always struck me before as simply a writer of very classy pop songs ; now he stands as something more than an entertainer . Now he 's being honest . " While Holden had opined that , of all the four Beatles , Harrison had inherited " the most precious " legacy – namely , " the spiritual aura that the group accumulated , beginning with the White Album " – other reviewers objected to the overt religiosity of Living in the Material World . This was particularly so in Britain , where by summer 1973 , author Bob Woffinden later wrote , " the Beatle bubble had undoubtedly burst " and for each of the former bandmates , his individual " pedestal " was now " an exposed , rather than a comfortable , place to be " . In the NME , Tony Tyler began his review by stating that he had long idolised Harrison as " the finest packaged object since frozen pizza " , but he had changed his opinion dramatically in recent years ; after the " dire , ennui @-@ making " All Things Must Pass , Tyler continued , " the unworthiness of my heretical thoughts smote home around the time of the Bangla Desh concerts . " Tyler dismissed Material World with the description : " [ It 's ] pleasant , competent , vaguely dull and inoffensive . It ’ s also breathtakingly unoriginal and – lyrically at least – turgid , repetitive and so damn holy I could scream . " The reviewer concluded : " I have no doubt whatever it 'll sell like hot tracts and that George 'll donate all the profits to starving Bengalis and make me feel like the cynical heel I undoubtedly am . " In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Tyler and co @-@ author Roy Carr bemoaned Harrison 's " didactically imposing [ of ] said Holy Memoirs upon innocent record @-@ collectors " and declared the album 's spiritual theme " almost as offensive in its own way " as Lennon and Yoko Ono 's political radicalism on Some Time in New York City ( 1972 ) . According to New Zealand music critic Graham Reid , a contemporary Australian review remarked on the album 's religiosity : " oftentimes the music is a more truthful guide to the sense of the lyrics than the words themselves . Harrison is not a great wordsmith but he is a superb musician . Everything flows , everything interweaves . His melodies are so superb they take care of everything … " Like Holden , Nicholas Schaffner approved of the singer 's gesture in donating his publishing royalties to the Material World Charitable Foundation and praised the album 's " exquisite musical underpinnings " . Although the " transcendent dogma " was not always to his taste , Schaffner recognised that in Living in the Material World , Harrison had " devised a luxuriant rock devotional designed to transform his fans ' stereo equipment into a temple " . Aside from the album 's lyrical themes , its production and musicianship were widely praised , Schaffner noting : " Surely Phil Spector never had a more attentive pupil . " Carr and Tyler lauded Harrison 's " superb and accomplished slide @-@ guitar breaks " , and the solos on " Give Me Love " , " The Lord Loves the One " , " The Light That Has Lighted the World " and " Living in the Material World " have each been identified as exemplary and among the finest of Harrison 's career . In his book The Beatles Apart ( 1981 ) , Woffinden wrote : " Those who carped at the lyrics , or at Harrison himself , missed a great deal of the music , much of which was exceptionally fine . " Woffinden described the album as " a very good one " , Harrison 's " only mistake " being that he had waited so long before following up his successes over 1970 – 71 . = = = Retrospective assessment = = = In the decades following its release , Living in the Material World gained a reputation as " a forgotten blockbuster " – a term used by Simon Leng and echoed by commentators such as Robert Rodriguez and AllMusic 's Bruce Eder . The latter describes Harrison 's 1973 album as " an underrated minor masterpiece " that " represent [ s ] his solo playing and songwriting at something of a peak " . John Metzger of The Music Box refers to Material World as " the most underrated and overlooked album of [ Harrison ] ' s career " , adding that it " coalesces around its songs … and the Zen @-@ like beauty that emanates from Harrison 's hymns to a higher power inevitably becomes subtly affecting . " Writing in Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot found the album " drearily monochromatic " compared to its predecessor , and to PopMatters ' Zeth Lundy , it suffers from " a more anonymous tract " next to the " cathedral @-@ grade significance " of All Things Must Pass . Reviewing Harrison 's solo career for Goldmine magazine in 2002 , Dave Thompson considered the 1973 album to be the equal of All Things Must Pass , reasoning : " While history insists that Living in the Material World could not help but be eclipsed by its gargantuan forebear , with the two albums in the CD player and the ' shuffle ' function mixing them up , it 's difficult to play favourites . " In his review of the 2006 remastered release , for Q magazine , Tom Doyle praised the album 's ballads , such as " The Light That Has Lighted the World " and " Be Here Now " , and suggested that " the distance of time helps to reveal its varied charms " . Mojo 's Mat Snow wrote of " this long overdue reissue " being " worth it alone for four wonderful songs " , including " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " and " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , and concluded : " The rest is Hari Georgeson at his most preachy , but it 's never less than musical and often light on its feet . " In another 2006 review , for the Vintage Rock website , Shawn Perry wrote of Material World being " more restrained and immediate without the wall of sound whitewash of its predecessor , but its flow and elegance are unmistakable " . Perry admired Harrison 's slide guitar playing and rated the album an " underrated , classic record " . Writing for Uncut in 2008 , David Cavanagh described Material World as " a bit full @-@ on , religion @-@ wise " but " the album to play if you want musicianship at its best " . = = = 2014 appraisal and legacy = = = Reviewing the 2014 reissue , Blogcritics ' Chaz Lipp writes that " this chart @-@ topping classic is , in terms of production , arguably preferable to its predecessor " , adding : " The sinewy ' Sue Me , Sue You Blues , ' galloping title track , and soaring ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long ' rank right alongside Harrison 's best work . " Alex Franquelli of PopMatters refers to it as " a worthy successor " to All Things Must Pass and an album that " raises the bar of social awareness that had only been touched on lightly in the previous release " . Franquelli concludes : " It is a work that enjoys a more elaborate dynamic development , where layers are kept together by Harrison ’ s clever work behind the mixing desk . " In another 2014 review , for Classic Rock , Paul Trynka writes : " All these years on , it 's his most overtly spiritual album that sparkles today … The well @-@ known songs , such as ' Sue Me , Sue You Blues ' ( dedicated to the rapacious Allen Klein ) , stand up well , but it 's the more restrained tracks – ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long ' , ' Who Can See It ' – that entrance : gorgeous pop songs , all the more forceful for their restraint . " Trynka goes on to describe " Be Here Now " as the album 's " towering achievement " and " a masterpiece " . Among Beatles biographers , Alan Clayson approves of Material World 's " self @-@ production criterion closer to the style of George Martin " , after the " looser abundance " of All Things Must Pass . Within the more restrained surroundings , Clayson adds , Harrison laid claim to the title " king of rock ' n ' roll slide guitar " , in addition to giving perhaps his " most magnificent [ vocal ] performance on record " on " Who Can See It " . Rodriguez also approves of a production aesthetic that allows instruments to " sparkle " and " breathing space " for his melodies , and rates Harrison 's guitar playing as " stellar " throughout . Peter Lavezzoli describes the album as " a soulful collection of songs that feature some of Harrison 's finest singing , particularly the gorgeous Roy Orbison @-@ esque ballad ' Who Can See It ' " . Leng has named Living in the Material World as his personal favourite of all of Harrison 's solo albums . According to Leng , with its combination of a defiant " protest " song in " The Day the World Gets ' Round " , the anti @-@ stardom " The Lord Loves the One " , and " perfect pop confections " in " Give Me Love " and " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " , Living in the Material World was the last album to capture the same clear @-@ sighted , utopian spirit that characterised the 1960s . Eder likewise welcomes Material World 's bold idealism , saying : " Even in the summer of 1973 , after years of war and strife and disillusionment , some of us were still sort of looking – to borrow a phrase from a Lennon – McCartney song – or hoping to get from them something like ' the word ' that would make us free . And George , God love him , had the temerity to actually oblige ... " = = Reissues = = = = = 2006 = = = While solo works by Lennon , McCartney and Starr had all been remastered as part of repackaging campaigns during the 1990s and early 21st century , Harrison 's Living in the Material World was " neglected over the years " , author Bruce Spizer wrote in 2005 , an " unfortunate " situation considering the quality of its songs . On 25 September 2006 , EMI reissued the album in the UK , on CD and in a deluxe CD / DVD package , with Capitol Records ' US release following the next day . The remastered Material World featured two additional tracks , neither of which had previously been available on an album : " Deep Blue " and " Miss O 'Dell " , popular B @-@ sides , respectively , to the 1971 non @-@ album single " Bangla Desh " and " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " . The CD / DVD edition contained a 40 @-@ page full colour booklet that included extra photos from the inner @-@ gatefold shoot ( taken by Mal Evans and Barry Feinstein ) , liner notes by Kevin Howlett , and Harrison 's handwritten lyrics and comments on the songs , reproduced from I Me Mine . The DVD featured a concert performance of " Give Me Love " , recorded during Harrison 's 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton , and previously unreleased versions of " Miss O 'Dell " and " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " set to a slideshow of archival film . The final selection consisted of the album 's title track playing over 1973 footage of the LP being audio @-@ tested and packaged prior to shipment . While Zeth Lundy found that the deluxe edition " bestows lavish attention upon a record that may not exactly deserve it " , with the DVD " an unnecessary bonus " , Shawn Perry considered the supplementary disc to be possibly the " pièce de résistance " of the 2006 reissue , and concluded : " this package is a beautiful tribute to the late and great guitarist any Beatles and Harrison fan will cherish . " = = = 2014 = = = Living in the Material World was remastered again for inclusion in the Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968 – 75 , issued in September 2014 . Also available as a separate CD , the reissue reproduces Howlett 's 2006 essay and adds " Bangla Desh " as a third bonus track , after " Deep Blue " and " Miss O 'Dell " . In his preview of the 2014 reissues , for Rolling Stone , David Fricke pairs Material World with All Things Must Pass as representing " the heart of the [ box ] set " . Disc eight of The Apple Years includes the four items featured on the 2006 deluxe edition DVD . = = Track listing = = All songs written by George Harrison . = = = Original release = = = Side one " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " – 3 : 36 " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " – 4 : 48 " The Light That Has Lighted the World " – 3 : 31 " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " – 2 : 57 " Who Can See It " – 3 : 52 " Living in the Material World " – 5 : 31 Side two " The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) " – 4 : 34 " Be Here Now " – 4 : 09 " Try Some , Buy Some " – 4 : 08 " The Day the World Gets ' Round " – 2 : 53 " That Is All " – 3 : 43 = = = 2006 remaster = = = Bonus tracks " Deep Blue " – 3 : 47 " Miss O 'Dell " – 2 : 33 Deluxe edition DVD " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " ( recorded live at Tokyo Dome on 15 December 1991 ) " Miss O 'Dell " ( alternative version ) " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " ( acoustic demo version ) " Living in the Material World " = = = 2014 remaster = = = Bonus tracks " Deep Blue " – 3 : 47 " Miss O 'Dell " – 2 : 33 " Bangla Desh " – 3 : 57 = = Personnel = = George Harrison – vocals , electric and acoustic guitars , dobro , sitar , backing vocals Nicky Hopkins – piano , electric piano Gary Wright – organ , harmonium , electric piano , harpsichord Klaus Voormann – bass , standup bass , tenor saxophone Jim Keltner – drums , percussion Ringo Starr – drums , percussion Jim Horn – saxophones , flute , horn arrangement Zakir Hussain – tabla John Barham – orchestral and choral arrangements Leon Russell – piano ( on " Try Some , Buy Some " ) Jim Gordon – drums , tambourine ( on " Try Some , Buy Some " ) Pete Ham – acoustic guitar ( on " Try Some , Buy Some " ) = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = =
= Nature fakers controversy = The nature fakers controversy was an early 20th @-@ century American literary debate highlighting the conflict between science and sentiment in popular nature writing . The debate involved important American literary , environmental and political figures . Dubbed the " War of the Naturalists " by The New York Times , it revealed seemingly irreconcilable contemporary views of the natural world : while some nature writers of the day argued as to the veracity of their examples of anthropomorphic wild animals , others questioned an animal 's ability to adapt , learn , teach , and reason . The controversy arose from a new literary movement , which followed a growth of interest in the natural world beginning in the late 19th century , and in which the natural world was depicted in a compassionate rather than realistic light . Works such as Ernest Thompson Seton 's Wild Animals I Have Known ( 1898 ) and William J. Long 's School of the Woods ( 1902 ) popularized this new genre and emphasized sympathetic and individualistic animal characters . In March 1903 , naturalist and writer John Burroughs published an article entitled " Real and Sham Natural History " in the Atlantic Monthly . Lambasting writers such as Seton , Long , and Charles G. D. Roberts for their seemingly fantastical representations of wildlife , he also denounced the booming genre of realistic animal fiction as " yellow journalism of the woods " . Burroughs ' targets responded in defense of their work in various publications , as did their supporters , and the resulting controversy raged in the public press for nearly six years . The constant publicity given to the debate contributed to a growing distrust of the truthfulness of popular nature writing of the day , and often pitted scientist against writer . The controversy effectively ended when President Theodore Roosevelt publicly sided with Burroughs , publishing his article " Nature Fakers " in the September 1907 issue of Everybody 's Magazine . Roosevelt popularized the negative colloquialism by which the controversy would later be known to describe one who purposefully fabricates details about the natural world . The definition of the term later expanded to include those who depicted nature with excessive sentimentality . = = Background = = = = = Nature boom = = = A renewed public interest in nature and its promise of aesthetic and recreational enjoyment began in the United States during the late 19th century . The country 's first national park , Yellowstone , was established in 1872 , and by 1900 it had been followed by half a dozen more . Railroads made it easy to get to the parks , and their advertising promoted the wonders of nature that could be seen courtesy of their trains . Tourists frequented the parks regularly , but there were also numerous opportunities for people to enjoy nature and outdoor recreation closer to home . City parks , such as New York City 's Central Park , became popular destinations because of their accessibility , and camps like the ones owned by the YMCA were frequented by boys and girls of all ages . Wilderness protection and the conservation movement , led by figures such as John Muir , founder of the Sierra Club , also began to appear at this time . By the turn of the century , those in favor of recreational ideals of nature began to clash with conservationists such as Muir . Likewise , critics and natural scientists became skeptical of what they saw as a growing cult of nature , which was thought to wrongly champion sentimentality and aesthetics rather than scientific facts . Sympathy for animals and their survival also became a developing thought in the 19th century , due in part to wide acceptance of theories pertaining to organic evolution . In 1837 , Charles Darwin wrote in his diary that " If we choose to let conjecture run wild , then animals , our fellow brethren in pain , disease , death , suffering and famine — our slaves in the most laborious works , our companions in our amusements — they may partake of our origin in one common ancestor — we may be all melted together . " = = = Literature = = = As the popularity and marketability of the natural world rose during the late 19th century , books dedicated to nature came to be in great demand . One reviewer noted in 1901 that " It is a part of the progress of the day that the Nature study is coming into prominence in our schemes of education , and , beyond these , is entering into our plans for coveted diversion , yet it is a real surprise that so large and increasing a number of each season 's publications are devoted to the purpose . " Such literature was regularly published in a wide variety of subjects : children 's animal books , wilderness novels , nature guides , and travelogues were all immensely popular . The study of nature quickly became part of the public school curriculum , making nature writing increasingly profitable . As the public 's hunger for such imaginative works grew , a new genre in which nature was depicted in a compassionate , rather than realistic , light began to take form . The tendency to portray animals as having human traits was not new ; Aesop 's moralistic animal tales were still popular with readers of the day , and inspired such works as Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) . However , one of the features separating the turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ century animal writers from those before them was the desire to have their animals set an example through their noble , sympathetic characteristics . Anna Sewell 's Black Beauty , for example , told the story of a gentle horse seemingly from the animal 's own point of view ; after being published in the United States by the American Humane Education Society in 1890 , Sewell 's book helped further the cause against animal cruelty . The budding animal welfare movement helped establish a climate for wider public support of wildlife conservation , and soon nature writers similarly sought to gain sympathy for wild animals — specifically those who seemingly displayed honorable human traits — by depicting them in a positive light . One popular nature writer of the day , Mabel Osgood Wright , told of wolves nobly taking their own lives after losing their mates . Author and illustrator Ernest Thompson Seton published his first book , the bestselling Wild Animals I Have Known , in 1898 . The first entry in a new genre of realistic wild @-@ animal stories , Seton 's collection of short stories quickly became one of the most popular books of its day . Although he had considered himself " a naturalist of the usual type , trying merely to accumulate specimens and facts " during his early career , he later began to write factual material " in the form of romantic stories — fiction in the form of presentation , but solid in fact in their basis and their message . " The first story in the collection , " Lobo , The King of Currumpaw " was based upon Seton 's experience hunting wolves in the Southwest . It became a classic , setting the tone for his future works that would similarly depict animals — especially predators who were often demonized in literature — as compassionate , individualistic beings . Seton was reportedly denounced by readers for having killed Lobo , only to write about the experience ; however , as biographer Brian Morris stated , the readers ' sympathies " are directed , as Seton meant them to be , toward the wild animal , rather than against the teller of the tale " . Seton 's intention in writing his stories was to " freely translate " the animals ' language into English , as they " have no speech as we understand it " . The stories were typically prefaced by the author 's strong assertion of their accuracy , and Wild Animals I Have Known marked the nature writer 's first emphasis on the perspective of a wild animal . As Canadian poet and author Charles G.D. Roberts described it , the genre focused on " the personality , individuality , mentality , of an animal , as well as its purely physical characteristics . " = = Beginning of controversy ( 1903 ) = = = = = " Real and Sham Natural History " = = = Naturalist and writer John Burroughs ( 1837 – 1921 ) was respected for his numerous nature essays . Known as an outspoken advocate for the conservation movement in the United States , he was later described by his biographer Edward Renehan as " a literary naturalist with a duty to record his own unique perceptions of the natural world " . Burroughs believed that the nature writer must remain faithful to nature as well as the personal responses to what they witness ; he wrote in the introduction to his 1895 book Wake @-@ Robin that the " literary naturalist does not take liberties with facts ; facts are the flora upon which he lives . The more and the fresher the facts the better . " When the Atlantic Monthly published a glowing review of the Reverend William J. Long 's 1902 work School of the Woods : Some Life Studies of Animal Instinct and Animal Training , Burroughs became incensed . Long had previously published six books , and while Burroughs was not pleased with the clergyman 's previous efforts , he believed this particular work was an unacceptable example of nature writing . Long insisted not only that animals demonstrated unique and individualistic behavior , unpredictable to science , but he also wrote that there was " absolutely no limit to the variety and adaptiveness of Nature , even in a single species . " Burroughs was not the first to take issue with the growing genre that blurred the line between fact and fiction , or the liberties it often took with the natural world ; Ernest Ingersoll also found fault with School of the Woods , stating it " would be an epoch @-@ making book in both zoology and psychology could its statements be established . " Believing that authors such as Long were deliberately misleading the public for financial gain , Burroughs decided to prove that their fantastical depictions of wild animals were not only impossible , but ultimately damaging to the general public 's understanding of nature . In March 1903 , Burroughs submitted a scathing essay to the Atlantic Monthly entitled " Real and Sham Natural History " ; the editor , Bliss Perry , reportedly found the piece so " ill @-@ natured " and " peevish " that he sent it back to Burroughs for revisions . Burroughs began his article with praise for authors such as Ingersoll , Frank M. Chapman and Florence Merriam Bailey , all of whom he believed exemplified good nature writing . Championing his own strict adherence to observed fact , Burroughs singled out four books for criticism : Seton 's Wild Animals I have Known , Roberts ' The Kindred of the Wild , William Davenport Hulbert 's Forest Neighbours , and Long 's School of the Woods . In particular he blamed Seton 's collection of stories for founding the sentimental animal story genre ; he even amended the title of the collection to Wild Animals I Alone Have Known . Further denouncing Seton 's claims that his stories featured events and behaviors he had personally witnessed , Burroughs wrote : Mr. Thompson Seton says in capital letters that his stories are true , and it is this emphatic assertion that makes the judicious grieve . True as romance , true in their artistic effects , true in their power to entertain the young reader , they certainly are but true as natural history they as certainly are not ... There are no stories of animal intelligence and cunning on record , that I am aware of , that match his . Chief among Burroughs ' complaints was Long 's questioning of the role of instinct in animal learning , something that Burroughs and many scientists of the day accepted without doubt . Long had written that after many years of studying wild animals , he was " convinced that instinct plays a much smaller part than we have supposed ; that an animal 's success or failure in the ceaseless struggle for life depends , not upon instinct , but upon the kind of training which the animal learns from its mother . " In reply to this assertion , Burroughs wrote in " Real and Sham Natural History " : " The crows do not train their young . They have no fortresses , or schools , or colleges , or examining boards , or diplomas , or medals of honor , or hospitals , or churches , or telephones , or postal deliveries , or anything of the sort . Indeed , the poorest backwoods hamlet has more of the appurtenances of civilization than the best organized crow or other wild animal community in the land ! " Burroughs summed up by deeming Long a fraud , stating that his " book reads like that of a man who has really never been to the woods , but who sits in his study and cooks up these yarns from things he has read in Forest and Stream , or in other sporting journals . Of real observation there is hardly a vestige in his book ; of deliberate trifling with natural history there is no end " . Soon after the publication of Burroughs ' article , the Atlantic Monthly began receiving responses from readers . Among the many letters written in support for Burroughs ' assertions was an article published in the Boston Evening Transcript in defense of Long 's reputation as both a writer and a respected man of the cloth . Written by fellow clergyman Charles Prescott Daniels , the article , which was titled " Discord in the Forest : John Burroughs vs. William J. Long " , suggested that Burroughs left " the reader with a kinder feeling for Mr. Long than for Mr. Burroughs , and [ left ] him , too , with a suspicion that , after all , the beasts and birds will forgive Mr. Long for having so amiably misrepresented them . " = = = Long 's response = = = Many of the authors Burroughs criticized in his essays chose not to issue direct rebuttals . As Jack London would later write , they chose to simply " climb a tree and let the cataclysm go by " . Seton , who had previously met Burroughs and had a great deal of respect for the elder naturalist , was confident enough in his own reputation so as not to stage a public reply . Other authors wrote to both him and Burroughs in Seton 's defense , however ; author and editor Hamlin Garland both wrote to Burroughs and spoke to him personally in this regard , saying that Seton 's " stories are based on careful observation . " Three weeks after Burroughs ' article appeared in the Atlantic Monthly he and Seton met at a literary dinner given by Andrew Carnegie ; while accounts of the meeting vary , the two men seemed to make amends . William J. Long , on the other hand , readily became a publicly vocal enemy of the naturalist after receiving much of Burroughs ' initial criticism . A Congregationalist minister from Massachusetts , Long was an amateur naturalist and avid camper who spent summers hiking in Canada . Shortly after Burroughs published his initial essay , Long was reported to have previously resigned from his parish so as to devote himself to writing and lecturing on nature full @-@ time . Rather than be discouraged by Burroughs ' criticism — which included the other man calling Long " the worst of these nature @-@ writing offenders " — within weeks of the publication of " Real and Sham Natural History " , Long submitted a stern reply to the Boston Evening Transcript . Two months later , he published a longer article titled " The Modern School of Nature @-@ Study and its Critics " in the North American Review . In the latter essay , Long insisted that there was a difference between the study of nature and the study of science ; whereas science concerned itself with laws and generalizations , the study of nature was far more complex as it allowed for the recognition of individual life forms . He wrote , " The difference between Nature and Science is the difference between a man who loves animals , and so understands them , and the man who studies Zoology ; it is the difference between the woman who cherishes her old @-@ fashioned flower @-@ garden and the professor who lectures on Botany in a college class @-@ room . " Long 's intention was to divide the old school naturalists ( which included Burroughs among its members ) from what he saw as the newly formed school , of which he was part , whose members were capable of seeing animals as individuals . Because he wrote personal nature essays , and not scientific reports , Long believed that his readers required from him " not simply eyes and ears and a note @-@ book ; but insight , imagination , and , above all , an intense human sympathy , by which alone the inner life of an animal becomes luminous , and without which the living creatures are little better than stuffed specimens " . While his explanation was found to be credible by some readers , Long 's critics faulted an example he gave of two orioles he had seen building a nest outside his window . Intended to prove his thesis about the unpredictable and adaptive nature of wild animals , he wrote of how the pair " plainly deliberated " their elaborate swinging nest that had been made out of three sticks fastened together ; when finished , the birds then " tied a single knot at the extreme end " of a dangling string so it would not unravel over time . Burroughs and his allies were again incensed at Long 's insistence that what he wrote was based entirely upon fact , and quickly responded with criticism ; Burroughs ' written reply reportedly proved to be almost too harsh for publication . Atlantic Monthly did not wish to escalate the debate , so it was ultimately published by Century Magazine . Evoking Long 's story of the orioles , Burroughs wrote , " After such an example as this , how long will it be before the water @-@ birds will be building little rush cradles for their young or rush boats driven about the ponds and lakes by means of leafy sails , or before Jenny Wren will be living in a log cabin of her own construction ? " = = Escalation ( 1903 – 1904 ) = = = = = Animal surgery = = = Threatened financially by Burroughs ' condemnation , Long 's publishers came to their client 's defense by distributing a pamphlet defending his positions . In late 1903 , Long published a new book titled A Little Brother to the Bear . In the preface , he wrote : " Except where it is plainly stated otherwise , all the incidents and observations have passed under my own eyes and have been confirmed later by other observers ... I have simply tried to make all these animals as interesting to the reader as they were to me when I discovered them . " While The New York Times reviewed it favorably , pointing out its " close observation and loving attention to the details of wood life " , Long 's critics were quick to note a number of propositions regarding wildlife . An essay in the book titled " Animal Surgery " , in which Long wrote of various animals ' ability to treat and mend their own injuries , particularly riled his critics . He told of how animals such as muskrat , beaver and bear were capable of intentionally bandaging their wounds and stumps of amputated limbs by coating them with materials such as tree resin or clay to keep the injury clean . The example that received the greatest attention was the story about a " woodcock genius " who set his own broken leg and applied a cast to the injury : At first he took soft clay in his bill from the edge of the water and seemed to be smearing it on one leg near the knee . Then he fluttered away on one foot for a short distance and seemed to be pulling tiny roots and fibers of grass , which he worked into the clay that he had already smeared on his leg . Again he took some clay and plastered it over the fibers , putting on more and more till I could plainly see the enlargement , working away with strange , silent intentness for fully fifteen minutes , while I watched and wondered , scarce believing my eyes . Then he stood perfectly still for a full hour under an overhanging sod , where the eye could with difficulty find him , his only motion meanwhile being an occasional rubbing and smoothing of the clay bandage with his bill , until it hardened enough to suit him , whereupon he fluttered away from the brook and disappeared in the thick woods . Long 's theories about animal surgery garnered negative attention from the scientific community as well as the literary ; biologist William Morton Wheeler wrote to Science in February 1904 that Long 's story was " a series of anecdotes which for rank and impossible humanization of the animal can hardly be surpassed . " Other scientists agreed about the dubiousness of Long 's claims , and publicly rebuked him for not providing evidence as to his observations in a scientifically @-@ accepted format . Long responded in turn , insisting that " If scientists and comparative @-@ psychologists are honestly looking for new facts in the animal world , I have enough to fill several regular editions of Science , every one of which is supported not only by my own personal observation , but by the testimony of other honest men whose word can be taken without hesitation . " As to the woodcock story , Long provided several accounts from other men who had witnessed as much ; an Ohio man , for example , reportedly found upon shooting a similar bird that it " had evidently broken its leg above the knee joint . There was a bandage around it , composed of a hard clay @-@ like substance , interwoven with grass or a woody fiber of some kind . The bone seemed to have been set properly and had knit perfectly . " None of Long 's witnesses were able to provide specimens for study , however , and Science followed Long 's essay with the note , " We Hope that this discussion will not be carried further . " = = = Animal psychology = = = Ruminating on his previous clashes with Long in regard to an animal 's ability to learn behaviors , Burroughs began to focus the ire of his essay @-@ writing on those who upheld the idea of animal psychology . In a series of articles published in Century Magazine , he steadfastly argued that animals functioned on little more than instinct and a very limited ability to learn from experience . He wrote that creatures , unlike humans , are " rational without reason , and wise without understanding . " Although mainly repeating his earlier points , one of Burroughs ' essays was accompanied by a cartoon parodying Long 's School of the Woods ; dubbed " A Lesson in Wisdom " , it showed Mother Nature sitting in a field surrounded by five foxes who look on as she reads from a book titled The Fox Who Lost His Tail in the Trap . The belief that animals were intelligent enough to learn and reason , much like a human , was largely born from Darwin 's assertion of the evolutionary link between humans and animals . Beginning in the late 19th century and into the early 20th century , the progression from the cause of animal welfare — due to the budding belief that animals could feel pain and suffering — to that of an animal 's mental capacity was readily made in popular nature writing . Therefore , Long was not the first to write of the learned intelligence of animals . Seton often stressed in his stories the wit of the animals he witnessed , as well as the fact that most of them had been " taught " survival skills by either their mothers or their pack leaders . Other writers supported the idea of animal education : Ernest Ingersoll wrote of " morning lessons " in hunting for nuts , and respected bird watcher Olive Thorne Miller described several different teaching endeavors , such as a music lesson taught from one mother bird to her chicks . Miller would also suggest , although part in jest , that even some of the flowers were intelligent . = = Controversy dies down ( 1904 – 1905 ) = = Largely silent until then , in 1904 both Seton and Roberts made small efforts to defend their brand of nature writing from its critics , mainly Burroughs . In the preface to his new book The Watchers of the Trails , Roberts specifically responded to Burroughs ' criticism by carefully pointing out that his stories were " avowedly fiction " . However , he continued : " They are , at the same time , true , in that the material of which they are moulded consists of facts " . Later that year , Century Magazine published Seton 's only public response to Burroughs ' criticisms , especially those made in the previous year 's Atlantic Monthly article in which the naturalist branded Seton the originator of the faulty genre . Seton 's response was in the form of a lighthearted tale about a critic named Little Mucky — obviously meant to parody Burroughs himself — who climbs a hill called Big Periodic , only to throw mud at a newcomer who attracts attention away from him . The moral of the story , Seton wrote , was that " Notoriety is a poisonous substitute for fame . " Despite the best efforts of the press , the debate began to die down in late 1904 . In December that year , after suffering from ailing eyesight for several years , Long went temporarily blind at the age of 47 . Despite this setback , he continued to write ; in early 1905 he began publishing a series of essays in Harper 's Monthly under the pseudonym Peter Rabbit ; told from the point of view of the " author " , the essays commented upon the human condition , animal intelligence , and the controversy first begun by Burroughs two years prior . The essays were published a year later in a collection titled Brier @-@ Patch Philosophy . This book included the dedication : " To those who have found Their Own World to be something of a Brier @-@ Patch the Rabbit Dedicates his little book of Cheerful Philosophy . " Burroughs continued to publicly disagree with Long and his allies , and a number of his essays dedicated to " sham nature history " were collected in the volume Ways of Nature , published in late 1905 . Admitting that his authorial tone had changed since 1903 , he wrote in the preface that " My readers will find this volume quite a departure in certain ways from the tone and spirit of my previous books , especially in regard to the subject of animal intelligence . Heretofore I have made the most of every gleam of intelligence of bird or four @-@ footed beast that came under my observation , often , I fancy , making too much of it , and giving the wild creatures credit for more ' sense ' than they really possessed . " Mabel Osgood Wright weighed in on the debate in a 1905 essay titled " Nature as a Field for Fiction " , in which she criticized both sides . Believing that nature writing could imbue animal characters with human qualities in order to better connect with the reader on an emotional level , Wright argued that nature writing should nonetheless strive to be factual and not fantastical . Although Roberts had largely escaped criticism for his previous work , his novel Red Fox attracted attention from Burroughs and his allies after its publication in 1906 . The work contains stories relating to a single animal , the eponymous Red Fox who was described by the author as " fairly typical , both in his characteristics and in the experiences that befall him , in spite of the fact that he is stronger and cleverer than the average run of foxes . " Burroughs ' critique of the book began by expressing his admiration for Roberts ' " genius " , but again stressed his belief that animals were governed by instinct , rather than instruction or intuition . He pointed to particular passages , such as when the fox escaped a group of hounds by running across the backs of sheep on a field , as disingenuous and misleading . = = Roosevelt 's involvement = = = = = Pre @-@ 1907 = = = President Theodore Roosevelt was a well @-@ publicized nature @-@ enthusiast , known for his grand hunting expeditions . While he admired the natural world , and the animals who inhabited it , he believed that animals served a singular purpose : to satisfy human needs , especially in the name of progress . Roosevelt had been following the debate in newspaper articles and magazines with great interest , and as a result he became a friend and confidant of John Burroughs ; shortly after Burroughs ' first article condemning popular nature writers as sham naturalists , Roosevelt sent him a letter of support as well as an invitation to travel west in each other 's company . In April 1903 , Roosevelt and Burroughs explored Yellowstone National Park and its surrounding areas together . In late 1905 , Roosevelt received a copy of Long 's book Northern Trails from the publisher . Based upon the author 's travels in Canada , most of the stories involved a noble , white wolf named Wayeeses . As in other works , Long asserted that " every incident in this wolf 's life , from his grasshopper hunting to the cunning caribou chase , and from the den in the rocks to the meeting of wolf and children on the storm @-@ swept barrens , is minutely true in fact , and is based squarely upon my own observations and that of my Indians . " While Roosevelt reportedly enjoyed a majority of the book — he even read it aloud to his children — he found fault with Long 's dramatic description of how a wolf killed caribou by piercing the animal 's heart with its teeth . " A terrific rush , " Long wrote in Northern Trails , " a quick snap under the stag 's chest just behind the fore legs , where the heart lay " . Drawing upon his own extensive hunting experience , Roosevelt wrote confidentially to the book 's publisher about Long 's description being " sheer nonsense " , concluding that it " is so very unusual " and anatomically impossible that it could not be true . In his letter , of which he also sent a copy to Burroughs , Roosevelt pointed out the physical difficulty a wolf would have if attempting to kill its prey in such a manner , while also commenting upon the unlikeliness of other wolf stories written by Long . Burroughs agreed with the President 's assertions , and urged him to comment publicly on the subject , although the other man demurred . When Roosevelt published Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter in October 1905 , however , he not only dedicated it to the elder naturalist , but he also made his first public foray in what would become known as the nature fakers controversy : " I wish to express my hearty appreciation of your warfare against the sham nature @-@ writers — those whom you have called ' the yellow journalists of the woods ' ... You in your own person have illustrated what can be done by the lover of nature who has trained himself to keen observation , who describes accurately what is thus observed , and who , finally , possesses the additional gift of writing with charm and interest . " = = = " Nature Fakers " = = = After four years of privately denouncing the popular nature writers in letters and conversation , Roosevelt decided to weigh in publicly ; while alerting Burroughs that he had finally broken his silence , he wrote : " I know that as President I ought not to do this " . He had given an interview to journalist Edward B. Clark , who quoted Roosevelt in the article " Roosevelt on the Nature Fakirs " in the June 1907 issue of Everybody 's Magazine . Roosevelt not only spoke out against Long , but other authors like Jack London and Roberts , who wrote what he called " ' unnatural ' history " . Roosevelt popularized the term " nature faker " over Clark 's original spelling , and defined it in his essay as " an object of derision to every scientist worthy of the name , to every real lover of the wilderness , to every faunal naturalist , to every true hunter or nature lover . But it is evident that [ the nature faker ] completely deceives many good people who are wholly ignorant of wild life . Sometimes he draws on his own imagination for his fictions ; sometimes he gets them second @-@ hand from irresponsible guides or trappers or Indians . " He voiced displeasure with and disbelief of London 's descriptions of dog fighting in White Fang , as well as Long 's stories about Wayeeses the wolf taking down prey ; Roosevelt was so specific as to debate the depicted outcome of the fights based on the size of the animals involved . Long 's books in particular were deemed a " genuine crime " , especially against the country 's children . Fearing that a curriculum including sentimental nature stories would corrupt young children , Roosevelt wrote : " As for the matter of giving these books to children for the purpose of teaching them the facts of natural history — why , it 's an outrage . " Not long after Roosevelt 's views were made public , Long responded with vigor , and the resulting publicity started the controversy anew . He began by sending a private letter to the President , which he later released to the press , informing Roosevelt that he would soon regret his " foolish words ... With all my soul I regret this necessity and shrink from it , but you have brought it upon yourself . " In an interview with The New York Times , Long called Roosevelt " cowardly " and the article " venomous " , but his main criticism stemmed from the President 's status as a " gamekiller " ; Roosevelt , Long claimed , " has no sympathy with any brand of nature study except his own . " While a number of scientists wrote in support of Roosevelt and his position , Long produced several witnesses to prove his claims ; to combat one of Roosevelt 's specific complaints , Long provided a statement from " a full @-@ blooded Sioux Indian " who declared that wolves in the area where Wayeeses was said to live were known to attack prey in the chest . Long also insisted that he himself had come upon the remains of a deer slain in a similar way . Long 's most effective tactic against Roosevelt , however , was not to argue biological matters , but to attack the President 's motives in becoming involved in such a debate . In reference to Roosevelt 's published works describing his hunting expeditions , Long wrote : " I find after carefully reading two of his big books that every time he gets near the heart of a wild thing he invariably puts a bullet through it . " The Boston Globe published an article titled " President a Slayer Not Lover of Animals " , while the same missive was called " Long Will Combat Roosevelt Until Latter is Whipped " in Philadelphia 's Public Ledger ; in it , Long wrote : " Roosevelt is a man who takes savage delight in whooping through the woods killing everything in sight . " He continued , " The idea of Mr. Roosevelt assuming the part of a naturalist is absurd . He is a hunter " . Not everyone took the President 's involvement in the controversy seriously ; he was often included in satirical cartoons of the day , pointing to the superficial and tedious disagreements for which the writers lambasted one another . Writing in the June 8 , 1907 issue of the Outlook , editor Lyman Abbot stated that Roosevelt 's desire to become embroiled in such a debate stemmed from his " extraordinary vitality , coupled with his unusual interest in all that concerns human welfare " making " it very difficult for him to keep silence in the presence of anything which he thinks injurious to his fellow @-@ men . " The President 's participation in the controversy attested to its magnitude , however ; as one observer wrote , " From an insignificant smudge [ the issue ] has become a roaring blaze and its sparks are kindling throughout the land . " Roosevelt did not at first respond to Long 's claims , allegedly considering the author " too small game to shoot twice . " He did , however , write to Burroughs that he had " no quarrel with Mr. Long for the conclusions he draws from the facts . Our quarrel with him is because he invents the facts . " Burroughs proceeded to publicly defend the President against Long 's attacks , condemning him and the expert witnesses Long produced to support his claims about the events and behaviors he depicted in his works . Newspapers around the country continuously published interviews with the two naturalists , while comedic depictions of the controversy and its participants were becoming popular with readers . One such parody referred to a non @-@ existent book called How to Tell the Animals from the Wild Flowers , including an illustration which depicted an anthropomorphic " Dandy Lion " with a cane , top hat and monocle . This joke inspired a similarly satirical book , which was published under the title How to Tell the Birds from the Flowers ; a collection of humorous illustrations and poems by physicist and children 's author Robert Williams Wood , the work included pairings of birds and their corresponding flowers , emphasizing their visual similarities . Making a thinly veiled reference to the much publicized controversy surrounding those authors who were now called " nature fakers " , the book concludes : " I have freely drawn upon / The works of Gray and Audubon , / Avoiding though the frequent blunders / Of those who study Nature 's wonders . " = = End of controversy and aftermath = = Seeing that his initial pronouncement did nothing to quell the controversy surrounding the faults of popular nature writing , Roosevelt finally responded to Long 's ongoing criticism in the fall of 1907 . His article , which was written under his own name and simply titled " Nature Fakers " , was published in the September issue of Everybody 's Magazine . Beginning with a list of nature writers that the President admired and felt best represented the genre ( Burroughs , Muir , and Olive Thorne Miller , among others ) , he soon fell into criticizing the " yellow journalists of the woods " who " can easily believe three impossible things before breakfast ; and they do not mind in the least if the impossibilities are mutually contradictory " . While he focused on the " nature fakers " , especially Long , he shifted the focus of his attack to place responsibility not on the authors , but on their publishers and the school boards who regularly accepted their works for reading material . He wrote : Our quarrel is not with these men , but with those who give them their chance . We who believe in the study of nature feel that a real knowledge and appreciation of wild things , of trees , flowers , birds , and of the grim and crafty creatures of the wilderness , give an added beauty and health to life . Therefore we abhor deliberate or reckless untruth in this study as much as in any other ; and therefore we feel that a grave wrong is committed by all who , holding a position that entitles them to respect , yet condone and encourage such untruth . With Roosevelt 's final public word on the matter , the controversy began to die down in earnest , although its key players continued to comment on the debate 's major points for the next few years . The New York Times favored the President 's position in an editorial titled " The War of the Naturalists " , while some still supported Long and his literary efforts . Long was traveling in Maine when Roosevelt 's " Nature Fakers " article was published , and did not respond to the criticisms against him with his past vigor . He later wrote that " the only fakir in the whole controversy , in my judgment , is the big fakir at Washington " . Long 's literary reputation steadily declined , although he continued to write and publish well into the early 1950s . For his remaining life , Burroughs continued to write disparagingly about the effect of sentimental animal stories . In his 1908 book Leaf And Tendril , he wrote : A great many intelligent persons tolerate or encourage our fake natural history on the ground that they find it entertaining , and that it interests the school @-@ children in the wild life about them . Is the truth , then , without value for its own sake ? What would these good people think of a United States school history that took the same liberties with facts that some of our nature writers do : that , for instance , made Washington take his army over the Delaware in balloons , or in sleighs on the solid ice with bands playing ; or that made Lincoln a victim of the Evil Eye ; or that portrayed his slayer as a self @-@ sacrificing hero ; or that represented the little Monitor that eventful day on Hampton Roads as diving under the Merrimac and tossing it ashore on its beak ? The nature fakers take just this kind of liberties with the facts of our natural history . The young reader finds it entertaining , no doubt , but is this sufficient justification ? Also in 1908 , Jack London broke his silence on his condemnation during the controversy by publishing an essay in Collier 's Weekly entitled " The Other Animals " . Directly addressing Roosevelt 's past criticism of his novels , London called the President " homocentric " and " amateur " . He further wrote : " I have been guilty of writing two animal — two books about dogs . The writing of these two stories , on my part , was in truth a protest against the ' humanizing ' of animals , of which it seemed to me several ' animal writers ' had been profoundly guilty . Time and again , and many times , in my narratives , I wrote , speaking of my dog @-@ heroes : ' He did not think these things ; he merely did them , ' etc . And I did this repeatedly , to the clogging of my narrative and in violation of my artistic canons ; and I did it in order to hammer into the average human understanding that these dog @-@ heroes of mine were not directed by abstract reasoning , but by instinct , sensation , and emotion , and by simple reasoning . Also , I endeavored to make my stories in line with the facts of evolution ; I hewed them to the mark set by scientific research , and awoke , one day , to find myself bundled neck and crop into the camp of the nature @-@ fakers . " Hoping to establish his credentials once and for all as an expert field naturalist , Ernest Thompson Seton spent several years of the controversy working diligently on his two @-@ volume work Life @-@ Histories of Northern Animals , which was published in 1909 . After an enlarged edition of the book was published as Lives of Game Animals , Seton was ironically awarded the Burroughs Medal in 1927 , a prize named after the venerable naturalist who had once so criticized Seton 's work . Over time , the term " nature faker " began to take on a new meaning ; rather than describing someone who purposefully told false stories about animals , it became synonymous with those who overly sentimentalized the natural world . In 1910 , journalist and writer Richard Harding Davis published a short story titled " The Nature Faker " in Collier 's Weekly , which used the negative colloquialism to refer to the lead character , Herrick , a hapless nature sentimentalist . Animation pioneer John R. Bray also showcased this new definition of " nature faker " while satirizing Roosevelt in two silent cartoons called " Colonel Heeza Liar , Nature Faker " ( 1915 and 1924 ) . The controversy had far @-@ reaching effects in literary and scientific circles , and marked the only time that a President of the United States weighed in as a " literary and cultural critic — specifically , as an ecocritic . " Though blind naturalist and author Clarence Hawkes deemed the literary debate " a veritable tempest in the teapot " , after the controversy had died down , he came to believe " if I ever make a bad break in regard to my natural history statements that I was doomed . " The author Ralph H. Lutts wrote in his 1990 work The Nature Fakers : Wildlife , Science & Sentiment , the nature fakers controversy " was far more than a clash over the accuracy of animal stories or the question of whether animals can reason " ; rather , the debate signified the changing sensibilities of writers and readers at the turn of the 20th century .
= We Can 't Stop = " We Can 't Stop " is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus , taken from her fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was released on June 3 , 2013 by RCA Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written and produced by Mike Will Made It , P @-@ Nasty , and Rock City , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus , Doug E. Fresh , and Slick Rick . " We Can 't Stop " is a pop and R & B song that talks of a house party and recreational drug use . " We Can 't Stop " received mixed reviews from music critics , who appreciated its overall production but were scathing towards its lyrical content . It peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , and tied her earlier track " Party in the U.S.A. " ( 2009 ) as her highest @-@ peaking single in the country at the time . As of January 2014 , it had sold over two million copies in the United States . The song experienced varying success internationally ; it reached the peak position in countries including New Zealand and the United Kingdom , and peaked moderately in several national record charts in Europe . An accompanying music video for " We Can 't Stop " was released on June 19 , 2013 . It received generally mixed reviews from critics , who were divided in their opinions regarding Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image . With 10 @.@ 7 million views in the first twenty @-@ four hours of its release , the clip held the record for having the most views in that time @-@ frame across Vevo platforms ; after reaching 100 million views within thirty @-@ seven days , it also set the record for being the fastest music video to attain a Vevo certification . ( Both records were eventually broken by the music video for Cyrus ' follow @-@ up single " Wrecking Ball " in September 2013 . ) " We Can 't Stop " was additionally promoted with a highly controversial performance during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards . = = Background = = In 2012 , Cyrus announced plans to focus on her film career , effectively putting her musical endeavors on hiatus . That year , she appeared in the films LOL and So Undercover . She was also confirmed as a primary voice actress in the feature film Hotel Transylvania , but dropped out of the project to coordinate a musical comeback . In January 2013 , Cyrus ended her recording contract with Hollywood Records , under which she released the studio albums Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , Breakout ( 2008 ) , Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) , and the extended play ( EP ) The Time of Our Lives ( 2009 ) . Later that month , she signed a recording contract with RCA Records . In March , she confirmed that her fourth studio album would be released by the end of 2013 . Production duo Rock City stated that " We Can 't Stop " was originally written with recording artist Rihanna in mind before offering it to record producer Mike Will Made It , who ultimately offered it to Cyrus . They felt that " this could be somebody ’ s first single " , and decided against Rihanna because of the commercial success of her track " Diamonds " in 2012 . Cyrus commented that " it really just turned out to be perfect and exactly what I wanted , and exactly what I wanted my first sound to be , and my first look to be " . During the 2013 Billboard Music Awards on May 19 , 2013 , Cyrus announced that the track would be released on June 3 . The cover artwork for " We Can 't Stop " was unveiled in a billboard in Times Square on May 28 . It shows the arms of two people holding Solo Cups , with several people in the background ; Cyrus is notably absent from the image . Cyrus herself appeared on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on June 3 to premiere the track on the radio program , hosted by Ryan Seacrest . Lena Horowitz 's novel Dancing with Molly , about a girl 's experiences with MDMA and the short @-@ term and long @-@ term effects it has on her life , takes its title from a lyric of Cyrus 's song . = = Composition = = " We Can 't Stop " is a mid @-@ tempo pop and R & B song . It is written in the key of E major and Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from the low note of B2 to a high F # 5 , and follows the chord progression E — G # m — C # m — A. The track also includes a sample of the track " La Di Da Di " by Doug E. Fresh and MC Ricky D. John Kennedy of Vibe compared the track to the works of Rihanna . Cyrus has stated that " We Can 't Stop " represents " where I 'm at in my life now " . Lyrically , the track describes a house party , as mentioned in the opening lines " It 's our party , we can do what we want / It 's our party , we can say what we want / It 's our party , we can love who we want / We can kiss who we want / We can live how we want " . It also makes several references to recreational drug use , including " dancing with molly " , using a slang term for ecstasy , and " trying to get a line [ of cocaine ] in the bathroom " . After initial confusion whether the former lyric was " dancing with molly " or " dancing with Miley " , Cyrus clarified that she was referring to ecstasy , commenting that " if you ’ re aged ten it ’ s ' Miley ' , if you know what I 'm talking about then you know . I just wanted it to be played on the radio and they ’ ve already had to edit it so much . " = = Critical reception = = " We Can 't Stop " received mixed reviews from music critics , who appreciated its overall production but were negative towards its lyrical content . Adam Carlson of Entertainment Weekly provided a favorable review , writing that the lyrics were questionable but " infectious " , adding that it reminded him of " Kesha on Benadryl . " Sam Lansky from Idolator noted that stands apart from other songs recently played on mainstream radio , adding that it " just feels strange , and kind of wonderful " , while Los Angeles Times ' Mikael Woods labeled it " the calmest , most clear @-@ eyed rebel yell since Janet Jackson 's " Control . " Sean Daly of Tampa Bay Times and Wall Street Journal staff both appreciated the catchy melody , while Lyndsey Parker from Yahoo ! Music felt that " We Can 't Stop " acted as a sequel to Cyrus ' earlier single " Party in the U.S.A. " , with the difference that " she 's just partying a little harder now . " However , in a more mixed review , Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times felt that the song " seems as if it were written by an ninth @-@ grader imagining her rebellious college sister ’ s lifestyle " and felt that it lacked creativity within Cyrus ' catalog . Writing for Rolling Stone , Jon Dolan was skeptical of Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image , stating that the lyrics in the chorus would be " an odd fit for any singer " and opining that " there 's still a bit too much Disney in her voice to fill the track . " Naomi Zeichner of The Fader praised the song , writing , " Cyrus said in her recent MTV doc ( Miley : The Movement ) , that she chose it to be her album 's first single : ' Not everyone came to me and said okay , you 've got the first single . I had to say no , I know this is it and I 'll go to battle if I have to , against anyone who doesn 't believe in it . Now I have this freedom to do whatever I want , because people trust me . ' She was right about this one . The song 's straightforward party is now tied to a sordid universe of visuals- the official video and the VMA performance . " Common Sense Media gave the song two stars out of five saying that " After listening to the weird intro to " We Can 't Stop " you 'll kind of wish the song did just stop right there . " " We Can 't Stop " won the award for " Choice Summer Song " and was nominated for " Choice Single : Female Artist " at the 2013 Teen Choice Awards in August . In December , Billboard critics listed it as the best song of 2013 for being " one of the bolder musical choices in recent memory , and that risk paid off tremendously . " The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked " We Can 't Stop " at number nine on their poll to find the best music of 2013 . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , " We Can 't Stop " debuted at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 with first @-@ week sales of 214 @,@ 000 downloads . In its seventh week on the chart , the track reached number two , a spot it would maintain for three weeks . ( Stuck behind Robin Thicke 's Blurred Lines for the entire duration . ) This peak allowed " We Can 't Stop " to tie with " Party in the U.S.A. " as Cyrus ' highest @-@ peaking single in the country at the time . As of December 2014 , the song has sold 3 @,@ 280 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . " We Can 't Stop " peaked at number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and has been certified platinum by Music Canada . " We Can 't Stop " experienced varying commercial success throughout Europe . In the United Kingdom , it debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on August 11 , 2013 ― for the week ending date August 17 , 2013 ― becoming her first top @-@ ten success and number @-@ one hit in Britain . She also became the first Disney star to top the charts in that country . It has since been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry . In Austria , " We Can 't Stop " peaked at number eight on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 ; it also peaked at numbers 11 and 20 on the Belgian Ultratop in Wallonia and Flanders , respectively . " We Can 't Stop " charted at number 11 on the Danish Tracklisten , where it was also recognized with a platinum certification . The song charted at number three on the Norwegian VG @-@ lista , and number five on both the Spanish Singles Chart and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan , number seven on the Irish Singles Chart , and number nine in the Czech Republic . The track also reached number ten on The Official Lebanese Top 20 . In other parts of the continent , " We Can 't Stop " charted in the lower ends of national record charts . The track reached number 15 on The Official Finnish Charts , number 16 on the German Media Control Charts , and number 19 in both Slovakia and on the Swiss Hitparade . It peaked at numbers 26 , 33 , and 48 on the French SNEP , Italian FIMI , and Dutch Single Top 100 , respectively . In Oceania , " We Can 't Stop " peaked at numbers one and four on the Australian ARIA Charts and The Official New Zealand Music Chart , respectively . It was certified triple @-@ platinum in the former territory , and platinum in the latter . In Asia , the song reached number 7 on the Japan Hot 100 and number 23 on the South Korean Gaon Chart . = = Music video = = = = = Summary = = = An accompanying music video for " We Can 't Stop " was directed by Diane Martel , and was premiered through Vevo on June 19 , 2013 . The clip depicts an ongoing house party , where guests are engaging in numerous bizarre actions . Among the activities taking place are the creation of a mountain made of white bread , the kicking of a skull made of french fries , and the simulated slicing of a woman 's fingers . Product placement is also commonplace as Cyrus amplifies her Beats Pill speaker and applies her EOS lip balm . A director 's cut of the music video was released on July 29 , which Carl Williott of Idolator noted featured " more simulated sex , one oral sex gesture near the end and actually less Miley tongue overall . " = = = Reception = = = The clip received generally mixed reviews from critics , who were divided in their opinions regarding Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image . Jeremy Cabalona from Mashable compared its concept to that of " Just Dance " by Lady Gaga , while James Montgomery of MTV News noted similarities to the music videos for " Dirrty " by Christina Aguilera and " Criminal " by Fiona Apple . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard provided a favorable review , calling it " fantastically unhinged and purposefully button @-@ pushing " , while Bonnie Fuller from The Huffington Post praised the " high @-@ spirited celebration of the freedom that young women are blessed with today to fully explore and celebrate their sexuality . " On their list of the ten best music videos of 2013 , Rolling Stone placed " We Can 't Stop " at number one , describing it as a " masterpiece for the ages " . Writing for The Washington Post , Cara Kelly provided a mixed review , feeling that the video recalled " episodes of Girls mashed with Rita Ora and Chanel West Coast . " Patrick Ryan from USA Today called the clip a " bizarre , entertaining but arguably desperate effort " , while Haley Dodd from RyanSeacrest.com thought that the video presented " maybe a little too much " of Cyrus ' " edgier side " . It was later nominated for Best Pop Video , Best Female Video , Best Editing , and Best Song of the Summer for the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards . With 10 @.@ 7 million views in the first twenty @-@ four hours of its release , the clip held the record for having the most views in that time @-@ frame across Vevo platforms . However , she was later surpassed by " Best Song Ever " by One Direction , with generated 10 @.@ 9 million views in July . After reaching 100 million views in thirty @-@ seven days , it also set the record for being the fastest music video to attain a Vevo certification . Both records were eventually broken by the music video for Cyrus ' follow @-@ up single " Wrecking Ball " in September ; it reached 19 @.@ 3 million first @-@ day views and passed 100 million views in six days . = = Live performances = = Cyrus first performed " We Can 't Stop " at Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on June 26 , 2013 and at Good Morning America the following day . In September 2013 , Cyrus sang " We Can 't Stop " on Schlag den Raab in Germany , Le Grand Journal in France , and Alan Carr : Chatty Man in England . On September 21 , she sang twice at iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas , in the afternoon at festival village and in the evening at MGM Grand Garden Arena . Despite generating media attention for a provocative wardrobe , the performance was considered to be " fairly tame considering the VMAs . " On October 5 , Cyrus served as the host and musical guest during an episode of Saturday Night Live , and performed an acoustic version of " We Can 't Stop " . The following Monday , Cyrus performed " We Can 't Stop " on Today as part of their Toyota Concert Series . She appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and The Ellen DeGeneres Show later that month , and sang the track during both programs . In November , Cyrus traveled to Europe again to sing " We Can 't Stop " at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in Amsterdam on November 10 ; she garnered media attention for smoking a joint of marijuana on @-@ stage . In December , she performed at Jingle Ball concerts in Los Angeles ( KIIS @-@ FM Jingle Ball ) , Saint Paul , Atlanta , New York City , Washington , D.C. , Tampa and Sunrise . An episode of MTV Unplugged starring Cyrus premiered through MTV on January 29 , 2014 ; Madonna appeared as a surprise guest that evening to sing an acoustic medley of " We Can 't Stop " and her own " Don 't Tell Me " . Later that year , Cyrus performed " We Can 't Stop " during her headlining Bangerz Tour . A critic from the Nashville Scene praised Cyrus ' performance , writing , " We Can ’ t Stop was sung by Miley and hilariously lip @-@ synced by a kitten on screen . " Blake Hannon provided a positive review , writing , " The crowd erupted for the opening notes of We Can 't Stop . " Cyrus returned to perform the song during the musical festival on June 21 , 2014 , Summertime Ball at Wembley Stadium of London , in front of 80 @,@ 000 people . = = = MTV Video Music Awards = = = In August 2013 , Cyrus became the subject of widespread media attention and public scrutiny following a controversial performance and duet with Robin Thicke at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards at Barclays Center in New York City . The performance began with Cyrus performing " We Can 't Stop " in bear @-@ themed attire . Following this , Thicke entered the stage and Cyrus stripped down to a skin @-@ colored two @-@ piece outfit . Cyrus subsequently touched Thicke 's crotch area with a giant foam finger and twerked against his crotch . An article published in The Hollywood Reporter described the performance as " crass " and " reminiscent of a bad acid trip " . The performance was described by XXL critic B. J. Steiner as a " trainwreck in the classic sense of the word as the audience reaction seemed to be a mix of confusion , dismay and horror in a cocktail of embarrassment " , while the BBC said Cyrus stole the show with a " raunchy performance " . The performance generated 306 @,@ 100 tweets per minute on Twitter , breaking the record for the most tweeted @-@ about event in the history of the social network ; the previous record , held by the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show featuring Beyoncé , generated 268 @,@ 000 tweets per minute . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone magazine recognized published a criticism of the presentation of Cyrus at the MTV Video Music Awards 2013 , “ It 's Miley , Bitch : The Tongue That Licked the World ” . The article praises the performance of the singer said : " Miley was the one star in the room who truly understood what the MTV Video Music Awards are all about — waggling your tongue , grabbing your crotch , rocking a foam finger , going to third with the Care Bears , twerking and shrieking and acting out America 's goriest pop @-@ psycho nightmares . She showed up Robin Thicke as one uptight douche , though he helped by dressing as the world 's edgiest Foot Locker manager . Miley stole the night , which is why the nation is still in recovery today . Thanks , Miley . " According to Forbes , Cyrus ' performance resulted in a gain of over 213 @,@ 000 Twitter followers , 226 @,@ 000 likes on Facebook , and 90 @,@ 000 downloads of her new promotional single , " Wrecking Ball " , within days of the controversial performance . This amounted to a total 112 % increase in Cyrus ' social media activity . = = Cover versions = = In July 2013 , Rebecca Black released an acoustic cover of " We Can 't Stop " , for which there were lyrical changes made . In September 2013 , Scott Bradlee 's band Postmodern Jukebox made a doo @-@ wop cover of the song . Currently the video has been viewed over 12 million times . Later in September , British band Bastille performed a rock version of the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , using portions of " Lose Yourself " by Eminem in the introduction , " I Just Can 't Wait to Be King " from the 1994 film The Lion King at the end of each chorus , and referencing " Achy Breaky Heart " by Cyrus ' father Billy Ray . Mike Wass from Idolator commented that they brought " emotional depth and a previously absent musicality " and that they turned the song into " an eerily pretty mid @-@ tempo ballad " . Later that month , indie musician Logan Lynn released a cover version of the track , which Lindsey Weber of New York Magazine called " dreamy [ and ] guitar @-@ heavy " and an editor from The Huffington Post called " bold " and " warmer " than the original . British singer Neon Hitch released a cover of " We Can 't Stop " with lyrical adjustments , which Jenna Hally Rubenstein from MTV Buzzworthy called a " kinda @-@ reggae @-@ kinda @-@ jazz @-@ kinda ska @-@ definitely @-@ awesome cover " . The track was also performed by Avery , The Vamps , and Tay Zonday . In 2014 , The Electrical Fire released a cover version of the song , as well as an alternate version which combined it with Kanye West 's " Runaway " , pointing out the similarity between the two songs . Later in 2014 Bastille won Best Cover Woodie award in the mtvU Woodie Awards for covering the track . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bangerz . Recording Recorded at Nightbird Studios ( West Hollywood , California ) ; Conway Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) ; Glenwood Studios , ( Burbank , California ) Mixed at The Penua Project / Innersound Management at Larrabee Sound Studios ( North Hollywood , California ) Personnel = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = There are literary , archaeological , epigraphic and numismatic sources of ancient Tamil history . The foremost among these sources is the Sangam literature , generally dated to the last centuries BCE to early centuries CE . The poems in Sangam literature contain vivid descriptions of the different aspects of life and society in Tamilakam during this age ; scholars agree that , for the most part , these are reliable accounts . Greek and Roman literature , around the dawn of the Christian era , give details of the maritime trade between Tamilakam and the Roman empire , including the names and locations of many ports on both coasts of the Tamil country . Archaeological excavations of several sites in Tamil Nadu and Kerala have yielded remnants from the Sangam era , such as different kinds of pottery , pottery with inscriptions , imported ceramic ware , industrial objects , brick structures and spinning whorls . Techniques such as stratigraphy and paleography have helped establish the date of these items to the Sangam era . The excavated artifacts have provided evidence for existence of different economic activities mentioned in Sangam literature such as agriculture , weaving , smithy , gem cutting , building construction , pearl fishing and painting . Inscriptions found on caves and pottery are another source for studying the history of Tamilakam . Writings in Tamil @-@ Brahmi script have been found in many locations in Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Sri Lanka and also in Egypt and Thailand. mostly recording grants made by the kings and chieftains . References are also made to other aspects of the Sangam society . Coins issued by the Tamil kings of this age have been recovered from river beds and urban centers of their kingdoms . Most of the coins carry the emblem of the corresponding dynasty on their reverse , such as the bow and arrow of the Cheras ; some of them contain portraits and written legends helping numismatists assign them to a certain period . = = Literary sources in Tamil = = By far , the most important source of ancient Tamil history is the corpus of Tamil poems , referred to as Sangam literature , generally dated from the last centuries of the pre @-@ Christian era to the early centuries of the Christian era . It consists of 2 @,@ 381 known poems , with a total of over 50 @,@ 000 lines , written by 473 poets . Each poem belongs to one of two types : Akam ( inside ) and Puram ( outside ) . The akam poems deal with inner human emotions such as love and the puram poems deal with outer experiences such as society , culture and warfare . They contain descriptions of various aspects of life in the ancient Tamil country . The Maduraikkanci by Mankudi Maruthanaar contains a full @-@ length description of Madurai and the Pandyan country under the rule of Nedunj Cheliyan III . The Netunalvatai by Nakkirar contains a description of the king ’ s palace . The Purananuru and Akanaṉūṟu collections contain poems sung in praise of various kings and also poems that were composed by the kings themselves . The Sangam age anthology Pathirruppaththu provides the genealogy of two collateral lines for three or four generations of the Cheras , along with describing the Chera country , in general . The poems in Ainkurnuru , written by numerous authors , were compiled by Kudalur Kizhar at the instance of Chera King Yanaikkatcey Mantaran Ceral Irumporai.The Chera kings are also mentioned in other works such as Akanaṉūṟu , Kuruntokai , Natṟiṇai and Purananuru . The Pattinappaalai describes the Chola port city of Kaveripumpattinam in great detail . It mentions Eelattu @-@ unavu – food from Eelam – arriving at the port . One of the prominent Sangam Tamil poets is known as Eelattu Poothanthevanar meaning Poothan @-@ thevan ( proper name ) hailing from Eelam mentioned in Akanaṉūṟu : 88 , 231 , 307 ; Kurunthokai : 189 , 360 , 343 and Naṟṟiṇai : 88 , 366 . The historical value of the Sangam poems has been critically analysed by scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries . Sivaraja Pillay , a 20th @-@ century historian , while constructing the genealogy of ancient Tamil kings from Sangam literature , insists that the Sangam poems show no similarities with ancient Puranic literature and medieval Tamil literature , both of which contain , according to him , fanciful myths and impossible legends . He feels that the Sangam literature is , for the most part , a plain unvarnished tale of the happenings of a by @-@ gone age . Scholars like Dr. Venkata Subramanian , Dr. N. Subrahmanian , Dr. Sundararajan and J.K. Pillay concur with this view . Noted historian K.A.N. Sastri dates the presently available Sangam corpus to the early centuries of the Christian Era . He asserts that the picture drawn by the poets is in obedience to literary tradition and must have been based on solid foundation in the facts of contemporary life ; he proceeds to use the Sangam literature to describe the government , culture and society of the early Pandyan kingdom . Kanakalatha Mukund , while describing the mercantile history of Tamilakam , points out that the heroic poetry in Sangam literature often described an ideal world rather than reality , but the basic facts are reliable and an important source of Tamil history . Her reasoning is that they have been supported by archaeological and numismatic evidence and the fact that similar vivid descriptions are found in works by different poets . Dr. Husaini relies on Sangam literature to describe the early Pandyan society and justifies his source by saying that some of the poetical works contain really trustworthy accounts of early Pandyan kings and present facts as they occurred , though they never throw much light about the chronology of their rule . Among the critics of using Sangam literature for historical studies is Herman Tieken , who maintains that the Sangam poems were composed in the 8th or 9th century and that they attempt to describe a period much earlier than when they were written . Tieken 's methodology of dating Sangam works has been criticized by Hart , Ferro @-@ Luzzi , and Monius . Robert Caldwell , a 19th @-@ century liguist , dates the Sangam works to a period that he calls the Jaina cycle which was not earlier than the 8th century ; he does not offer an opinion on the historical value of the poems . Kamil Zvelebil , a Czech indologist , considers this date quite impossible and says that Caldwell 's choice of works are whimsical . Champakalakshmi states that since the Sangam period is often stretched from 300 BCE to 300 CE and beyond , it would be hazardous to use the Sangam works as a single corpus of source for the entire period . According to Encyclopædia Britannica , the Sangam poems were created between 1st century and 4th century and many of them are free from literary conceits . The Macropaedia mentions that the historical authenticity of sections of Sangam literature has been confirmed by archaeological evidence . = = Literary sources in other languages = = Kautilya ( c . 370 – 283 BCE ) , in his Sanskrit work Arthashastra , mentions the “ easy to travel " trade route to the South and the products of the Pandya kingdom , including some special varieties of pearls . He refers to the city of Madurai and the river Tamaraparani in the Pandya kingdom . The Sinhalese chronicle Mahawamsa claims that King Vijaya ( c . 543 BCE ) married a daughter of the Pandyan king Kulasekaran , to whom he was sending rich presents every year . Using the references to king Gajabahu I in the Mahawamsa and the Uraiperu katturai of the Tamil epic Cilappatikaram , historians have arrived at a literary chronological device referred to as the Gajabahu synchronism to date the events mentioned in the Tamil epic to the 2nd century CE . The famous Greek traveler Megasthenes ( c . 302 BCE ) mentions the “ Pandae " kingdom and refers to it as “ that portion of India which lies to the southward and extends to the sea " . The Roman historian Strabo ( c . 1st century BCE ) mentions the embassies sent by the Pandyas to the court of Augustus , along with a description of the ambassadors from Dramira . He also gives various details about the trading relationship between the Tamil kingdoms and Rome . Pliny the Elder ( c . 77 CE ) refers to many Tamil ports in his work The Natural History . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( c . 60 – 100 CE ) gives an elaborate description of the Tamil country and describes the riches of a ' Pandian Kingdom ' : " " Then come Naura and Tyndis , the first markets of Damirica ( Limyrike ) , and then Muziris and Nelcynda , which are now of leading importance . Tyndisis of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea . Muziris , of the same Kingdom , abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Ariake , and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river , distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia , and up the river from the shore twenty stadia ... Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia , and is of another Kingdom , the Pandian . This place also is situated on a river , about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea .... " One such port , Kudiramalai is mentioned in Greek as Hippuros , a famous port of the Malabar country in Ceylon to the ancient Greeks . Pliny states that in the reign of the Emperor Claudius in 47 CE : " Annius Plocamus , a freedman , having farmed the customs of the Red Sea , was , while sailing along the coast of Arabia over fifteen days , driven by contrary winds into Hippuros , a port of Taprobane , where he was entertained with kindly hospitality by the king . In six months ' time he acquired a thorough knowledge of the Tamil language . " An embassy of four envoys were sent from the island to Rome , including ambassador @-@ in @-@ chief Rasaiah from the King of Kudiramalai . To the Romans , the Kudiramalai envoys related particulars about their kingdom 's inhabitants , including their common life expectancy of 100 years , their government , a council of thirty persons , free civil liberties and laws pertaining to abuse of sovereign power , their trade with the Seres ( Chinese ) , their festivals surrounding " the chase " , and their delights in the elephant and the tiger . The ambassadors felt their kingdom to be richer than Rome 's , although in their eyes Rome put its wealth to much better use . The Peutingerian tables which speak of a temple of Augustus in the west coast of Tamilakam were composed in 222 CE . The Roman emperor Julian received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 . A Roman trading centre was located on the Pandyan coast ( Alagankulam — at the mouth of the Vaigai river , southeast of Madurai ) . The Pandyas also had trade contacts with Ptolemaic Egypt and , through Egypt , with Rome by the 1st century , and with China by the 3rd century . The 1st century Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met , at Damascus , the ambassador sent by an Indian King " named Pandion or , according to others , Porus " to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE ( Strabo XV.1 – 4 , and Strabo XV.1 – 73 ) . The Buddhist Jataka story known as Akiti Jataka refers to the Damila @-@ rattha ( Tamil country ) including the region of Kaveripattinam . In the Petavatthu commentary , the Damila country encompasses the Dakhinapátha . The Chinese writer Pan Kou , who lived before 1st century CE , refers to the city of Kanchipuram in his work Tsien han chou . The Chinese historian Yu Huan in his 3rd century text , the Weilüe , mentions The Kingdom of Panyue : " ... The kingdom of Panyue is also called Hanyuewang . It is several thousand li to the southeast of Tianzhu ( Northern India ) ... The inhabitants are small ; they are the same height as the Chinese ... " = = Archeological sources = = According to Abraham , the Sangam era corresponds roughly to the period 300 BCE – 300 CE , based on archaeology . Many historical sites have been excavated in Tamil Nadu and Kerala , many of them in the second half of the 20th century . One of the most important archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu is Arikamedu , located 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south of Pondicherry . According to Wheeler , it was an Indo @-@ Roman trading station that flourished during the first two centuries CE . It has been suggested that Arikamedu was first established as a settlement c . 250 BCE and lasted until 200 CE . Kodumanal and Perur , villages on the banks of the Noyyal river in Coimbatore district , were situated on the ancient trade route between Karur and the west coast , across the Palghat gap on the Western Ghats . Both sites have yielded remains belonging to the Sangam age . Kaveripumpattinam , also known as Puhar or Poompuhar , is located near the Kaveri delta and played a vital role in the brisk maritime history of ancient Tamilakam . Excavations have been carried out both on @-@ shore and off @-@ shore at Puhar and the findings have brought to light the historicity of the region . The artefacts excavated date between 300 BCE and early centuries CE . Some of the off @-@ shore findings indicate that parts of the ancient city may have submerged under the advancing sea , as alluded to by the Sangam literature . Korkai , a port of the early Pandyas at the Tamraparani basin , is now located 7 km inland due to the retreating shoreline caused by sediment deposition . Alagankulam , near the Vaigai delta , was another port city of the Pandyas and an archaeological site that has been excavated in the recent years . Both the Pandyan ports have provided clues about local occupations , such as pearl fishing . Other sites that have yielded remnants from the Sangam age include Kanchipuram , Kunnattur , Malayampattu and Vasavasamudram along the Palar river ; Sengamedu and Karaikadu along the Pennar river ; Perur , Tirukkampuliyur , Alagarai and Urayur along the Kaveri river . These excavations have yielded different varieties of ceramics such as black and red ware , rouletted ware and Russet coated ware , both locally made and imported kinds . Many of the pottery sherds contain Tamil @-@ Brahmi inscriptions on them , which have provided additional evidence for the archaeologist to date them . Other artifacts such as brick walls , ring wells , pits , industrial items , remains of seeds and shells provide clues about the nature of the settlements and the other aspects of life during the Sangam age . Archaeologists agree that activities best illustrated in the material records of Tamilakam are trade , hunting , agriculture and crafts . = = = Evidence for economic activities = = = Archeological evidence for agriculture in the Sangam age has been retrieved from sites such as Mangudi , Kodumanal and Perur , which have yielded charred remains of seeds of crops like rice , millets including pearl millets , pulses and cotton . It has been deduced that agriculture most likely involved dry farming , with additional irrigation for cotton and rice ; mixed cropping seems to have been undertaken to replenish the nitrogen in the soil — this also suggests a spread of labour and knowledge of different sowing and harvesting techniques . The presence of cotton seeds indicates the production of a crop aimed at craft production , which is also attested by finds of cotton and spindle whorls at Kodumanal . Remains of structures that resemble an artificial water reservoir have been located at different sites . In Arikamedu , a few terracotta ring @-@ wells were found at the bottom of the reservoir ; it has been suggested that the ring wells were to assure the supply of water during the dry season . A research survey at Kodumanal has unearthed the remains of an ancient blast furnace , its circular base distinguishable by its white colour , probably the result of high temperature . Around the base , many iron slags , some with embedded burnt clay , vitrified brick @-@ bats , many terracotta pipes with vitrified mouths and a granite slab , which may have been the anvil , have been recovered . Absence of potsherds and other antiquities has suggested that the smelting place was located outside the boundary of habitation . More furnaces were discovered at the same site with burnt clay pieces with rectangular holes . The pieces were part of the furnace wall , the holes designed to allow a natural draught of air to pass through evenly into the furnace . Many vitrified crucibles were also recovered from this site ; one of them notable because it was found in an in situ position . Evidence of steel making is also found in the crucibles excavated at this site . In addition to iron and steel , the metallurgy seems to have possibly extended to copper , bronze , lead , silver and gold objects . At Arikamedu , there were indications of small @-@ scale workshops containing the remains of working in metal , glass , semiprecious stones , ivory and shell . Kodumanal has yielded evidence for the practice of weaving , in the form of a number of intact terracotta spindle whorls pierced at the centre by means of an iron rod , indicating the knowledge of cotton spinning and weaving . To further strengthen this theory , a well preserved piece of woven cotton cloth was also recovered from this site . Dyeing vats were spotted at Arikamedu . Many brick structures have been located at Kaveripumpattinam during on @-@ shore , near shore and off @-@ shore explorations ; these provide proof for building construction during Sangam age . The on @-@ shore structure include an I @-@ shaped wharf and a structure that looks like a reservoir . The wharf has a number of wooden poles planted in its structure to enable anchorage of boats and to facilitate the handling of cargo . Among other structures , there is a Buddhist vihara with parts of it decorated using moulded bricks and stucco . Near shore excavations yielded a brick structure and a few terracotta ring wells . Off @-@ shore explorations located a fifteen course brick structure , three courses of dressed stone blocks , brick bats and pottery . At Arikamedu , there were indications of a structure built substantially of timber , possibly a wharf . Conical jars that could have been used for storing wine and oil have been found near structures that could have been shops or storage areas . Evidence of continued building activity are present at this site , with the most distinctive structures being those of a possible warehouse , dyeing tanks and lined pits . Kodumanal was popular for the gem @-@ cutting industry and manufacture of jewels . Sites bearing natural reserves of semi @-@ precious stones such as beryls , sapphire and quartz are located in the vicinity of Kodumanal . Beads of sapphire , beryl , agate , carnelian , amethyst , lapis lazulli , jasper , garnet , soapstone and quartz were unearthed from here . The samples were in different manufacturing stages – finished , semi @-@ finished , drilled and undrilled , polished and unpolished and in the form of raw material . Chips and stone slabs , one with a few grooved beads , clearly demonstrate that these were manufactured locally at Kodumanal . Excavations at Korkai have yielded a large number of pearl oyesters at different levels , indicating the practice of the trade in this region . Some of the objects excavated from Kodumanal show a lot of artistic features such as paintings on the pottery , engravings on the beads , hexagonal designs on beads , inlay work in a tiger figurine and engraved shell bangles . More than ten designs are noticed in the paintings and bead etchings . There are remnants of many of the items imported from and exported to the Roman empire , at Arikamedu . Imported items recovered from here include ceramics such as amphorae and sherds of Arretine ware , glass bowls , Roman lamps , a crystal gem and an object resembling a stylus . Artifacts that may have been meant for export include jewellery , worked ivory , textiles and perhaps leather or leather @-@ related products . Similar looking ornaments have been recovered from Arikamedu and Palatine Hill in Rome , further confirming that this site was a leading trade center . The Pandyan port city Alagankulam has yielded a rouletted pottery ware that bears the figure of a ship on the shoulder portion . This figure is very similar to a finding reported from Ostia , an ancient port of the Romans . Wharf @-@ like structures found at many port cities indicate that they might have been used as docks . Based on marine explorations of various port @-@ sites , it has been suggested that stone anchors may have been used since as early as 3rd century BCE . = = Epigraphical sources = = During the later half of the 20th century , several inscriptions of the Sangam age have been discovered in Tamil Nadu and Kerala . Most of them are written in Tamil @-@ Brahmi script and are found in rocks or on pottery . The information obtained from such inscriptions have been used to corroborate some of the details provided by the Sangam literature . = = = Cave inscriptions = = = The 2nd and 13th rock edicts of Ashoka ( 273 – 232 BCE ) refers to the Pandyas , Cholas , Cheras and the Satiyaputras . According to the edicts , these kingdoms lay outside the southern boundary of the Mauryan Empire . The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga King , Kharavela , ( c . 150 BCE ) refers to the arrival of a tribute of jewels and elephants from the Pandyan king . It also talks about a league of Tamil kingdoms that had been in existence 113 years before then . The earliest epigraphic records of the Tamil country in Tamil Nadu were found in Mangulam village near Madurai . The cave inscriptions , deciphered in 1966 , have been dated to 2nd century BC and record the gift of a monastery by Pandyan king Nedunj Cheliyan to a Jain monk . These inscriptions are also the oldest Jain inscriptions in South India and among the oldest in all of India . References to Sangam age Chera dynasty are found in Tamil @-@ Brahmi inscriptions of 3rd century CE found on rocks in Edakal hill in Wynad district of Kerala . The ancient port city of Thondi is mentioned in inscriptions found in Kilavalavu village near Madurai . The early part of the 20th century saw the discovery of about 39 inscriptions in a dozen locations , all near Madurai . The most significant of these were the ones at Alagarmalai and Sittannavasal . The Alagarmalai inscriptions , dated to the 1st century BCE , record the endowments made by a group of merchants from Madurai . Another set of inscriptions from the 2nd century CE , found at Pugalur village near Karur , document the construction of a rock shelter by a Chera king of the Irumporai line for a Jain monk , Cenkayapan . Cave inscriptions at Arachalur , dated to the 4th century , provide evidence for the cultivation of music and dance in the Tamil country . One of the earliest inscriptional evidence of the chieftains of the Sangam age was found at Jambai , a village near the town of Tirukkoyilur in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu . These inscriptions belonging to the 1st century CE record the grants made by the chieftain Atiyaman Netuman Anci who ruled from Takatur . According to epigraphist I. Mahadevan , there were some reservations initially , about the linguistic details in the inscriptions , but further investigations have confirmed their authenticity . Inscriptions from the 2nd century CE found at Mannarkoil village in Tirunelveli district contain a reference to a katikai , which could mean an assembly of learned persons or an institution of higher learning . An inscription belonging to the early Cholas has been discovered near Tiruchirappalli and has been dated between the 2nd and 4th century . An analysis of the geographical sites of these cave inscriptions points to the possibility of the Tamil @-@ Brahmi script having been created at Madurai around the 3rd century BCE and its disseminations to other parts of Tamil country thereafter . = = = Pottery inscriptions = = = Inscriptions on pottery , written in Tamil @-@ Brahmi , have been found from about 20 archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu . Using methods such as stratigraphy and palaeography , these have been dated between 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE . Also found in present @-@ day Andhra Pradesh and Sri Lanka , similar inscriptions in Tamil @-@ Brahmi have been found outside the ancient Tamil country in Thailand and the Red Sea coast in Egypt . Arikamedu , the ancient port city of the Cholas , and Urayur and Puhar , their early capitals , have yielded several fragmentary pottery inscriptions , all dated to the Sangam age . Kodumanal , a major industrial center known for the manufacture of gems during this period , had remains of pottery with inscriptions in Tamil , Prakrit and Sinhala @-@ Prakrit . Alagankulam , a thriving sea port of the early Pandyas , has yielded pottery inscriptions that mention several personal names including the name of a Chera prince . One of the pottery sherds contained the depiction of a large Roman ship . Many other ancient sites such as Kanchipuram , Karur , Korkai and Puhar have all yielded pottery with inscriptions on them . Outside of Tamil Nadu and Kerala , inscriptions in Tamil @-@ Brahmi have been found in Srikakulam district in Andhra Pradesh , Jaffna in modern Sri Lanka , ancient Roman ports of Qusier al @-@ Qadim and Berenike in Egypt . The 2nd century BCE potsherds found in excavations in Poonagari , Jaffna , bear Tamil inscriptions of a clan name – vēḷāṉ , related to velirs of the ancient Tamil country . The inscriptions at Berenike refer to a Tamil chieftain Korran . = = = Other inscriptions = = = The Thiruparankundram inscription found near Madurai in Tamil Nadu and dated on palaeographical grounds to the 1st century BCE , refers to a person as a householder from Eelam ( Eela @-@ kudumpikan ) . It reads : erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan - " Polalaiyan , ( resident of ) Erukatur , the husbandman ( householder ) from Eelam . Apart from caverns and pottery , Tamil @-@ Brahmi writings are also found in coins , seals and rings of the Sangam age . Many of them have been picked up from the Amaravathi river bed near Karur . A smaller number of inscribed objects have been picked up from the beds of other rivers like South Pennar and Vaigai . An oblong piece of polished stone with Tamil @-@ Brahmi inscription has been located in a museum in the ancient port city of Khuan Luk Pat in southern Thailand . Based on the inscription , the object has been identified as a touchstone ( uraikal ) used for testing the fitness of gold . The inscription is dated to 3rd or 4th century . = = = Polity from inscriptions = = = Epigraphy provides an account of various aspects of Sangam polity and has been used to verify some of the information provided by sources such as literature and numismatics . The names of various kings and chieftains occurring in the inscriptions include Nedunj Cheliyan , Peruvaluthi , Cheras of the Irumporai family , Tittan , Nedunkilli , Adiyaman , Pittan and Korrantai . References to administration includes the chiefs , superintendents , titles of ministers , palace of merchants and the village assembly . Religious references to Buddhist and Jain monks are found frequently , which have provided valuable information explaining the spread of those religions in Tamilakam . Brief mentions of various aspects of the Sangam society such as agriculture , trade , commodities , occupations , the social stratification , flora , fauna , music and dance , names of cities and names of individuals are also found in the inscriptions . = = Numismatic sources = = Another important source of studying ancient Tamil history are the coins that have been found in recent years in the excavations , megaliths , hoards and surface . The coins belonging to the Sangam age , found in Tamil Nadu are generally classified into three categories . The first category consists of punch @-@ marked coins from Magadha ( 400 BCE – 187 BCE ) and the Satavahanas ( 200 BCE – 200 CE ) . The second category is made up of coins from the Roman Empire dated from 31 BCE to 217 CE , coins of Phoenicians and Seleucids and coins from the Mediterranean region ( c . 300 BCE ) . The third category of Sangam age Tamil coins are the punch @-@ marked silver , copper and lead coins dated 200 BCE – 200 CE and assigned to the Sangam age Tamil kings . The coins belonging to the first two categories mostly attest to the trading relationships that the Tamil people had with the kingdoms of northern India and the outside world . But they do not offer much information regarding the Sangam age Tamil polity . The third category of coins , however , have provided direct testimony to the existence of ancient Tamil kingdoms and have been used to establish their period to coincide with that of the Sangam literature . = = = Pandyan coins = = = Among the many coins attributed to the early Pandyas , are a series of punch @-@ marked coins made of silver and copper , that are considered to belong to the earliest period . Six groups of silver punch @-@ marked coins and one group of copper coins have been analysed so far . All of these punch @-@ marked coins have a stylised fish symbol on their reverse , which is considered the royal emblem of the Pandyas . On the obverse of these coins are a variety symbols such as the sun , the sadarachakra , the trishul , a dog , stupa etc . The first group of silver coins was found at Bodinayakanur , in a hoard containing 1124 coins all belonging to the same type . The remaining coins in the five silver group and the copper group were all found in the Vaigai river bed near Madurai . Four of the six silver groups have been assigned a date close to the end of the Mauryan rule , c . 187 BCE . Since Tamilakam was deficient in metallic silver and since Roman silver did not become available in abundance until later , around 44 BCE , it has been postulated that the Pandyan kings melted silver from the coins brought in by trade with Magadha or some foreign location other than Rome . The names of the Pandyan kings who issued this series of coins is not clear . Another series of coins , all made of copper and found near Madurai , have the fish symbol on the reverse and among other symbols on the obverse , have the legend Peruvaluthi written in the Tamil @-@ Brahmi script . They have been assigned a date of around 200 BCE and are considered to have been issued by the Pandyan king Peruvaluthi . These coins are represent some of the few instances where the names of Sangam kings appear in non @-@ literary sources . Sangam literature mentions the importance attached to Vedic sacrifices by Tamil kings including the Pandyan Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi . This fact is also corroborated by the discovery of several Pandyan coins that are referred to as the Vedic sacrifice series . These coins have symbols on their obverse that depict the sacrifices , such as a horse tied to the yuba @-@ stambha , a yagna kunta and a nandhipada . More coins with animal symbols such as the tortoise , the elephant and the bull have been found and assigned to the Pandyan kings . Some of them even have a human portrait , possibly of the king who issued those coins , on their obverse . There are also Pandyan coins belonging to the 1st century BCE that have symbols depicting pearls , signifying the importance of pearl fishery to the Pandyan kingdom . The excavations at Algankulam , near Madurai , recovered two copper coins of the early Pandyas along with Northern Black Polished Ware . These coins have been assigned a broad time period ranging from 200 BCE to 200 CE . = = = Chera coins = = = Many of the coins assigned to the Chera kings of Sangam age with a portrait and the legends " Makkotai " or " Kuttuvan Kotai " have been found near the Amaravathi river bed in Karur and elsewhere in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu state . They depict the royal emblem of the Cheras , the bow and arrow symbol , on the reverse . It was generally believed that the Satavahanas were the first indigenous monarchs to issue silver portrait coins . That has been disproved by the discovery of Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins belonging to the 1st century AD or a little later . Silver coins issued by Augustus and Tiberius have over a period of time been discovered in large numbers from the Coimbatore @-@ Karur region . Among the Chera coins , the " Makkotai series " bears a unique pattern not found in other Tamil coins of its age . They contain both the portrait of a king ( facing right ) and a written legend , in this case the word " Makkotai " written in Tamil @-@ Brahmi script . These coins exhibit similarities with the Roman coins of emperors Augustus and Tiberius ; like the Roman coins , the portraits on the Makkotai series do not show any jewellery on the king . They are thought to be made of two separate pieces joined by lead , a practice prevalent elsewhere in India at that time . Official seals of the bearing the name " Makkotai " have also been recovered from the river bed ; these seals contain the portrait facing left and the legend " Makkotai " written backwards ( right @-@ to @-@ left ) . The reverse of the seals is blank . The Makkotai coins and the seals have been assigned a date range of 100 BC to end of 100 AD . Another aspect of the portraits on the Makkotai coins are that they do not have identical head sizes and some facial features also vary from one coin to another , even though they all have the same written legend . Such an observation has been made of coins assigned to the Western Kshatrapas of Gujarat , which are thought to be another inspiration for the Chera coins . Scholars who analyzed the varying portraiture on the Kshatrapa coins have advanced several theories to explain the phenomenon : that the coins could be of different kings who chose to keep the name of an ancestor on their coins or the coins all belong to one king with portraits depicting him at his different ages . Based on such theories , the Chera coins could either belong to a series of rulers or to a single king called Cheraman Makkotai . Another series of Chera coins depicts various animals along with symbols on its obverse and the Chera emblem on its reverse . Elephant , horse , bull , tortoise and lion are the animals depicted in this series , along with snake and fish . Symbols of inanimate objects include arched hills , battle axe , conch , river , swastika , trident , flowers and the sun . A few other coins that contain a portrait and a legend have been unearthed ; a coin assigned to certain Kuttuvan Kotai with his portrait and the legend " Kuttuvan Kotai " is notable for the occurrence of the " pulli " in the legend . Based on paleography of the script , it has been assigned a date of late 1st century to early 2nd century AD . A coin belonging to 100 AD with the legend " Kollipurai " and a full @-@ body portrait of a warrior has been assigned to the king Kopperum Cheral Irumporai , as he was known as the victor of Kolli in literature . Another coin of roughly the same period of 100 AD with the legend " Kolirumporaiy " and a warrior portrait has been found ; it has not been assigned to a single king , but based on the legend , there are at least six Chera kings who could be associated with it . A Chera coin with the portrait of a king wearing a Roman helmet was discovered from Karur . The obverse side of the silver coin has the portrait of a king , facing left , wearing a Roman @-@ type bristled @-@ crown helmet . This coin maybelong to the 1st century BC and may be earlier to Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins . With a flat nose and protruding lips , he has a wide and thick ear lobe but wears no ear @-@ ring . The person depicted appears to be elderly . Unlike other Chera silver portrait coins , the king 's portrait on this coin faces left . The coin points to Romans having had trade contacts with the Chera kings and establishes that the Roman soldiers had landed in the Chera country to give protection to the Roman traders who had come there to buy materials . Archaeological investigations conducted unearthed square or circular Chera coins made of copper from near Cochin . This was for the first time , from a stratographic context , coins of Sangam Chera period have been found in Kerala . The coin , which is almost a square in shape , has an elephant facing to the right and some symbols towards the top of the coin . The symbols could not be identified as the upper part of the coin was partially corroded . A drawn bow and arrow was visible on the other side . Below the arrow is an elephant goad ( a prod used to control elephants ) . These coins bear a striking resemblance to the ones excavated from Karur in Tamil Nadu , said the archaeologists . = = = Chola coins = = = The number of Chola coins discovered so far are not as many as those of Pandyas ; most of them have been found from archeological excavations at Puhar and Arikamedu , and also beds of rivers Amaravathi near Karur and South Pennar near Tirukkoilur . An early Chola coin has also been found in Thailand . The Chola coins do not contain a portrait or a legend and all of them depict symbols of animals and other inanimate objects like the animal series of the Cheras . But , all of them carry the symbol of a tiger , the Chola emblem , on their reverse . One of the coins has been assigned a date earlier than 200 BCE and some others to about the time of Roman influence , which is around the dawn of the Christian era . = = = Coins of Chieftains = = = Parts of the Sangam age Tamil country were ruled over by several independent chieftains , alongside the three crowned monarchs . Among them , coins belonging to the chieftains of the Malayaman clan have been found in Tamil Nadu . Many of them contain a written legend on the obverse and all of them have the image of a flowing river on their obverse . Based on the legends some of these coins have been assigned to specific rulers such as Tirukkannan , also known as Malaiyan Choliya Enadi Tirukkannan , and Tirumudi Kari . A series of coins without a legend but with a horse as the principal motif on the obverse have been assigned to the Malayaman chieftains , because of the river symbol on the obverse . Numismatist R. Krishnamurthy , dates these coins to the period between 100 BCE and 100 CE . = = = Eelam Tamil coins = = = Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE , some of which carry Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters , which suggest that Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka .
