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= Becky McDonald =
Rebecca " Becky " Granger ( also McDonald ) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street , a long @-@ running serial drama about working @-@ class life in the fictional town of Weatherfield . She is played by actress Katherine Kelly . Becky was created by producer Steve Frost as a recurring character . She made her debut in the episode airing on 5 February 2006 . Kelly was initially contracted to appear for three months , but became a series regular after impressing the serial 's producers . In early 2011 Kelly announced her decision to leave the soap . Producer Phil Collinson created dramatic storylines in the build @-@ up to her exit .
Becky 's storylines have focused on her friendship with Roy ( David Neilson ) and Hayley Cropper ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) , which helped change public opinion of the character , and her relationships with Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ) and Steve McDonald ( Simon Gregson ) , with the latter producing two wedding storylines which were highly publicised by ITV . Other notable storylines have included her drunken rampages , two miscarriages and her desire to adopt a child . Becky is portrayed as a no @-@ nonsense character , whose time on the show has been described as a journey . Viewers have seen her change from a " thieving ex @-@ con " into a vulnerable woman . The character has been praised by crime @-@ reduction charity Nacro for changing opinions on former prisoners . She has been referred to as a " Coronation Street icon " , and one of the serial 's most popular characters , with critics often praising her activities . However , her tendency to smoke when under stress and litter the streets with cigarettes has been criticised by UK environmental agencies . Kelly has garnered various awards and nominations for her portrayal of Becky .
= = Character creation and casting = =
Becky was created as a short @-@ term recurring character , working in the Underworld sewing factory . The character was deemed popular so producers decided to bring her back , with executive producer Steve Frost initially pitching the idea of bringing in her family , stating : " Becky will leave Weatherfield for a short period of time and shock the Street 's residents when her relatives return with her . " However , this never materialised and Becky returned without any relatives . It was also thought that producers were going to kill the character off , in her early stages .
Auditions were held for the role of Becky which required the auditionee to look deliberately scruffy . Actress Katherine Kelly commented : " I was told to turn up looking as crap as possible , with no make @-@ up . But that morning I 'd also been for an audition where I had to look really glamorous . So I sat on the Tube putting grease in my hair and wiping my make @-@ up off with everyone looking at me . By the time I got there I looked a right state ! " . Kelly was initially only cast for a three @-@ month period when she began filming in 2006 , but impressed producers and was offered an extended contract as a regular character . On 17 June 2008 , after further impressing the producers , Kelly was signed for an additional 12 months . In February 2009 , Kelly again had her contract extended , securing her role in the soap until August 2011 . However , in 2010 Kelly was signed to a new 18 @-@ month contract by new producer Phil Collinson , a contract which was described as " unprecedented " at the time .
In 2011 Kelly decided to quit the role . She said it was one of the " hardest decisions of her life " but felt it was the right time to " say goodbye to Becky " . Executive producer Phil Collinson remarked that Kelly was talented and managed to make Becky into a " firm favourite " with viewers . Kelly finished filming her final scenes as Becky on 9 December 2011 .
= = Character development = =
= = = Characterisation = = =
The Daily Mirror 's Beth Neil has observed that during her time on Coronation Street , Becky has morphed " from a thieving tearaway into a vulnerable young woman , clearly damaged from a troubled upbringing . " Kelly has commented that Becky finds it hard to rely on others , as she is : " Very out of sorts , because she 's a very independent , feisty sort of character . " She has stated that she loves Becky 's " trailer trash " appearance .
Becky is not an aspirational character , she strives to be normal , satisfied with a " hard up lifestyle " . She has changed since her early days , having calmed down a little in terms of her often out of control behaviour . Of this Kelly comments : " If someone had said to me that in three years ' time she 'd be Becky McDonald and would be behind the bar in the Rovers , I wouldn 't have believed it [ ... ] When Becky first came in she was a totally different character , but she 's calmed down a lot and her softer side has come out . "
Becky became the 50th barmaid at the Rovers Return Inn in June 2008 . Kelly opined that the character 's ex @-@ con personality would give her an advantage behind the bar , explaining : " The previous producer , Steve Frost , loved the idea of a barmaid who could lose her temper and throw a punch . Becky 's an ex @-@ con so she can fight dirty like nobody else . " The character 's chain smoking tendencies often play out onscreen when she is experiencing stress , something which drew off @-@ screen criticism for her disregard of littering the streets with her cigarette butts . ITV publicity has described Becky as having many different levels to her persona , stating that she loves drinking cider , and that she isn 't bothered by how she looks — though when she dresses up she " dresses to the nines " with big earrings , gold rings , logo belts and hair pieces . She dislikes anyone ordering her about , as she cannot handle being told what to do .
Kelly has also revealed that she often changes the material within scripts to play out best how she thinks Becky would act in certain situations . Kelly stated she didn 't think Becky would slap other characters , rather opting for punches . She stated : " The script often says , ' Becky slaps Steve ' but we try to find a different way to do it . I always think she wouldn 't slap , she would punch " Kelly was behind other violent scenes featuring her character , adding " The slap is too common in soaps " .
= = = Relationships = = =
Becky formed a friendship with local residents Roy ( David Neilson ) and Hayley Cropper ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) . Becky 's on @-@ screen partnership with Roy was particularly successful . Kelly stated it was the turning point in her character 's development that won public affection , whilst Neilson stated that it was an " arranged marriage " by producers , delighted with its outcome . Becky 's first serious romantic relationship in the soap was with builder Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ) . Their relationship was a turning point in what has been described as a " journey " for the character . Kelly spoke of Becky 's different attributes in their relationship , during an interview stating : " She absolutely believes that she 's 100 % in love with him . I see it as a very teenage relationship because of the on @-@ off status . Becky 's very mature in many ways – she 's very streetwise and if you needed something , you 'd go to Becky and she 'd find it for you . But emotionally , she 's very immature . That 's a lot to do with why she gets on so well with Roy because he 's quite emotionally immature , too . It 's probably the one level that they do connect on . " Fans approached the actress in the streets , claiming they were jealous of her because of her on @-@ screen romance with Jason . Following her breakup with Jason , and the aftermath which was highly publicised in the media , such as the Daily Mirror , and The Sun commenting on the plot .
She then embarked on an affair with fellow resident Steve McDonald ( Simon Gregson ) . Kelly stated during an interview that she felt Becky was " punching above her weight " with Jason . Kelly revealed that she felt Steve was the best man for Becky over her previous lover Jason , stating : " Both boys bring out different things in Becky . With Jason , they liked going clubbing , and it was no strings attached , I think Becky needs more than that , even though she wouldn 't admit it . I think , long @-@ term , Steve 's better for her . " When Gregson was interviewed by entertainment website Digital Spy , he was asked if he thought that his character has had a positive impact on Becky 's life . In reply he stated : " I think he 's turned it around . She was all over the place getting into trouble all the time but he 's made her grow up . And having a little girl there in Amy , that 's made her grow a bit , too . She 's got responsibilities now . She 's besotted with him . She 's still a total pisshead , though ! " Steve and Becky attempted to marry twice in 2009 ; their first wedding was given a promotional push from ITV , which aired adverts for the first wedding episodes . Their relationship was featured in a serious of romanctic plots in which ITV dubbed the " Summer of Love " season of the soap , with advertisements airing .
In 2009 Slug ( Marshall Lancaster ) , who had been seen on @-@ screen dating Becky in her early appearances , returned . The two characters share a backstory , which was partially created by Lancaster and Kelly themselves . During an interview with Digital Spy Kelly spoke the impact Slug has had on Becky stating : " Marshall and I have invented a whole back story between us . It 's nice to remember where Becky came from and what a journey she 's had . Slug was an important part of Becky 's life – they ’ ve got a lot of history . They grew up together and looked out for each other . " The storyline progresses into Slug confessing his love for Becky . Kelly points out that Becky has been on a journey , subsequently changing , stating that " Becky and Slug didn 't know what love was " and that she proves she has changed by rejecting his advances .
Becky later forged a friendship with Claire Peacock ( Julia Haworth ) , of this unlikely love / hate friendship Kelly stated : " Claire and Becky strike up a weird , weird friendship because the kids are a similar age , Josh and Amy . [ ... ] So the trouble begins , One minute [ Becky and Claire ] are good friends and the next , they 're really not . " Becky 's relationship with her mother was never shown onscreen , but when she died Kelly stated : " Becky hated her , and the death has brought back a lot of bad memories . " In 2010 it was announced that Becky 's half sister would join the cast , with Kelly stating : " We 've got some really , really exciting stuff happening . Becky 's going to get a half @-@ sister – a younger sister " . Kelly had stated that her family was not introduced on @-@ screen because producers didn 't want to " pin her character down " with one set of characters .
= = = Miscarriage and adoption = = =
In 2010 , the character underwent changes in appearance and direction with Becky suffering two miscarriages . Kelly branded the storyline challenging , admitting she felt a huge responsibility to get it right , stating : " It 's definitely been the hardest thing I 've done since I 've been here . I think the responsibility to do it well that you feel is huge . " Kelly also spoke of the sadness she felt for the impact the plot has on her character adding : " She can 't really put up any barriers about this – it 's the worst thing that 's ever happened . She goes from being a girl to a woman , I think . I 'm just devastated for her " . Kelly brands the storyline as her hardest , " Most of Becky ’ s storylines have an element of fun in there somewhere , but with this one it was just like a cloud was hanging over me for six weeks . "
However , Becky and Steve decide to adopt , in a storyline which was originally meant for Liz McDonald ( Bev Callard ) . It was revealed that Becky was given the storyline because producer Kim Crowther was determined to feature such a plot . Becky does not like the idea at first thinking she would make a bad mother , later changing her mind . The storyline saw various character changes implemented to Becky , in real life Kelly was forced to reduce the length of her hair . This was written into scripts to fit with the adoption storyline , which saw Becky changing her wardrobe to fool social workers . Of this Kelly stated : " With the adoption storyline , she borrows Claire Peacock 's clothes for a while because she wants to look good for the social worker coming round . We thought it was a good opportunity for her to have a slight image change . " Kelly further spoke of her admiration of her characters former image adding : " I love Becky with long hair and if it could have been possible I 'd have kept her with long blonde hair forever but sometimes nature and practicalities take over ! "
In an interview with tabloid newspaper Daily Mirror , Kelly revealed that she researched the storyline at the Manchester Adoption Society , who expressed their delight that two high profile characters were given such a plot . Kelly initially thought Becky would not be able to adopt because of her criminal record , but the society pointed out that the storyline would highlight the fact that adoption is possible for previous offenders , with Kelly stating : " They said the two main things they look for are stability in a family and a lot of back @-@ up at home , which Becky and Steve have with Roy , Hayley and Liz . " On what kind of mother Becky will be , Kelly added : " She 'd either palm it off on Roy and Hayley and the Barlows , or she would be over @-@ protective and not want it to have the life she had . "
= = = Kylie and Max = = =
Producers later introduced a half @-@ sister for Becky , in the form of Kylie Turner ( Paula Lane ) . Kylie was initially described as having a " full on " personality , similar to Becky . When she arrives , she ruins her and Steve 's plans for adoption . She and Kylie brawl violently over the incident ; Lane received bruising from filming the scenes . They were so violent that they were toned down before transmission . Kelly described Kylie and Becky as having a love @-@ hate relationship with her , but at the time she " wants to kill her " . Lane herself stated that Kylie loves Becky but " feels resentful that she left home when she was only eight . Becky was like a mother to Kylie . "
It is then revealed Kylie has a son , Max ( Harry McDermott ) who is in foster care . Lane stated that when she gets Max back , Kylie takes advantage of Becky 's bond with him . In another storyline , Kylie makes a pass at Steve . Steve decides not to tell Becky because he knows Kylie will take Max away , as she is trouble . Kylie plays on the fact Becky is desperate for a child and offers to sell Max to her . Gregson said he felt it immoral to buy a child , but stressed " Kylie isn ’ t an ordinary mother – she only cares about herself . " He said that Steve believes Max would be better off with him and Becky . Steve is first to take Kylie seriously , Gregson believed this was because Kylie has " proved herself ruthless " and " not the best mum " . Lane was so shocked with the storyline that she had to take breaks from filming scenes .
= = Storylines = =
= = = Backstory = = =
Over the course of the series elements of Becky 's backstory are revealed to the viewer . The character is stated to have been raised by an abusive , alcoholic mother until leaving home at the age of fourteen after being raped by her mother 's boyfriend . Becky was left to fend for herself until she was taken into care . Becky has mentioned living with numerous foster families , but stated that none of them were willing to adopt her as she was somewhat of a " wild child " . Becky had a heavily disrupted education , having attended many schools , several of which she was expelled from .
= = = 2006 – 12 = = =
Becky first appears in Coronation Street as a friend of local factory worker Kelly Crabtree ( Tupele Dorgu ) , whom she frames for theft at the Underworld lingerie factory . After betraying Kelly , she leaves the area for several months , returning later in the year when she meets former workmate Hayley Cropper , who is teaching an ex @-@ offenders literacy class . Becky promises Hayley she will reform , and is offered a job at Roy 's Rolls , the cafe owned and run by Hayley 's partner , Roy . She doesn 't change as promised and soon begins breaking the Croppers ' property , threatening customers and stealing money from the till . Slug , a former acquaintance of Becky 's , arrives in Weatherfield and the two joyride in the Croppers ' newly acquired Morris Minor . Becky loses the couple 's trust and her job . Hayley refuses Becky 's apologies and when the cafe catches fire and Becky is rescued from the burning building , the Croppers assume she was responsible . Hayley apologises to Becky on learning that the fire was caused by an electrical fault and the two resume their friendship , with Becky re @-@ employed at Roy 's Rolls .
Becky starts dating local builder Jason Grimshaw , but after being with him for several months , she cheats on him with pub landlord Steve McDonald . Jason and Becky move in together , but when Jason 's ex @-@ wife Sarah Grimshaw ( Tina O 'Brien ) reveals she is considering coming home , he ends things with Becky . Becky attacks Jason in The Rovers Return pub and then goes on a pub crawl , getting drunk and stealing a girl 's purse in a nightclub , flashing her breasts in public , and vandalising a travel agency window and a police car . When the police bring Becky in for questioning over her actions , she encounters DC Hooch ( Dominic Carter ) , an adversary from her past . Becky claims to have been with Steve on the night of her rampage and blackmails him to give her a false alibi , threatening to tell his partner Michelle Connor ( Kym Marsh ) about their one @-@ night stand .
Becky reveals to Steve that Hooch arrested her for shoplifting when she was fifteen , and attempted to molest her . She filed a complaint against him at the time , and Hooch is determined to get his revenge as this harmed his promotion prospects . During Becky 's trial , Steve develops genuine feelings for her and they begin an affair , with Steve promising to leave Michelle . Although he keeps his promise , Becky reunites with Jason , eventually leading to him proposing to her . She accepts but reconsiders when Steve proposes as well . Becky ultimately breaks up with Jason and moves in with Steve . His daughter , Amy Barlow ( Amber Chadwick ) , initially dislikes Becky , prompting her to put their wedding on hold though Steve eventually convinces her to set a date . Becky turns up to her wedding so drunk that the vicar refuses to perform the ceremony . They plan a second ceremony , Slug returns , seemingly reformed but actually working for Hooch . Slug plants drugs on Becky . At Becky and Steve 's 2nd wedding , the reception is raided by police , and Becky is arrested for drug possession . Steve hires lawyers to free Becky and after Steve and Becky find Slug and convince him to tell them what Hooch has on him that he would even consider framing Becky , they use it to blackmail Hooch into calling a truce and drop the charges .