= Dellingr = Dellingr ( Old Norse possibly " the dayspring " or " shining one " ) is a god in Norse mythology . Dellingr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and in the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , Dellingr is described as the father of Dagr , the personified day . The Prose Edda adds that , depending on manuscript variation , he is either the third husband of Nótt , the personified night , or the husband of Jörð , the personified earth . Dellingr is also attested in the legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks . Scholars have proposed that Dellingr is the personified dawn , and his name may appear both in an English surname and place name as well as German surnames . = = Attestations = = = = = Poetic Edda = = = Dellingr is referenced in the Poetic Edda poems Vafþrúðnismál and Hávamál . In stanza 24 of Vafþrúðnismá , the god Odin ( disguised as " Gagnráðr " ) asks the jötunn Vafþrúðnir from where the day comes , and the night and its tides . In stanza 25 , Vafþrúðnir responds : Delling hight he who the day 's father is , but night was of Nörvi born ; the new and waning moons the beneficent powers created , to count the years for men . In Hávamál , the dwarf Þjóðrœrir is stated as having recited an unnamed spell " before Delling 's doors " : For the fifteenth I know what the dwarf Thiodreyrir sang before Delling 's doors . Strength he sang to the Æsir , and to the Alfar prosperity , wisdom to Hroptatyr . In the poem Fjölsvinnsmál , Svipdagr asks " What one of the gods has made so great the hall I behold within ? " Fjölsviðr responds with a list of names , including Dellingr . In a stanza of the poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins , the appearance of Dagr , horse , and chariot are described , and Dagr himself is referred to as " the son of Delling . " = = = Prose Edda = = = In chapter 10 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High states that Dellingr is a god and the third husband of Nótt . The couple have Dagr , who carries the features of his " father 's people " , which are described as " bright and beautiful " . Odin placed both Dellingr 's son , Dagr , and Dellingr 's wife , Nótt , in the sky , so that they may ride across it with their horses and chariots every 24 hours . However , scholar Haukur Thorgeirsson points out that the four manuscripts of Gylfaginning vary in their descriptions of the family relations between Nótt , Jörð , Dagr , and Dellingr . In other words , depending on the manuscript , either Jörð or Nótt is the mother of Dagr and partner of Dellingr . Haukur details that " the oldest manuscript , U , offers a version where Jǫrð is the wife of Dellingr and the mother of Dagr while the other manuscripts , R , W and T , cast Nótt in the role of Dellingr 's wife and Dagr 's mother " , and argues that " the version in U came about accidentally when the writer of U or its antecedent shortened a text similar to that in RWT . The results of this accident made their way into the Icelandic poetic tradition " . = = = Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks = = = Five riddles found in the poem Heiðreks gátur contained in the legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks employ the phrase " Delling 's doors " ( Old Norse Dellings durum ) once each . As an example , in one stanza where the phrase is used Gestumblindi ( Odin in disguise ) poses the following riddle : What strange marvel did I see without , in front of Delling 's door ; its head turning to Hel downward , but its feet ever seek the sun ? This riddle ponder , O prince Heidrek ! 'Your riddle is good , Gestumblindi , ' said the king ; ' I have guessed it . It is the leek ; its head is fast in the ground , but it forks as it grows up.' = = Theories = = Jacob Grimm states that Dellingr is the assimilated form of Deglingr , which includes the name of Dellingr 's son Dagr . Grimm adds that if the -ling likely refers to descent , and that due to this Dellingr may have been the " progenitor Dagr before him " or that the succession order has been reversed , which Grimm states often occurs in old genealogies . Benjamin Thorpe says that Dellingr may be dawn personified , similarly to his son Dagr , the personified day . Regarding the references to " Delling 's door " as used in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks , Christopher Tolkien says that : What this phrase meant to the maker of these riddles is impossible to say . In Hávamál 160 it is said that the dwarf Thjódrørir sang before Delling 's doors , which ( in view of the fact that Delling is the father of Dag ( Day ) in Vafþrúðnismál 25 ) may mean that he gave warning to his people that the sun was coming up , and they must return to their dark houses ; the phrase would then virtually mean ' at sunrise . ' As regarding dǫglings for Dellings in H , and Dǫglingar were the descendants of Dagr ( according to SnE . 183 ) . John Lindow says that some confusion exists about the reference to Dellingr in Hávamál . Lindow says that " Dellingr 's doors " may either be a metaphor for sunrise or the reference may refer to the dwarf of the same name . The English family name Dallinger has been theorized as deriving from Dellingr . The English place name Dalbury ( south of Derbyshire ) derives from Dellingeberie , which itself derives from Dellingr . In Germany , the family names Dehlinger and Dellinger have also been theorized as deriving from Dellingr .
= The Stag Convergence = " The Stag Convergence " is the twenty @-@ second episode of the fifth season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory . The episode premiered on April 26 , 2012 on CBS . In it , the main characters go to the bachelor party to celebrate Howard ( Simon Helberg ) and Bernadette 's ( Melissa Rauch ) upcoming marriage . At the party , a drunk Raj ( Kunal Nayyar ) reveals some information about Howard 's past sexual encounters . When Bernadette picks them up from the party , Howard and Rajesh find out that Bernadette learned about Howard 's sexual history from a video posted on the internet . The story and concept of the episode was written by series co @-@ creator Bill Prady , and writers Steve Holland and Eric Kaplan . The teleplay was written by co @-@ creator Chuck Lorre , and writers Steven Molaro and Jim Reynolds . Peter Chakos served as director . Upon airing , " The Stag Convergence " garnered 12 @.@ 65 million viewers in the United States and 4 @.@ 1 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics , noting that it was not as heavy on jokes compared to other episodes in the series . = = Plot = = Sheldon , Raj , Leonard and Howard discuss Howard 's bachelor party , with Howard reaffirming to Raj that strippers are banned from the party . Raj then suggests a wine tasting train trip through Napa Valley but , despite Sheldon 's approval , this idea is rejected as well . Meanwhile , Amy is filming Bernadette and Penny making wedding party gifts . She begins to ask a question about consummation but Penny tells her to ask something normal , such as what Bernadette 's married name will be . The bachelor party proves to be a failure , with Sheldon 's jokes falling flat and Barry Kripke complaining about the lack of strippers . A drunk Raj then begins his speech by saying that he was lonely when he first moved to America until he met Howard . He then tells embarrassing stories about Howard 's sexual history , including how Howard lost his virginity to his second cousin , had a threesome with Raj and a Sailor Moon cosplayer at ComicCon and slept with a prostitute . Later , Bernadette comes to drives Howard and Raj home and reveals that Wil Wheaton put a video of Raj 's speech on YouTube . Howard had previously claimed that he told her about every girl he had been with , but had not done so . Back at her apartment , she questions whether she can marry him . She is also upset at Penny , who originally set her up with Howard . Howard shows up at Bernadette 's apartment and gives Penny a heartfelt and genuine apology to give to her , which reduces Penny to tears . Bernadette overhears this and forgives him . Amy is relieved that she is still a maid of honor and the four hug . Leonard later meets Penny in the laundry room and wants to have sex , but Penny declines . = = Production = = The story and concept for " The Stag Convergence " were written by series co @-@ creator Bill Prady , and writers Steve Holland and Eric Kaplan . The teleplay for the episode was written by series co @-@ creator Chuck Lorre and writers Steven Molaro and Jim Reynolds . It was directed by Peter Chakos and filmed on March 27 , 2012 . Guest stars included Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom , John Ross Bowie as Barry Kripke , and Wil Wheaton as himself . Ian Scott Rudolph returns as Captain Sweatpants along with actors Jesse Heiman and Zack Sonnenberg at the bachelor party as guests in non @-@ speaking roles . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = The episode was originally broadcast on April 26 , 2012 , followed by Rules of Engagement . Upon airing , " The Stag Convergence " garnered 12 @.@ 65 million viewers while airing simultaneously with American Idol on Fox , Community on NBC , Missing on ABC and The Vampire Diaries on The CW . With the exception of American Idol , which had 14 @.@ 87 million viewers , it beat all other programs in its timeslot . Under the Nielsen rating system , the episode received a 4 @.@ 1 rating and a 13 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . In Canada , the episode aired on the same date on CTV Total and 3 @.@ 17 million households watched it ; the episode was the most watched TV show that week . In the United Kingdom , it aired on May 24 , 2012 and garnered 1 @.@ 444 million E4 viewers . On E4 + 1 , the show was watched by 0 @.@ 403 million viewers , giving the episode a total of 1 @.@ 847 million viewers on the night of its first broadcast and making it most watched that night on both channels . In Australia , it aired on Nine Network on May 22 , 2012 and 1 @.@ 27 million viewed the show ; the episode was ranked second on the network and second overall that night . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode received mixed critical reception . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club graded it a C , claiming that Amy " gets some of the episode 's best lines " . Sava noted that it " has a lot of Jew humor , and Mayim Bialik and Simon Helberg are the perfect people to deliver it " , although disliked Barry and Wil and said that " their jokes wore thin fairly quickly " . R.L. Shaffer of IGN also gave the episode a mixed review , saying that The Big Bang Theory has become more " cynical and chauvinistic " towards female characters . Shaffer also noted he was more frustrated about " the revelation that Bernadette wouldn 't allow strippers at Wolowitz 's bachelor party " , as it is never explained why . Shaffer claimed that there were " only a few laughs here and there " and scored the episode 5 @.@ 5 out of 10 , classifying it as " mediocre " . Carla Day of TV Fanatic gave a more positive review , rating the episode 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , and praising Penny 's response to Howard 's apology and claiming that it " provided a nice chuckle . " Jill Mader of Inside Pulse also gave the episode a more positive review , praising " that the episode ended with a really sweet moment for Howard as , after all , he is a character who doesn 't often get to be sweet " and claimed that it was " definitely about people changing and moving forward , and The Big Bang Theory has done a great job of emotionally maturing many of their characters over the past couple seasons " . Despite this , she said that " the episode wasn 't as funny as [ she had ] hoped it would be " and " felt like there was more potential in Howard 's bachelor party than just revealing some unflattering secrets to Bernadette . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode as 56 out of 100 , describing Howard 's " little speech " as " very well written and performed " . However , he considered most of the comedy " generic " , especially in regards to the jokes about Jewish stereotypes and Penny 's dismissal of Leonard . Overall , Pierson said it " wasn 't the strongest episode of comedy " and " wasn 't a particularly interesting episode until the end " .
= Dinner by Heston Blumenthal = Dinner by Heston Blumenthal is a restaurant in London , England . Opened in January 2011 , it gained a Michelin star within a year , and in April 2014 was listed fifth on The World 's 50 Best Restaurants in Restaurant magazine . It received a second Michelin Star in the 2014 Guide . The restaurant is headed by former Fat Duck head chef Ashley Palmer @-@ Watts . Menu options are based on historical British dishes , which were researched by food historians and through the British Library . The restaurant 's opening drew interest within the industry , and reviews have been positive . Particular dishes have received praise , including the meat fruit , a chicken liver mousse created to look like a mandarin orange . = = Description = = The opening of Dinner was announced in August 2010 , to open in early 2011 to replace the Michelin starred restaurant Foliage at the Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park . The opening was originally planned for 1 December , but delays occurred , which would have resulted in the restaurant being ready to open during Christmas week . The decision was made to push back the opening until after the Christmas period was over . Reservations began to be accepted on 1 December 2010 for the restaurant 's opening on 31 January 2011 . There were 42 phone lines set up on the opening day of reservations , which received over 600 telephone bookings . Prior to opening , the first three months were solidly booked . A Valentine 's day booking was sold on auction site eBay , which went for £ 250 . While overseen by Heston Blumenthal , the head chef in the kitchen is Ashley Palmer @-@ Watts . Palmer @-@ Watts has previously worked with Blumenthal since 1999 , and for five years was head chef at Blumenthal 's other restaurant , the three Michelin starred The Fat Duck . The two chefs researched historical menu choices with help from the British Library and food historians . Blumenthal 's first experience of historical cuisine was in 2000 when he discovered a recipe for roast chicken which required the bird to be plucked alive , and then cooked with a small volume of mercury . This was further enhanced as he filmed Heston 's Feasts for Channel 4 , in which he created a variety of feasts from different historical eras including Tudor , Medieval and Victorian . Despite being called Dinner , the restaurant is also open for lunch as the meaning of the name is intended to be the main meal of the day , regardless of the time at which it is eaten . The interior of the restaurant was designed by Adam Tihany , and features full length windows allowing diners to see straight into the kitchen . It features a pulley system based on a 16th @-@ century design used for the British Royal Court . The brand identity items such as the logo and the menus were designed by design agency Seymourpowell . A £ 70 @,@ 000 clockwork spitroast cooks pineapples for one of the restaurant 's desserts . = = = Menu = = = The restaurant intends to change the menu every three months , each menu containing historical dishes ranging from the 14th to 19th centuries . Prior to opening , rumours were abound regarding the dishes to be served at Dinner , including one report from The Guardian which claimed that an ice @-@ cream meat pie was to appear on the menu . Dishes that do appear include scallops and peas with cucumber ketchup and bergamot cured mackerel salad . Each item has been based on a historical recipe , such as the scallop dish which dates from 1826 and was published in The Cook and Housewife 's Manual Mistress by Meg Dodds . One item which was reported in multiple reviews was the meat fruit , a chicken liver mousse made to look like a textured mandarin orange . The meat fruit was proving so popular that by November 2011 , some 900 were being sold per week and the restaurant was aiming to increase production to be able to supply up to 1200 a week . During the Christmas period , the Meat Fruit is decorated to appear like a plum rather than a mandarine to accord with the holiday season . The ice cream trolley holds a contraption created by Blumenthal and his team , and constructed from Corian by Mike Smith Studio at a cost of £ 25 @,@ 000 . Powered by a hand crank , it mixes custard and liquid nitrogen to create instant ice cream at the tableside and to top off the ice cream are a variety of sprinkles , popping candy , apple jelly etc . The menus themselves include details such as the year from which the menu item originates . = = Melbourne = = A branch of the restaurant has been announced in Melbourne 's Crown Casino , the first Blumenthal restaurant outside of the UK . Former head chef of The Fat Duck in Bray , Ashley Palmer @-@ Watts announced that he would remain in Melbourne following The Fat Duck Melbourne 's closure on August 16th 2015 and continue running Dinner by Heston in the same location . = = Reception = = Mark Hix in The Independent described the restaurant as producing the best food he 'd had in two years . He described the meat fruit starter as " astonishing " , and said it could have been seen as gimmicky , but " when it tastes that good , it 's difficult to complain " . Tracey Macloed dined with Mark Hix , and also praised the restaurant describing it as " no @-@ fuss " and " direct " . She also wrote that Hix remarked that the restaurant " could change the face of poncey dining " . Zoe Williams for The Daily Telegraph gave the restaurant a rating of nine out of ten , saying that the meat fruit made her want to " stand up and cheer " , but again said that although everything served was of the highest quality , the meal did not have a surprise like courses can sometimes have at The Fat Duck . For the same newspaper , Matthew Norman described it as a " theatrical tour de force " . He described the restaurant 's opening as flawless and described it as the " hottest ticket in town for a very long time to come " with a rating of ten out of ten . Former Blur musician Alex James reviewed the restaurant for British tabloid The Sun . He said that , " His food was the best I 've ever had . It made the second @-@ best restaurant I 've been to seem old @-@ fashioned . " Chef Jason Atherton said that he could not recall a comparable buzz raised by a restaurant , and that he was relieved that the opening of his Pollen Street Social restaurant was not going to take place until late March 2011 , a reasonable gap after the opening of Dinner . Richard Vines , whilst writing for Bloomberg , advised readers to not be put off the hype ; and while the courses are not as life changing as those served at The Fat Duck , there are stand out dishes such as the meat fruit and the tipsy cake . He also noted that the meat fruit was a favourite of Pierre Koffmann . Marina O 'Loughlin visited the restaurant twice for the Metro newspaper , once just after opening and again several months later to compare how it had settled in . She thought it was a well @-@ oiled operation , but a little too much so , and questioned the originality of it as a version of the meat fruit had previously been available at the restaurant Amber in another Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hong Kong and little touches as the years of origin which appear next to the menu items have been used before by Marco Pierre White . Jan Moir for The Daily Mail thought that the ice cream trolley was a sensation , along with the meat fruit , but could not understand the reason behind recreating the salamagundy dish . Jay Rayner for The Guardian described the food as " seriously good " , and summed up the review by saying " Dinner by Heston Blumenthal may be expensive , but it 's also bloody lovely . Save up . " In the 2012 Michelin guide , the restaurant was awarded its first Michelin star some nine months after opening , becoming one of only four restaurants in London to gain a star in 2012 . It has also been awarded the Restaurant of the Year title by Tatler in 2011 , and won the BMW Square Meal Award for Best New Restaurant . The Zagat guide awarded the restaurant the title of Best Newcomer in 2011 . In 2012 at number 9 it was the highest new entry in The World 's 50 Best Restaurants list by UK @-@ based Restaurant Magazine , also the highest in the UK . The restaurant received a second Michelin Star in the 2014 Michelin guide , becoming Blumenthal 's sixth star .
= Hurricane Rosa ( 1994 ) = Hurricane Rosa was the only Pacific hurricane to make landfall during the above @-@ average 1994 Pacific hurricane season . It killed at least 4 people in Mexico . Moisture from the hurricane was a factor in widespread flooding in the U.S. state of Texas that killed 22 people and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage in October 1994 . The pre @-@ Rosa tropical depression formed on October 8 before degenerating the next day . It reformed on October 10 and steadily strengthened as it approached Mexico . Ultimately peaking as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale right before landfall , Rosa was the final hurricane , nineteenth tropical storm , and second @-@ last tropical cyclone of the 1994 Pacific hurricane season . = = Meteorological history = = On October 8 , a circulation associated with an area of disturbed weather acquired convection and was designated Tropical Depression Nineteen @-@ E. Upon formation , the depression was forecast to dissipate because of strong wind shear . Moving little , its development was constantly hindered by wind shear . The depression had difficulty organizing , and on October 9 , it became so disorganized that advisories were discontinued . The depression 's remnants moved eastward and interacted with an area of disturbed weather . This regenerated the convection , and the depression regenerated on October 10 , possibly with a new center of circulation . However , the National Hurricane Center 's preliminary report does not indicate that the depression ever dissipated or regenerated . Moving little in a favorable environment , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Rosa on October 11 , and to hurricane status a day later . At the time it was about 345 miles ( 555 km ) south of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . Rosa continued drifting slowly for another day and a half . Then , a trough caused Rosa to begin moving and accelerate north @-@ northeastward . On October 14 , Rosa peaked in intensity as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) and a central pressure of 974 mb ( 974 hPa ) . A few hours later , Rosa made landfall near La Concepción about 70 mi ( 110 km ) south @-@ southeast of Mazatlán . Rosa 's circulation weakened over the mountains , and it dissipated on October 15 . = = Preparations , impact , and aftermath = = On October 12 , a hurricane watch was issued for the coast from Culiacán to Manzanillo and the Baja California Peninsula south of latitude 24 ° N. At the same time , a tropical storm warning was issued from Manzanillo to Tepic . On October 14 , a hurricane warning was issued for the coast between Culiacán and Cabo Corrientes , and a tropical storm warning south of Cabo Corrientes to Manzanillo . All watches and warnings were lifted later that day . On October 13 and 14 , two ships , the London Spirit and the Marie Maersk , encountered winds of tropical storm or hurricane force . The Marie Maersk was located especially close to the eye , and its observations were useful to forecasters . In Nayarit and Durango , two people drowned , while in Sinaloa , four people were pronounced missing . More than 100 @,@ 000 people in Nayarit had their homes damaged . Rosa 's winds damaged many telephone poles , power lines , and houses in Sinaloa . Rainfall between 3 to 5 inches ( 76 to 127 mm ) caused many landslides in mountainous areas . Mudslides forced the evacuation of 400 people from two coastal villages in Jalisco . Rosa dumped rain over parts of coastal and inland Mexico ; the highest rainfall total was 14 @.@ 09 in ( 358 mm ) at Mesa de Pedro Pablo . Rosa sent moisture into the United States , which , in combination with humidity drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico , caused heavy thunderstorms and flooding in parts of thirty eight Texas counties on October 15 to 19 . The flooding was worst around the San Jacinto and Trinity River basins , and in coastal areas . Rainfall totals ranged from 8 in ( 200 mm ) to more than 28 in ( 710 mm ) . The rain levels caused 100 @-@ year floods at nineteen stations . Several records were broken , some of which had stood since 1940 . In the case of the Lavaca River near Edna , it broke a record set in 1936 . The flooding destroyed 3069 homes , heavily damaged 6560 , and damaged 6148 others . Railbeds and roads sustained damage , while broken gas and oil pipelines caused spills and environmental damage in the Lower San Jacinto River and Galveston Bay . Twenty @-@ two people died due to effects from the storm . In total , the flooding in southeastern Texas caused 700 million ( 1995 USD ) in damage . On October 18 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) declared the worst @-@ affected areas a disaster area . After the declaration , FEMA received 26 @,@ 000 applications for disaster assistance and approved 54 million ( 1995 USD ) in aid .
= Bremen @-@ class cruiser = The Bremen class was a group of seven light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy in the early 1900s . The seven ships , Bremen , Hamburg , Berlin , Lübeck , München , Leipzig , and Danzig , were an improvement upon the previous Gazelle class . They were significantly larger than the earlier class , and were faster and better armored . Like the Gazelles , they were armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns and a pair of torpedo tubes . The ships of the Bremen class served in a variety of roles , from overseas cruiser to fleet scout to training ship . Bremen and Leipzig were deployed to the American and Asian stations , respectively , while the other five ships remained in German waters with the High Seas Fleet . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Leipzig was in the Pacific Ocean in the East Asia Squadron ; she saw action at the Battle of Coronel in November and was sunk a month later at the Battle of the Falkland Islands . Bremen was sunk by a Russian mine in December 1915 , but the other five ships of the class survived the war . Three of the surviving ships , Lübeck , München , and Danzig , were seized by Britain as war prizes after the end of the war and sold for scrapping . The other two ships , Hamburg and Berlin , were used as training cruisers through the 1920s . They were converted into barracks ships in the mid @-@ 1930s , a role they filled for a decade ; in 1944 , Hamburg was sunk by British bombers and later broken up for scrap , while Berlin was scuttled in deep water after the end of World War II to dispose of a load of chemical weapons . = = Design = = The 1898 Naval Law authorized the construction of 30 new light cruisers by 1904 ; the Gazelle @-@ class cruiser filled the requirements for the first ten vessels.The design for the Bremen class was an improved version of the preceding Gazelle class , the improvements chiefly being in size and speed . To accommodate the more powerful propulsion system , a third funnel was added . The armored deck was also thickened significantly . The fourth ship of the class , Lübeck , was fitted with steam turbines , so the quality of turbine engines could be compared with otherwise identical vessels . The Bremen class was followed by the Königsberg class , which was very similar to the Bremens , including the same armament . And like the Bremens , one ship of the class , Stettin , was equipped with turbine engines while the rest had traditional triple @-@ expansion engine . = = = General characteristics = = = The Bremen @-@ class ships were 110 @.@ 6 meters ( 362 ft 10 in ) long at the waterline and 111 @.@ 1 m ( 364 ft 6 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 28 to 5 @.@ 68 m ( 17 @.@ 3 to 18 @.@ 6 ft ) forward . They displaced 3 @,@ 278 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 226 long tons ) as designed and between 3 @,@ 652 to 3 @,@ 816 t ( 3 @,@ 594 to 3 @,@ 756 long tons ; 4 @,@ 026 to 4 @,@ 206 short tons ) at full combat load . The ships ' hulls were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames , and incorporated twelve watertight compartments . The hulls also had a double bottom that ran for 56 percent of the length of the hull . All seven ships were good sea boats , but they were crank and rolled up to twenty degrees . They were also very wet at high speeds and suffered from a slight weather helm . Nevertheless , the ships turned tightly and were very maneuverable . In a hard turn , their speed fell up to 35 percent . They had a transverse metacentric height of .58 to .61 m ( 1 ft 11 in to 2 ft 0 in ) . The ships had a standard crew of fourteen officers and between 274 and 287 enlisted men , though later in their careers , these figures increased to 19 and 330 , respectively . The Bremen @-@ class ships carried a number of smaller boats , including one picket boat , one pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and one dinghy . = = = Machinery = = = With the exception of Lübeck , the ships ' propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines , designed to give 9 @,@ 863 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 355 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . Lübeck was instead fitted with a pair of Parsons steam turbines , rated at 11 @,@ 343 shaft horsepower ( 8 @,@ 458 kW ) and a top speed of 22 @.@ 5 knots ( 41 @.@ 7 km / h ; 25 @.@ 9 mph ) , though all seven ships exceeded these speeds on trials . All seven ships had ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers , which were trunked into three funnels amidships . The ships carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave the first three ships a range of 4 @,@ 270 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 910 km ; 4 @,@ 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) ; Lübeck 's less efficient turbine engines cut her cruising radius to 3 @,@ 800 nmi ( 7 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 400 mi ) , while the last three ships of the class had a longer range , at 4 @,@ 690 nmi ( 8 @,@ 690 km ; 5 @,@ 400 mi ) . Bremen and Hamburg had three generators that produced a total output of 111 kilowatts at 110 volts ; the rest of the ships had two generators rated at 90 kilowatts at the same voltage . = = = Armament and armor = = = The ships of the class were armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . Later in their careers , Bremen and Lübeck had two 15 cm SK L / 45 guns installed in place of the two forward and two rear 10 @.@ 5 cm guns . They retained the six broadside 10 @.@ 5 cm guns . All seven ships were also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . These tubes were submerged in the hull on the broadside . Lübeck later had a pair of 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes installed in deck mounts , with four torpedoes . Armor protection for the members of the class consisted of two layers of steel with one layer of Krupp armor . The ships were protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . Sloped armor 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick gave some measure of vertical protection , coupled with the coal bunkers . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and a 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick roof . The ships ' guns were protected by 50 mm thick shields . = = Construction = = The seven ships of the Bremen class were built between 1902 and 1907 , at various German dockyards , including private firms and government shipyards . = = Service history = = The ships of the Bremen class served in a variety of roles throughout their careers . Bremen and Leipzig served abroad from 1905 to 1914 ; the former returned to Germany shortly before the outbreak of World War I , and the latter remained with the East Asia Squadron . Hamburg , Berlin , Lübeck , and Danzig served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet after they entered service . München meanwhile was used as a torpedo test ship during her pre @-@ war service . All seven of the ships saw action during the First World War , though only Bremen and Leipzig was lost during the conflict . Danzig was present during the Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 , but did not directly engage the British ships . She did , however , rescue survivors from the sinking cruiser Ariadne . Hamburg was present for the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914 , where she briefly encountered — but did not engage — British light forces . Only one ship , München , saw action at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916 , where she was hit by five medium @-@ caliber shells and moderately damaged . Three of the ships , Bremen , Lübeck , and Danzig , saw action against Imperial Russian forces in the Baltic Sea during the war , including during the assault on Libau and the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915 and during Operation Albion in 1917 . Bremen struck Russian mines in December 1915 and sank with the majority of her crew going down with her . Leipzig , still overseas at the start of the war , saw action at the Battles of Coronel and Falkland Islands in late 1914 . At the former , she engaged the British cruiser HMS Glasgow , and at the latter , was sunk by Glasgow and HMS Cornwall . Berlin was withdrawn from service in 1916 and disarmed . München was badly damaged by a British mine in October 1916 , and thereafter decommissioned for use as a barracks ship . Hamburg was also used as barracks ship later in the war , and Leipzig became a training ship in 1917 . Danzig was the last ship to leave active service , in late 1917 . Of the five surviving ships , Berlin and Hamburg were retained by the newly reorganized Reichsmarine as training ships . The remaining three , Lübeck , München , and Danzig , were surrendered as war prizes to the United Kingdom , which sold them for scrapping in the early 1920s . Hamburg and Berlin soldiered on as training cruisers into the late 1920s and early 1930s ; by the mid @-@ 1930s , they had again been converted into floating barracks . Hamburg was sunk by British bombers in 1944 , and later raised and broken up for scrap in 1949 . Berlin survived World War II and was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skaggerak after the war to dispose of the munitions .
= Illinois Route 103 = Illinois Route 103 is a 9 @.@ 18 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 77 km ) state route in west @-@ central Illinois , United States . The route , entirely in Schuyler County , runs from U.S. Route 24 near Ripley east to the intersection of U.S. Route 67 and Illinois Route 100 across the Illinois River from Beardstown . In addition to connecting Ripley and Beardstown , Route 103 also serves the community of Sugar Grove . The highway is part of both the National Highway System and the Lincoln Heritage Trail . Route 103 is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation . The route was established in 1924 between Ripley and its current eastern terminus ; its western terminus was moved north to its current location in 1932 . = = Route description = = Route 103 begins at a junction with U.S. Route 24 in Woodstock Township in southern Schuyler County , northeast of Ripley . The route initially runs eastward along the LaMoine River , passing through a forested area . After the river turns southward , the highway continues east through farmland . Route 103 intersects County Route 9 before entering the unincorporated community of Sugar Grove , where it meets County Route 1 . After passing through Sugar Grove , the highway enters Bainbridge Township . The road makes a small southward dip through a tree @-@ lined area , passing a small group of buildings and crossing a creek , before returning to its eastward trajectory . The route passes to the north of the community of Cottonwood . Route 103 runs through open farmland at the eastern end of its route , crossing two creeks and passing several farm buildings . The highway terminates at a junction with U.S. Route 67 and Illinois Route 100 , across the Illinois River from Beardstown . Route 103 is an undivided two @-@ lane road for its entire length . The entire route is part of the National Highway System , a network of roads deemed significant to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . Route 103 is also part of the Lincoln Heritage Trail , a series of highways connecting places with historic connections to Abraham Lincoln . According to the Illinois Department of Transportation , the annual average daily traffic on Route 103 in 2009 ranged from 1300 vehicles near the western terminus to 1400 near Sugar Grove ; 200 to 225 of those vehicles were trucks . = = History = = Route 103 was designated in 1924 between Ripley and Beardstown . A road between Ripley and the route 's current eastern terminus was first marked on state highway maps in 1924 ; this route began at Ripley and ran parallel to and south of the current route on its western half , before turning north and following the current alignment east at Layton . Route 103 was first numbered on the 1929 Illinois highway map . The western terminus of Route 103 was moved from Ripley to its current location in 1932 , and the western half of the highway moved northward to its present alignment . The community of Layton , which was near the present location of Sugar Grove , was marked along the route until 1951 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Schuyler County .
= Telephone ( song ) = " Telephone " is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé , for Gaga 's third EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . The song was written by Gaga , Rodney Jerkins , LaShawn Daniels , Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé . Inspired by her fear of suffocation , Gaga explained that the lyrics preferring relaxing on the dance floor to answering her lover 's phone call are a metaphor , the phone calling her representing the fear of not having worked hard enough to succeed . Originally , Gaga wrote the song for Britney Spears , who recorded a demo . Musically , " Telephone " consists of an expanded bridge , verse @-@ rap and a sampled voice of an operator announcing that the phone line is unreachable . Beyoncé appears in the middle of the song , singing the verses in a rapid @-@ fire way , accompanied by double beats . The song received positive reviews from critics who frequently noted " Telephone " as a stand @-@ out track from The Fame Monster . It was Grammy @-@ nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2011 . " Telephone " charted in a number of countries due to digital sales following the album 's release , namely in the United States , Australia , Canada , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and Hungary . The song was particularly successful in Europe where it reached the top of the charts in Belgium , Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , the single sold 7 @.@ 4 million digital copies worldwide in 2010 , making it one of Gaga 's best @-@ selling singles . The accompanying music video is a continuation of the video for her 2009 song , " Paparazzi " , and is also shot as a short film . After Gaga gets bailed out of prison by Beyoncé , they go to a diner and poison the guests having breakfast . After the homicide they escape and end up in a high speed police chase . The video referenced Quentin Tarantino and his films Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) and Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) . The video received generally positive reviews was nominated for three awards at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , including one for Video of the Year . In January 2015 Billboard named it the best video of the first half of the decade . In memory of Alexander McQueen , Gaga performed an acoustic rendition of " Telephone " mixed with " Dance in the Dark " at the 2010 BRIT Awards . It was also added to the set list of The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 , the Born This Way Ball in 2012 and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball in 2014 . = = Background = = " Telephone " was originally written by Gaga for singer Britney Spears 's sixth studio album , Circus , but Spears rejected it . Later , Gaga recorded the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé for The Fame Monster . Gaga said , " I wrote it for her [ Spears ] a long time ago and she just didn 't use it for her album . It 's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now . " Spears ' demo for the song leaked in May 2010 . Additionally , the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears , but ultimately Gaga made Beyoncé the featured vocalist instead . The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga 's fear of suffocation as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun . Fear of suffocation — something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself , ... ' Cause I love my work so much , I find it really hard to go out and have a good time . ... I don 't go to nightclubs , ... You don 't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk . I don 't go — and that 's because I usually go and then , you know , a whiskey and a half into it , I got to get back to work . In May 2011 , Gaga said her " emotional connection " with the song was difficult . When she was asked if it was because the song was originally written for Britney Spears , she answered : " Well that ’ s not exactly what happened , but I don ’ t want to delve into that . I could delve into it if you turn that ( motions to recorder ) off ... But ultimately the mix and the process of getting the production finished was very stressful for me . So when I say it ’ s my worst song it has nothing to do with the song , just my emotional connection to it . " = = Composition = = " Telephone " was written by Lady Gaga , Rodney Jerkins , LaShawn Daniels , Lazonate Franklin and Beyoncé . Musically , the song has been described as dance @-@ pop . Although constructed as a duet , Beyoncé 's first appearance is in the middle verse . She sings her lyrics through a brief interlude , and later backs the chorus during the rest of the song . The song starts off unassumingly , with Gaga singing in a solemn voice over a harp melody , which changes immediately to a pounding beat . Essentially , Gaga is in a club and her boyfriend keeps calling , but she cannot talk as she was drinking and dancing to her favorite song . The chorus runs as follows : " Stop calling , stop calling , I don 't want to talk anymore . " " Telephone " consists of an expanded bridge , verse @-@ rap and an epilogue where a voice announces that the telephone line is not reachable at that moment . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a tempo of 122 beats per minute . Gaga 's vocals range from the low @-@ note of F3 to the high @-@ note of C5 . It is set in the key of F minor , specifically , F Dorian mode , and has a basic sequence of Fm – A ♭ – B ♭ – Fm as its chord progression . " Telephone " ' s lyrics relate to the singer preferring the dance floor to answering someone 's call . She further tells her lover that she left her head and her heart on the dance floor . The verses are sung in a rapid @-@ fire way , accompanied by double beats . According to Gaga , the phone addressed in the lyrics of the song is not just a physical phone , but also a person in her head telling her to keep working harder and harder . Gaga explained , " That 's my fear — that the phone 's ringing and my head 's ringing , ... Whether it 's a telephone or it 's just the thoughts in your head , that 's another fear . " = = Critical reception = = The song has garnered positive reviews from music critics . Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH said that the song was " probably the best thing here [ on The Fame Monster ] . " He also complimented the " brilliant bridge " and the ending of the song where the caller gets through to her voicemail . Popjustice gave the song a positive review : " It 's a little bit like Gwen 's ' What You Waiting For ? ' meets Timbaland 's ' The Way I Are ' meets about fifty other things ... The structure 's quite exciting ... there is something tumultuously brilliant about Beyoncé 's contribution that makes everything seem fine and as if it was the plan all along . " Evan Sawdey from PopMatters said that " The much talked @-@ about Beyoncé collaboration ' Telephone ' , which — with its double @-@ time beat and rapid @-@ fire verses — proves to be one of the most adrenaline @-@ pumped songs that Gaga has yet crafted , the whole thing feeling like it 's about to veer of [ sic ] the tracks at any moment simply due to the giddy excitement shared between the two divas , easily turning it into the unquestioned highlight of The Fame Monster " . Mikael Woods from Los Angeles Times felt that " Telephone " is " a carefully considered meditation on how annoying it is when a dude keeps calling you while you 're throwing down at the club . " The New York Times ' Jon Caramanica commented that " Video Phone " and " Telephone " , " promised a new direction , but all Beyoncé did was show up to prove she could out @-@ Gaga Gaga , then return to her comfort zone . " Nicki Escuerdo from Phoenix New Times listed " Telephone " as a stand @-@ out track from the album . Sarah Hajibagheri from The Times and Armond White , music and film critic for the New York Press , were not impressed with the song . Hajibagheri said " The appearance of Beyoncé 's vocal alongside ringtones on Telephone adds to the sense of utter chaos . " White elaborated that " [ The song ] celebrates a heedless refusal to communicate ; to mindlessly , heartlessly indulge pop culture — Tarantino style . " Melanie Bertoldi from Billboard gave the song a positive review , stating " Much like Kesha 's ' Blah Blah Blah ' , ' Telephone ' sets out to silence bugaboos , with whom featured artist Beyoncé is all too familiar . ... By the time " Telephone " surges through a wall of cellular bleeps to return to its simple introduction , Gaga and Beyoncé have left the listener with just one option : surrender to the dancefloor . " = = Accolades = = In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music , " Telephone " was ranked number 16 in 2010 . It was placed at number three by Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone on his Top 25 Singles of the 2010 list . Sheffield further stated that " Telephone " was a " communication breakdown on the dance floor " and added , " Beyonce , the most egregiously non @-@ crazy pop star of our time , gets to pretend she 's as nuts as Gaga for a few minutes . " Amy Phillips from Pitchfork Media placed " Telephone " at number 55 in her list " Top Tracks of 2010 " saying it was " one of the less weird tracks " on The Fame Monster . The same year , the song was also included on year @-@ end lists of best songs compiled by MTV News and PopMatters at numbers ten and 29 respectively . On April 26 , 2011 , Gary Trust of Billboard listed " Telephone " at the fourth position on his list of the 10 All @-@ Female Hit Collaborations . In 2010 , " Telephone " was nominated in the category for Favorite Song at the Australian Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards and the 37th People 's Choice Awards . The following year , the song was nominated in the category for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards . It was recognized as one of the Most Performed Songs in 2011 at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards . The same year , BMI listed " Telephone " as one of the Award @-@ Winning Songs at their awards ceremony . It also received nominations for Best Single and Best Collaboration at the 2011 Virgin Media Music Awards winning the latter . = = Chart performance = = In November 2009 due to strong digital sales , the song charted in Ireland , Australia , and the United Kingdom , debuting at numbers twenty @-@ six , twenty @-@ nine , and thirty respectively . The song became the top debut on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 issue dated December 12 , 2009 , at number thirty , due to digital sales . After weeks of fluctuating up the charts , " Telephone " reached a peak of three , becoming Gaga 's sixth consecutive top ten hit in the United States . The song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart on the issue dated February 27 , 2010 . On March 15 , 2010 , Billboard announced that the song reached number one on the Pop Songs chart , thus becoming Gaga 's sixth consecutive number @-@ one on the chart , making her the only artist in history to do this . It also became Beyoncé 's sixth number @-@ one on Pop Songs . With this , Gaga and Beyoncé tied with Mariah Carey for most number @-@ ones since the Nielsen BDS @-@ based Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992 . As of April 2016 , " Telephone " has sold 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States . In Australia , the song has reached a peak of three , and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 210 @,@ 000 copies of the single . In New Zealand , the song debuted at thirty @-@ one , becoming the highest debut of that week . It ultimately reached a peak of three on the chart . " Telephone " debuted at number fourteen on the Canadian Hot 100 and moved to a peak of three , making it Gaga 's sixth consecutive top three single there . The song has been certified triple platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for sales of 240 @,@ 000 digital downloads . In the United Kingdom , " Telephone " reached number twelve on the UK Singles Chart on March 14 , 2010 . It climbed to number one the chart the following week , becoming Gaga 's fourth number @-@ one single ― and Beyoncé 's fifth ― in Britain . It has sold 757 @,@ 000 copies in the UK as of April 2016 , and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . According to the Official Charts Company , " Telephone " is the third best @-@ selling vinyl single in the UK for the 2010s decade . In Ireland , the song debuted at number twenty @-@ six , and moved up to number two , before reaching the summit of the chart the following week . " Telephone " debuted at thirty @-@ three on the Swedish charts , and in the top @-@ ten at number three on the Hungarian charts . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , the song has sold 7 @.@ 4 million copies across the world in 2010 . = = Music video = = = = = Background and development = = = The music video was filmed on January 28 , 2010 , and directed by Jonas Åkerlund . New York magazine reported that the concept of the video involved Beyoncé as she bails Gaga out of jail . In published photos from the set , Gaga and Beyoncé were seen shooting in a car called the " Pussy Wagon " , which Uma Thurman 's character drove in Quentin Tarantino 's 2003 film Kill Bill : Vol . 1 . Other concepts of the video involve scenes at a diner , a cameo from singer Tyrese Gibson , and a prison shower scene . Gaga and Beyoncé wore " destroyed denim pieces " , designed by Frank Fernández and Oscar Olima . In an interview with E ! Online , Gaga explained the deeper meaning behind the video . There was this really amazing quality in ' Paparazzi ' , where it kind of had this pure pop music quality but at the same time it was a commentary on fame culture ... I wanted to do the same thing with this video ... There certainly is a Tarantino @-@ inspired quality in the [ ' Telephone ' ] video ... His direct involvement in [ it ] came from him lending me the Pussy Wagon . We were having lunch one day in Los Angeles and I was telling him about my concept for the video and he loved it so much he said , " You gotta use the Pussy Wagon . " On February 5 , 2010 , Gaga was interviewed by Ryan Seacrest on KIIS @-@ FM . She commented on the video , saying , " What I like about it is it 's a real true pop event , and when I was younger , I was always excited when there was a big giant event happening in pop music and that 's what I wanted this to be . " Gaga also said that her intent was to take " the idea that America is full of young people that are inundated with information and technology and turn it into something that was more of a commentary on the kind of country that we are . " Rock band Semi Precious Weapons confirmed to MTV News that they would have a cameo role in the music video . On February 15 , 2010 , three film stills from the music video were posted on Gaga 's website . The stills depicted Gaga in three separate scenes : a kitchen scene where she wears a plastic chef 's hat and a telephone made entirely of hair on her head , a scene in a diner with her dancers , where she is seen wearing an American flag patterned bikini and bandana , and a black @-@ and @-@ white photo of Gaga wearing a hat made from multiple triangles and corded telephones . The video was originally slated to premiere in February 2010 but was pushed back to March 2010 instead . On March 9 , 2010 , more stills of the video were posted online . The video premiered on E ! News and Vevo on March 11 , 2010 . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video is over nine minutes long and begins where " Paparazzi " left off after Gaga was arrested for killing her boyfriend by poisoning his drink . Gaga is taken to a women 's prison , where she is led to her cell by two prison guards , who strip her of shoulder @-@ padded dress and left lying nude , while she is mocked by the other women prison inmates . One of the guards comments : " I told you she didn 't have a dick " , referring to the rumors that Gaga is intersex . For the video 's first three minutes , it shows Gaga 's activities in the prison — including kissing a lesbian prisoner ( Heather Cassils ) in the exercise yard , wearing sunglasses made out of half @-@ smoked cigarettes , and watching catfights in the commissary . Gaga 's sister , Natali Germanotta , makes a cameo in the commissary scene . After that , Gaga answers a call from Beyoncé , and begins to sing the song . She performs the first verse and chorus with other scantily clad inmates , followed by a bridge featuring Gaga wearing a yellow caution tape outfit designed by Brian Lichtenberg . Gaga is bailed out and exits to find Beyoncé waiting for her in the " Pussy Wagon " . Beyoncé is nicknamed Honey Bee , a reference to the character Honey Bunny in Tarantino 's 1994 crime film Pulp Fiction . After an exchange of dialogues , Gaga and Beyoncé travel through the desert and pull over at a diner . Beyoncé sits opposite to her boyfriend , Gibson , but becomes tired of his stupidity and poisons him , but it does not kill him like she had hoped . The video later shifts to an intermediate sequence called " Let 's Make a Sandwich " , where Gaga stands in a kitchen , wearing a folded @-@ up telephone on her head , while dancers cavort behind her , holding salad tongs and assorted cutlery . Ultimately , Gaga prepares a sandwich and eats it , after a dance sequence . In the meantime , Gaga mixes poison into all of the dishes she is preparing for the unsuspecting customers causing Gibson and everybody else , including characters played by Semi Precious Weapons and her Great Dane , Lava , to die . Gaga and Beyoncé perform another dance sequence , wearing American flag inspired garments and shredded denims , while strutting around the dead bodies . Gaga and Beyoncé leave the diner in the " Pussy Wagon " and travel on a highway as a news reporter ( played by Jai Rodriguez ) reports the murders at the diner . The final shots shows Gaga and Beyoncé travelling through the desert with police sirens wailing in the background . The video ends with the line " To Be Continued ... " followed by end credits . = = = Reception = = = James Montogomery from MTV commented : " With ' Telephone ' , Gaga has entered the rarest of pop stratospheres , up there with the Madonnas and the Michael Jacksons . " Matt Donnelly from Los Angeles Times wrote that the " Telephone " music video is a " visual feast , packed with fantastic fashion , girl fights , poisoned diner food , an army of headpieces and lots of Gaga goodness . " Amy Odell from New York magazine felt that " This is Gaga 's video , but Beyoncé is the best part : she actually shows the angry , crazy side that we just knew lurked beneath her too @-@ perfect facade . " Monica Herrera from Billboard wrote : " [ The video ] more than measures up to the hype . ... ' Telephone ' clip is chock full of intrigue , prison fights , makeout scenes , mass poisoning and plenty of skin @-@ baring versions of what you might call ' outfits ' . " Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly commented : " Is it as good as her epic ' Bad Romance ' video ? Sadly , I don 't think so . But it 's better than anything else out there . " Jennifer Cady of the website E ! Online praised Beyoncé 's " always fierce " look during the video . A writer of The Huffington Post wrote , " As usual there is murder , masturbation , product placement , Tarantino referencing and lots of impractical headwear . " In January 2015 , Billboard named the video as the best music video of the first half of the 2010s ( decade ) . Sandy Rios , president of the Culture Campaign criticized the video on Fox News in an interview with Megyn Kelly , calling it " disgusting ... poison for the minds of our kids " . Critic Armond White , of the New York Press , described the video as " cruel and ugly " also stating that it " epitomizes the insanity of the contemporary pop mainstream " and pays " homage to Tarantino 's influence " in distorting " pop culture pleasure into nonsense " . William Goodman of Spin called the video a " Whitman 's sampler of pop nuggets " and found a " boom @-@ pow effect of brightly @-@ colored Japanese television . " He finished his review by concluding that the " video must have cost a fortune " and described it as a " big @-@ budget , pop masterwork " . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone called the video a " mash @-@ up of lesbian prison porn , campy sexploitation flicks and insidery winks at the two divas ' public personas . " He noted that " If Quentin Tarantino and Russ Meyer remade Thelma & Louise as an orgy of product placement with fiercely choreographed interludes , this would be the result . " Ganz finished his review by saying that " The clip is certainly cinematic and oddly feminist , and gasps at a larger statement about consumer culture . " In May 2011 , Gaga expressed some dissatisfaction with the video in an interview with Time Out , saying : " I can 't even watch the Telephone video , I hate it so much . Beyoncé and I are great together . But there are so many ideas in that video and all I see in that video is my brain throbbing with ideas and I wish I had edited myself a little bit more . " = = = Recognition and accolades = = = The video was placed at number three on NME 's list of " 50 Best Music Videos of 2010 " along with the comment that it 's " nearly ten minutes of product placements , a Thelma and Louise storyline , bizarre outfits and some uniquely Gaga @-@ esque dance moves . " It was also placed at number 17 on NME 's list of " 100 Greatest Music Videos " and the writer concluded , " ' Telephone ' eschews all the overreaching cosmic weirdness of her recent clips and settles for a nine @-@ minute lesbo action @-@ filled Tarantino rip @-@ off . " On Spin 's list of " The 20 Best Music Videos of 2010 " , the video was put at number seven along with the comment that " the decision to enlist the normally buttoned @-@ up Beyoncé in Gaga 's lezzie jailbird fantasia was genius . " The writers of Pitchfork Media also put the video on their list of " The Top Music Videos of 2010 " . On August 3 , 2010 , the video received three nominations at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , in the categories of Best Choreography , Video of the Year and Best Collaboration , winning the latter and losing the former to Gaga 's own " Bad Romance " video . = = Live performances = = Gaga performed " Telephone " at the BRIT Awards on February 16 , 2010 , at Earls Court Exhibition Centre . The performance was inspired by the recent death of her friend , fashion designer Alexander McQueen . Initially she had planned a different version of the performance , but changed the concept at the last minute , since she wanted to pay tribute to McQueen . Hence she chose an acoustic version of " Telephone " and a remix of " Dance in the Dark " . Before the show , she posted a message on her Twitter account : " Tonight 's performance is inspired by our friend . Mask by Phillip Treacy , Sculpture by Nick Knight , Music by Lady Gaga . We miss you . " She started the performance by announcing " This is for Alexander McQueen . " Gaga was dressed in a complete white outfit with a huge Marie @-@ Antoinette style wig . The whole performance was low @-@ key in comparison to her previous ones . Gaga added the song to The Monster Ball Tour 's setlist , for the European leg . It was performed in the second act , titled " Subway " . She was dressed in black and played a keytar . " Telephone " , as well as " Brown Eyes " ( from The Fame ) , was also performed on the British comedy chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , on March 3 , 2010 , for an episode that aired two days later . Gaga performed " Telephone " on the Japanese television show Music Station on April 16 , 2010 . She wore a lace cat suit and a pair of plastic batwing shoulders , designed by Somarta and Yuima Nakazato respectively . In May 2011 , Gaga performed the song during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Carlisle , Cumbria . On June 26 , 2011 , Beyoncé performed the song during the Glastonbury Festival in front of more than 175 @,@ 000 fans . The song was also performed on Gaga 's 2012 Born This Way Ball Tour with the same dance choreography . During the tour ArtRave : The Artpop Ball in 2014 , the song was performed again with the same melody as " Poker Face " . = = Other versions = = On May 2 , 2010 , a demo of " Telephone " featuring vocals by Britney Spears leaked onto the web . After suggestions that the demo may be fake , the producer of the song , Rodney Jerkins , confirmed the authenticity of the song , via Twitter . He added that the leaked version was an early , unmixed demo recording and , moreover , denied leaking the song , arguing that , despite the fact that he has been asked to leak the full song , he did not do it . The musical style of the demo was compared with Spears ' 2007 single " Piece of Me " , and the song itself generated comparisons with Spears ' sound in her fifth studio album Blackout . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone praised Spears ' version including it at number twenty @-@ five on his Top 25 Singles of the 2010 list . Little Mix blended " Telephone " with Queen 's " Radio Ga Ga " ( 1984 ) during the eighth series of the British The X Factor and later released this version as a single . " Telephone " was covered by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry and Charice Pempengco as Sunshine Corazon for the American TV show Glee episode " Audition " , which aired on September 21 , 2010 . This version was released as a single , and reached number seventeen in Canada , eighteen in Ireland , twenty @-@ three in the US , and thirty in Australia . = = Track listing and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording and management Gaga 's vocals recorded at Darkchild Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Knowles ' vocals recorded at Studio Groove ( Osaka , Japan ) Mixed at Chalice Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Mastered at Oasis Mastering ( Burbank , California ) , AfterMaster Recording and Mastering Studios ( Hollywood , California ) Knowles appears courtesy of Music World Entertainment and Columbia Records Published by Stefani Germanotta P / K / A Lady Gaga ( BMI ) , Sony / ATV Songs LLC , House Of Gaga Publishing Inc . , Glojoe Music Inc . ( BMI ) Rodney Jerkins / EMI Blackwood Music Publishing ( BMI ) , EMI April Music ( ASCAP ) , EMI Blackwood / RJ Productions LLC , B @-@ Day Publishing and EMI April Music , Inc . ( ASCAP ) Personnel Credits adapted from The Fame Monster album liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications and sales = = = = Release history = =
= Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough = Sarah Churchill ( née Jenyns , spelt Jennings in most modern references ) , Duchess of Marlborough ( 5 June 1660 ( old style ) – 18 October 1744 ) rose to be one of the most influential women of her time through her close friendship with Queen Anne of Great Britain . Sarah 's friendship and influence with Princess Anne was widely known , and leading public figures often turned their attentions to her in the hope that she would influence Anne to comply with requests . As a result , by the time Anne became queen , Sarah ’ s knowledge of government , and intimacy with the Queen , had made her a powerful friend and a dangerous enemy . Sarah enjoyed a " long and devoted " relationship with her husband of more than 40 years , John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough . She acted as Anne 's agent after Anne 's father , James II , was deposed during the Glorious Revolution ; and she promoted her interests during the rule of James 's successors , William III and Mary II . When Anne came to the throne after William 's death in 1702 , the Duke of Marlborough , together with Sidney Godolphin , the first Earl of Godolphin , rose to head the government , partly owing to his wife 's friendship with the Queen . While the Duke was out of the country commanding troops in the War of the Spanish Succession , Sarah kept him informed of court intrigue , while he sent her requests and political advice , which she would then convey to the Queen . Sarah tirelessly campaigned on behalf of the Whigs , while also devoting much of her time to building projects such as Blenheim Palace . She died in 1744 at the age of eighty @-@ four . A strong @-@ willed woman who liked to get her own way , Sarah tried the Queen 's patience whenever she disagreed with her on political , court or church appointments . After her final break with Anne in 1711 , Sarah and her husband were dismissed from the court , but she returned to favour under the Hanoverians following Anne 's death . She had famous subsequent disagreements with many important people , including her daughter the second Duchess of Marlborough ; the architect of Blenheim Palace , John Vanbrugh ; prime minister Robert Walpole ; King George II ; and his wife , Queen Caroline . The money she inherited from the Marlborough trust left her one of the richest women in Europe . = = Early life = = Sarah Jennings was born on 5 June 1660 , probably at Holywell House , St Albans , Hertfordshire . She was the daughter of Richard Jennings ( or Jenyns ) , a Member of Parliament , and Frances Thornhurst ; her paternal grandfather was Sir John Jennings , father , by his wife Alice Spencer , of an extraordinarily large family . Her uncle ( Martin Lister ) was a prominent naturalist . Richard Jennings came into contact with James , Duke of York ( the future James II , brother of King Charles II ) , in 1663 , during negotiations for the recovery of an estate in Kent ( Agney Court ) that had been the property of his mother @-@ in @-@ law , Susan Lister ( nee Temple ) . James 's first impressions were favourable , and in 1664 Sarah ’ s sister , Frances , was appointed maid of honour to the Duchess of York , Anne Hyde . Although James forced Frances to give up the post because of her marriage to a Catholic , James did not forget the family . In 1673 , Sarah entered court as maid of honour to James ’ s second wife , Mary of Modena . Sarah became close to the young Princess Anne in about 1675 , and the friendship grew stronger as the two grew older . In late 1675 , when she was still only fifteen , she met John Churchill , 10 years her senior , who fell in love with her . Churchill , who had previously been a lover of Charles II ’ s mistress , Barbara Palmer , Duchess of Cleveland , had little to offer financially , as his estates were deeply in debt . Sarah had a rival for Churchill in Catherine Sedley , a wealthy mistress of James II and the choice of Churchill 's father , Sir Winston Churchill , who was anxious to restore the family 's fortune . John may have hoped to take Sarah as a mistress in place of the Duchess of Cleveland , who had recently departed for France , but surviving letters from Sarah to John show her unwillingness to assume that role . = = = Marriage = = = In 1677 , Sarah 's brother Ralph died , and she and her sister , Frances , became co @-@ heirs of the Jennings estates in Hertfordshire and Kent . John chose Sarah over Catherine Sedley , but both John 's and Sarah 's families disapproved of the match , therefore they married secretly in the winter of 1677 – 78 . John and Sarah were both Protestants in a predominantly Catholic court , a circumstance that would influence their political allegiances . Although no date was recorded , the marriage was announced only to the Duchess of York , and a small circle of friends , so that Sarah could keep her court position as Maid of Honour . When Sarah became pregnant , her marriage was announced publicly ( on 1 October 1678 ) , and she retired from the court to give birth to her first child , Harriet , who died in infancy . When the Duke of York went into self @-@ imposed exile to Scotland as a result of the furore surrounding the Popish Plot , John and Sarah accompanied him , and Charles II rewarded John 's loyalty by creating him Baron Churchill of Eyemouth in Scotland , Sarah thus becoming Lady Churchill . The Duke of York returned to England after the religious tension had eased , and Sarah was appointed a Lady of the Bedchamber to Anne after the latter 's marriage in 1683 . = = = Reign of James II ( 1685 – 1688 ) = = = The early reign of James II was relatively successful ; it was not expected that a Catholic king could assert control in a fiercely Protestant , anti @-@ Catholic country . In addition , his daughter and heir was a Protestant . However , when James attempted to reform the national religion , popular discontent against him and his government became widespread . The level of alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir , Prince James Francis Edward , on 10 June 1688 . A group of politicians known as the Immortal Seven invited Prince William of Orange , husband of James 's Protestant daughter Mary , to invade England and remove James from power , though the plan became public knowledge very quickly . James still retained some influence , and he ordered that both Lady Churchill and Princess Anne be placed under house arrest at Anne 's residence ( the Cockpit ) in the Palace of Whitehall ; both their husbands , though previously loyal to James , had switched their allegiances to William of Orange . Sarah , however , describes in her memoirs how the two easily escaped and fled to Nottingham : The Princess went to Bed at the usual time to prevent suspicion . I came to her soon after ; and by the backstairs which went down from her closet , her Royal Highness [ Princess Anne ] , my Lady Fitzharding [ one of Sarah 's closest friends ] and I , with one servant , walked to the coach where we found the Bishop [ of London ] , and the Earl of Dorset . They conducted us that night to the Bishop 's house in the city , and the next day to my Lord Dorset 's at Copt @-@ Hall . From there we went to the Earl of Northampton 's , and thence to Nottingham , where the country gathered about the Princess ; nor did she think herself safe till she saw that she was surrounded by the Prince of Orange 's friends . Although Sarah implied that she had encouraged the escape for the safety of Princess Anne , it is more likely that she was protecting herself and her husband . If James succeeded in defeating Prince William of Orange in battle he might imprison and even execute Lord and Lady Churchill for treason , whereas it was unlikely he would condemn his daughter to a similar fate . But James fled to France in December 1688 rather than confront the invading army , allowing William to take over his throne . = = = Unwanted servant : William III and Mary II = = = Life for Sarah during the reign of William and Mary was difficult . Although the new King and Queen had awarded Sarah ’ s husband the title Earl of Marlborough , Sarah and John enjoyed considerably less favour than they had during the reign of James II . The new Earl of Marlborough had supported the now exiled James ; and by this time Sarah ’ s influence on Anne , and her cultivation of high members of the government to promote Anne ’ s interests , was widely known . Mary II responded to this by demanding that Anne dismiss Sarah . However , Anne refused . This created a rift between Mary and Anne that never healed . Other problems also emerged . In 1689 , Anne 's supporters ( including the Marlboroughs and the Duke of Somerset ) demanded that she be granted a parliamentary annuity of £ 50 @,@ 000 , a sum that would end her dependence on William and Mary . Sarah was seen as the driving force behind this bill , creating further ill @-@ feeling towards her at court . William responded to the demand by offering the same sum from the Privy Purse , to keep Anne dependent on his generosity . However , Anne , through Sarah , refused , pointing out that a parliamentary grant would be more secure than charity from the Privy Purse . Eventually Anne received the grant from Parliament , and felt she owed this to Sarah 's efforts . Sarah 's success as a leader of the opposition only intensified the Queen 's animosity towards the Marlboroughs . Although she could not dismiss Sarah from Anne 's service , Mary responded by evicting Sarah from her court lodgings at the Palace of Whitehall . Anne responded by leaving the court as well , and Sarah and she went to stay with their friends Charles Seymour , the sixth Duke of Somerset , and Elizabeth , the Duchess of Somerset at Syon House . Anne continued to defy the Queen ’ s demand for Sarah ’ s dismissal , even though an incriminating document signed by the Earl of Marlborough supporting the recently exiled James II and his supporters had been discovered . This document is likely to have been forged by Robert Young , a known forger and disciple of Titus Oates ; Oates was famous for stirring a strongly anti @-@ Catholic atmosphere in England between 1679 and the early 1680s . The Earl was imprisoned in the Tower of London . The loneliness Sarah suffered during these events drew her and Anne closer together . Following the death of Mary II from smallpox in 1694 , William III restored Anne ’ s honours , as she was then become next in line to the throne , and provided her with apartments at St. James 's Palace . He also restored the Earl of Marlborough to all his offices and honours , and exonerated him from any past accusations . However , fearing Sarah ’ s powerful influence , William kept Anne out of government affairs , and he did not make her regent in his absences though she was now his heir apparent . = = Power behind the throne : Queen Anne = = In 1702 , King William III died , and Anne became Queen . Anne immediately offered John Churchill a dukedom , which Sarah initially refused . Sarah was concerned that a dukedom would strain the family 's finances ; a ducal family at the time was expected to show off its rank through lavish entertainments . Anne countered by offering the Marlboroughs a pension of £ 5000 a year , for life , from Parliament , as well as an extra £ 2000 a year from the Privy Purse , and they accepted the Dukedom . Sarah was promptly created Mistress of the Robes ( the highest office in the royal court that could be held by a woman ) , Groom of the Stole , Keeper of the Privy Purse , and Ranger of Windsor Great Park . The Duke accepted the Order of the Garter , as well as the office of Captain @-@ General of the army . During much of Anne ’ s reign , the Duke of Marlborough was abroad fighting the War of the Spanish Succession , while Sarah remained in England . Despite being the most powerful woman in England besides the Queen , she appeared at court only rarely , preferring to oversee the construction of her new estate , Woodstock Manor ( the site of the later Blenheim Palace ) , a gift from Queen Anne after the duke 's victory at the Battle of Blenheim . Nevertheless , Anne sent her news of political developments in letters and consulted Sarah 's advice in most matters . Sarah was famous for telling the Queen exactly what she thought , and did not offer her flattery . Anne and Sarah had invented petnames for themselves during their youths which they continued to use after Anne became queen : Mrs Freeman ( Sarah ) and Mrs Morley ( Anne ) . Effectively a business manager , Sarah had control over the Queen 's position , from her finances to people admitted to the royal presence . = = = Wavering influence = = = Anne , however , expected kindness and compassion from her closest friend . Sarah was not forthcoming in this regard and frequently overpowered and dominated Anne . One major political disagreement occurred when Sarah insisted that her son @-@ in @-@ law , Charles Spencer , the third Earl of Sunderland , be admitted into the Privy Council . Sarah allied herself more strongly with the Whigs , who supported the Duke of Marlborough in the war ; and the Whigs hoped to utilise Sarah 's position as royal favourite . Anne refused to appoint Sunderland : she disliked the radical Whigs , whom she saw as a threat to her royal prerogative . Sarah used her close friendship with the Earl of Godolphin , whom Anne trusted , to eventually secure such appointments , but continued to lobby Anne herself . She sent Whig reading materials to Anne in an attempt to win her over to her own preferred political party . In 1704 , Anne confided to Lord Godolphin that she did not think she and Sarah could ever be true friends again . = = = Clash of personalities = = = Sarah 's frankness and indifference for rank , so admired by Anne earlier in their friendship , was now seen to be intrusive . Unlike most women of the time — many of whom did not have influence with their own husbands — Sarah had a powerful intimacy with the two most powerful men in the country , Marlborough and Godolphin . Godolphin , though a great friend of Sarah 's , had even considered refusing high office after Anne 's accession , preferring to live quietly and away from the political side of Sarah , who was bossy , interfering , and presumed to tell him what to do when Marlborough was away . Sarah , although a woman in a man 's world of national and international politics , was always ready to give her advice ; express her opinions ; antagonize with outspoken censure ; and insist on having her say on every possible occasion . However , she had a charm and vivaciousness which was admired by many ; and she could easily delight those she met with her wit . Anne 's apparent withdrawal of genuine affection occurred for a number of reasons . She was frustrated by Sarah 's long absences from Court and despite numerous letters from Anne to Sarah on this subject , Sarah rarely attended , and wrote her excuses in letters to Anne . There was also a political difference between them : Anne was a Tory ( the party known as the " Church party " , religion being one of Anne 's chief concerns ) , and Sarah was a Whig ( the party known to support Marlborough 's wars ) . Sarah did not share Anne 's deep interest in religion , a subject she rarely mentioned , although at their last fraught interview she did warn Anne that she risked God 's vengeance for her unreasoning cruelty to Sarah . The Queen did not want this difference to come between them ; but Sarah , always thinking of her husband , wanted Anne to give more support to the Whigs , which she was not prepared to do . Sarah was called to Cambridge in 1703 , where her only surviving son , John , Marquess of Blandford , was taken ill with smallpox . The Duke of Marlborough was recalled from the war and was at his bedside when he died on 20 February 1703 . Sarah was heartbroken over the loss of her son and became reclusive for a period , expressing her grief by closing herself off from Anne and either not answering her letters or doing so in a cold and formal manner . However , Sarah did not allow Anne to shut her out when Anne suffered bereavement . After the death of Anne 's husband , Prince George of Denmark in 1708 , Sarah arrived uninvited at Kensington Palace to find Anne with the prince 's body . She pressed the heartbroken Queen to move from Kensington to St James 's Palace in London , which Anne bluntly refused , and instead commanded Sarah to call Abigail Masham to attend her . Aware that Abigail was gaining more influence with Anne , Sarah disobeyed her , and instead scolded her for grieving over Prince George 's death . Although Anne eventually submitted and allowed herself to be taken to St James 's Palace , Sarah 's insensitivity greatly offended her and added to the already significant strain on the relationship . = = Fall from grace = = = = = Abigail Masham : political rival = = = Sarah had previously introduced her impoverished cousin , then known as Abigail Hill , to court , with the intention of finding a role for her . Abigail , the eldest daughter of Sarah 's aunt , Elizabeth Hill ( Jennings ) , was working as a servant to Sir John Rivers of Kent when Sarah first learned of her existence . As Sarah 's grandfather Sir John Jennings had had two and twenty children , she had a multitude of cousins and could not know them all . She gave Abigail employment within her own household at St Albans , and after a tenure of satisfactory service , Abigail was made a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Anne in 1704 . Sarah later claimed in her memoirs that she had raised Abigail " in all regards as a sister " . Abigail was also the second cousin of the Tory leader , Robert Harley , later first Earl of Oxford and Mortimer . Flattering , subtle and retiring , Abigail was the complete opposite of Sarah , who was dominating , blunt and scathing . During Sarah ’ s frequent absences from court , Abigail and Anne grew close ; Abigail was not only happy to give the Queen the kindness and compassion that Anne had longed for from Sarah , but she also never pressured the Queen about politics ; Anne responded with pathos to her flattery and charm . She was present at Abigail ’ s secret wedding to Samuel Masham , groom of the bedchamber to Prince George , in 1707 , without Sarah ’ s knowledge . Sarah was completely oblivious to any friendship between Anne and Abigail , and was therefore surprised when she discovered that Abigail frequently saw the Queen in private . Sarah found out about Abigail 's marriage several months after it had occurred , and immediately went to see Anne – with the intention of informing her of the event . It was at this interview that Anne let slip that she had begged Abigail to tell Sarah of the marriage ; Sarah became suspicious about what had really happened . After questioning servants and Royal Household for a week about Abigail 's marriage , Sarah discovered that Anne had been present and had given Abigail a dowry of £ 2000 from the Privy Purse . This proved Anne 's duplicity to Sarah : as Keeper of the Privy Purse , Sarah had been unaware of any such payment . = = = Strained relationship = = = In July 1708 , the Duke of Marlborough , with his ally Prince Eugene of Savoy , won a great victory at the Battle of Oudenarde . On the way to the thanksgiving service at St Paul 's Cathedral , Sarah engaged in a furious argument with Anne about the jewels Anne wore to the service , and showed her a letter from the Duke of Marlborough which expressed hope that the Queen would make good political use of the victory . The implication that she should publicly express her support for the Whigs offended Anne ; at the service Sarah told the Queen to " be quiet " after Anne continued the argument , thus offending the Queen still further . Anne 's next letter to Sarah was an exercise in chilling hostility , referring sarcastically to the " command " Sarah had given her to be silent . As a result Sarah , who rarely admitted that she was in the wrong , realised that she had gone too far and apologised for her rudeness , but her apology had little effect . Anne wrote to Marlborough , encouraging him not to let her rift with Sarah become public knowledge ; but he could not prevent his wife 's indiscretion . Sarah continued vehemently supporting the Whigs in writing and speaking to Anne , with the support of Godolphin and the other Whig ministers . The news of the public 's support for the Whigs reached Marlborough in letters from Sarah and Godolphin , which influenced his political advice to the Queen . Anne , already in ill health , felt used and harassed and was desperate for escape . She found refuge in the gentle and quiet comfort of Abigail Masham . Anne had explained before that she did not wish the public to know that her relationship with Sarah was failing , because any sign that Sarah was out of favour would have a damaging impact on the Duke of Marlborough 's authority as Captain @-@ General . Sarah was kept in all of her offices – purely for the sake of her husband 's position as Captain @-@ General of the army – and the tension between the two women lingered on until early in 1711 . This year was to see the end of their relationship for good . Sarah had always been jealous of Anne 's affection for Abigail Masham . Together with the Duke of Marlborough and most of the Whig party , she had tried to force Anne to dismiss her . All these attempts failed , even when Anne was threatened with an official parliamentary demand from the Whigs , who were suspicious of Abigail 's Tory influence with Anne , for Abigail 's dismissal . The whole scenario echoed Anne 's refusal to give up Sarah during the reign of William and Mary ; but the threat of Parliamentary interference exceeded anything tried against Anne in the 1690s . Anne was ultimately triumphant ; she conducted interviews with high @-@ ranking politicians of both political parties and begged them " with tears in her eyes " to oppose the motion . The general view was that the Marlboroughs had made themselves look ridiculous over a trivial matter- since when , it was asked , did Parliament address the Queen on whom she should employ in her bedchamber ? The passion she showed for Abigail , and the stubborn refusal to dismiss her , angered Sarah to the point that she implied that a lesbian affair was taking place between the two women . During the mourning period for Anne 's husband , Sarah was the only one who refused to wear suitable mourning clothes . This gave the impression that she did not consider Anne 's grief over his death to be genuine . Eventually , because of the mass support for peace in the War of the Spanish Succession , Anne decided she no longer needed the Duke of Marlborough and took the opportunity to dismiss him on trumped @-@ up charges of embezzlement . = = = Final dismissal = = = Sarah 's last attempt to re @-@ establish her friendship with Anne came in 1710 , when they had their final meeting . An account written by Sarah shortly afterwards shows that she pleaded to be given an explanation of why their friendship was at an end , but Anne was unmoved , coldly repeating a few set phrases , " I shall make no answer " and " you may put it in writing " . Sarah was so appalled by the Queen 's " inhuman " conduct that she was reduced to tears , and , most unusually for a woman who rarely spoke of religion , ended by threatening the Queen with the judgement of God . Anne replied that God 's judgment on her concerned herself only , but later admitted that this was the one remark from Sarah at this interview which had deeply hurt her . After hearing this , the Duke of Marlborough , realising that Anne intended to dismiss them , begged her to keep them in their offices for nine months , until the campaign was over , so that they could retire honourably . However , Anne told Marlborough that " for her [ Anne 's ] honour " Sarah was to resign immediately and return her gold key – the symbol of her authority within the Royal household – within two days . Years of trying the Queen 's patience had finally resulted in her dismissal . When told the news , Sarah , in a fit of pride , told Marlborough to return the key to the Queen immediately . In January 1711 , Sarah was stripped of the offices of Mistress of the Robes and Groom of the Stole and replaced by Elizabeth Seymour , Duchess of Somerset . Abigail was made Keeper of the Privy Purse . This broke a promise Anne had made to distribute these court offices to Sarah 's children . The Marlboroughs also lost state funding for Blenheim Palace , and the building came to a halt for the first time since it was begun in 1705 . Now in disgrace , they left England and travelled in Europe . As a result of his success in the War of the Spanish Succession , the Duke of Marlborough was a favourite among the German courts and with the Holy Roman Empire , and the family was received in those places with full honours . Sarah , however , did not like being away from England , and often complained that they were received with full honours in Europe , but were in disgrace at home . Sarah found life travelling the royal courts difficult , remarking that they were full of dull company . She took the waters at Aachen in Germany on account of her ill health , corresponded with those in England who could supply her with political gossip , and indulged in her fascination with Catholicism . = = Revival of favour = = Sarah and Queen Anne never made up their differences , although one eyewitness claimed to have heard Anne asking whether the Marlboroughs had reached the shore , leading to rumours that she had called them home herself . Queen Anne died on 1 August 1714 at Kensington Palace ; the Protestant Whig Privy Councillors had insisted on their right to be present , preventing Henry St. John , the first Viscount Bolingbroke from declaring for the Pretender , James Francis Edward Stuart . The Marlboroughs returned home on the afternoon of Anne 's death . The Act of Settlement of 1701 ensured a Protestant succession by passing over more than fifty stronger Roman Catholic claimants and proclaiming Georg Ludwig , Elector of Hanover ( the great grandson of James I through Georg 's mother Sophia of Hanover ) , King George I of Great Britain . The new reign was supported by the Whigs , who were mostly staunch Protestants . The Tories were suspected of supporting the Catholic Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart . George I rewarded the Whigs by forming a Whig government ; at his welcome in Queen 's House at Greenwich , he conversed with the Whigs but not with the Tories . Sarah approved of his choice of Whig ministers . King George also had a personal friendship with the Marlboroughs ; the Duke of Marlborough had fought with him in the War of the Spanish Succession , and John and Sarah made frequent visits to the Hanoverian court during their effective exile from England . George 's first words to Marlborough as King of Great Britain were , " My lord Duke , I hope your troubles are now over ; " Marlborough was restored to his old office of Captain @-@ General of the Army . Sarah was relieved to move back to England . The Duke of Marlborough became one of the king 's close advisers , and Sarah moved back into Marlborough House , where she flaunted her eldest granddaughter , Lady Henrietta Godolphin , in the hope of finding a suitable marriage partner . Henrietta eventually married Thomas Pelham @-@ Holles , first Duke of Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , in April 1717 , and the rest of Sarah 's grandchildren went on to make successful marriages . Sarah 's concern for her grandchildren briefly came to a halt , however , when in 1716 her husband had two strokes , the second of which left him without the ability to speak . Sarah spent much of her time with him , accompanying him to Tunbridge Wells and Bath , and he recovered shortly afterwards . Even after his recovery , Sarah opened his correspondence and filtered the letters Marlborough received , lest their contents precipitate another stroke . Sarah 's relationship with her children was strained . Although she had a good relationship with her daughter , Anne Spencer , she became estranged from her daughters Henrietta , Elizabeth and Mary . Similarly heartbroken when her favourite daughter Anne died in 1716 , Sarah kept her favourite cup , a lock of her hair , and adopted the Sunderlands ' youngest child , Lady Diana , who would later become her favourite granddaughter . = = Later years = = John Churchill died at Windsor in 1722 , and Sarah arranged a large funeral for him . Their daughter , Henrietta , became duchess in her own right . Sarah became one of the trustees of the Marlborough estate , and she used her business sense to distribute the family fortune , including the income for her daughter Henrietta . Sarah ’ s personal income was now considerable , and she used the money to invest in land ; she believed this would protect her from currency devaluation . The dowager duchess purchased Wimbledon manor in 1723 , and rebuilt the manor house . Her wealth was so considerable that Sarah hoped to marry her granddaughter , Lady Diana Spencer , to Frederick , Prince of Wales , for which she would pay a massive dowry of £ 100 @,@ 000 . However , Robert Walpole , the First Lord of the Treasury ( effectively the same as today 's Prime Minister ) vetoed the plan . Walpole , although a Whig , had alienated Sarah by supporting peace in Europe ; she was also suspicious of his financial probity ; and Walpole , in turn , mistrusted Sarah . Despite this , good relations with the royal family continued , and Sarah was occasionally invited to court by Queen Caroline , who attempted to cultivate her friendship . The Duchess of Marlborough was a capable business manager , unusual in a period when women were excluded from most things outside the management of their household . Her friend Arthur Maynwaring wrote that she was more capable of business than any man . Although she never came to like Blenheim Palace – describing it as " that great heap of stones " – she became more enthusiastic about its construction and wrote to the Duke of Somerset about the new waterworks : " I believe it will be beautiful . The Canal and Bason ( which is already don [ e ] ) look very fine . There is to be a lake & a cascade ... which I think will bee [ sic ] a great addition to the place " . The Duchess of Marlborough fought against anything she thought was undue extravagance . She wrote to the Duke of Somerset , " I have reduced the stables to one third of what was intended by Sir John [ Vanbrugh ] yet I have room for fourty [ sic ] fine horses . " She allowed only two features of extravagance : the Marlboroughs ' tomb in the Blenheim chapel , designed by William Kent ; and the Doric Column of Victory in the park designed by Henry Herbert , 9th Earl of Pembroke , and finished by Roger Morris . The latter rose to a height of 130 feet ( 40 m ) , complete with fine embellishments . The Duchess carefully monitored the construction of all Blenheim 's features , and she fell out with anyone who did not do exactly what she wanted . These detailed inspections extended to her smaller land purchases . After buying the Wimbledon estate ( which she described as " upon clay , an ill sod , very damp and ... an unhealthy place " ) , and Holdenby House near Althorp , she kept detailed accounts of her finances and expenditure , as well as a sharp look @-@ out for any dishonesty in her agents . Her friendship with Queen Caroline ended when Sarah refused the Queen access through her Wimbledon estate , which resulted in the loss of her £ 500 income as Ranger of Windsor Great Park . Sarah was also rude to King George II – making it clear that he was " too much of a German " – which further alienated her from the court . Her persona non grata status at the Walpole @-@ controlled court prevented her from suppressing the rise of the Tories ; Walpole 's taxes and peace with Spain were deeply unpopular with ruling class English society , and the Tories were gaining much more support as a result . Sarah never lost her good looks and , despite failing popularity , received many offers of marriage after the death of her husband , including one from her old enemy , Charles Seymour , the sixth Duke of Somerset . Ultimately , she decided against remarriage , preferring to keep her independence . Sarah continued to appeal against court decisions which ruled that funding for Blenheim should come from the Marlboroughs ' personal estate , and not the government . This made her unpopular ; she could easily afford the payments herself . She was surprised by the grief she felt following the death of her eldest living daughter in 1733 . Sarah lived to see her enemy Robert Walpole fall in 1742 , and in the same year attempted to improve her reputation by approving a biographical publication titled An Account of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough from her first coming to Court to the year 1710 . She died of old age , at the age of eighty @-@ four , on 18 October 1744 , at Marlborough House ; she was buried at Blenheim . Her husband ’ s body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and buried beside her . = = Assessment = = Although the Duchess of Marlborough ’ s downfall is chiefly attributed to her selfish and self @-@ serving relationship with Queen Anne , she was a vibrant and intelligent woman , who loyally promoted Anne 's interests when she was princess . Anne was a dull conversationalist and Sarah did not find her company stimulating . Sarah believed that she had a right to enforce her political advice , whether Anne personally liked it or not , and became angry if she stubbornly refused to take it . She seems to have underestimated Anne 's strength of character , continuing to believe she could dominate a woman whom foreign Ambassadors noted had become " very determined and quite ferocious " . Apart from her notorious bad temper , Sarah 's main weakness has been described as " an almost pathological inability to admit the validity of anyone else 's point of view " . Abigail Masham also played a key role in Sarah ’ s downfall . Modest and retiring , she promoted the Tory policies of her cousin Robert Harley . Despite owing her position at court to the Duchess of Marlborough , Abigail soon became Sarah ’ s enemy , and supplanted her in Anne ’ s affections . During her lifetime , Sarah drafted twenty @-@ six wills , the last of which was only written a few months before her death ; and had purchased twenty @-@ seven estates . With a wealth of over £ 4 million in land ; £ 17 @,@ 000 in rent rolls ; and a further £ 12 @,@ 500 in annuities , she made financial bequests to rising Whig ministers such as William Pitt , later the first Earl of Chatham , and Philip Stanhope , the fourth Earl of Chesterfield . Although she left little to the poor and even less to charity , she left her servants annuities far above the average for the time : her favourite , Grace Ridley , received £ 16 @,@ 000 , equivalent to approximately £ 1 @.@ 32 million in today 's money . Much of the money left after Sarah 's numerous bequests was inherited by her grandson , John Spencer , with the condition that he could not accept a political office under the government . He also inherited the remainder of Sarah 's numerous estates , including Wimbledon . Marlborough House remained empty for fourteen years , with the exception of James Stephens , one of her executors , before it became the property of the Dukes of Marlborough upon Stephens 's death . In 1817 , it became a royal residence , and passed through members of the British royal family until it became the Commonwealth Secretariat in 1959 . Wimbledon Park House succumbed to fire in 1785 ; and Holywell House , Sarah 's birthplace in St Albans , was demolished in 1827 . Today , much of St Albans is named after the Marlboroughs because of Sarah 's influence . Sarah died , in the words of Tobias Smollett , " immensely rich and very little regretted , either by her own family or the world in general " , but her efforts to continue the Marlborough legacy cannot be ignored . Because of her influence , Sarah managed to marry off members of her family to England ’ s greatest aristocratic dynasties . Among the more famous descendants of the Marlboroughs are Winston Churchill and Diana , Princess of Wales . = = Titles = = 5 June 1660 – [ exact date unknown ] 1677 : Miss Sarah Jennings [ Exact date unknown ] 1677 – 21 December 1682 : Mrs John Churchill 21 December 1682 – 14 May 1685 : The Right Honourable The Lady Churchill of Eyemouth 14 May 1685 – 9 April 1689 : The Right Honourable The Lady Churchill of Sandridge and Eyemouth 9 April 1689 – 14 December 1702 : The Right Honourable The Countess of Marlborough 14 December 1702 – 27 June 1722 : Her Grace The Duchess of Marlborough 27 June 1722 – 18 October 1744 : Her Grace The Dowager Duchess of Marlborough = = Children = = The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough 's children who survived childhood married into the most important families in Great Britain :
= Descent 3 = Descent 3 ( stylized as Descent ³ ) is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Outrage Entertainment and published by Interplay Productions . It was originally released for Microsoft Windows in North America on June 17 , 1999 . Descent 3 is the third game in the Descent video game series and a sequel to Descent II . The game takes place in a science fiction setting of the Solar System where the player is cast as Material Defender , a mercenary who must help an organization known as the Red Acropolis Research Team to stop robots infected by an alien virus . Unlike in standard first @-@ person shooters , the player must control a flying ship that has a six degrees of freedom movement scheme , allowing the player to move and rotate in any 3D direction . In addition to a single @-@ player campaign mode , Descent 3 features an online multiplayer mode where numerous players can compete against each other in eight different game types . The game features both indoor and outdoor environments , made possible with the use of a hybrid engine that combines the capabilities of a portal rendering engine with those of a flight simulator @-@ like terrain engine . Descent 3 received positive reviews from critics , holding a score of 89 out of 100 at review aggregate website Metacritic . The most praised aspects of the game were its graphics , artificial intelligence of enemies , and outdoor environments . An official expansion pack , Descent 3 : Mercenary , was released on December 3 , 1999 . The expansion pack includes a new series of missions , multiplayer maps , and a level editor . After its release on Microsoft Windows , the game was subsequently ported to Mac OS and Linux platforms . = = Gameplay = = Like its predecessors Descent and Descent II , Descent 3 is a six degrees of freedom shooter where the player controls a flying ship from a first @-@ person perspective in zero @-@ gravity . It is differentiated from standard first @-@ person shooters in that it allows the player to move and rotate in any 3D direction . Specifically , the player is free to move forward / backward , up / down , left / right , and rotate in three perpendicular axes , often termed pitch , yaw , and roll . Aboard the ship , the player can shoot enemies , turn on the ship 's afterburners to temporarily increase its acceleration and speed , and fire flares or turn on the ship 's headlight to explore darkened areas . In the game 's single @-@ player mode , the player must complete a series of levels where different types of AI @-@ controlled enemies will try to hinder the player 's progress . The game primarily takes place inside labyrinthine underground facilities , but the player can occasionally travel over the surface of the planets where the facilities are buried to reach other nearby areas . The underground facilities are composed of a set of tunnels and rooms separated by doors . Most of them can be opened by either firing weapons at them or bumping into them , but others require special actions to be performed first before entry is allowed . For instance , some doors require special keys to open them . To finish a level and proceed to the next one , the player must complete a certain set of objectives , ranging from collecting items to activating switches , defeating enemies , and destroying objects , among others . Some levels also feature optional objectives that are not critical but add to the player 's overall completion score . As the player progresses throughout the game , two additional ships become available for use . Each of the game 's three ships offers a different balance of speed , weapons , and maneuverability . Within the levels , the player may collect power @-@ ups that enhance the ship 's weaponry . Weapons are categorized into three different types : primary weapons , secondary weapons , and countermeasures . Primary weapons range from a variety of laser weapons to the Plasma Cannon and the Napalm Cannon , which projects a stream of burning fuel . Secondary weapons include different types of missiles , while countermeasures range from proximity mines to portable turrets . Most primary weapons consume energy in different rate , but some , such as the Napalm Cannon , use their own type of ammunition . In contrast , all secondary weapons and countermeasures require their own ammunition suppliers . The player 's ship is protected by a shield which decreases when attacked by enemies . If the shield is fully depleted , the player dies and must start the game again from a previous section of the fight without any collected power @-@ ups . Nevertheless , the player can reclaim the missing power @-@ ups from the ruins of the destroyed ship . Shield , energy , and ammunition suppliers are dispersed among the levels to help players increase their resources . The player can also collect equipment items which grant special powers . For example , the Quad Laser modifies the laser weapons to fire four shots at once instead of the standard two , while the Cloaking Device renders the player invisible to enemies for 30 seconds . During the game , the player may also deploy the Guide @-@ Bot , an assistant that keeps track of the next objective and shows the player the way to a specific target . = = = Multiplayer = = = In addition to the single @-@ player campaign mode , Descent 3 features an online multiplayer mode where numerous players can compete against each other in eight different game types . Notable game types include Anarchy , where the objective is to kill as many opponents as possible , Capture the Flag , where two to four teams compete against each other to capture opposing flags , and Monsterball , in which players must shoot and guide a ball into their opponents ' goal . Aspects such as time limit , number of players , map to play on , and selection of what weapons are allowed , among others , can be customized to match player preference . The game also features an observer mode which allows players to watch a multiplayer game as a spectator and a co @-@ operative mode that allows players to work together to complete campaign missions . Multiplayer games support the DirectPlay , IPX , and TCP / IP protocols . Online gameplay was also possible over Parallax Online , an online gaming service which kept track of players ' statistics and rankings . = = Plot = = Descent 3 takes place in a science fiction setting of the Solar System where the player is cast as Material Defender MD1032 , a mercenary working for a corporation called the Post Terran Mining Corporation ( PTMC ) . The game begins moments after the events of Descent II , with the Material Defender escaping the destruction of a planetoid where he was clearing PTMC 's robots infected by an alien virus . He was about to return to Earth to collect his reward , but a malfunction occurred with the prototype warp drive in the ship he was piloting , making it drift towards the Sun 's atmosphere . At the very last moment , the Material Defender is rescued via a tractor beam by an organization known as the Red Acropolis Research Team . While the Material Defender recovers in the Red Acropolis station on Mars , the director of the team informs him that they have been investigating PTMC , and have uncovered a conspiracy : one of her acquaintances in the PTMC was killed by a robot , and when she contacted PTMC about it , they denied having ever employed such acquaintance , even though he had worked with them for years . The Red Acropolis had tried to notify the Collective Earth Defense ( CED ) , a large police group , of the PTMC 's actions , but they took no action , not daring to interfere with such a powerful corporation . The director also tells the Material Defender that , while he was clearing the mines during the events of Descent II , PTMC executive Samuel Dravis was actually testing and modifying the virus and deliberately tried to kill him by overloading the warp drive on his ship . After some persuasion and offers from the director , including a new ship and an AI assistant known as the Guide @-@ Bot , the Material Defender accepts to help the Red Acropolis stop the virus . The Material Defender is first sent to Deimos to obtain information about the location of a scientist named Dr. Sweitzer who has evidence of the PTMC 's actions . He is then rescued in the Novak Corporate Prison on Phobos . After recovering the evidence , the Material Defender delivers it to PTMC President Suzuki in Seoul before leaving with his reward . When the Material Defender arrives at the Red Acropolis Research Station , the director tells him that the PTMC president has been killed and that the Red Acropolis Research Team are now accused of being terrorists , resulting in the destruction of the then @-@ abandoned station . After a series of missions , the Material Defender and the Red Acropolis Research Team manage to develop an antivirus and convince the CED that they are not terrorists . The CED suggest to broadcast the antivirus through their strategic platform orbiting Earth , but the results are unsuccessful . The Material Defender is then sent to Venus , where Dravis has been tracked by the Red Acropolis . In the ensuing confrontation in his stronghold , Dravis is mortally wounded by the Guide @-@ Bot 's flares and the Material Defender deactivates the virus , which disables all of the PTMC 's robots . The game ends with the CED destroying the PTMC 's orbital headquarters while the Material Defender returns to Earth . = = Development = = Descent 3 is the first project developed by Outrage Entertainment . The company was founded when Parallax Software , creators of previous Descent games , decided to split in two : Outrage Entertainment and Volition . Volition would focus on creating the combat space simulator FreeSpace games , while Outrage would continue with the Descent series . Development on Descent 3 began in November 1996 with a team of eight people . According to programmer Jason Leighton , one of the major problems during the game 's development cycle was a lack of direction and control . He explained that the team had " No code reviews , no art reviews , [ and ] no way of saying , ' This is bad and we should be going in a different direction ' " . This " anarchistic " development environment worked for Descent and Descent II because they were developed by small groups that worked closely together and often in the same room . However , as Outrage started to grow from eight people to almost 20 by the end of the project , the developers did not introduce enough management to control the process . As Leighton recalls , " we literally had to build the team and company at the same time we started production on the game " . Originally , Descent 3 was intended to support both a software and a hardware renderer , implying that the rendering process of the game could take place either in the CPU or dedicated hardware like a video card . However , about six months after starting development , the team decided to go with a hardware @-@ only renderer because it allowed them to create " visually stunning " graphics and maintain a solid frame rate without worrying about the limitations imposed by the software renderer . This was a difficult decision since the team had to scrap many tools and software rendering technology that were already developed . In addition , computers with hardware acceleration were not common at the time the decision was made . As the developers noted , " We knew just by looking at our progress on the game under acceleration that we had a beautiful looking game with all the latest technologies — but would anyone actually be able to play it ? " Fortunately , as development progressed , hardware acceleration became more popular with each passing year . The game natively supports the Direct3D , Glide and OpenGL rendering APIs for graphics , and the A3D and DirectSound3D technologies for sound . The new technology also allowed the developers to create both indoor and outdoor environments ; one of the biggest complaints of Descent II was the fact that it was considered too " tunnely " . To this end , the developers created a new technology which featured an indoor portal rendering engine " hooked to a flight @-@ sim @-@ like terrain " engine , collectively called the Fusion Engine . The portal engine permitted designers to create small rooms with complex geometry . These rooms would later be linked together via shared dividing polygons called portals to create a portalized world for the player to fly through . In contrast , the terrain engine , which was initially planned for another game and whose function is to create more polygonal detail as players get closer to the ground and decrease polygons when they are farther away , gave designers the ability to create expansive outdoor terrains . Transitions between both engines were achieved using an external room ( with its normal vectors inverted ) that could be placed anywhere on the terrain map . With this technique , developers could create hybrid levels where the player could transit from indoor to outdoor areas in real @-@ time and without loading screens . Leighton commented that whenever one of these transitions occurs , " the game code [ switches ] collision detection , rendering , and so on , to use the terrain engine " . The company had no standardization of level design tools . Leighton said , " Some people used 3D Studio Max , some used Lightwave , and one designer even wrote his own custom modeler from scratch " . This practice led to an inconsistent quality across the game 's levels . For example , one designer would create structures with great geometry but bad texturing , while another would create the opposite . Once the structures were modeled individually , they were all imported into a custom editor , called D3Edit , so that the designers could " glue everything together " . The D3Edit editor received constant updates because it initially did not feature an intuitive interface for designers . It was not until the last third of the development period that the editor improved significantly . As Leighton notes , " Even in the shipped game you can tell which levels were made early on and which were made near the end of the production cycle . The later levels are much better looking , have better frame rates , and generally have better scripts " . Developers also considered the idea of shipping the game with a level editor based on the one they used to create the game 's levels . However , due to the constant changes the developers made to their own editor , it was hard for them to design a more user @-@ friendly one from the start . In addition to the changes in the game 's engine , the developers decided to improve the artificial intelligence to give each enemy a distinct behavior . According to Matt Toschlog , president of Outrage Entertainment and lead programmer of Descent 3 , " It 's very rewarding for the player to meet a new enemy , get to know him , learn his quirks , and figure out the best way to kill him . It 's great when a game requires both thinking and quick reactions " . Originally , the developers planned to add weather effects that would disorient the player 's ship during gameplay , but this feature was ultimately not implemented due to time and technology constraints . Multiplayer games were heavily tested to ensure their network stability and support IPX , TCP , and DirectPlay . The actual development of the game took 31 months to complete , with the developers describing it as both a joyful and painful process due to in part of the almost nonexistent management and the rapidly evolving technology at the time . = = Marketing and release = = Descent 3 was presented at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 1998 , where developers showed off a demonstration of the game . In the months leading to the game 's release , the game 's publisher , Interplay Productions , ran a program that allowed Descent fans to submit a digital photo of themselves along with a pilot name to the company . These photos would later be included in the game so that players could use them as their multiplayer profiles . Outrage also released two game demos that allowed customers to try the game before purchasing it . The second demo included a single @-@ player level and several multiplayer matches which could be played through a matchmaking service provided by Outrage . From March to August 1999 , Interplay also held a Descent 3 tournament in the U.S. consisting of three phases where numerous players could compete against each other in multiplayer matches . The winner was awarded a prize of US $ 50 @,@ 000 . Descent 3 was initially released for Microsoft Windows on June 17 , 1999 . A level editor was eventually released shortly afterwards and allows users to create both single and multiplayer maps for the game . A Mac OS version of the game was also released in November 1999 . The Mac OS version was ported by programmer Duane Johnson , who previously worked on the 3dfx versions of the original Descent and Descent II . Descent 3 was also ported to Linux platforms by Loki Entertainment Software after an agreement with the game 's publisher . The port , which features a multiplayer mode optimized for 16 players , was released in July 2000 . In 2014 , the game was made available on the Steam digital distribution service . = = Reception = = Descent 3 received positive reviews from video game critics . Erik Wolpaw , writing for GameSpot , felt that the game " improves in almost every conceivable way on its predecessors and reestablishes the series as the premier example of the play style it single @-@ handedly pioneered " . The most praised aspects of the game were its graphics , artificial intelligence of enemies , and outdoor environments . IGN reviewer Jay Boor lauded the game 's new engine , noting that the transition between indoor and outdoor environments is seamless . Game Revolution remarked that the addition of outdoor environments " allows for an even greater use of the maneuvering capabilities , adds variety to the levels , and ensures that the game never gets dull or boring " . The reviewer also acknowledged that the game 's six degrees of freedom movement scheme may be difficult to master for some players , stating that the game " can be confusing , dizzying , and even nauseating . This is a game for the pro 's " . The music and sound effects received similar praise . GameSpot pointed out that " explosions erupt with lots of satisfying , floor @-@ rattling bass , lasers ping nicely , flamethrowers emit appropriate rumbling whooshes , and there 's plenty of ambient beeping , hissing , and mechanical humming " . Game Revolution praised the graphics for their " modeling , colored lighting , incredible special effects , wonderful animation , [ and ] sheer overall feel " . Victor Lucas of Electric Playground stated similar pros , but also admitted that the game 's hardware requirements were relatively high . Criticism was leveled at the game 's story . GameSpot considered it not compelling , while Jason Cross , writing for Computer Games Magazine , felt that it " really doesn 't have much to do with actual gameplay " . PC Gamer reviewer Stephen Poole also criticized the Guide @-@ Bot 's efficiency , remarking that sometimes it can get lost or trapped while leading the player to a destination . The gameplay was praised for its variety of weapons and enemies . Game Revolution said that each enemy is " unique both in ability , structure , and behavior so that each requires a specific combat approach " . Maximum PC reviewer Josh Norem praised the levels for their interesting objectives , stating that the missions " vary widely , ranging from finding lost colleagues to defending strategic structures against enemy assaults " . Computer Games Magazine praised the fact that the developers replaced the wire @-@ frame automaps of previous Descent games with flat @-@ shaded polygons because they " provide more detail and make it easier to recognize where you are and how to get where you want to go " . The multiplayer was highlighted positively due to its replay value and variety of game types . Computer Games Magazine also credited its " rock @-@ solid performance on standard dialup modems and easy connectivity " , while GameSpot praised it for being " fun and stable " . The game was a runner @-@ up for GameSpy 's Action Game of the Year and a nominee for GameSpot 's PC Action Game of the Year . Despite the positive reviews , the game did not perform well in sales . As a result , Daily Radar awarded the game a " System Shock Award " , named after the Looking Glass Studios 1994 game of the same name , implying that Descent 3 is a " game that the critics loved but is over @-@ shadowed by lesser or greater games " . = = Expansion pack = = Descent 3 features an official expansion pack developed by Outrage and released for Microsoft Windows on December 3 , 1999 . The expansion , entitled Descent 3 : Mercenary , introduces new features , a seven @-@ level campaign , a fourth ship , and several multiplayer maps . It also includes the game 's level editor . The expansion received mixed to positive reviews from critics . IGN reviewer Rich Rouse gave Mercenary a rating of 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 and praised it for its lasting appeal , stating : " With hordes of new missions and battlefields on the CD , as well as the included level creation package , you won 't be uninstalling for a long time " . In contrast , GameSpot editor Erik Wolpaw , giving the expansion a rating of 6 out of 10 , criticized the expansion for its bland level design and lack of new features . A compilation that includes both Descent 3 and its expansion pack was released on June 14 , 2001 .
= Ronald Skirth = John Ronald Skirth ( 11 December 1897 – 1977 ) was a British soldier who served in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War . His experiences during the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Passchendaele , both in 1917 , led him to resolve not to take human life , and for the rest of his army service he made deliberate errors in targeting calculations to try to ensure the guns of his battery missed their aiming point on the first attempt , giving the enemy a chance to evacuate . Many years later , after retiring from a career as a teacher , he wrote a memoir of his years in the army , describing his disillusionment with the conduct of the war and his conversion to pacifism . In 2010 the memoir was published as The Reluctant Tommy , edited by Duncan Barrett . = = Early life and war service = = Skirth was born in Chelmsford and grew up in Bexhill @-@ on @-@ Sea . In the First World War , having volunteered for the British Army under the Derby Scheme , and having requested that the process be expedited , he was called up in October 1916 , two months before his 19th birthday . He became a Battery Commander 's Assistant in the Royal Garrison Artillery , responsible for making the calculations necessary to target the large guns of a field battery . When he argued with a superior officer over whether to use a French church for target practice he was demoted in rank from Corporal to Bombardier . Skirth saw action in the Battle of Messines , in which two of his closest friends , Bill and Geordie , were killed . On the same day he had an " epiphany " when he stumbled across the body of a dead German of about his own age , and realised that one of the shells he had targeted might well have killed him . This was to mark a turning point in his thinking about the war as he determined that he was morally responsible for his actions and for their consequences , despite the chain of command . During the Battle of Passchendaele , Skirth and another friend , Jock Shiels , left their post when they discovered that their commanding officer had ignored an order to withdraw from the front line . Skirth was knocked out by a shell which killed Shiels , and subsequently suffered from shell @-@ shock and amnesia . Following a period of convalescence in hospital in France , he was sent to the Italian Front in December 1917 , where his battery was being reorganised . There , following a relapse of shell @-@ shock , he was treated in hospital in Schio and at the mud spa at Montegrotto . In Italy , Skirth made a resolution that he would do everything within his power to avoid further loss of human life . He felt that the " just war " he had signed up for was anything but just , and was disillusioned with the army and the conduct of the war . In a church in the Italian village of San Martino , near Vicenza , he made a private pact with God that he would never again help to take a human life . He wrote to his future wife , Ella Christian , claiming that he had become a pacifist and a conscientious objector . He also began a campaign of small acts of sabotage , introducing minor errors into his trajectory calculations so as to mistarget the guns , such that they " never once hit an inhabited target " on the first attempt , giving the enemy a chance to evacuate . His actions were never discovered by his superiors . Apparently he carried out this sabotage while still in Italy where he remained until February 1919 , aside from a fortnight of leave back in England in November and December 1918 . He received the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his war service but declined the Military Medal , which he felt was offered as part of an attempt to whitewash a fatal accident he had tried to prevent . = = Later life = = In September 1919 Skirth returned to England , to commence teacher training , for which he had signed up before leaving to serve in the army . He trained in London , and after graduating taught briefly at a school in Bexhill @-@ on @-@ Sea , before transferring in 1922 to a post at a school in Uxbridge . In 1923 he and Ella Christian became engaged and the following year , after Skirth secured a job at the Little Ealing Senior Boys ' School and found a flat they could share in Ealing , they married , on 29 December 1924 , at the Church of St Barnabus in Bexhill . In September 1929 their only child was born , a daughter whom they named Jean . ( They had expected a boy , who would have been called John . ) During the Second World War , the family was evacuated to South Wales with Skirth ’ s school . In his forties by this point and suffering from ill health , he was not expected to fight , but his anti @-@ war views earned him the labels " crank , visionary , communistic and impractical " . After the war , the family returned to Ealing , where Skirth and his wife Ella lived , in various homes , throughout their life together , and where he continued to work as a teacher until he took early retirement in 1958 . He died there in 1977 . = = Character and beliefs = = A self @-@ confessed ' dreamer ' with a romantic sensibility , Skirth was very fond of literature , and in particular poetry ; he took with him to the Western Front a much @-@ annotated copy of Francis Turner Palgrave 's Golden Treasury . His favourite poets were John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron . He had an intense love of beauty , which he found all around him in music , architecture and the natural world . On the Western Front , he wrote , he was " deprived of the one thing that to me was as precious as life itself , my love of beauty " . Although Skirth had volunteered for the Army in 1915 , as an idealistic patriot , convinced that " King and Country " were causes worth fighting for , it was not long before he became disillusioned with the war and the army . He attributed this to a combination of his sensitive character , his Christian upbringing and sense of right and wrong , and , most significantly , the horror of his war experiences . After the war , Skirth remained a convinced pacifist for the rest of his life . He believed that Britain should not have declared war on Germany in 1939 and claimed that he would rather surrender and face occupation than take up arms against a hostile force . Writing in the early 1970s , he expressed hope that the next generation of political leaders would not make the same mistakes as their forebears . = = Memoir = = In January 1971 , having retired from his teaching career , Skirth began work on a handwritten memoir which described his conduct and experiences during the First World War , and in particular his experience of disillusionment . Although he initially intended to focus on his relationship with his wife Ella , touching on the war only briefly , he soon felt under a " compulsion " to write more about his war experiences . He worked on the memoir for over a year , eventually filling five green ring binders with many hundreds of pages , and over the next few years , despite suffering two strokes , he repeatedly went back to the material , editing , amending and adding to what he had written . Skirth gave the memoir to his daughter Jean in 1975 , two years before his death in 1977 Although for many years she found it too upsetting to read in full , she felt that it was a story that should be shared with others , and in 1999 she donated four of the five ring binders , containing the bulk of the memoir but excluding its more personal sections , to the Imperial War Museum in London , where they remain to this day . Once it was made available to researchers and academics , Skirth 's memoir began to attract attention , and his story was featured in Richard Schweitzer 's The Cross and the Trenches ( 2003 ) , Michele Barrett 's Casualty Figures ( 2007 ) , and in Ian Hislop 's documentary Not Forgotten : The Men Who Wouldn 't Fight ( 2008 ) , in which Hislop interviewed Jean Skirth about her father 's war experiences . = = = Publication = = = In 2010 the memoir was published in book form by Macmillan , as The Reluctant Tommy : Ronald Skirth 's Extraordinary Memoir of the First World War , edited by Duncan Barrett . Barrett wrote in an introduction that he felt that Skirth 's story " deserved as wide an audience as possible — and to be read in its protagonist 's own words " . Skirth 's daughter Jean , who had given permission for the memoir to be published remained uncertain whether publishing the memoir was what her father would have wanted , but believed that it was important that his story should be widely known . The book carried a foreword by Channel 4 News anchor Jon Snow , in which he wrote about his grandfather Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Thomas D 'Oyly Snow . Referring to the popular description of the lower ranks as " lions led by donkeys " , Snow acknowledged that " If Ronald Skirth was a ' lion ' , Thom Snow was ultimately a ' donkey ' . " = = = Critical reaction = = = The Reluctant Tommy received largely favourable reviews by Richard Holmes in the Evening Standard and Jonathan Gibbs in the Financial Times , as well as coverage in the Daily Mail , Socialist Worker and the Sunday Express . [ An ] important contribution to the literature of the war ... a remorseless condemnation of war and support for the stance of the absolute pacifist ... I would certainly buy this book even if I had not been sent a review copy , and whenever I get too misty @-@ eyed about officer @-@ man relationships I shall reread it to remind me of how badly things could go wrong . And of just how vital it is , for any democratic society seeking to use war as an instrument of policy , to ensure that the connection between war 's means and its political ends is crystal clear . Skirth ’ s writing may be uneven but it carries the unmistakable tenor of honesty and true belief , not least in his disgust at the behaviour of many of his superiors . His descriptions of seeing his friends gassed and blown to bits are moving as much for what he can ’ t bring himself to write , as for what he can . The book began as the story of his marriage to the girl who waited for him back home , and that sense of a happy ending shines through even the bleakest moments . Not all criticism has been favourable . A review in the BBC 's Who Do You Think You Are magazine remarks on the disparities between official war records and Skirth 's version of events : He movingly describes two friends and an officer being killed on Messines Ridge on 8th June 1917 — though the unit war diary notes no casualties and the named officer isn 't on the Commonwealth War Graves Register . In November 1917 he says his battery was so far forward they were ordered to withdraw and his insane CO refused to leave — Skirth claims to have disobeyed his direct order and fled with his pal Jock Shiels — yet according to the CWG Register John Shiels of 293 Battery RGA was killed on 18th July 1917 . When the battery is later sent to Italy Skirth is quite clear that it was without guns as late as April 1918 yet the war diary records them firing numerous bombardments . [ ... ] The overall impression he gives of the tiny scale of one man caught up in a huge and apparently indifferent military machine in a war like none previous is impressive – but should be treated with great caution as factual history .
= Feedback ( song ) = " Feedback " is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her tenth studio album , Discipline . It was written and produced by Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins and D 'Mile , with additional writing from Tasleema Yasin and LaShawn Daniels . " Feedback " fuses electropop and dance , while also incorporating elements of Eurodance and hip hop . Its lyrical composition is based on Jackson 's sexual bravado ; questioning the listener while responding with a chant of " sexy , sexy . " Its chorus compares her body to instruments such as a guitar and amplifier , using metaphors to demonstrate sexual climax . The songs official remix features vocals from fellow American entertainer Ciara . " Feedback " received acclaim from critics , who praised its sonic innovation and contrast from her prior release , commending Jackson as " back in the form that made her a pop superstar . " It reached number nineteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Play chart , becoming her biggest hit since " Someone to Call My Lover . " Internationally , it topped the charts in South Korea and reached the top ten in Canada , Greece , Slovakia and South Africa . Its music video , directed by Saam Farahmand , portrays Jackson jumping from various planets before dancing among an unidentified white liquid . The video received positive reception from critics , who praised its galactic visuals and choreography . Jackson performed " Feedback " on Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and TRL , the latter being Jackson 's first admittance to MTV since her Super Bowl performance incident . " Feedback " received three nominations at the International Dance Music Awards . = = Background = = " Feedback " was written and produced by Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins and D 'Mile , with additional writing from Tasleema Yasin and LaShawn Daniels . It saw Jackson returning to an experimental dance @-@ pop sound in contrast to the subdued rhythmic feel of prior album 20 Y.O. The song was her first single released via the Island label after departing with Virgin Records . Island 's A & R director likened its drum pattern to " Rhythm Nation " , though clarified , " it doesn 't sound like it . It 's a 2008 version . " The song leaked on December 12 , 2007 and was premiered by New York radio station Z100 the same day . = = Composition = = " Feedback " is an electropop and R & B song with slight elements of Eurodance and hip @-@ hop . It features varied instrumentation , such as guitars , synthesizers and drums . It uses a " digitized " robotic effect on Jackson 's vocals to heighten its futuristic aura and sensual tone , likened to a sex gynoid by Rolling Stone . Erotic Revolutionaries author Shayne Lee wrote " In " Feedback , " she puts her body on display for a peep show in which her partner is free to explore her erotic zones . " The line within the song , " My swag is serious , something heavy like a first day period , " in which Jackson compares her dominant presence to the initial side effects of a woman 's menstrual cycle , drew media attention . Digital Spy remarked the song deserved heightened notoriety due to the lyrical boast , praising her return to " brilliantly filthy form " . Louis Virtel of Movieline highlighted the line as he called " Feedback " Jackson 's " biggest feat " in several years . In 2013 , Thought Catalog declared Jackson among " 23 Essential Role Models " for young women , saying despite the line , " somehow the song is still sexy and hot and amazing . [ ... ] Her witchcraft is something to be studied for years to come . " = = Critical reception = = " Feedback " received general acclaim upon its release . Chuck Taylor of Billboard declared it a " bona fide smash , " equipped with " the goods for a meaningful return to pop . " Taylor noted the song " features a gracious dance groove , but more so , supplies a sing along hook and distinctive melody , " likening it to " a funked @-@ up ' All for You ' , " concluding " Welcome back , Janet . Missed you much . " Glenn Gamboa of Newsweek called it " enjoyable fluff , " with a " robo @-@ dance " sound highlighting " Jackson 's playful phrasing and ability to mine the electro @-@ groove . " Blender called it " her most distinctive track in years , " and MTV News cited Jackson as " bringing back the dance sound " to the mainstream . Nick Levine of Digital Spy deemed it a " libidinous strut " that contains " everything you want from a Jackson single " , including " hard @-@ edged beats , plenty of hooks and enough attitude to compensate for her flimsy @-@ as @-@ cling @-@ film voice . " Levine went on to call the track " a Shoulda Been Smash , if only for Janet 's boast that she 's " something heavy like a first @-@ day period . " Keith Harris of Rolling Stone called the song a " high @-@ voltage money shot , " likening Jackson 's vocals to a " sex droid , " complete with " crass " beats and " heavy breathing . " Harris added , " When Janet brags she 's heavy like a first @-@ day period [ ... ] all the amateur competition should just pack up their Webcams and go home . " Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack analyzed it as " breathy with a propulsive beat " and " exactly how I like my Jsquared , " calling Jackson " the comeback story of 2008 . " Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club considered it " a slight digital jam " which masks Jackson among " uncertain vocal tones and incongruous lines about guitars . " IGN called Jackson 's vocals a " metallic mess " but goes on to say that the song is saved by a " mediocre hook " and a " fuzzy dance beat . " The New York Times referred to the track as " blippy and propulsive , " stating that it offers " more proof that for Ms. Jackson , sex really doesn ’ t sell . " PopMatters called it " energetic " and a " club @-@ ready track perfect for both Janet 's celebrated choreography and flirty vocal stylings , " adding " she opts to forgo any shock and awe moments , " repeating the lines , " sexy , sexy , sexy " to grab your interests , versus a full onslaught of visceral come on 's . " The Boston Globe called it " droid @-@ like , " built on " metaphors and analogies . " Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine said the track " shows Janet the 4 / 4 we assumed she lost , though the beat whomps so relentlessly here it 's hard to know how she could 've ever misplaced it . " The song 's " octane , " composition , and bridge were also praised , with Henderson adding she 's " accidentally discovered the essence of hip @-@ hop for good measure . " Slant Magazine ranked it the eighth best single of 2008 and fifty @-@ ninth best song of the decade , declaring it " infectiously bizarre " and commending its advanced production and lyrical content . NRJ France commended its " sexy chorus " and " fat electro bass " , saying it " remains easily in your head . " The Los Angeles Times noted its " top @-@ notch " and " glossed @-@ over " production , praising the " tech @-@ savvy groove " while adding " It 'll sound great in a club . " The Daily Star heralded the " buzzy hook fest " as Jackson 's " best single in a decade , " while Australia 's Daily Telegraph called it a " cracking pop track . " Elsewhere , it was called " crisp " , " danceable " , and " ridiculously good " , also " lavished with Janet 's trademark velvet harmonies . " MuuMuse ranked it the nineteenth best single of the year , while MuchMusic praised the single as a return to form , saying " People want to dance . You like to dance . Together , the world can dance once again . " Bob Burke of FMQB described the song as " a whole new groove for Jackson " that " fits like a glove , " adding " the early ' feedback ' indicates another multi @-@ format hit in the making . " = = Chart performance = = " Feedback " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number eighty @-@ four . Several weeks later it rose to its peak position of number nineteen , becoming Jackson 's twenty @-@ ninth top twenty hit on the chart and her first top twenty hit since 2001 's " Someone to Call My Lover " . " Feedback " reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , number two on Hot Singles Sales and three on Hot Dance Airplay , number seven on Hot Digital Songs , number thirty on Pop Songs , and number twenty @-@ three on the Pop 100 . It also peaked within the top twenty @-@ five of rhythmic and urban airplay formats . It was the year 's fifth most successful song on Hot Dance Club Play and Jackson 's eighteenth number one on the chart . It has sold 822 @,@ 000 in digital sales as of 2010 . It peaked at number three in Canada and number two on Hot Canadian Digital Singles . Internationally , " Feedback " reached number one on South Korea 's Hanteo chart , number five in Belgium and Greece , and number eight in South Africa and Slovakia , where it charted for forty @-@ one weeks . In Japan , it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100 , peaking at number seven on the Japan Hot 100 airplay chart . It peaked within the top twenty in Norway and New Zealand ; also reaching number twenty @-@ one in Finland , twenty @-@ two in Brazil , twenty @-@ five in Croatia , thirty @-@ two in Ireland , and the top forty in France , Denmark , and Germany . In Australia and the United Kingdom it was not as successful , Peaking at 50 and 114 respectively , However did manage to chart at 14 on the UK R & B Chart . It was the year 's thirty @-@ third most played song on Lebanon 's NRJ radio . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = The music video for " Feedback , " directed by Saam Farahmand , was filmed over two days in December 2007 , on a sound @-@ stage located in New York City . Jackson approached Farahmand with a " futuristic " galactic concept , which he created based on Jackson 's vision . Jackson was the first pop artist to work with Farahmand , resulting in a " far more " successful attempt at mainstream recognition than his prior works . A second version of the video , with several scenes lightened and edited to appear more clearly , was released to iTunes two months after the original . Rolling Stone later announced it the third most expensive music video of 2008 . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video begins with a purple liquid forming the word ' JANET ' . Jackson is then shown sitting on top of a planet in outer space , wearing a bodysuit adorned with jewelry , long ponytail , and mask . Various asteroids and dancers mounting planets in black latex attire and helmets are shown . Jackson flips her ponytail , revealing her face as cosmic dust is tossed about . Several dancers leap to other planets as Jackson descends to a cratered surface , performing abstract choreography with two dancers . Jackson jumps to another setting , shown in slow motion as the audio is filtered , landing on a white liquid surface with a crimson atmosphere . Backed by eight dancers , Jackson performs the song 's choreography as various objects crash into the liquid . Jackson and the dancers fall into the liquid , with Jackson reemerging in a red catsuit . Jackson then performs a dance routine with six glowing spheres . The final sphere ascends upward as fourteen white liquid objects explode . = = = Release and reception = = = The video premiered on January 7 , 2008 and debuted on Yahoo ! Music the next day . Upon mending her relationship with MTV , the video premiered on MTV 's TRL on January 14 , 2008 . The video and behind the scenes footage is featured on a DVD included with the deluxe edition of Jackson 's Discipline album . Yahoo ! Music declared " Feedback " the tenth most streamed video of 2008 . Billboard favorably called it " pretty insane " . MTV News regarded Jackson as being " big @-@ time back , " citing the clip as an " indication of her new look and feel . " MTV added , " Janet looks amazing , and the track bumps , " regarding it " hot enough to undo the damage of Nipplegate , of course , but , more recently , 20 Y.O. " MuchMusic declared it " awesome " , adding " the dance sequence is classic Jackson fabulousness and the ending is super cool . " The Los Angeles Times praised the science fiction aura among its " planetary effects " . NRJ France praised its " magnificent " choreography , adding that the video closes with " a squirt of milk . " Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine thought it was " a minor revelation " in comparison to the song itself , though credited Jackson for " juggling CGI in a skin @-@ tight red jumpsuit during what appeared to be the middle ground of her yo @-@ yo weight swings " and " whipping up cosmic dust with that ponytail ( how 's that for an entrance ? ! ) . " = = Live performances = = Jackson performed " Feedback " on Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and MTV 's TRL . " Feedback " and several other songs were scheduled to be performed on Saturday Night Live , but Jackson was required to cancel due to illness . Performances on Jimmy Kimmel Live and London nightclub G @-@ A @-@ Y were also initially planned . Jackson taught the video 's choreography to Larry King during an appearance on Larry King Live . It was later performed on the Rock Witchu Tour , Number Ones , Up Close and Personal , and the Unbreakable World Tour . The performance on TRL became Jackson 's first appearance on MTV in six years , following a lengthy period in which the network blacklisted Jackson and her music videos after they were fined regarding her controversial Super Bowl performance incident . MTV News called the performance " fantastique " , with the audience " completely losing their cot @-@ damn marbles . " Jackson 's rendition on Number Ones , Up Close and Personal was called " throbbing " by The Courant , noting its " explicit dance moves " . = = Legacy = = Musician Justin West recorded an acoustic version of " Feedback . " Miley Cyrus performed a dance routine to the song on the premiere episode of YouTube series " The Miley and Mandy Show " . So You Think You Dance winner Jeanine Mason performed a dance routine to the song on the show 's fifth season . It was also used in an episode of MTV 's The Hills . In 2013 , it was mentioned in the novel Cruising : Gay Erotic Stories . Fitness magazine included it among their list of Best Songs for Running . = = Awards and accolades = = = = Track listings = = = = Official remixes = = = = Personnel = = Vocals : Janet Jackson Writers : Rodney Jerkins , D 'Mile , Tasleema Yasin , LaShawn Daniels Producers : Rodney " Darkchild " Jerkins , D 'Mile Mixing : Roberto " Tito " Vazquez , Rodney Jerkins Engineer : Josh Houghkirk , Carlos Oyanedel Pro Tools editing : Mike " Handz " Donaldson = = Charts = =
= No. 71 Wing RAAF = No. 71 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing of World War II . It was formed in February 1943 at Milne Bay , Papua New Guinea , as part of No. 9 Operational Group . The wing initially comprised two squadrons of P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks , one of Lockheed Hudsons , and one of Bristol Beauforts . The wing 's mainstay soon became the Beaufort , which eventually equipped five squadrons attached to the formation . No. 71 Wing took part in the New Guinea campaign under the auspices of No. 9 Group , before transferring to No. 10 Operational Group for the Western New Guinea campaign during 1944 . It then returned to the control of Northern Command ( formerly No. 9 Group ) to support Australian ground forces in the Aitape – Wewak campaign , and completed its final combat mission only hours before the Japanese surrender in August 1945 . No. 71 Wing remained in New Guinea following the war and was disbanded in January 1946 . = = History = = = = = New Guinea campaign = = = Formed in February 1943 , No. 71 Wing consisted of No. 6 Squadron ( flying Lockheed Hudsons ) , No. 75 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks ) , No. 77 Squadron ( P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks ) , and No. 100 Squadron ( Bristol Beauforts ) . Based at Milne Bay , Papua New Guinea , the wing was led by Wing Commander Ian McLachlan , and came under the aegis of No. 9 Operational Group , the RAAF 's " premier fighting unit " in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , whose purpose was to act as a mobile strike force in support of advancing Allied troops . In March the Beauforts took part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea , " the decisive aerial engagement " in the SWPA according to General Douglas MacArthur , but was unable to score any hits against Japanese ships . Between July and October 1943 , No. 71 Wing 's squadrons carried out operations against enemy bases , shipping and lines of communication along the coast of New Britain . In August , it was given responsibility for Goodenough Island , where it was joined the following month by No. 8 Squadron , flying Beauforts . No. 6 Squadron had meanwhile converted to Beauforts from Hudsons ; it remained at Milne Bay along with No. 100 Squadron , until both transferred to Goodenough in November . Between October 1943 and February 1944 , the three Beaufort squadrons took part in a series of major attacks on Rabaul , bombing and strafing airfields , infrastructure and shipping ; the Japanese withdrew their aircraft from Rabaul the following month . The wing 's commanders during this period included Wing Commander Blake Pelly in 1943 , and Group Captain Colin Hannah , former leader of No. 6 Squadron , in early 1944 , before he was repatriated to Australia due to illness . = = = Western New Guinea campaign = = = By early 1944 , No. 9 Operational Group had become a static garrison force for the New Guinea area , and was renamed Northern Command in April to better reflect its new role . The following month No. 71 Wing , now led by Wing Commander Ralph Moran , advanced to Nadzab , where it came under the auspices of No. 10 Operational Group ( later the Australian First Tactical Air Force ) . There Nos. 8 and 100 Squadrons engaged in attacks on Japanese positions in Wewak , each flying over 140 sorties during the month . In June , the wing went forward to Aitape , where its Beaufort complement was augmented by No. 30 Squadron flying Bristol Beaufighters , and No. 110 Squadron USAAF flying P @-@ 39 Airacobras . These four squadrons undertook 1 @,@ 510 sorties during the Battle of Aitape in July , delivering 670 tons of bombs . On 7 August , No. 8 Squadron flew 64 missions , a record for a Beaufort unit . US General Charles P. Hall praised the wing for contributing " in a large measure ... to the success of the operation by continuous interruption of enemy lines of communication and bombing and strafing of enemy concentrations and supplies " . Commodore John Collins , who during the battle led a Royal Australian Navy task force that included the cruisers HMAS Australia and HMAS Shropshire , also paid tribute : " The accuracy of these bombardments was ensured by excellent air spotting . Beauforts of 71 Wing RAAF gave this spotting and deserve much credit for the efficient manner in which it was undertaken , particularly since the airmen were not trained spotters and a Beaufort is hardly a suitable plane for the work . " = = = Aitape – Wewak campaign = = = With the decision in September 1944 that No. 71 Wing would not advance to Morotai with No. 10 Operational Group , but rather support the Australian 6th Division in the Aitape – Wewak campaign , overall control of the wing returned to Northern Command . The same month , the first Beauforts of No. 7 Squadron arrived in Aitape to augment Nos. 8 and 100 Squadrons ; the wing was further strengthened in November with a flight of CAC Boomerangs from No. 4 ( Army Cooperation ) Squadron . Wing Commander Eric Cooper , previously in charge of No. 7 Squadron , became No. 71 Wing 's new Officer Commanding in October . The Beaufort units flew around 500 sorties per month from November 1944 to January 1945 , but thereafter had to reduce their rate of effort due to aircrew , ordnance and fuel shortages . During a three @-@ day period in March , two Beauforts blew up in mid @-@ air while releasing their bombs ; the aircraft were pulled from strike missions for ten days until the problem was traced to a faulty tail unit in the 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) bombs . Cooper handed over to Group Captain Val Hancock , former commander of No. 100 Squadron , in April 1945 . To maximize support to Australian ground troops in the lead @-@ up to the final assault on Wewak , No. 71 Wing 's three extant Beaufort squadrons were joined by two more , Nos. 6 and 15 . Approximately sixty Beauforts and Boomerangs struck Japanese positions behind Dove Bay prior to amphibious landings on 11 May to cut off retreating enemy troops . Over the entire month , the wing dropped more than 1 @,@ 200 tons of bombs and flew in excess of 1 @,@ 400 sorties . By mid @-@ year , however , the wing was again acutely short of fuel and ordnance , so much so that the squadrons took to arming their Beauforts with captured Japanese bombs . On 9 July , enough supplies arrived to enable the wing to continue operating at nominal strength . No. 71 Wing was active to the last day of the Pacific War , flying its final combat mission involving thirty Beauforts only hours before news arrived of victory on 15 August 1945 . Thereafter its squadrons dropped leaflets to remaining pockets of Japanese resistance , making them aware of the surrender . The last entry in No. 71 Wing 's operations book was for 21 January 1946 at Tadji , New Guinea . The headquarters was disbanded six days later .
= SMS Grosser Kurfürst ( 1875 ) = For the battleship of the same name , see SMS Grosser Kurfürst SMS Grosser Kurfürst ( or Großer ) was an ironclad turret ship of the German Kaiserliche Marine . She was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven in 1870 and completed in 1878 ; her long construction time was in part due to a redesign that was completed after work on the ship had begun . Her main battery of four 26 cm ( 10 in ) guns was initially to be placed in a central armored battery , but during the redesign this was altered to a pair of twin gun turrets amidships . Grosser Kurfürst was sunk on her maiden voyage in an accidental collision with the ironclad SMS König Wilhelm . The two ships , along with SMS Preussen were steaming in the English Channel on 31 May 1878 . The three ships encountered a group of fishing boats , and in turning to avoid them , Grosser Kurfürst inadvertently crossed too closely to König Wilhelm . The latter rammed Grosser Kurfürst , which sank in the span of about eight minutes , taking between 269 and 276 of her crew with her . Her loss spurred a series of investigations into the circumstances of the collision , which ultimately resulted in the acquittal of both Rear Admiral Carl Ferdinand Batsch , the squadron commander , and Count Alexander von Monts , the captain of Grosser Kurfürst . Political infighting over the affair led to the ousting of Rear Admiral Reinhold von Werner from the navy . = = Construction = = Grosser Kurfürst was ordered by the Imperial Navy from the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven ; her keel was laid in 1869 under construction number 2 . The ship was launched on 17 September 1875 and commissioned into the German fleet on 6 May 1878 . Grosser Kurfürst cost the German government 7 @,@ 303 @,@ 000 gold marks . As designed , Grosser Kurfürst was to have had her primary armament arranged in a central battery ; after she was laid down , she was altered to mount her main guns in a pair of twin turrets . Although she was the first ship in her class of three vessels to be laid down , she was the last to be launched and commissioned . This was because she was redesigned after work had begun , and she was built by the newly established Imperial Dockyard . Her sister Preussen was built by an experienced commercial ship builder , and Friedrich der Grosse was laid down after the redesign was completed . The ship was 96 @.@ 59 meters ( 316 @.@ 9 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 16 @.@ 30 m ( 53 @.@ 5 ft ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 12 m ( 23 @.@ 4 ft ) forward . Grosser Kurfürst was powered by one 3 @-@ cylinder single expansion steam engine , which was supplied with steam by six coal @-@ fired transverse trunk boilers . The ship 's top speed was 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , at 5 @,@ 468 indicated horsepower ( 4 @,@ 077 kW ) . She was also equipped with a full ship rig . Her standard complement consisted of 46 officers and 454 enlisted men . She was armed with four 26 cm ( 10 in ) L / 22 guns mounted in a pair of gun turrets placed amidships . As built , the ship was also equipped with two 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) L / 25 guns . Grosser Kurfürst 's armor was made of wrought iron and backed with teak . The armored belt was arrayed in two strakes . The upper strake was 203 mm ( 8 @.@ 0 in ) thick ; the lower strake ranged in thickness from 102 to 229 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 to 9 @.@ 0 in ) . Both were backed with 234 to 260 mm ( 9 @.@ 2 to 10 @.@ 2 in ) of teak . The gun turrets were protected by 203 to 254 mm ( 8 @.@ 0 to 10 @.@ 0 in ) armor on the sides , backed by 260 mm of teak . = = Service history = = = = = Collision and loss = = = In April 1878 , the armored squadron was reactivated for the annual summer training cycle , under the command of Rear Admiral Carl Ferdinand Batsch . Grosser Kurfürst joined the unit , which included her sisters Preussen and Friedrich der Grosse and the large ironclad König Wilhelm , after her commissioning on 6 May . A grounding by Friedrich der Grosse caused serious damage to her hull and prevented her from taking part in the upcoming training cruise . The three ships left Wilhelmshaven on the 29th . König Wilhelm and Preussen steamed in a line , with Grosser Kurfürst off to starboard . On the morning of the 31st , the three ships encountered a pair of sailing vessels off Folkestone . Grosser Kurfürst turned to port to avoid the boats while König Wilhelm sought to pass the two boats , but there was not enough distance between her and Grosser Kurfürst . She therefore turned hard to port to avoid Grosser Kurfürst , but the action was not taken quickly enough , and König Wilhelm found herself pointed directly at Grosser Kurfürst . König Wilhelm 's ram bow tore a hole in Grosser Kurfürst . A failure to adequately seal the watertight bulkheads aboard Grosser Kurfürst caused the ship to sink rapidly , in the span of about eight minutes . Figures for the number of fatalities vary . Erich Gröner reports that out of a crew of 500 men , 269 died in the accident , while Lawrence Sondhaus states that 276 men were killed . Many of the bodies ended up in Cheriton Road Cemetery , where there is a substantial memorial . Arthur Sullivan , on his way to Paris , witnessed the incident , writing , " I saw it all – saw the unfortunate vessel slowly go over and disappear under the water in clear , bright sunshine , and the water like a calm lake . It was too horrible – and then we saw all the boats moving about picking up the survivors , some so exhausted they had to be lifted on to the ships . " Among those rescued was the ship 's captain , Count Alexander von Monts . König Wilhelm was also badly damaged in the collision , with severe flooding forward . König Wilhelm 's captain initially planned on beaching the ship to prevent it from sinking , but determined that the ship 's pumps could hold the flooding to an acceptable level . The ship made for Portsmouth , where temporary repairs could be effected to allow the ship to return to Germany . In the aftermath of the collision , the German navy held a court martial for Rear Admiral Batsch , the squadron commander , and Captains Monts and Kuehne , the commanders of the two ships , along with Lieutenant Clausa , the first officer aboard Grosser Kurfürst , to investigate the sinking . = = = Inquiry = = = In the ensuing inquiry , chaired by Rear Admiral Reinhold von Werner , Monts testified that he had not been given sufficient time to familiarize himself with the ship and its crew , who were themselves unfamiliar with the vessel . Monts argued that the mobilization process for the newly commissioned ship should have lasted four to six weeks , rather than the three he had been given . The day before the squadron left Wilhelmshaven , Batsch complained to General Albrecht von Stosch , the chief of the Kaiserliche Marine , that a significant number of dockyard workers were still finishing work on Grosser Kurfürst . Werner and the board determined that Admiral Batsch was at fault and exonerated Monts . Stosch was infuriated that the proceedings had been allowed to become a forum for criticism of his policies , for which he blamed Werner . He appealed to Kaiser Wilhelm I , stating that the inquiry had unfairly blamed Admiral Batsch , and requested a new court martial for the involved officers . Simultaneously , Stosch began a campaign to force Werner out of the navy . This was in part to ensure that Batsch , his protégé , would be next in line after Stosch retired . Despite his popularity , particularly with Kaiser Wilhelm I and his son , Werner was unable to resist Stosch 's efforts to force his ouster . On 15 October 1878 , he requested retirement . The second court martial again found Batsch guilty and Monts innocent of negligence . A third investigation , held in January 1879 , reversed the decision of the previous verdicts and sentenced Monts to a prison term of one month and two days , though the Kaiser refused to implement the punishment . This necessitated another trial , which returned to the initial verdict and sentenced Batsch to six months in prison . The Kaiser commuted Batsch 's sentence after he had served two months ' time . Disappointed that his protégé had taken the blame for the sinking , Stosch requested another court martial for Monts , who was found not guilty . The Kaiser officially approved the verdict , which put an end to the series of trials over the sinking of Grosser Kurfürst .
= Joan of Arc ( poem ) = Joan of Arc is a 1796 epic poem composed by Robert Southey . The idea for the story came from a discussion between Southey and Grosvenor Bedford , when Southey realised that the story would be suitable for an epic . The subject further appealed to Southey because the events of the French Revolution were concurrent to the writing of the poem and would serve as a parallel to current events . Eventually , Samuel Taylor Coleridge helped rewrite parts of the poem for a 1798 edition . Later editions removed Coleridge 's additions along with other changes . The poem is divided into two @-@ halves with the first describing Joan 's quest to meet Charles , the Dauphin of France . Eventually , she is capable of gaining the Dauphin 's support and begins to lead the French military . The secondary half describes the French defeat of the British army at Orléans . After many victories , the poem ends with Charles crowned King of France . Joan of Arc serves as a way for Southey to express his views on history and on politics ; these include his republican ideals , his claims that political tyranny was a common element in Europe , and his opposition to Christian practices that he thought were superstitious . Later editions of the poem shifted from a promotion of a deistic view of religion to a more traditional view . Critics gave the work mixed reviews , with some emphasising the quality of the images and themes of the poem . However , others believed that the poem lacked merit and some believed that the subject matter was inappropriate to the time . Many critics felt that Southey rushed in composing the work and did not devote enough time to it . = = Background = = In July 1793 , Southey discussed the story of Joan of Arc with Grosvenor Bedford , his friend . The conversation led to him believe that Joan of Arc would serve as a good basis for an epic so he began to work a plan for the poem and started composing lines . The subject of the poem appealed to Southey because it reflected incidents surrounding the French Revolution that started in early 1793 . By 8 August , he had around 300 lines of the poem written . On 13 August , he devoted his time to writing a 12 @-@ book poem that he hoped to complete by the end of September . After admitting this desire for haste in the preface to the poem 's first edition , critics accused Southey of not spending enough time on composing the poem . During Summer 1794 , Southey attempted to find a publisher for John of Arc while taking up The Fall of Robespierre , a poetic drama about the French Revolution , with Samuel Taylor Coleridge . During 1794 , Southey began to plan with Coleridge and others about a political system that they would start in America called Pantisocracy . He needed to get money for the project and he contacted Richard Cruttwell on 19 July 1794 to publish Joan of Arc for that end . After notifying Bedford about the plan , Bedford advised Southey to contact William Nicol , a London publisher , to publish the work and raise more money . Southey did find a publisher , Joseph Cottle , to print his poem . A notification for the publication of Joan of Arc was included in a publication of Southey 's poems later in 1794 , but the edition was stopped from being printed since it lacked the minimum of 50 subscribers to pay for the cost . The poem was finally published by Cottle in 1796 ( see 1796 in poetry ) after changes to the text including a section added by Coleridge . The second edition would later be printed without Coleridge 's lines and they were instead published on their own . For the second edition , Southey revised many lines and added more research to the work . It was printed in May 1798 . Later editions were published in 1806 , 1812 , and 1837 , with the final one further toning down Southey 's republican sentiment . = = Poem = = Of the various versions and changes , the 1798 version is the most regular of the editions . The story describes Joan from her first appearance at Vaucouleurs until the Dauphin Charles VII is crowned at Rheims . The rest of the events are described in flashbacks throughout the first half . As the story begins , an 18 @-@ year @-@ old Joan travels to Vaucouleurs , home of Robert de Baudricourt , with her uncle Claude . She arrives searching for the Dauphin and meets Charles Dunois as the general tries to raise troops for France 's defence . He helps her through Lorraine to Chinon while explaining her background and life 's story to the general . She tells of her family , her natural living , and the effects of the soldiers who brought war to France told to her by a French soldier named Conrade . Of these various incidents , the English 's massacring French prisoners at the Battle of Agincourt and the starvation of the people of Rouen during a siege are mentioned . They finally arrive at Chinon where they are able to find the French court . When Joan comes to speak with Charles , the Dauphin pretends to be a common member of the court while someone else pretends to be him . Joan is able to see through the ruse and immediately proclaims that she is sent to restore the French crown to him at Rheims . Charles has her examined by priests and scholars to determine that she is free of black magic . While questioned , Joan describes how God came to her with visions and describes her faith in a similar manner to deism . This causes the examiners to believe that she is a heretic until a blue flame appears along with a sound , which is enough to silence any doubts about her faith . The flame reveals a suit of armour for her , but one individual interrupts her immediate donning of the armour to claim that France is cursed and that she would be a victim . The individual , as it turns out , is Conrade , who blames himself that Joan left her peaceful life to help a French court that was corrupt . He also warns her that he experienced a vision of her burning at the stake . Following this , Joan begins to gather troops and she takes her army to the forests around Orleans . While they camp there , a girl named Isabel comes and begins to describe the events surrounding siege of the city . Joan sends a messenger to offer the English peace , but the English decline . The French attack the English and , as soon as they start , a storm starts up and lightning flashes about them . This scares the English and Joan is able to win and enter the city . Soon after , Joan is able to lift the siege . The story continues with various French victories and the English are pushed back from fort after fort . Eventually , the English are pushed back to Tourelles . While the English fight their way there , one of the generals , Salisbury , is able to wound Joan . Her companion , Theodore , is able to kill Salisbury in return but he is brought down by the general Talbot . The French soon lay siege to Tourelles and begin a bloody fight to take the fort . During the battle , the French take many captives and the generals wish to execute them . However , Joan intervenes and ensures the safety of the captives ' lives . In sparing the lives , the French are awarded by God with the collapse of a bridge that leads to many of the English soldiers drowning and a quick victory . The English , after losing Tourelles , fall back to the coast to await for reinforcements . Word comes that the Burgundian troops are coming to help the English . Joan meets with the Duke of Burgundy to warn him against a battle before she returns to her men to help bury the dead . Talbot 's son comes with reinforcements from England , and the English army attacks the French at Patay . During the battle , Joan is able to kill the son and Conrade is able to kill the father . This causes the English to flee and , in turn , allows the French to retake Rheims . Once Rheims is free , Charles comes and is crowned the King of France . The story ends with Joan telling him to be a good king . = = Themes = = In terms of subject matter , the story of Joan of Arc was not well known outside of a legend . A history dealing with Joan written by Clement L 'Averdy was written in 1790 but it was probably unknown to Southey . This would serve as the major historical source of information on her until Jules Quicherat 's history published during the mid @-@ 19th century . Of non @-@ historical works , Voltaire 's La Pucelle was well known but the work attacks Joan . Joan 's reputation was polemical , and Joan would later be turned into a French hero with Napoleon 's encouragement . Friedrich Schiller would also deal with the legend the same way in Die Jungfrau von Orleans . In terms of works relying on the general idea of a warrior woman , many such figures exited in epics : Virgil and Camilla , Tasso has Clorinda , and Spenser had Britomart . However , such females were not the central figure as a woman was unique to Southey at the time . The poem 's focus on France served as a way for Southey to discuss his feelings about the French Revolution . In particular , Southey was upset that the British were calling men from their farms to serve as a militia during the time . In terms of the French , Southey did not support Robespierre and the others who followed him in France . However , he did support the idea of the French Republic . When he heard of Marie Antoinette 's execution in October 1793 , Southey told his friend Bedford that he condemned the action although he held to his Republican beliefs . However , he was further upset when word came that Brissot , the Girondin leader , was executed . This caused him to believe that all of the countries were equally bad , except the Republican United States , which he hoped to make his home . In 1794 , many of Southey 's feelings on Robespierre 's involvement in these actions were included in both Joan of Arc and the Fall of Robbespierre , which followed after Robespierre 's own execution . However , Southey had by then become very radical and believed that Robespierre was a great man who only helped mankind in his actions . The poem also contains many of Southey 's views on the Catholic Church and how it influenced his political views . Part of this comes from Southey 's trip to Lisbon and Madrid in 1795 where he was exposed to what he believed as Catholic superstition . He believed that the church and the Catholic leaders kept the people ignorant , and he believed that the Muslims that were cast out of Spain were more tolerant . Many of these ideas are repeated in a speech within the work by Henry V , and the character attributes ignorance and vice to oppression . Southey believed that the only way to escape from these problems was for people to believe they were part of one universal family . His enemies later described Southey 's as holding Jacobin belief and claimed he supported the extremism of Robbespierre , when his sympathies laid to a larger extent with the Girondins that were replaced by the Jacobins . However , the poem is still subversive since it described a French patriot fighting against the English that parallels the strife during Southey 's time . The figure of Joan of Arc represents both a common person and a child that was free from society 's corruption . Between the editions , however , Southey 's understanding of politics and religion began to change , and this is reflected in the changes of Joan of Arc for the second edition . Joan was originally a character that had a natural understanding of religion that was connected to a Socinian form of Christianity . She , as a child , was ignorant of Church and of theology except what was revealed to her directly . However , this was replaced in the second edition with Joan having a more traditional form of religion that was provided to her during her youth . = = Critical reception = = Regarding Joan of Arc , William Wordsworth wrote to William Matthews , 21 March 1796 , claiming : " You were right about Southey , he is certainly a coxcomb , and has proved it completely by the preface to his Joan of Arc , an epic poem which he has just published . This preface is indeed a very conceited performance and the poem though in some passages of first @-@ rate excellence is on the whole of very inferior execution . " Charles Lamb , in a 10 June 1796 letter to Coleridge , stated , " With Joan of Arc I have been delighted , amazed . I had not presumed to expect of any thing of such excellence from Southey. why the poem is alone sufficient to redeem the character of the age we live in from the imputation of degenerating in Poetry [ ... ] The subject is well chosen . It opens well [ ... ] On the whole , I expect Southey one day to rival Milton . " Coleridge , in a 31 December 1796 letter to John Thelwall , admitted , " I entirely according with your opinion of Southey 's Joan [ ... ] the poem tho ' it frequently reached the sentimental , does not display , the poetical , Sublime . In language at once natural , perspicuous , & dignified , in manly pathos , in sooth & sonnet @-@ like description , and above all , in character , & dramatic dialogue , Southey is unrivalled ; but as certainly he does not possess opulence of Imagination , lofty @-@ paced Harmony , or that toil of thinking , which is necessary in order to plan a Whole . " John Aikin , in a review for the April 1796 Monthly Review , claimed , " We were sorry to observer , in the preface to this work , certain facts stated in order to display the extreme rapidity with which it was written . An epic poem in 12 books finished in six weeks , and , on its improved plan in 10 books , almost entirely recomposed during the time of printing ! Is it possible that a person of classical education have so slight an opinion of ( perhaps ) the most arduous effort of human invention , as to suffer the fervour and confidence of youth to hurry him in such a manner through a design which may fix the reputation of a whole life ? " The review continued : " To proceed to the execution of the design : we do not hesitate to declare our opinion that the poetical powers displayed in it are of a very superior kind , and such as , if not wasted in premature and negligent exertions , promise a rich harvest of future excellence . Conceptions more lofty and daring , sentiments more commanding , and language more energetic than some of the best passages in this poem afford , will not easily be found : — nor does scarcely any part of it sink to languor ; as the glow of feeling and genius animates the whole . " An anonymous review in the June 1796 Critical Review argued , " When the character of the Maid of Orleans , and the part taken by her against the English , are considered , together with the manner in which the history has been treated by other writers , some suspicion may at first arise , that Mr. Southey has chosen a subject scarcely suited to the dignity of epic poetry . His prudence at least may be called into question. how can he expect to interest the English nation in the fortunes of a heroine who was an active champion against his own countrymen , or be hardly enough to felicitate those successes that involved the English in disgrace ? " In regard to the effort put into writing the poem , the review concluded : " The poetical powers of Mr. Southey are indisputable very superior , and capable , we doubt not , of producing a poem that will place him in the first class of English poets . He is at present , he tells his readers , engaged in the execution of Madoc [ ... ] We cannot , therefore , help expressing our wish , that he would not put his future poem to so hazardous an experiment as he has this , by assigning himself so little time for its completion . " Following this was an anonymous review for the 1796 Analytical Review that stated , " we learn with astonishment , that Joan of Arc , in its first form , in twelve books , was [ ... ] finished in six weeks [ ... ] We thought it right to mention a fact on which the author , by detailing it in the beginning of his preface , appears to lay some stress ; but we wish entirely to forget it in our examination of the poem , and request our readers to do the same . The story , upon which this poem is founded , is one of the most interesting in the history of France , and is , in several respects , happily adapted to epic representation . " The review concluded : " The general result of the impression which the perusal of this poem has made upon our minds is this : that , although the poem has some redundancies , which the chastised taste of maturer years would have struck out ; though a manifest incongruity runs through the piece , in ascribing to characters of the fifteenth century the politics and metaphysics of an enlightened philosopher of the eighteenth ; and though allegorical personages [ ... ] but ill supply the place of that grand machinery [ ... ] which have obtained the glorious meed of immortality ; we , nevertheless , admire , the noble spirit of freedom , which is evidently the poet 's inspiring muse " .
= Roa – Hønefoss Line = The Roa – Hønefoss Line ( Norwegian : Roa – Hønefossbanen , formerly Roa – Hønefosslinjen ) is a 32 @-@ kilometer ( 20 mi ) long , single track railway line between Roa and Hønefoss in Norway . At Roa Station , the line connects to the Gjøvik Line , while at Hønefoss Station , it connects to the Randsfjorden Line and the Bergen Line . The line runs through Buskerud and Oppland and allowed the Bergen Line access to Oslo at Oslo East Station . The Line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and opened on 1 December 1909 , along with the last part of the Bergen Line . The line was electrified in 1961 . Until 1989 , nearly all Oslo – Bergen trains used the line to terminate at Oslo East Station . It was also possible to reach Oslo from Hønefoss via the Randsfjord Line , albeit terminating at Oslo West Station . NSB also ran a local service between Hønefoss and Oslo along the Roa – Hønefoss Line . Oslo – Bergen trains ran via the Randsfjord Line after 1989 and local train services have been terminated . However , the line remains in use for freight trains along the Oslo – Bergen route . = = Route = = The line starts at Roa Station , which is also located on the Gjøvik Line and is 57 @.@ 54 kilometers ( 35 @.@ 75 mi ) from Oslo Central Station ( Oslo S ) . Located at 313 @.@ 2 meters ( 1 @,@ 028 ft ) above mean sea level , Roa has the highest elevation on the whole line . The line runs first west , then south to Jevnaker Station , passing Kalvsjø Station , Grindvoll Station , Gunstad Station , Bjellum Tunnel and Kvellsrud Station , before reaching Jevnaker , which is 19 kilometers ( 12 mi ) from Roa . For a long time , Jevnaker had two separate stations located at each end of the town , with the other station serving as the terminus of the Randsfjord Line . The line then runs south @-@ west , past Bergerfoss and Kistefoss , before reaching Viul . There , there is a branch to a lumber mill . After Viul , the line runs through two tunnels , 95 and 185 meters ( 312 and 607 ft ) long . At Hval , located 27 kilometers ( 17 mi ) from Roa , there was formerly a spur to a military camp . The line then runs over a 55 @-@ meter ( 180 ft ) long bridge over Randselva before passing Hønen and a spur at Hønen and to a Goman bakery . Just before reaching Hønefoss Station , the line runs on a 216 meters ( 709 ft ) long bridge over Begna . At Hønefoss , the Roa – Hønefoss Line and the Randsfjord Line come in from the east while the Randsfjord Line and the Bergen Line continue to the west . Hønefoss is 89 @.@ 57 kilometers ( 55 @.@ 66 mi ) from Oslo via Roa and 124 @.@ 21 kilometers ( 77 @.@ 18 mi ) via Drammen . = = History = = Hønefoss Station opened on 13 October 1868 as an intermediate station on the Randsfjord Line which connects Randsfjorden to Drammen . The initial proposals for the Bergen Line route went from Hønefoss via Sandvika to Oslo West Station ( Oslo V ) . However , this was met with a combination of political opposition and technical restrictions . During the 1880s and 1890s , all lines that did not connect to Sweden were to be built with 1 @,@ 067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge . The Drammen Line , which connected Sandvika to Oslo , was narrow gauge , as were the rest of the lines west of Oslo . During the planning of the Gjøvik Line ( at the time known as the North Line ) , military considerations eventually led to the decision to build it with standard gauge . Eventually it was decided that the Bergen Line would also be built with standard gauge . However , to reach Oslo from Hønefoss , a longer route to connect to the Gjøvik Line would have to be built , allowing the line to connect to the more important Oslo East Station . The construction of the Roa – Hønefoss Line and the Bergen Line from Hønefoss to Taugevatn was passed by the Parliament of Norway on 2 June 1898 . The line was built by NSB as part of the Bergen Line project , for which construction across the mountain had commenced in 1895 . Construction of the Roa – Hønefoss Line started in 1903 . This section is relatively flat and was the easiest part of the project to build . The line was officially opened along with the section of the Bergen Line from Gulsvik to Hønefoss , by King Haakon VII on 27 November 1909 . It was taken into ordinary use on 1 December . At the time the line opened , there were stations at Roa , Grindvoll , Jevnaker , Hval and Hønefoss . To begin with , the line had a single through train from Oslo to Bergen , with an additional summer express — with a limited number of stops . In addition , there were two additional trains from Hønefoss to Oslo . From 1 May 1912 , a night train was also introduced and the same year mixed passenger and freight trains were introduced from Ål on the Bergen Line to Oslo . A station was opened at Viul on 16 August 1915 , and another at Kistefoss on 1 October . Because of economic impact of World War I , the night train services was reduced to only twice a week from 20 May 1917 until 7 June 1919 . In 1930 , new stations were established at Kalvsjø , Gunstad , Bergerfoss and Hønen . During World War II from 1940 to 1945 , the frequency was reduced to no more than one train per day . During parts of 1940 , the Oslo – Bergen line was instead run via the Drammen and Randsfjord Lines . However , two local trains were kept on the route from Hønefoss to Roa . From 18 November 1945 , the daily Oslo – Bergen trains again ran via Roa , while the local trains from Oslo to Hønefoss increased to three daily round trips . Three weekly night trains were introduced from 1946 . From 2 January to 1 May 1947 , there was four weekly express services from Oslo to Geilo on the Bergen Line . By 1950 , the situation had normalized and there were daily day and night trains and three weekly express trains — the latter with no stops between Hønefoss and Oslo . Kvellsrud Station opened on 18 August 1952 . In the 1930s , it was decided that the Bergen Line was to be electrified . After the first section , from Bergen to Voss , was completed in 1954 , the Gjøvik Line and the Roa – Hønefoss Line were the next to be electrified . The sections Oslo – Jaren and Roa – Hønefoss opened with 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC electric traction on 1 February 1961 . Automatic signaling was put into service on 10 December 1973 and automatic train stop was put into operation on 27 October 1987 . From 3 June 1984 , the day train was moved to run via Drammen . Until 1989 , the Roa – Hønefoss Line had four daily round trips with a local train from Hønefoss via Roa to Oslo , normally a Class 65 or Class 67 unit . From 1989 , this was reduced to a single round trip , with a morning train from Hønefoss to Oslo and a return in the afternoon . Eventually this was taken over by a Class 69 unit and by the late 1990s taken out of service . The Roa – Hønefoss Line remains a pure freight track for long @-@ haul freight trains on the Bergen Line . After the opening of the Oslo Tunnel and Oslo Central Station in 1989 , passenger trains run via Drammen ; however , the Roa – Hønefoss Line is used as a reserve line for passenger trains when the Drammen Line or Randsfjord Line is out of service .