Becky tells Steve that she is pregnant and he later discovers that Becky has already told Claire and Steve tells his mother , Liz . Unfortunately Becky miscarries twice , although she was unaware of her 2nd pregnancy , and medical tests reveal an abnormality of the womb , meaning she is unable to carry a child full @-@ term , making Becky decide that she wants to adopt . During the process , Steve needs a reference from Amy 's mother , Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) , who promptly uses it to cause trouble , making Becky threaten , in return , that Tracy will never see Amy again . Unfortunately Becky and Steve are refused the right to adopt because her estranged half @-@ sister Kylie gave a bad reference and the fact that Social Services feel that it is too soon after her miscarriages . She confronts Kylie , but the sisters eventually reconcile and Becky helps Kylie reclaim custody of her son , Max . Becky becomes very attached to Max , whilst Kylie becomes more irresponsible . Kylie announces plans to move to Cyprus with her new boyfriend and Becky begs her to reconsider , so Kylie offers to sell Max to her and Steve for £ 20 @,@ 000 , which they agree to . On the night of the tram crash , Kylie returns and demands more money , so Becky steals £ 5 @,@ 000 from the ruins of Dev Alahan 's ( Jimmi Harkishin ) corner shop , to pay Kylie off . Tracy is released from prison and the two start feuding again , particularly after Tracy discovers Max 's sale and agrees to keep quiet in exchange for Amy . When Tracy is brutally attacked , Becky is arrested for the incident until Claire admits she was responsible but Becky admits looting Dev 's shop , Sunita Alahan ( Shobna Gulati ) is furious but does not report her . When Liz finds out she makes life hard for Becky . Becky gets drunk and attacks Kylie and forces Liz out of the pub . Jim McDonald ( Charles Lawson ) offers to buy the Rovers — with the money Becky and Steve decide to start a new life abroad and steal Amy . Jim 's attempts to rob a bank fail and they are forced to cancel their plans . Steve calls Social Services to check on Max and they take him into care . Becky believes Tracy made the call and smashes her front room up with a sledge @-@ hammer . Before she can hit Tracy , Steve confesses . Becky walks out on Steve and goes off the rails once more .
Becky , still crushed over her betrayal by Steve , stays with Roy and Hayley . While Fiz Brown ( Jennie McAlpine ) is in prison , Becky takes part in helping Hayley take care of baby Hope Stape ( Harriet Atkins and Sadie Pilbury ) , whom she grows very close to and struggles to hand her back to Fiz . Becky is upset when she discovers that Tracy is pregnant with Steve 's twins . Becky goes on a business meeting with Steve and attempts to seduce him , while Tracy suffers a miscarriage . Tracy assumes Steve is sleeping with Becky and goes to see her . Tracy falls down the stairs and pretends to have only just lost her babies and blames Becky . When everyone turns against her , Becky gets drunk and burns photographs of herself and Steve which causes a fire in her flat . Becky is saved from the fire by Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ) and vows to gain revenge on Tracy . Becky begins dating Danny Stratton ( Jeremy Sheffield ) who later reveals that Tracy lost the babies before her fall . Gail Platt ( Helen Worth ) helps Becky retrieve Tracy 's medical records which confirm she is lying . Becky exposes Tracy 's lies at her wedding reception . Becky decides to go to Barbados with Danny and Steve attempts to stop her . Becky then boards the flight with Danny and departs .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The character has been praised by Nacro , a crime reduction charity which aims to tackle social exclusion and reintegrate offenders . Kelly was concerned they may find Becky to be a caricature , but was pleased to learn they enjoyed Becky being portrayed in a positive light . Media website Digital Spy deemed Kelly a Coronation Street " icon " when the Radio Times had her recreate Manet 's famous painting , A Bar at the Folies @-@ Bergère . Kris Green of the same website branded Becky 's rampage storyline as a repeat of a previous plot in which David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) smashed up Coronation Street , while Daniel Kilkelly had branded Becky as a " hellraiser " .
TV critic Nancy Banks @-@ Smith praised the character in 2008 , calling Becky " the strongest new character since Raquel ( Watts ) of blessed memory " , while The Daily Mirror 's Beth Neil called Becky Coronation Street 's " most outrageous character " , as well as " one of the soap 's most popular characters " . Kelly credited the producers ' decision to pair her character with Roy and Hayley Cropper as the moment public support for Becky rose , stating : " The Croppers were the making of Becky , and without them I actually don 't think Becky would still be in the show . The Croppers , especially Roy , were the thing that really turned public opinion [ about Becky ] around to being positive . " Grace Dent of The Guardian commented on Becky 's wedding describing her appearance as : " [ Wearing an ] Oil @-@ stained pink princess frock carrying a two litre bottle of street @-@ drinker fuel , shouting football chants , with the words eruditely swapped to honour the groom . Becky 's beehive lurched like a detonated high rise , her lip colour swept westward on to her earlobe , a Regal King Size blazed in her gob . " With their wedding ruined , Dent commented that although it was karma , they didn 't deserve it because " Viewers want Steve and Becky to be together " . Telecommunication company Orange state that Becky is well known for " her love of cheap cider and Regal King Size 's " .
Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture often praises Becky in her monthly columns featuring popular and unpopular soap opera characters . Of Becky she states : " Every scene she 's in sparkles and she 's been a very welcome presence in the Street this past year or so . Long may Queen Becky reign . " Deller has also praised her friendship with Claire branding it as good direction for the characters , stating : " Claire has made the very smart move of becoming mates with HRH Queen Becky recently . This can only be a good thing , as everything Becky touches turns to gold . " Francine Cohen of the Daily Mirror commented on Becky 's storylines stating : " Becky ’ s plots have ranged from drug busts to drunken rampages , but the most poignant yet has been her recent pregnancy , miscarriage and subsequent infertility . " Channel 5 's soap opera reporting website Holy Soap recall Becky 's most memorable moment as being her failed wedding attempt and joked : " She might not remember her first wedding day but we all do ! "
The storyline which featured the character 's old nemesis DC Hooch drew criticism of Becky 's excessive littering of her cigarette butts . Environmental agencies ' Keep Britain Tidy ' and ' CleanupUK ' commented : " It is disappointing that Coronation Street chooses to allow one of its characters to throw a butt on the floor and suggest that it is okay to treat our streets like a giant ashtray . We understand the writers are concerned with realism but Becky is a role model to many viewers . We all have a responsibility to keep our local area clean and we would hope that producers of programmes such as Coronation Street would support our call to encourage the public to keep our country tidy . " A spokesperson for the show defended Becky 's actions , stating they were portraying the character 's high levels of stress realistically . Inside Soap readers voted in a poll to find out which character would be missed the most after they depart . Becky won with sixty percent of the vote , whilst up against Eve Jenson ( Emmerdale ) and Ronnie Mitchell ( EastEnders ) . Julie Richardson writing for Orange U.K. said she " loved a good TV scrap " and the serial had " a corker " with Becky and Kylie 's fight which took place in 2011 . Jim Shelley of the Daily Mirror praised Becky 's feud with Tracy , explaining it was a " perfectly poised , barbed battle " . Though he said it was ruined by Kylie 's return .
Kevin O 'Sullivan of the Sunday Mirror said that Becky had a " seismic departure " as she " checked out of soapland 's asylum in characteristically crazy style " . He added that " barking Becky " left " hell town Weatherfield " after much soul @-@ searching . O 'Sullivan opined that the " corrie cobbles " would not be the same with out Becky . Although , he felt it was a " shame the only storyline she ever had was the stuck record of her rancid relationship with mad Mr McDonald . " Christopher Couture , founder of self @-@ titled celebrity gossip blog ChristopherCouture.co.uk , described Kelly as " the new Bet Lynch " on Twitter , following her final episode . Laura Morgan of All About Soap said that Becky 's exit will " go down in soap history as one of the best " . In September 2012 , Inside Soap named Becky 's exit as their number 2 happy ending , " Becky believed the world expected the worst of her , and thought it her duty to deliver the goods — generally with a strain of White Diamond cider spending down the front of her wedding dress . Steve loved Becky , but her inability to have kids made her insecure — and Tracy exploited that pain in order to drive the pair apart . Happily , Becky won her revenge in the end , and moved to Barbados with Jeremy Sheffield [ who played Danny ] . The jammy so @-@ and @-@ so . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Kelly has won and been nominated for a variety of awards for her portrayal of Becky . In 2009 , she was named " Best Female Soap Star " at the TV Now Awards , " TV Soap Personality of the Year " at the Television and Radio Industries Club awards and " Best Actress " at the British Soap Awards . At the 2009 TV Choice & TV Quick Awards , Kelly was named " Best Actress " . 2010 saw Kelly and co @-@ star Gregson win the " Bride And Doom " partnership award at the " All About Soap Awards " . In 2008 , Kelly was nominated for the " Outstanding Serial Drama Performance " award at the National Television Awards . At the British Soap Awards , Kelly was nominated for " Best Actress " , " Best Comedy Performance " and " Best On @-@ Screen Partnership " with Neilson . The following year she was again nominated for " Best On @-@ Screen Partnership " , this time with Gregson and " Sexiest Female " . At the 2009 " Inside Soap Awards " , Kelly received a nomination for " Best Actress " . The following year at the Inside Soap Awards Kelly was nominated " Best Actress " and Becky and Steve were nominated for " Best Wedding " . Also in 2010 , Kelly was nominated for " Serial Drama Performance " at the National Television Awards . Kelly also garnered nominations for " Best On @-@ Screen Partnership " with Gregson and " Best Actress " at the British Soap Awards . In February 2011 , Kelly was nominated for Best Actress at the Soap Bubbles Awards . Kelly was again nominated for " Best Actress " at the 2011 British Soap Awards . At the TVTimes " Corrie Awards " , Becky and Steve were nominated in the category of " Best Couple " , whilst Becky herself was nominated for " Best Female Character " . In January 2012 , Kelly won the award for " Best Serial Performance " at the National Television Awards . In April 2012 Kelly won the award for ' Best Exit ' at the 2012 British Soap Awards , whilst ' Becky 's Final Farewell ' was voted best single episode .
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= I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked ( Grey 's Anatomy ) =
" I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " is the twelfth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 114th episode overall . It was written by Tony Phelan and Joan Rater , and directed by Donna Deitch . It aired on the American Broadcasting Company in the United States on January 21 , 2010 . In the episode , Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) returns to the fictional Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital with the fear that her estranged husband Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) is moving on . Further storylines include Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) contemplating as to whether or not he should report the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , for his alcoholism , and Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) battling the chicken pox .
The episode was originally intended to serve as the final episode before Heigl 's maternity leave , but was later marked as her final appearance to the series . Kim Raver ( Dr. Teddy Altman ) reprised her role as a guest star , in addition to Jesse Williams ( Dr. Jackson Avery ) and Mitch Pileggi ( Larry Jennings ) . The title of the episode refers to the song , " I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " , by Norwegian rock musician , Ida Maria . " I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " opened to generally favorable reviews , with Sandra Oh ( Dr. Cristina Yang ) ' s performance particularly praised . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed by 12 @.@ 70 million Americans , ranked second in its time @-@ slot , and garnered a 4 @.@ 7 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
The episode begins with general surgeon Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) performing a special surgery , and to her dismay , the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) is absent from the operating room . At Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) ' s house , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) is engaging in sexual activity with Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , while his wife , Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) is estranged . In the next room , Meredith begins arguing with her husband , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , over whether or not he should report the chief of surgery , Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) ' s alcoholism to Larry Jennings ( Mitch Pileggi ) , the hospital 's president .
Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) returns home after being on a hiatus , due to her being fired from the hospital , to rekindle her relationship with Karev . Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) are being intimate in the hospital 's on @-@ call room , until Torres discovers that she has the chicken pox . Robbins places her in isolation , because she wants a " sexy " relationship , and does not think the chicken pox can account to that . Meredith is set to perform a Pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure with Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , under the supervision of Webber , but under the influence of alcohol , he falls asleep , and Bailey performs the surgery . In an effort to reason with Meredith , Shepherd offers her a proposition . Shepherd is aware that he will receive Webber 's job if he is reported , and therefore will be in charge of hiring . He explains to Meredith that if she lets him report the chief , he will let Stevens re @-@ obtain her job .
Stevens enters the hospital to receive a Positron emission tomography , due to her cancer . When it is revealed that she is now cancer @-@ free , her happiness leads Meredith to allowing Shepherd to report Webber . In the previous episode , " Blink " , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) told cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) that she could have Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , her boyfriend , if she continued to work at Seattle Grace Mercy West . An appalled Altman reveals this to Hunt , however , him and Yang subsequently mend their relationship , and Altman continues to work at the hospital . Lexie meets up with Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , her ex @-@ boyfriend , and reveals that she had sex with Karev . Sloan reveals that he too was involved in sexual activity , but is unable to forgive Lexie . At the conclusion of the work @-@ day , Stevens approaches Karev , seeking reconciliation , but he explains that he does not deserve to be treated the way he was , and asks her to leave . Meredith informs Stevens that she is getting her job back , but disinterested , Stevens departs , seeking a fresh start to life .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Tony Phelan and Joan Rater , and directed by Donna Deitch . David Greenspan edited the episode and Danny Lux served as the music coordinator . The episode was broadcast with Dolby Digital sound , being aired in both standard and high @-@ definition , and running for 43 minutes without commercials . Featured music included Ingrid Michaelson 's " Everybody " and Amanda Blank 's " Something Bigger , Something Better " , and the episode was named after the song , " I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " , by Norwegian rock musician , Ida Maria . The episode saw Heigl briefly return after a five @-@ episode hiatus to film the movie , Life as We Know It . " I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " was also planned to be the last episode before her maternity leave , however , in March 2010 , when she did not return to the Grey 's Anatomy set after her maternity leave , Heigl marked this episode as her last .
While writing the scene with Meredith and Shepherd fighting , Rater explained that she was intending to show how they matured , adding : " This is a real grown @-@ up argument . Meredith isn 't running away , getting all dark and going to Cristina for help getting out of her marriage . She 's staying and fighting . " While writing the episode , writers intended the theme of the episode to be " exposure " , but after the episode was filmed , realized it was " ambition " . Rater commented on this : " Derek wants to be Chief ; Meredith wants to do a procedure that she knows she isn ’ t ready for ; Cristina wants Teddy to stay . " In the episode , Oh 's character asked her fellow residents if they would choose love or surgery , if need be , with Stevens choosing love and Yang and Meredith choosing surgery . The Grey 's Anatomy staff offered the insight : " When we were first discussing this story we had a knock down drag out fight in the writers ' room – if you had to choose your love or your art , which would you choose ? And some of us came down on the Cristina side , and some of us came down on the Izzie side – that in the end love is all that matters . " At the conclusion of the episode , Karev ended his marriage to Stevens . Rater expressed that the writers decided to have the fictional couple break @-@ up , because Stevens wasn 't sick anymore , and Karev would not have left her when she was .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcasting = = =
" I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " was first broadcast on January 21 , 2010 in the United States on ABC . The episode was viewed by a total of 12 @.@ 7 million Americans , down 0 @.@ 20 % from the previous episode . In terms of viewership , the episode ranked second in its 9 : 00 Eastern time @-@ slot , just behind CBS ' CSI , and third for the night , losing to CBS ' The Mentalist and CSI . Although the episode experienced a low in viewership , its 4 @.@ 7 / 12 Nielsen rating ranked first in its time @-@ slot and the entire night , for both the rating and share percentages of the 18 – 49 demographic , beating out typically high @-@ rated shows , including its spin @-@ off Private Practice , Fox 's Bones , CSI , The Mentalist , and NBC 's juggernaut , The Office .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode was generally well received among television critics . Prior to broadcast , E ! Online 's Jennifer Godwin expressed her fear : " [ I 'm ] a little afraid that Iz [ zie ] is just stopping by to break Alex 's heart before vanishing again . " After the episode aired , TV Fanatic 's Steve Marsi noted that the argument between Shepherd and Meredith " didn 't work " , calling him " aggressive " . Marsi also commented on Oh 's performance : " Incredible performance by Sandra Oh as always . You can see the inner turmoil even when few or no words are exchanged , forgetting you 're watching an actress . Simply amazing . " BuzzSugar called Sloan 's inability to forgive Lexie " an unexpected twist " , and referred to the tensions between Yang , Hunt , and Altman as " awkward " .
The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua opinionated that " I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked " " reestablished Meredith as the core character of the show " , adding : " She was the one who had to deal with Derek 's problems with the chief , the aftermath of Alex and Lexie , Cristina 's driven nature , and had to console the chief . " Pascua also called Altman 's telling Hunt of what Yang told her " stereotypical " , and praised Chambers ' character for not taking Stevens back . Pascua was impressed with the chicken pox storyline , writing :
" Our odd form of comical relief came in the form of Callie . I loved how she was stuck in the " gauze paws " and that she still looked attractive even with blotchy red bumps on her face . Somehow Arizona can pull off a little white lie and it magically works for her . It ended up strengthening their relationship , as well . "
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= Waisale Serevi =
Waisale Tikoisolomoni Serevi ( born 20 May 1968 in Suva , Fiji ) is a former Fijian rugby union footballer , and coach . Although he played fifteen @-@ a @-@ side rugby throughout his playing career , Serevi is most notable for his achievements in rugby sevens . He is widely considered as one of the greatest rugby sevens players ever .
In the 15 @-@ man game , he played for Fiji 39 times between 1989 and 2003 , and scored 376 points . This included representing Fiji in the 1991 , 1999 , and 2003 Rugby World Cups . He has also played professionally for the Mitsubishi , Leicester , Stade Montois , Stade Bordelais and Staines rugby teams .