= Vipera berus = Vipera berus , the common European adder or common European viper , is a venomous snake that is extremely widespread and can be found throughout most of Western Europe and as far as East Asia . Known by a host of common names including common adder and common viper , adders have been the subject of much folklore in Britain and other European countries . They are not regarded as especially dangerous ; the snake is not aggressive and usually bites only when alarmed or disturbed . Bites can be very painful , but are seldom fatal . The specific name , berus , is New Latin and was at one time used to refer to a snake , possibly the grass snake , Natrix natrix . The common adder is found in different terrains , habitat complexity being essential for different aspects of its behaviour . It feeds on small mammals , birds , lizards , and amphibians , and in some cases on spiders , worms , and insects . The common adder , like most other vipers , is ovoviviparous . Females breed once every two or three years , with litters usually being born in late summer to early autumn in the Northern Hemisphere . Litters range in size from three to 20 with young staying with their mothers for a few days . Adults grow to a total length ( including tail ) of 60 to 90 cm ( 24 to 35 in ) and a mass of 50 to 180 g ( 1 @.@ 8 to 6 @.@ 3 oz ) . Three subspecies are recognized , including the nominate subspecies , Vipera berus berus described here . The snake is not considered to be threatened , though it is protected in some countries . = = Etymologies = = The name " adder " is derived from nædre an Old English word that had the generic meaning of serpent in the older forms of many Germanic languages . It was commonly used in the Old English version of the Christian Scriptures for the devil and the serpent in the Book of Genesis . In the 14th century , " a nadder " in Middle English was rebracketed to " an adder " ( just as " a napron " became " an apron " and " a nompere " changed into " an umpire " ) . In keeping with its wide distribution and familiarity through the ages , Vipera berus has a large number of common names in English , which include : Common European adder , common European viper , European viper , northern viper , adder , common adder , crossed viper , European adder , common viper , European common viper , cross adder , or common cross adder . In Sweden , Norway , and Denmark , the snake is known as huggorm or hoggorm , roughly translated as " striking serpent " or " cutting serpent " . In Finland , it is known as kyykäärme or simply kyy , in Estonia it is known as rästik , while in Lithuania it is known as angis . = = Description = = Relatively thick @-@ bodied , adults usually grow to 60 cm ( 24 in ) in total length ( including tail ) , with an average of 55 cm ( 22 in ) . Maximum size varies by region . The largest , at over 90 cm ( 35 in ) , are found in Scandinavia ; specimens of 104 cm ( 41 in ) have been observed there on two occasions . In France and Great Britain , the maximum size is 80 – 87 cm ( 31 – 34 in ) . Mass ranges from 50 g ( 1 @.@ 8 oz ) to about 180 grams ( 6 @.@ 3 oz ) . The head is fairly large and distinct and its sides are almost flat and vertical . The edge of the snout is usually raised into a low ridge . Seen from above , the rostral scale is not visible , or only just . Immediately behind the rostral , there are two ( rarely one ) small scales . Dorsally , there are usually five large plates : a squarish frontal ( longer than wide , sometimes rectangular ) , two parietals ( sometimes with a tiny scale between the frontal and the parietals ) , and two long and narrow supraoculars . The latter are large and distinct , each separated from the frontal by one to four small scales . The nostril is situated in a shallow depression within a large nasal scale . The eye is relatively large — equal in size or slightly larger than the nasal scale — but often smaller in females . Below the supraoculars are six to 13 ( usually eight to 10 ) small circumorbital scales . The temporal scales are smooth ( rarely weakly keeled ) . There are 10 – 12 sublabials and six to 10 ( usually eight or 9 ) supralabials . Of the latter , the numbers 3 and 4 are the largest , while 4 and 5 ( rarely 3 and 4 ) are separated from the eye by a single row of small scales ( sometimes two rows in alpine specimens ) . Midbody there are 21 dorsal scales rows ( rarely 19 , 20 , 22 , or 23 ) . These are strongly keeled scales , except for those bordering the ventral scales . These scales seem loosely attached to the skin and lower rows become increasingly wide ; those closest to the ventral scales are twice as wide as the ones along the midline . The ventral scales number 132 @-@ 150 in males and 132 – 158 in females . The anal plate is single . The subcaudals are paired , numbering 32 – 46 in males and 23 – 38 in females . The colour pattern varies , ranging from very light @-@ coloured specimens with small , incomplete , dark dorsal crossbars to entirely brown ones with faint or clear , darker brown markings , and on to melanistic individuals that are entirely dark and lack any apparent dorsal pattern . However , most have some kind of zigzag dorsal pattern down the entire length of their bodies and tails . The head usually has a distinctive dark V or X on the back . A dark streak runs from the eye to the neck and continues as a longitudinal series of spots along the flanks . Unusual for snakes , the sexes are possible to tell apart by the colour . Females are usually brownish in hue with dark @-@ brown markings , the males are pure grey with black markings . The basal colour of males will often be slightly lighter than that of the females , making the black zigzag pattern stand out . The melanistic individuals are often females . = = Geographic range = = Vipera berus has a wide range . It can be found across the Eurasian land @-@ mass ; from northwestern Europe ( Great Britain , Scandinavia , Germany , France ) across southern Europe ( Italy , Serbia , Albania , Croatia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Republic of Macedonia , Bulgaria , and northern Greece ) and eastern Europe to north of the Arctic Circle , and Russia to the Pacific Ocean , Sakhalin Island , North Korea , northern Mongolia and northern China . It is found further north than any other snake species . The type locality was originally listed as " Europa " . Mertens and Müller ( 1940 ) proposed restricting the type locality to " Upsala , Schweden " ( Uppsala , Sweden ) and it was eventually restricted to Berthåga , Uppsala by designation of a neotype by Krecsák & Wahlgren ( 2008 ) . In several European countries , it is notable as being the only native venomous snake . It is one of only three snake species native to Britain . The other two , the Grass snake and the Smooth snake are non @-@ venomous . = = Conservation status = = In the United Kingdom , it is illegal to kill , injure , harm , or sell adders under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 . The common viper is categorised as " endangered " in Switzerland , and is also protected in some other countries in its range . It is also found in many protected areas . This species is listed as protected ( Appendix III ) under the Berne Convention . The International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species describes the conservation status as of " least concern " in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , broad range of habitats , and likely slow rate of decline though it acknowledges the population to be decreasing . Reduction in habitat for a variety of reasons , fragmentation of populations in Europe due to intense agriculture practices , and collection for the pet trade or for venom extraction have been recorded as major contributing factors for its decline . = = Habitat = = Sufficient habitat complexity is a crucial requirement for the presence of this species , in order to support its various behaviors — basking , foraging , and hibernation — as well as to offer some protection from predators and human harassment . It is found in a variety of habitats , including : chalky downs , rocky hillsides , moors , sandy heaths , meadows , rough commons , edges of woods , sunny glades and clearings , bushy slopes and hedgerows , dumps , coastal dunes , and stone quarries . It will venture into wetlands if dry ground is available nearby and thus may be found on the banks of streams , lakes , and ponds . In much of southern Europe , such as southern France and northern Italy , it is found in either low lying wetlands or at high altitudes . In the Swiss Alps , it may ascend to about 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) . In Hungary and Russia , it avoids open steppeland ; a habitat in which V. ursinii is more likely to occur . In Russia , however , it does occur in the forest steppe zone . = = Behaviour = = This species is mainly diurnal , especially in the north of its range . Further south it is said to be active in the evening , and it may even be active at night during the summer months . It is predominantly a terrestrial species , although it has been known to climb up banks and into low bushes in order to bask or search for prey . Adders are not usually aggressive , tending to be rather timid and biting only when cornered or alarmed . People are generally bitten only after stepping on them or attempting to pick them up . They will usually disappear into the undergrowth at a hint of any danger , but will return once all is quiet , often to the same spot . Occasionally , individual snakes will reveal their presence with a loud and sustained hissing , hoping to warn off potential aggressors . Often , these turn out to be pregnant females . When the adder is threatened , the front part of the body is drawn into an S @-@ shape to prepare for a strike . The species is cold @-@ adapted and hibernates in the winter . In Great Britain , males and females hibernate for about 150 and 180 days respectively . In northern Sweden hibernation lasts 8 – 9 months . On mild winter days , they may emerge to bask where the snow has melted and will often travel across snow . About 15 % of adults and 30 – 40 % of juveniles die during hibernation . = = Feeding = = Diet consists mainly of small mammals , such as mice , voles , and shrews , as well as lizards . Sometimes , slow worms are taken , and even weasels and moles . They feed on amphibians , such as frogs , newts , and salamanders . Birds are also reported to be consumed , especially nestlings and even eggs , for which they will climb into shrubbery and bushes . Generally , diet varies depending on locality . Juveniles will eat nestling mammals , small lizards and frogs as well as worms and spiders . Once they reach about 30 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 ft ) in length , their diet begins to resemble that of the adults . = = Reproduction = = In Hungary , mating takes place in the last week of April , while in the north it happens later in the second week of May . Matings have also been observed in June and even early October , but it is not known if the autumn matings result in any young . Females often breed once every two years , or even once every three years if the seasons are short and the climate is severe . Males find females by following their scent trails , sometimes tracking them for hundreds of meters a day . If a female is found and flees , the male follows . Courtship involves side @-@ by @-@ side parallel " flowing " behavior , tongue flicking along the back and excited lashing of the tail . Pairs stay together for one or two days after mating . Males chase away their rivals and engage in combat . Often , this also starts with the aforementioned flowing behavior before culminating in the dramatic " adder dance . " In this act , the males confront each other , raise up the front part of the body vertically , make swaying movements and attempt to push each other to the ground . This is repeated until one of the two becomes exhausted and crawls off to find another mate . Interestingly , Appleby ( 1971 ) notes that he has never seen an intruder win one of these contests , as if the frustrated defender is so aroused by courtship that he refuses to lose his chance to mate . There are no records of any biting taking place during these bouts . Females usually give birth in August or September , but sometimes as early as July , or as late as early October . Litters range in size from 3 to 20 . The young are usually born encased in a transparent sac from which they must free themselves . Sometimes , they succeed in freeing themselves from this membrane while still inside the female . The neonates measure 14 to 23 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 5 to 9 @.@ 1 in ) in total length ( including tail ) , with an average total length of 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) . They are born with a fully functional venom apparatus and a reserve supply of yolk within their bodies . They shed their skins for the first time within a day or two . Females do not appear to take much interest in their offspring , but the young have been observed to remain near their mothers for several days after birth . = = Venom = = Because of the rapid rate of human expansion throughout the range of this species , bites are relatively common . Domestic animals and livestock are frequent victims . In Great Britain , most instances occur in March – October . In Sweden , there are about 1 @,@ 300 bites a year , with an estimated 12 % that require hospitalisation . At least eight different antivenoms are available against bites from this species . Mallow et al . ( 2003 ) describe the venom toxicity as being relatively low compared to other viper species . They cite Minton ( 1974 ) who reported the LD50 values for mice to be 0 @.@ 55 mg / kg IV , 0 @.@ 80 mg / kg IP and 6 @.@ 45 mg / kg SC . As a comparison , in one test the minimum lethal dose of for a guinea pig was 40 – 67 mg , but only 1 @.@ 7 mg was necessary when Daboia russelii venom was used . Brown ( 1973 ) gives a higher subcutaneous LD50 range of 1 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 0 mg / kg . All agree that the venom yield is low : Minton ( 1974 ) mentions 10 – 18 mg for specimens 48 – 62 cm ( 19 – 24 @.@ 5 in ) in length , while Brown ( 1973 ) lists only 6 mg . Relatively speaking , bites from this species are not highly dangerous . In Britain there have been only 14 known fatalities since 1876 — the last a 5 @-@ year @-@ old child in 1975 — and one near fatal bite of a 39 @-@ year @-@ old woman in Essex in 1998 . An 82 @-@ year @-@ old woman died following a bite in Germany in 2004 , although it is not clear whether her death was due to the effect of the venom . Even so , professional medical help should always be sought as soon as possible after any bite . Very occasionally bites can be life @-@ threatening , particularly in small children , while adults may experience discomfort and disability long after the bite . The length of recovery varies , but may take up to a year . Local symptoms include immediate and intense pain , followed after a few minutes ( but perhaps by as much as 30 minutes ) by swelling and a tingling sensation . Blisters containing blood are not common . The pain may spread within a few hours , along with tenderness and inflammation . Reddish lymphangitic lines and bruising may appear , and the whole limb can become swollen and bruised within 24 hours . Swelling may also spread to the trunk , and with children , throughout the entire body . Necrosis and intracompartmental syndromes are very rare . Systemic symptoms resulting from anaphylaxis can be dramatic . These may appear within 5 minutes post bite , or can be delayed for many hours . Such symptoms include nausea , retching and vomiting , abdominal colic and diarrhoea , incontinence of urine and faeces , sweating , fever , vasoconstriction , tachycardia , lightheadedness , loss of consciousness , blindness , shock , angioedema of the face , lips , gums , tongue , throat and epiglottis , urticaria and bronchospam . If left untreated , these symptoms may persist or fluctuate for up to 48 hours . In severe cases , cardiovascular failure may occur . = = Taxonomy = = The species has three recognised subspecies : The subspecies V. b. bosniensis and V. b. sachalinensis have been regarded as full species in some recent publications .
= Joey Santiago = Joseph Alberto " Joey " Santiago ( born June 10 , 1965 ) is a Filipino @-@ American guitarist and composer . Active since 1986 , Santiago is best known as the lead guitarist for the American alternative rock band the Pixies . After the band 's breakup in 1993 , Santiago produced musical scores for film and television documentaries , and he formed The Martinis with his wife , Linda Mallari . He also contributed to albums by Charles Douglas and former Pixies band @-@ mate Frank Black . Santiago resumed his role as the Pixies ' lead guitarist when they reunited in 2004 . Santiago has described his guitar technique as " angular and bent " , and he cites Les Paul , George Harrison , Chet Atkins , Wes Montgomery , Joe Pass and Jimi Hendrix as major influences on his style . His guitar playing , as part of the Pixies ' sound , was held in high regard by critics : MTV 's Laurel Bowman commented that Santiago 's " sonic plow was the key element in the Pixies ' monstrous presence " . = = Early life and education = = Santiago was born in Manila , Philippines , on June 10 , 1965 , the third of six sons of an anesthesiologist . In 1972 , when President Marcos declared martial law , the family emigrated to the United States . After two years in Yonkers , New York , the family moved to Longmeadow , Massachusetts , where Santiago attended Longmeadow High School and graduated from Wilbraham & Monson Academy in 1983 . His first experience with a musical instrument was playing a Hammond organ at the age of eight , but he never took on the instrument seriously because he had to share it with five brothers . Santiago first played a guitar at the age of nine after he noticed a classical guitar hanging on his oldest brother 's wall for decoration . The first song he learned to play was The Velvet Underground 's " Rock and Roll " . As a teenager , Santiago became interested in computer programming , naming his first program " Iggy " and his second " Pop " after punk rocker Iggy Pop . He participated in a cycle ride across the United States in aid of charity , but on completing it did not bother to collect the sponsor 's money . After graduating from high school in 1983 , Santiago studied at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . He remained without a major as long as the university would permit him to , but eventually chose economics . He met Charles Thompson , an anthropology student and the future Pixies frontman , after he heard Thompson and his roommate playing their guitars . Santiago rushed home to collect his guitar , and was soon playing " non @-@ blues @-@ scale , non @-@ cover @-@ song rock " with Thompson . Santiago and Thompson shared a room at the start of the second semester . Santiago soon introduced his new roommate to 1970s punk and the music of David Bowie . He later recalled their time together in college : " Charles and I had a suite at the college dorm . We 'd go to shows , I remember seeing Black Flag and Angst . Initially , I think we just liked each other . I did notice right away that he was playing music ... He 'd write ' em [ the songs ] , and I 'd throw my ideas on the guitar . " In their second year of college , Thompson traveled to Puerto Rico as an exchange student . After six months there living with a " weird , psycho roommate , " Thompson sent Santiago a letter with the words " We gotta do it , now is the time , Joe , we gotta chase our dreams " ; Santiago replied , saying " Yes , now 's the time . " Upon receiving this reply , Thompson decided to return to Amherst to start a rock band with Santiago . = = Pixies = = Upon Thompson 's return to Massachusetts , the pair dropped out of college and moved to Boston . They both took temporary jobs in warehouses , with Santiago working for a butcher block company . In January 1986 , Thompson formed the Pixies with Santiago . Thompson gave Santiago the choice of bass or lead guitar ; Santiago chose to play lead . The pair arrived at a name after Santiago selected the word randomly from a dictionary and liked the definition , " mischievous little elves . " They recruited Kim Deal a week later after placing a classified ad in a Boston paper for a bassist " into Hüsker Dü and Peter , Paul and Mary . " Drummer David Lovering was later hired on recommendation from Deal 's husband . The Pixies rehearsed throughout 1986 , and began performing around Boston in late 1986 and during 1987 . Santiago met his future wife , Linda Mallari , when he sat beside her after a 1987 Pixies show at The Rat . Mallari noted their shared Filipino ancestry and suggested they write music together . She then offered to join the Pixies , but Santiago replied , " We already have a chick in the band . " Throughout Santiago 's time with the Pixies , the two often met up to write songs and drink martinis , but they did not release any material . According to Santiago , they " broke up a couple of times " early in their relationship . The Pixies signed to the English independent record label 4AD in 1987 . On meeting the head of the label , Ivo Watts @-@ Russell , Santiago remarked : " All I care about is that you make me famous in the Philippines because all the chicks are really pretty " . Watts @-@ Russell later said " that 's probably all I ever heard Joey really say , " and by that time , Santiago 's quietness had been noted by those close to the band . The Pixies ' first release , Come On Pilgrim , featured his trademark angular lead guitar on tracks such as " The Holiday Song " and " Vamos " . After the band 's next two albums , 1988 's Surfer Rosa and 1989 's Doolittle , the relationship between the band members became strained ; the Pixies were constantly touring and had released three albums in two years . During their homecoming Boston concert , on the post @-@ Doolittle " Fuck or Fight " tour , Santiago smashed up his instrument and stormed offstage . The band announced a break soon afterwards . During this time , Santiago visited the Grand Canyon to " find himself . " After the band reconvened in 1990 , Santiago contributed to the band 's later releases , 1990 's Bossanova and 1991 's Trompe le Monde , adopting a surf guitar style in the former . The Pixies eventually broke up in 1992 , mostly due to tensions between Francis and Deal , although the breakup was not publicly announced until 1993 . = = The Martinis and composing = = After the breakup of the Pixies , Santiago went into a depression for the first couple of years but remained on good terms with bandmate Black Francis ( who soon adopted the name Frank Black ) . Black , who was recording his 1993 debut album , Frank Black , contacted Santiago to ask whether he would contribute lead guitar . Santiago agreed , and he and Mallari drove from their home in Florida to Los Angeles . The couple ended up moving into Black 's old apartment in L.A. on a whim . Santiago played lead guitar on a number of Frank Black 's solo albums , including 1994 's Teenager of the Year , and contributed lead guitar to Steve Westfield 's 1994 album Mangled . He also formed The Martinis a year later with Mallari . Their recorded output by the end of the 1990s comprised a single song , the self @-@ recorded " Free " ( 1995 ) , which appeared on the film soundtrack of Empire Records . The band played live only occasionally until 2001 . In the mid @-@ 1990s , Santiago began to explore audio editing software . After composing for several independent films , including Crime and Punishment in Suburbia in 2000 ( where he collaborated again with Black ) , Santiago co @-@ scored the Fox Network TV series Undeclared with Michael Andrews . He continued to contribute lead guitar to albums , collaborating with Charles Douglas on his 2004 album Statecraft . He scored the 2003 film The Low Budget Time Machine and wrote two songs , " Birthday Video " and " Fake Purse , " for the Showtime television series Weeds in 2005 . Mallari and Santiago continued to write new material as part of the Martinis , but no longer played live . Their debut album , Smitten , took two years to write and was released in 2004 ; the pair collaborated with a number of musicians , including drummer Josh Freese , during the recording . Santiago described the album as " a lot poppier and quirkier " than the band 's previous material . The band simultaneously released The Smitten Sessions , a limited edition EP . = = Pixies reunion and future projects = = After the Pixies broke up in 1993 , Santiago had stayed in touch with every band member . In the summer of 2003 , Black decided to begin reuniting the Pixies and called Santiago first . Santiago later explained : " He called me on my cellphone and I was in Cape Cod visiting family . He said in this coy voice , ' Hey Joey , uh , you been hearin ' these rumors that we 're getting back together ? Gee , I wonder who started it ? ' I go , ' Charles , did you do that ? ' and he goes , ' Yeah . ' " Santiago then contacted Lovering and Deal to inform them of Black 's decision and by the summer of 2004 the band had reunited . DreamWorks asked the Pixies in early 2004 to compose a song for the Shrek 2 soundtrack . They agreed , and early versions of this new song were recorded in Santiago 's basement . With his soundtrack experience , the band , in the words of Deal , " worked it up a bit in Joey 's Pro Tools thing " , before submitting it to the studio . DreamWorks rejected the song , so the band released it as a single , " Bam Thwok " . Aside from the Pixies and The Martinis , Santiago scored the soundtrack of the documentary Radiant City in 2006 . He signed with the commercial sound agency Elias Arts in the same year , and focused on composing music for television commercials . In a March 2006 Billboard.com interview , he dismissed the possibility of a new Pixies album for the time being : " I 'd only be interested if it happens in an organic manner ; if all our schedules are aligned and we 're all feeling it . That 's the only reason to do it . " Santiago also played a benefit concert for drummer Wally Ingram in February 2007 as part of The Martinis ; the band 's first gig for six years . = = Musical style = = Santiago describes his guitar playing as " angular and bent , " " all derived from guitar moments that perk my ears up " . Notable in his style is how he uses distortion and feedback to leave spaces open . A good example is the intro of There Goes My Gun . He attributes much of his style to songs he enjoyed when first learning the guitar , such as The Beatles ' " Savoy Truffle " , where " George Harrison played that bent note that I fell in love with and later milked it for all it was worth . " He used such techniques with the Pixies : Doolittle 's " Dead " begins with Santiago 's guitar " squawking " on an E @-@ flat like " a wounded animal " . As Santiago was learning the guitar , he saw himself as a self @-@ conscious amateur , and still speaks of a lack of confidence in his playing . Santiago , rather than listening to popular radio , borrowed rock and roll records from the public library as he was growing up ; he first discovered Les Paul and Jimi Hendrix , who led to jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery . Santiago later commented on Montgomery 's influence : " And that 's when I said , ' Ah , that 's a hook . That 's some hooky stuff in the jazz world ' " . He discovered jazz and country artists such as Joe Pass and Chet Atkins after studying the liner notes of albums . Santiago was directly influenced by the " Hendrix chord " , the sharp 9th dominant chord which , in the words of author Ben Sisario , " tapped a hidden rage that matched the horror of Thompson 's scream " . As a teenager , Santiago also listened to classic rock and protopunk artists such as The Who , The Rolling Stones , The Velvet Underground and Iggy Pop . The stage antics of Santiago often contrasted with his generally quiet demeanor ; he often experimented with his guitar and equipment during songs . Deal 's husband , John Murphy , said that during performances of " Vamos " , which features guitar feedback throughout , Santiago used to " whack the crap out of his amp " , often picking up the amplifier and moving it around . During some solos , Santiago would often pull the guitar up to his mouth and break guitar strings with his teeth . = = Discography = = Pixies Come On Pilgrim ( 1987 ) Surfer Rosa ( 1988 ) Doolittle ( 1989 ) Bossanova ( 1990 ) Trompe le Monde ( 1991 ) Indie Cindy ( 2014 ) Frank Black Frank Black ( 1993 ) Teenager of the Year ( 1994 ) Dog in the Sand ( 2001 ) Devil 's Workshop ( 2002 ) Show Me Your Tears ( 2003 ) Frank Black Francis ( additional editing , 2004 ) The Martinis Smitten ( 2004 ) The Smitten Sessions ( 2004 ) The Everybody Avatar ( 2009 ) Other appearances Santiago is credited as guitar unless otherwise specified : Mangled ( Steve Westfield , 1994 ) Stuff ( Holly McNarland , 1997 ) It Came from the Barn ( producer ) ( Pajama Slave Dancers , 1997 ) Home Is Where My Feet Are ( Holly McNarland , 2002 ) Statecraft ( Charles Douglas , 2004 ) Weeds : Music from the Original Series ( composed and performed " Birthday Video " and " Fake Purse " ) ( Weeds , 2005 ) In Pursuit Of Your Happiness ( Mark Mulcahy , 2005 ) Songs About Time ( The Rentals , 2009 ) Twistable , Turnable Man : A Musical Tribute To The Songs Of Shel Silverstein ( Various Artists , 2010 )
= SMS Karlsruhe ( 1916 ) = SMS Karlsruhe was a light cruiser of the Königsberg class , built for the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) during World War I. She was named after the earlier Karlsruhe , which had sunk in November 1914 , from an accidental explosion . The new cruiser was laid down in 1914 at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel , launched in January 1916 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in November 1916 . Armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns , the ship had a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 kn ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . She saw relatively limited service during the war , due to her commissioning late in the conflict . She was present during a brief engagement with British light forces in August 1917 , though she did not actively participate in the battle . She joined the large task force assigned to Operation Albion in October 1917 , but did not see significant action during that operation either . She was assigned to what was to have been the final sortie of the High Seas Fleet in the closing days of the war , but a large @-@ scale mutiny in significant parts of the fleet forced the cancellation of the plan . Karlsruhe was interned in Scapa Flow after the end of the war , and scuttled there on 21 June 1919 . Unlike most of the other ships sunk there , her wreck was never raised . = = Construction = = Karlsruhe was ordered under the contract name " Ersatz Niobe " and was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel in 1915 . She was launched on 31 January 1916 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 15 November 1916 . The ship was 151 @.@ 4 meters ( 496 ft 9 in ) long overall and had a beam of 14 @.@ 2 m ( 46 ft 7 in ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 96 m ( 19 ft 7 in ) forward . She displaced 7 @,@ 125 t ( 7 @,@ 012 long tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of steam turbines powered by ten coal @-@ fired and two oil @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . These provided a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) and a range of 4 @,@ 850 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 980 km ; 5 @,@ 580 mi ) at 12 kn ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were arranged in a super @-@ firing pair aft . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 040 rounds of ammunition , for 130 shells per gun . Karlsruhe also carried two 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels . She was also equipped with a pair of 60 cm ( 24 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes in deck @-@ mounted swivel launchers amidships . She also carried 200 mines . The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with 60 mm thick armor plate . = = Service history = = On 16 August 1917 , Karlsruhe participated in a mine @-@ sweeping operation in the North Sea . The minesweepers were clearing Route Yellow , one of the channels in the minefields used by U @-@ boats to leave and return to port . Karlsruhe was joined by the cruiser SMS Frankfurt and three torpedo boats . At 12 : 55 , lookouts on one of the minesweepers spotted a British squadron of three light cruisers and sixteen destroyers approaching . The minesweepers fled south under cover of smoke screens , after which the British broke off the attack . Karlsruhe and the rest of the escort failed to come to their aid , however , and the commander of the operation was subsequently relieved of command . In early September 1917 , following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga , the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga . The Admiralstab ( Navy High Command ) planned Operation Albion to seize the Baltic island of Ösel , and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula . On 18 September , the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and Moon Islands ; the primary naval component comprised the flagship , the battlecruiser Moltke , along with the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet . The invasion force amounted to approximately 24 @,@ 600 officers and enlisted men . Karlsruhe and the rest of the II Scouting Group provided the cruiser screen for the task force . The operation began on the morning of 12 October , when Moltke and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in Tagga Bay while the IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula on Ösel . On 18 – 19 October , Karlsruhe and the rest of the II Scouting Group covered minesweepers operating off the island of Dagö , but due to an insufficient number of minesweepers and bad weather , the operation was postponed . By 20 October , the islands were under German control and the Russian naval forces had either been destroyed or forced to withdraw . The Admiralstab then ordered the naval component to return to the North Sea . In October 1918 , Karlsruhe and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy . Karlsruhe , Nürnberg , and Graudenz were to bombard targets in Flanders while Pillau , Cöln , Dresden , and Königsberg were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary , to draw out the British Grand Fleet . Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to secure a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , most of the High Seas Fleet 's ships , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow . Karlsruhe was among the ships interned . The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty . Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd , Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 : 20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships ; Karlsruhe sank at 15 : 50 . She was never raised for scrapping . The rights to her wreck were sold in 1962 .
= New York State Route 129 = New York State Route 129 ( NY 129 ) is a 7 @.@ 75 @-@ mile ( 12 @.@ 47 km ) long state highway in the western part of Westchester County , New York . The route begins at New York State Route 9A ( South Riverside Avenue ) in the village of Croton on Hudson at the Hudson River . NY 129 then travels through the towns of Cortlandt and Yorktown , running along the northern edge of the New Croton Reservoir . It passes under ( southbound ) and over ( northbound ) the Taconic State Parkway in Yorktown with no direct interchange . NY 129 ends in Yorktown at an intersection with NY 118 . NY 129 was designated in 1908 as a section of Route 2 , a legislative route designated by the New York State Legislature . However , in 1921 , the route was realigned off the route that would become NY 129 in favor of NY 9A . Nine years later , the state designated the route as NY 129 during the state highway renumbering . The route originally followed a route used by NY 131 once the routes were swapped in the 1940s , with NY 131 being decommissioned soon after . NY 129 was extended to end at a traffic circle with NY 100 in the hamlet of Pines Bridge . This lasted up to at least 1969 , when the designation was truncated back to NY 118 , which was extended to the traffic circle instead . The traffic circle in Pines Bridge was removed by 1991 . Originally , NY 129 had an interchange with the Taconic , but the ramps were removed in 1969 and a new interchange was built on nearby Underhill Road . = = Route description = = NY 129 begins at an intersection with NY 9A ( South Riverside Avenue ) in the village of Croton @-@ on @-@ Hudson , next to U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) . NY 129 proceeds northward from NY 9A along Maple Street , a two @-@ lane commercial street through the village . At Van Cortlandt Park , NY 129 becomes residential , passing Croton @-@ Harmon High School as it bends to the northeast . At the junction with Grand Street , NY 129 continues northeast on Grand Street , which is a two @-@ lane residential street . The route continues northeast through the village , crossing an intersection with Quaker Bridge Road before becoming a wooded lane in the town of Cortlandt . In Cortlandt , NY 129 continues north as Grand Street , paralleling a local creek and entering Croton Dam Plaza . Running along the western edge of the plaza , NY 129 bends north at a view of the New Croton Dam , continuing its way north alongside the New Croton Reservoir . NY 129 soon changes names to Croton Dam Road , passing east of the Croton Harman School District headquarters . At an intersection with East Mount Airy Road , NY 129 runs eastward along the reservoir , changing names to Yorktown Road . On a short stint away from the reservoir , NY 129 intersects with Croton Road before crossing over the Hunters Brook Bridge , where it crosses into the historic community of Huntersville . Continuing northeast from Huntersville , NY 129 , now known as Croton Lake Road , bends through the town of Yorktown . Through Yorktown , NY 129 is a two @-@ lane residential street alongside the reservoir , soon making a gradual bend to the southeast into an intersection with County Route 131 ( CR 131 ; Underhill Avenue ) , a former alignment of NY 131 . At the junction with CR 131 , NY 129 turns southward , soon winding its way southeast under the lanes of the Taconic State Parkway , and back alongside the New Croton Reservoir . After crossing under the Taconic , the route then drops back down to the reservoir and passing a house reported to have been moved from Huntersville before it was flooded . Making several winds to the southeast , NY 129 connects to the Gate House Bridge , soon running eastward through Yorktown . NY 129 intersects with NY 118 ( Saw Mill River Road ) . This intersection serves as the eastern terminus of NY 129 , as NY 118 continues east along the reservoir . = = History = = What is now NY 129 was developed in the early 20th century as part of a general project to improve access and transportation across the reservoirs . In 1908 , the New York State Legislature created Route 2 , an unsigned legislative route ( an unsigned internal route ) extending from the New York City line at Yonkers to the Columbia County village of Valatie . Route 2 initially followed modern NY 129 , Croton Avenue , and NY 35 between Croton @-@ on @-@ Hudson and Peekskill ; however , it was realigned on March 1 , 1921 , to use what is now NY 9A instead . NY 129 was designated to most of its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It originally followed Croton Dam Road , the southern perimeter road around the New Croton Reservoir , while Croton Lake Road , the northern route , was designated as NY 131 by the following year . The alignments of NY 129 and NY 131 in the vicinity of the reservoir were swapped c . 1941 and the NY 131 designation ceased to exist by the mid @-@ 1940s . With the route changes , NY 129 was extended to terminate at NY 100 at a traffic circle in Pines Bridge while NY 118 terminated near Croton Lake . This extension lasted for over two decades until NY 118 was extended over the alignment of NY 129 to the traffic circle by 1969 . Ramps from NY 129 to the Taconic State Parkway were removed by the East Hudson Parkway Authority in November 1969 , to be replaced with a bridge . This required a shutdown of NY 129 and required drivers going north to Underhill Road . In fall 1988 , the original Hunter Brook Bridge ( less than 19 feet ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) wide ) was replaced , as it was never designed to take heavy traffic such as concrete @-@ mixing trucks . Between 1988 and 1991 , the traffic circle between NY 118 and NY 100 was removed in favor of a three @-@ way intersection between the two highways . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Westchester County .
= 2000 Japanese Grand Prix = The 2000 Japanese Grand Prix ( formally the XXVI Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 8 October 2000 at the Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka , Japan . It was the 16th and penultimate round of the 2000 Formula One season , as well as , the 26th Japanese Grand Prix . The 53 @-@ lap race was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from pole position . Mika Häkkinen finished second in a McLaren with teammate David Coulthard finishing third . Schumacher 's win confirmed him as 2000 Drivers ' Champion , as Häkkinen could not surpass Schumacher 's points total with only one race remaining . Häkkinen started the race alongside Michael Schumacher on the front row of the grid . Michael Schumacher attempted to defend his lead off the line by moving into Häkkinen 's path , but Häkkinen passed Michael Schumacher heading into the first corner , with Coulthard withstanding Williams driver Ralf Schumacher attempts to pass him to maintain third position . Michael Schumacher managed to close the gap to his title rival by lap 31 and passed Häkkinen during the second round of pit stops . This allowed him to maintain a 1 @.@ 9 second gap between himself and Häkkinen towards the end of the race to secure his eighth victory of the season . Michael Schumacher received praise from many within the Formula One community , including former Champion Jody Scheckter and Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo , though he was criticised by former Italian president Francesco Cossiga for his conduct when the Italian National Anthem was played on the podium . The Ferrari driver also received predominant congratulations from the European press . Häkkinen 's second @-@ place finish secured him second position in the Drivers ' Championship , while Ferrari extended the gap to McLaren in the Constructors ' Championship to thirteen points , with one race remaining in the season . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams , each of two drivers . The teams , also known as constructors , were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought three different tyre types to the race : the Medium dry compound and two wet @-@ weather compounds , the intermediate and full wet . The Suzuka Circuit underwent a minor circuit change ahead of the Grand Prix . The pit lane entry was moved from the end of the 130R left @-@ hand corner to the exit of the Casio chicane in an effort to improve safety . Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 88 points , ahead of Mika Häkkinen on 80 points and David Coulthard on 63 . Rubens Barrichello was fourth on 55 points , with Ralf Schumacher fifth on 24 points . A maximum of 20 points were available for the final two races , which meant Häkkinen could still win the title . Michael Schumacher only needed to clinch victory in the race , regardless of where Häkkinen finished , Schumacher would be more than ten points ahead of Häkkinen with one race remaining . Otherwise , Häkkinen could win the Championship in the final race of the season in Malaysia by out @-@ scoring his rival . In the event of a points tie , Michael Schumacher would win the Championship on count @-@ back , having more wins . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading on 143 points , McLaren and Williams were second and third on 133 and 34 points respectively , while Benetton with 20 and Jordan with 17 contended for fourth place . Championship drivers Barrichello and Giancarlo Fisichella had each gained second @-@ place finishes while Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had both achieved third place podium finishes . A pneumatic value failure in the preceding race , the United States Grand Prix , had forced Häkkinen to retire from the Grand Prix . With two races of the season remaining and an eight @-@ point deficit after losing the lead in the Drivers ' Championship , Häkkinen remained confident about his title chances : " I know that what happened to me in the last Grand Prix , when I had to retire , can happen to anyone , It could happen to Michael . So I am very optimistic . I have come here prepared and thinking about these two races together . Not one , two . " Michael Schumacher emphasised the pressure of leading the championship going into Japan : " It hasn 't been a relaxing time at all and I still haven 't completely got over the jetlag from the States . But I 'm prepared to sacrifice this and a lot more to bring the title back to Maranello . And the same can be said of the entire team . " Ferrari team principal Jean Todt and former World Champion Jody Scheckter called for Barrichello and Coulthard to race fairly as both drivers were ordered by their teams to assist their teammates in the Championship battle . Following the United States Grand Prix on 24 September , the teams conducted testing sessions at various racing circuits across Europe between 26 – 29 September to prepare for the Grand Prix . McLaren 's test driver Olivier Panis flew to the Circuit de Nevers Magny @-@ Cours to undertake preparations for Suzuka and development work on their 2001 car . Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer spent two days at the Fiorano Circuit testing mechanical components and ran on an artificially wet track for testing of Bridgestone 's wet weather tyre compounds . Williams , with rookie competitor Jenson Button , went to the Autódromo do Estoril for two days and tried wet weather tyres and different aerodynamic configurations . Prost travelled to Magny @-@ Cours and their test driver Stéphane Sarrazin collected three days of chassis design data for the upcoming AP04 chassis . Benetton opted to miss testing prior to the event but their test driver Mark Webber tried developments at the Circuit de Catalunya that were incorporated into their 2001 car . At the drivers meeting held the Friday before the event , the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) Race Director Charlie Whiting announced that any potential blocking manoeuvres that interfered with the World Championship battle would result in a driver being shown a waved black and white flag , before giving a black flag to signal disqualification from the race . The penalty also had a potential ban for up to three Formula One World Championship events for any driver found to have breached the new ruling . Ralf Schumacher agreed with the penalties . However , McLaren team principal Ron Dennis was more vocal in opposing the new rules as he believed they were arbitrary and were against choosing team tactics . He was also unhappy with the inclusion of Italian lawyer Roberto Causo as a race steward because Dennis held the view that any decision would be biased towards Ferrari . Some teams had made modifications to their cars in preparation for the event . Honda introduced a more powerful version of its V10 engine for Saturday 's qualifying session and the race . Sauber brought lighter components to reduce the weight of their cars and the Williams team arrived with a revised rear wing . Williams engine suppliers BMW confirmed that they would be running the same specification of engine introduced in Belgium . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — two on Friday , and two on Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour . The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions were held in dry and warm weather conditions . Michael Schumacher was fastest in the first practice session with a time of 1 : 38 @.@ 474 , ahead of Häkkinen and Coulthard . Barrichello set the fourth quickest time and caused the session to be yellow flagged when he lost control of his car and spun at the hairpin between turns ten and eleven and crashed into the perimeter fencing . Ralf Schumacher was fifth fastest , ahead of Fisichella . Frentzen and Jarno Trulli set the seventh and ninth fastest times respectively for Jordan ; they were separated by Jaguar 's Eddie Irvine . Jacques Villeneuve in the BAR completed the top ten despite spinning off the circuit which caused grass to penetrate his radiators . In the second practice session , Michael Schumacher set the fastest lap of the day , a 1 : 37 @.@ 728 , six @-@ tenths of a second faster than Häkkinen . Barrichello had trouble selecting first gear on his final run although he set the third quickest time . Coulthard was fourth fastest , ahead of Button . Frentzen and Trulli continued their good form setting the sixth and seventh fastest times . Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa , Villeneuve and Ricardo Zonta completed the top ten fastest drivers . During the session , an earthquake measuring 7 @.@ 1 on the richter scale was felt at Suzuka , although no structural damage was reported around the circuit despite mild alarm . The weather remained dry and warm for the Saturday morning practice sessions . Michael Schumacher again set the fastest time for the third session , a 1 : 37 @.@ 176 , quicker than his best on Friday . The Williams drivers were running quicker ; Ralf Schumacher in second and Button in fourth . They were separated by Coulthard . Fisichella set the fifth quickest time , ahead of Villeneuve , who spun into the gravel late in the session . Barrichello , Irvine , Johnny Herbert and de la Rosa completed the top ten . In the final practice session , Häkkinen set the quickest time , a 1 : 37 @.@ 037 , one @-@ tenth of a second faster than Michael Schumacher . Button was happy with the performance of his car and was third fastest . Barrichello maintained his consistent performance and set the fourth fastest time despite again spinning into the gravel traps . He was ahead of Ralf Schumacher who had his fastest time revoked after exceeding track limits . Coulthard was sixth , two @-@ tenths of a second faster than Fisichella . Irvine , Alexander Wurz and Villeneuve completed the top ten ahead of qualifying . Saturday 's afternoon qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session , the 107 % rule was in effect , which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 % of the quickest lap to qualify for the race . The session was held in dry weather conditions . The air temperature ranged between 23 – 24 ° C ( 73 – 75 ° F ) and the track temperature was between 27 – 31 ° C ( 81 – 88 ° F ) . Michael Schumacher clinched his eighth pole position of the season , his fifth at the circuit , in a time of 1 : 35 @.@ 825 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Häkkinen , who was nine thousands of a second slower than his championship rival and battled him for grid position throughout the session . Häkkinen 's teammate Coulthard qualified third , and conceded that he was not quick enough to challenge for pole position . The two Williams drivers qualified on the third row of the grid ; Button ahead of Ralf Schumacher although both drivers had mixed feelings over their performance . Both Jaguar drivers took seventh and tenth and were satisifed with their pace . Frentzen reported that his car was difficult to handle but was happy to manage an qualifying position of eighth . Villeneuve took ninth despite suffering from excessive oversteer and was unable to improve his time because he changed his car in the opposite direction . Herbert who rounded out the top ten felt he could have qualified on the fourth row despite changes to his set @-@ up . Wurz qualified eleventh and missed on qualifying in the top ten by nearly two thousands of a second . His teammate Fisichella started from twelfth position and reported his car lost performance after the morning practice sessions . Both Arrows drivers filled the seventh row of the grid – de la Rosa was faster than Verstappen – and were afflicted with problems on the cars limiting their running . Trulli had issues with his car 's handling and qualified 15th . Heidfeld qualified 16th , ahead of teammate Jean Alesi . Zonta had limited qualifying time because of an engine change and managed 18th overall . The tenth row of the grid was filled by both Sauber drivers ; Mika Salo in front of Pedro Diniz . Salo used the spare Sauber because his race car had issues with its alternator Both of Diniz 's two fastest qualifying times were disallowed because of him laying oil on the circuit in the morning practice sessions . The two Minardi drivers qualifed at the rear of the grid with Marc Gené faster than Gastón Mazzacane . = = = Race = = = The drivers took to the track at 10 : 00 JST ( UTC + 9 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up session . It took place in dry weather conditions . Both Ferrari cars maintained their good performance from qualifying ; Michael Schumacher set the fastest time of 1 : 38 @.@ 005 . Barrichello was third in the other Ferrari car . They were split by the McLaren drivers — Häkkinen was second and Coulthard rounded out the top four . The race started at 14 : 30 local time . The conditions for the race were dry and overcast for the race . The air temperature was at 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) and the track temperature at 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) . Approximately 151 @,@ 000 people attended the race . During the final parade lap , Häkkinen 's car developed an leak in the hydraulic system which caused smoke to depart but managed to take the start . Frentzen started the race using Jordan 's spare monocoque . Häkkinen accelerated faster than Michael Schumacher off the line , withstanding the German 's attempts to maintain his position to clinch the lead heading into the first corner . Behind the leading three in the run down into the first corner , Ralf Schumacher moved ahead of Barrichello and Coulthard withstood his attempts to pass for third position . Verstappen made the best start in the field , moving from 14th to tenth at the end of the first lap , while Fisichella made a poor start and lost eight places over the same distance ; the result of his anti @-@ stall system activating . At the completition of the first lap , Häkkinen led from Michael Schumacher , Coulthard , Ralf Schumacher , Irvine , Barrichello , Button , Herbert , Villeneuve , Verstappen , Frentzen , Trulli , de la Rosa , Wurz , Salo , Alesi , Heidfeld , Zonta , Diniz , Fisichella , Gené and Mazzacane . Häkkinen set the fastest lap of the race on lap two and began to maintain the gap between himself and Michael Schumacher while both drivers pulled away from the rest of the field . Villeneuve moved into eighth position when he passed Herbert on lap seven , while Trulli clinched 11th from teammate Frentzen . Verstappen became the first retirement of the race when he coasted across the circuit with gearbox problems on lap nine and drove to his garage . Diniz made his first pit stop on lap 13 , starting the first round of pit stops . At the front of the field , Häkkinen increased the gap between himself and Michael Schumacher to two seconds , who in turn was a further ten seconds ahead of Coulthard in third . Ralf Schumacher was a further 8 @.@ 8 seconds behind the second McLaren driver , but was drawing ahead of Irvine in fifth . Further back , Trulli made a pit stop from tenth on lap 15 and emerged in 18th position . Irvine became the first of the front runners to pit the following lap and emerged behind Frentzen . Wurz , Herbert , Salo and Heidfeld all made pit stops on lap 18 , while Trulli lost time after going off the track . On the 19th lap , Ralf Schumacher , Villeneuve , Frentzen , Pedro de la Rosa and Fisichella made their first pit stops . Barrichello and Button made pit stops on the following lap , and rejoined ahead of Irvine . Alesi retired from the race with an engine failure and spun off onto the circuit on lap 21 . Häkkinen made a pit stop on lap 22 . Michael Schumacher took over the lead for one lap before his pit stop on lap 23 giving it to Coulthard . The Scot took his pit stop on lap 24 handing back the lead to teammate Häkkinen . On the same lap , Villeneuve passed Irvine into turn 16 for seventh position . All of the drivers had made pit stops by the end of lap 25 . The race order was Häkkinen , Michael Schumacher , Coulthard , Barrichello , Ralf Schumacher , Button , Irvine , Herbert , Frentzen , Trulli , Diniz , Zonta , Salo , de la Rosa , Heidfeld , Fisichella , Gené , Wurz and Mazzacane . Häkkinen set a new fastest lap of the race on lap 26 , a 1 : 39 @.@ 189 , as he built a gap between himself and Michael Schumacher to 2 @.@ 9 seconds . Trulli became the first driver to make a second pit stop on lap 28 . Light rain began to fall on lap 29 and track started to become slippery . The gap between Häkkinen and Michael Schumacher fell by one second after the McLaren driver encountered lapped traffic on lap 30 . Ralf Schumacher lost sixth position to teammate Button after making a mistake on the same lap , while Frentzen pulled off the track at the entry of First Curve to retire from a hydraulic pump issue which caused his gearbox to fail . Michael Schumacher closed the gap to Häkkinen by 0 @.@ 7 seconds by lap 31 , although he made minor contact with Zonta two laps later . Further down the order , Heidfeld overtook Trulli for 13th position on lap 34 . The second round of pit stops began on the same lap when Irvine made a pit stop . Häkkinen made his second stop on lap 37 , and came out of the pit lane 25 @.@ 8 seconds behind rival Michael Schumacher but ahead of Coulthard . Michael Schumacher began to immediately pull away from Häkkinen . Coulthard , Barrichello and Button remained in third , fourth and fifth positions respectively , during their second stops on lap 38 and 39 . Wurz went into retirement when he spun sideways near the entry of the pit lane on lap 40 . Michael Schumacher took his final pit stop on the same lap , and emerged 4 @.@ 1 seconds in front of Häkkinen . Ralf Schumacher became the sixth retirement of the race when he lost the rear @-@ end and spun into the gravel trap when trying to lap Gené at turn two on lap 42 . This allowed Villeneuve to enter the points @-@ scoring positions in sixth . Heidfeld became the final driver to make a scheduled pit stop on the same lap . At the conclusion of lap 42 , with the scheduled pit stops completed , the order was Michael Schumacher , Häkkinen , Coulthard , Barrichello , Button , Villeneuve , Herbert , Irvine , Zonta , Salo , Diniz , Trulli , Fisichella , de la Rosa , Gené , Heidfeld and Mazzacane . Heidfeld retired from a suspension failure on lap 43 as de la Rosa passed Fisichella for 13th position on the same lap , and Fisichella was forced onto the gravel to avoid contact. de la Rosa made up a further position overtaking Trulli five laps later . Gené became the race 's final retirement with an expired engine on lap 49 . Michael Schumacher maintained his lead throughout the remaining four laps and crossed the finish line on lap 53 to win his eighth race of the 2000 season in a time of 1 ' 29 : 53 @.@ 435 , at an average speed of 128 @.@ 902 miles per hour ( 207 @.@ 448 km / h ) . Michael Schumacher was crowned 2000 Drivers ' Champion as Häkkinen could not catch his points total in the one remaining race . He also became the first driver to clinch the title with Ferrari since Jody Scheckter in 1979 . Häkkinen finished second in his McLaren , 1 @.@ 8 seconds behind , ahead of teammate Coulthard in third , Barrichello in fourth , Button in fifth , and Villeneuve rounding out the points scoring positions in sixth . Herbert , Irvine , Zonta , Salo and Diniz rounded out the next five positions. de la Rosa , Trulli , Fisichella and Mazzacane were the last of the classified finishers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference . Michael Schumacher revealed that he took a cautious approach when the track became slippery due to rain in the second stint . He also added his team made adjustments during the first stop which helped to contribute to his quick pace . Häkkinen congratulated Michael Schumacher on clinching the Drivers ' Championship and said that although he felt naturally disappointed , he admitted that " to be a good winner , sometimes you also have to be a good loser " . He also confirmed that Ferrari 's strategy lost him the chance of victory and acknowledged that Schumacher was at an advantage after his second pit stop . Coulthard described his race as " quiet " because of the lack of action he encountered . He also admitted that he struggled to handle the car in the wet conditions . Michael Schumacher 's title triumph was well received in the Formula One paddock and in the media . German national newspaper Die Welt said : " A dream has been fulfilled and it will have far @-@ reaching consequences . Ferrari and Formula One are alive again in this season and a new monument has been created ... Hard work and self @-@ sacrifice have been rewarded . " In Italy , events were held across the country to celebrate Michael Schumacher 's championship victory . Candido Cannavò , director of the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport described the moment as : " On the dawn of a luminous autumn Sunday Ferrari reconciled itself with history . " Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo described Michael Schumacher 's title victory as the " most beautiful day of my life " . He further dedicated the championship to the Ferrari team , their worldwide fan base , Ferrari 's majority owner FIAT , and the team 's sponsors and suppliers for their continued support . Former World Champion Scheckter praised both Ferrari and Michael Schumacher , though he expressed disappointment at losing his status as the final World Champion for Ferrari . However , the former President of Italy Francesco Cossiga criticised Michael Schumacher 's conduct during the Italian National Anthem where the German traditionally imitated a conductor when it was heard . Michael Schumacher responded by saying that he did not mean to cause offence and insisted that he was respectful to the national anthem . Off track , the argument over the new rules implemented at the Grand Prix and the inclusion of lawyer Roberto Causo as a race steward was renewed . FIA president Max Mosley published a letter dated from 19 October to Ron Dennis which accused him of damaging the image of Formula One with his recent stream of comments over the issues . Mosley also defended Race Director Charlie Whiting 's announcement that marshals could use racing flags to caution drivers over unsportsmanlike behaviour . Dennis responded by apologising for his comments , saying that he did not intend to bring Formula One into disrepute and cause disrespect to Causo . " It certainly has not ever been my intention to damage a sport to which I have devoted most of my working life . " he said . As a consequence of the race , Michael Schumacher won the Drivers ' Championship with a twelve @-@ point gap over championship rival Häkkinen , who in turn was confirmed as the runner @-@ up in the Championship . Coulthard maintained third with 67 points , nine points ahead of Barrichello , and 43 in front of Ralf Schumacher . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari increased their lead to thirteen points . Williams , with 36 points , increased the gap to their rivals Benetton by 16 points , while BAR passed Jordan for fifth place on 18 points , with one race of the season remaining . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = Bold text indicates who still has a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion . Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Spider @-@ Man Unlimited ( video game ) = Spider @-@ Man Unlimited is an endless runner video game developed and published by Gameloft based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider @-@ Man . The player controls the title character and his alternate versions during his fight against the members of the Sinister Six and their multiverse counterparts . The game 's main mode features definitive goals in contrast to the traditional aim of running as far as possible . The game is also known for having regular , special , time @-@ limited , community events . First announced in June 2014 , Spider @-@ Man Unlimited was released for Apple iOS , Android and Windows Phone on September 10 , 2014 . Starting in October 2014 , Gameloft released seven updates that added new chapters to the story mode , Spider @-@ Men and Spider @-@ Women , enemies , events and stages . Since its release , it has been downloaded 30 million times and has been well received by gaming critics . Reviewers praised the game 's controls , sound , animation and the variety of characters , while criticizing its energy system , which they considered a limit to the playability . = = Plot = = After Spider @-@ Man defeats a figure known as the Gold Goblin , Nick Fury tells him the Green Goblin has used a portal to assemble a multiverse Sinister Six and plans to take over Spider @-@ Man 's dimension . S.H.I.E.L.D. then used the portal to assemble alternative versions of Spider @-@ Man and other spider @-@ powered heroes like Spider @-@ Girl , Spider @-@ Ham , and Spider @-@ Man 2099 to aid in the battle . Spider @-@ Man pursues the Green Goblin and his alternative versions . After he defeats the alternative Goblins , Spider @-@ Man fights various versions of Vulture , Electro , Sandman , Doctor Octopus , and Mysterio , as well as the Sinister Soldiers — armored soldiers working for the multiverse Sinister Six . = = Gameplay = = Spider @-@ Man Unlimited is an endless runner game in which Spider @-@ Man runs across New York rooftops , including that of the Oscorp building , as well as Sinister Six spaceships and a giant Doctor Octopus machine , as he dodges obstacles , defeats enemies , and collect power @-@ ups and vials . Regular enemies are defeated by slide attacks and punches , while bosses requires the player to fling projectiles at them . Players earn combos by overthrowing enemies ; almost hitting an obstacle or going through a ring also increases the player 's combo count . Sections in which Spider @-@ Man swings through streets , climbs the sides of buildings and free @-@ falls from buildings are interspersed with the running portions of the game . The game has a story mode that , in contrast to traditional endless runners , features definitive goals — for example defeating a predetermined number of enemies , collecting random items , reaching a specific point , or defeating the boss . It is divided into chapters , called " issues " , each having 5 main missions that end with a boss fight , and various side missions . Some missions can only be completed by a specific version of Spider @-@ Man . Others were restricted to characters of a certain level ; but with the third update , it was modified to require a certain amount of " Spidey Power " , or the player 's team multiplier . By completing missions , the player can win experience points to reach the next level and in @-@ game currency : regular vials or rarer ISO @-@ 8 . Players can improve their power @-@ ups and buy alternate versions of Spider @-@ Man by spending vials . To get a new version of Spider @-@ Man as a " card " , players can use their vials or ISO @-@ 8 to open portals to an alternate dimension from which a randomly selected Spider @-@ Man arrives . Each card can be leveled up and has a star rating called the level cap . To level up a card , players can earn experience points during a run . A card can also be sacrificed to level up another , and by fusing two equal cards , players can increase a card 's level cap . By using vials , which usually gives players a 3- or 4 @-@ star character , players have a small chance of acquiring a rare version of Spider @-@ Man , while ISO @-@ 8 ensures they get a rare one . Each card has a score multiplier that is raised once a Spider is leveled up and a special ability . For example , Spider @-@ Armor increases by 30 % the score earned by running . Each card occupies a character slot , of which six are available . Players can unlock slots by completing an issue , or can buy it using vials and , as the price increases , ISO @-@ 8s . In addition to the story mode , the game features an unlimited , de facto endless runner @-@ style mode and time @-@ limited events , both of which are score @-@ based games . The leaderboard of the unlimited mode awards prizes based on daily rank . In events , players can compete against other players and win rewards ; players earn the Spider @-@ Man featured in that event by ranking at certain positions on the leaderboard or reaching certain objectives . The seventh update added an alliance mode for online players ; it is a territorial competition to gain the possession of New York streets , in which a player can join an alliance or create one 's own to confront other 's alliances . Additionally , players can complete extra missions called " Spidey Ops " , in which one or more characters , up to a maximum of six , become unavailable for a set period of time ; when they return they gain experience and vials . The game 's energy system gives players 5 energy points at the start . Beginning a run in any mode costs one point , and it takes 10 minutes for a point to recharge . Players can pay to refill energy by spending ISO @-@ 8s . Players can make friends at the leaderboard ; once per day they can send and request 5 energy points , which are stored in their inboxes . = = Development and release = = Spider @-@ Man Unlimited was developed and published by Paris @-@ based company Gameloft . Its soundtrack was composed by Pascal Dion , and it was directed by Baptiste Marmey , produced by Steve Melanson , designed by Corentin Delprat , and programmed by Jerome Chen . At a press release on June 6 , 2014 , Gameloft announced it had formed a partnership with Marvel Entertainment and was developing a Spider @-@ Man @-@ based game for smartphones and tablets . Later that month , during the Electronic Entertainment Expo , an announcement trailer was exhibited and the game was made playable . A second trailer was shown at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International that July . The game was released for iOS , Android OS , and Windows Phone on September 10 , 2014 . The idea for the game was first conceived as the production team thought that endless runner games were popular but were always too similar . To create an endless runner that would differentiate itself from others in the genre , the staff focused on Spider @-@ Man 's main powers , which originally led to a swinger @-@ only game . However , they found it " a bit boring " , and it was complicated to have boss fights and to add new systems and gameplay styles . Then they reconceptualized the game as a runner with elements of swinging , fighting , wall @-@ climbing , and free @-@ falling . The storyline of the game was created to focus on the Sinister Six and the multiple versions of Spider @-@ Man . Gameloft was allowed to explore other stories such as the Spider @-@ Verse , but they were required to consult with Marvel to decide which were to be featured . The product manager , Tatiana Nahai , was the responsible for choosing among the options and she discusses the ideas with the narrative designer . After the narrative designer creates the main plotline and dialogues , they consult Marvel writer Fred Van Lente for feedback . The same process of having Marvel feedback occurs for the addition of new characters and environments . Environments were created by the level design team , which was responsible for deciding which obstacles or types of boss attacks fit best , based on how distinct they would be from other levels . As new updates were released , new environments like the New York Highline , 2099 New York and snowy New York were added . The animation techniques for the characters were based on previous Spider @-@ Man games , films and comics . Characters were designed to be balanced and , with this in mind , the production team tried to implement similar abilities for the Spider @-@ Men and Spider @-@ Women , despite giving them different skills . Originally , Marvel only allowed the staff to use 30 characters , but the developers felt it was limited — only having 1 female character , for example — and requested more variety . Requests on their forums , Facebook page , subreddit , and Twitch.tv were also considered , but they always focus on thematic releases ; for example , " Monster Spiders " ( Spider @-@ X and Tarantula ) or dimensional variations of Spider @-@ Man . Since the inception of the game , the production team planned to add a character with a level cap higher than 100 as they imagined players would eventually master all the available characters . This resulted in the creation of the " Titan " characters to expand the game replay value . To avoid overpowering them and reducing other characters ' value , however , they made Titans difficult to acquire . As of 2015 , Gameloft was frequently releasing updates to the game . The main reason for adding new updates is to group characters thematically and to synchronize with Marvel Comics . As such , the first update , released in October 2014 , started the " Spider @-@ Verse " storyline ; this remained the main theme until the fourth update , released in April 2015 . The main villains of this storyline , the Inheritors , were faced in the " Great Hunt " event ; first Karn and Morlun , then Daemos and Jennix , and ultimately Solus . The seventh update , released in September 2015 , added events and environments based on the Spider @-@ Island storyline into the game . The eighth , released in October 2015 , continued Spider @-@ Island , and added Renew Your Vows character Annie Parker and costumes from the All @-@ New , All @-@ Different storyline . The game even anticipated the comics when a new Spider @-@ Woman 's costume debuted in the second update , released in December 2014 , before its March 2015 comics debut . The updates also contribute to the main story mode ; the first added Sandman as its boss , while the fourth added Doctor Octopus , and the sixth added Mysterio . New characters are frequently added through the updates , and some of them , such as Spider @-@ Gwen , Silk , Spider @-@ Punk , and Aracnido Jr . , made their first appearances in Spider @-@ Man Unlimited . Other common update content includes thematic fights against specific villains , such as Jack O 'Lantern , Hydro @-@ Man , and Silver Sable . The sixth improved objective counters for events , while the seventh added short mission @-@ style events . Some updates like the first and the sixth also included bug fixes , while the first adapted it to run on Windows Phone devices with 512 megabytes of RAM , and the sixth also made it compatible with the MFi Program . = = Reception = = Spider @-@ Man Unlimited has been well received by customers ; as of December 2014 , it has been downloaded more than 30 million times . Critics have provided " generally favorable reviews " , according to Metacritic , which assigns a score of 79 out of 100 based on 10 reviews . Jim Squires , writing for Gamezebo , stated the game " is both how you do a runner right AND how you do a superhero game right . " Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade recommended it to both Spider @-@ Man fans and endless runner fans . Polygon 's Justin McElroy said " Spider @-@ Man Unlimited [ sic ] is a top @-@ notch game all on its own " . The staff of Download.com appreciated its combination of " great graphics , super @-@ spidey skills , and the old @-@ school feel of a classic runner game " . For 148Apps.com , Jennifer Allen wrote , " Despite [ some problems ] , Spider @-@ Man Unlimited is a surprisingly well @-@ made endless runner " . Peter Willington of Pocket Gamer wrote that those waiting for a Spider @-@ Man game would " be disappointed " but that it is " a high quality auto @-@ runner " . Squires , Willington , and McElroy praised the responsiveness of the game 's controls , and the Download.com staff enjoyed its intuitiveness . Regarding the audio , Musgrave and Willington praised the voice acting , Musgrave commended the soundtrack , and Willington praised the sound effects . Musgrave , Willington , and McElroy also commended the animation ; Musgrave and Willington mainly appreciated the comic book @-@ like style , and Musgrave and McElroy the varied environments . Squires said it has " a perfect mix of speed , humor , missions , and collectibles " , while McElroy and the Download.com staff highlighted the possibility of having collectible Spider @-@ Men . Squires and Musgrave praised the variability between running , swinging , climbing and free @-@ falling ; the former stated , " The result is a game that continues to feel fresh long after the hundredth play " . Musgrave commented , " the art style does sometimes hinder the gameplay " , and Willington was critical of the story mode , which he said had a " weak plot " and lacked character development . The Download.com staff also noted some lags and software bugs , while Musgrave and Allen stated the controls sometimes had problems recognizing swipes . Squires commented that a problem of the game is its level cap limit when the player is using only one character . However , according to Musgrave , the game 's energy system was " the biggest point of controversy " ; he , Willington , Allen , and Mike Fahey of Kotaku criticized it . In opposition , McElroy said the energy system is a " microtransaction hook " that is easily surmountable without spending any real money , and Squires affirmed that because of the duration of a run it " ends up feeling a lot fairer in practice than it sounds on paper " .
= Another Simpsons Clip Show = " Another Simpsons Clip Show " is the third episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 25 , 1994 . In the episode , Marge reads a romance novel in bed , and it prompts her to have a family meeting , where the Simpson family recall their past loves in form of clips from previous episodes . The episode was written by Jon Vitti ( credited as " Penny Wise " ) and directed by David Silverman . It is the second Simpsons episode featuring a clip show format and uses clips from all the previous five seasons . The episode features cultural references to the 1992 book The Bridges of Madison County and the 1967 film The Graduate . The episode has received rather negative reviews , since clip shows tend to be the least favorite episodes among fans . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 and was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week . = = Plot = = Marge is reading The Bridges of Madison County one night and wakes up Homer to ask if he thinks the romance has gone out of their marriage . He grumbles , saying that he was working all day , but Marge points out that it is actually Saturday night at 9PM ; Homer ignores her and tosses the book into the newly built fireplace in their bedroom . Marge groans and falls asleep . In the morning , Marge gets the family together to discuss romance , but they can only come up with vignettes from their failed relationships ( and in the parents ' case , near @-@ extramarital affairs ) in the form of clips from previous episodes . Homer , however , saves the day when he brings up how he and Marge got together ( in clips from the second season episode " The Way We Was " ) . Ultimately , the kids do not care for this one and wind up watching Itchy & Scratchy while Homer and Marge share another special moment . = = Production = = As the title of the episode suggests , it is second clip show episode of The Simpsons after " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " , the 18th episode of the fourth season . It was written by Jon Vitti , who used the pseudonym Penny Wise in the closing credits because he did not want to be credited for writing a clip show , and it was directed by David Silverman . The episode also includes contributions from John Swartzwelder , Frank Mula , David Richardson , Jeff Martin , Bill Oakley , Josh Weinstein , Matt Groening , Sam Simon , Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , Nell Scovell , David M. Stern , George Meyer , Conan O 'Brien , Robert Cohen , Bill Canterbury , and Dan McGrath . During the early years of the show , the staff was forced by the Fox network into doing clip shows to save money . There was originally intense pressure on the producers of the show to create extra episodes in each season , and the plan was to make four clip shows per season to meet that limit . Writers and producers , however , felt that this many clip shows would alienate fans of the series . The Fox network 's reasoning was that clip shows cost half of what a normal episode cost to produce , but they could sell syndication rights at full price . = = = Referenced clips = = = This flashback episode uses clips from episodes released during the first five seasons : = = = Cultural references = = = At the beginning of the episode Marge is reading " The Bridges of Madison County " , also when Bart , Lisa , and Maggie are watching Itchy & Scratchy , Marge says they watch the same shows all the time , while Lisa says that the Itchy & Scratchy cartoons are just pasted together from pieces of old episodes ( and pointing out that Ren and Stimpy do it all the time ) . This comment is a sly joke about the construction of this episode ; the blackboard and couch gags are taken from other episodes , there are clips from past episodes , and the interstitials are actually clips from past episodes that feature the family members talking in the kitchen . These three aspects support the idea of this episode being a clip show to the extreme . In the clip from " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " , Grampa tries to stop the wedding between Jacqueline Bouvier and Mr. Burns by banging on the window while shouting " Mrs. Bouvier ! " , which is a reference to the 1967 film The Graduate . Marge is seen reading the 1992 book The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller . The Arab Strap song First Big Weekend refers to this episode , stating ″ Sunday afternoon we go up to John 's with a lot of beer in time to watch the Simpsons . It was a really good episode about love always ending in tragedy except , of course , for Marge and Homer . ″ = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Another Simpsons Clip Show " finished 68th in the ratings for the week of September 19 to September 25 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 . The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beaten only by Beverly Hills , 90210 , The X @-@ Files , and Married ... With Children . The episode has received rather negative reviews , since clip shows tend to be the least favorite episodes among fans . Nevertheless , it is considered one of the better clip show episodes of The Simpsons . The episode has been described as " framed in such a way as to still make [ it ] worth watching , [ ... ] like a slideshow that 's not quite so boring , " " another clip show , although not the worst of them , " or as " the episode title pretty much says it all " . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said in a review : " The romance related storyline fizzles . That leaves us with a good collection of clips , but since we can already watch them in their original episodes , why bother with this cheap excuse for product ? " Lisa 's comments — " romance is dead , it was acquired in a hostile takeover by Hallmark and Disney , homogenized , and sold off piece @-@ by @-@ piece " — have been used in case studies of the cultural representations of organizations . Scottish indie @-@ rock band Arab Strap referred to this episode in the lyrics of their debut single " The First Big Weekend " ( " Sunday afternoon we go up to John 's with a lot of beer in time to watch The Simpsons - it was a really good episode about love always ending in tragedy except , of course , for Marge and Homer . It was quite moving at the end and to tell you the truth my eyes were a bit damp " ) .
= Cyclone Winifred = Severe Tropical Cyclone Winifred was the worst tropical cyclone to make landfall in northern Queensland since Cyclone Althea in 1971 and the first since Althea to inflict significant damage on the northeastern coast of Australia . The sixth named storm of the 1985 – 86 Australian region cyclone season , Winifred originated as a tropical low north of Cairns , Queensland on 27 January 1986 . Slowly organizing , the system was recognized as a tropical cyclone after gaining tropical characteristics on 30 January , christened with the name Winifred the same day . Meandering southward , the cyclone began to curve southeastward that evening before suddenly turning toward the coast , southwestward , on 31 January , steadily intensifying in that time . By the time it came ashore near Silkwood , Queensland at 0445 UTC on 1 February , it was producing Category 3 @-@ force winds on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 957 mbar ( 28 @.@ 38 inHg ) . Weakening as it drifted inland , Winifred persisted as a tropical depression for another five days after landfall before finally dissipating on 5 February . In advance of Winifred 's approach , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) issued cyclone watches and warnings for various locations along the Queensland coast , prompting evacuations in several towns . Damage after landfall was widespread and severe , with thousands of homes damaged , flooding as a result of heavy rainfall along major rivers , and severe damage to crops . Debris obstructed roads across northern Queensland and power outages disrupted electrical service , even at water treatment plants , forcing officials to warn residents to boil water as a precautionary measure . Overall , the cyclone caused $ 86 @.@ 4 million in agriculture @-@ related damages , with sugar cane and banana harvests suffering the most . Tourist operations were generally uninterrupted by the storm , while ecological and environmental damage , if any , was mild . Even so , high winds uprooted trees in wide swaths of forests , with those not completely defoliated . Overall , Winifred caused three deaths and inflicted $ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ; $ 154 million USD ) in damage . In the aftermath of the cyclone , the Australian government distributed financial and emergency aid , offering to provide assistance to hard @-@ hit banana and sugar cane farmers in northern Queensland . Hundreds of State Emergency Service ( SES ) volunteers were deployed to restore electrical and water services , evacuate local citizens , provide food , and repair and protect structures . The Department of Social Security ( DSS ) sent employees to receive claims for damage , requests for financial aid , and filings for unemployment benefits . Meanwhile , the Commonwealth of Australia initiated a three @-@ year , $ 150 million program to provide relief to damaged areas . Fund payments , however , were frequently incorrectly distributed , and in some cases , fraudulent . In the confusion in the days following the cyclone , looters stole possessions in areas within the vicinity of Innisfail , and relief efforts were impeded by thunderstorms at Cairns . The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) was subject to heavy criticism in the days following the storm 's landfall , accused of not giving ample warning in advance of Winifred 's approach ; however , these concerns were later addressed in its report on the cyclone 's impact . Due to the severity of the storm 's damage , the name Winifred was retired after the season ended . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Cyclone Winifred can be traced to a tropical low first noted approximately 450 mi ( 720 km ) north of Cairns , Queensland on 27 January 1986 . The system initially drifted to the northwest , exhibiting characteristics indicating gradual organization . On the morning of 29 January , it curved southward while slowly strengthening . Observations gathered by the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite ( GMS ) on 30 January evidenced that the low had developed into a tropical cyclone while maintaining a minimum atmospheric pressure of 995 mbar ( 29 @.@ 38 inHg ) . As a result , the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) subsequently designated the disturbance the name Winifred at 1400 UTC as it meandered southward , the sixth named storm of the 1985 – 86 Australian region cyclone season . The cyclone continued to steadily intensify , attaining Category 1 @-@ equivalent intensity on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale during the morning of 1 February , with winds of 118 km / h ( 73 mph ) . Forecasting of Winifred 's track was impeded by the presence of a canopy of persistent high @-@ level cirrus clouds shielding the eye and rainbands of the cyclone throughout its course , leading to inaccuracies in locating the cyclone 's centre through satellite observations . Forecasts initially projected the cyclone recurving southeastward late on 30 January before tracing southwestward during the evening of 31 January . Maintaining a relatively large eye with a width of about 51 km ( 32 mi ) , the cyclone intensified while nearing the shoreline of northern Queensland ; by 0300 UTC the following day , though , a slight reduction in its size was noticeable , and by the time the cyclone made landfall , its eye was merely 41 km ( 25 mi ) in diameter . In conjunction , the storm 's minimum atmospheric pressure sank to 957 mbar ( 28 @.@ 38 inHg ) by the time the cyclone made landfall near Silkwood at 0445 UTC , indicative of the storm 's peak intensity ; the low pressure , coinciding with 10 @-@ minute maximum sustained winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , placed Winifred as a Category 2 @-@ equivalent storm on the Saffir – Simpson scale , or a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale . Drifting father inland , Winifred 's radar features became distorted as it weakened ; despite this , it lingered overland as a tropical depression for another five days before finally dissipating . Although official best track data recorded the storm dissipated on 5 February , Winifred was operationally declared dissipated on 6 February . The cyclone was the first in 14 years to significantly impact the northeastern coast of Australia . = = Preparations = = Numerous warnings were issued throughout the course of the cyclone . The first cyclone watch related to Cyclone Winifred was declared by the Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) on 29 January for various locations in Queensland , spanning from Thursday Island to Cooktown , and was adjusted as Winifred approached . The initial cyclone warning was issued on the morning of 30 January , stretching between Cape Flattery and Townsville , while the previous cyclone watch was expanded to cover areas from Lockhart River to St Lawrence . The warning was later extended to reach Cooktown and Bowen , and was further lengthened to span regions from Cairns to St Lawrence . On the morning of 1 February , observations indicated that the cyclone had suddenly veered toward the coast , and a Flash Tropical Cyclone Advice was subsequently released , noting the potential for powerful winds between Fitzroy Island and Innisfail . In conjunction , the Queensland Flood Warning Centre initiated flood warnings along the Tully , Herbert , Bulloo , Barcoo , Thomson , Diamantina , and Cooper waterways . The BoM also imposed a gale warning stretching from Cooktown to Cardwell , accompanied a strong wind warning between Cape Melville and Gladstone . Winifred forced many to flee from hotels in northern Queensland , and at Cairns , boats were ordered to be docked at harbor . State Emergency Service ( SES ) members and other individuals worked to evacuate dozens of people in Ingham , as well as along the Tully , Burdekin , and Herbert rivers . Inhabitants of caravan parks were forced to vacate their residences in Innisfail and helicopter crews cleared residents from Ingham and Babinda . Meanwhile , many at Minnamoolka along the banks of the Burdekin River left their homes as a cautionary measure. and 47 citizens of Mourilyan evacuated to a club lodge . = = Impact = = Offshore impacts were significant ; on 30 January , the yacht Darkie washed ashore at South Brook Island , its crew of four surviving . Throughout Queensland , the cyclone isolated small towns , cut off telephone service , inflicted severe damage to crops , and generated widespread flooding . Between Cairns and Ingham , Winifred obliterated structures , toppled power lines , uprooted trees , wrecked 1000 homes , and damaged hundreds of others . Service of the Sunlander between Gordonvale and Babinda was interrupted after tracks were inundated , and travelers were forced to travel by bus instead . At the latter city , approximately 500 homes suffered significant damage , and at Innisfail , 200 residences were destroyed . Several individuals were recovered safely from wreckage of a building collapse in each city . At Babinda , sixteen other structures were wrecked , with the cyclone unroofing an additional 50 houses and flattening 40 sheds . Five individuals were badly injured , two of them impaled by flying glass and other debris . Officials noted that the cyclone tore off the police station door and unroofed a Uniting Church . Helicopter reconnaissance indicated severe damage to sugarcane and banana crops as well as a critical electrical power tower , with considerable damage observed in the town proper . At Innisfail , Winifred damaged 190 houses , downed electrical wires , overturned trees , and flooded lowlands , with reports of over 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) in rainfall . Innisfail Hospital , meanwhile , suffered the loss of several windows , inciting the evacuation of patients to the first floor . The cyclone drove a small vessel ashore at nearby Banana Island ; in addition , a teenage girl was severely impaled by a flying slab of iron in downtown Innisfail , later dying as a result of her injuries . Meanwhile , at Malanda , a man was knocked off a shed roof by a strong gust and was subsequently declared dead . Winds leveled dozens of structures at Mission Beach , Tully , Silkwood , Kurrimine Beach , Cardwell , El Arish , South Johnstone , and Mourilyan . At Mourilyan , 12 boats sank in the town harbor , and all structures were damaged to some extent , with 20 houses roofless and one flattened . At Tully , the capacity of the Kareeya Hydro Power Station was slightly reduced after rubbish became stuck in its components , and at Ingham , the Herbert River peaked at a height of 15 @.@ 8 m ( 52 ft ) , overflowing its barriers by 10 m ( 33 ft ) . Cyclone Winifred inundated the main street of Ingham with flood waters , completely obstructed numerous north @-@ to @-@ south streets , flooded stores , and cut off electricity from Avergowie College . A 35 @-@ year @-@ old man was discovered dead down a storm water drain , having drowned in the storm 's flood waters . Debris and flooding also impeded and obstructed of parts of the Bruce , Gillies , and Palmerston highways . Rescue and relief work was impeded by overloaded telephone communications , and consequentially , Telecom ceased telephone service between Townsville and Ingham . Nearly 400 mm ( 16 in ) of rainfall was measured at Cardstone along the Tully River , and flooding was noted along the boundaries of both the Tully and Herbert rivers , of which the prior had receded from its peak level to 9 @.@ 09 m ( 29 @.@ 8 ft ) by the afternoon of 3 February . The city of Cairns and its outskirts experienced power outages , and high tides nearby compelled ship owners to seek refuge at ports . Blackouts rendered chlorination facilities and water treatment plants useless , and residents were subsequently advised to boil water . Damage to three roofs was reported at Bingal Beach north of Cairns , and in Cairns proper , damaged ten houses , with five of them unroofed , toppled trees , and knocked down power lines . The storm delivered similarly severe damage along Marlin Beach within the vicinity of Cairns , washing away stretches of its coastline , unroofing two residences , damaging 13 other structures , and overturning power lines . The loss of electricity at one building in the Cairns Base Hospital complex , which was also unroofed , left it running on emergency power . One person was struck and injured by an uprooted tree at Atherton , which suffered the loss of one house . All residences in Cardwell endured some degree of damage , with six unroofed , and the town itself was without power . Roads in Charters Towers were obstructed , and minor damage was observed at Cowley Beach , Dunk Island , and East Russell . Nearly all buildings in El Arish were damaged , and at Gordonvale , flooding inflicted widespread crop damage and winds toppled trees and power lines . Flood waters cut off the town of Halifax and inundated local businesses . Although no structural damage was recorded in Herberton , the cyclone uprooted trees , crippled Archer Bridge above Kennedy Creek , and halted electrical and telephone service . Mena Creek was completely cut off , and at Malanda , 30 homes experienced damage and 20 farms were wrecked . At Millaa Millaa , the cyclone damaged 12 dwellings , and hundreds of barns , also impeding access to power and water supplies . Meanwhile , at Miriwinni , winds damaged 50 houses , toppled electrical wires , and strewed roads with debris . Despite the fact that flooding was less serious at Kurrimine Beach , the storm still damaged dozens of houses and toppled electrical poles , with the towns of Ravenshoe and Silkwood experiencing power outages following the disturbance 's passage . Although only inconsequential residential damage occurred at Woopen Creek and Yungaburra , damage at Tully was more serious , with considerable flooding , destruction to six houses , damage to a police station , and a localized blackout . The cyclone caused $ 50 million in damage to the banana crop and $ 3 million to papaws between Ingham to Cairns alone . Agricultural impairment was not limited to Babinda ; throughout northern Queensland , the storm devastated banana and papaw crops . Avocado farms at Atherton and pineapple farms in Rollingstone and Mutarnee experienced considerable losses ; in addition , $ 35 million in sugar cane crops near Innisfail were destroyed , with 60 – 70 percent of the entire year 's harvest ruined . Within the vicinity of Tully , the storm ruined 30 percent of the crop , causing $ 10 million in losses . In general , the sugar industry , already economically weak , bore the brunt of the system 's impact . Overall , Winifred caused $ 86 @.@ 4 million in agricultural losses ; the cyclone ruined 1 @.@ 5 million tones of sugar , costing $ 40 million , 3 @.@ 7 million cases of bananas , costing $ 34 @.@ 6 million , and 15 percent of the maize crop , costing $ 500 @,@ 000 . Winifred also damaged $ 4 @.@ 9 million in papaws , and $ 3 @.@ 8 million in avocados , lychees , custard apples , flowers , and chokos , as well . Effects to dairy and poultry industries were less severe , with losses reported at $ 2 million and $ 600 @,@ 000 , respectively . Winds uprooted large swaths of forest , with $ 1 million in damage at government @-@ owned forests alone . Ecological damage was widespread but generally mild . Although damage to mangroves was minor , the cyclone defoliated swaths of many coastal and island forests . For the most part , cays and reefs were unharmed , with no visible change in the general appearance or shape of reefs and little underwater change as well . It was noted , however , that water clarity surrounding certain reefs was poor . River plumes of the Herbert , Tully , Murray , Hull , Johnstone , and Mulgrave / Russell rivers were noticeably changed , with some paths diverted . The Herbert River plume expanded to encompass areas near the Greater Palm group of islands , the Mulgrave / Russell around the Frankland Islands . In addition , the loss of a raft system utilized for farming of giant clams was noted near Fitzroy Island . Tourist operations experienced little damage from Winifred , with only minimal damage on Dunk Island , Bedarra Island , and Mission Beach . Overall , Winifred caused three deaths and $ 130 million ( 1986 AUD ) in damage , and was described by the Bureau of Meteorology as the worst cyclone to strike Queensland since Cyclone Althea in 1971 . = = Aftermath = = On 3 February , the head of the State Emergency Service ( SES ) and then @-@ Premier Joh Bjelke @-@ Petersen toured northern Queensland to inspect damage . The government of Australia vowed to assist by providing financial and emergency services , also offering to provide aid to banana and sugar cane farmers who suffered losses as a result of Winifred . Two government helicopters were sent shortly thereafter , assessing the severity of damage , evacuating residents , and delivering food . Bjelke @-@ Petersen later expressed anger at the federal government for having increased the threshold for disaster relief before raising loans , and also stated that the Federal Minister for Primary Industry , John Kerin , had no right to accompany him on his visit to northern Queensland , only offering to discuss an offer provided that the federal government was willing to provide financial assistance . Approximately 500 volunteers for the SES were deployed the same day , reinstating electrical and other essential services , evacuating regional citizens , delivering bread to numerous towns , and sending 700 tarpaulins to shield roofless houses . Rescue and relief work was hindered by high traffic on telephone networks , forcing Telecom to cease calls between Townsville and Ingham . Emergency crews of the government 's Department of Social Security ( DSS ) visited locations throughout the region , receiving damage claims , requests for monetary aid , and filings for unemployment benefits . The Commonwealth pledged to provide $ 150 million in relief over a three @-@ year period to the government of Queensland in exchange for deregulation ; however , its offer was initially rejected . Planes flew claims adjusters and other officials to Innisfail , establishing an insurance emergency service in the city hall , while the Insurance Council of Queensland deployed its special emergency service employees for the first time . As a result of severe damage , a disaster declaration for northern regions was issued by Queensland Government on 4 February . The first $ 10 million in aid from the state government , paid by the federal government , was supplied the same day . Meanwhile , the SES continued its cleanup efforts , removing debris and repairing structures . Looters took advantage of confusion in the days following the cyclone , striking residences throughout Innisfail . By the end of the day , 2200 tarpaulins had been distributed ; however , the previously @-@ smooth relief efforts were impeded by thunderstorms in Cairns . The Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) was subject to scrutiny in the aftermath of Winifred , and was criticized for its lack of advance warning . Advices and warnings were received by regional television and radio stations up to 15 minutes late following issuance . Winifred 's sudden and unexpected turn was little @-@ anticipated by BoM meteorologists , with employees unable to verify the cyclone 's centre from the Cairns radar until only about 9 : 30 a.m. on 1 February , with radar error of up to 44 km ( 27 mi ) observed . However , a Flash Tropical Cyclone Advice was immediately issued shortly thereafter , reaching media outlets near noon that day . Media outlets went suggested the creation of a new Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre ( TCWC ) in Townsville as a result , but the suggestion was dismissed , with a centre already established in Brisbane . A spokesman for the SES stated that no warning was given by the BoM at 9 a.m. , with the storm 's alarming approach ; the Service had initially been anticipating the storm 's recurvature out to sea , only to receive a flash warning hours later . Months after Winifred , a Commonwealth inquiry sought to investigate misuse of National Disaster Relief Scheme funds related to Winifred , with a $ 145 @,@ 000 payment to a National Party official , Mike Behan , one of several abuses . Due to the severity of the storm 's damage , the name Winifred was retired after the season ended .
= Tyrant ( Resident Evil ) = Tyrant is the code name of a series of boss characters in the Resident Evil horror video game series by Capcom , introduced in the original Resident Evil in 1996 . Tyrants are towering , biologically engineered undead supersoldiers created and used by the sinister Umbrella Corporation . Tyrant creatures make appearances as boss characters in most Resident Evil games and the desire to create an obedient bioweapon lies at the core of the series ' storyline . Tyrants also appear in other media and merchandise of the Resident Evil franchise , as well as in some unrelated games . Since their debut , the Tyrant series became one of the most recognisable and popular characters of the franchise and even gaming in general . A particularly notable Tyrant is Nemesis , the title character of the video game Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis . = = Character design = = Capcom artists went through a trial @-@ and @-@ error process designing the Tyrant creatures and their transformations . For example , the T @-@ 103 ( more popularly known as " Mr. X " and sometimes also as " Trenchcoat " ) was originally envisioned as armed with firearms ; in some sketches it can be seen wearing a respirator and various armored outfits instead of a trenchcoat ( there were also other types of coats , including a labcoat ) , and even its overall physical build has varied greatly ( from very slim to extremely muscular ) . = = Appearances = = = = = In video games = = = The game series features many types of Tyrants as the result of several different experiments . Following the discovery of the Progenitor virus , the Umbrella Corporation ’ s founders become eager to create a Bio @-@ Organic Weapon ( BOW ) that is both powerful and capable of following orders . Prior to the events of Resident Evil Zero , Umbrella used the Progenitor virus to create the Tyrant virus ( T @-@ virus ) , which they believe can be used to manufacture powerful organisms . A problem with the virus ’ compatibility with humans set the project back , as only humans with a very rare genetic makeup are capable of mutating into potent and manageable life forms . Umbrella eventually overcame this setback by resorting to using clones of Sergei Vladimir , one of their executives who happens to be genetically compatible . The events of Resident Evil Zero and Resident Evil chronicle the Umbrella Corporation 's development of the Tyrant prototypes , the T @-@ 001 ( the Proto @-@ Tyrant ) and T @-@ 002 . Though the early Tyrants are defeated in their first encounters , Umbrella manages to use the battle data from those defeats to produce other , more efficient Tyrants in the later installments of Resident Evil . Numerous Tyrants have been created throughout the game series ' storyline , such as Tyrant T @-@ 078 and the mass @-@ produced Bandersnatches from Resident Evil Code : Veronica , Hypnos from Resident Evil Survivor and Thanatos from Resident Evil Outbreak , each with its own defining characteristics . A revamped version of Tyrant also existed in Resident Evil 5 during the game 's development , but not in the finished product . Tyrants have been consistently depicted as grotesque and brutally violent creatures , but their intelligence has varied . The first two Tyrants in Resident Evil Zero and Resident Evil are depicted as unintelligent , while the T @-@ 103 ( Mr. X ) in Resident Evil 2 and the titular Nemesis T @-@ Type in Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis are shown to possess limited intelligence and the ability to carry out specific instructions . Both Nemesis and the T @-@ 103 series ( two more T @-@ 103 Tyrants , code @-@ named Ivan , appear in Resident Evil : The Umbrella Chronicles ) are prone to uncontrolled mutation when damaged . Alexia Ashford in Code Veronica retains her full intelligence after being exposed to the T @-@ Veronica virus and gains psychic abilities , including pyrokinesis ; similarly , the TG @-@ virus mutated Morpheus D. Duvall in Resident Evil : Dead Aim ( Tyrant T @-@ 092 ) gains bio @-@ electric abilities . The weapons used by Tyrants have also varied ; while most Tyrants in the Resident Evil series rely on sheer physical force to subdue opponents , Nemesis , retaining some intelligence due to the Nemesis parasite , is able to use a shoulder @-@ fired hand @-@ held rocket launcher ( and a minigun in Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City ) and T @-@ ALOS ( Tyrant @-@ Armored Lethal Organic System ) in The Umbrella Chronicles is equipped with a shoulder @-@ mounted multiple rocket launcher . Outside of the Resident Evil franchise , there is a Tyrant card in the NDS version of SNK vs. Capcom : Card Fighters Clash . In Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes , Jill Valentine has a special move that calls forth a Tyrant . A prototype Tyrant appears in the background of the Tricell Laboratory stage in Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds ; Tyrant was considered for addition as a playable character , but was rejected over concerns about the game 's ESRB rating . The Nemesis T @-@ Type was later added as a playable character in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . = = = In other media = = = The Tyrant Fossil appears only in the novel Resident Evil : Underworld . In the third Resident Evil live @-@ action film , Resident Evil : Extinction ( and its novelization ) , Umbrella 's researcher Dr. Sam Isaacs tries to subdue his mutation after being bitten by an enhanced zombie with Anti @-@ Virus , but he is shot for insubordination by an executive , Alexander Slater , and immediately revives as a Tyrant ; compared to most of the Tyrants from the games , Isaacs retains his mental faculties and personality even after his mutation . A new version of Tyrant resembling the T @-@ 078 with the power limiter appears in the CG film Resident Evil : Damnation . = = = In merchandise = = = Several Tyrant action figures were released by various manufacturers , including these by Toy Biz in 1998 ( T @-@ 002 and T @-@ 103 ) , Moby Dick Toys in 2001 ( four T @-@ 103 Tyrants ) , Palisades Toys in 2001 ( T @-@ 103 ) and 2002 ( T @-@ 002 ) , and NECA in 2007 ( T @-@ 002 ) . A 1 : 6 scale ( 35 cm ) resin figure of T @-@ 002 in Umbrella Chronicles was also released by Gaya Entertainment and a PVC stauette was released by Organic , both in 2008 . Since 2011 , various Tyrant " infected " cards were featured in Bandai 's Resident Evil Deck Building Game . In 2012 , Resident Evil theme restaurant Biohazard Cafe & Grill S.T.A.R.S. in Tokyo was furnished with one @-@ to @-@ one scale Tyrant prop made by the special effects studio creating costumes for Toei Company 's tokusatsu heroes ; the exposition is a central part of the restaurant . = = Reception = = In 2009 , IGN featured the Tyrants in the lists of the best Resident Evil bosses and the series ' best villains ( readers ' choice ) . That same year , the Tyrant was included among the 12 characters and creatures that the staff of IGN would like see to return in Resident Evil 6 , commenting that " almost as much a hallmark of the RE franchise as the zombie , the Tyrant is a recurring favorite . " IGN added : " Resident Evil is supposed to be a terrifying experience , and much of the terror stems from pitting players against foes who completely outmatch them . That 's the Tyrant in a nutshell . " IGN also included an " any type of Tyrant " in their dream roster for Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . In 2012 , PlayStation Official Magazine ranked Tyrant as the seventh top Resident Evil monster ( in addition to Nemesis placing fifth ) . That same year , IGN ranked the T @-@ 002 as the best boss in the series , adding that " even 15 years later , Resident Evil games continue to use this formula ( and its finish ) as a blueprint for bosses . " In 2000 , GameSpot ranked Tyrant as the tenth best villain in video gaming . In 2013 , Complex ranked the original Tyrant as the 13th greatest soldier in video games , the encounter with it as the 25th best boss battle of all time , and the second Tyrant fight in Code : Veronica as the 46th hardest boss battle in video game history . Some publications also singled out the Tyrant T @-@ 103 model ( Mr. X ) for a special acclaim . In 2010 , PSU.com included the scene of Mr. X suddenly busting through a brick wall in Resident Evil 2 on the list of ten " pant @-@ wetting PlayStation moments " . PSU.com also featured Mr. X , along with the T @-@ 002 and Nemesis , on their 2011 list of the " seven badass bosses " in the 15 years of Resident Evil . That same year , Empire ranked it as the 39th greatest video game character overall , adding that " Nemesis never quite captured the silent dread of Mr. X. "
= Tromsø Satellite Station = Tromsø Satellite Station ( Norwegian : Tromsø Satellittstasjon , TSS ) , until 1988 known as Tromsø Telemetry Station ( Norwegian : Tromsø telemetristasjon ) , is a satellite earth station located in Tromsø , Norway . The facility is owned by Kongsberg Satellite Services ( KSAT ) , a joint venture between the Kongsberg Group and the Norwegian Space Centre ( NSC ) . In addition to hosting its own antennas serving thirty satellites , TSS acts as the center @-@ point of KSAT 's operations and provides backbone services for the high Arctic Svalbard Satellite Station ( SvalSat ) and the Antarctic Troll Satellite Station ( TrollSat ) . Originally proposed in 1965 , the station was established by the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( NTNF ) in 1967 in close cooperation with the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ( NDRE ) and located adjacent to Tromsø Geophysical Observatory . From its inception until 1974 , it served low @-@ Earth orbit ( LEO ) satellites operated by the European Space Research Organization ( ESRO ) . To a lesser extent it was also used by Canadian Space Agency and National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) LEO satellites . Norway 's non @-@ membership in ESRO and later the European Space Agency ( ESA ) caused Tromsø to not become a ground station for Landsat . A gradual increase in operations occurred from 1982 , such as for the International Cospas @-@ Sarsat Programme and the European Remote @-@ Sensing Satellite . TSS became part of NSC in 1990 , although it was partially sold to the Swedish Space Corporation ( SSC ) in 1995 . SvalSat merged with TSS in 2002 to form KSAT . = = History = = = = = Establishment and use by ESRO = = = The first proposals for a telemetry station in Tromsø were made in early 1964 . The concept was to build a real @-@ time telemetry station which would allow for simultaneous observations of the ionosphere from both satellites and sounding rockets . The idea was backed by Norway 's Space Research Committee . Ideas for a real @-@ time telemetry station also arose in ESRO and NTNF included the project in its five @-@ year space program in 1965 . Similar proposals were made in northern Sweden and a race started between Norwegian and Swedish interests to gain ESRO 's support for a station . Norway had budgetary limitations prohibiting a full @-@ scale station , and instead support was gained from the United States and Canada . The project was also backed by NDRE . The choice of Tromsø as a location for a telemetry stations was in part tied to the Tromsø Geophysical Observatory — which had been located in Tromsø since 1928 — and the planned University of Tromsø . The Canadian Space Agency was at the time working on the Alouette 2 program and were seen by NDRE as a natural cooperation partner . The NASA 's International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies was also being designed and NASA therefore decided to supply equipment for a telemetry station in Tromsø to be operational by August 1966 . Parallel to NDRE 's work , NTNF was working with ESRO to gain support for a telemetry station . There was a degree of urgency as ESRO wanted the facility completed by 1967 in time for the launch of the spacecraft ESRO @-@ 2 . NTNF and ESRO were also working on the establishment of Kongsfjord Telemetry Station in Ny @-@ Ålesund . The agreement to build the station was approved by the Parliament of Norway in mid 1966 . Part of the reason for the Norwegian support was the opportunity of training Norwegians in pulse @-@ code modulation and digital computing . For NDRE the station was a chance to apply its latest minicomputer , the Simulation for Automatic Machinery ( SAM ) . A major planning issue was the need for a minicomputer at the station . NDRE argued that it was fully capable of delivering such a system , but NTNF instead wanted to minimize risk by buying the PDP @-@ 8 from Digital Equipment Corporation in the United States . However , NDRE was awarded the contract , in part because of NTNF 's obligation to support Norwegian technology and in part because NDRE agreed to purchase a suitable foreign computer if they could not successfully manufacture one themselves . A new minicomputer , SAM @-@ 2 , was built at NDRE and completed in April 1967 . It was the first computer built in Europe and among the first three in the world which used integrated circuits . SAM @-@ 2 was so successful that the developers established Norsk Data to commercialize the technology . The contract with ESRO resulted in TSS providing telemetry for ESRO @-@ IA , ESRO @-@ IB , ESRO @-@ 2B , HEOS @-@ 1 , HEOS @-@ 2 , TD @-@ 1A and ESRO @-@ 4 , all of which had low @-@ Earth orbits . The two telemetry stations used a large portion of the Norwegian space budget , but became platforms which allowed for development of technology . Tromsø Satellite Station worked well in tandem with Andøya Rocket Range and became an international center for study of the auroral zone . The University of Tromsø was established in 1968 and started teaching in 1972 . The same year , it took over the geophysical observatory and cosmic geophysics became one of the university 's fields of excellence . The original contract with ESRO lasted until 1 July 1974 , when their low @-@ Earth orbit program terminated . NTNF proposed closing Tromsø Telemetry Station as the remaining customers did not provide sufficient revenue to keep operations viable . Norway also declined to join the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , which resulted in little hope in ESA choosing to cooperate with a Norwegian earth station . NTNF also looked into outright selling the station to ESA , but the offer was turned down . Kongsfjord Telemetry Station was closed in 1974 . = = = Commercialization = = = In 1973 NTNF started planning to use the station for downloading from NASA 's Landsat program . Sufficient funding from the government was secured in mid 1976 , after a successful lobby operation which emphasized the possibility of environmental observation in Norway 's territorial waters . 7 @.@ 5 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) was granted for upgrades in 1977 . Norway entered negotiations with the US , but soon ESA and NASA started discussions regarding two European telemetry stations for Landsat to serve all ESA members . ESA and Sweden pushed for Kiruna , Sweden , to be the location of ESA 's northern telemetry station and Tromsø was discarded because of Norway 's decision to not join ESA . Norway expanded its exclusive economic zone to 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) in 1977 , increasing the country 's land and sea area by more than one million square kilometers ( 400 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . Because of the reserves of fish and oil it became imperative for the Norwegian government to conduct surveillance . NTNF therefore commenced work to establish an earth station for NASA 's Seasat , which was approved by Parliament in early 1977 . A processing computer was developed as a cooperation between the Norwegian Institute of Technology , NDRE , NTNF and Norsk Data , which was tailored to analyze Seasat 's synthetic aperture radar ( SAR ) and named Computer of Experimental SAR . Seasat A failed after 104 days and Tromsø had by that time been used for telemetry for two minutes . TSS did not became operational again until 1982 , when the International Cospas @-@ Sarsat Programme made use of the station . The Ministry of Trade and Industry took a renewed interest in the satellite station in the early in 1980s and proposed in 1982 that Norway join ESA 's European Remote @-@ Sensing Satellite ( ERS ) program . This started the process of Norway becoming a full member of ESA in 1987 . The telemetry station received investments of NOK 100 million during the 1980s and was organized as a foundation in 1984 . It took the name Tromsø Satellite Station in 1988 . Part of the goal of the project was to create technical spin @-@ offs ; the one successful company was Spacetec , which had 45 employees at the time it was bought by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace in 1994 . By then it had become a global manufacturer of Earth observation ground stations . The Norwegian Space Centre was established as a foundation on 5 July 1987 , under the protection of the Ministry of Trade and Industry . It immediately took over Andøya Rocket Range and TSS followed suit in 1990 . TSS was upgraded in 1991 to be able to operate with ERS @-@ 1 . In 1995 NRS established a subsidiary , Norwegian Space Centre Property , to own the facilities in Tromsø and Longyearbyen . The same year , TSS was converted to a limited company , of which half was sold to the Swedish Space Corporation ( SSC ) . The aim was that TSS would operate as a fully commercial enterprise . Its first major contract was with the Canadian Radarsat . After Rolf Skår was appointed director of NSC , plans were launched to try to win the ground station contract for NASA 's planned Earth Observing System ( EOS ) . NASA was considering locating the ground station in Greenland , at McMurdo Station in Antarctica or at Esrange in Sweden . Skår invited a NASA delegation to visit Svalbard , and from 1996 NSC and NASA started negotiating a contract to establish a ground station at Longyearbyen . The first satellite to use SvalSat was Landsat 7 , which was launched on 15 April 1999 . NSC bought SSC 's ownership in TSS and Lockheed Martin 's ownership in SvalSat in 2001 . On 1 February 2002 , NSC and Kongsberg Spacetec merged their interests in satellite technology and operations into Kongsberg Satellite Station , which became the sole owner of both SvalSat and TSS . Legally , Kongsberg Satellite Services is a continuation of the operating company of TSS . KSAT opened Troll Satellite Station in 2007 . = = Operations = = TSS is owned and operated by Kongsberg Satellite Services ( KSAT ) , which is again equally owned by Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace and the Norwegian Space Centre , the latter which is an agency of the Ministry of Trade and Industry . KSAT is not tied to a particular operator of satellites and the antennas communicate with multiple satellites , thus reducing costs compared to dedicated ground stations . For a typical satellite , data is delivered to the end customer no more than thirty minutes after downloading . The site is only able to communicate with LEO satellites in ten of their fourteen orbits , unlike SvalSat and TrollSat which can communicate in all orbits . All three stations are interconnected and communicate with the Tromsø Network Operations Center , which is part of the TSS complex . This allows for redundancy as TSS , SvalSat and TrollSat can be used to communicate with all satellites connected to the system . The operation center is responsible for backup , scheduling and conflict resolution , in addition to network planning , customer support and ground station control . The facilities use interoperability and shared ground services , such as a common protocol for communication and similar design of the antennas , to increase flexibility and reduce costs and risk . The antennas at TSS serve more than thirty missions and contain both a multi @-@ frequency uplink and L , S and X band downlink . In addition there are customer @-@ owned reception , telemetry , tracking and control systems . TSS acts as a local user terminal for the Cospas @-@ Sarsat system used for search and rescue . By using a combination of SvalSat and TrollSat , customers can download data twice per orbit , twenty @-@ six times per day , with only a forty @-@ minute maximum delay . These are the only two ground stations able to communicate with all orbits of LEO satellites . Tromsø is connected to SvalSat via the Svalbard Undersea Cable System .
= 10th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 10th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served as part of the Australian Imperial Force during World War I. Among the first units raised in Australia during the war , the battalion was recruited from South Australia in August 1914 and along with the 9th , 11th and 12th Battalions , it formed part of the 3rd Brigade , 1st Division . After its personnel completed basic training , the battalion embarked for the Middle East , where further training was undertaken in Egypt before the battalion was committed to the Gallipoli Campaign . On 25 April 1915 , the 10th Battalion took part in the Landing at Anzac Cove , coming ashore during the initial stages of the operation as part of the covering force . Members from the 10th Battalion penetrated the furthest inland of any Australian troops during the initial fighting , before the Allied advance inland was checked . After this , the battalion helped defend the beachhead against a Turkish counter @-@ attack in May , before joining the August Offensive , a failed Allied effort to break the deadlock . Casualties were heavy throughout the campaign and in November 1915 , the surviving members were withdrawn from the peninsula and in early 1916 the battalion was reformed in Egypt . After a period of reorganisation , during which the 10th provided a cadre staff to the newly formed 50th Battalion , it was transferred to the Western Front in March 1916 , and for the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years took part in trench warfare in France and Belgium until the Armistice in 1918 . The last detachment of men from the 10th Battalion returned to Australia in September 1919 . Following the war , the battalion was re @-@ raised as a part @-@ time unit based in South Australia , drawing personnel and lineage from a number of previously existing militia units . The unit served briefly during the inter @-@ war years , before being merged with the 50th Battalion in 1930 as the size of Australia 's part @-@ time military forces was decreased following the conclusion of the compulsory service scheme . It was later re @-@ raised in its own right in the mid @-@ 1930s as the Australian military was reorganised as part of the country 's war preparations and later , during World War II , the 10th was mobilised for full @-@ time service . Following Japan 's entry into the war , the battalion was assigned to defend the New South Wales southern coast before being reassigned to the defence of Darwin and being amalgamated with the 48th Battalion in August 1942 . In the post @-@ war period , the 10th Battalion was re @-@ raised in 1948 as part of the Citizens Military Force and throughout the 1950s provided training to national servicemen . In 1960 , it became part of the Royal South Australia Regiment ( RSAR ) and was reduced to a several company @-@ sized elements within that regiment 's 1st Battalion , before being reformed as a full battalion within the RSAR in 1965 . It remained on the Australian Army 's order of battle until 1987 , when it was amalgamated with the 27th Battalion to form the 10th / 27th Battalion , Royal South Australia Regiment . = = History = = = = = World War I = = = The 10th Battalion was raised shortly after the outbreak of World War I as part of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) , an all @-@ volunteer force raised for overseas service . Recruited in South Australia , the battalion came into being on 17 August 1914 at the Morphettville Racecourse in Adelaide , drawing volunteers mainly from the local population as well as some from Broken Hill in outback New South Wales . Volunteers included men who had previously served in the part @-@ time forces before the war , coming from a variety of units including the 10th Australian Infantry Regiment , which had formerly been known as the " Adelaide Rifles " . Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Price Weir , after formation the battalion was attached to the 3rd Brigade , 1st Division , along with the 9th , 11th and 12th Battalions , and was one of the first units of the AIF raised for the war . With an establishment of 31 officers and 974 other ranks spread across eight companies , the battalion 's personnel received a short period of individual basic training , culminating in the presentation of the regimental colours on 17 September and a march past the state Parliament House on 21 September . The following month , collective training at company and battalion level took place at Belair National Park and at Glenelg , South Australia . On 20 October , the battalion embarked on the ex @-@ passenger liner , HMAT Ascanius , bound for the Middle East ; it was the first South Australian infantry unit to leave Australia during the war . After briefly stopping in Albany , where its convoy was delayed due to concerns over the presence of German warships en route , the 10th Battalion departed Australian waters in November and proceeded towards Egypt . Initially , the plan had been for the battalion to continue on the United Kingdom from where it would subsequently move to the Western Front . Poor conditions and overcrowding in training camps in the United Kingdom resulted in the decision to disembark the Australians in Alexandria instead . Arriving there on 4 December 1914 , the battalion was sent into camp at Mena , near Cairo . The 10th Battalion underwent desert training in January and February 1915 , during which time it was reorganised around the four @-@ company structure that had been adopted by the British . Designated ' A ' to ' D ' , each company consisted of 228 men that were spread across four platoons . In late February , the 3rd Brigade received orders that it was being committed to an operation in the Dardanelles and , after moving by rail to Alexandria , boarded Ionian , a Greek steamer , on 1 March . After reaching Lemnos , a shortage of fresh water on the island meant that the battalion was housed on the ship for the next seven weeks , although this was spent ashore conducting exercises and mounting guard duty . Planning for a landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula began in early April ; while this proceeded , on 15 April the battalion was issued its distinctive blue and purple unit colour patch . On 24 April 1915 , the 10th Battalion embarked for Gallipoli . Two companies and the battalion headquarters were allocated to the battleship HMS Prince of Wales , while the other two companies embarked on two destroyers , Scourge and Foxhound . At approximately 4 : 30 am on 25 April 1915 , the 10th Battalion was one of the first units to come ashore at Anzac Cove as part of the covering force – drawn from Colonel Ewen Sinclair @-@ Maclagan 's 3rd Brigade – for the main Anzac landing . Troops from the battalion landed near the centre of the cove and , ascending the Ariburnu Ridge , attempted to push inland towards the Sari Bair Range . According to the Australian War Memorial they are " believed to have penetrated further inland " than any other Australian unit . Casualties in the first weeks of the campaign were heavy , with the battalion losing 397 men killed or wounded between 25 April and 9 May . The advance stalled as Turkish resistance grew , and the Turks launched a heavy counter @-@ attack on 19 May . By this time , the 3rd Brigade was located around Bolton 's Ridge , with the brigade 's four battalions occupying the line abreast ; the 10th Battalion occupying a position south of Lone Pine , overlooking a wheat field through which the Turkish attack came . Caught in heavy crossfire , the attack was turned back with heavy losses . Following this , as both sides dug in , the campaign ground to a stalemate , and the battalion undertook mainly defensive duties along the perimeter around Anzac Cove . On 8 July , the remnants of the battalion , which now consisted of just over 500 personnel , was withdrawn to Imbros Island for a brief rest period out of the line , before returning to Anzac on 11 July ; after this , the 10th Battalion relieved the 11th , occupying a position around Silt Spur , opposite Lone Pine . In early August , the Allies attempted to break out from the beach , launching an offensive around Suvla , Cape Helles and Anzac ; the 10th Battalion played a support role during the offensive , providing reinforcement parties and machine gun crews to support the 1st Brigade during the Battle of Lone Pine . The offensive was a costly failure and afterwards stalemate returned to the battlefield . As winter approached , conditions on the peninsula grew harsher and a large number of personnel had to be evacuated sick as a wave of dysentery swept through the battalion . In September , the 2nd Division arrived as reinforcements . In mid @-@ November , as the Allied commanders debated the future of the campaign , the 3rd Brigade received orders to pull back from the frontline , so that it could be withdrawn to Lemnos Island for rest . On 16 November , the 10th Battalion took up reserve positions on the beach , before embarking upon the transport Princess Ena . It landed at Mudros , and spent the rest of November and December there . Meanwhile , the main Allied force was evacuated from the peninsula , with the last Australian troops withdrawing on 20 December . On Boxing Day 1915 , the 10th Battalion sailed for Egypt , arriving in Alexandria just before New Years . Losses on Gallipoli had been heavy – 711 casualties were reported in the battalion between April and September 1915 – and the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation as it was expanded in preparation for its deployment to the European battlefield . As a part of this process , the 10th Battalion provided a cadre of experienced personnel to the newly raised 50th Battalion , which was assigned to the 13th Brigade , 4th Division , and was brought up to strength with fresh recruits from Australia . In March 1916 , the 10th Battalion sailed to France along with the rest of the 1st Division and deployed to the Somme . The battalion 's first significant action on the Western Front came in July 1916 when it was involved in the Battle of Pozières , an effort to secure the village of Pozières and the high ground beyond it as part of the wider Battle of the Somme . For his actions during this battle , Second Lieutenant Arthur Blackburn , an original member of the battalion who had served with it during the Gallipoli campaign , was awarded the Victoria Cross . Later , the 10th Battalion fought around Ypres , in Belgium , before being transferred back to the Somme in the winter and deploying to defend the trenches . In 1917 , after the German withdrawal towards the Hindenburg Line , the battalion was again moved to Belgium to take part in the Third Battle of Ypres , where it was committed to fighting around the Menin Road in September . During an attack around Polygon Wood , Private Roy Inwood 's actions resulted in him being awarded the battalion 's second Victoria Cross . The battalion suffered heavily during its early involvement in the Ypres fighting and was briefly withdrawn before being recommitted to support operations around Broodseinde at the beginning of October . In the early hours of 9 October 1917 , a force of 88 men from the 10th Battalion carried out a raid on German positions in what became known as the " Mystery of Celtic Wood " ; 32 men were killed during the raid , and a further 37 were wounded . In early 1918 , following the collapse of Russia , the Germans were able to transfer many troops to the Western Front . In March , they launched the Spring Offensive , attacking the southern part of the British sector in the Somme . As the Allies were pushed back towards Amiens , the Australian divisions were brought south to help blunt the attack . Throughout late March and into April 1918 , the 10th Battalion took part in a series of defensive actions , including fighting around Hazebrouck , as the German offensive was turned back , before joining in the preliminary operations before the Allied Hundred Days Offensive that ultimately brought about an end to the war . It was at this stage in the fighting , in June , during fighting around Merris in France , that Corporal Phillip Davey earned the battalion 's third Victoria Cross . The attack so impressed the British Inspector General that he described it as " the best show ever done by a battalion in France " . On 8 August 1918 , when the Allies launched the Hundred Days Offensive , the battalion participated in an attack on Amiens that has since been described as one of the most successful for the Allies on the Western Front and , in the words of Erich Ludendorff , the " ... blackest day for the German Army " . The battalion remained at the front until late September 1918 ; its last battle took place at Jeancourt , during which it suffered a further 140 casualties . Later in the month , the Australian Corps , having been severely depleted due to heavy casualties and the dwindling supply of reinforcements from Australia , was withdrawn from the line for rest and re @-@ organisation . As a result , the battalion took no further part in the fighting and when the Armistice was declared on 11 November 1918 it was still out of the line . Over 9 @,@ 000 men served in the battalion 's ranks during the war , including over 25 full drafts of reinforcements , and miscellaneous transfers from other units and general service reinforcements . Casualties totalled 1 @,@ 015 men killed and 2 @,@ 136 wounded . In addition to the three Victoria Crosses , members of the battalion were awarded one CMG , one Bar to the DSO and nine DSOs , four Bars to the MC and thirty @-@ four MCs , sixteen Distinguished Conduct Medals , one Military Medal with two Bars , eleven MMs with one Bar , one hundred and forty @-@ nine MMs , and nine MSMs . In 1927 , the battalion was awarded a total of 24 battle honours for its war service . Following the cessation of hostilities , the Australian government decided that it would not contribute to the proposed Allied occupation force in Germany and would begin the process of demobilisation of the AIF as soon as possible . Owing to the large number of soldiers deployed overseas , this process took some time , and it was decided to progressively return men from each battalion , rather than send them home as a formed unit . As numbers dwindled , units were amalgamated for administrative purposes , and as a consequence the 9th and 10th Battalions were merged on 5 February 1919 ; the final contingent of troops from the 10th Battalion did not return home until September 1919 when they disembarked in Adelaide from the transport Takada . = = = = Commanding officers = = = = The 10th Battalion 's commanding officers during World War I , listed in chronological order of the date they first commanded the battalion , were as follows : Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Price Weir ; Major Frederick William Hurcombe ; Major George Dorricutt Shaw ; Lieutenant Colonel Miles Fitzroy Beevor ; Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Wilder @-@ Neligan ; Lieutenant Colonel George Ernest Redburg ; Lieutenant Colonel James Samuel Denton ; Major Felix Gordon Giles ; ( son of explorer Alfred Giles ) Major Rupert Anstice Rafferty ; Lieutenant Colonel Ross Blyth Jacob ; Major Alexander Steele ; Captain Gordon Cathcart Campbell ( nephew of Chief Justice of South Australia Sir Samuel Way ) ; Major Clarence Rumball ; Captain Roy Kintore Hurcombe ; Lieutenant Colonel John Newman ; Major William Francis James McCann . = = = = Battalion song = = = = The words to the battalion song were written by C.R. Beresford and the music by H. Brewster @-@ Jones : 'Twas not within a barrack yard they put us through our drill , They licked us into soldier shape in camp at Morphettville ; So khaki @-@ clad and Enfield @-@ armed , we 'll fight at Tommy 's side , To hold secure the fields of France against the German tide . Chorus Left , right , left , right ; keep the column swinging ; Every step our destination nears ; Long , long miles we 'll shorten by our singing , Kits are heavy but a chorus cheers — All our help old Mother England 's needing — Soon we 'll have to prove that we are men , And the 10th Battalion will be leading ; We 're Australians in Old Ten . We hail from busy Rundle Street and north of Goyder 's line ; But far from there , beneath strange skies , our glinting bayonets shine . For half the world is now between us and the crowded quay Where to the strains of " Auld Lang Syne " our troopship puts to sea . We long to hear the maxim 's purr and smell the cordite strong , Across the busy firing line the crowded trench along ; The chatter that our rifles make , as down the line it runs To swell that wartime music grand , the chorus of the guns . The magic of the new lands we see won 't banish from our mind Those bright @-@ eyed , dear Australian maids , the best of all girlkind ; The grand old Jack , wind @-@ blown , above , with all its colours bright , Means them and home , and all we love ; so we march out to fight . = = = Inter @-@ war years and World War II = = = The 10th Battalion was disbanded shortly after its return to Australia , although some of its personnel were used to raise the Adelaide @-@ based 1st Battalion , 10th Infantry Regiment , a part @-@ time unit of the Citizens Force ( later known as the Militia ) . This unit drew its lineage from the 78th Infantry Regiment , which could trace its history back to 1854 , when two battalions of the Adelaide Rifles had been formed . The act of merging these units was part of a larger Army @-@ wide reorganisation that created a convoluted lineage in many units , which according to historian Peter Stanley has resulted in confusion among military historians . In 1921 , when the AIF was officially disbanded and the part @-@ time military forces were reorganised to perpetuate the AIF 's numerical designations , the 10th Battalion was re @-@ raised in its own right in Adelaide , drawing personnel from the 2nd Battalions of the 10th , 32nd and 50th Infantry Regiments . Through these links , the 10th Battalion inherited a battle honour from the Boer War . At this time it was allocated to the 3rd Brigade , which was part of the 4th Military District . The battalion received a King 's Colour in 1925 in recognition of its service during World War I. Two years later , in 1927 , territorial titles were introduced and the battalion assumed the designation of " The Adelaide Rifles " . The motto Pro Patria was adopted at this time . In 1930 , amid the austerity of the Great Depression and following the election of the Scullin Labor government and the subsequent suspension of the compulsory training scheme , the decision was made to amalgamate the battalion due to a decline in the numbers of volunteers . It was merged with the 50th Battalion , with whom it shared history , to become the 10th / 50th Battalion . Again the unit was assigned to the 3rd Brigade . The 10th and 50th remained linked until 1936 ; at that time , in response to fears of a possible war in Europe following the reoccupation of the Rhineland , it was decided to expand the size of the Militia . As a result , on 1 October 1936 , the 10th / 50th Battalion was split and the 10th Battalion was re @-@ raised as a separate unit , and was once again assigned to the 3rd Brigade . After Japan 's entry into World War II in December 1941 , the 10th Battalion mobilised at Warradale to undertake garrison duties in Australia . While the 3rd Brigade 's two other battalions – the 27th and 43rd – were sent to Darwin , the 10th was initially deployed to Warrawong on the New South Wales south coast , defending the strategically important industrial area around Wollongong , but in August it was ordered to join Northern Territory Force and moved to Darwin to defend the port against a possible Japanese invasion . Before it arrived , though , an Army @-@ wide reorganisation resulted in the 10th being amalgamated with the 48th Battalion , to form the 10th / 48th Battalion on 27 August 1942 . The reorganisation was the result of personnel shortages that had come about due to an over @-@ mobilisation of the Australian military , and resulted in the amalgamation of several Militia units . In 1943 , the 10th / 48th Australian Infantry Battalion was gazetted as an " AIF " unit , which meant that its members could be deployed outside Australian territory , but was disbanded in August 1945 , never having served outside Australia . During the war , another battalion with a similar designation , the 2 / 10th Battalion , was raised as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) . Although many members of the Militia volunteered to join the 2nd AIF , the units of the 2nd AIF were considered separate from those of the Militia and many existed at the same time . Recruited from South Australians , the 2 / 10th was raised in mid @-@ October 1939 and formed part of the 18th Brigade that was initially assigned to the 6th Division before being transferred to the 7th . Over the course of the war it served in the United Kingdom , North Africa , New Guinea and Borneo before being disbanded in December 1945 . = = = After World War II = = = In 1948 , when Australia 's part @-@ time military force was re @-@ raised as the Citizens Military Force ( CMF ) , the 10th Battalion returned to the order of battle , readopting the designation of The Adelaide Rifles . Throughout the 1950s , as part of Central Command , the battalion provided training for national servicemen until 1960 , when a widespread re @-@ organisation of the CMF saw the creation of six state @-@ based multi @-@ battalion regiments as the smaller , regional regiments of the past were consolidated . As a result , the 10th Battalion was subsumed into the Pentropic 1st Battalion , Royal South Australia Regiment , providing two companies : ' D ' ( The Adelaide Company ) and ' E ' ( The Port Adelaide Company ) . In 1961 , the battalion , although technically off the Army 's order of battle , was entrusted with the 12 battle honours that had been earned by the 2 / 10th Battalion during World War II . In 1965 , the Australian Army ended its brief experiment with the Pentropic divisional establishment , and on 1 July 1965 the 10th Battalion , Royal South Australia Regiment , was re @-@ raised as a unit in its own right . This battalion remained on the order of battle as a Reserve unit until 29 November 1987 , when it was amalgamated with the 27th Battalion , to form the 10th / 27th Battalion , Royal South Australia Regiment ( 10 / 27 RSAR ) . This battalion has adopted the 10th Battalion 's Unit Colour Patch , carries the colours of both the 10th and 27th Battalions , and perpetuates the battle honours of both of these units and several South Australian battalions of the 2nd AIF that were raised for service during World War II ; it also recruits from the same areas , being headquartered in Adelaide with depots across South Australia and in Broken Hill . = = Battle honours = = The 10th Battalion received the following battle honours : South Africa 1899 – 1902 ( inherited ) ; World War I : Somme 1916 – 18 , Pozières , Bullecourt , Ypres , Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Broodseinde , Poelcappelle , Passchendaele , Lys , Hazebrouck , Kemmel , Amiens , Albert 1918 , Hindenburg Line , Epehy , France and Flanders 1916 – 18 , ANZAC , Landing at ANZAC , Defence at ANZAC , Suvla , Sari Bair , Gallipoli 1915 , Egypt 1915 – 16 . World War II : North Africa 1941 , Defence of Tobruk , The Salient 1941 , South West Pacific 1942 – 45 , Buna – Gona , Cape Endaiadere – Sinemi Creek , Sanananda – Cape Killerton , Milne Bay , Liberation of Australian New Guinea , Shaggy Ridge , Borneo , Balikpapan ( inherited ) .
= Joseph Dennie = Joseph Dennie ( August 30 , 1768 – January 7 , 1812 ) was an American author and journalist who was one of the foremost men of letters of the Federalist Era . A Federalist , Dennie is best remembered for his series of essays entitled The Lay Preacher and as the founding editor of Port Folio , a journal espousing classical republican values . Port Folio was the most highly regarded and successful literary publication of its time , and the first important political and literary journal in the United States . Timothy Dwight IV once referred to Dennie as " the Addison of America " and " the father of American Belles @-@ Lettres . " = = Early life and career = = Dennie was born on August 30 , 1768 , in Boston , Massachusetts to Joseph Dennie , a member of a well @-@ to @-@ do merchant family , and his wife Mary Green , whose father was Bartholomew Green , Jr . The Greens were a prominent printing family in colonial America ; the progenitor of the family , Samuel Green , emigrated from England with John Winthrop and was one of the first printers in the colonies . Having moved to Lexington at the age of seven , Dennie returned to Boston in 1783 to study bookkeeping and later clerk in a counting house . He began preparing to enter Harvard College in 1785 , under the guidance of Reverend Samuel West . West had a significant impact on Dennie , fostering his pupil 's interest in literature , as well as instilling in Dennie a decidedly pro @-@ British mindset . In 1787 Dennie was admitted to the sophomore class of Harvard College , where he was very popular with his peers . This popularity did not extend to his tutors , and he was suspended in December 1789 for six months after insulting the faculty . Dennie had difficulty finding suitable employment after earning his degree in 1790 , but by 1793 he was practicing law ( though earning very little for his work ) . In a January 1794 letter to his parents , however , Dennie reports that he had been appointed as a reader for the Episcopalian church in Charlestown , New Hampshire . Nevertheless , he insisted that this new vocation would not deter him from his goal of practicing law , though by then he was planning on remaining in New Hampshire to practice rather than returning to Massachusetts . Shortly after writing the letter , Dennie was admitted to the Court of Common Pleas and opened a practice in Charlestown . However , he rarely appeared in open court ; indeed , he probably made only one appearance . = = Publishing career = = Throughout the 1790s Dennie contributed to various journals , including the Federal Orrery and the Massachusetts Magazine , often using pen names such as Academicus and Socialis . In 1795 , his writing being enthusiastically received , Dennie was persuaded to begin a literary journal , The Tablet . William Spotswood , a Boston printer and bookseller , agreed to oversee the entire enterprise , splitting the profits evenly with Dennie . Such a literary journal was a novel idea at the time , and it was well received among the city 's elite . Despite the initial excitement surrounding the project and content from noted writers such as John Sylvester John Gardiner , The Tablet lasted only a few months before folding , having published thirteen issues . Dennie 's disappointment over the failure of The Tablet inspired him to begin work on The Lay Preacher , the first of which appeared in The Farmer 's Weekly Museum , a New Hampshire newspaper which was the leading literary journal of the 1790s . After Dennie took over as editor of the paper in 1796 , its circulation increased dramatically , stretching , as one commentator put it , " from Maine to Georgia . " Under Dennie 's leadership the paper had a decidedly Federalist slant , supporting both the Quasi @-@ War and the Alien and Sedition Acts . Dennie collaborated often with his friend Royall Tyler ; the two wrote a satirical column by the name of " The Shop of Messrs. Colon and Spondee " which appeared in the Museum . In 1798 Dennie lost a considerable amount of money when the paper 's printer went bankrupt . He remained as editor for a few months afterward at a reduced salary , but was soon replaced by the printer 's brother . The paper 's circulation dropped precipitously following Dennie 's departure . Later in the year Dennie ran an unsuccessful campaign for Congress ; following this defeat , he turned down offers to edit several prominent journals , including a generous offer from Boston 's Independent Chronicle , as he refused to work for a Democratic paper . Instead , he accepted an appointment from Timothy Pickering ( at the time United States Secretary of State ) to a position as Pickering 's personal secretary . Once in Philadelphia , Dennie resumed his editorial career with the Gazette of the United States , a Federalist @-@ friendly newspaper . In 1800 Dennie , along with Philadelphia bookseller Asbury Dickens , began work on the Port Folio . Under the pseudonym Oliver Oldschool , Esq . , Dennie wrote , in 1803 , a scathing attack on Jeffersonian democracy , for which he was brought up on charges of seditious libel . Dennie wrote , in part : A democracy is scarcely tolerable at any period of national history . Its omens are always sinister , and its powers are unpropitious . It is on its trial here , and the issue will be civil war , desolation , and anarchy . No wise man but discerns its imperfections , no good man but shudders at its miseries , no honest man but proclaims its fraud , and no brave man but draws his sword against its force . The institution of a scheme of policy so radically contemptible and vicious is a memorable example of what the villany of some men can devise , the folly of others receive , and both establish in spite of reason , reflection , and sensation . This paragraph was reprinted in Federalist newspapers throughout the country . While Dennie was acquitted , the severity of the attacks leveled in Port Folio would henceforth be lessened . However , when Dennie criticized democracy , it was not the republican democracy found in the United States today , but rather the " democracy " found in France under Robespierre and Napoleon . Dennie was invoking Aristotle 's argument that " an absolute democracy is not to be reckoned among the legitimate forms of government . It is the corruption and degeneracy , and not the sound constitution of a republic . " = = Death = = Dennie had health trouble throughout his life , as well as a predilection for wine . His father ( who had battled mental illness ) died on September 28 , 1811 ; Dennie was not able to attend his father 's funeral , as he himself was gravely ill at the time , and this caused him great grief . He briefly recovered , but succumbed to cholera morbus four months after his father 's death . Dennie died on January 7 , 1812 , and was interred two days later at St. Peter 's Church , Philadelphia . His epitaph was written by John Quincy Adams . The epitaph erroneously gives Lexington , Massachusetts as his birthplace ; in fact , Dennie was born in Boston , but his family moved to Lexington shortly thereafter . = = Works = = Dennie , Joseph ; Pedder , Laura Green ( 2008 ) . The Letters Of Joseph Dennie 1768 @-@ 1812 . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 @-@ 4366 @-@ 9456 @-@ 6 . Dennie , Joseph ; Hall , John E. ( 1817 ) . The Lay Preacher . Harrison Hall . = = Supplemental bibliography = = Rothman , Irving N. ( 1973 ) . " Alexander Wilson 's Forest Adventure : the Sublime and the Satirical in Wilson 's Poem ' The Foresters . ' " Journal of the Society in the Bibliography of Natural History [ British Museum ] 6142 @-@ 54 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 1979 ) . " An Imitation of Boileau 's Fourth Satire in the American Republic . " Revue de Litérature Comparée 53 ( Jan.-March ) : 76 @-@ 85 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 1973 ) . " John Trumbull 's Parody of Spenser 's Epithalamium , " The Yale University Library Gazette 47 ( April ) : 193 @-@ 215 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 2003 ) . “ Joseph Dennie , a Sceptic , and Philip Freneau , a Celebrant , on Ballooning in Early America . ” Y2002 Annual Report of the Institute for Space Systems Operations . Houston : ISSO , 118 @-@ 23 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 1973 ) . “ Niagara Falls and The Port Folio . ” Aldus [ University of Houston ] 11 : 242 @-@ 54 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 1968 ) . " Structure and Theme in Samuel Ewing 's Satire , the ' American Miracle , ' " American Literature 40 ( November ) : 294 @-@ 308 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 1971 ) . " Two Juvenalian Satires by John Quincy Adams . " Early American Literature 6 : 234 @-@ 51 . [ The Port Folio ] Rothman , Irving N. ( 1967 ) . Verse Satire in The Port Folio , an Early American Magazine , Edited by Joseph Dennie , 1801 @-@ 1812 . Ph.D. Dissertation , University of Pittsburgh. i @-@ viii , 1 @-@ 220 .
= Die Hand Die Verletzt = " Die Hand Die Verletzt " is the fourteenth episode of the second season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on January 27 , 1995 . It was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , directed by Kim Manners , and featured guest appearances by Susan Blommaert , Dan Butler , and Heather McComb . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Die Hand Die Verletzt " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 7 , being watched by 10 @.@ 2 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode received positive reviews , with many critics praising its writing . The title translates from German as " the hand that wounds . " The X @-@ Files series centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode Mulder and Scully are called to Milford Falls , New Hampshire to investigate the death of a teenager who seems to have died during an occult ritual of some sort . As a result of their arrival in town a few of the local high school 's faculty , who had self @-@ stylized as devil @-@ worshipers when they were teens but long ago stopped worshiping the devil , decide they should take steps to conceal their past activities . Matters are further complicated when the devil seems to have decided to personally interfere . Die Hand Die Verletzt uses the lapsed devil @-@ worshipers as a way to parody insincere followers of mainstream religions . When confronted with proof of their religion 's claims the school faculty members are mostly worried about how their obligations could impact their secular lives , several being either scared or annoyed by the prospect of having to become devout . This was the last episode written by Morgan and Wong before they left to create Space : Above and Beyond . They decided to add several in @-@ jokes with The X @-@ Files creative team . The episode has several scenes involving animals , each filmed with living creatures . In one such scene frogs rain from the sky . Actor Dan Butler has been quoted as being terrified of an anaconda used during one scene . = = Plot = = In fictional Milford Haven , New Hampshire , a group of high school faculty members meet to discuss various social events . The adults initially appear to be socially conservative , debating whether students should perform the musical Grease or Jesus Christ Superstar . However , when the group ends the meeting in a prayer , they recite a Satanic chant . Later , a group of students go out into the woods at night to play with black magic , an attempt to " score " on the part of the boys in the group . The experiment causes unexplainable things to happen , causing all but one of the teenagers to flee . The remaining teen 's mutilated body is discovered the next day , leading Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) to investigate . Locals — including the faculty members — claim that the children have unleashed a demonic force with their rituals ; a theory which is given validity by strange occurrences , such as frogs falling from the sky and water in the drinking fountain draining counter @-@ clockwise , contrary to the Coriolis effect . Unknown to the agents , substitute teacher Mrs. Paddock ( Susan Blommaert ) is behind the murder , keeping the eyes and heart of the victim in her desk . One of the faculty members , Jim Ausbury ( Dan Butler ) suspects one of his colleagues killed the boy , but the others believe it was an outside force . Ausbury 's stepdaughter , Shannon ( Heather McComb ) , suffers a breakdown during science class while dissecting a pig foetus . Meeting with Mulder and Scully , Shannon tearfully tells them that Ausbury and the other Satanists repeatedly raped and impregnated her as part of their rituals , sacrificing her babies . When the agents confront Ausbury with the accusations , he is shocked , and denies them . Shannon stays after school to make up her assignment of dissecting the pig . Mrs. Paddock takes her bracelet and uses it as part of a spell that causes Shannon to slit her wrists . When Ausbury learns that the other faculty members plan to use Shannon as a scapegoat , he admits the sect 's existence to Mulder . He confirms that rituals did happen while Shannon was present , but said that exposure to sensational media coverage led her to " remember " the sexual abuse . Meanwhile , Scully researches Mrs. Paddock and finds that no one knows anything about her or her background . During a sudden power outage , Mrs. Paddock steals Scully 's pen and uses it to impersonate her in a call to Mulder , pretending to be in trouble . Mulder handcuffs Ausbury in the basement to prevent his possible escape , then leaves to help Scully . Soon after , a giant snake appears and devours Ausbury . Mulder arrives at the school , where Scully claims that she never called him . They find Mrs. Paddock seemingly attacked by the remaining faculty members , and go to search for them . The faculty members capture the two agents , convinced that they need to perform a sacrifice to regain favor with the Devil and make up for their diluted faith before it is too late . As they are about to kill Mulder and Scully , Mrs. Paddock causes them to instead kill themselves , confirming that their attempt was indeed too late . The agents escape their bonds and find Mrs. Paddock missing , with only a parting message on the chalkboard stating , " Goodbye . It 's been nice working with you . " = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = " Die Hand Die Verletzt " was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , who were co @-@ executive producers for the series as well as writers . The episode originally stemmed from an idea of Glen Morgan 's to have a scene where a snake eats a man . Series creator Chris Carter described the episode as " a cautionary tale about playing with fire , playing with things bigger and badder than you might imagine " . In an interview , he also praised the purposefully clashing tones of the entry , noting that it begins almost comical , with the PTC saying Satanic prayers and toads raining from the skies . However , as it goes on , it becomes increasingly more and more dark . Morgan and co @-@ writer James Wong left the series after this episode to produce the series Space : Above and Beyond . The line written by Mrs. Paddock on a chalkboard at the end of the episode , " It 's been nice working with you , " also acted as a goodbye to the crew of the show . The two later returned to the show in the fourth season . Crowley High School refers to British ceremonialist and occultist Aleister Crowley . The character names Deborah Brown and Paul Vitaris were based on fans of the series who were active on the internet . In fact , the inspiration for Vitaris — Paula Vitaris — wrote episode reviews of the series for the magazine Cinefantastique , starting with the third season of the show . Mrs. Paddock 's name comes from Shakespeare 's MacBeth . Paddock is the toad demon that calls the witches away in the first scene of the play . The episode 's title means " The hand that wounds " in German . The title is taken from a part of the prayer that the PTA says near the beginning , which , in its entirety is " Sein ist die Hand die verletzt " , meaning " His is the hand that wounds " . = = = Directing and filming = = = " Die Hand Die Verletzt " was the first episode of the series to be directed by Kim Manners , who would go on to direct many of the series ' episodes . Originally , another director was supposed to helm this episode , but plans fell through and Manners was hired . The production staff was initially worried about Manners , because he subscribed to the Stephen J. Cannell school of thought regarding television directing ; Cannell felt that the writers and directors should both work together to cast characters , look at locations , and film the episode . This school of thought was perceived , at the time , " as a lesser kind " of directing , according to Morgan . However , Morgan was a proponent of Manners , and eventually secured his position for the episode . While fake frogs were considered for the scene where they fall from the sky , the producers decided to make use of real frogs instead , dropped from a short distance . According to Carter , the " fake ones looked too bad and didn 't hop away after command " . The snake going down the stairs proved difficult to film as the animal kept on falling onto the floor after slithering down the steps . Actor Dan Butler was terrified of the animal , being unable to talk while shooting the scene in the basement . The actor 's fright meant the make @-@ up team did not need to apply fake sweat to his face . = = Themes = = Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , proposed that the episode is a parody of organized religion , most specifically those who follow a religion , but only pay it lip service . The two argue that the principal joke in the episode is " to look at the way religious faith has been so watered down and paid nothing but lip service , its rituals and doctrines reinterpreted so that only what 's comfortable is adhered to . " This parody , however , is turned on its head : the followers paying lip service in " Die Hand Die Verletzt " are not stereotypical Christians , but rather , devil worshippers . Shearman and Pearson compare Mrs. Paddock — which the episode insinuates to be the devil incarnate — coming to Milford Haven , New Hampshire to judge his followers to St. Paul " coming back and taking a pop at all fair weather Christians who only affirm their faith at their own convenience . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club noted the recurring motif of doors . He highlighted various examples — such as the light emanating behind the door in the beginning of the episode , the door in which Mrs. Paddock hides when she kills people , and the door to Mr. Ausbury 's basement in which the Satanic rituals took place — noting that " there 's the whole notion of opening a door to another world and letting an ancient evil into our own " . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Die Hand Die Verletzt " premiered on the Fox network on January 27 , 1995 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 7 , with an 18 share . Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the U.S. This means that roughly 10 @.@ 7 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were watching the episode . It was viewed by 10 @.@ 2 million households and over 17 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode later debuted in the United Kingdom on May 23 , 1995 on Sky One . = = = Reviews = = = " Die Hand Die Verletzt " received early praise from critics . Entertainment Weekly gave " Die Hand Die Verletzt " an " A – " , noting that , in the episode , " Mulder and Scully largely step aside in this wacky , wicked effort chock @-@ full of stunning imagery and wry comment . " The magazine praised Blommaert 's acting , calling her " juicily diabolical " . Paul Cornell , Martin Day , and Keith Topping , in their book X @-@ Treme Possibilities , gave the episode mostly positive reviews , although they criticized the ending . Day applauded the episode 's themes of " loss of faith … ritual abuse [ and ] repressed memories " , along with the " great set pieces " , and the plot twists . However , he was slightly critical that the episode did not have a solid conclusion , and that the identity of Mrs. Paddock was never revealed . Cornell was even more critical about the lack of closure , calling it " a vast unanswered question " and " very troubling in a show that 's concerned with seeing the truth " . However , he too was also complimentary towards the set pieces , calling them " groovy " . Later reviews were also complimentary . VanDerWerff gave the episode an " A " and called it " a good example of the show heading in a different direction but still largely feeling like the same show . " He praised the episode for being " fun [ and ] creepy " . VanDerWerff also praised the final scene , noting that " rare that Mulder and Scully completely get played , but they do here , and it makes the episode an even better sick joke . " Ultimately , he praised the " sick sense of humor " , the " outright left turns into demented darkness " , and " the horrifying visuals " . Shearman and Pearson awarded the episode five stars out of five , citing the " very good " conceit about organized religion , the humor , and the " great set pieces " as positive factors . Nick De Semlyen and James White of Empire named it the fourth " greatest " episode of the series , describing it as a " thoroughly dark and creepy episode " . Katie Anderson of Cinefantastique named the scene in which Shannon begins hallucinating that the pig fetus that she is dissecting is alive and screaming the fifth " Scariest Moment " in The X @-@ Files . Connie Ogle from PopMatters ranked the members of the Satanic PTA as some of the " greatest " monsters @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week , writing , " You don ’ t want to cross the Satan @-@ worshiping teachers at this high school , but there are more vengeful evil forces to displease . "
= 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster = The 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster was a mass methylmercury poisoning incident that began in late 1971 . Grain treated with a methylmercury fungicide and never intended for human consumption was imported into Iraq as seed grain from Mexico and the United States . Due to a number of factors , including foreign @-@ language labelling and late distribution within the growing cycle , this toxic grain was consumed as food by Iraqi residents in rural areas . People suffered from paresthesia ( numbness of skin ) , ataxia ( lack of coordination of muscle movements ) and vision loss , symptoms similar to those seen when Minamata disease affected Japan . The recorded death toll was 650 people , but figures at least ten times greater have been suggested . The 1971 poisoning was the largest mercury poisoning disaster when it occurred , with cases peaking in January and February 1972 and stopping by the end of March . Reports after the disaster recommended tighter regulation , better labelling and handling of mercury @-@ treated grain , and wider involvement of the World Health Organization in monitoring and preventing poisoning incidents . Investigation confirmed the particular danger posed to fetuses and young children . = = Context = = The properties of mercury make it an effective fungicide . However , in Europe and America , its health risks ( even when consumed in small quantities ) were known . Methylmercury had been banned in Sweden in 1966 , the first country to do so , and the United Kingdom followed in 1971 . Previous mercury @-@ poisoning incidents had occurred in Iraq in 1956 and 1960 . In 1956 , there had been around 200 cases , and 70 deaths ; in 1960 there had been 1000 cases and 200 deaths , in both cases due to ethylmercury compounds . Among the recommendations made after the 1960 incident had been to colour any toxic grain for easy identification . Before the 1971 incident , around 200 – 300 cases of methylmercury poisoning had been reported worldwide . Drought had reduced harvests in 1969 , affecting 500 @,@ 000 people , and in 1970 . Saddam Hussein , as the government 's no . 2 behind Ahmed Hassan al @-@ Bakr , decided to import mercury @-@ coated seed grain for the late 1971 planting season . Hussein himself may have worked in the Department of Agriculture in the aftermath of the 1960 incident . = = Causes = = Some 95 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 93 @,@ 000 long tons ; 105 @,@ 000 short tons ) of grain ( 73 @,@ 201 tonnes of wheat grain and 22 @,@ 262 tonnes of barley ) , coloured a pink @-@ orange hue , were shipped to Iraq from the United States and Mexico . The wheat arrived in Basra on SS Trade Carrier between 16 September and 15 October , barley between 22 October and 24 November 1971 . Iraq 's government chose Mexipak , a high @-@ yield wheat seed developed in Mexico by Norman Borlaug . The seeds contained an average of 7 @.@ 9 μg / g of mercury , with some samples containing up to nearly twice that . The decision to use mercury @-@ coated grain has been reported as made by the Iraqi government , rather than the supplier , Cargill . The three Northern governorates of Ninawa , Kirkuk and Erbil together received more than half the shipments . Contributing factors to the epidemic included the fact that distribution started late , and much grain arrived after the October – November planting season . Farmers holding grain ingested it instead , since their own planting had been completed . Distribution was hurried and open , with grain being distributed free of charge or with payment in kind . Some farmers sold their own grain lest this new grain devalue what they had . This left them dependent on tainted grain for the winter . Many Iraqis were either unaware of the significant health risk posed , or chose to ignore the warnings . Initially , farmers were to certify with a thumbprint or signature that they understood the grain was poison , but according to some sources , distributors did not ask for such an indication . Warnings on the sacks were in Spanish and English , not at all understood , or included the black @-@ and @-@ white skull and crossbones design , which meant nothing to Iraqis . The long latent period may have granted farmers a false sense of security , when animals fed the grain appeared to be fine . The red dye washed off the grain ; the mercury did not . Hence , washing may have given only the appearance of removing the poison . Mercury was ingested through the consumption of homemade bread , meat and other animal products obtained from livestock given treated barley , vegetation grown from soil contaminated with mercury , game birds that had fed on the grain and fish caught in rivers , canals , and lakes into which treated grain had been dumped by the farmers . Ground seed dust inhalation was a contributing factor in farmers during sowing and grinding . Consumption of ground flour through homemade bread is thought to have been the major cause , since no cases were reported in urban areas , where government flour supplies were commercially regulated . = = Symptoms , outbreak and treatment = = The effect of mercury took some time – the latent period between ingestion and the first symptoms ( typically paresthesia – numbness in the extremities ) was between 16 and 38 days . Paresthesia was the predominant symptom in less serious cases . Worse cases included ataxia ( typically loss of balance ) , blindness or reduced vision , and death resulting from central nervous system failure . Anywhere between 20 and 40 mg of mercury has been suggested as sufficient for paresthesia ( between 0 @.@ 5 and 0 @.@ 8 mg / kg of body weight ) . On average , individuals affected consumed 20 kg or so of bread ; the 73 @,@ 000 tonnes provided would have been sufficient for over 3 million cases . The hospital in Kirkuk received large numbers of patients with symptoms that doctors recognised from the 1960 outbreak . The first case of alkylmercury poisoning was admitted to hospital on 21 December . By 26 December , the hospital had issued a specific warning to the government . By January 1972 , the government had started to strongly warn the populace about eating the grain , although dispatches did not mention the large numbers already ill . The Iraqi Army soon ordered disposal of the grain and eventually declared the death penalty for anyone found selling it . Farmers dumped their supplies wherever possible , and it soon got into the water supply ( particularly the River Tigris ) , causing further problems . The government issued a news blackout and released little information about the outbreak . The World Health Organization assisted the Iraqi government through the supply of drugs , analytical equipment and expertise . Many new treatments were tried , since existing methods for heavy metal poisoning were not particularly effective . Dimercaprol was administered to several patients , but caused rapid deterioration of their condition . It was ruled out as a treatment for this sort of poisoning following the outbreak . Polythiol resins , penicillamine and dimercaprol sulfonate all helped , but are believed to have been largely insignificant in overall recovery and outcomes . Dialysis was tested on a few patients late in the treatment period , but they showed no clinical improvement . The result of all treatments was varied , with some patients ' blood mercury level being dramatically reduced , but a negligible effect in others . All patients received periods of treatment interspersed with lay periods ; continuous treatment was suggested in future cases . Later treatment was less effective in reducing blood toxicity . = = Effects = = 6 @,@ 530 patients were admitted to hospitals with poisoning , and 459 deaths reported . Cases reached a peak of hundreds per day in January , and had largely subsided by the beginning of March . The last admittance was on 27 March ; admissions represented every age and gender stratum , although those under the age of ten represented a third of admitted cases . This number is " certainly an underestimate " , because of the availability of hospital treatment , hospital overcrowding and lack of faith in treatment . In the most severely affected areas , prevalence was 28 % and mortality was 21 % of the cases . Some Iraqi doctors believe both the number of cases and fatalities are at least ten times too low , with perhaps 100 @,@ 000 cases of brain damage . One suggested reason for the vast discrepancy between reported and estimated numbers of deaths is the Iraqi custom , common to large parts of the Middle East , for a person to die at home when possible . Home deaths would not have been recorded . A large number of patients with minor symptoms recovered completely ; those with more serious symptoms improved . This was in contrast to expected outcomes , largely based on analysis of Minamata disease in Japan . In boys with mercury levels below clinical poisoning , a reduction in school performance was noted , although this correlation could not be confirmed . In infants , the mercury poisoning caused central nervous system damage . Relatively low doses caused slower development in children , and abnormal reflexes . Different treatments for mercury poisoning have since been developed , and " quiet baby syndrome " , characterised by a baby who never cries , is now a recognised symptom of methylmercury @-@ induced brain damage . Ongoing recommendations of the food regulation authorities have focused on consumption by pregnant women and infant children , noting the particular susceptibility of fetuses and infants to methylmercury poisoning . Data from Iraq have confirmed that methylmercury can pass to a child in utero , and mercury levels were equal to or higher in the newborn child than in the mother . In 1974 , a joint Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) and World Health Organisation ( WHO ) meeting made several recommendations to prevent a similar outbreak . These included stressing the importance of labelling bags in the local language and with locally understood warning symbols . The possibility of an additive creating a strong bitter taste was studied . The meeting urged governments to strictly regulate methyl- and ethylmercury use in their respective countries , including limiting use to where no other reasonable alternative was available . It also recommended the involvement of the FAO and WHO in assisting national governments in regulation and enforcement , and the setting up of national poison control centres . Over 9 – 13 November , a Conference on Intoxication due to Alkylmercury @-@ Treated Seed was held in Baghdad . It supported the recommendations of the FAO / WHO report and further suggested that local and national media should publicise outbreaks , including size and symptoms ; it considered the distribution of this information crucial . It also laid out a general plan as to the collection of relevant information from the field and potential analysis for further investigation . It called on national governments to make use of WHO involvement whenever feasible , and absolved world governments in clear terms , saying that " No country should ever feel that any blame will attach to it for allowing an outbreak to occur " . Iraq now has the highest incidence of Parkinson 's in the world . Parkinson 's symptoms are very similar to mercury poisoning symptoms . Mercury that enters the brain has a half @-@ life of 27 @.@ 5 years and chelators are not able to remove it .
= H @-@ 63 ( Michigan county highway ) = H @-@ 63 is a county @-@ designated highway ( CDH ) in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . The highway parallels the Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) corridor between St. Ignace and Sault Ste . Marie . The road is called Mackinac Trail after the Upper Peninsula branch of an Indian trail used before European settlers reached the area . Originally , the roadway was built as a section of US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) before being added to the CDH system in the 1970s . H @-@ 63 serves as a two @-@ lane alternative to the I @-@ 75 freeway across the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula . Between the northern side of St. Ignace , the roadway has connections to two state highways before running concurrently with M @-@ 48 near Rudyard . H @-@ 63 ends on the south side of Sault Ste . Marie . = = Route description = = H @-@ 63 starts a winding trail at Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) north of St. Ignace in rural Mackinac County . From there , the highway heads northward towards the Kewadin Casino . The road then passes within viewing distance of I @-@ 75 past the Horseshoe Bay Wilderness . As it continues , H @-@ 63 has a connection to the southern terminus of M @-@ 123 with access to I @-@ 75 via a connecting road to M @-@ 123 . After crossing to the west side of I @-@ 75 , H @-@ 63 has access to I @-@ 75 via a connecting road to the western terminus of M @-@ 134 . The CDH runs to the north and into Chippewa County . As it does so , H @-@ 63 turns away from I @-@ 75 as the latter curves northeastward . South of Rudyard and into center of the community , H @-@ 63 runs concurrently with M @-@ 48 for about three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) . From Rudyard northward , H @-@ 63 turns northeasterly toward , and runs parallel to , I @-@ 75 . At Kinross , there is an interchange between I @-@ 75 and M @-@ 80 ; H @-@ 63 has a brief concurrency with M @-@ 80 so that the latter can connect to all of the ramps in the interchange . The trail then crosses to the eastern side of I @-@ 75 . Near Dafter , the CDH intersects M @-@ 28 . Along this section , H @-@ 63 is roughly a half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) away from the I @-@ 75 freeway at any given point as it continues northward to the Sault Ste . Marie area . H @-@ 63 terminates at its intersection with Business Spur I @-@ 75 ( BS I @-@ 75 ) on the south side of the city . = = History = = The first transportation route in the area was the Mackinac Trail , used by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived in the area ; the trail in the area was the Upper Peninsula branch of a longer route that also connected the modern @-@ day Saginaw with Mackinaw City and the Straits of Mackinac . Until 1933 , no roadway was built along the path of the Indian trail . After that year , US 2 was rerouted between St. Ignace and Sault Ste . Marie using the modern routing of H @-@ 63 . This placed the Mackinac Trail on the state trunkline highway system for the first time . In 1962 and 1963 , the state transferred the highway to county control when US 2 was rerouted to follow the completed I @-@ 75 freeway . With the transfer to local control , Mackinac Trail became a county road . Later , it was given the H @-@ 63 designation after October 5 , 1970 as part of the County @-@ Designated Highway System . The designation on the 1971 state map follows the routing used today . = = Major intersections = =
= Tropical Storm Soudelor ( 2009 ) = Tropical Storm Soudelor , known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Gorio , was a weak tropical cyclone that produced deadly flooding in the Philippines , China and Vietnam in July 2003 . Forming out of an area of low pressure on July 9 , Soudelor failed to maintain deep convection around its center for the duration of its existence . On July 10 , the depression brushed the northern Philippines and intensified into a tropical storm on July 11 . Later that day , the storm crossed the Leizhou Peninsula . The last public advisory from the JMA was issued the following day after Soudelor made landfall in southern China . In the Philippines , Soudelor produced severe flooding that killed one person and resulted in the issuance of a state of calamity . The storm later killed 15 people in southern China after a group of hikers were washed away in a flash flood on Hainan Island . In Vietnam , rainfall up to 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) caused widespread flooding . Lightning triggered by the storm killed two people in the country . = = Meteorological history = = Late on 7 July 2009 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) reported that an area of disturbed weather had formed 900 km ( 560 mi ) to the northwest of Yap . Deep convection was embedded in a broad , weak , poorly defined circulation that was starting to be enhanced by a Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough to the east of the system . Over the next couple of days , gradual development took place and early on July 9 , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued by the JTWC . Around the same time , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) designated the system as a tropical depression , giving it the name Gorio . Later that day both the JMA and the JTWC reported that the depression had formed and started to issue warnings on the depression , with the JTWC designating it as 05W ; On July 10 , PAGASA issued their final advisory on Tropical Depression Gorio as it moved out of their area of responsibility . Hampered by an unfavorable upper @-@ level environment , the depression barely intensified into a tropical storm early on July 11 . Upon becoming a tropical storm , the JMA named the system Soudelor reporting peak winds of 65 km / h , ( 40 mph ) . Later that day the JTWC reported that Soudelor had weakened into a depression ; however they re @-@ upgraded it to a tropical storm as it moved closer to Hainan Province . Shortly before landfall in Leizhou Peninsula , China , the JTWC downgraded the storm to a tropical depression . After moving back over water in the Gulf of Tonkin , the JTWC issued their final advisory on the depression . The JMA , however , continued to monitor Soudelor until it made landfall near Fangchenggang , China several hours later . = = Preparations and impact = = = = = Philippines = = = The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued public storm signal one for nine regions of the northern Philippines . As a tropical depression , Soudelor brushed northern Luzon in the Philippines , producing upwards of 330 mm ( 13 in ) of rainfall which resulted in flash flooding and landslides . In Ilocos Norte , major roadways were completely blocked by high waters . The storm affected 19 @,@ 845 people throughout the Philippines and one person was killed after being swept away by a fast current . At least ten villages were flooded during the storm . Three homes were destroyed and two more were damaged by Soudelor . A total of 42 barangays were flooded by the storm , killing 21 cows and isolating low @-@ lying areas . On July 10 , a battalion from the army engineers were deployed to the affected region to repair infrastructure . Following the storm , the hardest hit town Bacarra , Ilocos Norte , was put under a state of calamity and regional aid was deployed to the area . Total damage was estimated at PHP 205 million $ 4 @.@ 4 ( US 2009 ) . = = = China = = = In Hong Kong , the Hong Kong Observatory issued standby signal No. 1 as Soudelor neared the region on July 11 . The following day , the signal was raised to strong wind No. 3 due to the possibility of landfall near the region . The signal was lowered back to No. 1 later that day before they were all canceled early on July 12 . The emergency response system was put at level four water @-@ disaster in preparation for torrential rainfall from Soudelor . A red alert was also declared for the affected regions . Torrential rains in Hainan caused significant flooding that killed 15 hikers and left several others missing . Numerous roads were also cut off or destroyed by landslides and 30 villages were inundated with flood waters . In Hong Kong , outer bands of Soudelor produced squally rain showers on July 11 . About 20 trees reportedly fell within Hong Kong , one of which struck a mini bus terminal . The direct economic loss to china was estimated at about RMB 1.71billion , ( $ 5 @.@ 4 million 2009 USD ) . = = = Vietnam = = = Ahead of the storm , 4 @,@ 000 fishing vessels were ordered to return to port and up to 200 volunteers were mobilized to deal with damages from the storm . Officials evacuated people from 297 residences to higher grounds and reported that 977 other homes were in threatened areas . Roughly VND71 billion ( US $ 3 @.@ 98 million ) was set aside by the Government of Vietnam to assist residents in natural disasters , including Soudelor . An estimated 5 @,@ 000 sandbags and 1 @,@ 000 cubic meters of canvas were distributed to flood @-@ prone areas . The remnants of Soudelor produced widespread torrential rains in Northern Vietnam on July 13 . Rainfall totals peaked at 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) in the region . Heavy rainfall , amounting to 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) , was also recorded in Hanoi . The capital city experienced flash flooding , inundating numerous streets and buildings . Two men were killed by lightning strikes associated with the storm . Officials reported that at least 13 large trees had been downed by high winds . Flood waters in the hardest @-@ hit areas reached a depth of 0 @.@ 35 m ( 1 @.@ 1 ft ) . One person was killed after being swept away . A tornado also touched down during the storm , destroying the roofs of three homes . Thousands of hectares of croplands were inundated by flood waters . Following the storm , 1 @,@ 000 tonnes of rice was allocated for victims of the floods .