His representative sevens career started in 1989 when he played for Fiji at the Hong Kong tournament . Serevi has also played in the 1993 , 1997 , 2001 , and 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens , winning the World Cup with Fiji in 1997 and 2005 . He won silver at the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and 2002 , and captured bronze in 2006 . Serevi has played in the International Rugby Board Sevens Series since its creation in 1999 . In 2005 after winning the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens Serevi was appointed the Fiji Sevens team 's coach . He coached Fiji to the 2005 @-@ 06 World Sevens Series victory – the first time the series was not won by New Zealand .
= = Early life = =
The third of five children , Serevi was born in Suva , on the island of Viti Levu on 20 May 1968 . He was raised by staunch Christian parents who were both heavily involved in the Church . Serevi 's inspiration to play rugby stemmed from his childhood , when Fiji defeated the British Lions in 1977 . He missed watching the match , and decided to take up rugby after seeing how happy the victory made the people of Fiji .
His family moved twice when he was a child ; the second time settling in Suva where Serevi started secondary school . There he attended Lelean Memorial School . His schooling was unsuccessful however , and he failed his Fiji Junior Certificate Examination ( tenth year ) in 1984 . Serevi blamed his love for rugby , saying he " played too much and didn 't spend enough time studying . "
After failing his examinations Serevi quit school and continued to play for his local club Rewa . Although he trained with the team , he was omitted from playing as the coach , Jo Rauto , thought he was too small and would get hurt . He was eventually selected to play for the senior provincial side when he was 17 . Several months later he was asked to join the Nabua Rugby Club – under the guidance of coach Ratu Kitione Tuibua – by his uncle Vesito Rauluni . Serevi 's Nabua team were highly successful in Fiji 's sevens tournaments .
= = Fifteens career = =
= = = Club = = =
Prior to 1993 he played for the Nasinu Rugby Club in the Suva Club Rugby Competition , and represented Suva on numerous occasions . In 1993 Serevi signed for the Mitsubishi team from Kyoto , Japan . His initial salary was A $ 70 @,@ 000 a year before this increased to A $ 90 @,@ 000 a year . While with Mitsubishi in 1994 , Serevi was approached by Australian Rugby League clubs the Canberra Raiders , and later the Brisbane Crushers to play for them . After being set to join the Crushers , Serevi decided to stay with Mitsubishi due to a pay rise , and pressure from Fiji 's Methodist Church to continue playing rugby union .
Serevi continued to play for Mitsubishi until 1997 when he joined English club Leicester on a two @-@ year contract . He was first approached by Leicester after he played against them for a World XV at Twickenham in 1996 . He stayed at Leicester for only one season before moving to the French club Stade Montois in Mont @-@ de @-@ Marsan .
After joining Stade Montois , Serevi moved to the coaching staff due to the second level sides only being allowed to play two non @-@ European Union players . After getting clearance from the French Rugby Federation , Serevi was cleared to play for the club in 2001 . He continued there until joining Stade Bordelais in January 2004 . In late 2004 Serevi joined London club Staines ; making his debut in a victory against Thurrock in December that year . Serevi stopped playing professional club rugby in 2005 .
= = = International = = =
In 1987 Serevi was selected for the Fiji B team , and the following year he was selected for Fiji , playing against Wellington in New Zealand . The Wellington game was his first in front of a large crowd , and he had mixed feelings about making his debut in front of a huge crowd . The next year he made his Test debut against Belgium in Liege .
After being a regular selection for Fiji in 1989 , and playing three games in 1990 , Serevi was selected in the 1991 Rugby World Cup squad . He played against France and Canada , losing both games . He only played four fifteen @-@ aside games for Fiji in 1992 and 1993 – with Fiji losing all four . These results led to Fiji failing to qualify for the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa . In 1996 Serevi was selected for his first Fiji game since 1993 . The match was against Northland in Whangarei , and resulted in a 49 – 18 win ; Serevi 's first win with the national team since 1991 . He was selected for seven games in 1996 , including matches against South Africa and the New Zealand Māori .
Serevi did not play for Fiji in the 1997 season , but did come on against Scotland in Fiji 's 51 – 26 win at Suva in 1998 . He was continually selected throughout 1998 , and played Tests against France , USA , Australia , Tonga and Samoa . The following year he again played for Fiji ; including consecutive wins over Spain , Uruguay , and Italy . Fiji qualified for the 1999 Rugby World Cup in France , with Serevi playing in three of Fiji 's matches – including wins over Namibia and Canada .
Following the 1999 Rugby World Cup , Serevi did not play for Fiji again until 2001 . In that year he came on against an Italian regional XV after 57 minutes and scored two tries , two conversions and two penalties to help his team to a 33 – 23 victory . This was followed by a match against Italy where he scored all of Fiji 's points ( Fiji lost 10 – 66 ) . He played two more matches for Fiji that season , including a win over the French Barbarians , in which Serevi was captain .
In 2002 Serevi played four matches for Fiji – all were losses ; first against Wales , then Ireland , Scotland A , and Scotland . Serevi 's last season for Fiji was in 2003 , where he played several matches in build @-@ up to the Rugby World Cup in Australia . These matches included wins over the Queensland Reds , Marlborough , and Chile . His last match for Fiji was a 41 – 13 win over Japan in the 2003 Rugby World Cup ; his third Rugby World Cup tournament .
= = Sevens career = =
= = = 1989 – 93 = = =
After playing domestics sevens in Fiji , Serevi was selected for Fiji for the Sydney Sevens tournament in 1989 . Later that year he made his début at the Hong Kong Sevens . Although New Zealand won the tournament , beating Fiji in their semi @-@ final , Serevi was named player of the tournament . Serevi returned in 1990 when Fiji won their first of three consecutive Hong Kong Sevens titles , and he again picked up player of the tournament after Fiji defeated New Zealand in the final . In 1992 Serevi was again named the player of the tournament .
At the 1993 Hong Kong Sevens , Serevi scored three tries to help Fiji to a 17 – 14 win over Australia in the semi @-@ final , but was unable to prevent his team being defeated 14 – 12 in the final by Samoa . Fiji 's next major tournament was the inaugural 1993 Rugby Sevens World Cup held in Edinburgh , Scotland . Serevi said that the team was working " sometimes nine hours a day " in preparation for the Sevens World Cup . Fiji were defeated by eventual champions England 21 – 7 in their semi @-@ final . Serevi was the equal top point scorer for the tournament .
= = = 1994 – 99 = = =
After playing in sevens tournaments in Fiji and Canberra , Serevi returned to the Hong Kong Sevens . After defeating South Africa in their quarter @-@ final , Fiji lost to eventual winners New Zealand in their semi @-@ final . In 1995 , Serevi captained Fiji to the Hong Kong Sevens final . He scored three tries in their semi @-@ final victory over Australia . They then faced New Zealand in the final , and although leading 17 – 14 at one point , eventually lost the game 35 – 17 . In the 1996 tournament , Fiji again met New Zealand in the final ; New Zealand led after Serevi tripped Christian Cullen close to Fiji 's try line . This was followed by a break from Serevi to give Setareki Naivaluwaqa a try . New Zealand scored twice more however , to give them a 19 – 17 victory . Serevi finished the year by leading Fiji to victory in the Dubai Sevens .
The following year the Hong Kong Sevens doubled as the Rugby Sevens World Cup . Serevi was Fiji 's captain for the tournament . Before the tournament Serevi made a promise to Fiji to " bring back the Melrose Cup . " In his first three games of the tournament Serevi scored 59 points to help confirm Fiji as favourites for the title . Fiji did not concede a point until their semi @-@ final , their sixth game of the tournament , and eventually faced South Africa in the final . South Africa scored two tries , before Fiji responded with four tries of their own ; the final score was 24 – 21 to Fiji . Serevi was the tournaments top scorer , with 117 points – including nine tries . He also played for Fiji in the Japan and France sevens ; the latter won by Fiji .
After winning the Fiji Sevens Tournament with Fiji in March 1998 , Serevi led his country at Hong Kong . Despite a 21 – 21 draw against Argentina in pool play – where Serevi scored one try and set up two – Fiji qualified for the tournament 's quarter @-@ finals . Fiji beat Australia in the quarter @-@ finals , and faced New Zealand in their semi @-@ final . They defeated New Zealand 24 – 7 after Serevi scored one try and set up another two . Fiji faced Samoa in the final , defeating them 28 – 19 . Serevi was named player of the tournament . Later that year he led Fiji in the Rugby Sevens at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur . The team faced New Zealand in the final , losing 21 – 12 , to earn them the silver medal .
= = = 1999 – 04 = = =
Serevi started 1999 by winning the Air Pacific Sevens in Fiji ; they defeated Australian Fijians 35 – 7 . Following this Serevi captained Fiji to the Hong Kong Sevens , his eleventh tournament . Fiji defeated Tonga – whose defeat included a try set up by a 40 @-@ metre one handed pass from Serevi – and then Scotland . Fiji and Serevi again faced New Zealand in the final ; Fiji scored three tries , all converted by Serevi , to win 21 – 12 . Serevi dedicated the win to his two daughters .
In 1999 the inaugural International Rugby Board Sevens series was held starting with the Dubai tournament . Serevi missed this leg , but finished the year by leading Fiji to victory in the South Africa Sevens in Stellenbosch . Serevi then returned for the leg in Mar Del Plata where he scored a try to lead Fiji to victory over New Zealand in the final . He then led Fiji in their first sevens tournament in New Zealand , at Wellington . Fiji again defeated New Zealand in a tournament final , this time 24 – 14 . Serevi was the tournaments top points scorer ( 84 points ) . Serevi also played in the Fiji Sevens tournament , where Fiji lost to New Zealand 31 – 5 in the final . He then led Fiji to victory in the Brisbane leg of the series . Fiji made the final after defeating South Africa in their semi @-@ final ; the final was against Australia , who were leading until the last minute of the match . With less than a minute to go Serevi broke several Australian tackles and sprinted 80 metres to score a try and win the match for Fiji . The try was described at the time by Australian rugby union writer Spiro Zavos as " the greatest individual try in sevens series history " , and was voted try of the year at the 2000 Fiji Rugby Awards . At the Hong Kong Sevens , Serevi was the tournament 's top scorer with 75 points , but this was not enough for a Fiji win however , as they lost 31 – 5 to New Zealand in the final . Serevi 's last tournament of the series was in Japan where he led Fiji to victory .
Serevi started 2001 by leading Fiji in the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Argentina . Fiji were defeated by Australia in their semi @-@ final ; the Australians went on to lose to New Zealand in the final . In the 2000 – 01 IRB Sevens World Series , he played in only the London and Wales legs . He also missed the 2001 Hong Kong Sevens , the first time he had missed the tournament in 12 years . Serevi was omitted from the team due to form , and the desire to develop new players for the 2004 Rugby World Cup Sevens . Fiji 's coach at the time , Tomasi Cama , suggested Serevi had lost some pace and age was catching up with him . Serevi 's last sevens tournament for the year was the World Games in Akita , Japan . As captain , he led Fiji to the Gold medal after defeating Australia 35 – 19 in the final .
The first tournament of 2002 for Serevi was in Chile . Fiji advanced to the semi @-@ finals where they faced New Zealand . During the match Serevi was tackled late by New Zealander Amasio Valence . Fijian player Marika Vunibaka ran 50 metres to punch Valence and a brawl then erupted – Fiji ended up losing the game . Serevi and Fiji rebounded the following week to win the tournament at Mar del Plata , Buenos Aires . Serevi played in the Brisbane , Wellington , and then Beijing Sevens before returning to Hong Kong . In Fiji 's defeat of Australia in their quarter @-@ final , Serevi scored 13 points to take his Hong Kong points tally over 1000 . Fiji defeated New Zealand in their semi @-@ final and faced England in the final . England defeated Fiji 33 – 20 in the final . Later that year Serevi captained Fiji to the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester . He helped get the team to the games ' final with a try @-@ saving tackle during Fiji 's 17 – 7 defeat of South Africa in their semi @-@ final . The final was against New Zealand , and despite Serevi landing a penalty to give Fiji a 15 – 14 lead with two minutes left , New Zealand won 33 – 17 . This gave Serevi his second Commonwealth Games silver medal .
Serevi did not represent Fiji in sevens in 2003 , being controversially omitted from Fiji 's Hong Kong Sevens squad . Serevi had been unable to return to Fiji for a fitness test and national tournament due to commitments with his club Stade Montois in France . Because of this he was omitted from the team , despite being available to play in the tournament .
After recovering from his injury , Serevi was named in the Fiji sevens squad in January 2004 . This was despite a rule enforced by coach Senivalati Laulau that to be eligible to play , one must attend the team 's trials . After being named in the training squad , Serevi was not selected for the squad for the Wellington or Los Angeles legs of the IRB World Sevens Series . He then missed selection for the team to play in Hong Kong for the second year in a row . Pauliasi Tabulutu replaced Laulau as Fiji 's coach and recalled Serevi to play in the Bordeaux Sevens . Serevi then played in the London leg of the Sevens Series – his last leg of the year .
= = = 2005 – 07 : player @-@ coach = = =
Serevi started the year by leading the Lomaiviti Barbarians in the Pacific 7s in Auckland , New Zealand . He returned to Fiji , from his club Staines in England , in February that year in an attempt to play for Fiji in the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens . On returning to Fiji , Serevi said " My goal is to go to the World Cup " . After being selected by coach Wayne Pivac for the Fiji squad , Serevi was named as captain .
Led by Serevi , Fiji qualified for the quarter @-@ finals of the Sevens World Cup at Hong Kong , with pool victories over Australia , Canada , Hong Kong , Japan and Portugal . After the pool matches , Pivac said of Serevi ; " Waisale is the eyes for the other guys " and " he brings the others into the game and puts players into gaps . " After scoring the match @-@ winning try in sudden death against England in their semi @-@ final , Serevi led Fiji to World Cup victory over New Zealand in the final . He finished the tournament as the World Cup 's all @-@ time leading points scorer and goal scorer , and the second highest all @-@ time try scorer .
A national holiday – 24 March 2005 – was declared in Fiji for the teams return , and the country 's Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase declared :
On behalf of the Government and people of Fiji and personally , I convey our congratulations to you all – Serevi and the team members , and the management and coaching staff .
Serevi was appointed Pivac 's successor as Fiji coach on 30 March , and soon after he returned to his village in Qarani to show its people the Melrose Cup .
Serevi 's first tournament as coach was the Singapore leg of the IRB Sevens Series ; Fiji was defeated by England in their semi @-@ final . The last two legs of the 2004 – 05 IRB Sevens Series were played in London and Paris . There he coached Fiji to the Plate victory , and a final loss respectively . His first major trophy as coach came when Fiji won gold in the 2005 World Games in Germany .
For the entire 2005 – 06 IRB Sevens Series Serevi was Fiji 's player @-@ coach ( his assistant coach was Jo Savou ) . Fiji won the George leg in South Africa , the Wellington leg in New Zealand , the Singapore leg , and the London leg in England . The team also made the final of the Dubai , Los Angeles , and Hong Kong legs of the series . Fiji won the Series – becoming the first team other than New Zealand to do so . Following the series win Prime Minister Qarase said of Serevi :
You have set an example of what we can do as a country through vision , sacrifice , hard work , discipline , and making the best use of our gifts and talents .
In Fiji , celebrations of the win even included a specially composed song dedicated to Serevi named Na Noda Laione .
As well as coaching Fiji to the IRB Series win in 2006 , Serevi also coached them to bronze at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne . There Fiji faced England in their semi @-@ final , but Serevi was unable to take the field due to " a technical hitch with the fourth official . " After losing to England , Fiji recovered to defeat Australia 24 – 17 in the play @-@ off for bronze .
In December 2006 Serevi was offered a coaching position with the Falcons , a South African side . The offer was several times more than he received from the Fiji Rugby Union . The contract required him to be a backline coach and player for two years , and then a coach for the next three years . In the end he decided to instead renew his contract with the Fiji Rugby Union . In early 2007 the interim Sports Minister Lekh Ram Vayeshnoi appointed Serevi to the board of the interim Fiji Sports Council .
Serevi coached Fiji to the final of the first Sevens Series leg of 2007 in Wellington , where they lost to Samoa 17 – 14 in the final . The team then rebounded when they defeated Samoa to win the San Diego leg . Fiji 's next tournament was Hong Kong where Serevi made a world record 18th appearance . He scored the final try as Fiji defeated New Zealand in Hong Kong . They then faced Samoa in the final ; Samoa led 27 – 0 at half time . Although Fiji then scored 22 points in the second half , Samoa won the final 27 – 22 . Fiji won the following tournament at Adelaide , but only after a converted try by Serevi forcing extra time in their quarter final with South Africa .