= Goodbye Mr. Fish = " Goodbye Mr. Fish " or sometimes " Good @-@ bye Mr. Fish " , " Goodbye , Mr. Fish " or just " Mr. Fish " is the second episode of the first season of the American sitcom The Cosby Show . The episode was directed by Jay Sandrich and written by Earl Pomerantz . " Goodbye Mr. Fish " originally aired in the United States on NBC on Thursday September 27 , 1984 , at 8 : 00 PM Eastern time . The episode focuses on the death of Rudy 's pet goldfish , which was difficult to explain to her and difficult for her to deal with . The episode was a critical and commercial success , achieving both high ratings and positive critical feedback . Its viewer ratings placed it third for the opening week of the 1984 – 85 United States network television season and it earned Primetime Emmy Award and Writers Guild Award nominations for its writing . Several critics either describe this as the most memorable episode of the series or mention it first when describing the series ' memorable episodes . Other critics as well as Bill Cosby include it on short lists of series highlights . Clips of this episode are included in the season 4 two @-@ part " Looking Back " episode . = = Plot = = Cliff ( Bill Cosby ) comes home from a long day at work and tries to take a nap . Vanessa ( Tempestt Bledsoe ) disturbs him to say that Rudy 's ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) goldfish , Lamont , has died , but she does not realize it yet . They have a hard time explaining to Rudy what has happened . Once they do , Rudy becomes depressed . Later that day , the older kids start making fun of Lamont 's death , Theo saying they should hold a memorial service for the fish around the family toilet . When Cliff feels that the rest of the family is insensitive to Rudy 's loss , he requires the entire family to participate in a memorial service for Lamont in the bathroom in proper funeral attire . Rudy loses interest in the funeral and leaves to watch television , ending the ceremony abruptly . She later returns to the bathroom and asks for privacy , not because she wants to say goodbye to Lamont as Cliff thinks , but because she needs to use the toilet . = = Cast = = Bill Cosby as Cliff Huxtable Phylicia Ayers @-@ Allen as Clair Huxtable Malcolm @-@ Jamal Warner as Theo Huxtable Keshia Knight Pulliam as Rudy Huxtable Tempestt Bledsoe as Vanessa Huxtable Lisa Bonet as Denise Huxtable = = Production = = This was first episode taped and produced for the show , on August 1 , 1984 , following the " Pilot " taped much earlier in May 1984 . The show originated at the NBC studio in Brooklyn before a live studio audience with six different sets : a living room , a master bedroom , a kitchen , a child 's bedroom , a hallway , and a bathroom . The taping endured so many retakes that it took three times as long as was scheduled . The set used was notably different from the one used during the pilot . In the first episode , the first floor has extra rooms that it does not have in the rest of the series , beginning with this episode . As of 1987 , this was one of the few sitcom episodes that showed the bathroom , according to Patricia Leigh Brown of The New York Times . = = Reception = = In 2009 , TV Guide created TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All @-@ Time , with this episode ranked number 15 . Earl Pomerantz was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay - Episodic Comedy and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for this episode . The episode was also nominated for an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects for a Series . The episode finished third in the Nielsen Media Research ratings for the week with a 19 @.@ 1 million person viewership and a 22 @.@ 5 share for the week ending September 30 behind Dallas ( 22 @.@ 4 million ) and Falcon Crest ( 19 @.@ 8 million ) . This followed a first @-@ place ranking for the " Pilot " the week before . This was the first episode of the series to air after the September 24 date that marked the official beginning of the 1984 – 85 United States network television season . David Hinckley of the Daily News describes Rudy as " impossibly cute " in this episode . Producer Marcy Carsey considered the episode to be an example of how the series dealt with the " reactions to small @-@ scale events " . According to Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly , this is considered by many to be the most memorable episode of the series . Other critics consider it to be among the highlights of the series including Allison Samuels of Newsweek who remembered Cosby for two performances in the series in which he " hid his potato @-@ chip habit from his wife and delivered a deadpan eulogy as he flushed his daughter 's goldfish down the toilet " . William Raspberry of The Washington Post and Graham Jefferson of USA Today considered the episode to be a highlight of the series . Cosby was quoted in Ebony as counting the episode on the short list of highlights from the series . This was the first episode mentioned by several writers discussing the series , including Renee Graham of the Boston Globe , Matt Roush of USA Today ( in 1987 after the first 81 episodes ) , and Candace Murphy of the Oakland Tribune . In the fourth season two @-@ part November 12 , 1987 " Looking Back " episode , the family tries to help the newlywed Sondra Huxtable and Elvin reconcile after their first fight . The episode recounts highlights of the first 81 episodes to help Elvin understand Sondra and her family and this episode is highlighted . According to TBS , the following lines in the funeral part of the script were among the most memorable in the entire series : Cliff : " We 're here to say goodbye to a cherished friend : Lamont , the goldfish . " Vanessa : " I always felt safe with him around . "
= Alain Prost = Alain Marie Pascal Prost , OBE , Chevalier de la Légion d 'honneur ( born 24 February 1955 ) is a French former racing driver . A four @-@ time Formula One Drivers ' Champion , only Sebastian Vettel ( four championships ) , Juan Manuel Fangio ( five championships ) , and Michael Schumacher ( seven championships ) have equalled or surpassed his number of titles . From 1987 until 2001 Prost held the record for most Grand Prix victories . Schumacher surpassed Prost 's total of 51 victories at the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix . In 1999 , Prost received the World Sports Awards of the Century in the motor sport category . Prost discovered karting at the age of 14 during a family holiday . He progressed through motor sport 's junior ranks , winning the French and European Formula Three championships , before joining the McLaren Formula One team in 1980 at the age of 24 . He finished in the points on his Formula One début at the San Martin Autodrome in Buenos Aires , Argentina ( where he took his first podium a year later ) and took his first race victory at his home Grand Prix in France a year later , driving for the factory Renault team . During the 1980s and early 1990s , Prost formed a fierce rivalry mainly with Ayrton Senna , but also Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell . In 1986 , at the last race of the season , he beat Mansell and Piquet of Williams to the title after Mansell retired late on in the race , and Piquet was pulled in for a late precautionary pit stop . Senna joined Prost at McLaren in 1988 and the two had a series of controversial clashes , including a collision at the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix that gave Prost his third Drivers ' Championship . A year later at the same venue they collided again , but this time Prost , driving for Ferrari , lost out . Before the end of a winless 1991 season Prost was fired by Ferrari for his public criticism of the team . After a sabbatical in 1992 , Prost joined the Williams team , prompting reigning drivers ' champion Mansell to leave for CART . With a competitive car , Prost won the 1993 championship and retired from Formula One driving at the end of the year . In 1997 , Prost took over the French Ligier team , running it as Prost Grand Prix until it went bankrupt in 2002 . From 2003 to 2012 he competed in the Andros Trophy , which is an ice racing championship , taking 38 race victories and winning the championship 3 times . Prost employed a smooth , relaxed style behind the wheel , deliberately modeling himself on personal heroes like Jackie Stewart and Jim Clark . He was nicknamed " The Professor " for his intellectual approach to competition . Though it was not a name he particularly cared for , he would admit later that it was an appropriate summation of his approach to his racing . Skilled at setting up his car for race conditions , Prost would often conserve his brakes and tyres early in a race , leaving them fresher for a challenge at the end . = = Personal and early life = = Alain Prost was born near the town of Saint @-@ Chamond , close to the cities of Lyon and Saint @-@ Etienne in the département of Loire , France , to André Prost and Marie @-@ Rose Karatchian , born in France of Armenian descent . Prost had one younger brother called Daniel , who died of cancer in September 1986 . Although short , standing at 1 @.@ 67 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Prost was an active , athletic child , who enthusiastically took part in diverse sports , including wrestling , roller skating and football . In doing so he broke his nose several times . He considered careers as a gym instructor or a professional footballer before he discovered kart racing at the age of 14 while on a family holiday . This new sport quickly became his career of choice . Prost is married to Anne @-@ Marie ( born 14 February 1955 ) . They have two sons , Nicolas ( born 18 October 1981 ) and Sacha Prost ( born 30 May 1990 ) . Prost also has a daughter , Victoria . As of 2015 , Nicolas races in Formula E for e.dams Renault , a team partially run by his father . Prost lived in his hometown , Saint @-@ Chamond , until he and his Renault team fell out in the early 1980s . In April 1983 the Prost family moved to Sainte @-@ Croix , Switzerland , and shortly after to Yens , Switzerland . They moved to Switzerland after Renault workers went to Prost 's house in France and burned his Mercedes @-@ Benz . They lived there until November 1999 , when they moved to Nyon in the same country . In 1985 Prost was awarded the Légion d 'Honneur by President François Mitterrand . = = Driving career = = = = = Pre @-@ Formula One = = = Prost won several karting championships in his teens . In 1974 he left school to become a full @-@ time racer , supporting himself by tuning engines and becoming a kart distributor . His prize for winning the 1975 French senior karting championship was a season in French Formula Renault , a category in which he won the title and all but one race in 1976 . Prost went on to win the 1977 Formula Renault European championship before moving up to Formula Three ( F3 ) in 1978 . In 1979 he won both the French and European F3 championships , by which time he was on the shopping lists of several Formula One teams . After carefully considering his options , he chose to sign with McLaren for 1980 . He surprised the British team by declining their offer of a race drive in a third car at the final race of the 1979 season at Watkins Glen — reasoning that the token effort would benefit neither him nor the team . = = = Formula One = = = = = = = 1980 : McLaren = = = = Prost began his career with McLaren ( being run by Teddy Mayer ) in 1980 alongside Ulsterman John Watson . On his debut in Buenos Aires he finished in sixth place earning one point , something achieved by only a handful of drivers . Prost added four more points to his tally during the season , scoring points at Interlagos , Brands Hatch and Zandvoort . Prost finished the year 15th in the drivers ' championship , equalling points with former world champion Emerson Fittipaldi . Despite the encouraging debut season , Prost had several accidents , breaking his wrist during practice at Kyalami and suffering a concussion during practice at Watkins Glen . He also retired from the Canadian round in Montreal a week earlier because of rear suspension failure . At the end of the season , despite having two years remaining on his contract , he left McLaren and signed with Renault . Prost has said that he left because of the large number of breakages on the car and because he felt the team blamed him for some of the accidents . = = = = 1981 – 1983 : Renault = = = = 1981 Prost was partnered with fellow Frenchman René Arnoux for 1981 . Motor sports author Nigel Roebuck reports that there were problems between Prost and Arnoux from the start of the season , Prost being immediately quicker than his more experienced teammate . He did not finish the first two Grands Prix , due to collisions with Andrea de Cesaris in Long Beach and Didier Pironi at Jacarepaguá , but scored his first podium finish at Buenos Aires . He also did not finish in the next four races , and then won his first Formula One race at his home Grand Prix in France at the fast Dijon circuit , finishing two seconds ahead of his old teammate John Watson . For Prost , his debut victory was memorable mostly for the change it made in his mindset . " Before , you thought you could do it , " he said . " Now you know you can . " Prost led from the start the next 5 races , and won two more races during the season , took his first pole position in Germany and finished on the podium every time he completed a race distance . He won again in Holland and Italy , and finished fifth in the drivers ' championship , seven points behind champion Nelson Piquet . 1982 Prost won the first two Grands Prix of the 1982 season in South Africa , where Prost recovered from losing a wheel , and Brazil , where he finished 3rd but was awarded the win after Piquet ( 1st ) and Keke Rosberg ( 2nd ) were disqualified . He finished in the points on four other occasions , but did not win again . Despite retiring from seven races , Prost improved on his drivers ' championship position , finishing in fourth , but with nine fewer points than the previous year . His relationship with Arnoux deteriorated further after the French Grand Prix . Prost believes that Arnoux , who won the race , went back on a pre @-@ race agreement to support Prost during the race . His relationship with the French media was also poor . He has since commented that " When I went to Renault the journalists wrote good things about me , but by 1982 I had become the bad guy . I think , to be honest , I had made the mistake of winning ! The French don 't really like winners . " In November 1982 , three years before it became a round of the F1 World Championship , Prost , along with fellow F1 drivers Jacques Laffite and Nelson Piquet , made the trip to Melbourne , Australia to drive in the non @-@ championship 1982 Australian Grand Prix at the short ( 1 @.@ 609 km ( 1 @.@ 000 mi ) ) Calder Park Raceway . Driving a Formula Pacific spec Ralt RT4 powered by a 1 @.@ 6 litre Ford engine , Prost sat on pole for the race with a time of 39 @.@ 18 . He then led every lap to win what would be the first of 3 Australian Grand Prix wins . He finished 15 @.@ 32 seconds clear of Laffite , with 1981 AGP winner , young Brazilian driver Roberto Moreno finishing third . 1983 Arnoux left Renault in 1983 , and American Eddie Cheever replaced him as Prost 's partner . Prost earned a further four victories for Renault during the season and finished second in the drivers ' championship , two points behind Nelson Piquet . Piquet and the Brabham team overhauled Prost and Renault in the last few races of the season . Prost , who felt the team had been too conservative in developing the car , found himself increasingly at odds with Renault 's management , who made him the scapegoat for failing to win a championship . In addition to that , the French fans recalled the bitter fight that had caused their favourite , Arnoux , to leave the team . Prost said in an interview with ESPN during the final race that his car was " not competitive " and that he " didn 't lose by my own fault " Renault fired Prost only two days after the South African race . He re @-@ signed for McLaren for the 1984 season within days and moved his family home to Switzerland after Renault factory workers burned the second of 2 of Prost 's cars , one of them being a Mercedes @-@ Benz . = = = = 1984 – 1989 : Return to McLaren = = = = 1984 The Frenchman joined double world champion Niki Lauda at McLaren ( now being run by Ron Dennis ) in 1984 , driving the John Barnard designed McLaren MP4 / 2 which used a 1 @.@ 5 litre TAG @-@ Porsche V6 engine . He lost the world championship to Lauda in the final race of the season in Portugal by half a point , despite winning seven races to Lauda 's five , including winning in Portugal . The half point came from the Monaco Grand Prix , where Prost had been leading , albeit with Ayrton Senna ( Toleman ) and Stefan Bellof ( Tyrrell ) closing on him rapidly , when Clerk of the Course Jacky Ickx stopped the race at half distance due to heavy rain , which was controversial as Ickx displayed the red flag without consulting the race officials . Under Formula One regulations , Prost received only half of the nine points normally awarded for a victory . Prost 's seven wins in 1984 equalled the record set by Jim Clark in 1963 . 1985 In 1985 Prost became the first French Formula One World Champion . He won five of the sixteen Grands Prix during the season . He had also won the San Marino Grand Prix , but was disqualified after his car was found to be 2 kg underweight in post @-@ race scrutineering . Prost finished 20 points ahead of his closest rival , Michele Alboreto . Prost 's performance in 1985 earned him the Légion d 'honneur distinction in France . While proud to be the first French World Champion , Prost , annoyed that French journalists were proclaiming it as a win for France , pointed out in interviews that other than himself , nothing about the car ( the MP4 / 2B ) had anything to do with France . The team was British ( having been founded by a New Zealander ) , the tyres were American Goodyears , the TAG @-@ Porsche engine was German , the chassis itself was built by Hercules Aerospace in the USA , and was sponsored by an American tobacco company ( Marlboro ) and the Saudi Arabian owned company Techniques d 'Avant Garde ( TAG ) . 1986 Niki Lauda retired for good at the end of 1985 , and was replaced at McLaren by 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg for 1986 . Prost successfully defended his title , despite his car struggling against the Honda @-@ powered Williams cars driven by Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell . Until the latter stages of the final race of the 1986 season , the Australian Grand Prix , Prost appeared set to finish second in the Championship , behind Mansell . Prost had the same number of wins as Piquet , but he had four second places to Piquet 's three , thus placing him second before the final race . While running third behind Piquet , and directly behind Prost on the road ( 3rd was all he needed to win the title ) , Mansell suffered a rear tyre failure at 180 mph ( 290 km / h ) and crashed out . The Williams team then pitted Piquet to change tyres as a safety precaution , while Prost had already pitted earlier due to a puncture and did not need to change his tyres again . He then held the lead ahead of a charging Piquet to the chequered flag and the Championship . Another memorable race that year for Prost was at the San Marino Grand Prix . He was cruising to victory when his car began to run out of fuel three corners from the chequered flag . Frantically weaving the car back and forth to slosh the last drops of fuel into the pickup , he managed to keep it running just long enough to creep over the line and win the race ( Prost commented after the race that when his car started running dry he immediately thought to himself " shit , I am going to lose this race again " , referring to his 1985 disqualification at Imola ) . It happened again at the German Grand Prix : while running in fourth position , Prost 's car ran out of fuel on the finishing straight of the last lap . Instead of retiring at a time in the season when points were critical , Prost got out of his car and tried to push it to the finish , to great applause from the crowd . The finish line was too far , though , and he never reached it . He was eventually classified sixth in the race , as the seventh @-@ placed car ( the Brabham @-@ BMW of Derek Warwick ) was a lap behind . 1987 With Rosberg retiring from Formula One at the end of 1986 season , underrated Swede Stefan Johansson filled the McLaren seat alongside Prost for the 1987 season . Even though McLaren had introduced the new Steve Nichols designed MP4 / 3 after three seasons with the MP4 / 2 model ( Barnard had departed for Ferrari ) , the TAG engines were not the force they had been previously , lagging behind in power and with unreliability previously unseen . He never gave up though and challenged Piquet and Mansell almost until the end , winning three races and breaking Jackie Stewart 's record for race victories by winning for the 28th time at the Portuguese Grand Prix . Prost considers his win in the opening round in Brazil as his best and most rewarding race ever . The Williams @-@ Hondas had been dominant during qualifying , and Prost started fifth on the grid with a time three seconds slower than Mansell 's pole time . Knowing he didn 't have the qualifying speed , he instead worked on his race set @-@ up , and with everyone else going for a high @-@ downforce set @-@ up , the Frenchman went the other way . The set @-@ up meant less tyre wear , thanks to slower speeds in the corners while going fast down the straights . With his car having less tyre wear than his rivals , Prost was able to get through the 61 laps of the abrasive Jacarepaguá Circuit with only two stops compared to the three or more by his rivals ( Piquet pitted for tyres 3 times within the first 40 laps ) . Prost finished 40 seconds in front of Piquet , with Johansson a further 16 seconds back in third . When you win a race like this the feeling is very , very good . There have been times when I have been flat @-@ out to finish sixth , but you can 't see that from the outside . In 1980 I finished three or four times in seventh place . I pushed like mad , yet everyone was gathered around the winner and they were thinking that I was just trundling around . But that 's motor racing . So in fact the only thing you can judge in this sport is the long term . You can judge a career or a season , but not one race . Prost finished the 1987 season in fourth place in the championship behind Piquet , Mansell and Lotus driver Ayrton Senna . Prost finished 30 points behind champion Nelson Piquet . Other than his debut season in 1980 , and 1991 , it was the furthest away he would finish a season from the championship lead . 1988 Despite Nelson Piquet winning the 1987 Drivers ' Championship and Williams winning the Constructors ' Championship , Honda decided not to supply the team with their engines , partly due to Williams ' refusal to dump Nigel Mansell and hire Japanese driver and Honda test driver Satoru Nakajima ( who debuted with Lotus in 1987 ) , and instead supplied the McLaren team for 1988 . Prost had convinced Ron Dennis to sign Ayrton Senna to a three @-@ year contract , which played a role in luring Honda ( Senna 's ability had been highly regarded by the Japanese giant when using their engines with Lotus in 1987 and both were keen to continue their association ) . However , this began the rivalry that pushed two of the sport 's greatest drivers to unprecedented heights of success and controversy . McLaren @-@ Honda dominated the season , winning 15 out of 16 races . Prost finished first or second in every race other than his two retirements at Silverstone and Monza . He won seven races and in total outscored his new teammate Ayrton Senna by 11 points , despite Senna winning one more race than Prost . However , only the 11 best results from the season counted toward the championship total , and this gave Senna the title by three points . Prost went on to be a proponent of essentially the 1990s scoring system – all results counting to the final results with the winner scoring 10 , not 9 , points . In November of that year , Prost had a meeting with the head of Honda 's R & D department and F1 racing program , Nobuhiko Kawamoto in Geneva . He expressed his feelings that Honda was giving Senna preferential treatment , and Kawamoto then confirmed Prost 's fears , explaining that the Honda engineers were of a new generation , and that they liked Senna 's panache and samurai @-@ like driving . Kawamoto was able to convince Prost that he would work something out on the Honda end of the McLaren @-@ Honda partnership for the 1989 season , but this was not to be . 1989 McLaren 's domination continued throughout 1989 , and the Prost @-@ Senna struggle for supremacy put them on a collision course . Mutual admiration turned to all @-@ out hatred , with the Frenchman accusing his Brazilian teammate of " dangerous driving " and of receiving more than a fair share of attention from both McLaren and Honda . For his part , Senna accused Prost of being in the pocket of FISA 's French president Jean @-@ Marie Balestre . The animosity between the two drivers came to a head at Round 2 in San Marino . The drivers made an agreement between them that whoever won the start would not be challenged by the other going into the first turn ( in this case , the Tosa bend on the Imola circuit ) . Prost kept to the agreement after Senna won the first start . Prost however won the restart ( caused by Gerhard Berger 's fiery crash in his Ferrari ) , but was passed by Senna under brakes for Tosa . Prost went to a friend of his , a French journalist , and told him about the broken agreement between him and Senna . Against Prost 's wishes , the journalist went public with the story . During testing at Pembrey in Wales , Senna denied in public any such agreement had ever existed between himself and Prost , but the Frenchman 's claim was backed up by Marlboro 's John Hogan who had been present when the agreement was made . Their embittered season ended as many pundits had feared . In the Japanese Grand Prix at the end of lap 46 , Senna made his move at the Casino Chicane . Prost , turning into the corner , turned into his teammate 's path resulting in a collision and the cars sliding interlocked down the escape road . Prost , thinking the World Championship was over , climbed out of his stalled car . To separate the cars , the marshals pushed Senna 's McLaren backwards onto the track . This left it in a dangerous position , so they pushed it forwards again . As they did so , Senna bump @-@ started the engine . He drove through the chicane and rejoined . The nose of his car was damaged and he had to pit , but he rejoined only five seconds behind the Benetton of Alessandro Nannini . On lap 50 , Ayrton sliced past Nannini at the chicane to take the lead and won the race . But it was Nannini who appeared on the top step of the podium , race officials having excluded Senna for missing the chicane . McLaren appealed the decision , but the FIA Court of Appeal not only upheld the decision but fined Senna US $ 100 @,@ 000 and gave him a suspended six @-@ month ban . Thus Prost clinched his third driver 's title in controversial circumstances . However , Prost had the firm belief that Honda and Ron Dennis viewed Senna as the future of the team . Prost recalled that by the Italian Grand Prix he had one car with maybe four or five mechanics , while his teammate had two cars and 20 people around him . Before the race Prost , who had announced in July 1989 that he would depart from McLaren , announced he was joining Ferrari . Although Prost was forced to make a public apology to both McLaren and Honda over his Monza comments , he received support from Nigel Mansell ( who would be his 1990 team mate at Ferrari ) , and former team mate Rosberg who claimed that once it became known they would not be using the Japanese engines the next season , their Honda engines did not seem to work as well as was once normal . Prost actually won the Italian Grand Prix , after Senna 's engine blew with only 9 laps remaining . Until that point Prost 's MP4 / 5 had not been a match for Senna 's on Monza 's long straights , which had many , especially those in the press , wondering if there was actually truth to Prost 's claim that his Honda engines were not as good as the ones Senna was able to use . As 1989 wore on , Prost continually claimed his Honda V10s were not producing the same amount of power as those in Senna 's car . It actually got to the point where Honda F1 boss Osamu Goto felt compelled to speak to the specialist British media on the matter . He claimed that Senna 's foot @-@ tapping style with the accelerator helped keep the RA109 @-@ E 's revs up in the engine 's mid @-@ range where most of the power was , while Prost 's smoother style dropped the engines into low revs where they had a pick @-@ up problem . Apparently the talk was convincing until most of those present noticed Goto continually called them Ayrton and Prost respectively . An example of Prost 's claims came during the Mexican Grand Prix . Despite his car running less wing than Senna 's which theoretically would give him greater top speed , Prost 's McLaren was not able to pass Senna 's on the long front straight even though he came of the final Peraltada Curve clearly faster than the Brazilian and also had the benefit of a tow . In stark contrast , late in the race when Senna was lapping Prost ( who was on fresh tyres ) , Senna was easily able to power past Prost on the straight . = = = = 1990 – 1991 : Ferrari = = = = 1990 The Frenchman replaced Gerhard Berger at Ferrari and was partnered with Britain 's Nigel Mansell for 1990 ( Berger took Prost 's seat at McLaren ) . As reigning world champion , Prost took over as the team 's lead driver and was said to have played on Mansell 's inferiority complex . Mansell recalls one incident where at the 1990 British Grand Prix , the car he drove didn 't handle the same as in the previous race where he had taken pole position , and later found out from team mechanics that Prost saw Mansell as having a superior car and had them swapped without Mansell knowing . Prost won five races for Ferrari that year , in Brazil , Mexico , France , Britain and Spain . Notable among these was the Mexican Grand Prix , where he won after starting in 13th position . In both the Mexican and Spanish races , he led Mansell to Ferrari 1 – 2 finishes . The championship once again came to the penultimate round of the season in Japan with Prost trailing his McLaren adversary , Ayrton Senna , by nine points . As in 1989 , a controversial collision between the two settled the race . At the first corner Senna , as admitted a year later , intentionally drove his race car into Prost 's , taking them both out of the race and sealing the title in his favour . " What he did was disgusting , " Prost said . " He is a man without value . " Prost finished the season seven points behind Senna , and his Ferrari team were runners @-@ up to McLaren . 1991 Mansell left the Scuderia due to his unstable relationship with Prost , to rejoin Williams for the 1991 Formula One season . Mansell 's replacement was Frenchman Jean Alesi , who had been impressive during the previous two years at Tyrrell . Ferrari had entered a downturn , partially as their famous V12 engine was no longer competitive against the smaller , lighter and more fuel efficient V10s of their competitors . The Ferrari chassis , despite a major revision by the French Grand Prix ( F @-@ 643 ) was also not up to the level of the McLaren and the Williams models . Prost won no races , only getting onto the podium five times . He took this out on the team , publicly criticising the team and the Ferrari 643 , and subsequently had his contract terminated before the end of the season , immediately prior to the Australian Grand Prix . He was replaced by Italian driver Gianni Morbidelli for the final race of the 1991 season and by another Italian , Ivan Capelli , for the following season . Despite being sacked , Prost received a significant payment from Ferrari to not drive for any other team . It was the second time in his career that Alain Prost had been fired by a factory backed team for his public criticism of the team and car , having been fired under similar circumstances by Renault at the end of the 1983 season . In Japan , the car was like a horrible truck to drive . No pleasure at all . I 've underlined the defects of the Ferrari throughout the season , but no @-@ one has listened to a word . 1991 was the first time since his debut year in 1980 in which Alain Prost did not win a Formula One Grands Prix . = = = = 1993 : Williams = = = = Prost went on to a sabbatical year in 1992 , which was dominated by Nigel Mansell in a Williams @-@ Renault . Prost performed pre @-@ season testing for Ligier early in 1992 and later turned down an offer to drive for the team . After hearing that Prost would be his teammate again in 1993 , Mansell left Williams to race in the CART series . The Frenchman had a clause in his contract which prevented rival Ayrton Senna from joining the team that year . Prost was part of a new @-@ look driver line @-@ up at Williams , with test driver Damon Hill coming in to replace Riccardo Patrese , who had left to join Benetton . Prost won his fourth , and final , title , but in a year where he was regularly challenged by teammate Hill , and Ayrton Senna . Shortly before the Portuguese Grand Prix in October 1993 , Prost announced he would not defend his world title , as the clause in the Frenchman 's contract did not extend to 1994 and Senna would be able to join Williams for the upcoming season , and instead opted to retire as the driver with the record for most grand prix victories — a record which stood for almost a decade . On the podium in Adelaide in 1993 , Prost 's last race , he and Senna embraced , and it was as if — now that Prost was no longer a rival — Senna saw no reason for any more hostility . Prost was surprised by the gesture . Prost 's performances earned him an OBE . German Michael Schumacher broke Prost 's record of 51 Grand Prix wins during the 2001 season . However , the Frenchman still holds the records for the most Grand Prix starts in turbo powered cars ( 126 ) , most wins at home Grand Prix ( six at the French Grand Prix ) and wins with most different teams ( 4 : Renault , McLaren , Ferrari , and Williams ) . He also shares the record for starting every race of the season from the front row ( 16 in 1993 ) , with Ayrton Senna in 1989 , and Damon Hill in 1996 . He is also thus far the most recent Frenchman to win his home Grand Prix . = = = = Rivalry with Ayrton Senna = = = = Prost 's battles with Ayrton Senna were particularly notable . The rivalry originated in 1988 , when Senna joined Prost at the McLaren team . The most notable event during the season between the two occurred during the Portuguese Grand Prix , where Senna tried to block Prost from taking the lead by forcing the Frenchman to run close to the pitwall ; Prost managed to edge Senna outwards , taking the lead as they went into the first corner but he remained angered by the Brazilian 's manoeuvre . The rivalry intensified after the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix , where the two drivers had an agreement that neither would get in each other 's way to the first corner ( cf . 1982 San Marino Grand Prix ) . At the start , Senna got away in the lead and Prost followed him through the first corner without getting in Senna 's way . Gerhard Berger 's crash on lap four stopped the race . At the restart , it was Prost this time that got away the better of the two ; but Senna forced his way past Prost in the first corner , breaking the pair 's agreement at the start of the race , leaving the Frenchman furious with Senna . Senna argued it was the restart . Prost himself was angered by McLaren apparently favouring Senna because of Senna 's better relationship with engine supplier Honda , so he announced mid @-@ season that he had signed to race for Ferrari the following season . The rivalry reached its peak at the end of 1989 , when the title was to be decided between Senna and Prost at Suzuka . The two McLarens collided at the Casio Triangle chicane when Prost blocked an attempted pass by Senna . Prost walked away while Senna returned to the track . Senna went on to win the race , but was later disqualified in a highly controversial ruling over his path back to the track . After an unsuccessful appeal by McLaren , the Brazilian received a further US $ 100 @,@ 000 fine and a six @-@ month suspension , leading Senna to accuse FIA president Jean @-@ Marie Balestre of favoring his compatriot Prost . Senna 's disqualification meant that it was mathematically impossible for him to overhaul Prost 's points total , and so the 1989 Championship went to the Frenchman . There has been much debate as to whether Senna was overambitious in his overtaking manoeuver , whether Prost intentionally ran into Senna , or whether the collision was simply a racing incident between two team @-@ mates who were embittered with each other . The following season saw the two drivers collide again . With Senna leading Prost , now in a Ferrari , in the world drivers ' championship , Prost qualified second for the penultimate race of the season in Suzuka with Senna on pole . Between the end of qualifying and race day , pole position was switched to the other side of the track without explanation . Senna complained that no longer being on the racing line , his side of the grid was dirty , meaning he would get less grip and therefore a slower start compared to Prost who had been moved to the clean side of the grid . The Brazilian 's appeal was rejected . At the start of the race , Prost got the better start of the two ; but whilst braking for the first corner , Senna refused to back off and collided with Prost at 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) , clinching the title for the Brazilian . Prost almost retired from the sport , saying " What he did was disgusting . He is a man without value . " A year later , Senna admitted that the move was premeditated , in retaliation for the collision at the chicane on the same course the previous year . There was another controversial incident in 1991 . Prost 's inferior Ferrari was unable to put up a challenge regularly to Senna 's frontrunning McLaren . At the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim , Prost battled Senna for 4th place , however he felt Senna defended too aggressively and at the first chicane forced Prost to take avoiding action by using the escape road . Prost stalled his car rejoining the race . Coincidentally , Senna ran out of fuel on the last lap at the very same point . The Frenchman took a sabbatical in 1992 after being fired from Ferrari for publicly criticizing the car and the team , while the Brazilian struggled as McLaren was no longer competitive with Williams . Prost announced his signing with Williams for the upcoming 1993 season . Senna had wanted to join Williams too , as they were the most competitive , but Prost had a clause in his contract forbidding the Brazilian as a teammate . An infuriated Senna called the Frenchman a " coward " during a press conference at Estoril , and decried his unwillingness to compete for the drivers ' championship on equal sporting terms : I think if Prost wants to be called the sole champion , three @-@ times world champion , come back in a sportive way , maybe win another championship , he should be sportive . The way he 's doing , he 's behaving like a coward . And if he wants to be sportive , he must be prepared to race anybody , at any condition , at equal terms . During the 1993 season , Prost and Senna continued their on @-@ track rivalry . Prost was escorted by police to the Interlagos circuit for the 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix due to the hostility of Brazilians towards him . The two continued their on @-@ track battles at Silverstone where Senna aggressively defended his position against Prost . At Prost 's last Grand Prix , the 1993 Australian Grand Prix , he was pulled up by Senna onto the top step of the podium for an embrace . On 1 May 1994 , Ayrton Senna was killed during the San Marino Grand Prix . Prost was a pallbearer at the Brazilian 's funeral . Speaking four years after the Brazilian 's death , Prost told Nigel Roebuck that he had " always refused to speak about him " . When Senna died , Prost stated that " a part of himself had died also " , because their careers had been so bound together . Senna had also felt the same when Prost had retired at the end of 1993 , when he admitted to a close friend that he had realised how much of his motivation had come from fighting with Prost . Only a couple of days before his death , when filming an in @-@ car lap of Imola for French television channel TF1 , he greeted Prost , by then a pundit on the channel : " A special hello to my , ... to our dear friend Alain . We all miss you Alain . " Prost said that he was amazed and very touched by the comment . = = = Helmet = = = Prost uses a helmet design based on the three colours of the French flag , those being blue , white and red , along with his name along the side . During his early career however , Prost used a basic design of white all over with some blue detail around the visor ( blue helmet with a white 180 ° flipped Y and red lines in the lower branch of the flipped Y and in the upper branch , surrounding the top ) . During Prost 's time at Renault , he used more blue details , most notably around the rear of his helmet . Prost 's helmet changed in 1985 , as his helmet now had the blue detail around the front , surrounding the visor ( with also a blue stripe on the side region , making the white area become a P ) and a white ring with red lines surrounding the top ( forming a white circle with a blue half in the rear of the top ) . . Prost kept a similar design for his entry at Ferrari and Williams . Sometimes , Prost used variants of his helmet design , in 2007 he used his original design , but with the circle top all red and a red line in the lower chin area . In 2010 , he used a pearl white helmet with silver flames and a blue @-@ white @-@ red @-@ white @-@ blue stripe trepassing the visor , designed by kaos design . = = Later life = = During 1994 and 1995 , Prost worked as TV pundit for the French TV channel TF1 . He also worked for Renault as a PR man . Prost went back to his old team McLaren , working as a technical advisor ; he also completed L 'Etape du Tour , an annual mass @-@ participation bike ride that takes place on a stage of the Tour de France . Although not an official race , riders fight hard for places ; Prost finished 12th in his category , 42nd overall out of over 5000 riders . = = = Prost Grand Prix = = = During 1989 Prost began to contemplate starting his own team , as his relationship with his McLaren teammate , Ayrton Senna , had turned sour . Prost and John Barnard , formerly chief designer at McLaren , came close to founding a team in 1990 ; but a lack of sponsorship meant that this was not possible , so Prost moved to Ferrari and Barnard left Ferrari to join Benetton . After falling out with the Italian team at the end of 1991 , Prost found himself without a drive for 1992 ; after the failure of extensive negotiations with Guy Ligier about buying his Ligier team , Prost decided to join Williams for 1993 . In 1995 , when Prost was working for Renault , people began to assume that a Prost @-@ Renault team would be formed in the near future . Renault refused Prost 's request to supply engines for his team , ending the speculation . On 13 February 1997 , Prost bought the Ligier team from Flavio Briatore and renamed it " Prost Grand Prix " . The day after he bought the team , Prost signed a three @-@ year deal with French car manufacturer Peugeot , who would supply the team with engines from 1998 until 2000 . For the team 's first season , Prost kept one of Ligier 's 1996 drivers , Olivier Panis , who had won the Monaco Grand Prix the previous year ; Japanese driver Shinji Nakano was signed to partner Panis . The team raced with the Mugen @-@ Honda engines used by Ligier the previous season , while the car was actually the originally intended Ligier JS45 , but was renamed the Prost JS45 . Things looked promising at the start of the season , as the team picked up two points on its Grand Prix debut in Australia when Olivier Panis finished fifth . The team scored a further 13 points before Panis broke his leg in an accident during the Canadian Grand Prix . He was replaced by Minardi 's Jarno Trulli . From there , things started to go downhill slightly , the team scored only five points during Panis ' recovery . The Frenchman came back at the end of the season to race the final three Grand Prix . Prost GP finished sixth in the constructors ' championship in its first season , with 21 points . Prost became the president of Prost Grand Prix at the start of 1998 . With Peugeot supplying the engines for Prost GP , Mugen @-@ Honda decided to supply the Jordan team . Prost GP scored a single point during the season , Jarno Trulli finishing sixth in Belgium . 1999 was a crucial year for Prost GP . Prost hired John Barnard as a technical consultant , Barnard 's B3 Technologies company helping Loic Bigois and the design of the Prost AP02 . Panis and Trulli agreed to stay on with the team for the season . While the car did not prove to be a major concern , the Peugeot V10 engine proved to be heavy and unreliable . Peugeot 's final year as Prost 's engine supplier in 2000 saw some optimism , Prost hiring his 1991 Ferrari team mate Jean Alesi to drive the lead car and German Nick Heidfeld , who had won the 1999 Formula 3000 championship , to partner him . The season proved to be yet another disastrous one , with the AP03 proving to be unreliable and ill handling . Things weren 't helped when both drivers collided with each other in the Austrian Grand Prix . Newly hired technical director Alan Jenkins was fired midway through the year . Prost restructured the team , hiring Joan Villadelprat as the managing director and replacing Jenkins with Henri Durand as the team 's new technical director . 2001 saw some much needed optimism for the team as Ferrari agreed to be the team 's engine supplier for the season , the team now moving in the right direction . But the money ran out at the start of the 2002 season and Prost was out of business , leaving debts of around $ 30 million . = = = After Prost Grand Prix = = = During 2002 , Prost spent time with his family and competed in eight bicycle races , finishing third in the Granite – Mont Lozère . The Frenchman raced in the Andros ice race series in 2003 , finishing second in the championship behind Yvan Muller ; he also became an Ambassador for Uniroyal , a position he would keep until May 2006 . Prost continued to compete in the Andros Trophy , winning the title with Toyota in 2006 / 07 , 2007 / 08 and with Dacia in 2011 / 2012 . For the 2010 Formula One season , the Sporting Regulations were changed so that a former driver sits on the stewards ' panel . Prost was the first such driver to take on this role , at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix . Prost also took part in the Race of Champions in 2010 , a race organised for legends of motor sport to compete in equal machinery . In February 2012 , Prost was named as Renault 's new international ambassador , representing the company in sports demonstrations and at events organized or attended by Renault . Prost has finished the Absa Cape Epic , an eight @-@ day 700 km mountain bike race in South Africa , twice . He first completed the race in 2012 with partner Sebastien di Pasqua and then again in 2013 , and started but did not finish the race in 2014 . In October 2013 it was announced that Prost would join forces with Jean @-@ Paul Driot 's DAMS racing team to form e.dams , a team which would compete in the FIA Formula E Championship for electric racing cars from its commencement in September 2014 . In June 2014 the team announced that its initial driver line @-@ up would consist of Nicolas Prost and Sébastien Buemi . The team went on to win the inaugural Formula E teams championship . = = Racing record = = = = = Complete Formula One World Championship results = = = ( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position , races in italics indicate fastest lap ) ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75 % of laps completed , half points awarded . = = = Formula One non @-@ championship results = = = ( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ) ( Races in italics indicate fastest lap )
= Pony Express = The Pony Express was a mail service delivering messages , newspapers , mail , and small packages from St. Joseph , Missouri , across the Great Plains , over the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada to Sacramento , California , by horseback , using a series of relay stations . Officially operating as the Leavenworth and Pike 's Peak Express Company of 1859 , in 1860 it became the Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company ; this firm was founded by William H. Russell , Alexander Majors , and William B. Waddell , all of whom were notable in the freighting business . During its 19 months of operation , it reduced the time for messages to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts to about 10 days . From April 3 , 1860 to October 1861 , it became the West 's most direct means of east – west communication before the telegraph was established and was vital for tying the new state of California with the rest of the United States . = = Inception and founding = = The idea of a fast mail route to the Pacific coast was prompted largely by California 's newfound prominence and its rapidly growing population . After gold was discovered there in 1848 , thousands of prospectors , investors and businessmen made their way to California , at that time a new territory of the U.S. By 1850 , California entered the Union as a free state . By 1860 , the population had grown to 380 @,@ 000 . The demand for a faster way to get mail and other communications to and from this westernmost state became even greater as the American Civil War approached . In the late 1850s , William Russell , Alexander Majors , and William Waddell were the three founders of the Pony Express . They were already in the freighting and drayage business . At the peak of the operations , they employed 6 @,@ 000 men , owned 75 @,@ 000 oxen , thousands of wagons and warehouses plus a sawmill , a meatpacking plant , a bank and an insurance company . Russell was a prominent businessman , well respected among his peers and the community . Waddell was co @-@ owner of the firm Morehead , Waddell & Co . After Morehead was bought out and retired , Waddell merged his company with Russell 's , changing the name to Waddell & Russell . In 1855 they took on a new partner , Alexander Majors , and founded the company of Russell , Majors & Waddell . They held government contracts for delivering army supplies to the western frontier , and Russell had a similar idea for contracts with the U.S. Government for fast mail delivery . By utilizing a short route and using mounted riders rather than traditional stagecoaches , they proposed to establish a fast mail service between St. Joseph , Missouri , and Sacramento , California , with letters delivered in 10 days , a duration many said was impossible . The initial price was set at $ 5 per 1 ⁄ 2 ounce ( 14 g ) , then $ 2 @.@ 50 , and by July 1861 to $ 1 . The founders of the Pony Express hoped to win an exclusive government mail contract , but that did not come about . Russell , Majors , and Waddell organized and put together the Pony Express in two months in the winter of 1860 . The undertaking assembled 120 riders , 184 stations , 400 horses , and several hundred personnel during January and February 1861 . Alexander Majors was a religious man and resolved " by the help of God " to overcome all difficulties . He presented each rider with a special edition Bible and required this oath , which they were also required to sign . " I , ... , do hereby swear , before the Great and Living God , that during my engagement , and while I am an employee of Russell , Majors , and Waddell , I will , under no circumstances , use profane language , that I will drink no intoxicating liquors , that I will not quarrel or fight with any other employee of the firm , and that in every respect I will conduct myself honestly , be faithful to my duties , and so direct all my acts as to win the confidence of my employers , so help me God . " The Pony Express demonstrated that a unified transcontinental system of communications could be established and operated year round . When replaced by the telegraph , the Pony Express quickly became romanticized and became part of the lore of the American West . Its reliance on the ability and endurance of individual young , hardy riders and fast horses was seen as evidence of rugged American individualism of the Frontier times . From 1866 until 1889 , the Pony Express logo was used by stagecoach and freight company Wells Fargo , which provided secure mail service . The United States Postal Service ( USPS ) used " Pony Express " as a trademark for postal services in the US . Freight Link international courier services , based in Russia , adopted the Pony Express trademark and a logo similar to that of the USPS . = = Operation = = In 1860 , there were about 157 Pony Express stations that were about 10 miles ( 16 km ) apart along the Pony Express route . This was roughly the distance a horse could travel at a gallop before tiring . At each station stop the express rider would change to a fresh horse , taking only the mail pouch called a mochila ( from the Spanish for pouch or backpack ) with him . The employers stressed the importance of the pouch . They often said that , if it came to be , the horse and rider should perish before the mochila did . The mochila was thrown over the saddle and held in place by the weight of the rider sitting on it . Each corner had a cantina , or pocket . Bundles of mail were placed in these cantinas , which were padlocked for safety . The mochila could hold 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) of mail along with the 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) of material carried on the horse . Included in that 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) were a water sack , a Bible , a horn for alerting the relay station master to prepare the next horse , and a revolver . Eventually , everything except one revolver and a water sack was removed , allowing for a total of 165 pounds ( 75 kg ) on the horse 's back . Riders , who could not weigh over 125 pounds ( 57 kg ) , changed about every 75 – 100 miles ( 120 – 160 km ) , and rode day and night . In emergencies , a given rider might ride two stages back to back , over 20 hours on a quickly moving horse . It is unknown if riders tried crossing the Sierra Nevada in winter , but they certainly crossed central Nevada . By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City , Nevada . The riders received $ 100 a month as pay . A comparable wage for unskilled labor at the time was about $ 0 @.@ 43 – $ 1 per day . Alexander Majors , one of the founders of the Pony Express , had acquired more than 400 horses for the project . He selected horses from around the west , paying an average of $ 200 . These averaged about 14 1 ⁄ 2 hands ( 4 feet 10 inches or 1 @.@ 47 meters ) high and averaged 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) each ; thus , the name pony was appropriate , even if not strictly correct in all cases . = = Pony Express route = = The approximately 1 @,@ 900 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 3 @,@ 100 km ) route roughly followed the Oregon and California Trails to Fort Bridger in Wyoming , and then the Mormon Trail ( known as the Hastings Cutoff ) to Salt Lake City , Utah . From there it followed the Central Nevada Route to Carson City , Nevada before passing over the Sierra into Sacramento , California . The route started at St. Joseph , Missouri on the Missouri River , it then followed what is modern @-@ day U.S. Highway 36 ( US 36 the Pony Express Highway ) to Marysville , Kansas , where it turned northwest following Little Blue River to Fort Kearny in Nebraska . Through Nebraska it followed the Great Platte River Road , cutting through Gothenburg , Nebraska , clipping the edge of Colorado at Julesburg , Colorado , and passing Courthouse Rock , Chimney Rock , and Scotts Bluff , before arriving at Fort Laramie in Wyoming . From there it followed the Sweetwater River , passing Independence Rock , Devil 's Gate , and Split Rock , to Fort Caspar , through South Pass to Fort Bridger and then down to Salt Lake City . From Salt Lake City it generally followed the Central Nevada Route blazed by Captain James H. Simpson of the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1859 . This route roughly follows today 's US 50 across Nevada and Utah . It crossed the Great Basin , the Utah @-@ Nevada Desert , and the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe before arriving in Sacramento . Mail was then sent via steamer down the Sacramento River to San Francisco . On a few instances when the steamer was missed , riders took the mail via horseback to Oakland , California . = = = Stations = = = There were 184 stations along the long and arduous route used by the Pony Express . The stations and station keepers were essential to the successful , timely and smooth operation of the Pony Express mail system . The stations were often fashioned out of existing structures , several of them located in military forts , while others were built anew in remote areas where living conditions were very basic . The route was divided up into five divisions . To maintain the rigid schedule , 157 relay stations were located from 5 to 25 miles ( 8 to 40 km ) apart as the terrain would allow for . At each swing station , riders would exchange their tired mounts for fresh ones , while " home stations " provided room and board for the riders between runs . This technique allowed the mail to be whisked across the continent in record time . Each rider rode about 75 miles ( 120 km ) per day . = = First journeys = = = = = Westbound = = = The first Westbound Pony Express trip left St. Joseph on April 3 , 1860 and arrived ten days later in San Francisco , California , on April 14 . These letters were sent under cover from the East to St. Joseph , and never directly entered the U.S. mail system . Today there is only a single letter known to exist from the inaugural westbound trip from St. Joseph , Missouri to San Francisco , California . The mailing depicted below is on a pre @-@ stamped ( embossed ) envelope , first issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1855 , used five years later here . The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington , DC , missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal , Missouri , two hours late . The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called Missouri with a one @-@ car train to make the 206 @-@ mile ( 332 km ) trek across the state in a record 4 hours 51 minutes , an average of 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street , a few blocks from the company 's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street and the company 's nearby stables on Penn Street . The first pouch contained 49 letters , five private telegrams , and some papers for San Francisco and intermediate points . St. Joseph Mayor M. Jeff Thompson , William H. Russell , and Alexander Majors gave speeches before the mochila was handed off . The ride began at about 7 : 15 p.m. The St. Joseph Gazette was the only newspaper included in the bag . The identity of the first rider has long been in dispute . The St. Joseph Weekly West ( April 4 , 1860 ) reported Johnson William Richardson was the first rider . Johnny Fry is credited in some sources as the rider . Nonetheless , the first westbound rider carried the pouch across the Missouri River ferry to Elwood , Kansas . The first horse @-@ ridden leg of the Express was only about 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 800 m ) from the Express stables / railroad area to the Missouri River ferry at the foot of Jules Street . Reports indicated that horse and rider crossed the river . In later rides , the courier crossed the river without a horse and picked up his mount at a stable on the other side . The first westbound mochila reached its destination , San Francisco , on April 14 , at 1 : 00 a.m. = = = Eastbound = = = The first eastbound Pony Express trip left San Francisco , California , on April 3 , 1860 and arrived at its destination ten days later in St. Joseph , Missouri . From St. Joseph , letters were placed in the U.S. mails for delivery to eastern destinations . There are only two letters known to exist from the inaugural eastbound trip from San Francisco to St. Joseph . = = Mail = = As the Pony Express Mail service existed only briefly in 1860 and 1861 there are consequently very few surviving examples of Pony Express mail . Also , contributing to the scarcity of surviving Pony Express mail is that the cost to send a 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ ounce ( 14 g ) letter was $ 5 @.@ 00 at the beginning , ( about $ 130 @.@ 00 to today 's standards ) . By the end period of the Pony Express , the price had dropped to $ 1 @.@ 00 per 1 ⁄ 2 ounce but even that was considered expensive ( equivalent to $ 26 in 2015 ) just to mail one letter . As this mail service was also a frontier enterprise , removed from the general population in the east , along with the largely unaffordable rates , there are consequently few pieces of surviving Pony Express mail in the hands of collectors and museums . There are only 250 known examples of Pony Express mail . = = = Postmarks = = = Various postmarks were added to mail to be carried by the Pony Express at the point of departure . = = Fastest mail service = = William Russell , senior partner of ' Russell , Majors , and Waddell ' and one of the biggest investors in the Pony Express , used the 1860 presidential election as a way to promote the Pony Express and how fast it could deliver the U.S. Mail . Prior to the election , Russell hired extra riders to ensure that fresh riders and relay horses were available along the route . On November 7 , 1860 , a Pony Express rider departed Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory ( the end of the eastern telegraph line ) with the election results . Riders sped along the route , over snow @-@ covered trails and into Fort Churchill , Nevada Territory ( the end of the western telegraph line ) . California 's newspapers received word of Lincoln 's election only seven days and 17 hours after the East Coast papers , an unrivaled feat at the time . = = Attacks = = The Paiute War was a minor series of raids and ambushes initiated by the Paiute Indian tribe in Nevada , which resulted in the disruption of mail services of the Pony Express . It took place from May through June 1860 , though sporadic violence continued for a period afterward . In the brief history that the Pony Express operated only once did the mail not go through . After completing eight weekly trips from both Sacramento and Saint Joseph , the Pony Express was forced to suspend mail services because of the outbreak of the Paiute Indian War in May 1860 . Approximately 6 @,@ 000 Paiutes in Nevada had suffered during a winter of fierce blizzards that year . By spring , the whole tribe was ready to embark on a war , except for the Paiute chief named Numaga . For three days Numaga fasted and argued for peace . Meanwhile , a raiding party attacked Williams Station , a Pony Express station located on the Carson River near present @-@ day Lake Lahontan . One account says the raid was a deliberate attempt to provoke war . Another says the raiders had heard that men at the station had kidnapped two Paiute women , and fighting broke out when they went to investigate and free the women . Either way , the war party killed five men and the station was burned . During the following weeks , other isolated incidents occurred when whites in Paiute country were ambushed and killed . The Pony Express was a special target . Seven other express stations were also attacked ; some 16 employees were killed and approximately 150 express horses were either stolen or driven off . The Paiute war cost the Pony Express company about $ 75 @,@ 000 in livestock and station equipment , not to mention the loss of life . In June of that year , the Paiute uprising had been ended through the intervention of U.S. government troops , after which four delayed mail shipments from the East were finally brought to San Francisco on June 25 , 1860 . During this brief war , one Pony Express mailing , which left San Francisco on July 21 , 1860 , did not immediately reach its destination . That mail pouch ( mochila ) did not reach St. Joseph and subsequently New York until almost two years later . = = Famous riders = = In 1860 , riding for the Pony Express was difficult work — riders had to be tough and lightweight . A famous advertisement allegedly read : Wanted : Young , skinny , wiry fellows not over eighteen . Must be expert riders , willing to risk death daily . Orphans preferred The Pony Express had an estimated 80 riders who were traveling east or west along various points of the route at any given time . In addition , there were also about 400 other employees , including station keepers , stock tenders and route superintendents . Many young men applied for jobs with the Pony Express , all eager to face the dangers and the challenges that sometimes lay along the delivery route . Waddell and Majors could have easily hired them at a much lesser rate , but instead paid them a handsome sum for that time of one hundred dollars a month . Famous American author Mark Twain , who saw the Pony Express in action first hand , described the riders in his travel memoir Roughing It as : " ... usually a little bit of a man " . Though the riders were small , lightweight , generally teenage boys , their untarnished record proved them to be heroes of the American West for the much needed and dangerous service they provided for the nation . Establishing a complete list of riders is virtually impossible . There was no official list of riders kept by the express company and the scarcity of newspapers along the route contributed to the absence of this information . When the American Civil War broke out in 1861 , the Pony Express was forgotten about almost entirely , and consequently there was not much interest in pursuing and searching out this information for many years following , by which time much of it had simply vanished in the course of everyday affairs . A partial list of riders has been compiled in Raymond and Nancy Settle 's 1972 book Saddles & Spurs . = = = First riders = = = The identity of the first westbound rider to depart St. Joseph has been disputed , but currently most historians have narrowed it down to either Johnny Fry or Billy Richardson . Both Expressmen were hired at St. Joseph for A. E. Lewis ' Division which ran from St. Joseph to Seneca , Kansas , a distance of 80 miles ( 130 km ) . They covered at an average speed of 12 1 ⁄ 2 miles per hour ( 20 km / h ) , including all stops . Before the mail pouch was delivered to the first rider on April 3 , 1860 , time was taken out for ceremonies and several speeches . First , Mayor M. Jeff Thompson gave a brief speech on the significance of the event for St. Joseph . Then William H. Russell and Alexander Majors addressed the gala crowd about how the Pony Express was just a " precursor " to the construction of a transcontinental railroad . At the conclusion of all the speeches , approximately 7 : 15 p.m. , Russell turned the mail pouch over to the first rider . A cannon fired , the large assembled crowd cheered , and the rider dashed to the landing at the foot of Jules Street where the ferry boat Denver , under a full head of steam , alerted by the signal cannon , waited to carry the horse and rider across the Missouri River to Elwood , Kansas Territory . On April 9 at 6 : 45 p.m. , the first rider from the east reached Salt Lake City , Utah . Then , on April 12 , the mail pouch reached Carson City , Nevada at 2 : 30 p.m. The riders raced over the Sierra Nevada Mountains , through Placerville , California and on to Sacramento . Around midnight on April 14 , 1860 , the first mail pouch was delivered via the Pony Express to San Francisco . Bringing with it was a letter of congratulations from President Buchanan to California Governor Downey along with other official government communications , newspapers from New York , Chicago , and St. Louis , along with other important mail to banks and commercial houses in San Francisco . In all , 85 pieces of mail were delivered on this first trip . James Randall is credited as the first eastbound rider from the San Francisco Alta telegraph office since he was on the steamship Antelope to go to Sacramento . Mail for the Pony Express left San Francisco at 4 : 00 pm , carried by horse and rider to the waterfront , and then on by steamboat to Sacramento where it was picked up by the Pony Express rider . At 2 : 45 a.m. , William ( Sam ) Hamilton was the first Pony Express rider to begin the journey from Sacramento . He rode all the way to Sportsman Hall Station where he gave his mochila filled with mail to Warren Upson . A California Registered Historical Landmark plaque at the site reads : This was the site of Sportsman 's Hall , also known as the Twelve @-@ Mile House . The hotel operated in the late 1850 's and 1860 's by John and James Blair . A stopping place for stages and teams of the Comstock , it became a relay station of the central overland Pony Express . Here , at 7 : 40 a.m. , April 4 , 1860 , Pony rider William ( Sam ) Hamilton , riding in from Placerville , handed the Express mail to Warren Upson who , two minutes later , sped on his way eastward . = = = William Cody = = = Probably more than any other rider in the Pony Express , William Cody ( better known as Buffalo Bill ) epitomizes the legend and the folklore , be it fact or fiction , of the Pony Express . Numerous stories have been told of young Cody 's adventures as a Pony Express rider . At the age of 15 Cody was on his way west to California when he met Pony Express agents along the way and signed on with the company . Cody helped in the construction of several way @-@ stations . Thereafter , he was employed as a rider and was given a short 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) delivery run from the township of Julesburg which lay to the west . After some months he was transferred to Slade 's Division in Wyoming where he made the longest non @-@ stop ride from Red Buttes Station to Rocky Ridge Station and back when he found that his relief rider had been killed . The distance of 322 miles ( 518 km ) over one of the most dangerous sections of the entire trail was completed in 21 hours and 40 minutes , and 21 horses were required to complete this section . Cody was present for many significant chapters in early western history , including the gold rush , the building of the railroads and cattle herding on the Great Plains . A career as a scout for the Army under General Phillip Sheridan following the Civil War earned him his nickname and established his notoriety as a frontiersman . = = = Robert Haslam = = = Robert Haslam ( Pony Bob ) was among the most brave , resourceful , and best @-@ known riders of the Pony Express . He was born January 1840 in London , England , and came to the United States as a teenager . Haslam was hired by Bolivar Roberts , helped build the stations , and was given the mail run from Friday 's Station at Lake Tahoe to Buckland 's Station near Fort Churchill , 75 miles ( 121 km ) to the east . His greatest ride , 120 miles ( 190 km ) in 8 hours and 20 minutes while wounded , was an important contribution to the fastest trip ever made by the Pony Express . The mail carried Lincoln 's inaugural address . Indian problems in 1860 led to Pony Bob Haslam 's record @-@ breaking ride . He had received the eastbound mail ( probably the May 10 mail from San Francisco ) at Friday 's Station . When he reached Buckland 's Station his relief rider was so badly frightened over the Indian threat that he refused to take the mail . Haslam agreed to take the mail all the way to Smith 's Creek for a total distance of 190 miles ( 310 km ) without a rest . After a rest of nine hours , he retraced his route with the westbound mail where , at Cold Springs , he found that Indians had raided the place , killing the station keeper and running off all of the stock . On the ride he was shot through the jaw with an Indian arrow , losing three teeth . Finally , he reached Buckland 's Station , making the 380 @-@ mile ( 610 km ) round trip the longest on record . Pony Bob continued to work as a rider for Wells Fargo and Company after the Civil War , scouted for the U.S. Army well into his fifties , and later accompanied his good friend Buffalo Bill Cody on a diplomatic mission to negotiate the surrender of Chief Sitting Bull in December 1890 . He drifted in and out of public mention but eventually died in Chicago during the winter of 1912 ( age 72 ) in deep poverty after suffering a stroke . Buffalo Bill paid for his friend 's headstone at Mount Greewood Cemetery ( 111 Street and Sacramento ) on Chicago 's far south side . = = = Jack Keetley = = = Jack Keetley was hired by A. E. Lewis for his Division at the age of nineteen , and put on the run from Marysville to Big Sandy . He was one of those who rode for the Pony Express during the entire nineteen months of its existence . Jack Keetley 's longest ride , upon which he doubled back for another rider , ended at Seneca where he was taken from the saddle sound asleep . He had ridden 340 miles ( 550 km ) in thirty @-@ one hours without stopping to rest or eat . After the Pony Express was disbanded , Keetley went to Salt Lake City where he engaged in mining . He died there on October 12 , 1912 where he was also buried . In 1907 , Keetley wrote the following letter ( excerpt ) : Alex Carlyle was the first man to ride the Pony Express out of St. Joe . He was a nephew of the superintendent of the stage line to Denver , called the " Pike 's Peak Express . " The superintendent 's name was Ben Ficklin . Carlyle was a consumptive , and could not stand the hardships , and retired after about two months trial , and died within about six months after retiring . John Frye was the second rider , and I was the third , and Gus Cliff was the fourth . I made the longest ride without a stop , only to change horses . It was said to be 300 miles and was done a few minutes inside of twenty @-@ four hours . I do not vouch for the distance being correct , as I only have it from the division superintendent , A.E. Lewis , who said that the distance given was taken by his English roadometer which was attached to the front wheel of his buggy which he used to travel over his division with , and which was from St. Joe to Fort Kearney . = = = Billy Tate = = = Billy Tate was a 14 @-@ year @-@ old Pony Express rider who rode the express trail in Nevada near Ruby Valley . During the Paiute uprising of 1860 he was chased by a band of Paiute Indians on horseback and was forced to retreat into the hills behind some rocks where he killed seven of his assailants in a shoot @-@ out before being killed himself . His body was found riddled with arrows but was not scalped , a sign that the Paiutes honored their enemy . = = Horses = = An estimated 400 horses in total were used by the Pony Express to deliver the mail . Horses were selected for swiftness and endurance . On the east end of Pony Express route the horses were usually selected from U.S. Cavalry units . At the west end of the Pony Express route in California , W.W. Finney purchased 100 head of short coupled stock called " California Horses " ' while A.B. Miller purchased another 200 native ponies in and around the Great Salt Lake Valley . The horses were ridden quickly between stations , an average distance of 15 miles ( 24 km ) , and then were relieved and a fresh horse would be exchanged for the one that just arrived from its strenuous run . During his route of 80 to 100 miles ( 130 to 160 km ) , a Pony Express rider would change horses 8 to 10 times . The horses were ridden at a fast trot , canter or gallop , around 10 to 15 miles per hour ( 16 to 24 km / h ) and at times they were driven to full gallop at speeds up to 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) . Horses of the Pony Express were purchased in Missouri , Iowa , California , and some western U.S. territories . The various types of horse ridden by riders of the Pony Express included Morgans and thoroughbreds which were often used on the eastern end of the trail . Mustangs were often used on the western ( more rugged ) end of the mail route . = = Saddle = = In 1844 , years before the Pony Express came to St. Joseph , Israel Landis opened a small saddle and harness shop there . His business expanded as the town grew , and when the Pony Express came to town Landis was the ideal candidate to produce saddles for the newly founded Pony Express . Because Pony Express riders rode their horses at a quick pace over a distance of 10 miles ( 16 km ) or more between stations , every consideration was made to reduce the overall weight the horse had to carry . To help reduce this load , special lightweight saddles were designed and crafted . Using less leather and fewer metallic and wood components they fashioned a saddle that was similar in design to the regular stock saddle generally in use in the West at that time . The mail pouch was a separate component to the saddle that made the Pony Express unique . Standard mail pouches for horses were never employed because of their size and shape , as it was time consuming detaching and attaching it from one saddle to the other , causing undue delay in changing mounts . With many stops to make , the delayed time at each station would accumulate to appreciable proportions . To get around this difficulty , a mochila , or covering of leather , was thrown over the saddle . The saddle horn and cantle projected through holes which were specially cut to size in the mochila . Attached to the broad leather skirt of the mochila were four cantinas , or box @-@ shaped hard leather compartments , where letters were carried on the journey . = = Closing = = During its brief time in operation , the Pony Express delivered approximately 35 @,@ 000 letters between St. Joseph , Missouri , and Sacramento , California . Although the Pony Express proved that the central / northern mail route was viable , Russell , Majors and Waddell did not get the contract to deliver mail over the route . The contract was instead awarded to Jeremy Dehut in March 1861 , who had taken over the southern Congressionally favored Butterfield Overland Mail Stage Line . The so @-@ called ' Stagecoach King ' , Ben Holladay , acquired the Russell , Majors and Waddell stations for his stagecoaches . Shortly after the contract was awarded , the start of the American Civil War caused the stage line to cease operation . From March 1861 , the Pony Express ran mail only between Salt Lake City and Sacramento . The Pony Express announced its closure on October 26 , 1861 , two days after the transcontinental telegraph reached Salt Lake City and connected Omaha , Nebraska , and Sacramento , California . Other telegraph lines connected points along the line and other cities on the east and west coasts . The Pony Express grossed $ 90 @,@ 000 and lost $ 200 @,@ 000 . In 1866 , after the Civil War was over , Holladay sold the Pony Express assets along with the remnants of the Butterfield Stage to Wells Fargo for $ 1 @.@ 5 million . = = Commemorations = = In 1869 the United States Post Office issued the first U.S. Postage stamp to depict an actual historic event , and the subject that was chosen was the Pony Express . Until then only the faces of George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson were found on the face of U.S. Postage . Sometimes mistaken for an actual stamp used by the Pony Express , the ' Pony Express Stamp ' issue was released in 1869 ( 8 years after the Pony Express service had ended ) to honor the men who rode the long and sometimes dangerous journeys and to commemorate the service they provided for the nation . In 1940 and 1960 commemorative stamps were issued for the 80th and 100th anniversaries of the Pony Express respectively . National Pony Express Association ( NPEA ) is a non @-@ profit , volunteer @-@ led historical organization . Its purpose is to preserve the original Pony Express trail and to continue the memory and importance of Pony Express in American history in partnership with the National Park Service , Pony Express Trail Association , and the Oregon @-@ California Trails Association . April 3 , 2010 was the Pony Express ' 150th anniversary . Located in St. Joseph , Missouri , the Patee House Museum , which was the Pony Express ' headquarters , hosted events celebrating the anniversary . = = = Historical research = = = The foundation of accountable Pony Express history rests in the few tangible areas where records , papers , letters and mailings have yielded the most historical evidence . Until the 1950s most of what was known about the short @-@ lived Pony Express was the product of a few accounts , hearsay and folklore , generally true in their overall aspects , but lacking in verification in many areas for those who wanted to explore the history surrounding the founders , the various riders and station keepers or who were interested in stations or Forts along the Pony Express route . The most complete books on the Pony Express are The Story of the Pony Express and Saddles and Spurs by Raymond & Mary Settle and Roy Bloss . Settle 's account is unique as he was the first writer and historical researcher to make use of Pony Express founder William B. Waddell 's papers , now in a collection at the Huntington Library in San Marino , California . Mr. Settle wrote in the mid @-@ 1950s . Mr. Bloss was a writer for the Pony Express Centennial . While Settle 's work was published generally without his annotations and notes , the writer 's background here is unique and Settle does have an excellent bibliography . When Settle prepared to publish his well @-@ researched account he had a good volume of footnotes , citations prepared , but the editors chose not to use most of them . Instead , they opted for a less expensive approach to print and publish and released an accurate , but simplified account . Settle was not pleased with this new and sudden development , as he put much time and effort into the annotations . Yet , the account Settle wrote was and is a definitive one and is considered the best account on the history of the Pony Express amongst many historians . = = Legacy = = Wells Fargo used the Pony Express logo for its guard and armored car service . The logo continued to be used when other companies took over the security business into the 1990s . From 2001 , the Pony Express logo is no longer used for security businesses since the business has been sold . The United States Postal Service has trademarked " Pony Express " along with " Air Mail " . The Pony Express route has been designated the Pony Express National Historic Trail . Approximately 120 historic sites along the trail may eventually be open to the public , including 50 stations or station ruins . = = In popular culture = = The continued remembrance and popularity of the Pony Express can be linked to Buffalo Bill Cody , his autobiographies , and his Wild West Show . The first book dedicated solely to the Pony Express was not published until 1900 . However , in his first autobiography , published in 1879 , Cody claims to have been an Express rider . While this claim has recently come under dispute , his show became the " primary keeper of the pony legend " when it premiered as a scene in the Wild West Show . = = = Film = = = The Pony Express ( 1925 ) Frontier Pony Express ( 1939 ) Pony Post ( 1940 ) Plainsman and the Lady ( 1946 ) Pony Express ( 1953 ) Last of the Pony Riders ( 1953 ) The Pony Express Rider ( 1976 ) Days of the Pony Express ( 2008 ) Spirit of the Pony Express ( 2012 ) = = = Television = = = The Range Rider ( 1951 – 1953 ) season 1 episode " The Last of the Pony Express " Pony Express ( 1959 – 1960 ) Bonanza ( 1959 – 1973 ) season 7 two @-@ part episode " Ride the Wind " The Young Riders ( 1989 – 1992 ) Into the West ( 2005 ) = = Gallery = =
= Tea & Sympathy ( Bernard Fanning album ) = Tea & Sympathy is the debut solo album by Australian musician Bernard Fanning . It was released on 31 October 2005 by Dew Process records while Powderfinger — Fanning 's main band — were on hiatus . Contrary to Powderfinger 's usual alternative style , the album blends alternative and country @-@ folk music . Most of the record was written after the cancer related death of his brother in 2002 . His brother 's death coincided with the end of Fanning 's twelve @-@ year relationship with his partner and both events were instrumental in his move away from his typically political and socially lyrical subject matter . Fanning recorded four songs at his home studio in Brisbane and the rest at Real World Studios near Bath , England . Fanning worked with producer Tchad Blake in both sessions . To support the album 's release Fanning toured Australia twice and performed across North America and the UK . " Tea & Sympathy " topped the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) albums chart and won three awards at the 2006 ARIA Awards , as well as an APRA Award and a J Award . = = Background and production = = After the 2004 release of Fingerprints : The Best of Powderfinger , 1994 @-@ 2000 , Powderfinger took a hiatus , and several members played in the side projects Drag and The Predators . Fanning decided to work independently and acted on direction he felt unable to explore as a member of Powderfinger . Some of his inspiration was derived from a will to see if he was capable of recording a solo album , considering what he viewed as his limited guitar playing abilities ; compared to bandmates Darren Middleton and Ian Haug . The distance from the band , coupled with the more relaxed writing process for Tea & Sympathy helped Fanning to unwind from the stress leftover from 10 years working recording and touring with Powderfinger . Fanning wanted to create a politically oriented album with which he could attack then Prime Minister of Australia John Howard , following Howard 's 2004 election victory over Mark Latham . However , the death of Fanning 's brother from cancer in 2002 , coupled with the end of a twelve @-@ year relationship saw him steer the album in a different direction . Fanning explained that after going through " a pretty weird time in the past twelve months " , he did not intend to talk about his experiences , but to express them through music . The motivation for some songs came from the 2005 Big Day Out ; disappointment with the antisocial nature of the event and the heavy metal music played spurred him to " make music that was the opposite of that " . Fanning worked with producer Tchad Blake and was funded by record label Dew Process . Sessions for the album began in February 2005 when Fanning and several other musicians recorded tracks at Blake 's Brisbane studio . Four of these — " Not Finished Just Yet " , " Believe " , " Wash Me Clean " , and " Hope & Validation " — appeared on the album after being mixed by Blake . The other tracks were recorded and mixed at Real World Studios near Bath , England . In Bath , Fanning worked with musicians including Jerry Marotta , Keith Duffy , and John Bedggood . While writing Fanning listened to music of guitarists Lightning Hopkins , Tom Petty , and singer @-@ songwriter Gillian Welch , who all influenced his work . " I 'd love to play guitar like that , but I simply don 't have the skill to do it " , said Fanning of Hopkins ' work . The album 's title comes from a saying which Fanning explained to The Age as " you offer someone tea and sympathy , you sit down with them , have a cup of tea and you just talk . " He noted that there is a credit on an album by The Rolling Stones for the provision of " tea and sympathy " . The album cover photography and album inlay photography is by Ami Barwell = = Touring and promotion = = Fanning toured much of Australia to support Tea & Sympathy . Prior to the launch of two major tours , Fanning held a number of low @-@ key album launch shows . These drew praise from critics — Time Off 's Ben Preece reported , " The chemistry between the Powderfinger frontman and his band ( nicknamed The Gap Jazz School Choir ) is excellent and their constant in @-@ between song banter is hilarious . Then , of course , there ’ s the music . " He commended the multiple genre changes during the 90 @-@ minute performance , as well as Fanning 's vocal showcase . The Which Way Home ? tour , named after the album 's sixth track , was announced on 2 December 2005 , and lasted from through February to March 2006 . Fanning performed in Sydney , Canberra , Adelaide , Melbourne , Hobart , Perth and Brisbane . He was joined on tour by Perth band The Panics and Brisbane singer Andrew Morris . On 11 August , Fanning announced that tours across the United States and Canada would follow the album 's 8 August North American release . An 11 September UK release was also announced with Dew Process revealing that numerous London shows had already been sold out . Performances in London attracted much expatriate support ; Fanning joked , " I think I have about 14 English fans " . The performances were received positively ; musicOMH 's Barnaby Smith rated his 4 September showing at London 's Arts Theatre four stars , commenting on Powderfinger @-@ esque " loud , anthemic , guitar @-@ driven rock in a ' 70s vein " , and praising Fanning 's utilisation of the piano and guitar as part of his performance , as well as his dedicating the song " Give It All Up " to the recently deceased Steve Irwin . = = Album and single releases = = Tea & Sympathy was released in Australia on 31 October 2005 , in North America on 11 August 2006 , and in the United Kingdom on 18 September 2006 . The album peaked at number one on Australia 's ARIA Albums Chart and number 11 on New Zealand 's RIANZ Albums Chart . The Australian Record Industry Association has since certified Tea & Sympathy platinum five times over for sales in excess of 350 @,@ 000 units . " Wish You Well " was the first single released from the album . Although it did not chart in Australia , it peaked at number 24 in New Zealand , and topped the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 . The inspiration for the song came to Fanning when he woke one morning , " and ' Wish You Well ' just arrived in a splurge . There were swallows flying around . I was in an unusually positive frame of mind . " musicOMH 's Barnaby Smith described " Wish You Well " as reminiscent of Daryl Braithwaite and a " basic song with [ a ] catchy chorus you might sing round a campfire " . The online release " Songbird " was the album 's second single . The song was broadly popular , and contributed to Fanning 's winning " Songwriter of the Year " at the 2006 APRA Awards . " Songbird " won " Most Performed Blues and Roots Work " at the 2007 ceremony and was nominated for " Most Performed Australian Work " . The single did not appear on the ARIA Singles Chart , but peaked at number 11 on the Australian national airplay charts . It also reached number 14 on the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 . " Watch Over Me " was released as the final single on 24 June 2006 . All proceeds from the single were passed on to Australian charity Youngcare . Fanning also toured with Kasey Chambers , again giving proceeds to the charity . Fanning said that " the aim of this show and the single release is to raise money for Youngcare but also to raise awareness of the terrible situation that these young people face " , referring to children forced to live in aged facilities . " Watch Over Me " spent eight weeks on the ARIA Singles Chart , where it peaked at number 16 . The song was performed by Fanning , Chambers , and Clare Bowditch at the 2006 ARIA Awards . = = Music and lyrics = = I realised about three songs into writing it how insulting that was to people who write country music ... someone like me trying to make a country record . — Bernard FanningOn why he abandoned his plan to make a purely country record . The country @-@ folk @-@ alternative blend on Tea & Sympathy formed a stark contrast to Powderfinger 's last work , Vulture Street — the band 's heaviest work yet . Initially intended to be a purely country album , Fanning abandoned the prospect shortly into the writing phase because he did not think he was able to make music of the quality he had expected . He thus turned to an amalgamation of country , rock , and folk elements . Fanning considered Powderfinger music to " always [ have ] a song that just kind of grabs you " but doubted his album had similar elements ; instead he focused on an album that as a whole would move the listener . The album is primarily acoustic — " Which Way Home ? " a notable exception — and features fiddles and mandolins for backing music . The album centres on themes of love , in the context of the recent end to Fanning 's relationship . Only three songs on the album exceed four minutes , while four are less than three minutes long ; Fanning was critical of the " convention that a song should go on for 3 [ and a half ] , four minutes " . Opening track " Thrill is Gone " was written by Fanning as a joke about a hypothetical ending in his relation with rock music . The song is reminiscent of 70s country / folk Led Zeppelin , setting the mood for the rest of the album . Numerous songs on the album are influenced by Neil and Tim Finn ; " Believe " , " Sleeping Rough " , " The Strangest Thing " , and " Wish You Well " all have comparisons drawn to the brothers . " Not Finished Just Yet " and " Songbird " , meanwhile , are reminiscent of Neil Young — a long @-@ term Powderfinger influence . " Wish You Well " , " Not Finished Just Yet " , and " Yesterday 's Gone " were noted as examples of " Fanning frankly prodding and probing matters of the heart " by dB . On " Wash Me Clean " , Fanning aimed to imitate Nick Drake ; songs that " you to sleep because they 've got so much air and space in them " . This came as a contrast to the louder , more vocal Powderfinger work he was accustomed to . " Watch Over Me " , released and promoted in support of Australian charity Youngcare , was one of the slowest and most emotional songs on the album — The Age 's Daniel Ziffer described it as " emotionally wrenching " . It was written alongside " Believe " following the 2005 Big Day Out . Sometimes construed as a relationships @-@ based song , " Watch Over Me " was written by Fanning after watching Pope John Paul II 's funeral . " Down To The River " was equally slow in portions , mixed in with sections of " searing , heart @-@ rending pleading " — praised as the best song Fanning had written by musicOMH 's Barnaby Smith . = = Reception = = Tea & Sympathy was awarded " Best Cover Art " and " Album of the Year " at the 2006 ARIA Music Awards ; it was also nominated for " Best Blues & Roots Album " and " Highest Selling Album " . " Wish You Well " won " Best Video " , while " Watch Over Me " was nominated for " Single of the Year " . " Wish You Well " topped the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 , and was the most broadcast song on Australian radio in 2006 . Fanning won " Best Male Artist " for his work on the album , and as part of his acceptance speech challenged fellow Australian musicians to write protest songs — something they had been criticised for a lack of by ARIA Hall of Fame inductee Rob Hirst . Tea & Sympathy was nominated for the inaugural J Award in 2005 , and Fanning won " Songwriter of the Year " at the 2006 APRA Awards . MTV Australia named Tea & Sympathy " Album of the Year " at its 2006 Video Music Awards . Tea & Sympathy 's critical reception was moderate . It was generally seen as being less entertaining than Fanning 's Powderfinger work — The Age said Powderfinger were a " rock band ingrained in the national psyche " like Cold Chisel , but that Tea & Sympathy showed little resemblance to Cold Chisel frontman Jimmy Barnes 's groundbreaking debut album , Bodyswerve . Barnaby Smith of musicOMH said the album was not " a work to suggest [ Fanning 's ] solo career might better Powderfinger " . The BBC 's Jenna Bachelor wrote that the album is " pleasant enough without pulling up any trees " . Despite Fanning 's claims he could not write a country song , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) and BBC drew comparisons to Neil Young and supergroup Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . The ABC said Tea & Sympathy resembled the band 's work , " though without the hippy , drippy lyrics " , while the BBC observed a " harmony porch style sound " highly similar to that of Young . Allmusic wrote that " Fanning 's influences are strictly old school " , noting Manassas ' self @-@ titled album and Elton John 's Tumbleweed Connection as similar . Fanning 's vocals drew praise ; Allmusic 's Andy Whitman said he was a " fine , soulful singer " whose " vocal presence alone merits attention " . Other aspects of the album , though , were seen in a more negative light. musicOMH said songs like " Wash Me Clean " " simply lack a strong enough melody " , while the BBC wrote that Fanning " might have to be happy with ' straight in at 101 , ' in the UK " despite topping the ARIA Albums Chart . The Age concluded its review by calling Tea & Sympathy " a low @-@ key but worthy personal offering " . In October 2010 , Tea & Sympathy ( 2005 ) was listed in the book , 100 Best Australian Albums . = = Track listing = = " Thrill Is Gone " – 3 : 11 " Wish You Well " – 2 : 31 " Not Finished Just Yet " – 3 : 17 " Songbird " – 2 : 36 " Believe " – 3 : 07 " Which Way Home ? " – 3 : 21 " Wash Me Clean " – 2 : 37 " Hope & Validation " – 3 : 09 " Sleeping Rough " – 4 : 34 " The Strangest Thing " – 3 : 14 " Further Down the Road " – 4 : 41 " Down to the River " – 4 : 13 " Yesterday 's Gone " – 2 : 34 " Watch Over Me " – 3 : 31 " Weekend of Mystery " ( iTunes bonus release ) – 3 : 26 = = Personnel = = = = Chart performance = = = = Chart procession and succession = =
= Your Love Is My Drug = " Your Love Is My Drug " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Kesha , taken from her debut studio album , Animal ( 2010 ) . It was released as the album 's third single on May 14 , 2010 . The song was written by Kesha and Pebe Sebert , with Ammo , who co @-@ produced the song with Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco . " Your Love Is My Drug " ' s initial writing took place during a plane ride . Kesha stated the song had a carefree message and was not meant to be taken too seriously . The song 's inspiration came from Kesha and her ex @-@ boyfriend ; it is about their psychotic relationship with their love for one another being compared to a drug . According to Kesha , the song sounds happy but also contains a dark undertone , of an obsession for someone and is about being heartbroken . Prior to the release of Animal , the song charted in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . After being released as a single the song reached the top five in Australia and the United States , as well as reaching the top ten in Canada . It has gone on to sell over three million copies in the US alone . Kesha performed the song alongside " Tik Tok " on the 35th season of Saturday Night Live where she was covered in glow in the dark tribal @-@ like make @-@ up . In the music video , Kesha is portrayed in the desert while being chased around by her love interest . The main idea behind the video is being so in love with someone that you lose your head , comparable to love being a drug . The video features a digital animation sequence which was inspired by The Beatles ' Yellow Submarine . = = Writing and inspiration = = " Your Love Is My Drug " was written by Kesha , alongside her mother Pebe Sebert and Joshua Coleman . The song was produced by Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco and Ammo . In an interview with MTV , Kesha stated the song was " written on an airplane , in like 10 minutes " and that the song had a carefree message ; it is " stupid and fun " and not to be taken too seriously . When asked about the final line of the song ( " I like your beard " ) and where it came from , Kesha explained , " I 've always been into bearded dudes . Hello , I 'm from Nashville , I 'm into hillbillies [ ... ] the redneck look is hot right now , and that 's great for me . I 'm over dudes trying to look like they 're in boy bands . " Kesha later elaborated explaining the song 's inspiration , " It ’ s about me and my ex @-@ boyfriend , and our tumultuous , psychotic relationship . We ’ d act weird , like drug addicts with each other , calling and seeing each other all the time . I was in love at the time , and ( the song ) sounds pretty happy , but it ’ s a little bit of a dark song . You ’ re so obsessed with somebody you start acting like a weirdo . … I write about falling in love , being in love , breaking up because he ’ s a loser , being heartbroken . I not only sing about getting rowdy , but love . " = = Composition = = " Your Love Is My Drug " is a midtempo song drawing from the electropop and dance @-@ pop genres . The song combines heavy Auto @-@ Tune that is layered with a heavy electronic backdrop . Kesha opens the track singing " Maybe I need some rehab / Or maybe just need some sleep / I 've got a sick obsession , I 'm seeing it in my dreams " while she depicts the tale of a teen love obsession . Her vocals throughout the song have been described as a shouty sing @-@ speak style . Sara Anderson of AOL Radio called the song a " bubblegum track " that fuses elements of " ’ 80s glam rock " , with " Kesha 's signature auto @-@ tuned vocals and casual chatty ad @-@ libs " . Kesha ends the song saying " Your love is my drug ... I like your beard , " which was inspired by her ideal man . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes , the song is written in common time with a moderate beat rate of 120 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of F ♯ major and Kesha 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of C ♯ 4 to the note of Eb5 . = = Critical reception = = Fraser McAlpine from BBC complimented the song and Kesha for knowing her way around a strong pop chorus , giving the single four out of five stars . McAlpine noted that " some evidence of range would be welcomed at this point , [ ... ] [ since ] there 's a whole other side to her that you 'd never know if you just listened to the singles " commenting that her persona was the " boozy floozy card " and that the power ballads on her album could have been better for a release . He went on to conclude " even though her ' act ' is to be far too revealing about her dirty habits , she has still managed to create something of a mystique cloud around herself " . Billboard magazine 's Monica Herrera was impressed with the song , calling it " blissful " . She went on to compliment the song for its strong chorus that has the ability to " stick with the listener for days " . Sara Anderson of AOL Radio called the song " a playful take on a teen love obsession " , complimenting " Kesha 's signature auto @-@ tuned vocals and casual chatty ad @-@ libs " . Anderson commented on the chorus of the song calling it " a modern Cyndi Lauper @-@ inspired chorus " . Nate Adams of No Ripcord was positive in his review of the song , calling it " a fun little disco tune " , and wrote that the singer " isn 't reinventing the wheel by any stretch of the imagination , but she has her share of catchy would @-@ be hits . " Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars , commenting that although she sings through the verses in her " usual speak @-@ sing fashion " , the chorus is " joyously irresistible " . He also brands the song a " bubblegum electro stomper " adding that the song distinguishes itself from her previous singles writing that it manages to " put some distance between the singer and the novelty sound of her previous hits , while still being the fun , trashy and frankly quite filthy " . = = Chart performance = = In January 2010 , due to strong digital sales , the song charted in Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom , debuting at numbers 48 , 27 , and 63 respectively . In the United States the song was listed for six weeks before dropping off to re @-@ enter at 91 on the week of April 3 , 2010 . After weeks of steadily ascending the charts the single reached a peak of four where it was listed for two weeks . The charting gave her her third straight top @-@ ten hit in the country . On June 9 , 2010 , " Your Love Is My Drug " reached the number one position on the Billboards Pop Songs chart , making Kesha the fifth female artist since the beginning of 2000 , and the third in the last two years , to earn at least two number ones from a debut album . " Your Love Is My Drug " also peaked at number one on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Songs where it stayed for one week . The song has received 2 × Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units . As of August 2012 , the song has sold 3 @,@ 110 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In Canada , the song spent a total of six weeks on the chart before dropping off to re @-@ enter at 98 . After steadily ascending the charts , the song moved up to reach a peak of six . The single fell the following week to the number seven position where it stayed for two weeks . In the succeeding week the song rose to the number six position where it stayed for an additional three weeks . The song entered at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart , dropping off the chart the following week . The single re @-@ entered the chart on the week of May 16 , 2010 , at 60 . On June 19 , 2010 after four weeks of the single climbing the chart , it reached a new peak of 13 . " Your Love Is My Drug " has spent more weeks in the UK top 20 than its higher charting predecessor " Blah Blah Blah " . In New Zealand the song debuted at number 29 and as of the May 17 , 2010 issue it has gone to 15 . The single entered the ARIA Charts at number 25 . The following week , the single moved up to 17 . As of the June 6 , 2010 edition the song has reached a peak of three . It has since been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units . = = Music video = = The music video for the song was directed by Honey and it was shot on April 6 and April 7 , 2010 , in the Lancaster , California desert . It premiered on Vevo at 12 : 01 a.m. on May 13 , 2010 . Kesha described the concept behind the video in an interview with MTV , stating , " I wanted it to be like a psychedelic trip of the mind , comparable with being so disgustingly in love with someone that you lose your head . " She chose to also incorporate an animal aspect to the video explaining that she was " a huge animal lover " . Kesha elaborated on the experience , " I also ride an elephant — no big deal ! — and , um , I dance around a cave with black @-@ light body paint and a python . I was in a cave , in the desert , and it was really fun . " When asked about the inspiration for the video , she said " This video was inspired by the Beatles ' Yellow Submarine movie , the animation aspect . There 's a little bit of [ that ] in there too " . Her love interest in the clip was portrayed by Marc @-@ Edouard Leon , a member of the directing team Skinny . The video begins with Kesha waking up next to her love interest ; she then proceeds to run away while being chased by the man . Kesha walks through the desert while split scenes of her are shown where she is riding an elephant and wearing a tiger mask while crawling around in the sand . They are later seen on a boat singing and pretending to row while digitally animated water is added . It then cuts to a scene of all animation in which Kesha is portrayed as a mermaid . The mermaid and the man share a kiss ; the video then jumps to a scene on a rocky hillside with Kesha walking around the sand with the man standing above on a rock . The video then cuts to another scene where Kesha is covered in glow in the dark body paint while dancing around in a cave with a python around her neck . The video ends with Kesha and her lover sitting around a campfire while still in the desert . James Montgomery from MTV said that " Your Love Is My Drug " was a " supremely catchy pop tune " and that the video was " the perfectly blissed @-@ out accompaniment . " Montgomery chided the video for " not making much sense " but noted " that hardly matters " as " Kesha has stumbled on a perfect formula for pop success : Don 't think too big , or too much . Sometimes an elephant ride is just an elephant ride " . His conclusion of the video and of Kesha herself was , " It 's a lot harder than you 'd think to make something seem this effortless . Like I said , you can accuse Kesha of many things — but don 't ever say she 's not smart . " = = Live performances = = This song was performed on Saturday Night Live on April 17 , 2010 . During the performance , Kesha was covered in tribal @-@ like make @-@ up and performed in the dark with only black light lighting , making the make @-@ up glow in the dark . On May 29 , 2010 , Kesha performed " Your Love Is My Drug " alongside previous single " Tik Tok " at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan . She also performed the song in a set for BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend . On August 13 , 2010 , Kesha performed " Your Love Is My Drug " on NBC 's Today Show . = = Popular culture = = " Your Love Is My Drug " was featured in one episode of Degrassi : The Next Generation . In Chile , the song was used the promo Chilean TV channel La Red in 2010 Mujeres primero . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting – Kesha Sebert , Pebe Serbert , Joshua Coleman Production – Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Ammo Instruments and programming – Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , Ammo Vocal Editing – Emily Wright Recording – Vanessa Silberman , Megan Dennis , Becky Scott Engineering – Emily Wright , Matt Beckley Source = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Certifications = = = = = Radio date and release history = =
= Pilot ( Fringe ) = The pilot episode of the television series Fringe premiered on the Fox network on September 9 , 2008 . The pilot was written by series creators J.J. Abrams , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci , and directed by Alex Graves . The episode introduces the character Olivia Dunham , portrayed by Anna Torv , an FBI special agent drawn into the world of applied fringe science . John Noble portrays Dr. Walter Bishop , a scientist formerly incarcerated in a mental institution for over seventeen years . Joshua Jackson plays his son , Peter , who is hired by Olivia to assist with Walter 's work . Although the pilot was set in and around Boston , filming occurred in Toronto , Canada . The episode cost $ 10 million to produce , making it one of the most expensive pilots in television history . The pilot was leaked online three months prior to its broadcast on television . There was speculation that it was leaked deliberately to increase interest in the program ; however , this was denied by executive producer Bryan Burk . The episode was generally well received by critics , and was watched by 9 @.@ 13 million American viewers on its premiere . It is noted that the pilot is actually two episodes , running together for 81 minutes and counted as only one ( episode ) by the creators and fans . = = Plot = = A man on an international flight injects himself with an insulin pen , which releases a biological agent that quickly kills everyone aboard by causing their flesh to crystallize . The airplane 's autopilot system lands the plane at Boston 's Logan Airport , where various federal agencies create a task force to investigate what occurred during the flight . F.B.I. Special Agent Olivia Dunham ( Torv ) and her partner , Agent Scott ( Mark Valley ) , are together in bed at a motel , where Scott says that he loves her . Dunham receives a call from her boss Charlie Francis ( Kirk Acevedo ) , who tells her to head to the airport . Dunham is added to the interagency task force headed by Phillip Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) . Following a tip , Dunham and Scott are sent to a storage facility where they uncover a biochemical laboratory , which explodes when detonated by a suspect they are chasing . Scott is affected by the chemicals released in the explosion , and is placed into an artificial coma to slow the progression of the chemical reaction . While investigating a possible cure to Scott 's condition , Dunham blackmails Peter Bishop ( Jackson ) to gain access to his father Dr. Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) , whose top @-@ secret work at Harvard in " fringe science " resulted in him being sent to a mental institution . Dunham manages to release Walter from the institution ; however , he becomes enraged when he discovers his laboratory in Harvard has been shut down . Broyles reopens the laboratory , where Dunham transfers Scott 's body . To identify the man from the storage facility , Walter synchronizes Dunham 's brainwaves with the comatose Scott 's so that she can read his mind . Walter claims that syncing brainwaves , and even reanimating the dead , can be accomplished up to six hours after death . With the help of Dunham 's assistant , federal agent Astrid Farnsworth ( Jasika Nicole ) , the experiment succeeds . Dunham identifies the man in Scott 's memory , Morgan Steig , as a passenger on the plane . The team learns Steig 's twin brother , Richard Steig , was an employee of Massive Dynamic , a company founded by William Bell , Walter 's old lab partner . Dunham goes to Massive Dynamic headquarters and meets with executive director Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) , who agrees to give her all the information on Steig . The suspect is arrested and initially refuses to provide a list of the ingredients present in the toxin , but Peter 's threat of exposing him to the chemicals causes him to reveal the ingredients . The information provides a cure for Scott . The suspect reveals that he did not sell his chemicals , but was forced into what he did by someone from Dunham 's office . The suspect leads Dunham to a buried tape recording of his phone conversations about the chemicals and the attack , where Dunham realizes that Scott was involved with the attack from the beginning . While she races back to the hospital , Scott awakens and kills the suspect . He is chased by Dunham , but crashes his car and is mortally wounded . Before he dies , Scott asks Dunham why Broyles would send her to investigate the storage units in the first place . Dunham convinces the Bishops to stay and help her with her new work , which Broyles describes as a task force to investigate events related to " the pattern " . Elsewhere , Scott 's dead body is brought to a Massive Dynamic high @-@ tech lab , where Sharp orders that Scott be interrogated , since he has only been dead for five hours . = = Production = = Co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams ' inspiration for Fringe came from a range of sources , including the writings of Michael Crichton , the Ken Russell film Altered States , and the television series The X @-@ Files and The Twilight Zone . The specific story for Fringe was developed during long conversations between series creators Abrams , Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . The team was discussing several different options , and the idea behind Fringe appealed to them most because it contained a long @-@ term story and characters ' backstories which were not " evident but alluded to in the pilot " . The team spent a lot of time thinking about the " trifecta of characters " that they needed to have in the series , and why there were uniquely interesting . The creators decided on the idea of a father @-@ son story because it was compelling and accessible , " you don 't necessarily have to know anything about science , because everyone has a parent and everyone has issues with a parent . And I think for us it 's always about coming into it through character " . Orci stated that the series is a combination of a procedural and an " extremely serialized and very culty " series , quoting as examples of each , Law & Order and Lost . The first actors cast in the pilot were Kirk Acevedo and Mark Valley in mid January 2008 . John Noble and Lance Reddick were next to be cast , although it was incorrectly believed that Tomas Arana had been cast in Reddick 's role . This was followed by the casting of Anna Torv , Blair Brown and Jasika Nicole . Abrams said that Torv was cast because she was a combination of " sophistication , great talent , amazing looks and a complexity that is the key to the character being an interesting central character " . Kurtzman felt that she was someone " you want to spend time with " , which was critical to a series about science . Joshua Jackson was the last series regular to be cast . Jackson auditioned for the role of James T. Kirk in Abrams ' Star Trek and believed this is what impressed the producer to cast him in his television project . According to Abrams , Jackson 's casting was " very last minute " . While the pilot was set in and around Boston , production was set in Toronto , Canada . The episode cost $ 10 million to produce , making it one of the most expensive pilots in television history . Following the pilot 's filming , production for the series moved to New York . The producers were forced to hire a new cow for the remainder of the season because they were not allowed to travel the original cow from Canada to New York . Production team members noted that they were prepared to paint new cows if viewers noted the differences in spots . Three months prior to its broadcast , an incomplete version of the pilot was released through BitTorrent clients , fueling speculation that it was leaked deliberately to increase interest in the program . Executive producer Burk denied the claims , saying that " we hate putting anything out there until it 's done , and that 's really the reason why you guys didn 't get any advance copies " . Abrams said that while the production crew " freaked out " about the leak , he was pleased that the " response has been much more positive than not , especially for something that wasn 't completed yet " . The broadcast version of the pilot had new scenes added while other scenes were removed ; Abrams also said that there was " tightening and moving some moments here and there " , and the ending was entirely different . Burk also stated that the composer , Michael Giacchino , had not finished his score at the time of the leak , and the most of the featured music was temp music . A variation of a piece of Giacchino 's music called " Hollywood and Vines " used in the pilot was originally featured on Lost , as it was created for that show , also created by Abrams . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Pilot " was watched by 9 @.@ 13 million American viewers , with ratings improving over the course of the episode . The episode garnered a 3 @.@ 2 / 9 Nielsen ratings in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic , and was the 12th most watched series of the week . The 3 @.@ 2 refers to 3 @.@ 2 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old in the U.S. , and the 9 refers to 9 % of all people of ages 18 – 49 years old watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S. The pilot officially premiered at the 2008 Television Critics Association tour , where it received mixed to positive reviews from critics . = = = Reviews = = = Metacritic gave the episode a Metascore — a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 25 critical reviews — of 67 , signifying generally favorable reviews . Barry Garron of Hollywood Reporter found it promising because " it is reminiscent of better @-@ of @-@ the @-@ sexes charm " . USA Today 's Robert Bianco said , " what Abrams brings to Fringe is a director 's eye for plot and pace , a fan 's love of sci @-@ fi excitement , and a story @-@ teller 's gift for investing absurd events with real emotions and relatable characters . " Travis Fickett of IGN gave the pilot 7 @.@ 6 out of 10 , calling it " a lackluster pilot that promises to be a pretty good series " . Tim Goodman of San Francisco Chronicle remarked that despite " some flaws in it — mostly from a clash of tones — it still overdelivers on creativity , creepiness , fine acting and burgeoning character development " . Chicago Sun @-@ Times ' Misha Davenport called it an " update of The X @-@ Files with the addition of terrorism and the office of Homeland Security . John Doyle of The Globe and Mail called the pilot " splendidly made " . However , Doyle considered the instance of Torv stripping to a bikini " indulgent " , and questioned the wisdom of making " her body an object of scrutiny " in the first episode . Matthew Gilbert of Boston Globe wrote that " after the electrifying start , Fringe unfolds as an uneven , unwieldy piece of work that provides very few chills and thrills " . LA Weekly 's Robert Abele found Fringe is " a smorgasbord of a show , but one a little too synthetically engineered to allow you the chance to discover what it is " . John Leonard of New York was skeptical of the premise and storyline , but found Torv " wonderfully played " her character . Heather Havrilesky of Salon.com felt the plot was too over @-@ the @-@ top , and described Abrams as " the ultimate boyish idiot @-@ savant imaginator ... He can 't exercise a little self @-@ restraint " . The pilot episode was negatively received by the conservative " family values " advocacy group Parents Television Council , who named the show the worst of the week and denounced the " excessive violence and gore " .
= Tennis Court ( song ) = " Tennis Court " is a song by New Zealand singer Lorde , taken from her debut album Pure Heroine ( 2013 ) . On 7 June 2013 , the song was released as the album 's second single by Universal Music Group , following " Royals " . Tennis Court EP was also released , comprising three additional tracks . " Tennis Court " served as the fourth single from Pure Heroine in the United States . Written by Lorde and Joel Little and produced by Little , " Tennis Court " combines alternative pop , art pop and electropop genres with elements from downtempo , hip hop and EDM . It features synthesisers and electronic pulses in its composition . The lyrics address Lorde 's new @-@ found fame and criticise the " high life . " " Tennis Court " was well received by critics , who complimented the song 's production and musical style . The single garnered success in Oceania , peaking at number one on the New Zealand singles chart and entering the top thirty chart in Australia . In Europe , it charted in Belgium ( in both Flanders and Wallonia ) , France , the UK and Germany ; the song also appeared on multiple US charts . " Tennis Court " was certified platinum by both the Australian Recording Industry Association and Recorded Music NZ . A music video for the song was directed by Joel Kefali and features Lorde staring into the camera during one continuous shot . To promote Pure Heroine and the song , Lorde performed " Tennis Court " several times , including on Live on Letterman . = = Background and writing = = Lorde was spotted by Universal Music Group ( UMG ) after performing at her school . She signed with UMG at age 13 , and was later paired up with Joel Little . Lorde detailed the writing process for " Tennis Court " was different from that of her other tracks . By and large , Lorde would have a lyric forming before going into the studio to record . Nonetheless , Little and Lorde first wrote the music and the beat , and the lyrics were built on the instant music . According to Little , Lorde developed her songwriting skills on " Tennis Court " , for which she wrote the melody and the whole chorus : " That song was one where we had everything except the chorus . She was sitting in the back of the room while I was working on the music and she was saying , " I think I 've got a chorus idea . " I asked , " Can I hear it ? " and she said , " No , no , no . " She wouldn 't sing it to me and then once she had it , she basically sang the entire chorus as you hear it now . I was like , " Holy shit , this is seriously good . " This was the first time she had this fully formed , amazing idea for a chorus . This is , I don 't know how long into the process , but it was when I was like , " This girl is going to be an amazing songwriter , or has turned into one in a really short amount of time . " Then I just added the " yeahs " and we tweaked a couple things here and there . " = = Distribution = = On 7 June 2013 , " Tennis Court " was released as Pure Heroine 's second single in Australia and New Zealand . On the same day , an extended play — Tennis Court EP — was released digitally in some European countries and physically ( as a 10 @-@ inch vinyl ) on 22 July . The single was released for digital download in Scandinavia on 12 August 2013 , and a 7 @-@ inch vinyl was released in the US on 27 August 2013 . Lava and Republic Records were going to send " Tennis Court " to US modern rock radio on 11 March 2014 and to US contemporary hit radio on 8 April 2014 as the third US radio single , following " Royals " and " Team " . However , its release was cancelled in favour of " Glory and Gore " . Nevertheless , the label later decided to cancel the contemporary hit radio ( CHR ) release of " Glory and Gore " and send " Tennis Court " as originally planned . " Tennis Court " impacted US hot adult contemporary radio and CHR on 21 and 22 April 2014 , respectively . " Tennis Court " was released in the United Kingdom on 12 May 2014 . = = Production and composition = = " Tennis Court " was produced by Joel Little , who recorded it at his Golden Age Studios in Morningside , Auckland . The song was produced using the software Pro Tools ; it is characterised as a downtempo hip hop and EDM @-@ influenced alternative pop , art pop and electropop song . It utilises synthesisers and electronic pulses in its arrangement . The track lasts for a duration of 3 : 18 ( three minutes and eighteen seconds ) . Written in the key of A minor , it has a moderate tempo of 92 beats per minute . Lorde 's vocal range spans one octave , from the low @-@ note of G3 to the high @-@ note of G4 . Billboard editor Jason Lipshutz commented that " Tennis Court " showcases Lorde 's " darker edges of pop music " style . Nick Messtite from Forbes wrote that the track is reminiscent of The Postal Service 's song " The District Sleeps Alone Tonight " , while Siân Rowe from NME compared it to works by Lana Del Rey . An editor from Clash , Joe Zadeh , noted the similarities between " Tennis Court " and The xx 's song " Together . " The lyrics of " Tennis Court " address Lorde 's newly established fame and criticise the " high life . " Lorde said she wrote the song " after having had a glimpse into the music industry , and I was just thinking about how superficial people can be and how we put up all these fronts . " She found the idea of a tennis court " very visually beautiful " and " something I kept coming back to on Tumblr and all that sort of thing " , saying it was " kind of a symbol of nostalgia for me . It was something which was familiar and safe to me . " She also described the song as being " about the town where she grew up and the friends [ with whom ] she would ... hang out all summer . " Paul Lester , writing for The Guardian , compared the song 's lyrical theme to that of two other songs by Lorde : " Royals " and " Million Dollar Bills " ( from The Love Club EP ) . " Tennis Court " opens with Lorde questioning " Don 't you think that is boring how people talk ? " featuring her , in the words of Lester , " sweet , sultry and sour " voice , which suggests " a frictional relationship with the high life . " A critic from Digital Spy , Robert Cospey , wrote that the track " finds [ Lorde ] caught between fame and a more innocent time " with the lines " My head 's filling up fast with wicked games / How can I fuck with fun again when I 'm known ? " The tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek word " Yeah ! " is repeated after each verse . Another lyric , " It 's a new art form showing people how little we care " is described as " perfectly damning the wave of banal hedonism most recently celebrated by the MTV Video Music Awards " , according to Kevin Liedel from Slant Magazine . At the bridge , Lorde sings " I fall apart , with all my heart / And you can watch from your window " , which was described as a " perfect " commentary on the breakdowns of teenage celebrities in an article published by The Huffington Post . = = Reception = = " Tennis Court " received critical acclaim from music critics and media outlets . Siân Rowe from NME ranked the EP a seven out of ten , complimenting the song for its " forward @-@ looking genres " and Lorde 's " strong pop vocals . " Emily Yoshida from Grantland labelled it a " murkily winsome , ever @-@ so @-@ slightly chopped ballad " , while writer Kyle Jaeger for The Hollywood Reporter praised the track 's lyrical content and its catchy melody . " Tennis Court " was picked as one of the standout tracks of Pure Heroine by Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic , Jon Hadusek from Consequence of Sound , and Time Out editor Nick Levine . In an interview with USA Today , English singer @-@ songwriter Elton John praised " Tennis Court " , describing it as " one of the most touching , beautiful things on earth . " " Tennis Court " debuted at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart during the week of 17 June 2013 , becoming Lorde 's second number one on the chart ; " Royals " was her first . Spending a total of 21 weeks on the chart , the single was certified double platinum by the Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) for exceeding sales of 30 @,@ 000 copies there . " Tennis Court " became the 19th best selling single of 2013 in New Zealand . In Australia , the track peaked at number 20 on the ARIA Singles Chart , remaining to chart for 22 weeks . It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for 70 @,@ 000 copies shipped in the region . In the United States , it peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and has sold 355 @,@ 000 copies there , as of April 2014 . It also reached number nine on the US Hot Rock Songs . = = Music video = = The official music video for " Tennis Court " was directed by Joel Kefali , who previously worked with Lorde on the accompanying video for her debut single " Royals " . The video was filmed as a one @-@ shot . Lorde appears in " black clothing , braided hair , and dark lipstick . " It features Lorde staring into the camera as the song plays ; she does not lip sync the lyrics except for the word " Yeah ! " after each verse and during the chorus . The set lighting fades in and out throughout the video . Writing for The Washington Post , Bethonie Butler observed a discrepancy between Lorde 's statement that " In a perfect world , [ she ] would never do any interviews , and probably there would be one photo out there of [ her ] " , and the fact that , in the music video , Lorde is " front and center . " Butler viewed the video as " a metaphor for celebrity . " Writing for Ryan Seacrest 's website , Kathleen Perricone complimented the " super simple " clip , which allowed Lorde 's " voice and lyrics [ to ] really shine . " Lindsay Zoladz , of Pitchfork Media , compared the video to that for The Replacements ' " Bastards of Young . " MTV Buzzworthy blogger Luke O 'Neil wrote that the " Tennis Court " video is " a bit unsettling at first , but eventually it starts to make sense . [ Lorde is ] trying to do things a bit differently , and so far it seems like it 's working . " = = Live performances = = To promote " Tennis Court " , Lorde held a concert at Le Poisson Rouge in New York and performed the song among others on 6 August 2013 . This was her first US show . On 24 September 2013 , she performed the track at The Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles , California . On 3 October 2013 , Lorde held a concert at the Warsaw Venue in Brooklyn and performed the song among other tracks from the album . On 13 November 2013 , Lorde performed several songs from Pure Heroine during the Live on Letterman to promote the album , including " Tennis Court . " Lorde held a concert at Soho , England and performed a series of songs from her album on 19 November , including " Tennis Court " . The song was also performed by Lorde during the " Almost Acoustic Christmas " event on KROQ @-@ FM radio station on 9 December . Lorde performed " Tennis Court " at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards in May . The following month , she performed a Goth @-@ influenced medley of " Tennis Court " and " Team " at the 2014 MuchMusic Video Awards . Lorde also performed the song during several music festivals . In April , Lorde performed " Tennis Court " at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival . Around 2014 , she also performed the single live during the Laneway Festival in Sydney , and Lollapalooza Brazil in Sao Paulo . At the Lollapalooza Festival in Grant Park on 1 August 2014 , she performed the track among other songs from Pure Heroine . The performance of Lorde was well received by media outlets , with Billboard picked it as the fifth best performance of the festival , while Rolling Stone deemed it the best part of Lollapalooza in Chicago , writing , " She danced like she was trying to fling her arms off her body , but just as with her voice , the sense that she was in absolute possession of her abilities never waned . She nailed every stomp and every note — but it was clearly fueled by passion , not perfection . " = = Usage and remixes = = " Tennis Court " was played during the 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Women 's Singles Final by British Broadcasting Company ( BBC ) . " Tennis Court " was remixed by Australian musician Flume in 2014 . In July 2014 American producer Diplo released his version , titled the Diplo 's Andre Agassi Reebok Pump Mix . In 2014 , " Tennis Court " was featured in the soundtrack of the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows versions of Grand Theft Auto V. = = Track listings = = = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = = = = = Single = = = = = = Tennis Court EP = = =
= Lady Bouvier 's Lover = " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " is the twenty @-@ first episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 12 , 1994 . In the episode , Abe Simpson falls in love with Marge 's mother , Jacqueline Bouvier , and they start dating . However , on a night out in town , Mr. Burns takes her away from him . Abe is broken hearted when he learns that Jackie is going to marry Mr. Burns . The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . It was recorded in October 1993 at the Darryl F. Zanuck Building on the 20th Century Fox lot in West Los Angeles . The episode features cultural references to films such as The Gold Rush and The Graduate , and songs such as " Moonlight Serenade " and " Sing , Sing , Sing " . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 0 , and was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = The Simpson family gathers to celebrate Maggie 's birthday . After the party , Abe feels depressed , so Marge sets him up for a date with her mother , Jacqueline Bouvier . Eventually , the couple falls in love , which enrages Homer ; his argument is that if the pair married , he and Marge would be brother and sister and the children would look like freaks . To impress Jackie , Abe takes her out on the town , but when he does , Mr. Burns steals her from him . Abe is heartbroken . Mr. Burns declares that he is in love with Jackie , and they are going to get married , against both Marge 's interest . Meanwhile , Bart buys a $ 350 Itchy & Scratchy animation cel with one of Homer 's credit cards . In order to pay Homer back , Bart blackmails Mr. Burns for $ 350 . On the day of the wedding , Mr. Burns and Jackie attempt to marry . However , Abe crashes the ceremony and asks that Jackie marry him instead of Mr. Burns . Partly due to Mr. Burns 's boorish behavior , she decides not to marry either man . Deciding that Jackie 's decision is good enough for him , Abe grabs her and they hop on a bus , leaving Mr. Burns lonely . As the bus pulls away from the stop , " The Sound of Grampa " plays on the bus driver 's radio . Abe shouts to the driver to turn off the noise , but the driver ignores the request . They both take their seats at the back of the bus to view the departing crowd at the church . The screen fades to black as the ballad of " The Sound of Grampa " continues to play in the background . = = Production = = " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein , and directed by Wes Archer . The episode was inspired by the fact that The Simpsons has many elderly characters , which the writers felt was unique for network television , so they sought to highlight those characters . Originally , the episode was supposed to be about Misery . One of the ideas was that Grampa would get injured on Mr. Burns 's property and get stuck there , leading Grampa to think that Mr. Burns would kill him when he was discovered there . However , this idea was cut out in production because the script was over 85 pages long . The episode was recorded at the Darryl F. Zanuck Building on the 20th Century Fox lot in West Los Angeles , where the cast and crew of The Simpsons gathered on a Monday morning in October 1993 . Before the recording session took part , the main voice actors of the show ( Dan Castellaneta , Harry Shearer , Julie Kavner , Yeardley Smith , Nancy Cartwright , and Hank Azaria ) sat down with executive producer David Mirkin and a crew of writers at a table reading to determine what shape the script was in . There was " genuine hearty laughter at various points " during the script run @-@ through , said Ray Richmond , a reporter for the Los Angeles Daily News . Immediately after the reading , the crew of writers hurried to make script changes based on what got laughs and what did not , while the actors waited impatiently . Mirkin told Richmond that the script would require the equivalent of ten rewrites : " At every step , there are amendments and additions and refinements . " Richmond commented that as the recording session started , the " astounding versatility " of the actors became clear ; " Castellaneta bounces from being Homer to Grampa to Barney without taking a breath and minus any evident vocal similarities . " Mirkin said the episode was also a tour de force for Kavner , who in one scene voices Marge , Marge 's two sisters , and Marge 's mother . He added that even though she enjoyed the process , it was tough on Kavner 's voice because those characters talk with " gravelly voices " . = = Cultural references = = The episode 's title is a play on the 1928 D. H. Lawrence novel Lady Chatterley 's Lover . Grampa is hassled twice by lawyers representing the estates of deceased entertainers : the first time representing Charlie Chaplin , for his " unauthorized imitation " of the bread roll dancing scene from the 1925 silent film The Gold Rush , and the second time he is approached by them is after imitating Jimmy Durante . Grampa banging on the church window while shouting " Mrs. Bouvier ! " , and the subsequent getaway on the bus , are references to the film The Graduate , as is the closing song , a parody of " The Sound of Silence " by Simon and Garfunkel . Mrs. Bouvier says her friends , Zelda Fitzgerald , Frances Farmer and Sylvia Plath , were jealous of her good looks and it drove them crazy . All three women were known for having been institutionalized , Fitzgerald and Farmer for schizophrenia and Plath for a breakdown that resulted in suicide . Mrs. Bouvier 's favorite tune — played during the dance at the Springfield Community Center and later by Grampa at the wedding — is Glenn Miller 's song " Moonlight Serenade " . The swing tune played during Mrs. Bouvier and Mr. Burns 's dance is the 1936 song " Sing , Sing , Sing " , written by Louis Prima and performed by Benny Goodman . Bart and Lisa sing the 1980s advertising jingle used for Armour and Company 's brand of hot dogs . Everyone then sings the advertising jingle for Chicken Tonight , complete with chicken dance moves . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " finished 50th in the ratings for the week of May 9 to May 15 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 0 . The episode was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson called the episode a " generally good program , though not one of the year ’ s best " . Jacobson said he dislikes Marge 's mother ; " she ’ s one of the series ’ less interesting characters , which is probably why she appears so rarely . " However , he thinks Grampa is " always fun " , and " it ’ s nice to see him in an ebullient mood , at least for a while . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B − grade and said he is " never terribly interested in episodes that revolve around [ Grampa ] Simpson " . He believes Grampa is " great as a background character , but less so when he takes center stage " . He added : " I 'm also especially uninterested in episodes revolving around Marge 's mother . Having said that , this episode does have a number of inspired moments — notably the subplot involving Bart 's pursuit of an Itchy & Scratchy cel , as well as one of the series ' many homages to The Graduate . " Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 4 out of 5 . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote : " Homer 's nightmare vision of Bart , Lisa and Maggie as ordinary kids is a highlight of this especially crazy — surreal jokes , flashbacks and dream sequences whizz by at an alarming rate — installment . "
= Fearless ( Taylor Swift song ) = " Fearless " is a country pop song performed by American singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was co @-@ written by Swift in collaboration with Liz Rose and Hillary Lindsey and produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift . " Fearless " was released on January 3 , 2010 by Big Machine Records as the fifth and final single from Swift 's second studio album of the same name ( 2008 ) . Swift composed the song while traveling on tour to promote her eponymous debut album , Taylor Swift ( 2006 ) . She wrote " Fearless " in regard to the fearlessness of falling in love and eventually titled her second studio album after the song . Musically , it contains qualities commonly found in pop rock music and , lyrically , is about a perfect first date . " Fearless " received acclaim from contemporary critics , many of whom complimented it for appealing to different age groups . In the United States , " Fearless " debuted and peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , becoming the first single released after being certified gold by the RIAA . " Fearless " also entered charts in Canada and Spain . Swift performed the song in various venues , some of which were included on the Fearless Tour ( 2009 – 10 ) . Footage from the Fearless Tour performances were used to comprise a music video for " Fearless " , directed by Todd Cassetty . The video features both footage of the tour itself and backstage . = = Background = = " Fearless " was written by Swift in collaboration with Liz Rose and Hillary Lindsey and produced by Nathan Chapman alongside Swift . Swift conceived the song while touring as opening act in order to promote her eponymous debut album , Taylor Swift ( 2006 ) . While writing the song , she was not dating anyone or " even in the beginning stages of dating anybody . " She wrote the song after she analyzed the ideology of what was the best first date . While developing " Fearless " , Swift explained the writing process , stating , " I think sometimes when you ’ re writing love songs , you don ’ t write them about what you ’ re going through at the moment , you write about what you wish you had . " The song was composed with two concepts in mind . Swift described the song 's primary concept to be about " the fearlessness of falling in love " , and " no matter how many times you get hurt , you will always fall in love again . " The second , is about the best first date , which Swift stated she hadn 't experienced at the time of writing " Fearless " . After completing the song , Swift deeply deliberated her personal definition of the word " fearless " . To her , " fearless doesn 't mean you 're completely unafraid and it doesn 't mean that you 're bulletproof . It means that you have a lot of fears , but you jump anyway . " That influenced her to title the album Fearless . The song was first released as a promotional single from the album on October 14 , 2008 as part of Countdown to Fearless an exclusive campaign by the iTunes Store ; it was later released as the fifth and final single from Fearless on January 4 , 2010 . = = Composition = = " Fearless " is four minutes and one second in length . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian described the song 's genre as a " kind of orthodontically perfect pop rock " . He said the most country part of the song was a lyric that referenced a " one horse town " . The song is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute . It is written in the key of F major and Swift 's vocals span two octaves , from F3 to C5 . It follows the chord progression F – C – Gm – B ♭ -C . Tom Ronald of Great American Country interpreted the song 's message to be about " taking courage on the dating circuit . " In a different perspective , Rob Sheffield of Blender magazine said the lyrics " And I don 't know why but with you / I 'd dance in a storm in my best dress , fearless " demonstrated how Swift enjoyed making a scene . He added that she would not wear " anything else to go ride around in a storm " . = = Critical reception = = " Fearless " received critical acclaim for its ability to relate to different age groups . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly said Swift 's vocals fit the song 's melody and instrumentation , which , according to her , is " slick " and " radio @-@ friendly " . Heather Phares of Allmusic selected the track as one of the best songs on Fearless . Alice Fisher of the United Kingdom magazine The Observer congratulated " Fearless " for being one of Swift 's " great songs with perceptive lyrics about universal truths that can be enjoyed at any age . " Jim Harrington of The San Jose Mercury News believed " Fearless " contained appeal to different age groups : " Moms and daughters , as well as groups of teens and couples out for a date night , [ can sing ] along with equal gusto . " = = Chart performance = = Upon its release as a promotional single , on the week ending November 1 , 2008 , " Fearless " debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 with sales of 162 @,@ 000 digital downloads , becoming Swift 's third consecutive top ten song on the chart . In the succeeding week , the song fell to number 38 and after four weeks of roaming the Billboard Hot 100 it fell off the charts . Following its single release , the song re @-@ entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 94 on the week ending March 13 , 2010 . Its highest position on the chart while being released as a single was number 76 on the week ending April 10 , 2010 . The song is one of 13 songs from Fearless charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 , breaking the record for the most top 40 entries from a single album . " Fearless " spent a total of 15 weeks ascending and descending the Billboard Hot 100 . " Fearless " also peaked at number ten on the Hot Country Songs , making this her tenth consecutive top ten hit but also her lowest @-@ charting single , and number 18 on the now @-@ defunct Pop 100 . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for the purchase of over 500 @,@ 000 digital downloads . It therefore became the first single released after being certified gold by the RIAA , as a result of digital downloads . As of October 2012 , " Fearless " has sold over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , and has since been certified platinum by the RIAA . On the week ending November 29 , 2008 , " Fearless " debuted and peaked at number sixty @-@ nine in Canada , spending a total of five weeks on the chart . The song peaked at number thirty @-@ two in Spain . = = Live performances = = Swift 's first televised performance of " Fearless " was on November 10 , 2008 on the Late Show with David Letterman . She went on to perform the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Clear Channel Communications 's Stripped . Swift performed the song on all venues of her first headlining concert tour , the Fearless Tour , which extended from April 2009 to July 2010 . During each performance , Swift escorted a silver sparkly dress and black boots and played an acoustic guitar as floral patterns with a moving butterfly were projected on the stage . Alice Fisher of The Observer attended the May 7 , 2009 concert at Shepherd 's Bush Empire in London and said that while Swift drifted off during the performance , it " clearly made perfect sense to the girls in the audience . " Jocelyn Vena of MTV News reported that the audience loudly sang along to the performance of " Fearless " at the August 27 , 2009 concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City . The song is also performed on the Speak Now World Tour . Various tour performances were used to comprise a music video for " Fearless " , directed by Todd Cassetty . The video premiered on February 17 , 2010 on CMT . It begins when Swift tells her band before they step onstage , " You guys , this tour has been the best experience of my entire life . " The video intermingles footage from the tour itself with fans excitedly showing off signs to Swift with behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of Swift and her band as they travel on the Fearless Tour . It ends with the singer waving goodbye as she exits the stage . Upon watching the video , Vena interpreted it to be " Swift 's love letter to her fans " , as it showed an " inside view of what it 's like to go on tour " . To date , the video has over 23 million views on YouTube . = = Track listings = = U.S. digital download " Fearless " ( single version ) – 4 : 01 U.S. / EU CD single " Fearless " ( radio edit ) – 4 : 01 = = Charts = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
= Typhoon Rananim = Typhoon Rananim , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Karen , was the strongest typhoon to make landfall on the Chinese province of Zhejiang since 1956 . It formed on August 6 , 2004 , intensifying into a tropical storm on August 8 . Rananim gradually intensified , initially moving northward before turning to the northwest and attaining typhoon status . After developing a small eye , the typhoon attained peak winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) as it passed between Taiwan and Okinawa . On August 12 , Rananim moved ashore in China , and it dissipated three days later . The name Rananim means " hello " in the Chuukese language . Impact outside of China was minimal and largely limited to heavy rains , although one death was reported in Taiwan . In the country , strong winds and heavy rainfall left heavy damage near the coast , as well as to farms further inland . Rananim destroyed 64 @,@ 300 houses and damaged another 125 @,@ 000 . The typhoon affected 75 counties , affecting 18 million people , and overall damage was estimated at ¥ 20 @.@ 1 billion ( $ 2 @.@ 44 billion 2004 USD , $ 3 @.@ 06 billion 2016 USD ) , primarily in Zhejiang . There were 168 deaths in China , which caused the name Rananim to be retired from the naming list . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Typhoon Rananim were from an area of convection that persisted west @-@ northwest of Guam in early August . The system tracked generally westward in an area of moderate wind shear , maintaining a weak circulation center . On August 6 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) estimated the system developed into a tropical depression . Shortly before that time , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) initiated advisories on the system , giving it the name Karen . Further convective organization occurred as the circulation consolidated , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert late on August 6 . The next day , the agency initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 16W about 780 km ( 485 mi ) east of the Philippines island of Luzon . Subsequently , the depression maintained a northward track , due to its location along the northwest periphery of a near @-@ equatorial ridge , as well as the presence of a tropical upper tropospheric trough . Although the circulation was broad , the winds intensified enough for the JMA to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Rananim on August 8 . Upon intensifying into a tropical storm , Rananim had a better @-@ defined circulation than earlier in its duration ; however , the convection was displaced from the center . The structure gradually organized , with increasing outflow and convective symmetry . On August 9 , the storm turned toward the northwest due to a building ridge the northeast . At 0600 UTC on August 10 , Rananim intensified into a typhoon about 715 km ( 445 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Taiwan . Steady strengthening continued , and the storm passed about 365 km ( 225 mi ) southwest of Okinawa early on August 11 . Shortly thereafter , Rananim left the PAGASA area of warning responsibility . A small eye became evident on satellite imagery , and late on August 11 the JMA estimated the typhoon attained peak winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) . The JTWC , however , assessed Rananim as intensifying slightly more despite decreased outflow , reaching peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . After passing north of Taiwan , Rananim made landfall at peak intensity around 1300 UTC on August 12 , near Wenling in Zhejiang province in China . The China Meteorological Administration reported that the typhoon was the strongest to hit Zhejiang since Typhoon Sally in 1956 . Moving over land , the typhoon quickly weakened to tropical storm status as it turned toward the west . Early on August 13 , the JMA downgraded Rananim to a tropical depression and issued the last warning ; by that time , the circulation was over Jiangxi . The depression lasted another two days before dissipating over northwest Hunan . = = Preparations and impact = = After receiving heavy damage from Typhoon Mindulle a month earlier , residents in Taiwan prepared for Rananim by erecting sandbags along flood prone areas , while the Central Weather Bureau advised mariners to be on alert due to the storm . As it passed to the north of the country , the typhoon dropped moderate rainfall , reaching 345 mm ( 13 @.@ 6 in ) in Hsinchu . There was one death on the island . Around the same time as affecting Taiwan , Rananim passed southwest of Okinawa , producing wind gusts up to 176 km / h ( 109 mph ) , as well as heavy rainfall totaling 229 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 in ) on Miyako @-@ jima . Prior to the typhoon 's arrival in China , officials evacuated 467 @,@ 900 people , many of them to government shelters across the region . It was estimated that about 30 % of coastal houses were too weak to withstand the winds from the typhoon . In addition , officials ordered the closure of all restaurants and entertainment venues . Ferry service near Shanghai was disrupted , and 9 @,@ 900 ships were moved to safer areas . In addition , several airports across the region were closed , including in Shanghai . As it moved ashore in Zhejiang , Rananim produced widespread rainfall across the country , primarily along its path . 20 stations reported totals of over 300 mm ( 12 in ) , including Yueqing where rainfall reached 703 @.@ 5 mm ( 27 @.@ 70 in ) in 24 hours , setting a new record . Rananim also produced strong winds as it moved through the region , with a record @-@ breaking gust of 211 km / h ( 131 mph ) reported in the offshore Dachen Islands . Wenling City , where the typhoon moved ashore , reported a peak gust of 192 km / h ( 120 mph ) . High waves were also observed as Rananim made landfall , and a storm tide of 7 @.@ 42 m ( 24 @.@ 3 ft ) in Haimen . Upon moving ashore , Rananim destroyed hundreds of homes near the coast , with destroyed traffic signs and billboards , as well as widespread flooding . Strong winds caused widespread power outages and uprooted thousands of trees . About 64 @,@ 300 houses were destroyed , and another 125 @,@ 000 were damaged , leaving thousands of people homeless . Overall , the typhoon affected 75 counties , with 302 villages isolated due to high water . The combination of strong winds and flooding left heavy crop damage , killing 55 @,@ 000 livestock , primarily cattle , and affecting 4 @,@ 000 km2 ( 1 @,@ 545 mi2 ) of fields ; an estimated 230 km2 ( 89 mi2 ) of crops were destroyed . The typhoon severely impacted the infrastructure along its path , with 1 @,@ 163 km ( 721 mi ) of roads damaged . Further inland , the rains produced a landslide in Yueqing , which destroyed 52 houses and killed 25 people . In Shanghai , about 145 km ( 90 mi ) north of the landfall location , Rananim left little damage , although its rainfall alleviated a heat wave . Across the country , damage was estimated at ¥ 20 @.@ 1 billion ( $ 2 @.@ 44 billion 2004 USD , $ 3 @.@ 06 billion 2016 USD ) , primarily in Zhejiang . Overall , Rananim affected about 18 million people in China . A total of 3 @,@ 321 people were injured , 185 of them seriously . By the day after Rananim moved ashore , the death toll was estimated at 29 , although by the next day the total reached 115 . Four days after landfall , there were 147 known deaths , which increased to 164 the following day . The final death toll was set at 168 , although 24 people were missing as of the last count . Most of the deaths were from collapsed houses , with others due to flooding , landslides , or flying debris . = = Aftermath = = Immediately after Rananim dissipated , the government of China allocated ¥ 61 million ( $ 7 @.@ 4 million 2004 USD ) for the affected people . Officials deployed over 200 members of the People 's Liberation Army to assist in rescues . They used steel bars , ropes , and their hands to search through rubble for storm survivors . At the same time , utility crews worked to restore power and water in the affected areas . A few weeks after the typhoon , an earthquake and another typhoon struck the same region as Rananim had , creating additional flooding , damage , and deaths . The series of natural disasters stretched the resources of the local agencies , although the local Red Cross was still able to provide food , clothing , and blankets . The agency also launched appeals for additional relief supplies . The affected storm victims collectively received 50 tons of rice , 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) of pork , and 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) of salt , vegetables , and water . A damaged school in Yueqing required additional buildings to be built for classes to resume by September . An estimated 85 % of the destroyed homes were built before or during the 1980s , compared to 10 % built in the 1990s . As a result , the government rebuilt homes across the affected area to higher building standards in order to mitigate future losses from typhoons . Due to the heavy damage in China , the name Rananim was retired during the 38th session of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and World Meteorological Organization typhoon committee in November 2005 ; it was replaced with the name Fanapi . The name Fanapi was later also retired in 2010 and replaced with Rai . Rananim was the eighth Pacific typhoon to be retired .
= American Sign Language = American Sign Language ( ASL ) is the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States and most of anglophone Canada . Besides North America , dialects of ASL and ASL @-@ based creoles are used in many countries around the world , including much of West Africa and parts of Southeast Asia . ASL is also widely learned as a second language , serving as a lingua franca . ASL is most closely related to French Sign Language ( LSF ) . It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF , although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages , such as agglutinative morphology . ASL originated in the early 19th century in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) in Hartford , Connecticut , from a situation of language contact . Since then , ASL use has propagated widely via schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations . Despite its wide use , no accurate count of ASL users has been taken , though reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250 @,@ 000 to 500 @,@ 000 persons , including a number of children of deaf adults . ASL users face stigma due to beliefs in the superiority of oral language to sign language , compounded by the fact that ASL is often glossed in English due to the lack of a standard writing system . ASL signs have a number of phonemic components , including movement of the face and torso as well as the hands . ASL is not a form of pantomime , but iconicity does play a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages . English loan words are often borrowed through fingerspelling , although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English . ASL has verbal agreement and aspectual marking , and has a productive system of forming agglutinative classifiers . Many linguists believe ASL to be a subject @-@ verb @-@ object ( SVO ) language , but there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order . = = Classification = = ASL emerged as a language in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in 1817 . This school brought together Old French Sign Language , various village sign languages , and home sign systems ; ASL was created in this situation of language contact . ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them . The influence of French Sign Language ( LSF ) on ASL is readily apparent ; for example , it has been found that about 58 % of signs in modern ASL are cognate to Old French Sign Language signs . However , this is far less than the standard 80 % measure used to determine whether related languages are actually dialects . This suggests that nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students , despite the fact that the school 's original director Laurent Clerc taught in LSF . In fact , Clerc reported that he often learned the students ' signs rather than conveying LSF : I see , however , and I say it with regret , that any efforts that we have made or may still be making , to do better than , we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l 'Épée . Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils , instead of learning them from well instructed and experienced teachers . It has been proposed that ASL is a creole with LSF as the superstrate language and with the native village sign languages as substrate languages . However , more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages . ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time , but it is also possible that it was never a creole @-@ type language . There are modality @-@ specific reasons that sign languages tend towards agglutination , for example the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face , head , torso , and other body parts . This might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards isolating morphology . Additionally , Clerc and Gallaudet may have used an artificially constructed form of manually coded language in instruction rather than true LSF . Although the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia share English as a common oral and written language , ASL is not mutually intelligible with British Sign Language ( BSL ) or Auslan . All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English , but this alone is not sufficient for cross @-@ language comprehension . It has been found that a relatively high percentage ( 37 – 44 % ) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan , which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same language family . However , this does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan , and it is likely that this resemblance is due to the higher degree of iconicity in sign languages in general , as well as contact with English . American Sign Language is growing in popularity among many states . Many people in high school and colleges wanting to take it as a foreign language , but until recently , it was not a creditable foreign language elective . The issue was that many didn 't consider it a foreign language . ASL users , however , have a very distinct culture and way they interact when talking . Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are conveying . They also have their own sentence structure which sets the language apart . American sign language is now being accepted by many colleges as a foreign language credit ; many states are making it mandatory to accept it . = = History = = Prior to the birth of ASL , sign language had been used by various communities in the United States . In the United States , as elsewhere in the world , hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad @-@ hoc home sign , which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation . As early as 1541 at first contact by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , there were reports that the Plains Indians had developed a sign language to communicate between tribes of different languages . In the 19th century , a " triangle " of village sign languages developed in New England : one in Martha 's Vineyard , Massachusetts ; one in Henniker , New Hampshire , and one in Sandy River Valley , Maine . Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language ( MVSL ) , which was particularly important for the history of ASL , was used mainly in Chilmark , Massachusetts . Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s , and the recessive nature of genetic deafness , Chilmark had a high 4 % rate of genetic deafness . MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present . ASL is thought to have originated in the American School for the Deaf ( ASD ) , founded in Hartford , Connecticut in 1817 . Originally known as The American Asylum , At Hartford , For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb , the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet . Gallaudet , inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl Alice Cogswell , traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions . Ultimately , Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris , and convinced Laurent Clerc , an assistant to the school 's founder Charles @-@ Michel de l 'Épée , to accompany him back to the United States . Upon his return , Gallaudet founded the ASD on April 15 , 1817 . The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha 's Vineyard , and they brought MVSL with them . There were also 44 students from around Henniker , New Hampshire , and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine , each of which had their own village sign language . Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs . Laurent Clerc , the first teacher at ASD , taught using French Sign Language ( LSF ) , which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755 . From this situation of language contact , a new language emerged , now known as ASL . More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD , and knowledge of ASL spread to these schools . In addition , the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL . Societies such as the National Association of the Deaf and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country . This all contributed to ASL 's wide use over a large geographical area , atypical of a sign language . Up to the 1950s , the predominant method in deaf education was oralism – acquiring oral language comprehension and production . Linguists did not consider sign language to be true " language " , but rather something inferior . Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by William Stokoe , a linguist who arrived at Gallaudet University in 1955 when this was still the dominant assumption . Aided by the civil rights movement of the 1960s , Stokoe argued for manualism , the use of sign language in deaf education . Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication , and even devised a transcription system for ASL . In doing so , Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics . In the 1960s , ASL was sometimes referred to as " Ameslan " , but this term is now considered obsolete . = = Population = = Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census . The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population ( NCDP ) by Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) . Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP , Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250 @,@ 000 and 500 @,@ 000 . The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing ; in fact , the name " ASL " was not yet in widespread use . Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics . Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use , since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home . This accounts for currently cited estimations which are greater than 500 @,@ 000 ; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . A 100 @,@ 000 @-@ person lower bound has been cited for ASL users ; the source of this figure is unclear , but it may be an estimate of prelingual deafness , which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing . ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth @-@ most @-@ spoken language in the United States . These figures misquote Schein and Delk ( 1974 ) , who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third @-@ largest population requiring an interpreter in court . Although this would make ASL the third @-@ most used language among monolinguals other than English , it does not imply that it is the fourth @-@ most @-@ spoken language in the United States , since speakers of other languages may also speak English . = = Geographic distribution = = ASL is used throughout Anglo @-@ America . This contrasts with Europe , where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent . The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf , wherein ASL originated , and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf . Throughout West Africa , ASL @-@ based sign languages are spoken by educated deaf adults . These languages , imported by boarding schools , are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries , and are named accordingly , e.g. Nigerian Sign Language , Ghanaian Sign Language . Such signing systems are found in Benin , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Liberia , Mauritania , Mali , Nigeria , and Togo . Due to lack of data , it is still an open question how similar these sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America . In addition to the aforementioned West African countries , ASL is reported to be used as a first language in Barbados , Bolivia , Cambodia , the Central African Republic , Chad , China ( Hong Kong ) , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Gabon , Jamaica , Kenya , Madagascar , the Philippines , Singapore , and Zimbabwe . ASL is also used as a lingua franca throughout the deaf world , widely learned as a second language . = = Varieties = = Varieties of ASL are found throughout the world . There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada . Just as there are accents in speech , there are regional accents in sign . People from the South sign slower than people in the North — even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles . Mutual intelligibility among these ASL varieties is high , and the variation is primarily lexical . For example , there are three different words for English about in Canadian ASL ; the standard way , and two regional variations ( Atlantic and Ontario ) , as shown in the videos on the right . Variation may also be phonological , meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region . For example , an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes / 1 / , / L / , and / 5 / in signs with one handshape . There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community . Black ASL evolved as a result of racially segregated schools in some states , which included the residential schools for the deaf . Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary , phonology , and some grammatical structure . While African American Vernacular English ( AAVE ) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English , Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL , preserving older forms of many signs . Black sign language speakers use more two @-@ handed signs than in mainstream ASL , are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead ( e.g. KNOW ) , and use a wider signing space . Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAVE ; for instance , the AAVE idiom " I feel you " is calqued into Black ASL . ASL is used internationally as a lingua franca , and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries . Even so , there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in these imported ASL varieties . Bolivian Sign Language is reported to be a dialect of ASL , no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects . On the other hand , it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages . For example , Malaysian Sign Language , which has ASL origins , is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language . For some imported ASL varieties , such as those used in West Africa , it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL . When communicating with hearing English speakers , ASL @-@ speakers often use what is commonly called Pidgin Signed English ( PSE ) or ' contact signing ' , a blend of English structure with ASL . Various types of PSE exist , ranging from highly English @-@ influenced PSE ( practically relexified English ) , to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically , but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar . Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL . There have been some constructed sign languages , known as Manually Coded English ( MCE ) , which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs ; these systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL . Tactile ASL ( TASL ) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the deaf @-@ blind . It is particularly common among those with Usher 's syndrome . This syndrome results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life ; consequently , those with Usher 's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL , and later transition to TASL . TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms , and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of non @-@ manual signing . = = Stigma = = In 2013 the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37 @,@ 000 signatures to officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools . The response is titled " there shouldn 't be any stigma about American Sign Language " and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing . Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children 's lives when they can access languages most effectively . Scholars such as Beth S. Benedict advocate not only for bilingualism ( using ASL and English training ) but also for early childhood intervention for children who are deaf . The majority of children born to deaf parents are hearing . These children , known as CODAs ( " Children Of Deaf Adults " ) are often more culturally Deaf than deaf children , the majority of whom are born to hearing parents . Unlike many deaf children , CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth . These bilingual hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being " slow learners " or as having " language difficulties " due to preferential attitudes towards spoken language . = = Writing systems = = Although there is no well @-@ established writing system for ASL , written sign language dates back almost two centuries . The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of Roch @-@ Ambroise Auguste Bébian , developed in 1825 . However , written sign language remained marginal among the public . In the 1960s linguist William Stokoe created Stokoe notation specifically for ASL . It is alphabetic , with a letter or diacritic for every phonemic ( distinctive ) hand shape , orientation , motion , and position , though it lacks any representation of facial expression , and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text . Stokoe used this system for his 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles . SignWriting , proposed in 1974 by Valerie Sutton , is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the Unicode Standard . SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs / glyphs . Currently it is in use in many schools for the Deaf , particularly in Brazil , and has been used in international sign language forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries , including Brazil , Ethiopia , France , Germany , Italy , Portugal , Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , Tunisia , and the United States . Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere that oral languages are written ( personal letters , newspapers and media , academic research ) . The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet ( ISWA ) as an equivalent usage structure to the International Phonetic Alphabet for spoken languages has been proposed . According to some researchers , SignWriting is not a phonemic orthography , and does not have a one @-@ to @-@ one map from phonological forms to written forms . This assertion has been disputed and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic / morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc . Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23 , 2014 . The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on Wikimedia Incubator and elsewhere involving SignWriting . The ASL Wikipedia request was marked as eligible in 2008 and the test ASL Wikipedia has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting . The most widely used transcription system among academics is HamNoSys , developed at the University of Hamburg . Based on Stokoe Notation , HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language . Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols , though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol . Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years , including SignFont , ASL @-@ phabet , and Si5s . For English @-@ speaking audiences , ASL is often glossed using English words . These glosses are typically all @-@ capitalized and are arranged in ASL order . For example , the ASL sentence DOG NOW CHASE > IX = 3 CAT , meaning " the dog is chasing the cat " , uses NOW to mark ASL progressive aspect and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person ( written with > IX = 3 ) . However , glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL . = = Phonology = = Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components . A sign may use one hand or both . Each hand assumes a handshape with a particular orientation in a particular location on the body or in the " signing space " , and may involve movement . Changing any one of these may change the meaning of a sign , as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED : There are also meaningful non @-@ manual signals in ASL . This may include movement of the eyebrows , the cheeks , the nose , the head , the torso , and the eyes . William Stokoe proposed that these components are analogous to the phonemes of spoken languages . There has also been a proposal that these are analogous to classes like place and manner of articulation . As in spoken languages , these phonological units can be split into distinctive features . For instance , the handshapes / 2 / and / 3 / are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature [ ± closed thumb ] , as illustrated to the right . ASL has processes of allophony and phonotactic restrictions . There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of syllables in spoken language . = = Grammar = = = = = Morphology = = = ASL has a rich system of verbal inflection . This involves both grammatical aspect — how the action of verbs flows in time — and agreement marking . Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb ; for example , continuous aspect is marked by incorporating rhythmic , circular movement , while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position . Verbs may agree with both the subject and the object , and are marked for number and reciprocity . Reciprocity is indicated by using two one @-@ handed signs ; for example , the sign SHOOT , made with an L @-@ shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb , inflects to SHOOT [ reciprocal ] , articulated by having two L @-@ shaped hands " shooting " at each other . ASL has a productive system of classifiers , which are used to classify objects and their movement in space . For example , a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill @-@ directed path ; if the rabbit is hopping , the path is executed with a bouncy manner . In general , classifiers are composed of a " classifier handshape " bound to a " movement root " . The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole , incorporating such attributes as surface , depth , and shape , and is usually very iconic . The movement root consists of a path , a direction and a manner . = = = = Fingerspelling = = = = ASL possesses a set of 26 signs known as the American manual alphabet , which can be used to spell out words from the English language . These signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL . For example , the signs for ' p ' and ' k ' use the same handshape but different orientations . A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling ; although such a method ( Rochester Method ) has been used , it is not ASL . Fingerspelling is a form of borrowing , a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another . In ASL , fingerspelling is used for proper nouns and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent . There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled , either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words , e.g. O @-@ N from English ' on ' , and A @-@ P @-@ T from English ' apartment ' . Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise . = = = Syntax = = = The basic word order of ASL is disputed . Most linguists agree that ASL is a subject @-@ verb @-@ object ( SVO ) language with various phenomena affecting this basic word order . Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses : FATHER – LOVE – CHILD " The father loves the child . " However , other word orders may also occur , as ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence @-@ initial position , a phenomenon known as topicalization . In object @-@ subject @-@ verb ( OSV ) sentences , the object is topicalized , marked by a forward head @-@ tilt and a pause : CHILDtopic , FATHER – LOVE " The father loves the child . " Even more word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy . In subject copy , the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence , accompanied by head nodding , either for clarification or emphasis : FATHER – LOVE – CHILD – FATHERcopy " The father loves the child . " ASL also allows null subject sentences , where the subject is implied rather than stated explicitly . Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence , in which the subject is omitted from its original position , yielding a verb @-@ object @-@ subject ( VOS ) construction : LOVE – CHILD – FATHERcopy " The father loves the child . " Topicalization , accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy , can produce yet another word order , object @-@ verb @-@ subject ( OVS ) . CHILDtopic , LOVE – FATHERcopy " The father loves the child . " These properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders , leading many to question which is the true , underlying , " basic " order . There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL . One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a topic – comment structure , where words are ordered by their importance in the sentence rather than by their syntactic properties . Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits free word order , in which syntax is not encoded in word order whatsoever , but can be encoded by other means ( e.g. head nods , eyebrow movement , body position ) . = = Iconicity = = A common misconception is that signs are iconically self @-@ explanatory , that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean , or even that they are pantomime . In fact , many signs bear no resemblance to their referent , either because they were originally arbitrary symbols or because their iconicity has been obscured over time . Even so , in ASL iconicity plays a significant role ; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way . This may be due to the fact that the medium of sign — three @-@ dimensional space — naturally allows more iconicity than oral language . In the era of the influential linguist Ferdinand de Saussure , it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary . Although onomatopoeia is a clear exception , since words like ' choo @-@ choo ' bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic , the Saussurean approach was to treat these as marginal exceptions . ASL , with its significant inventory of iconic signs , directly challenges this theory . Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when interpreting their meaning . It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun " you " , the iconicity of the point ( at the child ) is often confused , being treated more like a name . This is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition . It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall ; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly iconic signs .
= Common raven = The common raven ( Corvus corax ) , also known as the northern raven , is a large all @-@ black passerine bird . Found across the Northern Hemisphere , it is the most widely distributed of all corvids . There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance , although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations from various regions . It is one of the two largest corvids , alongside the thick @-@ billed raven , and is possibly the heaviest passerine bird ; at maturity , the common raven averages 63 centimetres ( 25 inches ) in length and 1 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 6 pounds ) in mass . Common ravens can live up to 21 years in the wild , a lifespan exceeded among passerines by only a few Australasian species such as the satin bowerbird and probably the lyrebirds . Young birds may travel in flocks but later mate for life , with each mated pair defending a territory . Common ravens have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and in some areas have been so numerous that people have regarded them as pests . Part of their success as a species is due to their omnivorous diet ; they are extremely versatile and opportunistic in finding sources of nutrition , feeding on carrion , insects , cereal grains , berries , fruit , small animals , and food waste . Some notable feats of problem @-@ solving provide evidence that the common raven is unusually intelligent . Over the centuries , it has been the subject of mythology , folklore , art , and literature . In many cultures , including the indigenous cultures of Scandinavia , ancient Ireland and Wales , Bhutan , the northwest coast of North America , and Siberia and northeast Asia , the common raven has been revered as a spiritual figure or god . = = Taxonomy = = The common raven was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work , Systema Naturae , and it still bears its original name of Corvus corax . It is the type species of the genus Corvus , derived from the Latin word for " raven " . The specific epithet , corax / κοραξ , is the Ancient Greek word for " raven " or " crow " . The modern English word raven has cognates in all other Germanic languages , including Old Norse ( and subsequently modern Icelandic ) hrafn and Old High German ( h ) raban , all which descend from Proto @-@ Germanic * khrabanas . An old Scottish word corby or corbie , akin to the French corbeau , has been used for both this bird and the carrion crow . Obsolete collective nouns for a group of ravens ( or at least the common raven ) include " unkindness " and " conspiracy " . In practice , most people use the more generic " flock " . = = = Classification = = = The closest relatives of the common raven are the brown @-@ necked raven ( C. ruficollis ) , the pied crow ( C. albus ) of Africa , and the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) of the North American southwest . While some authorities recognized as many as 11 subspecies , others only recognize eight : = = = Evolutionary history = = = The common raven evolved in the Old World and crossed the Bering land bridge into North America . Recent genetic studies , which examined the DNA of common ravens from across the world , have determined that the birds fall into at least two clades : a California clade , found only in the southwestern United States , and a Holarctic clade , found across the rest of the Northern Hemisphere . Birds from both clades look alike , but the groups are genetically distinct and began to diverge about two million years ago . The findings indicate that based on mitochondrial DNA , common ravens from the rest of the United States are more closely related to those in Europe and Asia than to those in the California clade , and that common ravens in the California clade are more closely related to the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) than to those in the Holarctic clade . Ravens in the Holarctic clade are more closely related to the pied crow ( C. albus ) than they are to the California clade . Thus , the common raven species as traditionally delimited is considered to be paraphyletic . One explanation for these genetic findings is that common ravens settled in California at least two million years ago and became separated from their relatives in Europe and Asia during an ice age . One million years ago , a group from the California clade evolved into a new species , the Chihuahuan raven . Other members of the Holarctic clade arrived later in a separate migration from Asia , perhaps at the same time as humans . A recent study of raven mitochondrial DNA showed that the isolated population from the Canary Islands is distinct from other populations . The study did not include any individuals from the North African population , and its position is therefore unclear , though its morphology is very close to the population of the Canaries ( to the extent that the two are often considered part of a single subspecies ) . = = Description = = A mature common raven ranges between 54 and 67 cm ( 21 " and 26 " ) long , with a wingspan of 115 to 130 cm ( 45 @-@ 51 " ) . Recorded weights range from 0 @.@ 69 to 2 kg ( 1 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 4 lb ) , thus making the common raven one of the heaviest passerines . Birds from colder regions such as the Himalayas and Greenland are generally larger with slightly larger bills , while those from warmer regions are smaller with proportionally smaller bills . Representative of the size variation in the species , ravens from California weighed an average of 784 g ( 1 @.@ 728 lb ) , those from Alaska weighed an average of 1 @,@ 135 g ( 2 @.@ 502 lb ) and those from Nova Scotia weighed an average of 1 @,@ 230 g ( 2 @.@ 71 lb ) . The bill is large and slightly curved , with a culmen length of 5 @.@ 7 to 8 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 3 in ) , easily one of the largest bills amongst passerines ( perhaps only the thick @-@ billed raven has a noticeably larger bill ) . It has a longish , strongly graduated tail , at 20 to 26 @.@ 3 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 to 10 @.@ 4 in ) , and mostly black iridescent plumage , and a dark brown iris . The throat feathers are elongated and pointed and the bases of the neck feathers are pale brownish @-@ grey . The legs and feet are good @-@ sized , with a tarsus length of 6 to 7 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) . Juvenile plumage is similar but duller with a blue @-@ grey iris . Apart from its greater size , the common raven differs from its cousins , the crows , by having a larger and heavier black beak , shaggy feathers around the throat and above the beak , and a wedge @-@ shaped tail . Flying ravens are distinguished from crows by their tail shape , larger wing area , and more stable soaring style , which generally involves less wing flapping . Despite their bulk , ravens are easily as agile in flight as their smaller cousins . In flight the feathers produce a creaking sound that has been likened to the rustle of silk . The voice of ravens is also quite distinct , its usual call being a deep croak of a much more sonorous quality than a crow 's call . In North America , the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) is fairly similar to the relatively small common ravens of the American southwest and is best distinguished by the still relatively smaller size of its bill , beard and body and relatively longer tail . All @-@ black carrion crow ( C. corone ) in Europe may suggest a raven due to their largish bill but are still distinctly smaller and have the wing and tail shapes typical of crows . In the Faroe Islands a now extinct colour @-@ morph of this species existed , known as the pied raven . White ravens are occasionally found in the wild . Birds in British Columbia lack the pink eyes of an albino , and are instead leucistic , a condition where an animal lacks any of several different types of pigment , not simply melanin . Common ravens have a wide range of vocalizations which are of interest to ornithologists . Gwinner carried out important studies in the early 1960s , recording and photographing his findings in great detail . Fifteen to 30 categories of vocalization have been recorded for this species , most of which are used for social interaction . Calls recorded include alarm calls , chase calls , and flight calls . The species has a distinctive , deep , resonant prruk @-@ prruk @-@ prruk call , which to experienced listeners is unlike that of any other corvid . Its very wide and complex vocabulary includes a high , knocking toc @-@ toc @-@ toc , a dry , grating kraa , a low guttural rattle and some calls of an almost musical nature . Like other corvids , ravens can mimic sounds from their environment , including human speech . Non @-@ vocal sounds produced by the common raven include wing whistles and bill snapping . Clapping or clicking has been observed more often in females than in males . If a member of a pair is lost , its mate reproduces the calls of its lost partner to encourage its return . = = Distribution and habitat = = Common ravens can thrive in varied climates ; indeed this species has the largest range of any member of the genus , and one of the largest of any passerine . They range throughout the Holarctic from Arctic and temperate habitats in North America and Eurasia to the deserts of North Africa , and to islands in the Pacific Ocean . In the British Isles , they are more common in Scotland , Wales , northern England and the west of Ireland . In Tibet , they have been recorded at altitudes up to 5 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 400 ft ) , and as high as 6 @,@ 350 m ( 20 @,@ 600 ft ) on Mount Everest . The population sometimes known as the Punjab raven — described as Corvus corax laurencei ( also spelt lawrencii or laurencii ) by Allan Octavian Hume but more often considered synonymous with subcorax — is restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India . Except in Arctic habitats , they are generally resident within their range for the whole year . Young birds may disperse locally . Most common ravens prefer wooded areas with large expanses of open land nearby , or coastal regions for their nesting sites and feeding grounds . In some areas of dense human population , such as California in the United States , they take advantage of a plentiful food supply and have seen a surge in their numbers . On coasts , individuals of this species are often evenly distributed and prefer to build their nest sites along sea cliffs . Common ravens are often located in coastal regions because these areas provide easy access to water and a variety of food sources . Also , coastal regions have stable weather patterns without extreme cold or hot temperatures . In general , common ravens live in a wide array of environments but prefer heavily contoured landscapes . When the environment changes in vast degrees , these birds will respond with a stress response . The hormone known as corticosterone is activated by the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis . Corticosterone is activated when the bird is exposed to stress , such as migrating great distances . = = Behaviour = = Common ravens usually travel in mated pairs , although young birds may form flocks . Relationships between common ravens are often quarrelsome , yet they demonstrate considerable devotion to their families . = = = Diet = = = Common ravens are omnivorous and highly opportunistic : their diet may vary widely with location , season and serendipity . For example , those foraging on tundra on the Arctic North Slope of Alaska obtained about half their energy needs from predation , mainly of microtine rodents , and half by scavenging , mainly of caribou and ptarmigan carcasses . In some places they are mainly scavengers , feeding on carrion as well as the associated maggots and carrion beetles . With large @-@ bodied carrion , which they are not equipped to tear through as well as birds such as hook @-@ billed vultures , they must wait for the prey to be torn open by another predator or flayed by other means . Plant food includes cereal grains , berries and fruit . They prey on small invertebrates , amphibians , reptiles , small mammals and birds . Ravens may also consume the undigested portions of animal feces , and human food waste . They store surplus food items , especially those containing fat , and will learn to hide such food out of the sight of other common ravens . Ravens also raid the food caches of other species , such as the Arctic fox . They sometimes associate with another canine , the grey wolf , as a kleptoparasite , following to scavenge wolf @-@ kills in winter . Ravens are regular predators at bird nests , brazenly picking off eggs , nestlings and sometimes adult birds when they spot an opportunity . They are considered perhaps the primary natural threat to the nesting success of the critically endangered California condor , since they readily take condor eggs and are very common in the areas where the species is being re @-@ introduced . Common ravens nesting near sources of human garbage included a higher percentage of food waste in their diet , birds nesting near roads consumed more road @-@ killed vertebrates , and those nesting far from these sources of food ate more arthropods and plant material . Fledging success was higher for those using human garbage as a food source . In contrast , a 1984 – 1986 study of common raven diet in an agricultural region of south @-@ western Idaho found that cereal grains were the principal constituent of pellets , though small mammals , grasshoppers , cattle carrion and birds were also eaten . One behavior is recruitment , where juvenile ravens call other ravens to a food bonanza , usually a carcass , with a series of loud yells . In Ravens in Winter , Bernd Heinrich posited that this behavior evolved to allow the juveniles to outnumber the resident adults , thus allowing them to feed on the carcass without being chased away . A more mundane explanation is that individuals co @-@ operate in sharing information about carcasses of large mammals because they are too big for just a few birds to exploit . Experiments with baits however show that such recruitment behaviour is independent of the size of the bait . Furthermore , there has been research suggesting that the common raven is involved in seed dispersal . In the wild , the common raven chooses the best habitat and disperses seeds in locations best suited for its survival . = = = Predation = = = Owing to its size , gregariousness and its defensive abilities , the common raven has few natural predators . Predators of its eggs include owls , martens , and sometimes eagles . Ravens are quite vigorous at defending their young and are usually successful at driving off perceived threats . They attack potential predators by flying at them and lunging with their large bills . Humans are occasionally attacked if they get close to a raven nest , though serious injuries are unlikely . There are a few records of predation by large birds of prey . Their attackers in America have reportedly included great horned owls , northern goshawks , bald eagles , golden eagles and red @-@ tailed hawks , it is possible that the two hawks only have attacked young ravens , as had a peregrine falcon who in one instance swooped at a newly fledged raven but was successfully chased off by the parent ravens . In Eurasia , their reported predators include , in addition to golden eagles , Eurasian eagle @-@ owls , white @-@ tailed eagles , Steller 's sea @-@ eagles , eastern imperial eagles and gyrfalcons . Because they are potentially hazardous prey for raptorial birds , raptors must usually take them by surprise and most attacks are on fledgling ravens . More rarely still , large mammalian predators such as lynxes , coyotes and cougars have also attacked ravens . This principally occurs at a nest site and when other prey for the carnivores are scarce . Ravens are highly wary around novel carrion sites and , in North America , have been recorded waiting for the presence of American crows and blue jays before approaching to eat . = = = Breeding = = = Juveniles begin to court at a very early age , but may not bond for another two or three years . Aerial acrobatics , demonstrations of intelligence , and ability to provide food are key behaviors of courting . Once paired , they tend to nest together for life , usually in the same location . Instances of non @-@ monogamy have been observed in common ravens , by males visiting a female 's nest when her mate is away . Breeding pairs must have a territory of their own before they begin nest @-@ building and reproduction , and thus aggressively defend a territory and its food resources . Nesting territories vary in size according to the density of food resources in the area . The nest is a deep bowl made of large sticks and twigs , bound with an inner layer of roots , mud , and bark and lined with a softer material , such as deer fur . The nest is usually placed in a large tree or on a cliff ledge , or less frequently in old buildings or utility poles . Females lay between three and seven pale bluish @-@ green , brown @-@ blotched eggs . Incubation is about 18 to 21 days , by the female only . However , the male may stand or crouch over the young , sheltering but not actually brooding them . Young fledge at 35 to 42 days , and are fed by both parents . They stay with their parents for another six months after fledging . In most of their range , egg laying begins in late February . In colder climates , it is later , e.g. April in Greenland and Tibet . In Pakistan , egg @-@ laying takes place in December . Eggs and hatchlings are preyed on , rarely , by large hawks and eagles , large owls , martens and canids . The adults , which are very rarely predated , are often successful in defending their young from these predators , due to their numbers , large size and cunning . They have been observed dropping stones on potential predators that venture close to their nests . Common ravens can be very long @-@ lived , especially in captive or protected conditions ; individuals at the Tower of London have lived for more than 40 years . Lifespans in the wild are considerably shorter at typically 10 to 15 years . The longest known lifespan of a banded wild common raven was 23 years , 3 months . = = = Intelligence = = = Crows , ravens , magpies , and jays are not just feathered machines , rigidly programmed by their genetics . Instead , they are beings that , within the constraints of their molecular inheritance , make complex decisions and show every sign of enjoying a rich awareness . The brains of common ravens count among the largest of any bird species . Specifically , their hyperpallium is large , for a bird . They display ability in problem @-@ solving , as well as other cognitive processes such as imitation and insight . Linguist Derek Bickerton , building on the work of biologist Bernd Heinrich , has argued that ravens are one of only four known animals ( the others being bees , ants , and humans ) who have demonstrated displacement , the capacity to communicate about objects or events that are distant in space or time from the communication . Young , unmated common ravens roost together at night , but usually forage alone during the day . However , when one discovers a large carcass guarded by a pair of adult ravens , the unmated raven will return to the roost and communicate the find . The following day , a flock of unmated ravens will fly to the carcass and chase off the adults . Bickerton argues that the advent of linguistic displacement was perhaps the most important event in the evolution of human language , and that ravens are the only other vertebrate to share this with humans . One experiment designed to evaluate insight and problem @-@ solving ability involved a piece of meat attached to a string hanging from a perch . To reach the food , the bird needed to stand on the perch , pull the string up a little at a time , and step on the loops to gradually shorten the string . Four of five common ravens eventually succeeded , and " the transition from no success ( ignoring the food or merely yanking at the string ) to constant reliable access ( pulling up the meat ) occurred with no demonstrable trial @-@ and @-@ error learning . " This supports the hypothesis that common ravens are ' inventors ' , implying that they can solve problems . Many of the feats of common ravens were formerly argued to be stereotyped innate behaviour , but it now has been established that their aptitudes for solving problems individually and learning from each other reflect a flexible capacity for intelligent insight unusual among non @-@ human animals . Another experiment proved that some could deceive intentionally at least to other common ravens . Common ravens have been observed calling wolves to the site of dead animals . The wolves open the carcass , leaving the scraps more accessible to the birds . They watch where other common ravens bury their food and remember the locations of each other 's food caches , so they can steal from them . This type of theft occurs so regularly that common ravens will fly extra distances from a food source to find better hiding places for food . They have also been observed pretending to make a cache without actually depositing the food , presumably to confuse onlookers . Common ravens are known to steal and cache shiny objects such as pebbles , pieces of metal , and golf balls . One theory is that they hoard shiny objects to impress other ravens . Other research indicates that juveniles are deeply curious about all new things , and that common ravens retain an attraction to bright , round objects based on their similarity to bird eggs . Mature birds lose their intense interest in the unusual , and become highly neophobic . = = = Play = = = There has been increasing recognition of the extent to which birds engage in play . Juvenile common ravens are among the most playful of bird species . They have been observed to slide down snowbanks , apparently purely for fun . They even engage in games with other species , such as playing catch @-@ me @-@ if @-@ you @-@ can with wolves , otters and dogs . Common ravens are known for spectacular aerobatic displays , such as flying in loops or interlocking talons with each other in flight . They are also one of only a few wild animals who make their own toys . They have been observed breaking off twigs to play with socially . = = Relationship with humans = = = = = Conservation and management = = = Compared to many smaller Corvus species ( such as American crow ) , ravens prefer undisturbed montane or forest habitat or rural areas over urban areas . In other areas , their numbers have increased dramatically and they have become agricultural pests . Common ravens can cause damage to crops , such as nuts and grain , or can harm livestock , particularly by killing young goat kids , lambs and calves . Ravens generally attack the faces of young livestock , but the more common raven behaviour of scavenging may be misidentified as predation by ranchers . In the western Mojave Desert , human settlement and land development have led to an estimated 16 @-@ fold increase in the common raven population over 25 years . Towns , landfills , sewage treatment plants and artificial ponds create sources of food and water for scavenging birds . Ravens also find nesting sites in utility poles and ornamental trees , and are attracted to roadkill on highways . The explosion in the common raven population in the Mojave has raised concerns for the desert tortoise , a threatened species . Common ravens prey upon juvenile tortoises , which have soft shells and move slowly . Despite this , and there being no danger of extinction , the US Congress added ravens to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 in 1971 . Plans to control the population have included shooting and trapping birds , as well as contacting landfill operators to ask that they reduce the amount of exposed garbage . A hunting bounty as a method of control was historically used in Finland from the mid @-@ 18th century until 1923 . Culling has taken place to a limited extent in Alaska , where the population increase in common ravens is threatening the vulnerable Steller 's eider ( Polysticta stelleri ) . = = = Cultural depictions = = = Across its range in the Northern Hemisphere , and throughout human history , the common raven has been a powerful symbol and a popular subject of mythology and folklore . In some Western traditions , ravens have long been considered to be birds of ill omen , death and evil in general , in part because of the negative symbolism of their all @-@ black plumage and the eating of carrion . In Sweden , ravens are known as the ghosts of murdered people , and in Germany as the souls of the damned . In Danish folklore , valravne that ate a king 's heart gained human knowledge , could perform great malicious acts , could lead people astray , had superhuman powers , and were " terrible animals " . As in traditional mythology and folklore , the common raven features frequently in more modern writings such as the works of William Shakespeare , and , perhaps most famously , in the poem " The Raven " by Edgar Allan Poe . Ravens have appeared in the works of Charles Dickens , J. R. R. Tolkien , Stephen King , George R. R. Martin and Joan Aiken among others . It continues to be used as a symbol in areas where it once had mythological status : as the national bird of Bhutan ( Kings of Bhutan wear the Raven Crown ) , official bird of the Yukon territory , and on the coat of arms of the Isle of Man ( once a Viking colony ) . The modern unisex given name Raven is derived from the English word " raven " . As a masculine name , Raven parallels the Old Norse Hrafn , and Old English * Hræfn , which were both bynames and personal names . = = = = Mythology = = = = In Tlingit and Haida cultures , raven was both a trickster and creator god . Related beliefs are widespread among the peoples of Siberia and northeast Asia . The Kamchatka Peninsula , for example , was supposed to have been created by the raven god Kutkh . There are several references to common ravens in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is an aspect of Mahakala in Bhutanese mythology . In Norse mythology , Huginn ( from the Old Norse for " thought " ) and Muninn ( Old Norse for " memory " or " mind " ) are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world , Midgard , and bring the god Odin information . Additionally among the Norse , raven banner standards were carried by such figures as the Jarls of Orkney , King Cnut the Great of England , Norway and Denmark , and Harald Hardrada . In the British Isles , ravens also were symbolic to the Celts . In Irish mythology , the goddess Morrígan alighted on the hero Cú Chulainn 's shoulder in the form of a raven after his death . In Welsh mythology they were associated with the Welsh god Bran the Blessed , whose name translates to " raven . " According to the Mabinogion , Bran 's head was buried in the White Hill of London as a talisman against invasion . A legend developed that England would not fall to a foreign invader so long as there were ravens at the Tower of London ; although this is often thought to be an ancient belief , the official Tower of London historian , Geoff Parnell , believes that this is actually a romantic Victorian invention . In the Jewish , Christian and Islamic traditions , the raven was the first animal to be released from Noah 's Ark . " So it came to pass , at the end of forty days , that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made . Then he sent out a raven , which kept going to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth . He also sent out from himself a dove , to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground . " The raven is mentioned a dozen times in the Bible . In the New Testament Jesus tells a parable using the raven to show how people should rely on God for their needs and not riches ( Luke 12 : 24 ) . The raven is also mentioned in Quran at the story of Cain and Abel . Adam 's firstborn son Cain kills his brother Abel but he doesn 't know what to do with the corpse : " Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground , to show him how to hide his brother 's naked corpse . He said : Woe unto me ! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother 's naked corpse ? And he became repentant . "
= 1927 FA Charity Shield = The 1927 Football Association Charity Shield was the 14th FA Charity Shield , an annual English association football match . The match , held at Stamford Bridge on 12 October 1927 , was contested by Cardiff City , who beat Arsenal in the final of the 1926 @-@ 27 FA Cup , and amateur side Corinthian . This was the first FA Charity Shield appearance for both sides , although Corinthian had previous won the Sheriff of London Charity Shield on several occasions . After a goalless first half , Corinthian went ahead early in the second half with a goal from Gilbert Ashton . There were a large number of attacks from both sides , but it took until the 77th minute before Cardiff equalised with a header by Hughie Ferguson after a series of passing plays . With only a few minutes remaining on the clock , Cardiff won a corner kick and from the cross , and Len Davies tapped the ball into the net to put them ahead . The game finished with the score two goals to one in Cardiff City 's favour . Several charities benefited from the proceeds of the match , including the King Edward VII 's Hospital for Officers and the National Institute for the Blind . = = Background = = The FA Charity Shield was founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield . It was a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League , and then by 1913 teams of amateur and professional players . At a Football Association Council meeting on 22 April 1927 , it was decided that the following season 's Charity Shield match should be played between the winner of the 1926 – 27 FA Cup and the amateur team Corinthians . This would mark the first occasion Corinthians would play in the competition , they had previously won the Sheriff of London Charity Shield on four occasions . Cardiff City qualified for the 1927 FA Charity Shield as winners of the 1926 – 27 FA Cup . They defeated Arsenal by one goal to nil , with the only goal of the game coming from Hughie Ferguson . It was the club 's first FA Cup victory , and the only time that the trophy had been won by a club outside of England . A few months after Cardiff 's victory , the match between them and Corinthians for the FA Charity Shield was set to take place at Stamford Bridge on 12 October . Corinthian announced their team a few days prior to the game , though goalkeeper Benjamin Howard Baker was subsequently replaced by A.M. Russell , who normally played for Cambridge University A.F.C .. Due to an injury to Tom Watson , Billy Hardy was switched to the other wing in defence for Cardiff City . = = Match = = = = = Summary = = = The Corinthians gained a corner kick early on , and Cardiff cleared . This was followed up by a further attack by the amateurs , but R.G. Jenkins ' shot went straight to Tom Farquharson in the Cardiff goal . Cardiff attacked twice in quick succession ; both chances were squandered . A.H. Chadder , Frank Hartley and Jenkins moved up @-@ field for Corinthian with some passing movement and played the ball through for Claude Ashton , but he shot wide of the post . Three corners followed for Cardiff , which were each stopped by Russell in goal for Corinthian stopped each chance . A few minutes later Len Davies headed the ball down to the feet of Ferguson , but the Cardiff player fired the ball wide of the goal despite being only a few feet away from the goal line . Just before half time , Cardiff won a direct free kick ; Fred Keenor hammered the ball into a wall of Corinthian players . The second half began with a speedy Cardiff attack . Corinthian countered , resulting in shots from both Claude and Gilbert Ashton within 15 seconds of each other . Another Cardiff attack resulted in Ferguson missing the goal from a few feet out once again . After four minutes in the second half , Corinthians attacked once more . Fred Ewer played it down the left wing to Kenneth Hegan , who passed it into the centre towards Gilbert Ashton , who fired it past Farquharson . Shortly after the restart , Billy Thirlaway appeared to be about to score a certain goal for Cardiff , but was charged down by Russell . Further chances came in rapid succession ; for Cardiff , Ferguson struck the crossbar with one shot ; then for Corinthian , Claude Ashton passed forward to Jenkins , who struck it wide of an open goal mouth . Hegan sent the ball over the bar , and then a further shot by Claude Ashton was charged down . In the 77th minute , Keenor , Ferguson and Davies passed the ball among themselves before playing it wide to Thirlaway . Ferguson ran to the centre and the ball was crossed towards him . Ferguson leapt and headed the ball into the net to equalise for Cardiff . It looked like Cardiff were about to go ahead , however , a last minute tackle by Alfred Bower prevented Ernie Curtis from scoring , giving the Welsh team another corner . The ball was fired towards the goal mouth , and was shot into the goal from close range by Davies putting Cardiff ahead . The final two attacks of the game were both by Cardiff , with Russell saving a header by Ferguson and then Curtis firing the ball over the crossbar . = = = Details = = = Source : = = Post @-@ match = = The match raised money for several charities . King Edward VII 's Hospital for Officers received £ 210 ; National Institute for the Blind , £ 52 10s ; Newspaper Press Fund , £ 52 10s ; National Institute of Journalist 's Orphans , £ 52 10s ; London Lock Hospital , £ 52 10s ; Prince of Wales General Hospital , £ 52 10s ; Sheffield Royal Infirmary , £ 52 10s ; Railway Benevolent Institution , £ 25 ; and the Surgical Aid Society received £ 25 . A further sum of £ 210 was given to several Welsh based charities . Corinthian never played in another FA Charity Shield , although they would later be runner @-@ up in a resurrected Sheriff of London 's Charity Shield , first to Arsenal in 1931 and in 1932 , and then to Tottenham Hotspur in 1934 . The club ceased to exist in 1939 , when they merged with fellow amateur team Casuals to form the Corinthian @-@ Casuals , which still plays today . The format of the FA Charity Shield changed several further times over the following decades , and in 1974 it was moved to August to become the opening match of each year 's Football League season , and played between the winner of the FA Cup and the most senior league , now the Premier League . Cardiff City is yet to return to the FA Charity Shield , which was renamed the FA Community Shield in 2002 . However , between 2001 and 2006 , the match was held at Cardiff 's Millennium Stadium while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . The closest Cardiff City has come so far to returning to the match was in 2008 when they reached the FA Cup Final once more , but lost by a goal to nil against Portsmouth .