Serevi then coached Fiji to the final of the London leg , where they were defeated by New Zealand . The final leg of the 2006 – 07 Series was in Edinburgh . Fiji needed to qualify for the semi @-@ finals to guarantee they would win the series . They qualified top of pool A and faced Wales in their quarter @-@ final . Wales defeated Fiji in 21 – 14 in a major upset . " Wales kept the ball well against us , and they scored tries . They deserved to win , " Serevi said of the loss . New Zealand then won the tournament , making them the series champions after accumulating 130 points to Fiji 's 128 . On 6 July 2007 , Serevi announced his resignation as coach of the national sevens team .
= = = 2007 – 09 : Coach = = =
On 24 July 2008 , the Fiji Rugby Union announced the return of Serevi as Fiji 's coach for the 2008 – 09 IRB World Sevens Series and the Rugby Sevens World Cup in Dubai . At the time of the announcement , Serevi was in England receiving an honorary sports degree from Leeds Metropolitan University . Fiji Rugby Union chairman Keni Dakuidreketi denied that Serevi 's selection was a result of the public clamour after the team 's performance in the 2007 – 08 World Sevens Series under coach Jo Savou .
Despite his return , Serevi 's team did not do well in the first two legs of the 2008 – 09 World Sevens Series , losing their semi @-@ finals in both to South Africa . He also clashed with the Fiji Rugby Union over being left out of player selection duties . As a result , he was dismissed on 29 January 2009 . Iliesa Tanivula took over the post for the rest of the series .
In August 2009 , the Papua New Guinea Rugby Football Union ( PNGRFU ) hired Serevi to become their sevens development officer on a five @-@ year contract . He was later appointed the national sevens coach . However , on 27 March 2010 , the PNGRFU confirmed that the working relationship with Serevi was finished . Union president Richard Sapias said off @-@ field decisions prompted the severing of relations , especially after Papua New Guinea performed poorly at the Adelaide sevens .
= = = 2010 – present = = =
Seeking a fresh start a few months after his departure from the Papua New Guinea team , Serevi moved his family to the United States and settled in Seattle , Washington , to run a business with Fijian expatriates . He used his experience in rugby to open a new brand , the Serevi Rugby Nation , to help pool funds for Pacific Islander players and also run rugby training workshops for the youth . He also worked with the Old Puget Sound Rugby club , and helped Central Washington University qualify for the Collegiate Rugby Championships . On 6 October 2011 , Serevi returned to Fiji and declared his availability to coach the team in qualifying for the 2013 Sevens World Cup and help the team qualify for the 2016 Olympic Games . He was eventually appointed assistant coach for Fiji at the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Russia .
= = Personal life = =
Serevi has a wife , Karalaini , whom he married in 1993 . They have three children : daughters Unaisi Serevi ( born 1994 ) and Asinate Serevi ( Naruma ) ( born 1995 ) , and son Waisale Serevi Junior ( born 2001 ) . His wife works for the Fijian Defence Force , and Serevi spent large parts of his career away from his family . He was apart from them when in Japan between 1992 and 1997 , although his family joined him in France between 1999 and 2004 . He is a committed Christian , and along with his family attends Church regularly . On his boots , strapping , and jersey for every match Serevi has the words " Philippians 4 : 13 " written . It is a reference to the biblical quote " I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me " .
Serevi learned Japanese while in Japan , and also taught English whilst there . Despite living in France for several years he did not learn French , and required an interpreter for interviews . Serevi 's interests include listening to music , and watching movies . Apart from rugby , he also likes to play touch rugby and volleyball . Other interests include meeting people , and travelling the world .
On 18 May 2007 , Serevi was appointed a Special Inspector with the Fiji Police Force by the acting Commissioner of Police Romanu Tikotikoca . The appointment is in youth and community policing . Serevi will not be a regular officer , but will be paid for the hours he works .
= = Achievements = =
Serevi has been inducted into the Fiji Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee 's Hall of Fame in 2005 , and was named the Fiji Times 2005 Personality of the Year . In 2013 , he was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame – the first Fijian to receive the honour . His presentation took place at the Hong Kong Sevens tournament that year . At the time of Serevi 's induction , Chairman Bernard Lapasset said :
He was an exceptional player who has excelled in both Sevens and Fifteens and achieved all that there is to achieve in Rugby Sevens ... while also winning the hearts of fans around the world with his exciting and entertaining style of play .
= = = XVs = = =
Rugby World Cup tournaments : 1991 , 1999 , 2003
Barbarians matches , versus : Scotland ( 2002 ) , Leicester ( 2002 and 2003 ) , London Irish ( 2003 )
World XV matches , versus : Leicester ( 1996 and 1997 )
= = = Rugby sevens = = =
= = = = Rugby World Cup Sevens = = = =
Serevi has played in all four Rugby World Cup Sevens ( 1993 , 1997 , 2001 , and 2005 ) . He won the tournament with Fiji in 1997 and 2005 , and is the overall top points scorer with 297 points . He is also the second @-@ top try scorer with 21 tries .
= = = = Commonwealth and World Games = = = =
Serevi has competed in three Commonwealth Games ; Kuala Lumpur in 1998 , Manchester in 2002 , and Melbourne in 2006 . With Fiji he won silver in 1998 and 2002 , and bronze in 2006 . Serevi led Fiji to gold in both the 2001 World Games in Japan , and the 2005 World Games in Germany .
= = = = IRB Sevens World Series = = = =
The following is a list of IRB Sevens tournaments Serevi has participated in as a player . He is the series ' fourth highest points scorer overall with 1310 points ( 79 tries , 457 goals ) . The list excludes Hong Kong legs , these are listed separately below . Those years in bold indicate Fiji won the tournament .
Adelaide : 2007
Argentina : 2002
Bordeaux : 2004 , 2005
Brisbane : 2000 , 2002
Chile : 2002
China : 2002
Dubai : 2005 , 2006
Edinburgh : 2007
Fiji : 1999 , 2000
Japan : 2000
George : 1999 , 2005 , 2006
London : 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007
Paris : 2006
Wales : 2001
Singapore : 2006
Wellington : 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007
USA : 2006 , 2007
= = = = Hong Kong Sevens = = = =
Results for all Hong Kong Sevens tournaments since Serevi 's first in 1989 . Table includes Rugby World Cup Sevens tournaments and IRB Sevens World Series legs .
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= Japanese battleship Tosa =
Tosa ( 土佐 ) was a planned battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Designed by Yuzuru Hiraga , she was envisioned as the lead ship of the Tosa class of two 39 @,@ 900 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 40 @,@ 540 t ) ships . The battleships would have been armed with ten 410 mm ( 16 @.@ 1 in ) guns and bring Japan closer to its goal of an " Eight @-@ four " fleet ( eight battleships and four battlecruisers ) . However , after the Washington Naval Conference and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty , all work on the ship was halted . With the vessel required to be destroyed in accordance with the terms of the treaty , the incomplete Tosa was then subjected to various tests to gauge the effect of Japanese weaponry before being scuttled on 9 February 1925 .
= = Design and construction = =
For additional details and design information , see Tosa @-@ class battleship
Designed by Yuzuru Hiraga , Tosa was intended to be part of a Japanese " Eight @-@ four fleet " , comprising eight battleships and four battlecruisers , the successor to the proposed " Eight @-@ eight fleet " . Tosa and her sister ship Kaga were intended to be the second set of high @-@ speed battleships ( after the Nagato class ) under the plan , and were approved for construction in the Diet 's 14 July 1917 warship @-@ building authorization . Engineering blueprints for the two ships were completed by Japanese naval engineers in 1919 . Based on Japanese studies of the British experience at the Battle of Jutland , the ships were to include new features over previous designs , including higher steaming speed despite increased tonnage , flush decks , and inclined armor .
Tosa was laid down on 16 February 1920 by Mitsubishi in Nagasaki . She utilized the same slipway where , two decades later , the Yamato @-@ class battleship Musashi would be built . Tosa was originally scheduled to be launched in October 1921 , but multiple strikes delayed it until November . Ultimately , the battleship was not launched until 18 December 1921 , two months behind schedule . Fitting @-@ out commenced soon after with a projected completion date of July 1922 . However , work on Tosa was halted on 5 February 1922 , one day before Japan signed the Washington Naval Treaty . Under the terms of the treaty , construction of Tosa and Kaga was formally canceled on 5 May 1922 .
= = Career = =
In August 1922 , Tosa was moved to Kure , still incomplete . Fifty thousand people turned out to watch as the battleship was towed out of the harbor by five tugboats . The barbettes for the 406 mm ( 16 inch ) guns were in place , but no turrets or weapons had been mounted , so the holes in the main deck were covered with a mesh @-@ like material . Her hull was finished , and a superstructure deck , bridge deck and conning tower had been fitted , along with a light signal mast directly aft of the second barbette . The conning tower had to be outfitted as a bridge , as there was no other suitable location ; compared with those of similar ships , it was much smaller , as it only contained two levels and bridge wings . An exhaust pipe resembling an extremely small funnel was fitted so that heat could be supplied within the ship .
Tosa remained in Kure until mid @-@ 1924 . Stricken on 1 April 1924 , the ship — with her hull virtually finished — was designated for use in testing the effectiveness of shells and torpedoes against its armor arrangements . As a result , in June 1924 the navy 's gunnery school took possession of the hull and prepared it for testing .
= = = Test target = = =
During 6 – 13 June , Tosa was subjected to five explosions . The first involved a 100 kg ( 220 lb ) Mk . I mine placed on the starboard side of the ship , 3 @.@ 7 m ( 12 ft ) below the waterline at frame 57 . The resultant explosion ruptured about 22 m2 ( 240 sq ft ) of hull , while dishing in another 750 sq ft ( 70 m2 ) of plating . Flooding took 23 compartments within the ship , 17 quickly and five slowly ; a total of 995 long tons ( 1 @,@ 011 t ) of water entered the ship , increasing the ship 's list to starboard by about 1 ° 54 ' .
The second and fifth test charges ( 8 and 13 June ) were both placed near the fore main battery magazines . Involving larger charges than the first — about 200 kg ( 440 lb ) ( a 6th year type torpedo ) and 150 kg ( 330 lb ) ( a 9th year type mine ) — they were both placed at frame 87 : the second to port and 4 @.@ 04 m ( 13 @.@ 3 ft ) below the waterline , the fifth to starboard and 6 @.@ 34 m ( 20 @.@ 8 ft ) below . Both broached the side protection system — allowing 1 @,@ 008 and 726 long tons ( 1 @,@ 024 and 738 t ) of water , respectively , to enter the ship — showing that the usual three @-@ compartment , all @-@ void system used in most Japanese battleships was an insufficient defense against modern torpedoes . The list incurred during test two was a 6 ° 16 ' change , resulting in a port list of 4 ° 36 ' ; for test five these numbers were 4 ° 38 ' and a starboard list of 0 ° 48 ' .
Similar to two and five , tests three and four were conducted at the same frame ( 192 ) but on opposite sides . Frame 192 was in the middle of the ship , where the ship 's protection system was designed to be the strongest . Test three ( 8 June ) was a 300 kg ( 660 lb ) 8th year type torpedo on the starboard side at a depth of 4 @.@ 05 m ( 13 @.@ 3 ft ) under the ship 's waterline ; four ( 12 June ) was a 350 kg ( 770 lb ) torpedo to port , 4 @.@ 9 m ( 16 ft ) below the waterline . The tests ruptured 15 and 26 m2 ( 160 and 280 sq ft ) , dished in 160 and 110 m2 ( 1 @,@ 700 and 1 @,@ 200 sq ft ) of plating , and allowed 1 @,@ 203 and 1 @,@ 160 long tons ( 1 @,@ 222 and 1 @,@ 180 t ) of water to enter the ship . Test three allowed the most water in out of all of the tests and , as a result , the list was altered from a previous port @-@ side 2 ° 51 ' to a starboard @-@ side 5 ° 22 ' — a change of 8 ° 13 ' . Test four went from a starboard 1 ° 0 ' to a port 5 ° 20 ' .
Further tests included the explosion of several Type 8 torpedoes filled with 300 – 346 kg ( 660 – 760 lbs ) of picric acid within Tosa 's designed magazine for them , which was located forward of the first turret and had been considered a weak point in previous battleship designs . This caused " extreme structural damage above the waterline " to Tosa , and confirmed that any problem in that part of the ship could seriously harm it . Possible solutions included the installation of additional armor over the room or the use of walls on one side of the magazine that would be blown out and away from the ship in the event of any serious explosion inside . This would have the effect of focusing the explosion outside , minimizing structural damage to the ship itself . Another test involved the explosion of 370 kg ( 820 lb ) of TNT 5 m ( 16 ft ) away from the side of the ship .
Another test conducted somewhere around this time involved a 406 mm ( 16 @.@ 0 in ) gun firing a shell at Tosa . It fell about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) short of the ship , but continued through the water and struck the ship near frame 228 , 3 @.@ 3 metres ( 11 ft ) below the designed waterline . The result was disturbing , as the shell was able to pass through the 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) armor and explode in the port engine room . As a result , 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 048 t ) of water was let in , and Tosa 's list was increased from 4 ° 53 ' to 10 ° 06 ' .
Results of the tests on Tosa were subsequently used in the refitting and reconstruction of existing warships . Lessons learned were also incorporated into the designs of the two Yamato @-@ class super @-@ battleships ten years later . In the latter , this meant that the side belt armor was continued below the waterline and beneath the torpedo bulge so that the class would have a defense against underwater shells .
= = Sinking = =
For the next few months , Tosa was given to the Hiroshima gunnery school for use as a target . On 14 January 1925 , the Navy Ministry of Japan ordered Tosa to be scuttled within one month 's time . To ensure this , the Commander in Chief of the Kure Naval District directed that preparations for scuttling the ship be completed by 1 February . It was planned that Tosa would be scuttled on or before 10 February after being towed by the former battleship Settsu to a location south of the Mizunokojima Lighthouse and 16 @.@ 1 kilometers ( 10 mi ) west of Okinoshima Island ( located southwest of the present @-@ day Kōchi Prefecture ) . Later that month , the United States Office of Naval Intelligence reported that " work on the dismantling of [ Tosa ] has been going on at the Kure Navy Yard and everything possible has been removed . The intention is to fill her hull with sand and gravel , tow her out to deep water near the entrance to Kure , open her sea cocks , and send her to the bottom . "
Tosa was brought from Kure on 3 February to Saiki Bay in the Bungo Channel . She was then towed from the bay on the 6th with the intention of bringing the battleship to the designated sinking spot , but were thwarted by a strong storm and returned . A second attempt was made at 10 : 00 on the 8th . Explosive " mines " were embarked : two 360 mm ( 14 @.@ 2 in ) shells were placed inside Tosa 's double bottom , and two containers with 30 kg ( 66 lb ) of Shimose powder in each were put into the engine room on the port side . They would be detonated using electrical fuses , though time fuses were also fitted for use if the sea was calm . The explosives were triggered on the 8th , but they failed , so a contingent was sent aboard Tosa on the 9th ; they opened six Kingston valves in the engine room at about 01 : 25 . Soon after , Tosa slowly began to sink by the stern and to starboard . By 03 : 50 , the rate increased , and the ship slipped beneath the waves by 07 : 00 . Tosa was the tenth and final Japanese capital ship sunk or scrapped to comply with the naval treaty 's stipulations .
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= Roquebert 's expedition to the Caribbean =
Roquebert 's expedition to the Caribbean , was an unsuccessful operation by a French naval squadron to transport supplies to Guadeloupe in December 1809 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars . Over the previous year , British Royal Navy squadrons had isolated and defeated the French Caribbean colonies one by one , until by the autumn Guadeloupe was the only colony remaining in French hands . Cut off from the rest of the world by British blockade squadrons that intercepted all ships coming to or from the island , Guadeloupe was in a desperate situation , facing economic collapse , food shortages and social upheaval , as well as the impending threat of British invasion . In an effort to reinforce and resupply the colony , the French government sent four frigates to the West Indies in November 1809 under Commodore François Roquebert . Two of the ships were only lightly armed , their cannon removed to make room for supplies and troops . Two others were at full strength , ordered to protect the storeships on their journey from the British forces operating off both the French and Guadeloupe coasts .
The squadron almost reached the Caribbean without encountering any of patrolling British warships sent to watch for French reinforcements , but was spotted and intercepted by the frigate HMS Junon on 13 December . Junon 's captain did not realise the size of the French squadron until it was too late and , despite fierce resistance , his ship was captured and he was mortally wounded . Continuing with the mission , Roquebert successfully delivered the disarmed frigates Loire and Seine to within sight of Guadeloupe and then left them , his frigates making their way back to France without ensuring the safe arrival of their convoy . On 15 December , the small British brig HMS Observateur , which had witnessed the defeat of Junon , brought news of the French arrival to the blockade squadron anchored off Basse @-@ Terre . Summoning ships from the surrounding region , the British commander , Captain Volant Vashon Ballard amassed a significant squadron and forced the French supply ships to anchor in a protected bay at Anse la Barque , on the southeastern coast of Guadeloupe .
Ineffectual efforts were made to capture the French ships , but it was not until the arrival of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Sceptre under Captain Samuel James Ballard that an attack was made in earnest . As small ships engaged the batteries on shore , two frigates entered the bay and attacked the disarmed frigates , causing both to surrender in an hour @-@ long engagement . Both French ships were badly damaged and a fire started during the engagement was able to rapidly spread through them , destroying both ships in succession . Many of the French crew escaped ashore from the wrecks , while others were picked up by British ships . The blockade of Guadeloupe was successfully maintained , and the island was captured in a coordinated invasion a month later . Roquebert 's remaining ships were intercepted on 16 January by a patrolling British frigate , but successfully escaped pursuit and eventually returned undamaged to France .
= = Background = =
During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy rapidly and decisively seized control of the war at sea , driving French ships into protected harbours and laying heavy blockades on ports held by the French Empire and her allies to strangle communications and overseas trade . This had a devastating effect on the French West Indian colonies , particularly the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe . With trade impossible , their economies stagnated while social upheaval and limited food supplies reduced their ability to resist invasion by the large British forces maintained in the region . In the summer of 1808 , desperate messages were sent to France from the islands , prompting a succession of French efforts to supply food , reinforcements and trading opportunities during the latter part of 1808 and the first months of 1809 . These efforts were entirely unsuccessful : the few ships that did safely reach the Caribbean Sea and successfully landed supplies were all intercepted and captured on the return journey , costing the French four frigates and numerous smaller ships by the end of February 1809 .
The British blockade squadrons had intercepted a number of the messages sent from the islands during 1808 , and a large expeditionary force was built up on Barbados with orders to invade and capture the French colonies as swiftly as possible . Their first target was Martinique , which was invaded and captured during February 1809 . Outlying islands were captured over the next few months and a major French reinforcement squadron was trapped and then defeated near the Îles des Saintes in April : the French lost a ship of the line , and two more frigates were captured in June and July as they tried to return to France . With such heavy losses , the French took time preparing their next effort while the British were distracted by the Reconquista in Santo Domingo , a Spanish campaign to drives the French out of the island of Hispaniola that was eventually concluded in July 1809 with British naval assistance . By the autumn of 1809 , the British commander , Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane , was again developing an expeditionary force , this time aimed at Guadeloupe . He had strengthened the blockade squadron off the island 's principal port Basse @-@ Terre , and placed heavier forces at Martinique in case they were required . Individual ships were dispersed in the approaches to the French island , ready to intercept any approaching reinforcement . Other ships operated against ships already anchored off Guadeloupe : one squadron seized the corvette Nisus from Deshaies on 12 December .
In the months since Troude 's failure , the French had only sent small supply ships to Guadeloupe , while carefully preparing a major expedition at Nantes . Two old frigates , Loire and Seine , were largely disarmed , a process known as en flûte : half their guns were removed and their crew reduced in order to take on board large quantities of food supplies and over 200 military reinforcements each . Command of the armed storeships was given to lieutenants Joseph @-@ Normand Kergré and Bernard Vincent . To protect these ships two fully armed frigates were detailed to escort the convoy to Guadeloupe : Renommée , under Commodore François Roquebert , and Clorinde , under Captain Jacques Saint @-@ Cricq . The force departed on 15 November 1809 and made rapid progress across the Atlantic , avoiding all contact with British warships . Of the small ships despatched around the same time , none reached Guadeloupe ; all were captured in the Western Atlantic or Caribbean by warships sent by Cochrane to patrol for approaching French reinforcements .
= = Destruction of HMS Junon = =
Among the ships despatched by Cochrane was the 40 @-@ gun frigate HMS Junon under Captain John Shortland . Junon had been captured from the French less than a year earlier at the Action of 10 February 1809 , following an unsuccessful attempt to return to France from Guadeloupe . Hastily repaired , she had been commissioned into the Royal Navy and added to Cochrane 's fleet , from where Cochrane had ordered her to patrol to the east of Antigua for ships attempting to evade the British blockade . On 13 December , Shortland , in company with the 16 @-@ gun brig HMS Observateur under Captain Frederick Wetherall , stopped an American merchant ship and boarded her in search of contraband . As he was engaged in the search , four sails appeared to the north . Shortland immediately gave chase , and by 16 : 00 realised his quarry was a squadron of four frigates . Firing warning shots in an effort to force the frigates to identify themselves , the strange ships raised Spanish colours . Initially unconvinced , Shortland raised the recognition signal for Spanish vessels and received the correct reply from the lead frigate . Closing with the ships during the afternoon , Junon was only a short distance from the lead ship at 17 : 30 when French colours replaced the Spanish and Roquebert ordered his ships to open fire .
Roquebert had learned the correct signals for Spanish shipping from captured Spanish merchant ships and , having lured Junon within range , opened a destructive fire from Renommée that caused severe damage to Junon 's rigging . Unable to manoeuvere away from the French due to the damage suffered in the opening broadside , Shortland returned fire as best he could while closing with Renommée to inflict maximum damage . As Junon closed with the flagship , Clorinde attacked her from the other side and the flûtes took up stations fore and aft , repeatedly raking the British ship . Observateur had been some distance behind Junon when the action began , and was thus not directly engaged by any of the French ships . Wetherall initially fired at Clorinde from extreme range , but soon recognised that he could do nothing to aid Junon in the face of overwhelming French numbers and so sailed westward to find and warn other British ships of the approaching French squadron . As Observateur escaped , Junon was pounded from all sides , Roquebert 's ship coming so close to the British frigate that their rigging tangled and they collided , inflicting further damage . The French squadron was so close to Junon that the soldiers carried aboard for the garrison on Guadeloupe were able to fire their muskets at the British top deck , killing many of the sailors manning the guns .
Within ten minutes of the first shot , Junon 's top deck was almost completely cleared and Shortland had been taken below , his leg broken by grapeshot and his body pierced by several large wooden splinters . Lieutenant Samuel Bartlett Deecker assumed command , and successfully beat off a boarding attack from Clorinde . Pulling Junon clear off the two full @-@ strength French frigates , Deecker tried to escape but found his ship unresponsive . Within minutes , Roquebert and Saint @-@ Cricq had regained their positions on either side of the British frigate and boarded simultaneously , forcing Deecker to surrender at 18 : 15 . The British had suffered heavy losses , with 20 killed and 40 wounded , including Shortland . The prisoners were dispersed among the French squadron and rather than spare the men required to repair and crew the battered Junon , Roquebert had the frigate set on fire and abandoned . French losses were also severe , Renommée losing 15 killed and three wounded and Clorinde six killed and 15 wounded . Neither Seine , Loire nor HMS Observateur suffered any loss at all .
= = Operations off Guadeloupe = =
Although Junon had been destroyed , Observateur had escaped from the French squadron and immediately sought out the blockade force off Guadeloupe , the only place that the French squadron could be destined for . Arriving at Basse @-@ Terre at 13 : 00 on 15 December , Captain Wetherall telegraphed the senior officer on the station , Captain Volant Vashon Ballard in the frigate HMS Blonde , of the impending arrival of Roquebert 's squadron . Ballard swiftly gathered his squadron , the frigate HMS Thetis under Captain George Miller and the sloops HMS Hazard and HMS Cygnet , and positioned them in the channel between Guadeloupe and the Îles des Saintes , through which Roquebert 's ships would have to pass . Urgent messages were sent to all nearby ships and bases , and the following day the sloops HMS Ringdove and HMS Scorpion joined the squadron , Ballard placing Hazard and Ringdove to watch Basse @-@ Terre while the rest of squadron patrolled to the south of the island .
On the same day that Observateur arrived off Basse @-@ Terre , the frigate HMS Castor under Captain William Roberts had recaptured the merchant brig Ariel near La Désirade , taken by Roquebert 's squadron two weeks earlier . Roberts also discovered two other ships in the distance to the north and had closed to investigate , discovering the French convoy . Darkness fell soon afterwards and Castor separated from the French ships , as Roberts sailed westwards as fast as possible to notify Ballard of his sighting , arriving at 04 : 00 on 17 December . In the aftermath of the destruction of Junon and the encounter with Castor , Roquebert decided to separate from the convoy and return to France , turning north with Clorinde and leaving the supply ships to make the journey to Guadeloupe independently . As a result , Loire and Seine were sailing unprotected straight towards Ballard 's squadron .
At daylight on 17 December , Blonde sighted the French armed storeships approaching Basse @-@ Terre from the northwest and Ballard advanced on them , blocking them from reaching Basse @-@ Terre . Retreating northwest along the southern coastline of Guadeloupe , the disarmed frigates entered a sheltered cove named Anse la Barque at 10 : 00 , sheltering under two gun batteries on either side of the bay . Lieutenants Kergré and Vincent then anchored their ships parallel with the shore , so that they had the maximum number of cannon aimed at the entrance to the cove . As Ballard 's ships cruised along the coast in light winds , seeking a way into the well @-@ protected anchorage , other batteries opened fire , one striking Ringdove off Pointe Lizard . Captain William Dowers of Ringdove then landed a shore party from his ship and stormed the battery , capturing it in 15 minutes . He demolished the position and withdrew to his ship , rejoining Ballard off Anse la Barque . Ballard then tested the feasibility of an attack on the French ships , ordering the 12 @-@ gun schooner HMS Elizabeth to assess the depth of the entrance to the bay while he in Blonde attacked the batteries directly at 16 : 00 . Discovering that the entrance was navigable . Blonde and Elizabeth withdrew out of range . Operations were then suspended for the evening to allow addition reinforcements to come up . Ballard 's squadron was joined during the night by the frigate HMS Freija under Captain John Hayes .
= = Destruction of Loire and Seine = =
At 08 : 30 on the morning of 18 December , a small boat sailed from Anse la Barque with a message offering the British a temporary truce . Simultaneously a British ship of the line , HMS Sceptre , arrived from Fort Royal on Martinique under the command of Captain Samuel James Ballard , who immediately assumed command of the diverse squadron assembled at the entrance to the bay . Ballard dismissed the French negotiators and ordered an immediate attack on the anchored frigates . His plan was simple : the frigates Blonde and Thetis would enter the harbour and engage the armed storeships directly , while Sceptre and Freija would engage the gun batteries to prevent them targeting the small brigs bringing up the rear . The brigs would be towing boats full of sailors and Royal Marines , who would storm the French ships and gun positions as they were engaged with the larger warships .
The plan was initially frustrated by light winds , but by 14 : 25 Blonde and Thetis were within range of the gun batteries and fifteen minutes later they were able to open fire on the disarmed frigates , although still at quite a distance . Becalmed in the bay , Blonde was forced to engage one of the forts instead , fire from the shore causing some damage but not enough to endanger the ship . Thetis was luckier , and Captain Miller was able to close with one of the French ships , although their identities during the engagement are uncertain in historical accounts and it is not clear which one was first into the action . By 15 : 35 , Thetis had dismasted her opponent , who surrendered . Moving against the second ship , Thetis was then also becalmed and was forced to engage the forts instead . As Sceptre led the remainder of the squadron into the bay , fire was seen spreading through the surrendered ship and , in the face of overwhelming opposition , the second frigate also surrendered at 16 : 20 .
By 17 : 10 , Thetis and Blonde began to withdraw from the bay as the fire took hold of the first frigate . The rest of the British squadron , despite heavy cannon fire from a fort on shore , successfully landed their troops and stormed and captured the defences . There were heavy casualties in the storming parties , including Hugh Cameron , captain of Hazard , who was killed by grapeshot . At 17 : 20 , the fire reached the magazines of the burning ship , and the ensuing explosion hurled burning wreckage across the bay . The British ships were largely untouched , but the second French frigate was struck by a large piece of flaming timber , which ignited her mainmast and destroyed her as well . The operations successfully completed , the British ships embarked their landing parties , who had demolished the fortifications around the bay , and returned to open water . In total they had lost eight killed and 16 wounded on Blonde , six wounded on Thetis and an uncertain number lost in the amphibious operation , although casualty figures are not known . French losses in the engagement are also uncertain , although most of the crews of Loire and Seine were able to quite easily reach the shore . Among those that did make land were a section of prisoners from Junon , including the grievously wounded Captain Shortland . Transported across the island on a wagon in the full glare of the sun , Shortland 's condition rapidly worsened and he died on 21 January 1810 without regaining consciousness . He was buried at Basse @-@ Terre with full military honours . Four decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by the clasp " ANSE LA BARQUE 18 DECR . 1809 " attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 .
= = Aftermath = =
Roquebert 's remaining frigates turned north after parting from the storeships , sighting the British squadron in the distance and grounding on a sandbar off Antigua in their haste to escape . Throwing overboard their guns and stores , the ships were lightened enough to regain open water . They then returned to European waters , avoiding all contact with British shipping until 16 January 1810 at position 40 ° 50 ′ N 12 ° 09 ′ W , approximately 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) west of the Portuguese coast , when they encountered the frigate HMS Virginie under Captain Edward Brace . Brace shadowed the French frigates for two days , but was unable to close with them and Roquebert made no attempt to use his superior strength against the British frigate . Eventually , Roquebert outran Virginie and on 23 January reached Brest safely . Within a year , Roquebert and Saint @-@ Cricq would be despatched on another mission to resupply a French colony , sailing with the frigate Néréide to Île de France in December 1810 . Unknown to the French authorities , a British expeditionary force had already captured the island , and Roquebert 's squadron was ambushed in May 1811 and brought to battle off Tamatave in Madagascar . Néréide and Rénomee were both captured and Roquebert killed in action . Clorinde only escaped by deserting the other ships in the middle of the engagement , fleeing north and eventually reaching France .
In the West Indies , the failure of the main resupply effort resulted in a further drop in morale among the defenders of Guadeloupe . Other smaller ships sent with supplies were captured during the operations against Roquebert 's squadron , including the brig Béarnais captured on 14 December and Papillion on 19 December . In January 1810 , the blockade tightened : Scorpion captured the brig Oreste from inside the harbour at Basse @-@ Terre and Freija seized several coastal vessels in Baie @-@ Mahault . By 27 January , Cochrane 's preparations for the invasion of Guadeloupe were complete and 7 @,@ 000 men were landed under Lieutenant @-@ General George Beckwith . The French garrison largely deserted , and by 6 February all resistance was defeated and the governor , General Manuel Ernouf , surrendered . Over the rest of the month , the few remaining colonies belonging to France and the Netherlands were seized without opposition and the entire Caribbean was either under British or Spanish control , with the exception of the independent state of Haiti .
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= Tales of Rebirth =
Tales of Rebirth ( Japanese : テイルズ オブ リバース , Hepburn : Teiruzu Obu Ribāsu ) is a Japanese role @-@ playing video game published for the PlayStation 2 . It is the sixth main entry of Namco 's Tales series of video games . The game was developed by Namco Tales Studio and published by Namco Games . The game was released for the PlayStation 2 on December 16 , 2004 , and then later re @-@ released on the PlayStation Portable on March 19 , 2008 . Rebirth , set in a world populated by humans ( Huma ) and beast people ( Gajuma ) , follows the adventures of Veigue Lungberg , a human whose friend Claire Bennett is kidnapped by agents of Agarte , heir to the throne of the kingdom of Karegia . Setting out to rescue Claire , Veigue and those who join him becomes entangled in escalating racial conflicts consuming the land .
As with previous Tales games , it features an action @-@ based battle system , called the Three @-@ Line Linear Motion Battle System . The game was developed by the 2D Tales development unit Team Destiny . The characters were designed by Mutsumi Inomata , who had previously worked on Tales of Destiny . The scenario , written by Hiramatsu Masaki , dealt extensively with issues of coexistence between races and ethnic conflicts . The game has received positive reviews and strong sales in Japan , with the PlayStation 2 version eventually selling over 600 @,@ 000 units and the PSP re @-@ release selling over 83 @,@ 000 . Western sites have been positive about the game , though neither version of the game have received English localizations .