= Lev Chernyi = Lev Chernyi ( Russian : Лев Чёрный ; IPA : [ ˈlʲɛf ˈtɕɵrnɨj ] ; died September 21 , 1921 ) was a Russian individualist anarchist theorist , activist and poet , and a leading figure of the Third Russian Revolution . In 1917 , Chernyi was released from his political imprisonment by the Imperial Russian regime , and swiftly became one of the leading figures in Russian anarchism . After strongly denouncing the new Bolshevik government in various anarchist publications and joining several underground resistance movements , Chernyi was arrested by the Cheka on a charge of counterfeiting and in 1921 was executed without trial . = = Early life , philosophy and imprisonment = = Chernyi was born Pavel Dimitrievich Turchaninov ( Russian : Па ́ вел Дми ́ триевич Турчани ́ нов ; IPA : [ ˈpavʲɪl ˈdmʲitrʲɪjɪvʲɪt ͡ ɕ tʊrt ͡ ɕɐˈnʲinəf ] ) to an army colonel father . A " déclassé intellectual " whom anarchist historian Paul Avrich compares with Volin , Chernyi advocated a Nietzschean overthrow of the values of bourgeois Russian society , and rejected the voluntary communes of anarcho @-@ communist Peter Kropotkin as a threat to the freedom of the individual . Chernyi advocated the " free association of independent individuals " in a book titled Associational Anarchism and published in 1907 . Scholars including Avrich and Allan Antliff have interpreted this vision of society to have been greatly influenced by the individualist anarchists Max Stirner , and Benjamin Tucker . Subsequent to the book 's publication , Chernyi was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities . = = Return to Moscow and opposition to the Bolsheviks = = On his return from Siberia in 1917 , Chernyi enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers as a lecturer , and was at this time one of Russia 's leading individualist anarchists and one of anarchism 's main ideologues . He was the Secretary and leading theorist of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups , which was formed in March 1917 after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and was primarily concerned with disseminating propaganda to Moscow 's poorer classes . A personal acquaintance of Lev Kamenev and other leading Bolsheviks , Chernyi denounced the nascent Russian Soviet Republic at a rally on March 5 , 1918 , declaring that for anarchists , the socialist state was as much an enemy as its bourgeois predecessor and promising to " paralyze the governmental mechanism " . A vociferous advocate of seizing private homes , Chernyi agitated against the state in the pages of Anarkhiia , the anarchist weekly newspaper , proposing increasingly detailed means of decentralized production and " complete absence of internal power structures " . In the spring of 1918 , the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed detachments in reaction to the growing repression of all resistance and free expression . These were the Black Guards , precursors to the anarchist Black Army which fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War . On the night of April 11 , the Cheka ( Soviet secret police ) raided a building occupied by the Moscow Federation , with the official aim of arresting and charging " robber bands " in the anarchist ranks . They were met with armed resistance by the Black Guards and in the ensuing battle , approximately forty anarchists were killed or wounded and about five hundred were imprisoned . = = Arrest and execution = = Having helped establish an underground group in 1918 , Chernyi joined another group called the Underground Anarchists the following year . The organization , which had been founded by Kazimir Kovalevich and Piotr Sobalev , published two issues of an incendiary broadsheet denouncing the Communist dictatorship as the worst tyranny in human history . On September 25 , 1919 , together with a number of leftist social revolutionaries , the Underground Anarchists bombed the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party during a plenary meeting . Twelve Communists were killed and fifty @-@ five others were wounded , including eminent Bolshevik theorist and Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin . Chernyi was detained along with Fanya Baron on a counterfeiting charge . In August 1921 , the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten " anarchist bandits " , among them Chernyi , had been shot without hearing or trial . However , historian of anarchism Paul Avrich contends that Chernyi was executed in September of that year rather than August . Although he was not personally involved in the bombing of the Communist Party headquarters , Chernyi was , because of his association with the Underground Anarchists , a likely candidate for a frameup . The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial , and rumors persisted that he had in fact died of torture . = = Related pages = = Individualist anarchism in Europe List of anarchist poets One of the people who visited his lectures was Gerard Shelley
= Bass Maltings , Sleaford = The Bass Maltings in Sleaford , England are a large group of eight disused malt houses originally owned by the Bass Brewery of Burton upon Trent . Constructed between 1901 and 1907 to Herbert A. Couchman 's design , the maltings are the largest group of malt houses in England ; they have been designated Grade II * on the National Heritage List for England , recognising them as " particularly important ... of more than special interest . " Part of the predominantly agricultural county of Lincolnshire , the Sleaford area was a major producer of barley in the 1880s . When germinated and dried to form malt , barley forms a key ingredient in the production of beer . Along with the town 's railway links , this attracted the Bass brewery company to the town . The use of more efficient techniques at Bass 's other plant led to the closure of Sleaford 's maltings in 1959 . Despite being used to rear poultry in the late 20th century , the buildings have not been fully occupied since Bass left and a fire in 1976 caused severe damage to three of the malthouses . Derelict since the 1990s , proposals to convert the buildings into office , retail and residential space were put on hold in early 2015 after lengthy delays over planning permission and the withdrawal of a major investor . = = History = = = = = Industry and vacancy = = = In the late @-@ 19th century , the Sleaford area was a major barley producer and by the 1880s , Sleaford was a stop on railway lines connecting the town to Boston , Grantham , Bourne , Spalding and Lincoln . These qualities made the town desirable for the production of malt , a crucial ingredient in beer production . The brewers Bass , Ratcliffe and Gretton Ltd were attracted to the town and in 1880 proposed a new malting complex there , which would consolidate malting closer to the barley source and reduce costs by up @-@ scaling production . Drilling in 1892 revealed suitable artesian water sources under Sleaford ; plans were submitted nine years later and over 13 acres of land off Mareham Lane was purchased ; work started in 1901 and was complete by 1907 . The company ran the complex at full capacity until after the Second World War ; however , in the 1950s , Bass installed new and more efficient pneumatic malting systems at their original Burton @-@ on @-@ Trent plant , making the Sleaford complex redundant and paving the way for its closure in 1959 . Vacant space was let to businesses , but the enormous complex was only ever partially occupied after Bass left . Vulnerable to damage and poorly maintained , fires started in 1969 and 1976 , the latter resulting major damage to three of the malthouses . Some of the space was used for chicken @-@ rearing by G. W. Padley ( Property ) Ltd. from 1973 into the 1990s . = = = Regeneration = = = A regeneration scheme was announced in 2004 ; supported by the Phoenix Trust , the maltings would be converted into residential , retail and business space . Public consultation took place in 2005 and 2006 , with around 90 % of participants supporting regeneration and three @-@ quarters asking for a cinema and entertainment complex . Lincolnshire Enterprise granted £ 200 @,@ 000 towards the regeneration scheme and the Gladedale Group came forward to develop the project . Over the next three years , they worked with the Prince 's Regeneration Trust to draw up plans for the site 's regeneration which protected the historic exterior . In 2009 , their proposals were submitted for planning permission . North Kesteven District Council approved the £ 50 million development in 2011 ; Tesco was also granted permission to build a £ 20 million supermarket as part of the redevelopment . The maltings would be converted into retail and office space , alongside 220 apartments . However , in 2012 , Sleaford Town Council refused to grant permission for a link road connecting Boston Road to the site because of " concerns about closing a level crossing and the loss of trees " at the Boston Road Recreation Ground . After a lengthy stalemate , the District Council served a compulsory purchase order on the site in 2014 , but Tesco announced early the following year that it would no longer be investing in the maltings complex following a series of financial setbacks to the company . Although Gladedale ( by then known as Avant Homes ) announced its commitment to converting parts of the site to residential use , the leader of North Kesteven District Council , Marion Brighton , stated that the plans were " effectively on hold " following the withdrawal of Tesco . = = Architecture = = The maltings were constructed to designs by Herbert A. Couchman , Bass & Co . ' s chief engineer . Built in red brick with Welsh slate roofing , the complex follows a rectangular plan along an east @-@ west orientation : a central four @-@ storey water tower is flanked by four malthouses . Behind the tower is a tall , octagonal chimney . The malthouses are identical in design and layout ; barley was fed into a granary section , before being moved onto the germination floors and eventually transported to one of the twin kilns , where malting took place . Their southern fronts consisted of a six @-@ storey building of five bays with a gable spanning three windows that faces the other ranges . Projecting northwards is a ten @-@ bay section of four @-@ storeys which formed the germination floors . With a frontage of nearly 1 @,@ 000 ft and a total area of 50 @,@ 000 sq ft , the maltings complex is believed to be largest of its type in England ; the architectural historians Sir Nikolaus Pevsner and John Harris commented that " for sheer impressiveness little in English industrial architecture can equal the scale of this building . In 1974 , it was recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II * listed building in recognition of its importance as an example of a large @-@ scale industrial malting complex in which " considerations of form , massing , symmetry and scale have produced a design of high aesthetic quality combined with clear functional expression " ; it also represents the importance of the English brewing industry in the late @-@ 19th and early 20th centuries and large @-@ scale malting at its peak . Owing to its derelict state , the building was also placed on English Heritage 's " at risk " register in 2011 . There are five workers ' cottages along the path from Mareham Lane to the industrial site ; each are Grade II listed . The complex 's offices , storage depot , weigh offices , cartsheds , gateways , walls and mess rooms are also listed at the same grade .
= Blakeney Chapel = Blakeney Chapel is a ruined building on the Norfolk coast of England . Despite its name , it is in the parish of Cley next the Sea , not the adjoining village of Blakeney , and was probably not a chapel . The building stood on a raised mound or " eye " on the seaward end of the coastal marshes , less than 200 m ( 220 yd ) from the sea and just to the north of the current channel of the River Glaven where it turns to run parallel to the shoreline . It consisted of two rectangular rooms of unequal size , and appears to be intact in a 1586 map , but is shown as ruins in later charts . Only the foundations and part of a wall still remain . Three archaeological investigations between 1998 and 2005 provided more detail of the construction , and showed two distinct periods of active use . Although it is described as a chapel on several maps , there is no documentary or archaeological evidence to suggest that it had any religious function . A small hearth , probably used for smelting iron , is the only evidence of a specific activity on the site . Much of the structural material was long ago carried off for reuse in buildings in Cley and Blakeney . The surviving ruins are protected as a scheduled monument and Grade II listed building because of their historical importance , but there is no active management . The ever @-@ present threat from the encroaching sea is likely to accelerate following a realignment of the Glaven 's course through the marshes , and lead to the loss of the ruins . = = Description = = The Blakeney Chapel ruins consist of an east @-@ west rectangular structure ( S1 ) 18 m × 7 m ( 59 ft × 23 ft ) in size with a smaller rectangular building ( S2 ) , 13 m × 5 m ( 43 ft × 16 ft ) built onto the southern side of the main room . Most of the structure is buried , only a 6 m ( 20 ft ) length of a flint and mortar wall being exposed to a height of 0 @.@ 3 m ( 1 ft ) prior to the excavation of 2004 – 05 . The ruins stand on the highest point of Blakeney Eye at about 2 m ( 7 ft ) above sea level . The Eye is a sandy mound in the marshes that is located inside the sea wall at the point where the River Glaven turns westward towards the sheltered inlet of Blakeney Haven . Cley Eye is a similar raised area on the east bank of the river . Despite the name , Blakeney Eye , like most of the northern part of the marshes in this area , is actually part of the parish of Cley next the Sea . The land on which the building stands was in the possession of the Calthorpe family until its purchase by banker Charles Rothschild in 1912 . Rothschild gave the property to the National Trust , which has managed it since . There is no public access to the site . The ruins are protected as a scheduled monument and Grade II listed building because of their historical importance . These listings do not cover the land around them , but the whole of the marsh forms part of the 7 @,@ 700 @-@ hectare ( 19 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ) North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) because of its internationally important wildlife value . The SSSI is now additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and RAMSAR listings , and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . = = Documented history = = The building was first shown on a 1586 map of the Blakeney and Cley area , apparently drawn to be used in evidence in a legal case regarding the rights to " wreck and salvage " , the outcome of which is unknown . The original map disappeared in the 19th century , but a number of copies still exist . In this map , the building on the Eye is shown as intact and roofed , but it has no name . A map by the Cranefields from 1769 has the building as " Eye House " , but by 1797 cartographer William Faden 's map of Norfolk shows the " chapel ruins " , a description that was then consistently used from the 19th century onwards . Some maps , including Faden 's , show a second ruined chapel across the Glaven on Cley Eye , but no other documentation exists for that building . The medieval churches of St Nicholas , Blakeney and St Margaret 's , Cley , and the now ruined Blakeney friary , were not the first religious buildings in the area . An early church was recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book at Esnuterle ( " Snitterley " was a former name for Blakeney , the current name first appearing in 1340 ) , but the 11th @-@ century church 's location is unknown , and there is no reason to think that it is on the site of the ' chapel ' . An anonymous booklet on Blakeney published in 1929 states that there was a " chapel of ease " on the marshes , served by a friar from the Convent , but the document on which this seems to be based , a Calendar of Patent Rolls dated 20 April 1343 , simply notes that a local hermit was given permission to seek alms in " divers parts of the realms " . There is no evidence of a dedication of any religious building on the marshes , and no mention of a chapel in any surviving medieval documents . = = Investigations = = The first investigation of the chapel ruins , supported by the National Trust , was conducted by the local history group in the winter of 1998 – 99 . This survey was conducted under a licence from English Heritage that allowed access but did not permit excavation , so it relied on height measurements , geophysics ( resistivity , and magnetometry ) and molehill sampling . The area surveyed was 100 m long and 40 m wide ( 109 yd by 44 yd ) . The magnetometry failed to detect the subterranean features of the chapel , but did show an unexpected linear anomaly , related to buried ironwork from wartime defences . The resistivity survey clearly showed the larger room , but barely detected the smaller , suggesting that it had less substantial foundations , was probably less well @-@ constructed , and possibly later in date . Plans for a realignment of the Glaven channel meant that the Eye would be left unprotected to the north of the river , and would eventually be destroyed by coastal change . It was decided that the only practical course of action was to investigate the site while it still existed , and a preliminary evaluation was carried out in 2003 as preparation for a full survey in 2004 – 05 . The surveyed area covered 10 ha ( 25 acre ) , significantly more than the 0 @.@ 4 ha ( 1 acre ) of the 1998 investigations . 50 trenches were excavated in a herringbone pattern outside the buildings , each 50 m long and 1 @.@ 80 m wide ( 194 by 5 @.@ 9 ft ) , and six trenches of varying dimensions were created inside the chapel . The latter equated in total area to two of the standard trenches . The geology was investigated with eight boreholes , and geophysics ( magnetometry and metal detection ) were used to locate subsurface anomalies . The major excavation of the site in the winter of 2004 – 05 concentrated on the building and a 10 m ( 33 ft ) zone surrounding it . The results indicated that there were a number of phases of occupation . The remains of the building were reburied after excavation , so nothing is now visible at the surface . = = Archaeology = = = = = Early occupation = = = The earliest evidence of permanent occupation is a series of ditches of 11th or 12th century date which are believed to have formed an enclosure , the south east corner of which lies below the " chapel " . Evidence for any buildings within the enclosure has either been lost to the Glaven or is buried outside the survey area . Few finds were associated with the ditches , although some fragments of Roman or earlier pottery and three Henry III pennies were found nearby . As elsewhere on the site , there is little evidence to link the old pottery to its location when found . By the time of the construction of the main building , some time in the 14th century , the ditches had filled with sand . A small hearth was built at ground level , shortly before or during the erection of S1 . It appears to have had fairly light use , but the presence of slag suggests that it was intended for smelting iron , perhaps by a smith . There was evidence for a number of small fires elsewhere in S1 at a similar date to the hearth , but whether they were related to the smelting is unknown . At this time , hearths could not melt metallic iron , but produced a ' bloom ' ( a mixture of iron and slag ) which could be converted to wrought iron by repeated heating and hammering . Another , even earlier , smelting hearth is known from West Runton , 17 km ( 10 mi ) further east on the Norfolk coast . The main ore in this area is the iron @-@ rich local carrstone . = = = Medieval = = = The larger north building was built without deep foundation trenches , but was nevertheless a solid , well @-@ built flint and mortar construction . The building had " substantial time and money spent on it " in the opinion of the principal archaeologist . The flints were selected to decrease in size as the walls rose , and the internal corners were decorated with limestone blocks set as quoins . Seashells were recovered , with a distribution suggesting that they were once part of the fabric of the building as galleting ( strengthening for the mortar ) . There were entrances in the west and northeast walls , and some evidence that there were once windows in the northwest and south walls . The floor was compacted soil , and the original roof material is unknown , but the presence of a few glazed floor tiles and Flemish pantiles of a somewhat later date is consistent with a higher @-@ status appearance . There was no internal wall at this date , but there may have been an external wooden extension to the southwest corner . The medieval building was eventually abandoned , and much of the structural material was taken for reuse in Blakeney and Cley villages . A stone archway in Cley is traditionally believed to have come from the chapel , and would fit the western entrance , although it could have been brought from elsewhere such as the ruined Blakeney friary . The ' chapel ' building was deserted around 1600 , but whether the collapse of its east end was the cause or a consequence of its disuse is unknown . The main building seems to have suffered a major fire at some stage , and no wooden structures have been found . The site was flooded at least three times , subsequent to the building 's collapse . At some stage , part of the western wall was lost , the steep slope where it stood suggesting that it may have been taken by the sea . Most of the pottery found within the larger room was 14th to 16th century , nearly a third of which was imported from the continent , reflecting the Glaven ports ' importance in international trade at this time . The pottery appeared to be mainly domestic in nature , including jugs and cooking vessels . = = = Post @-@ medieval = = = The 17th @-@ century room , S2 , used the south wall of the existing structure as its own north wall , and was largely built using materials salvaged from S1 , although the standard of the work was poorer . The new room had a double fireplace , but there was no evidence of a dividing wall between the two hearths . Limestone blocks , identical to the quoins in S1 , were used as structural and decorative features in the fireplace . In addition to the pantiles taken from S1 , there were Cornish slate roof tiles . Whether they formed part of the roof of S2 or were associated with the possible wooden extension is unclear . At the same time that S2 was built , a dividing wall , again of inferior quality , was built across S1 to create a western room . There were no molehills within the smaller building , which had suggested that , unlike its neighbour , it has a buried solid floor , and this was confirmed by excavation . This had a floor originally made of mortar , relaid at least once , but then covered with a layer of flint cobbles , suggesting that it was a working area . The old hearth was not covered , so it may have still been used . A new fireplace was also added , apparently of a domestic design , although the context makes that function improbable . A well @-@ marked track led southwest down the slope from S1 , and a large midden was close to the path . It has been suggested that a " clean " pit north of S1 was a well , with fresh water floating above the saltwater below , a phenomenon known from Blakeney Point and elsewhere on the Norfolk coast . There is only limited evidence for use after the 17th @-@ century desertion , including a 19th @-@ century tobacco pipe and some Victorian glassware . A wartime barbed wire fence ran through the ruins , and was detected by excavation and magnetometry . Other modern finds included a gin trap , bullets and other small metal objects . = = Purpose = = Blakeney Eye has a long history of occupation , with many finds from the Neolithic , but few from Roman or Anglo @-@ Saxon dates , although a gold bracteate was a rare and significant 6th @-@ century find . Animal and plant finds showed that both domesticated species , such as goats , and locally available prey such as curlews were eaten ; rabbit and canid remains may reflect the use of fur from these mammals . Evidence of cereal processing and storage is difficult to date , but may be medieval . The buildings were abandoned during the 17th century , and their uses , which may have been varied over the long period of occupation , remain unknown . The east – west orientation and superior workmanship of S1 would not preclude religious use , but there is no other evidence , archaeological or documentary , to support that possibility . The limited number of finds , even of material which could not have been reused , have suggested that any medieval habitation must have been very limited in numbers of people and time . Other plausible uses have been suggested , such as a custom house or a warrener 's house , but again there is nothing to support these speculations . = = Threats = = Realignment of the River Glaven means the ruins are now to the north of the river embankment , and essentially unprotected from coastal erosion , since the advancing shingle will no longer be swept away by the stream . The chapel will be buried by a ridge of shingle as the spit continues to move south , and then lost to the sea , perhaps within 20 – 30 years . The ridge of shingle runs west from Weybourne along the Norfolk coast , before becoming a spit extending into the sea at Blakeney . Saltmarshes can develop behind the ridge , but the sea attacks the spit through tidal and storm action . The amount of shingle moved by a single storm can be " spectacular " ; the spit has sometimes been breached , becoming an island for a time , and this may happen again . The northernmost part of Snitterley village was lost to the sea in the early Middle Ages , probably due to a storm . In the last two hundred years , the maps have been accurate enough for the distance from the ruins to the sea to be measured . The 400 m ( 440 yd ) in 1817 had become 320 m ( 350 yd ) by 1835 , 275 m ( 300 yd ) in 1907 , and 195 m ( 215 yd ) by the end of the 20th century . The spit is moving towards the mainland at about 1 m ( 1 yd ) per year ; and several raised islands or " eyes " have already been lost to the sea as the beach has rolled over the saltmarsh . Landward movement of the shingle meant that the channel of the Glaven , itself excavated in 1922 because an earlier , more northerly course was overwhelmed between Blakeney and Cley , was becoming blocked increasingly often . This led to flooding of Cley village and the environmentally important freshwater marshes . The Environment Agency considered a number of remedial options . Attempting to hold back the shingle or breaching the spit to create a new outlet for the Glaven would be expensive and probably ineffective , and doing nothing would be environmentally damaging . The Agency decided to create a new route for the river to the south of its original line , and work to realign a 550 m ( 600 yd ) stretch of river 200 m ( 220 yd ) further south was completed in 2007 at a cost of about £ 1 @.@ 5 million . Managed retreat is likely to be the long @-@ term solution to rising sea levels along much of the North Norfolk coast . It has already been implemented at other important sites like Titchwell Marsh .
= Blood on the Dance Floor ( song ) = " Blood on the Dance Floor " is a song by Michael Jackson . The song was released as the first single from the remix album , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . Jackson and Teddy Riley created the track in time for the 1991 release of Dangerous . However , it did not appear on that record and was minimally altered before commercial release in 1997 . The song is about a predatory woman by the name of Susie , who seduces Jackson before plotting to stab him with a knife . The composition explores a variety of genres ranging from rock to funk and Hi @-@ NRG . Commentators compared " Blood on the Dance Floor " to music from Dangerous . Others commented on the song 's perceived aggressive tone and the vocal style , the broad genres heard and possible lyrical interpretations of the song . Reviews at the time of release were largely mixed , but contemporary reviews have been favorable . The song was promoted with a music video that premiered on Top of the Pops . It centered on Susie seducing Jackson in a courtship dance , before opening a switchblade . " Blood on the Dance Floor " was the only track from the remix album performed on the HIStory World Tour . The lead single peaked at number one in several countries , including the UK . = = Production and music = = Teddy Riley came up with the song 's title while Michael recorded the piece for his Dangerous album in 1991 — it failed to make the final track listing . Teddy was reportedly upset that Jackson did not call him to " vacuum clean this old master " upon realizing it would be included on Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix . Riley wanted to update the musical composition before it appeared on the remix album . Instruments played in the song include a guitar and piano , the latter of which has an F2 @-@ Eb5 range in scientific pitch notation . Jackson 's vocal range on the track is C3 @-@ Bb5 and aspects of the song are performed in the key A @-@ flat major . Genres that have been attributed to the song are rock , pop , house , dance , R & B , funk and new jack swing . Jackson incorporates many of the vocal traits associated with his work , such as hiccups and gasps . Neil Strauss of The New York Times suggests that the predatory woman in the title track , " Susie " , is a metaphor for AIDS . However , in an interview with Adrian Grant , Jackson denied that the song was about AIDS . = = Commentary = = The Dallas Morning News described " Blood on the Dance Floor " as an angry tale of a back @-@ stabbing woman and Michael Saunders of The Boston Globe described it as " a middling dance @-@ funk cut " . Anthony Violenti of The Buffalo News said of the single , " [ it is ] laced with Teddy Riley 's new jack swing sound and a pounding techno beat " , whereas The Cincinnati Post characterized the song as a " lackluster first release ... dated , played @-@ out dance track " , but gave the album an overall favorable review . Jim Farber of New York Daily News , noted of the vocals and musical style , " [ Jackson ] coughs up a series of strangulated mutters and munchkin hiccups in lieu of a vocal , while its chilly , faux @-@ industrial music proves as appealing as a migraine " . William Ruhlman of Allmusic observed , " ' Blood on the Dance Floor ' is an uptempo Jackson song in the increasingly hysterical tradition of ' Billie Jean ' and ' Smooth Criminal ' with Jackson huffing , puffing , and yelping through some nonsense about a stabbing ... over a fairly generic electronic dance track " . He was not complimentary of the B @-@ sides that accompanied it . Stephen Thomas Erlewine , also of Allmusic , had a negative reaction to the record . He described " Blood on the Dance Floor " as a " bleak reworking of ' Jam ' and ' Scream ' " . Music commentator Nelson George , compared the song to material from Dangerous , notably the critically acclaimed tracks " Jam " and " Dangerous " . He described it as a " pile driving " song that " explodes from radio speakers " . A longtime commentator on Jackson 's public life , J. Randy Taraborrelli , gave a retrospective analysis of the album in the biography , The Magic & the Madness . Taraborrelli thought that " Blood on the Dance Floor " was one of Jackson 's best songs , a song that US fans " don 't even know exists " . In 2005 , J T Griffith , of Allmusic , believed that in hindsight , " Blood on the Dance Floor " was actually a good song . He explained , " [ it is ] a second @-@ rate mixture of ' Beat It ' and ' Thriller ' but Jackson 's missteps are better than most pop music out there . This track showcases all the artist 's trademarks : the ooohing , the grunts , and funky basslines . It is hard to hear ' Blood on the Dance Floor ' and not want to moonwalk or dance like a ghoul " . = = Promotion = = " Blood on the Dance Floor " was the only track from Blood on the Dance Floor : History in the Mix to appear on the set list of the HIStory World Tour . The music video for " Blood on the Dance Floor " was directed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson . It premiered on Top of the Pops in the UK on March 28 , 1997 , several weeks ahead of its release as a single . The video opens with a thrown switchblade impaling a spray painted image . The impaled image is that of a blood dripping love heart with " SUSIE + ME " scrawled across it . Jackson and a group of dancers then enter a salsa dance hall and he begins to dance with a woman , " Susie " , while shaking a piece of percussion . The singer then appears seated while the woman dances seductively above him on a table top . After the 1st verse and chorus , there is an a cappella moment , in which Jackson breathes to the drums and the bass , then the strings , then spins , drops down and claps , then he main song starts with the 2nd verse . Throughout the video , Jackson shows a sexual attraction towards the dancing woman — played by Sybil Azur . Jackson caresses her ankle , calf , knee and thigh , and at one stage looks up her dress . The woman is then seen opening a flick knife as the pair engage in a final courtship dance . The video closes in the same manner it began , with the switchblade impaling the spray painted image . The music video won the Brazilian TVZ Video Award : Best International Music Video of the Year . Interviewed on her experience during the video one of the dancers , Carmit Bachar ( of [ The Pussycat Dolls ] ) noted , " I was called in by Vincent Paterson for ' Blood on the Dance Floor ' . It was to have a Latin feel , some sort of mambo . I arrived wearing a little salsa dress , fish nets , heels , and my hair was up in a kind of bun with a flower . I was ' camera ready ' . I showed up with the whole outfit . It 's not that producers can 't see what they like , or the potential in somebody , but what I do helps them to see their vision more " . A " Refugee Camp Mix " of " Blood on the Dance Floor " appeared on Jackson 's video collection , HIStory on Film , Volume II and Michael Jackson 's Vision . The original song would later appear on the Number Ones DVD , which contained previously unreleased scenes . Furthermore , Paterson recorded an unreleased , alternate version of the music video , shot with an 8 mm camera . Writer David Noh , described it as , " grainy , overexposed , and sexy as shit " . According to Paterson , " Michael loved it , but Sony hated it and refused to release it " . The New York Times described the United States promotional effort for the Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix campaign as " subdued " , creating " hardly a sound " and " perplexing to many people in the industry " . Jackson 's label Epic Records , refuted allegations they were not promoting the album sufficiently , saying , " We are completely behind the album ... Michael is certainly one of our superstars and is treated as such ... We just went into this one with our global hats on " . The New York Times acknowledged that promotion was stronger internationally , where Jackson had more commercial force and popularity . = = Chart performance = = The song became a top ten hit in almost every European Union state . " Blood on the Dance Floor " peaked at number one in the UK , Spain and New Zealand , charting for 11 weeks in the latter two nations . In the UK it sold 85 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , enough to take the number one spot from " I Believe I Can Fly " by friend and collaborator R. Kelly . The song was Jackson 's seventh UK chart topper as a solo artist , although it fell to number eight in its second week of release . The European country where " Blood on the Dance Floor " had the most longevity was Switzerland , where it spent 18 weeks in the chart . By contrast , the song appeared in the Italian chart for only one week . The single peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . This relatively lower peak position has been attributed to the lack of US promotion and — according to J. Randy Taraborrelli and Allmusic writer William Ruhlman — the ongoing US public interest in the singer 's private life over his music . " Blood on the Dance Floor " was the 20th and last of Jackson 's reissued singles from the Visionary campaign . Issued in June 2006 , it charted at number 19 in the UK . = = Track listing = = Visionary single CD side " Blood on the Dance Floor " – 4 : 14 " Blood on the Dance Floor " ( Fire Island Vocal Mix ) – 8 : 55 DVD side " Blood on the Dance Floor " ( video ) – 4 : 15 = = Personnel = = Written , composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley Solo and background vocals , vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson Teddy Riley and Brad Buxer : Keyboards and synthesizers , drum programming Guitar by Nile Rodgers Matt Carpenter : Digital Systems programming Engineered by Teddy Riley , Dave Way and Mick Guzauski Mixed by Mick Guzauski = = Charts = = = = = Chart procession and succession = = =
= Pneumonia = Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli . Typical signs and symptoms include a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough , chest pain , fever , and trouble breathing , depending on the underlying cause . Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms , certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases . Risk factors include other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis , COPD , and asthma , diabetes , heart failure , a history of smoking , a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke , or a weak immune system . Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination . Chest X @-@ ray , blood tests , and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis . The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community , hospital , or health care associated pneumonia . Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available . Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking . Treatment depends on the underlying cause . Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics . If the pneumonia is severe , the affected person is generally hospitalized . Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low . Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally ( 7 % of the population ) and results in about 4 million deaths per year . Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as " the captain of the men of death " . With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century survival improved . Nevertheless , in developing countries , and among the very old , the very young , and the chronically ill , pneumonia remains a leading cause of death . Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called " the old man 's friend " . = = Signs and symptoms = = People with infectious pneumonia often have a productive cough , fever accompanied by shaking chills , shortness of breath , sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths , and an increased rate of breathing . In the elderly , confusion may be the most prominent sign . The typical signs and symptoms in children under five are fever , cough , and fast or difficult breathing . Fever is not very specific , as it occurs in many other common illnesses , may be absent in those with severe disease , malnutrition or in the elderly . In addition , a cough is frequently absent in children less than 2 months old . More severe signs and symptoms in children may include blue @-@ tinged skin , unwillingness to drink , convulsions , ongoing vomiting , extremes of temperature , or a decreased level of consciousness . Bacterial and viral cases of pneumonia usually present with similar symptoms . Some causes are associated with classic , but non @-@ specific , clinical characteristics . Pneumonia caused by Legionella may occur with abdominal pain , diarrhea , or confusion , while pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with rusty colored sputum , and pneumonia caused by Klebsiella may have bloody sputum often described as " currant jelly " . Bloody sputum ( known as hemoptysis ) may also occur with tuberculosis , Gram @-@ negative pneumonia , and lung abscesses as well as more commonly with acute bronchitis . Mycoplasma pneumonia may occur in association with swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck , joint pain , or a middle ear infection . Viral pneumonia presents more commonly with wheezing than does bacterial pneumonia . Pneumonia was historically divided into " typical " and " atypical " based on the belief that the presentation predicted the underlying cause . However , evidence has not supported this distinction , thus it is no longer emphasized . = = Cause = = Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites . Although there are more than 100 strains of infectious agents identified , only a few are responsible for the majority of the cases . Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria may occur in up to 45 % of infections in children and 15 % of infections in adults . A causative agent may not be isolated in approximately half of cases despite careful testing . The term pneumonia is sometimes more broadly applied to any condition resulting in inflammation of the lungs ( caused for example by autoimmune diseases , chemical burns or drug reactions ) ; however , this inflammation is more accurately referred to as pneumonitis . Conditions and risk factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking , immunodeficiency , alcoholism , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , asthma , chronic kidney disease , and liver disease . The use of acid @-@ suppressing medications — such as proton @-@ pump inhibitors or H2 blockers — is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia . The risk is also increased in old age . = = = Bacteria = = = Bacteria are the most common cause of community @-@ acquired pneumonia ( CAP ) , with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50 % of cases . Other commonly isolated bacteria include Haemophilus influenzae in 20 % , Chlamydophila pneumoniae in 13 % , and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3 % of cases ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Moraxella catarrhalis ; Legionella pneumophila and Gram @-@ negative bacilli . A number of drug @-@ resistant versions of the above infections are becoming more common , including drug @-@ resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ( DRSP ) and methicillin @-@ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) . The spreading of organisms is facilitated when risk factors are present . Alcoholism is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae , anaerobic organisms , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; smoking facilitates the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Legionella pneumophila . Exposure to birds is associated with Chlamydia psittaci ; farm animals with Coxiella burnetti ; aspiration of stomach contents with anaerobic organisms ; and cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Streptococcus pneumoniae is more common in the winter , and should be suspected in persons aspirating a large amount anaerobic organisms . = = = Viruses = = = In adults , viruses account for approximately a third and in children for about 15 % of pneumonia cases . Commonly implicated agents include rhinoviruses , coronaviruses , influenza virus , respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) , adenovirus , and parainfluenza . Herpes simplex virus rarely causes pneumonia , except in groups such as : newborns , persons with cancer , transplant recipients , and people with significant burns . People following organ transplantation or those otherwise @-@ immunocompromised present high rates of cytomegalovirus pneumonia . Those with viral infections may be secondarily infected with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , or Haemophilus influenzae , particularly when other health problems are present . Different viruses predominate at different periods of the year ; during influenza season , for example , influenza may account for over half of all viral cases . Outbreaks of other viruses also occasionally occur , including hantaviruses and coronavirus . = = = Fungi = = = Fungal pneumonia is uncommon , but occurs more commonly in individuals with weakened immune systems due to AIDS , immunosuppressive drugs , or other medical problems . It is most often caused by Histoplasma capsulatum , blastomyces , Cryptococcus neoformans , Pneumocystis jiroveci ( pneumocystis pneumonia ) , and Coccidioides immitis . Histoplasmosis is most common in the Mississippi River basin , and coccidioidomycosis is most common in the Southwestern United States . The number of cases has been increasing in the later half of the 20th century due to increasing travel and rates of immunosuppression in the population . = = = Parasites = = = A variety of parasites can affect the lungs , including Toxoplasma gondii , Strongyloides stercoralis , Ascaris lumbricoides , and Plasmodium malariae . These organisms typically enter the body through direct contact with the skin , ingestion , or via an insect vector . Except for Paragonimus westermani , most parasites do not affect specifically the lungs but involve the lungs secondarily to other sites . Some parasites , in particular those belonging to the Ascaris and Strongyloides genera , stimulate a strong eosinophilic reaction , which may result in eosinophilic pneumonia . In other infections , such as malaria , lung involvement is due primarily to cytokine @-@ induced systemic inflammation . In the developed world these infections are most common in people returning from travel or in immigrants . Around the world , these infections are most common in the immunodeficient . = = = Noninfectious = = = Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class of diffuse lung diseases . They include diffuse alveolar damage , organizing pneumonia , nonspecific interstitial pneumonia , lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia , desquamative interstitial pneumonia , respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease , and usual interstitial pneumonia . = = Mechanisms = = Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract . It is pneumonitis ( lung inflammation ) combined with consolidation ( liquid in spaces normally inflated with air ) . = = = Viral = = = Viruses may reach the lung by a number of different routes . Respiratory syncytial virus is typically contracted when people touch contaminated objects and then they touch their eyes or nose . Other viral infections occur when contaminated airborne droplets are inhaled through the mouth or nose . Once in the upper airway , the viruses may make their way in the lungs , where they invade the cells lining the airways , alveoli , or lung parenchyma . Some viruses such as measles and herpes simplex may reach the lungs via the blood . The invasion of the lungs may lead to varying degrees of cell death . When the immune system responds to the infection , even more lung damage may occur . Primarily white blood cells , mainly mononuclear cells , generate the inflammation . As well as damaging the lungs , many viruses simultaneously affect other organs and thus disrupt other body functions . Viruses also make the body more susceptible to bacterial infections ; in this way , bacterial pneumonia can arise as a co @-@ morbid condition . = = = Bacterial = = = Most bacteria enter the lungs via small aspirations of organisms residing in the throat or nose . Half of normal people have these small aspirations during sleep . While the throat always contains bacteria , potentially infectious ones reside there only at certain times and under certain conditions . A minority of types of bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila reach the lungs via contaminated airborne droplets . Bacteria can spread also via the blood . Once in the lungs , bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between alveoli , where the macrophages and neutrophils ( defensive white blood cells ) attempt to inactivate the bacteria . The neutrophils also release cytokines , causing a general activation of the immune system . This leads to the fever , chills , and fatigue common in bacterial pneumonia . The neutrophils , bacteria , and fluid from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli , resulting in the consolidation seen on chest X @-@ ray . = = Diagnosis = = Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and a chest X @-@ ray . However , the underlying cause can be difficult to confirm , as there is no definitive test able to distinguish between bacterial and non @-@ bacterial origin . The World Health Organization has defined pneumonia in children clinically based on either a cough or difficulty breathing and a rapid respiratory rate , chest indrawing , or a decreased level of consciousness . A rapid respiratory rate is defined as greater than 60 breaths per minute in children under 2 months old , 50 breaths per minute in children 2 months to 1 year old , or greater than 40 breaths per minute in children 1 to 5 years old . In children , increased respiratory rate and lower chest indrawing are more sensitive than hearing chest crackles with a stethoscope . Grunting and nasal flaring may be other useful signs in children less than five . In general , in adults , investigations are not needed in mild cases . There is a very low risk of pneumonia if all vital signs and auscultation are normal . In persons requiring hospitalization , pulse oximetry , chest radiography and blood tests — including a complete blood count , serum electrolytes , C @-@ reactive protein level , and possibly liver function tests — are recommended . The diagnosis of influenza @-@ like illness can be made based on the signs and symptoms ; however , confirmation of an influenza infection requires testing . Thus , treatment is frequently based on the presence of influenza in the community or a rapid influenza test . = = = Physical exam = = = Physical examination may sometimes reveal low blood pressure , high heart rate , or low oxygen saturation . The respiratory rate may be faster than normal , and this may occur a day or two before other signs . Examination of the chest may be normal , but it may show decreased chest expansion on the affected side . Harsh breath sounds from the larger airways that are transmitted through the inflamed lung are termed bronchial breathing and are heard on auscultation with a stethoscope . Crackles ( rales ) may be heard over the affected area during inspiration . Percussion may be dulled over the affected lung , and increased , rather than decreased , vocal resonance distinguishes pneumonia from a pleural effusion . = = = Imaging = = = A chest radiograph is frequently used in diagnosis . In people with mild disease , imaging is needed only in those with potential complications , those not having improved with treatment , or those in which the cause is uncertain . If a person is sufficiently sick to require hospitalization , a chest radiograph is recommended . Findings do not always match the severity of disease and do not reliably separate between bacterial infection and viral infection . X @-@ ray presentations of pneumonia may be classified as lobar pneumonia , bronchopneumonia ( also known as lobular pneumonia ) , and interstitial pneumonia . Bacterial , community @-@ acquired pneumonia classically show lung consolidation of one lung segmental lobe , which is known as lobar pneumonia . However , findings may vary , and other patterns are common in other types of pneumonia . Aspiration pneumonia may present with bilateral opacities primarily in the bases of the lungs and on the right side . Radiographs of viral pneumonia may appear normal , appear hyper @-@ inflated , have bilateral patchy areas , or present similar to bacterial pneumonia with lobar consolidation . Radiologic findings may not be present in the early stages of the disease , especially in the presence of dehydration , or may be difficult to be interpreted in the obese or those with a history of lung disease . A CT scan can give additional information in indeterminate cases . = = = Microbiology = = = In patients managed in the community , determining the causative agent is not cost @-@ effective and typically does not alter management . For people that do not respond to treatment , sputum culture should be considered , and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be carried out in persons with a chronic productive cough . Testing for other specific organisms may be recommended during outbreaks , for public health reasons . In those hospitalized for severe disease , both sputum and blood cultures are recommended , as well as testing the urine for antigens to Legionella and Streptococcus . Viral infections can be confirmed via detection of either the virus or its antigens with culture or polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , among other techniques . The causative agent is determined in only 15 % of cases with routine microbiological tests . = = = Classification = = = Pneumonitis refers to lung inflammation ; pneumonia refers to pneumonitis , usually due to infection but sometimes non @-@ infectious , that has the additional feature of pulmonary consolidation . Pneumonia is most commonly classified by where or how it was acquired : community @-@ acquired , aspiration , healthcare @-@ associated , hospital @-@ acquired , and ventilator @-@ associated pneumonia . It may also be classified by the area of lung affected : lobar pneumonia , bronchial pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia ; or by the causative organism . Pneumonia in children may additionally be classified based on signs and symptoms as non @-@ severe , severe , or very severe . The setting in which pneumonia develops is important to treatment , as it correlates to which pathogens are likely suspects , which mechanisms are likely , which antibiotics are likely to work or fail , and which complications can be expected based on the person 's health status . = = = = Community = = = = Community @-@ acquired pneumonia ( CAP ) is acquired in the community , outside of health care facilities . Compared with health care – associated pneumonia , it is less likely to involve multidrug @-@ resistant bacteria . Although the latter are no longer rare in CAP , they are still less likely . = = = = Healthcare = = = = Health care – associated pneumonia ( HCAP ) is an infection associated with recent exposure to the health care system , including hospital , outpatient clinic , nursing home , dialysis center , chemotherapy treatment , or home care . HCAP is sometimes called MCAP ( medical care – associated pneumonia ) . = = = = = Hospital = = = = = Hospital @-@ acquired pneumonia is acquired in a hospital ( specifically , pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission , which was not incubating at the time of admission ) , and as such is likely to involve hospital @-@ acquired infections , with higher risk of multidrug @-@ resistant pathogens . Also , because hospital patients are often ill ( which is why they are present in the hospital ) , comorbidities are an issue . = = = = = Ventilator = = = = = Ventilator @-@ associated pneumonia occurs in people breathing with the help of mechanical ventilation ( specifically , it is pneumonia that arises more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation ) . Like any medical device , ventilators involve some risk of infection because of how difficult it is to prevent bacteria from colonizing the internal parts and surfaces , even with diligent cleaning . People who need ventilators typically are rather ill , to begin with , so a superimposed pneumonia is not always easily managed . Immunodeficiency may be involved because of poor nutritional status and whichever disorders are comorbid . = = = Differential diagnosis = = = Several diseases can present with similar signs and symptoms to pneumonia , such as : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , asthma , pulmonary edema , bronchiectasis , lung cancer , and pulmonary emboli . Unlike pneumonia , asthma and COPD typically present with wheezing , pulmonary edema presents with an abnormal electrocardiogram , cancer and bronchiectasis present with a cough of longer duration , and pulmonary emboli presents with acute onset sharp chest pain and shortness of breath . = = Prevention = = Prevention includes vaccination , environmental measures and appropriate treatment of other health problems . It is believed that , if appropriate preventive measures were instituted globally , mortality among children could be reduced by 400 @,@ 000 ; and , if proper treatment were universally available , childhood deaths could be decreased by another 600 @,@ 000 . = = = Vaccination = = = Vaccination prevents against certain bacterial and viral pneumonias both in children and adults . Influenza vaccines are modestly effective at preventing symptoms of influenza . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends yearly vaccination for every person 6 months and older . Immunizing health care workers decreases the risk of viral pneumonia among their patients . Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use . Vaccinating children against Streptococcus pneumoniae has led to a decreased incidence of these infections in adults , because many adults acquire infections from children . A Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine is available for adults , and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease . Other vaccines for which there is support for a protective effect against pneumonia include pertussis , varicella , and measles . = = = Medications = = = When influenza outbreaks occur , medications such as amantadine or rimantadine may help prevent the condition ; however are associated with side effects . Zanamivir or oseltamivir decrease the chance that those exposed will develop symptoms ; however , it is recommended that potential side effects are taken into account . = = = Other = = = Smoking cessation and reducing indoor air pollution , such as that from cooking indoors with wood or dung , are both recommended . Smoking appears to be the single biggest risk factor for pneumococcal pneumonia in otherwise @-@ healthy adults . Hand hygiene and coughing into one 's sleeve may also be effective preventative measures . Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness . Appropriately treating underlying illnesses ( such as HIV / AIDS , diabetes mellitus , and malnutrition ) can decrease the risk of pneumonia . In children less than 6 months of age , exclusive breast feeding reduces both the risk and severity of disease . In those with HIV / AIDS and a CD4 count of less than 200 cells / uL the antibiotic trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole decreases the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia and is also useful for prevention in those that are immunocomprised but do not have HIV . Testing pregnant women for Group B Streptococcus and Chlamydia trachomatis , and administering antibiotic treatment , if needed , reduces rates of pneumonia in infants ; preventive measures for HIV transmission from mother to child may also be efficient . Suctioning the mouth and throat of infants with meconium @-@ stained amniotic fluid has not been found to reduce the rate of aspiration pneumonia and may cause potential harm , thus this practice is not recommended in the majority of situations . In the frail elderly good oral health care may lower the risk of aspiration pneumonia . Zinc supplementation in children 2 months to five years old appears to reduce rates of pneumonia . = = Management = = Oral antibiotics , rest , simple analgesics , and fluids usually suffice for complete resolution . However , those with other medical conditions , the elderly , or those with significant trouble breathing may require more advanced care . If the symptoms worsen , the pneumonia does not improve with home treatment , or complications occur , hospitalization may be required . Worldwide , approximately 7 – 13 % of cases in children result in hospitalization , whereas in the developed world between 22 and 42 % of adults with community @-@ acquired pneumonia are admitted . The CURB @-@ 65 score is useful for determining the need for admission in adults . If the score is 0 or 1 , people can typically be managed at home ; if it is 2 , a short hospital stay or close follow @-@ up is needed ; if it is 3 – 5 , hospitalization is recommended . In children those with respiratory distress or oxygen saturations of less than 90 % should be hospitalized . The utility of chest physiotherapy in pneumonia has not yet been determined . Non @-@ invasive ventilation may be beneficial in those admitted to the intensive care unit . Over @-@ the @-@ counter cough medicine has not been found to be effective nor has the use of zinc in children . There is insufficient evidence for mucolytics . = = = Bacterial = = = Antibiotics improve outcomes in those with bacterial pneumonia . Antibiotic choice depends initially on the characteristics of the person affected , such as age , underlying health , and the location the infection was acquired . In the UK , treatment before culture results with amoxicillin is recommended as the first line for community @-@ acquired pneumonia , with doxycycline or clarithromycin as alternatives . In North America , where the " atypical " forms of community @-@ acquired pneumonia are more common , macrolides ( such as azithromycin or erythromycin ) , and doxycycline have displaced amoxicillin as first @-@ line outpatient treatment in adults . In children with mild or moderate symptoms , amoxicillin remains the first line . The use of fluoroquinolones in uncomplicated cases is discouraged due to concerns about side @-@ effects and generating resistance in light of there being no greater clinical benefit . For those who require hospitalization and caught their pneumonia in the community the use of a β @-@ lactam such as cephazolin plus macrolide such as azithromycin or a fluoroquinolones is recommended . The addition of corticosteroids also appears to improve outcomes . The duration of treatment has traditionally been seven to ten days , but increasing evidence suggests that shorter courses ( three to five days ) are similarly effective . Recommended for hospital @-@ acquired pneumonia include third- and fourth @-@ generation cephalosporins , carbapenems , fluoroquinolones , aminoglycosides , and vancomycin . These antibiotics are often given intravenously and used in combination . In those treated in hospital , more than 90 % improve with the initial antibiotics . = = = Viral = = = Neuraminidase inhibitors may be used to treat viral pneumonia caused by influenza viruses ( influenza A and influenza B ) . No specific antiviral medications are recommended for other types of community acquired viral pneumonias including SARS coronavirus , adenovirus , hantavirus , and parainfluenza virus . Influenza A may be treated with rimantadine or amantadine , while influenza A or B may be treated with oseltamivir , zanamivir or peramivir . These are of most benefit if they are started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms . Many strains of H5N1 influenza A , also known as avian influenza or " bird flu " , have shown resistance to rimantadine and amantadine . The use of antibiotics in viral pneumonia is recommended by some experts , as it is impossible to rule out a complicating bacterial infection . The British Thoracic Society recommends that antibiotics be withheld in those with mild disease . The use of corticosteroids is controversial . = = = Aspiration = = = In general , aspiration pneumonitis is treated conservatively with antibiotics indicated only for aspiration pneumonia . The choice of antibiotic will depend on several factors , including the suspected causative organism and whether pneumonia was acquired in the community or developed in a hospital setting . Common options include clindamycin , a combination of a beta @-@ lactam antibiotic and metronidazole , or an aminoglycoside . Corticosteroids are sometimes used in aspiration pneumonia , but there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness . = = Prognosis = = With treatment , most types of bacterial pneumonia will stabilize in 3 – 6 days . It often takes a few weeks before most symptoms resolve . X @-@ ray finding typically clear within four weeks and mortality is low ( less than 1 % ) . In the elderly or people with other lung problems , recovery may take more than 12 weeks . In persons requiring hospitalization , mortality may be as high as 10 % , and in those requiring intensive care it may reach 30 – 50 % . Pneumonia is the most common hospital @-@ acquired infection that causes death . Before the advent of antibiotics , mortality was typically 30 % in those that were hospitalized . Complications may occur in particular in the elderly and those with underlying health problems . This may include , among others : empyema , lung abscess , bronchiolitis obliterans , acute respiratory distress syndrome , sepsis , and worsening of underlying health problems . = = = Clinical prediction rules = = = Clinical prediction rules have been developed to more objectively predict outcomes of pneumonia . These rules are often used in deciding whether or not to hospitalize the person . Pneumonia severity index ( or PSI Score ) CURB @-@ 65 score , which takes into account the severity of symptoms , any underlying diseases , and age = = = Pleural effusion , empyema , and abscess = = = In pneumonia , a collection of fluid may form in the space that surrounds the lung . Occasionally , microorganisms will infect this fluid , causing an empyema . To distinguish an empyema from the more common simple parapneumonic effusion , the fluid may be collected with a needle ( thoracentesis ) , and examined . If this shows evidence of empyema , complete drainage of the fluid is necessary , often requiring a drainage catheter . In severe cases of empyema , surgery may be needed . If the infected fluid is not drained , the infection may persist , because antibiotics do not penetrate well into the pleural cavity . If the fluid is sterile , it must be drained only if it is causing symptoms or remains unresolved . In rare circumstances , bacteria in the lung will form a pocket of infected fluid called a lung abscess . Lung abscesses can usually be seen with a chest X @-@ ray but frequently require a chest CT scan to confirm the diagnosis . Abscesses typically occur in aspiration pneumonia , and often contain several types of bacteria . Long @-@ term antibiotics are usually adequate to treat a lung abscess , but sometimes the abscess must be drained by a surgeon or radiologist . = = = Respiratory and circulatory failure = = = Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) , which results from a combination of infection and inflammatory response . The lungs quickly fill with fluid and become stiff . This stiffness , combined with severe difficulties extracting oxygen due to the alveolar fluid , may require long periods of mechanical ventilation for survival . Sepsis is a potential complication of pneumonia but occurs usually in people with poor immunity or hyposplenism . The organisms most commonly involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Other causes of the symptoms should be considered such as a myocardial infarction or a pulmonary embolism . = = Epidemiology = = Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world . It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million deaths ( 7 % of the world 's total death ) yearly . Rates are greatest in children less than five , and adults older than 75 years . It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world than in the developed world . Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases . In the United States , as of 2009 , pneumonia is the 8th leading cause of death . = = = Children = = = In 2008 , pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children ( 151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world ) . In 2010 , it resulted in 1 @.@ 3 million deaths , or 18 % of all deaths in those under five years , of which 95 % occurred in the developing world . Countries with the greatest burden of disease include India ( 43 million ) , China ( 21 million ) and Pakistan ( 10 million ) . It is the leading cause of death among children in low income countries . Many of these deaths occur in the newborn period . The World Health Organization estimates that one in three newborn infant deaths is due to pneumonia . Approximately half of these deaths can be prevented , as they are caused by the bacteria for which an effective vaccine is available . In 2011 , pneumonia was the most common reason for admission to the hospital after an emergency department visit in the U.S. for infants and children . = = History = = Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history . The symptoms were described by Hippocrates ( c . 460 BC – 370 BC ) : " Peripneumonia , and pleuritic affections , are to be thus observed : If the fever be acute , and if there be pains on either side , or in both , and if expiration be if cough be present , and the sputa expectorated be of a blond or livid color , or likewise thin , frothy , and florid , or having any other character different from the common ... When pneumonia is at its height , the case is beyond remedy if he is not purged , and it is bad if he has dyspnoea , and urine that is thin and acrid , and if sweats come out about the neck and head , for such sweats are bad , as proceeding from the suffocation , rales , and the violence of the disease which is obtaining the upper hand . " However , Hippocrates referred to pneumonia as a disease " named by the ancients " . He also reported the results of surgical drainage of empyemas . Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 AD ) observed : " The basic symptoms that occur in pneumonia and that are never lacking are as follows : acute fever , sticking pleuritic pain in the side , short rapid breaths , serrated pulse and cough . " This clinical description is quite similar to those found in modern textbooks , and it reflected the extent of medical knowledge through the Middle Ages into the 19th century . Edwin Klebs was the first to observe bacteria in the airways of persons having died of pneumonia in 1875 . Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes , Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae , was performed by Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel in 1882 and 1884 , respectively . Friedländer 's initial work introduced the Gram stain , a fundamental laboratory test still used today to identify and categorize bacteria . Christian Gram 's paper describing the procedure in 1884 helped to differentiate the two bacteria , and showed that pneumonia could be caused by more than one microorganism . Sir William Osler , known as " the father of modern medicine " , appreciated the death and disability caused by pneumonia , describing it as the " captain of the men of death " in 1918 , as it had overtaken tuberculosis as one of the leading causes of death in this time . This phrase was originally coined by John Bunyan in reference to " consumption " ( tuberculosis ) . Osler also described pneumonia as " the old man 's friend " as death was often quick and painless when there were much slower and more painful ways to die . Several developments in the 1900s improved the outcome for those with pneumonia . With the advent of penicillin and other antibiotics , modern surgical techniques , and intensive care in the 20th century , mortality from pneumonia , which had approached 30 % , dropped precipitously in the developed world . Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases shortly thereafter . Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults began in 1977 , and in children in 2000 , resulting in a similar decline . = = Society and culture = = = = = Awareness = = = Due to the relatively low awareness of the disease , 12 November was declared as the annual World Pneumonia Day , a day for concerned citizens and policy makers to take action against the disease , in 2009 . = = = Costs = = = The global economic cost of community @-@ acquired pneumonia has been estimated at $ 17 billion annually . Other estimates are considerably higher . In 2012 the estimated aggregate costs of treating pneumonia in the United States were $ 20 billion ; the median cost of a single pneumonia @-@ related hospitalization is over $ 15 @,@ 000 . According to data released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , average 2012 hospital charges for inpatient treatment of uncomplicated pneumonia in the U.S. were $ 24 @,@ 549 and ranged as high as $ 124 @,@ 000 . The average cost of an emergency room consult for pneumonia was $ 943 and the average cost for medication was $ 66 . Aggregate annual costs of treating pneumonia in Europe have been estimated at € 10 billion .
= Bowie Seamount = Bowie Seamount is a large submarine volcano in the northeastern Pacific Ocean , located 180 km ( 110 mi ) west of Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , Canada . The seamount is named after William Bowie of the Coast & Geodetic Survey . The volcano has a flat @-@ topped summit ( thus making it a guyot ) rising about 3 @,@ 000 m ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) above the seabed , to 24 m ( 79 ft ) below sea level . The seamount lies at the southern end of a long underwater volcanic mountain range called the Pratt @-@ Welker or Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain , stretching from the Aleutian Trench in the north almost to the Queen Charlotte Islands in the south . Bowie Seamount lies on the Pacific Plate , a large segment of the Earth 's surface which moves in a northwestern direction under the Pacific Ocean . Its northern and eastern flanks are surrounded by neighboring submarine volcanoes ; Hodgkins Seamount on its northern flank and Graham Seamount on its eastern flank . = = Geology = = = = = Structure = = = Seamounts are volcanic mountains which rise from the seafloor . The unlimited supply of water surrounding these volcanoes can cause them to behave differently from volcanoes on land . The lava emitted in eruptions at Bowie Seamount is made of basalt , a common gray to black or dark brown volcanic rock low in silica content ( the lava is mafic ) . When basaltic lava makes contact with the cold sea water , it may cool very rapidly to form pillow lava , through which the hot lava breaks to form another pillow . Pillow lava is typically fine @-@ grained , due to rapid cooling , with a glassy crust , and has radial jointing . With a height of at least 3 @,@ 000 m ( 10 @,@ 000 ft ) and rising to within only 24 m ( 79 ft ) of the sea surface , Bowie Seamount is the shallowest submarine volcano on the British Columbia Coast , as well as in Canadian waters , and one of the shallowest submarine volcanoes in the northeast Pacific Ocean . Most seamounts are found hundreds to thousands of metres below sea level , and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea . In contrast , if Bowie Seamount were on land it would be about 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) higher than Whistler Mountain in southwestern British Columbia and 800 m ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) lower than Mount Robson , the highest mountain in the Canadian portion of the Rocky Mountains . Bowie Seamount is about 55 km ( 34 mi ) long and 24 km ( 15 mi ) wide . Its flat @-@ topped summit is made of weakly consolidated tephra and consists of two terraces . The lowest terrace is about 230 m ( 750 ft ) below sea level while the highest is about 80 m ( 260 ft ) below sea level , but contains steep @-@ sided secondary summits that rise to within 25 m ( 82 ft ) below sea level . From a physical perspective , the effective size of the submarine volcano is possibly a lot greater than its mass alone would suggest . The effects of other submarine volcanoes along the Pacific Northwest , including Cobb Seamount off the coast of Washington , can be noticed in the composition and abundance of the tiny floating organisms called plankton up to 30 km ( 20 mi ) away from the seamount summit . Because of its similar size , Bowie Seamount most likely has a similar effect on its adjacent waters . = = = Eruptive history = = = Bowie Seamount was formed by submarine eruptions along fissures in the seabed throughout the last glacial , or " Wisconsinian " , period , which began about 110 @,@ 000 years ago and ended between 10 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 years ago . While most submarine volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are more than one million years old , Bowie Seamount is relatively quite young . Its base was formed less than one million years ago but its summit shows evidence of volcanic activity as recently as 18 @,@ 000 years ago . This is very recent in geological terms , suggesting the volcano may yet have some ongoing volcanic activity . Close to Bowie 's submerged summit , former coastlines cut by wave actions and beach deposits show that the submarine volcano would once have stood above sea level , as either a single volcanic island or as a small cluster of shoals that would have been volcanically active . Sea levels during the last glacial period , when Bowie Seamount was formed , were at least 100 m ( 300 ft ) lower than they are today . = = = Origins = = = The origin of the volcanism that produced Bowie Seamount is not without controversy . Geological studies indicate that the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain may have formed above a center of upwelling magma called a mantle plume . The seamounts comprising the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain would be formed above the mantle plume and carried away from the mantle plume 's magmatic source as the Pacific Plate moves in a northwesterly direction towards the Aleutian Trench , along the southern coastline of Alaska . The volcanic rocks which make up some of the seamounts in the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain are unusual in that they have an acid @-@ neutralizing chemical substance like typical ocean @-@ island basalts but a low percentage of strontium as found at mid @-@ ocean ridge basalts . However , the strontium @-@ bearing volcanic rocks comprising Bowie Seamount also contain lead . Therefore , the magma mixtures that formed Bowie Seamount seem to have originated from varying degrees of partial melting of a depleted source in the Earth 's mantle and basalts which had distinctly high lead isotopic ratios . Estimates during geological studies indicate that the abundance of the depleted @-@ source component ranges from 60 to 80 percent . Some aspects of the origin of the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain remain uncertain . The volcanic rocks found at the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts south of Bowie are fresh glassy pillow basalts of recent age , as would be expected if these seamounts are located above or close to a mantle plume south of the Queen Charlotte Islands . However , the origin of Bowie Seamount is less certain because even though the seafloor which Bowie lies on formed 16 million years ago during the late Miocene period , Bowie 's summit shows evidence of recent volcanic activity . If Bowie Seamount formed above a mantle plume at the site presently occupied by the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts , it has been displaced from its magma source by about 625 km ( 390 mi ) at a rate of about 4 cm ( 2 in ) per year . The geologic history of Bowie Seamount is consistent with its flat @-@ topped eroded summit , but the source for Bowie 's recent volcanic activity remains uncertain . Still others , such as Dickens Seamount and Pratt Seamount further north of Bowie Seamount , fall a little to the side of the chain 's expected trend . Another hypothesized origin of some or all seamounts in the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain is that they formed on top of the Explorer Ridge , a divergent tectonic plate boundary west of Vancouver Island , and have been displaced from it by seafloor spreading . Although some of the seamounts in the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain appear to follow the expected age progression for a mantle plume trail , others , such as Denson Seamount , are older than that hypothesis would suggest . As a result , the Kodiak @-@ Bowie Seamount chain has also been proposed by geoscientists to be a mix of ridge and mantle plume volcanism . = = Biology = = Bowie Seamount supports a biologically rich area with a vigorous ecosystem . Studies have recorded high densities of crab , sea stars , sea anemones , sponges , squid , octopus , rockfish , halibut and sablefish . Eight species of marine mammal have been found in the Bowie Seamount area , including Steller sea lions , orca , humpback and sperm whales , along with 16 varieties of seabirds . This has made Bowie Seamount a rare habitat in the northeast Pacific Ocean and one of the most biologically rich submarine volcanoes on Earth . The rich marine life is due to the intense food supply of microscopic animals and plants , including phytoplankton and zooplankton . = = = Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area = = = Because of its biological richness , Bowie Seamount was designated as Canada 's seventh Marine Protected Area on April 19 , 2008 under the Oceans Act and has been described as an " Oceanic Oasis " . The announcement was made by federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn and Guujaaw , President of the Council of the Haida Nation , in Skidegate on the Queen Charlotte Islands , also called Haida Gwaii . During the announcement , Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn said : " Bowie Seamount is an oceanic oasis in the deep sea , a rare and ecologically rich marine area , and our government is proud to take action to ensure it is protected . By working in partnership with the Council of the Haida Nation and groups like the World Wildlife Fund @-@ Canada , we are ensuring this unique treasure is preserved for future generations . " It measures about 118 km ( 73 mi ) long and 80 km ( 50 mi ) wide , totaling an area of 6 @,@ 131 km2 ( 2 @,@ 367 sq mi ) . This is the northernmost of the two Marine Protected Areas on the British Columbia Coast ; the southernmost is the Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents , an active hydrothermal vent zone of the Juan de Fuca Ridge 250 km ( 160 mi ) southwest of Vancouver Island . The Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area also includes Peirce Seamount ( also called Davidson Seamount ) and Hodgkins Seamount . = = Diving explorations and studies = = The shallow depth of Bowie Seamount makes it the only underwater mountain off the British Columbia Coast easily reached using scuba diving equipment . In March 1969 , dives were made at the submarine volcano by Canadian Forces Maritime Command divers from the CSS Parizeau during a new study for device package placement . Two dives were made to the summit where monochrome photographs were taken to establish the environment of Bowie 's base and some biological tests were gathered to detect possible harmful organisms , including plants , animals , or bacteria . These specimens were identified at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo , creating a list of eleven varieties of sea bottom invertebrates . In August 1969 , Canadian Forces Maritime Command divers made more dives during scientific studies by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada . They recognized the existence of very thick groups of rockfish floating on top of Bowie 's flat @-@ topped summit and a variety of bottom life . A number of monochrome photographs were taken and a few seaweeds were gathered for documents , but no species record was created for other types of oceanic life around Bowie Seamount . In November 1996 , a release of the National Geographic Magazine comprised a piece of writing titled " Realm of the Seamount " , illustrating dives made at Bowie Seamount by two diving explorers named Bill Curtsinger and Eric Hiner . They explored Bowie Seamount down to depths of 50 m ( 160 ft ) using scuba diving equipment while the slopes of the seamount down to 150 m ( 490 ft ) . Images photographed by the two diving explorers featured one of Bowie 's rugged peaks covered with thick seaweeds and multicoloured sea bottom invertebrates . Thick groups of young rockfish were detected on Bowie 's steep flanks . Scientist Bill Austin of Khoyatan Marine Lab in the Northeast Pacific looked over a video film earned throughout the National Geographic dives to verify the flora and fauna of the sea bottom surrounding Bowie Seamount . From the video film , Austin recognized some of the most noticeable invertebrates and noted that a few species more regularly occurring between high @-@ tide and low @-@ tide marks and shallow environments were found deeper than might normally be expected , and were bigger than normal . A team of five divers , led by photographer / videographer Neil McDaniel , visited the seamount August 3 – 5 , 2003 and conducted a biological and photographic survey of the summit down to depths of about 40 m ( 130 ft ) . A total of 18 taxa of algae , 83 taxa of conspicuous invertebrates and 12 taxa of fishes were documented , approximately 180 underwater still photographs were taken and approximately 90 minutes of digital video were recorded . Of particular note were the dense schools of rockfish hovering over the summit and numerous curious prowfish . = = Indigenous people = = To the Haida Nation , the indigenous people who played a key role to establish the Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area , the submarine volcano is called Sgaan Kinghlas . In their language it means " Supernatural Being Looking Outward " . This seamount has long been recognized by the Haida Nation as a special place . Guujaaw , President of the Council of the Haida Nation , has said : " Sgaan Kinghlas represents a shift in recognizing the need for respect and care for the Earth . This is a very significant turning point in reversing the trends that have been leading to the depletion of life in the sea . " = = Marine hazard = = Given its shallow depth , Bowie Seamount is a potential marine hazard because of the strong storms that strike the British Columbia Coast during winter . Waves have been recorded with heights of more than 20 m ( 70 ft ) , enough to expose the summit and cause devastation to any vessel transitting the area . For this reason , Bowie Seamount is recognized as a hazard to navigation and is avoided by shipping vessels .
= Kangchu system = The Kangchu system was a socio @-@ economic system of organisation and administration developed by Chinese agricultural settlers in Johor during the 19th century . The settlers organised themselves into informal associations ( similar to the Kongsi organisations found in other Chinese communities ) , and chose a leader from among themselves . In Chinese , " Kangchu " ( Chinese : 港主 , Pinyin : Gáng Zhǔ , Teochew : Kaang6 Zhu8 ) literally means ‘ master of the riverbank ’ , and was the title given to the Chinese headmen of these river settlements . The " Kangchu " leaders are also called " Kapitan " . The term " Kangchu " became widely used during the 19th century , as Chinese immigrants began to settle in and around Johor state and set up gambier and pepper plantations . The social and economic welfare of the early Chinese settlers came under the charge of local Chinese leaders , who were responsible for running these agricultural plantations , which were situated along the river banks . The Kangchu system traces its origins from the 18th century when Chinese coolies settled in Penang and Riau and set up gambier and pepper plantations there . The sovereign rulers of Johor , Temenggong Ibrahim and his successor , Sultan Abu Bakar , took up the Kangchu system during the first half of the 19th century to provide a more organised form of administration as Chinese immigrants began to settle in the state in great numbers and developed the state 's agricultural economy . Variants of the Kangchu system also thrived in other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , where gambier and pepper were cultivated and where there were significant Chinese populations . The Kangchu and coolies who worked in the gambier and pepper plantations were mainly of Teochew origin , and were generally first- or second @-@ generation Chinese immigrants . In 1917 , the British colonial government in Johor implemented an act which abolished the Kangchu system in the state , and the value for gambier declined during the early 20th century . = = History = = = = = Early years = = = The origins of the Kangchu system dates back to the mid @-@ 18th century , when early Chinese settlers in Penang experimented in cash crop plantations with various types of crops , including pepper , gambier , betelnut and clove . The plantations were abandoned by the late 18th @-@ century , as Penang experienced wars from Buginese seafarers that resulted in many gambier plantations being destroyed ; contributing to the decline in plantations was the growing popularity of the spice trade that reaped much greater profits . At the beginning of the 19th century , these Chinese settlers began to look south to Malacca and Singapore , where gambier and pepper plantations had also been established . In the late 1820s , Chinese settlers from Singapore also began to look towards Johor for gambier and pepper cultivation at the encouragement of Temenggong Abdul Rahman and his successor , Daing Ibrahim . As more Chinese settlers established gambier and pepper plantations in Johor during the 1840s , Temenggong Ibrahim formed a bureaucracy made up of Malay officials to oversee administrative affairs upon the Kangchu . He began issuing official permits , known as Surat Sungai ( transliterated as " river documents " ) in Malay , to the Kangchu ( leaders of the settlers ) which permitted them to establish these plantations along the river banks . In turn , the Kangchu were required to pay taxes from the profits generated by the gambier and pepper farms and the Surat Sungai , which had to be renewed after a specified period of time . = = = Mid to late @-@ 19th century = = = The first gambier and pepper plantations appeared in Southern Johor , notably Skudai . Lau Lib Keng , a Chinese settler based in Skudai , was the first person to receive a Surat Sungai , whereby the river banks of Skudai were leased to Lau for the cultivation of gambier and pepper . More Chinese settlers came to Johor from the 1850s onwards , and forested areas in Southern Johor such as Tebrau , Plentong and Stulang were cleared for the cultivation of gambier and pepper . By the time Temenggong Ibrahim 's son , Abu Bakar took office from his father in 1862 , at least 37 Surat Sungai have been issued to various Kangchu , all of whom were collectively responsible for the operations of the 1 @,@ 200 gambier and pepper farms in the state . Most of these Chinese leaders were also members of secret societies , and communal warfare often broke out in Singapore between different dialect groups as a result of conflicting economic interests . From the late 1850s onwards , the Kangchu began to exert political influence in the state affairs by establishing close ties with Temenggong Abu Bakar . In 1865 , Abu Bakar granted official recognition to the Teochew @-@ dominated Johor branch of the Ngee Heng Kongsi after a Kangchu , Tan Kee Soon , raised a small army to subdue Sultan Ali 's forces , from whom Abu Bakar was facing considerable dissent but was unable to raise an organised army . Abu Bakar nevertheless called for the Ngee Heng Kongsi to accept Chinese settlers of other dialect groups to prevent possible communal warfare as a result of conflicting economic interests . The crop produce from these plantations were generally exported to other countries from Singapore with the assistance of Chinese merchants based in that city . From the 1860s onwards , many of these Kangchu chalked up debts and began to sell their property rights to these merchants or to larger business magnates ( Kongsi in Teochew ) based in Singapore , who were known to the locals as Tuan Sungai ( literally Masters of the River ) . The Kangchu then were often hired as supervisors or managers by the merchants to keep watch on the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of the gambier and pepper plantations . Temenggong Abu Bakar began to issue contract @-@ style letters of recognition to these Kangchu ; the letters were known by their Malay name Surat Tauliah . As the gambier and pepper plantations expanded in the 1870s , the more established Kangchu were entrusted with larger blocks of farms and made contracts with Chinese merchants from Singapore . The profits generated from harvests of these plantations formed the bulk of Johor 's economy , and financed the development of Johor 's infrastructure . Abu Bakar 's relationship with the Chinese leaders was excellent , and he appointed many of them to political positions in the state . Of particular note , Abu Bakar appointed two Chinese leaders to the Johor State Council : a Kangchu from Chaozhou , Tan Hiok Nee , and a contractor from Taishan , Wong Ah Fook , who also owned gambier and pepper farms in Mersing in the 1880s . As the land along the river banks in Southern Johor was already taken by the earlier waves of Chinese settlers , newer Chinese settlers began migrating northwards in the 1870s and established new gambier and pepper plantations further north ; new plantations were established in Yong Peng , Batu Pahat , Benut , Endau and Kota Tinggi . In particular , Abu Bakar actively encouraged Chinese settlers to establish plantations in Muar , shortly after the British Colonial Government ruled in favour of Abu Bakar over Tengku Alam Shah ( Sultan Ali 's eldest son ) and his family , and granted Abu Bakar control of Muar . = = = Decline = = = At the end of the 19th century , Johor 's economy began to diversify from gambier and pepper plantations to other agricultural crops . Starting with coffee in 1881 , crops such as tapioca , tea , pineapple and rubber were introduced into the state . Coffee and tapioca was quickly abandoned in the 1890s when the value of these crops experienced a drop , while rubber was introduced and quickly established a strong foothold in Johor , as the world demand for rubber increased greatly around 1910 . Prices for gambier plunged between 1905 and 1906 , and many Kangchu abandoned gambier in favour of rubber . Further decline in the number of gambier and pepper plantations was fuelled by the colonial government 's suppression of traditional farming methods employed by the Kangchu for planting gambier and pepper ; these method led to soil exhaustion and a depletion of forests which was used as firewood in small factories . A few years before the Kangchu system was abolished , exports for both gambier and pepper plunged by a further 60 % between 1912 and 1917 . The British had long frowned upon the Kangchu because of their links with secret societies in Singapore as well as their indulgence in social vices such as gambling and opium smoking , activities which the British had been actively suppressing in Singapore and the Federated Malay States . As early as 1890 , the Governor of the Straits Settlements , Cecil Clementi Smith had lobbied Abu Bakar to adopt the Societies Ordinance and ban the Ngee Heng Kongsi , but was promptly turned down . Shortly after the British appointed an adviser to Johor , the British began attributing the high crime rates in the state to Chinese settlers loyal to the Kangchu . In 1915 , the Johor state government , now effectively under the control of the British Colonial Government , passed the Societies Enactment which prompted the dissolution of the Ngee Heng Kongsi the following year . The Kangchu system was officially abolished December 1917 in an enactment passed by the Johor state government , which was by then effectively administered by the British colonial government . = = Role of the Kangchu = = The Temenggong of Johor ( later Sultan of Johor ) conferred upon the Kangchu with a large degree of administrative autonomy within the plot of land which each was granted . These included the right to collect taxes on behalf for the Temenggong , as well as for the welfare needs among the Chinese coolies living within the plot of land . The Kangchu generally granted tax exemption for the basic consumption by workers within the settlement . Some coolies took on new jobs such as shopkeepers and traders to serve the needs of other coolies within the settlement , and the Kangchu granted tax exemptions to these shopkeepers and traders on the sale of pork , opium and alcohol as well . The Kangchu reserved a portion of the land for the construction of a settlement for the coolies , from which small towns were formed and became the administrative centre of the Kangchu . These administrative centres were generally established within the coolie settlements located at the foot of the river , and were known as Kangkar ( literally " Foot of the river " , Chinese : 港脚 , Pinyin : Gáng Jiǎo , Teochew : Kaang6 Caar8 ) . The Kangchu acted as the middleman in the bulk purchase of the settlement 's commodities through suppliers based in Singapore . In particular , opium was highly popular among the coolies , although frowned upon by the British who took strong measures to suppress its distribution . The Kangchu formed illegal opium syndicates which had links to Chinese leaders from Singapore and other Malay states in the north , particularly Selangor . British contempt for the Kangchu was also fuelled by the coolies ' preference for gambling and prostitution , both of which were seen as social vices by the British colonial government . The Kangchu maintained friendly relations with the Temenggong ( later Sultan ) , and worked closely with the Ngee Heng Kongsi in administrative matters . In particular , the state government attempted to forge close relations with the Kangchu by the appointment of a Malay official who was conversant in Teochew and literate in Chinese characters , Mohamed Salleh bin Perang , as the liaison officer between the Temenggong and the Kangchu . Several years later , in the early 1870s , the state government worked closely with the Ngee Heng Kongsi to draft the Kanun Kangchu which had legal clauses that defined the powers of the Kangchu in Johor . The Kanun Kangchu contained 81 clauses in total , and was implemented in 1873 . = = Variants outside Johor = = = = = Singapore = = = Chinese settlers began migrating from the Riau Islands to Singapore in the 19th century shortly before the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 . The native Malays joined the Chinese in growing gambier , although they cultivated it for subsistence rather than for commercial purposes . The number of gambier and pepper farms expanded greatly between 1819 and 1840 , fuelled by the increasing demand for gambier by Chinese traders from China as well as pepper by European traders . As land nearer to the town in the south was quickly used up in the 1820s , the Kangchu began to establish farms near the northern parts of Singapore , particularly stretches of land across the Straits of Johor from Jurong , to the west of Punggol in the northeast . By 1851 , there were about 800 gambier and pepper farms which covered 75 % of Singapore 's land surface , of which 24 @,@ 220 acres ( 98 @.@ 0 km2 ) was dedicated to gambier while 2 @,@ 614 was dedicated to pepper . In the 1850s and 1860s , many Kangchu abandoned their plantations in Singapore as gambier produce declined due to over farming of the soil , and began to establish new gambier and pepper plantations in neighbouring Johor . Nevertheless , many of these Kangchu settled down as merchants in Singapore and managed the gambier and pepper farms by proxy , mainly through the liaison body of the Ngee Heng Kongsi which had members in Singapore and Johor . Some of these merchants purchased the property rights of gambier and pepper farms from the Kangchu in Johor , who would then assume managerial tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the plantation and the settlement . Unlike its counterpart in Johor , the Ngee Heng Kongsi ( also called " Ghi Hin Kongsi " in Hokkien ) was recognised as an illegal society in Singapore and its activities were actively suppressed by the colonial government . Factionalism appeared within the Ngee Heng Kongsi in Singapore by the 1850s , as business leaders from various dialect groups were unable to agree upon key issues . In particular , relations between the Teochews and Hokkiens were hostile , partly because some Hokkien merchants competed with the Teochew merchants in the gambier and pepper trade , most of whom had established their bases in the Boat Quay area along the Singapore River . The existence of the Kangchu was not recognised by the British colonial government , even though they exercised a similar degree of autonomy as their counterparts in Johor . Nevertheless , the Kangchu in Singapore had easy access to forested land in Singapore compared to their counterparts in Johor , as the British colonial government adopted a laissez @-@ faire attitude to the Kangchu and imposed very little regulation on their agricultural activities . However , the British were wary of the fact that many Kangchu in Singapore were members of the Ngee Heng Kongsi , which was illegal in Singapore and enjoyed monopoly rights over the regional opium trade . The British appointed a Chinese official among the Kangchu to oversee the social and economic affairs of the gambier and pepper plantations in Singapore and to act as the intermediary . = = = Riau Islands = = = The first gambier and pepper plantations appeared in the Riau Islands in the 1730s , after the Buginese warrior and second Yamtuan Muda of Riau , Daing Chelak , brought Chinese coolies from Malaya to Riau for the purpose of gambier cultivation , which was then widely used for medication among the locals . Another exodus of Chinese migrated to Riau in 1740 following unrest which erupted in Batavia , during which many Chinese were massacred . Chinese settlement in Riau continued into the 18th century , the majority of them coming from the Chaoshan area in Guangdong province , along with a sizeable minority from the southern parts of Fujian province . Gambier and pepper farming were mainly confined to the Bintan ( formerly spelled as Bentan ) and Galang Islands . Similar to the Kangchu system in Johor , gambier and pepper plantations were established on grants of land by the Yamtuan Muda of Riau , who would issue land permits ( Surat Sungai ) to the Kangchu who would direct the operations of the plantation and workers within the settlement . In the early and middle 19th century , many Chinese settlers and merchants from Riau relocated their businesses to Singapore , and established trading links between Riau and Singapore . These settlers and merchants still maintained trading links with Riau , as the Kangchu from Riau often shipped their produce to Singapore for free trade to evade taxes imposed by the Dutch colonial government . Like Singapore , competition for the gambier and pepper trade between the Teochews and Hokkiens in Riau led to communal tensions and sporadic violence in Riau during the 1840s and 1850s . In the early 20th century , the Chinese abandoned gambier and pepper plantations in favour of other agricultural practices , as the worldwide prices for gambier experienced a drastic drop in value and many pepper plants fell prey to a disease plaguing the archipelago . = = = Sarawak = = = The first Chinese immigrants settled along the coastal regions of Sarawak in significant numbers from the 18th century onwards and were engaged in the metal mining industry , mainly for gold and bauxite . As the supply of gold became exhausted from the 1820s onwards , the Chinese miners gradually turned to trade and agriculture . The Chinese of Teochew and Hakka heritage established gambier and pepper plantations in the 1870s and 1880s , and the White Rajah of Sarawak began to organise an administrative system for these plantations similar to the Kangchu system in Johor . The Kangchu of each plantation was appointed by the Charles Brooke , the then @-@ White Rajah . Each Kangchu was given responsibilities to oversee the operations of the plantations under his jurisdiction and the welfare of the coolies living there . In 1875 , the British promulgated a set of laws which defined the roles and responsibilities of the Kangchu ; they were modelled very closely to the Kanun Kangchu that was introduced by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor in 1873 . Charles Brooke encouraged the immigration of the Chinese coolies , beginning in the 1860s , to expand the state 's gambier and pepper industry . Chinese settlers in neighbouring Sabah and Pontianak also established gambier and pepper plantations , although they existed as independent fiefdoms . These plantations rose to become one of the state 's major industries as worldwide prices for gambier went up during the 1880s and 1890s . In the 20th century , as worldwide gambier prices took a dive , the Kangchu channelled their efforts into pepper and opium cultivation in the state . Sarawak 's Kangchu system fell into obscurity in the 1920s , as the opium trade with Hong Kong steadily declined during the course of the decade . = = Legacy = = The Kangchu system facilitated the growth of the gambier and pepper plantations and developed Johor 's and Singapore 's economies in the 19th century . The development of Johor 's inland towns were attributed to the efforts by the various Kangchu , who were responsible for drawing the settlement plan for the coolies living within the plantation they were working on , from which new towns were formed . The Chinese immigrant population in Johor and Singapore grew in size during this period ; Riau also experienced a similar growth during the 18th century . As a result of mass immigration by the Chinese into Johor , the Chinese quickly outnumbered the Malays in the state , although many Chinese coolies relocated to Singapore or other parts of Malaya as the gambier and pepper industry declined in the 20th century . Several towns and other places in Johor and Singapore , built upon sites of former gambier and pepper plantations , are named after former features of the Kangchu system , and are largely populated by ethnic Chinese . The Teochew dialect became the lingua franca among the Chinese in many parts of Johor and Riau , as the majority of the Chinese from these areas were of Teochew origin , many of whom were descended from the Chinese coolies who had worked in the gambier and pepper plantations . The Teochews form the second @-@ largest dialect group among Chinese Singaporeans , and many families can trace their family ancestry to immigrants who were Kangchu or coolies in these plantations .

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