= = Gameplay = =
Tales of Rebirth is an action role @-@ playing game with player characters rendered as two @-@ dimensional sprites on three @-@ dimensional backgrounds . Unlike previous Tales games , the camera follows the characters from a side @-@ long view , zooming in or out depending on their relative position , and instead of a navigable overworld , players fast @-@ travel to different locations using a standard map of the game world . Side conversations between characters called Skits ( called " Screen Chat " ( スクリーンチャット , Sukurīn Chatto ) in Japanese ) feature both story @-@ relevant information and added details not essential to the story .
At certain locations in the game , characters can engage in cooking various recipes : cooking them between battles restores health points . If the recipe is cooked enough times , a character masters it . Upon mastery , a character is granted experience points each time the meal is prepared . Characters are also given " rations " , helpings of restorative food , at selected locations across the game world . While initial rations are fairly small , a special " meal ticket " is made available later in the game , which provides larger rations . There are multiple difficulty levels . Mini @-@ games are also available to play , with three types in the game . The first has the character Veigue on a raft navigating a river , with the goal being to avoid dangerous obstacles . The second is a tarot game with the character Hilda , where the player answers questions given by Hilda and has their fortune told . In the third , the player becomes a waiter at an inn , with the goal being to provide good service to the customers : poor service results in the player being dismissed , while good service earns a reward .
Rebirth uses the Tales series ' trademark Linear Motion Battle System ( LMBS ) , a real @-@ time fighting system similar to a beat ' em up . Up to four characters can be present in battle . The variation used in Rebirth is the Three @-@ Line LMBS , using a similar multi @-@ plain mechanic to Tales of Symphonia : characters can be moved across three different levels on the battlefield to either attack enemies on those lines or dodge behind an enemy on one line to deal damage from behind . During battle , a character can activate the Rush Gauge , increasing a character 's attack power at the cost of lowered defensive abilities and stats , and perform Mystic Artes ( 秘奥義 , Hi Ougi ) with another member of the party to inflict high damage on single enemies . During battles , performing certain feats in battle , such as finishing in a certain time , rewards the player with a grade for their performance .
Special abilities and actions are controlled by the Force Gauge , an energy meter which determines how long special skills can be active . Once drained , the skill cannot be activated until the meter refills , which it does during battles . Four skills can be equipped for each character . After battles , characters earn Enhancement Points ( EP ) , which can be used to strengthen equipped armor , weapons and accessories , instead of using Gald ( the in @-@ game currency ) as with previous Tales titles . EP can be transferred between weapons . An optional battle arena was added in the PSP version of the game with both single @-@ player and multiplayer matches : in both modes , players need to defeat an enemy team ( either AI @-@ controlled enemies or an opposing team ) within a time limit .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
Tales of Rebirth is set in a world where humans ( called Huma ) and beast people ( Gajuma ) coexist in relative peace . The world 's magical power is called Force , which manifests in various people as control over an element or aspect of the physical laws . In ancient times , after a war sparked when Huma attempted to enslave Gajuma , both races joined forces to found the kingdom of Karegia . An unspecified time before the events of the game , Geyorkias , the ruler of a spirit race called the Sacred Beasts , sought to destroy the Huma as their dark emotions were fueling a primordial destructive force known as Yuris : the other Sacred Beasts put a stop to Geyorkias ' plan by sealing him away , then acting to nullify Yuris ' threat . The story opens with the death of Karegia 's king , Ladras Lindblum , poisoned by the royal adviser Zilva Madigan : during his final moments , he releases his power into the world , causing many humans to become possessed by Force , including Veigue , Annie and Tytree . As the king has failed to name a successor , Karegia enters an interregnum at his death .
= = = Characters = = =
Veigue Lungberg ( ヴェイグ ・ リュングベル , Veigu Ryunguberu ) is the protagonist of Tales of Rebirth , who wields a sword in battle and uses the Force of Ice . An orphan whose parents died when he was young , Veigue has been raised by the family of Claire Bennett . Veigue is cold , unsociable , and withdrawn , but when he is with Claire he softens . Veigue is voiced by Nobuyuki Hiyama .
Claire Bennett ( クレア ・ ベネット , Kurea Benetto ) is the heroine of the game and the only main character not to use Force . Her family took Veigue in when he was a child . She rarely left her village of Sulz before the initial events of the game . Her focus on the positive traits of others , good heart , and optimism have earned her respect and admiration in the local community . Claire is voiced by Mio Yasuda .
Mao ( マオ , Mao ) is a boy who wields twin tonfas and wields the Force of Fire . Initially introduced as an amnesiac traveling with Eugene , who Mao views as a father figure , he is in reality a being called Orselg , created by the Sacred Beasts as their eyes into the mortal world . Mao is voiced by Akeno Watanabe .
Eugene Gallardo ( ユージーン ・ ガラルド , Yūjīn Gararudo ) , a powerful spear @-@ wielding Gajuma warrior gifted with the Force of Steel , is an ex @-@ commander of the Karegia Kingdom . Originally part of the Royal Shield , bodyguards of the royal family , he was stripped of his rank and exiled after being framed for the murder of Doctor Barrs . Eugene is voiced by Unsho Ishizuka .
Annie Barrs ( アニー ・ バース , Anī Bāsu ) , is a staff @-@ wielding spell caster who uses the Force of Rain . After her father died at Eugene 's hands while the former is possessed by Zilva , Annie developed an intense hatred of Gajuma , and through most of the game she has difficulty dealing with her feelings . Annie is voiced by Akiko Yajima .
Tytree Crowe ( ティトレイ ・ クロウ , Titorei Kurou ) is a hotblooded young man who fights using a hand crossbow and martial arts , and is gifted with the Force of Wood . A worker in Petjanandka who cares deeply for his big sister , he has grand ideals regarding racial equality . Tytree is voiced by Kappei Yamaguchi .
Hilda Rhambling ( ヒルダ ・ ランブリング , Hiruda Ranburingu ) is a beautiful but cold fortune teller , fighting with magic cards in battle and using the Force of Lightning . She is revealed to have mixed Huma @-@ Gajuma blood , causing her to suffer discrimination from both races . Hilda is voiced by Sayaka Ohara .
Milhaust Selkirk ( ミルハウスト ・ セルカーク , Miruhausuto Serukāku ) is a military leader and general of the Karegian kingdom , and a good friend of Eugene . Despite standing on the antagonistic side , Milhaust is usually amiable and rarely attacks the group on a whim , and at times lends his hand to help the team . Milhaust is voiced by Shin @-@ ichiro Miki .
Agarte Lindblum ( アガーテ ・ リンドブロム , Agāte Rindoburomu ) is the daughter of the late king Ladras Lindblum ; she is a Gajama and the heir to the throne of Karegia by blood . Her naivety and love for Milhaust are the inadvertent cause of many of the game 's events . Agarte is voiced by Emi Shinohara .
Zilva Madigan ( ジルバ ・ マディガン , Jiruba Madigan ) is the royal adviser , often referred to as the " princess " because of her familial and political ties with the royal family , and the game 's main antagonist . Hiding her dark schemes , she acts as a maternal figure and adviser for Agarte . Zilva is voiced by Mari Mashiba .
= = = Story = = =
During the initial unleashing of the king 's power , Veigue 's Force of Ice goes out of control , causing his friend Claire to become imprisoned in an ice pillar . One year after this , Veigue is contacted by Eugene and Mao , who help free Claire from the ice pillar . Shortly after this , Claire is taken away by agents of Agarte , who is searching for the most beautiful Huma woman in the land . Veigue heads out with Eugene and Mao to rescue Claire , eventually joining forces with Annie , Tytree and Hilda . Upon reaching the royal capital of Balka , the group find Agarte using her Force of the Moon to resurrect Geyorkias in the belief that the spirit will save her kingdom from the chaos consuming it , having been prompted by Zilva . When summoned , Geyorkias declares his intent to destroy the Huma population , forcing the group to attack and destroy his physical form . With Geyorkias gone and Claire rescued , the group part ways , but are brought back together as outbreaks of racial violence from both Huma and Gajuma begin destabilizing Karegia , caused by the hatred the summoned Geyorkias released after his defeat . To quell the violence , the group decide to summon the other Sacred Beasts in the hope of purging Geyorkias ' hatred from the land . After rescuing Agarte from a Huma mob , it is revealed that Agarte switched bodies with Claire . In the aftermath , Agarte reveals that she originally captured Claire so she could switch bodies and realize her love for her bodyguard Milhaust , as relations between Huma and Gajama are taboo . Unfortunately , the trauma of events has caused Agarte to lose her Force abilities , leaving Claire and Agarte trapped in each other 's bodies .
After reviving the Sacred Beasts , the hatred is purged , but the racial tensions remain . Veigue begins to have difficulty in dealing with Claire 's condition , and his cold attitude causes her to leave with Milhaust . Eventually , Veigue opens up to the rest of the group and overcomes his difficulties . As the continuing negative feelings of Karegia 's population are starting to damage the world , the group decide to revive Georgyas again and bring him round to their way of thinking . At Geyorkias ' resting place , Zilva appears and reveals herself as the mastermind behind the incidents , declaring that she will use Geyorkias to destroy the Humas and create a Gajuma @-@ ruled kingdom . After her defeat , the party revive Geyorkias : he in turn reveals that the force influencing Zilva and spreading hatred was in fact Yuris , and that Yuris has become a threat to the world . The group travel to confront Yuris , but are initially sapped of strength by its negative emotions . The growing positive emotions of the people of Karegia as the racial disputes fade give them the strength to destroy Yuris ' core . Agarte then recovers her Force , returns herself and Claire to their original bodies , and summons the Sacred Beasts to destroy Yuris . The effort costs Agarte her life , and she leaves Karegia in Milhaust 's charge and reveals her love for him before dying . The group then go their separate ways to resolve the remaining conflicts in the land .
= = Development = =
Tales of Rebirth was developed by Team Destiny , a section of Namco Tales Studio devoted to 2D Tales titles . It began production in 2003 . The development team , led by series producer Makoto Yoshizumi , was the same team behind Tales of Destiny 2 . Much of the technology from Destiny 2 was carried over to Rebirth . Mutsumi Inomata , a noted anime artist who had previously worked on Tales of Destiny , returned to design the main characters for Rebirth . She worked closely with Yoshizumi to create the designs , with each being representative of the characters ' backgrounds and experiences : for instance , Veigue 's clothing was made navy blue to emphasize his unsociable demeanor . Her Gajuma designs started with a basic human sketch , which was then embellished with animal features and faces . The majority of Rebirth 's story and script was written by Hiramatsu Masaki . The main theme was the issue of coexistence between different races , with the representation of the theme being the conflict between Huma and Gajuma . The Gajuma were created to heighten the sense of contrast for players . The game 's title " Rebirth " , was meant to represent the rebirth and reconstruction of harmonious relations between different peoples . Ethnic conflict , another prominent theme , was inspired by the predominant ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia at the time the game was being made . Prior to the main script writing stage , Yoshizumi conceived the basic set @-@ up and story for the game . The final script ended up being substantially larger than that of Symphonia , covering four full script books . As with other Tales titles , Rebirth was given a characteristic genre name : the title was Kimi ga umarekawaru RPG ( 君が生まれ変わるRPG ? , lit . RPG Where You Will Be Reborn ) . The game 's anime cutscenes were created by Production I.G.
Rebirth was officially announced in April 2004 , a week after the game 's title and existence had been leaked to the public early after a story from Jump magazine was made available a week early due to being mistakenly being shipped early . In July , Namco announced that people who pre @-@ ordered Tales of Symphonia for the PlayStation 2 would receive a bonus disc featuring footage from an early build of Tales of Rebirth , upon purchasing Symphonia in September . The same footage , along with a playable build of the game was present at the Tokyo Game Show in the same month . The game was released on the PlayStation 2 on December 16 , 2004 . In July 2004 , IGN reported that Tales of Rebirth was a likely candidate for an English localization in North America due to the high reception and sales of Tales of Symphonia in North America for the Nintendo GameCube . The PlayStation Portable port of the game , which featured graphical adjustments for the platform 's widescreen , was announced in July 2007 . The port was made following the port of Destiny 2 . As with those games , transplanting the 2D graphics onto the PSP and maintaining the experience of the original caused some difficulties . Conversely , they found the memory capacity of the PSP compared to the PS2 a good thing . Yoshizumi felt that the fact that it was a port rather than a remake divided the development team . The port also included extra minor story scenes and a viewing gallery for concept art . Neither the original nor the port of Rebirth have received an English localization , making it one of three mainline Tales titles not have come to the west .
= = = Audio = = =
Rebirth 's soundtrack was composed by Motoi Sakuraba and Shinji Tamura , regular composers for the Tales series . The soundtrack was released as an album , Tales of Rebirth Original Soundtrack ( ティルズ オブ リバース オリジナル ・ サウンドトラック ) , on January 26 , 2005 . Reception of the album has been mixed to positive . Patrick Gann of RPGFan said that fans of previous Tales soundtracks would enjoy it , though personally found it tiring due to similarity to previous Tales soundtracks . The reviewer for Game @-@ OST was generally positive , calling it one of the best albums of the series and better listening outside the context of the game than previous albums , though stated that despite some improvements , it did little to improve on previous Tales scores . As with previous Tales games , a licensed theme song was used for the opening . For Rebirth , the theme song used was " Good Night " , a 2004 single by Japanese pop band Every Little Thing . The song was released on 27 December 2004 , shortly after the game 's release , on a CD single also containing " Koibumi " ( 恋文 , " Love Letter " ) . The single reached 1 # on the Oricon charts and remained in the charts for nineteen weeks .
= = Reception = =
Namco planned for high sales for Rebirth , preparing shipments of the game totaling 700 @,@ 000 units . By January 2005 , a month after release , Rebirth had sold 546 @,@ 726 units . As of December 2007 , the game has sold 605 @,@ 000 units . The game was among those which won the " Future Game " award at the 2005 CESA Game Awards , and later was given a " Gold " award , received for shipping over 500 @,@ 000 units , at the PlayStation Awards 2005 . The PSP port sold 46 @,@ 719 copies at release , reaching 6th place in the Japanese sales charts . The port went on to sell 83 @,@ 016 copies by the end of 2008 . Gaming magazine Famitsu received a score of 32 / 40 , with the four reviewers each giving it a score of 8 . The reviewers were generally positive about the gameplay , and one of them commented on enjoying the story .
Western gaming sites have also been very positive . Andrew Alfonso of IGN , reporting on the TGS 2004 demo , called the battle system " very fun " , and was generally impressed with the visual style with the exception of the world map . His main faults with the game were recurring issues with AI controls seen in previous games , but he made allowances for the fact that the version tested was a demo build . Anoop Gantayat , also writing for IGN when the game was released , was also impressed by the game , citing how quickly the game brought players into the action and how the battle mechanics had been improved over those in Destiny . GameSpy 's Heidi Kemps was favorably impressed by the game , but had reservations as to whether it could improve on Symphonia . Siliconera writer Rolando , writing after the announcement of the PSP port , praised the game 's ability to straddle the line between old and new , stating " this Tales really is a good Tales game that , while retaining a somewhat oldschool Tales charm , manages to reinvent the original formula and introduce a ton of good ideas that worked in your favor and made character customization fun . " RPGFan writer Zain was highly positive about the game : he cited the graphics is beautiful barring a few reservations about dungeons and the overworld map , praised the voice acting , and was generally positive about the story and characters . He also commented that the game was easier than previous Tales titles , and ended by calling it " one of the strongest games of this hardware generation , if not of all time . "
= = = Additional media = = =
Rebirth has been adapted into multiple media since its release . It inspired a five volume book series , released from February until November 2005 . Guidebooks and art books have also been released for the title . It also inspired a manga retelling of the story , published through 2005 . The comics were collected into two anthologies released on April 25 and May 27 , 2005 respectively . The story was also adapted into a CD audio drama series , released in four parts between October 2005 and February 2006 under the umbrella title Teiruzu Obu Ribāsu Dorama CD ( テイルズ オブ リバースドラマCD ? , lit . Tales of Rebirth Drama CD ) . To commemorate the PSP port , a new audio drama , titled Doramachikku DVD Pīchipai @-@ hen ( ドラマチック DVD ピーチパイ編 ? , lit . Dramatic DVD Peach Pie Edition ) , was created . It was released as a limited pre @-@ order addition , and contained voice actor interviews and stage videos from Jump Festa 2008 .
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= Italian ironclad Regina Maria Pia =
Regina Maria Pia was the lead ship of the Regina Maria Pia class of ironclad warships built in French shipyards for the Italian Regia Marina in the 1860s . She and her three sister ships were broadside ironclads , mounting a battery of four 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and twenty @-@ two 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns on the broadside . Regina Maria Pia was laid down in July 1862 , was launched in April 1863 , and was completed in April 1864 .
Regina Maria Pia took part in the Battle of Lissa during the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866 . She attacked the unarmored frigates in the Austrian second division , and damaged two vessels . Her career was limited after the war , owing to the emergence of more modern ironclads and a severe reduction in the Italian naval budget following their defeat at Lissa . She was rebuilt as a central battery ship some time after Lissa , and was modernized again in the late 1880s . Regina Maria Pia was eventually broken up for scrap in 1904 .
= = Design = =
Regina Maria Pia was 81 @.@ 2 meters ( 266 ft 5 in ) long overall ; she had a beam of 15 @.@ 24 m ( 50 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 6 @.@ 35 m ( 20 ft 10 in ) . She displaced 4 @,@ 201 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 135 long tons ; 4 @,@ 631 short tons ) normally and up to 4 @,@ 527 t ( 4 @,@ 456 long tons ; 4 @,@ 990 short tons ) at full load . Regina Maria Pia was a broadside ironclad , and she was initially armed with a main battery of four 8 inches ( 203 mm ) guns and twenty @-@ two 164 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns , though her armament changed throughout her career . The ship was protected by iron belt armor that was 4 @.@ 75 in ( 121 mm ) thick and extended for the entire length of the hull at the waterline . The battery deck was protected by 4 @.@ 3 in ( 109 mm ) of iron plate . She had a crew of 480 – 485 officers and men .
The ship 's propulsion system consisted of one single @-@ expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by six coal @-@ fired , rectangular boilers . Her engine produced a top speed of 12 @.@ 96 knots ( 24 @.@ 00 km / h ; 14 @.@ 91 mph ) from 2 @,@ 924 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 180 kW ) . She could steam for 2 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship was initially schooner @-@ rigged to supplement the steam engine , though her masts were later reduced to a barque rig . Ultimately , she lost her sailing rig completely , having it replaced with a pair of military masts with fighting tops .
= = Service history = =
Regina Maria Pia was built at the French shipyard Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée in La Seyne . Her keel was laid down on 22 July 1862 and her completed hull was launched on 28 April 1863 . The ship was completed on 17 April 1864 and delivered to the Italian fleet . In June 1866 , Italy declared war on Austria , as part of the Third Italian War of Independence , which was fought concurrently with the Austro @-@ Prussian War . The Italian fleet commander , Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano , initially adopted a cautious course of action ; he was unwilling to risk battle with the Austrian Navy , despite the fact that the Austrian fleet was much weaker than his own . Persano claimed he was simply waiting on the ironclad ram Affondatore , en route from Britain , but his inaction weakened morale in the fleet , with many of his subordinates openly accusing him of cowardice .
Rear Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff brought the Austrian fleet to Ancona on June 27 , in an attempt to draw out the Italians . At the time , many of the Italian ships were in disarray ; several ships did not have their entire armament , and several others had problems with their engines . Regina Maria Pia was one of the few ironclads fit for action , so she , Castelfidardo , San Martino , and Principe di Carignano formed up to prepare to attack Tegetthoff 's ships . Persano held a council of war aboard Principe di Carignano to determine whether he should sortie to engage Tegetthoff , but by that time , the Austrians had withdrawn , making the decision moot . The Minister of the Navy , Agostino Depretis , urged Persano to act and suggested the island of Lissa , to restore Italian confidence after their defeat at the Battle of Custoza the previous month . On 7 July , Persano left Ancona and conducted a sweep into the Adriatic , but encountered no Austrian ships and returned on the 13th .
= = = Battle of Lissa = = =
On 16 July , Persano took the Italian fleet out of Ancona , bound for Lissa , where they arrived on the 18th . With them , they brought troop transports carrying 3 @,@ 000 soldiers ; the Italian warships began bombarding the Austrian forts on the island , with the intention of landing the soldiers once the fortresses had been silenced . In response , the Austrian Navy sent the fleet under Tegetthoff to attack the Italian ships . Regina Maria Pia was at that time in the 3rd Division , commanded by Captain Augusto Riboty , along with the ironclads Terribile , Formidabile , and Re di Portogallo , and the coastal defense ship Varese . After spending the 18th unsuccessfully bombarding the Austrian fortresses , the Italians withdrew late in the day , preparing to launch another attack the following morning . Persano sent most of his ships to bombard the town of Vis , but he was unable to effect the landing .
The next morning , Persano ordered another attack ; four ironclads would force the harbor defenses at Vis while Regina Maria Pia and the rest of the fleet would attempt to suppress the outer fortifications . This second attack also proved to be a failure , but Persano decided to make a third attempt the next day . Regina Maria Pia and the bulk of the fleet would again try to disable the outer forts in preparation for the landing . Before the Italians could begin the attack , the dispatch boat Esploratore arrived , bringing news of Tegetthoff 's approach . Persano 's fleet was in disarray ; the three ships of Admiral Giovanni Vacca 's 1st Division were three miles to the northeast from Persano 's main force , and three other ironclads were further away to the west . Persano immediately ordered his ships to form up with Vacca 's , first in line abreast formation , and then in line ahead formation . Regina Maria Pia initially was the last ship in the line , though Varese later joined up behind her .
Shortly before the action began , Persano decided to leave his flagship Re d 'Italia and transfer to Affondatore , though none of his subordinates on the other ships were aware of the change . They were thus left to fight as individuals without direction . More dangerously , by stopping Re d 'Italia , he allowed a significant gap to open up between Vacca 's three ships and the rest of the fleet . Tegetthoff took his fleet through the gap between Vacca 's and Persano 's ships , in an attempt to split the Italian line and initiate a melee . He failed to ram any Italian vessels on the first pass , so he turned back toward Persano 's ships , and took Re d 'Italia , San Martino , and Palestro under heavy fire . The Austrians quickly inflicted serious damage on Re d 'Italia and Palestro . While Tegetthoff 's ironclads were attacking Persano 's division , Riboty 's division , including Regina Maria Pia , engaged Anton von Petz 's division of unarmored steam frigates . In the melee , Regina Maria Pia collided with San Martino , damaging the latter 's ram bow .
After Palestro withdrew , the Austrian ironclads turned their attention to the ships of Riboty 's division . By this time , Re d 'Italia had been rammed and sunk , and Palestro was burning furiously . Persano broke off the engagement to consolidate his forces , but his ships , low on coal and ammunition , and with badly demoralized crews , could not be rallied by Persano 's half @-@ hearted attempt to launch an attack . The Italian fleet began to withdraw , followed by the Austrians ; as night began to fall , the opposing fleets disengaged completely , heading for Ancona and Pola , respectively . Regina Maria Pia had had one iron plate destroyed , and another had a steel shot lodged in it . She had been badly burned , and the flames had nearly reached her powder magazine . In return , she had damaged the Austrian ship of the line SMS Kaiser and the ironclad Prinz Eugen . After the battle , Vacca replaced Persano ; he was ordered to attack the main Austrian naval base at Pola , but the war ended before the operation could be carried out .
= = = Later career = = =
For the rest of her long career , Regina Maria Pia served in a variety of roles , both in the main fleet and in Italy 's colonial empire . In the immediate aftermath of the war , the Italian naval budget was drastically reduced ; so significant were the cuts that the fleet had great difficulty in mobilizing its ironclad squadron to attack the port of Civitavecchia in September 1870 , as part of the wars of Italian unification . Instead , the ships were laid up and the sailors conscripted to man them were sent home . Some time after 1866 , the ship was rebuilt as a central battery ship , with most of her guns located in a central , armored casemate . Two other guns were placed in the bow as chase guns , with a third mounted as a stern chaser . At this time , her armament was also revised , to two 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) guns in the bow and nine 8 in guns , four on each broadside and the last in the stern .
Regina Maria Pia took part in the launching ceremony for the ironclad Italia on 29 September 1880 ; also present were the Italian ironclad Principe Amedeo and King Umberto I aboard his yacht , and the British ironclads HMS Monarch and Thunderer with Vice Admiral George Tryon , both members of the Mediterranean Fleet . Between 1888 and 1890 , the ship had her barque rig replaced with military masts . By this time , she had been rearmed with eight 6 in ( 150 mm ) guns in the casemate and several smaller guns for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . These included five 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) guns , four 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) guns , and eight 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolver cannon . She also received three torpedo tubes . The ship was stricken from the naval register in 1904 and subsequently broken up for scrap .
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= 1877 Wimbledon Championship =
The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men 's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club ( AEC & LTC ) in Wimbledon , London . It was the world 's first official lawn tennis tournament , and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or " Major " . The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868 , as the All England Croquet Club ; lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet . In June 1877 the club decided to organise a tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller , needed to maintain the lawns . A set of rules was drawn up for the tournament , derived from the first standardised rules of tennis issued by the Marylebone Cricket Club in May 1875 .
The Gentlemen 's Singles competition , the only event of the championship , was contested on grass courts by 22 players who each paid one guinea to participate . The tournament started on 9 July 1877 , and the final – delayed for three days by rain – was played on 19 July in front of a crowd of about 200 people who each paid an entry fee of one shilling . The winner received 12 guineas in prize money and a silver challenge cup , valued at 25 guineas , donated by the sports magazine The Field . Spencer Gore , a 27 @-@ year @-@ old rackets player from Wandsworth , became the first Wimbledon champion by defeating William Marshall , a 28 @-@ year @-@ old real tennis player , in three straight sets in a final that lasted 48 minutes . The tournament made a profit of £ 10 and the pony roller remained in use . An analysis made after the tournament led to some modifications of the rules regarding the court dimensions .
= = Background = =
= = = Origins of lawn tennis = = =
The origin of tennis lies in the monastic cloisters in 12th @-@ century France , where the ball was struck with the palm of the hand in a game called jeu de paume . Rackets were introduced to the game in the early 16th century . This original version of tennis , now called " real tennis " , was mostly played indoors and popular among the royalty and gentry , while a crude outdoor version called longue paume was played by the populace . The prominence of the game declined in the 17th and 18th centuries , although there are sporadic mentions of a " long tennis " or " field tennis " version in the second half of the 18th century .
Between 1858 and 1873 several people in Victorian England experimented with a lawn version of tennis . Major Harry Gem and Augurio Perera demonstrated their game of Pelota ( Spanish for ball ) and in 1872 created the world 's first lawn tennis club at Leamington Spa . In February 1874 Major Clopton Wingfield introduced his version of lawn tennis , called Sphairistikè ; on his patent application , he described it as a " New and Improved Court for Playing the Ancient Game of Tennis " , and its rules were published in an eight @-@ page booklet . Wingfield is widely credited with popularising the new game through his energetic promotional efforts . The Sphairistikè court was hourglass @-@ shaped , wider at the baseline than at the net . The service was made from a single side in a lozenge shaped box situated in the middle of the court and it had to bounce beyond the service line . In November 1874 Wingfield published a second , expanded edition of The Book of the Game , which had 12 rules and featured a larger court and a slightly lower net .
= = = All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club = = =
The All England Croquet Club was founded on 23 July 1868 by six gentlemen at the offices of The Field , a weekly country and sports magazine . After a yearlong search a suitable ground of four acres of meadowland was located between the London and South Western Railway and Worple Road in Wimbledon , then an outer suburb of London . The club 's committee decided on 24 September 1869 to lease the ground and paid £ 50 rental for the first year , a fee which increased to £ 75 and £ 100 , respectively , over the following two years . The increasing rent , coupled with a waning interest in the sedate sport of croquet , was causing the club financial difficulties . In February 1875 it decided to introduce lawn tennis at its grounds to capitalise on the growing interest in this new sport and generate additional revenue . The proposal was made by Henry Jones , a sports writer who published extensively in The Field under his nom de plume " Cavendish " and who had joined the club in 1869 . The introduction of lawn tennis was approved at the annual meeting and the club 's membership fee was set at two guineas to cover both sports . At a cost of £ 25 , one croquet lawn was converted to a tennis court ; soon after its completion on 25 February 1875 , a dozen new club members joined . In 1876 four more lawns , a third of the ground , were handed over to lawn tennis to address the increase in new members . A committee member , George Nicol , was appointed to deal exclusively with lawn tennis affairs . Lawn tennis had become so popular that on 14 April 1877 the name of the club was formally changed , at the suggestion of founding member John H. Hale , to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club ( AEC & LTC ) .
= = = Rules of lawn tennis = = =
On 3 March 1875 the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) , in its capacity as the governing body for rackets and real tennis , convened a meeting at Lord 's Cricket Ground to test the various versions of lawn tennis with the aim to standardise the game 's rules . Wingfield was present to demonstrate Sphairistikè , as was John H. Hale , who presented his version called Germains Lawn Tennis ; there is no record of either Gem or Perera being present to showcase Pelota . After the meeting , the MCC Tennis Committee was tasked with framing the rules . On 29 May 1875 the MCC issued the Laws of Lawn Tennis , the first unified rules for lawn tennis , which were adopted by the club on 24 June . These were significantly based on the rules introduced by Wingfield in February 1874 and published in his rule @-@ booklet titled Sphairistikè or Lawn Tennis . The MCC adopted Wingfield 's hourglass @-@ shaped court as well as the rackets method of scoring , in which the player who first scores 15 points wins the game and only the server ( " hand @-@ in " ) was able to score . The height of the net was set at 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) at the posts and 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 22 m ) in the centre . Various aspects of these rules , including the characteristic court shape and the method of scoring , were the subject of prolonged debate in the press . The MCC rules were not universally adhered to following its publication and , among others , the Prince 's Club in London stuck to playing on rectangular courts .
= = Tournament = =
On 2 June 1877 , at the suggestion of the All England Club secretary and founding member John H. Walsh , the club committee decided to organise a lawn tennis championship for amateurs , a Gentlemen 's Singles event , which they hoped would generate enough funds to repair the broken pony roller that was needed for the maintenance of the lawns . This championship became the world 's first official lawn tennis tournament , and the first edition of what would later be called a Grand Slam tournament ( or " Major " ) . The committee agreed to hold the tournament on the condition that it would not endanger the club 's limited funds ; to ensure this , Henry Jones persuaded 20 members and friends of the club to guarantee a part of the tournament 's financial requirement and made himself responsible for the remaining amount . Jones investigated all potential tournament locations in and around London but came to the conclusion that no other ground was more suitable than the Wimbledon premises at Worple Road . As a consequence , the remaining croquet lawns were converted to tennis courts .
= = = Announcement = = =
The first public announcement of the tournament was published on 9 June 1877 in The Field magazine under the header Lawn Tennis Championship :
The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club , Wimbledon , propose to hold a lawn tennis meeting , open to all amateurs , on Monday , July 9th and following days . Entrance fee , £ 1 1s 0d . Names and addresses of competitors to be forwarded to the Hon. Sec . A.E.C. and L.T.C. before Saturday , July 7 , or on that day before 2 @.@ 15 p.m. at the club ground , Wimbledon . Two prizes will be given – one gold champion prize to the winner , one silver to the second player . The value of the prizes will depend on the number of entries , and will be declared before the draw ; but in no case will they be less than the amount of the entrance money , and if there are ten and less than sixteen entries , they will be made up to £ 10 10s and £ 5 5s respectively . – Henry Jones – Hon Sec of the Lawn Tennis sub @-@ committee
Players were instructed to provide their own racquets and wear shoes without heels . The announcement also stated that a programme would be available shortly with further details , including the rules to be adopted for the meeting . Invitations were sent to prospective participants . Potential visitors were informed that those arriving by horse and carriage should use the entrance at Worple Road while those who planned to come by foot were advised to use the railway path . Upon payment of the entrance fee , the participants were allowed to practise before the Championship on the twelve available courts with the provision that on Saturdays and during the croquet championship week , held the week before the tennis tournament , the croquet players had the first choice of courts . Practice balls , similar to the ones used for the tournament , were available from the club 's gardener at a price of 12s per dozen balls . John H. Walsh , in his capacity as editor of The Field , persuaded his employer to donate a cup worth 25 guineas for the winner ; the Field Cup The cup was made of sterling silver and had the inscription : The All England Lawn Challenge Cup – Presented by the Proprietors of The Field – For competition by Amateurs – Wimbledon July 1877 . On 6 July 1877 , three days prior to the start of the tournament , a notice was published in The Times :
Next week at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club Ground a Lawn Tennis Championship Meeting will be held . The ground is situated close to the Wimbledon Station on the South Western Railway , and is sufficiently large for the erection of thirty " courts " . On each day the competition will begin at 3 @.@ 30 , the first ties , of course , beginning on Monday . The Hon. Sec. of the meeting is Mr. J.H. Walsh , while Mr. H. Jones will officiate as referee . The entries are numerous .
= = = Rules = = =
The committee of the club was not satisfied with certain aspects of the 1875 MCC unified rules . To address these perceived shortcomings , a sub @-@ committee consisting of Charles Gilbert Heathcote , Julian Marshall and Henry Jones was set up on 2 June 1877 , to establish the rules applicable for the upcoming tournament . They reported back on 7 June with a new set of rules , derived but significantly different from those published by the MCC ; in order not to offend the MCC , these rules were declared " provisional " and valid only for the championship :
The court will have a rectangular shape with outer dimensions of 78 by 27 feet ( 23 @.@ 8 by 8 @.@ 2 m ) .
The net will be lowered to 3 feet 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 99 m ) in the centre .
The balls will be 2 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 5 ⁄ 8 inches ( 6 @.@ 4 to 6 @.@ 7 cm ) in diameter and 1 3 ⁄ 4 ounces ( 50 g ) in weight .
The real tennis method of scoring by fifteens ( 15 , 30 , 40 ) will be adopted .
The first player to win six games wins the set with ' sudden death ' occurring at five games all except for the final , when a lead of two games in each set is necessary .
Players will change ends at the end of a set unless otherwise decreed by the umpire .
The server will have two chances at each point to deliver a correct service and must have one foot behind the baseline .
These rules , drawn up by the club for this initial tournament , were eventually adopted for the entire sport and , with only slight modifications , have retained their validity . All matches during the tournament were played as best @-@ of @-@ five sets .
= = = Play = = =
In accordance with the All England Regulations for the Management of Prize Meetings , the draw for the 22 entrants was made on Saturday , 7 July 1877 , at 3 : 30 p.m. in the club 's pavilion . H.T. Gillson had the distinction of being the first player in the history of modern tennis to be drawn for a tournament . The posts , nets and hand @-@ stitched , flannel @-@ covered India @-@ rubber balls for the tournament were supplied by Jefferies & Co from Woolwich , while the rackets used were an adaptation of those used in real tennis , with a small and slightly lopsided head . The ball @-@ boys kept the tennis balls , 180 of which were used during the tournament , in canvas wells . The umpires who were provided for the matches sat on chairs which in turn were placed on small tables of 18 inches height to give them a better view of the court .
The tournament began on Monday , 9 July 1877 , at 3 : 30 p.m. and daily programmes were available for sixpence . On the first day , in sunny weather , ten matches were played , which completed the first round . Full match scores were published on the notice board inside the pavilion . F.N. Langham , a Cambridge tennis blue , was given a walkover in the first round when C.F. Buller , an Etonian and well @-@ known rackets player , did not appear . Julian Marshall became the first player to win a five @-@ set match when he fought back from being two sets down against Captain Grimston . Spencer Gore , a 27 @-@ year @-@ old rackets player from Wandsworth and at the time a land agent and surveyor by profession , won his first round match against Henry Thomas Gillson in straight sets . The five second @-@ round matches were played on Tuesday , 10 July , again in fine weather . Charles Gilbert Heathcote had a bye in the second round . J. Lambert became the first player in Wimbledon Championships ' history to retire a match , conceding to L.R. Erskine after losing the first two sets . Julian Marshall again won a five @-@ set match , this time against F.W. Oliver , while Gore defeated Montague Hankey in four sets .
The quarter @-@ finals were played on Wednesday , 11 July , before a larger number of spectators than had attended the previous matches . Start of play was delayed from the scheduled 3 : 30 p.m. due to strong winds . Gore defeated Langham in four sets , William Marshall beat Erskine , also in four sets , and Julian Marshall , who injured his knee during the match after a fall , lost to Heathcote in straight sets . The quarter @-@ final matches left three players , instead of four , in the draw for the semi @-@ finals scheduled for Thursday . To solve the situation lots were drawn and Marshall , a 28 @-@ year @-@ old architect and Cambridge real tennis blue , was given a bye to the final . His opponent would be Gore , who defeated Heathcote in straight sets in the only semi @-@ final played . When the semi @-@ final stage had concluded on Thursday , 12 July , play was suspended until next Monday , 16 July , to avoid a clash with the popular annual Eton v Harrow cricket match that was played at Lord 's on Friday and Saturday .
The final was postponed from its scheduled start on Monday at 4 p.m. until Thursday , 19 July , at 3 : 30 p.m. because of rain . On Thursday it was still showery , causing the final to be further delayed by an hour . It began on a dead and slippery court in front of about 200 spectators . There was a temporary three @-@ plank stand on one side of the court offering seating to about thirty people . Marshall won the toss , elected to serve first and was immediately broken by Gore . After the first set was won by Gore , it started to rain for a quarter of an hour ; this further softened the ground and affected the quality of play . The final lasted 48 minutes , and Spencer Gore won the inaugural championship against William Marshall in three straight sets of 15 , 13 , and 20 minutes respectively . En route to the title Gore had won 15 sets and lost two and won 99 games for the loss of 46 . Gore , the volley specialist , had beaten the baseline player , at a time when volleying was considered by some to be unsporting . Some tried to outlaw the volley and a discussion on its merits took place in The Field for weeks after the tournament .
The final was followed by a play @-@ off match for 2nd place between Marshall and Heathcote . The players could not fix another date for the match and decided to play it straight away . By agreement , the match was limited to best @-@ of @-@ three sets . Marshall , playing his second match of the day , defeated Heathcote in straight sets , in front of a diminished crowd , and won the silver prize of seven guineas .
= = Aftermath = =
On 20 July 1877 , the day following the final , a report was published in The Morning Post newspaper :
Lawn Tennis Championship – A fair number of spectators assembled yesterday , notwithstanding the rain , on the beautifully kept ground of the All England Club , Wimbledon , to witness the final contest between Messrs. Spencer Gore and W. Marshall for the championship . The play on both sides was of the highest order and its exhibition afforded a great treat to lovers of the game . All three sets were won buy Mr. Gore , who , therefore , becomes lawn tennis champion for 1877 , and wins the £ 12 12s. gold prize and holds the silver challenge cup , value £ 25 5s . The second and third prizes were then played for by Messrs. W. Marshall and G.C. Heathcote ( best of three sets by agreement ) . Mr. Marshall won two sets to love , and therefore takes the silver prize ( value £ 12 12s . ) . Mr. Heathcote takes the third prize , value £ 3 3s .
A report in The Field stated : " The result was a more easy victory for Mr Spencer Gore than had been expected . " . Third @-@ placed Heathcote said that Gore was the best player of the year and had a varied service with a lot of twist on it . Gore , according to Heathcote , was a player with an aptitude for many games and had a long reach and a strong and flexible wrist . His volleying style was novel at the time , a forceful shot instead of merely a pat back over the net . All the opponents who were defeated by Gore on his way to the title were real tennis players . His victory was therefore regarded as a win of the rackets style of play over the real tennis style , and of the offensive style of the volley player – who comes to the net to force the point , over the baseline player – who plays groundstrokes from the back of the court , intent on keeping the ball in play . His volleying game was also successful because the height of the net at the post – 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 52 m ) in contrast to the modern height of 3 ft 6 in ( 1 @.@ 07 m ) – made it difficult for his opponents to pass him by driving the ball down the line . Gore indicated that the real tennis players had the tendency to play shots from corner to corner over the middle of the net and did so at such a height that made volleying easy .
Despite his historic championship title , Gore was not enthusiastic about the new sport of lawn tennis . In 1890 , thirteen years after winning his championship title , he wrote : " ... it is want of variety that will prevent lawn tennis in its present form from taking rank among our great games ... That anyone who has really played well at cricket , tennis , or even rackets , will ever seriously give his attention to lawn tennis , beyond showing himself to be a promising player , is extremely doubtful ; for in all probability the monotony of the game as compared with others would choke him off before he had time to excel in it . " He did return for the 1878 Championship to defend his title in the Challenge Round but lost in straight sets to Frank Hadow , a coffee planter from Ceylon , who effectively used the lob to counter Gore 's net play . It was Gore 's last appearance at the Wimbledon Championships .
= = = Analysis and rules changes = = =
The tournament generated a profit of £ 10 and the pony roller stayed in use . When the tournament was finished , Henry Jones gathered all the score cards to analyse the results and found that , of the 601 games played during the tournament , 376 were won by the server ( " striker @-@ in " ) and 225 by the receiver ( " striker @-@ out " ) . At a time when the service was either made underarm or , usually , at shoulder height , this was seen as a serving dominance and resulted in a modification of the rules for the 1878 Championship . To decrease the target area for the server , the length of the service court was reduced from 26 to 22 ft ( 7 @.@ 92 to 6 @.@ 71 m ) and to make passing shots easier against volleyers the height of the net was reduced to 4 ft 9 in ( 1 @.@ 45 m ) at the posts and 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) at the centre . These rules were published jointly by the AEC & LTC and the MCC , giving the AEC & LTC an official rule @-@ making authority and in effect retroactively sanctioning its 1877 rules . It marked the moment when the AEC & LTC effectively usurped the rule @-@ making initiative from the MCC although the latter would still ratify rule changes until 1882 . In recognition of the importance and popularity of lawn tennis , the club was renamed in 1882 to All England Lawn Tennis Club ( AELTC ) .
= = = Commemorative plaque = = =
On 18 June 2012 a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the former home of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , in Worple Road , Wimbledon celebrating both the first Wimbledon Championships and the 1908 Olympic tennis event . The ceremony was performed by Heather Hanbury , Headmistress of Wimbledon High School ; Philip Brook , Chairman of the All England Club , and Cr David T Williams JP , Mayor of Merton .
= = Gentlemen 's singles = =
= = = Final = = =
Spencer Gore defeated William Marshall , 6 – 1 , 6 – 2 , 6 – 4
It was Gore 's only Grand Slam tournament title .
= = = Second place match = = =
William Marshall defeated Charles Gilbert Heathcote 6 – 4 , 6 – 4
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= Derek Webb =
Derek Walsh Webb ( born May 27 , 1974 ) is an American singer @-@ songwriter who first entered the music industry as a member of the band Caedmon 's Call , and later embarked on a successful solo career . As a member of the Houston , Texas @-@ based Caedmon ’ s Call , Webb has seen career sales approaching 1 million records , along with 10 GMA Dove Award nominations and three Dove Award wins and six No. 1 Christian radio hits .
In 2003 , Webb left Caedmon 's Call to pursue a solo career . Since his departure , he has released seven studio albums ( including one instrumental ) , a live album , two compilation albums , two covers projects , two DVDs , and two EPs ( with his then @-@ wife , Sandra McCracken ) . While these have been less commercially successful than his work with Caedmon 's Call , Webb has had more of a free hand to shape his work to his vision .
His latest album , I Was Wrong , I 'm Sorry & I Love You , was released on September 3 , 2013 .
On April 17 , 2014 , Webb and his wife , fellow singer @-@ songwriter Sandra McCracken , announced that their marriage was coming to an end after thirteen years due to Webb 's involvement in an extramarital affair .
= = Early life = =
Webb 's mother , a gifted classically trained pianist , encouraged his musical interests at a very young age . Music came naturally to him , and he began to play the guitar at six years old . Concerning his musical training , Webb explains that he got his ear for music from his mother , but not the ability to read music , and that he " took one [ guitar ] lesson and then just taught myself out of the book . " While in high school , he became known for his skill on the guitar . He toured with a band , though it broke up in his junior year following a serious car accident returning from playing a show at Baylor University . Webb graduated from Klein High School in Klein , Texas in 1992 . Before joining Caedmon 's Call , he went to community college in Houston for half a semester , and shared an apartment with his older brother who was attending medical school .
= = Caedmon 's Call = =
Caedmon 's Call was formed in 1993 with four original members ( three of whom still remain ) , Cliff Young , Danielle Glenn , Todd Bragg , and Aaron Tate . Aaron Tate , however , never intended to tour with the band , and was included in a songwriting capacity only , sharing those duties with Derek Webb who also played lead guitar .
Webb 's invitation to join Caedmon 's Call came from Tate , who at the time was attending Texas Christian University in Fort Worth , TX . Shortly afterward , Webb made the trip to Fort Worth and met future band mate Cliff Young . Webb says , " I essentially just joined that band immediately . And as soon as I joined the band , I quit college the same day . " As a result , for almost a full school year he pretended to go to class , with his family unaware he was actually pursuing the band in lieu of going to school .
In June 1994 , the band released their first album , My Calm / / Your Storm , originally a cassette @-@ only demo recording . It was re @-@ printed twice the same year with different cover art each time . In 1996 the band signed with now @-@ defunct Christian label Warner Alliance , producing their self @-@ titled release . Peaking at 110 on the Billboard 200 , the album went on to win the GMA 1998 Modern Rock Album of the Year .
After the collapse of Warner Alliance in 1998 , Caedmon 's Call signed to Essential Records , where they released 40 Acres ( 1999 ) , Long Line of Leavers ( 2000 ) , In the Company of Angels : A Call to Worship ( 2001 ) , Back Home ( 2003 ) . All of these albums were moderately successful , peaking at 61 , 58 , 72 , and 66 respectively on the Billboard 200 . Notably , Webb did not provide any songwriting for In the Company of Angels or Back Home , despite having been a primary songwriter for the band prior to their release . During this time period , Webb also contributed to City on a Hill : Songs of Worship and Praise ( 2000 ) and City on a Hill : Sing Alleluia ( 2002 ) , both as a member of Caedmon 's Call and as a solo artist , which respectively garnered the GMA 2001 & 2003 Special Event Album of the Year awards .
In 2001 , Webb left the band to pursue his solo career , although he continued to contribute to their next album Back Home . Caedmon 's Call then released Chronicles 1992 @-@ 2004 ( 2004 ) , a best @-@ of collection of the band 's work , which included work by Webb . In 2007 , Caedmon 's Call signed onto INO Records , and Webb was featured as singer and songwriter on the album , Overdressed . He continued to be involved with the band as producer on the 2011 album Raising Up The Dead .
Webb has considered himself a solo act since 2001 , but admits his continued collaboration with the band can make it seem like he never left , saying " Caedmon ’ s Call , as it turns out , is very much like hotel california : you can check out anytime you ’ d like , but you can never really leave . "
On May 22 , 2007 , it was announced that Webb had again worked with Caedmon 's Call , writing and recording for their album , entitled Overdressed , and would be joining the band on their subsequent tour .
= = Solo career = =
His first solo album , She Must and Shall Go Free ( 2003 ) is notable for causing controversy in Contemporary Christian Music circles ; some Christian retailers refused to stock the album for its use of " strong " language .
One of the songs that was the basis for controversy was Wedding Dress where Webb compares Christians who seek fulfillment in things outside of Christ to a person committing adultery . An introspective tune , Webb writes that " I am a whore I do confess / I put you on just like a wedding dress " .
Another song that generated controversy was Saint and Sinner where Webb wrote " I used to be a damned mess but now I look just fine , ' Cause you dressed me up and we drank the finest wine " . The word ' damned ' was removed from the final version of the album , at the request of two major Christian retailers .
Following the release of She Must and Shall Go Free , Webb embarked on a national tour in which he played his concerts in the living rooms of fans . This provided the opportunity to have greater interaction with his listeners . He went on to release a live album from his " House Tour " , entitled The House Show ( 2004 ) .
His second solo studio record , I See Things Upside Down ( 2004 ) , generated mixed reviews . All marketing to the typical Christian music stations used by his first solo album and his albums with Caedmon 's Call was stopped , though the album still has explicitly Christian lyrics . In comparison to Webb 's previous work , this album has what 's been referred to as an " experimental " style to it , and has been compared to the music of Wilco in that respect . Webb has stated that the album " was doing away with people 's expectations in order to free me up to do what I wanted . " Following the release of I See Things Upside Down , Webb released a live concert DVD , How to Kill and Be Killed ( 2005 ) .
His third studio album , titled Mockingbird ( 2005 ) , was released on December 26 , 2005 . The album touches on subjects such as politics , social justice , and war . Webb has stated that he tackled these subjects to stimulate discussion and engage people to bring about changes in what he sees as some of the greatest problems the world is facing today . In order to broaden this discussion to people less inclined to purchase his album , beginning September 1 , 2006 , Webb offered Mockingbird for free on the website Free Derek Webb ( no longer exists ) , where it was available for download until December 8 , 2006 . Over 80 @,@ 000 free copies of the album were downloaded during this time .
On January 30 , 2007 , Webb released two EPs , each containing the same ten songs from earlier in his solo career , including pieces from each of his three solo studio albums . One Zero ( Acoustic ) , contains acoustic reinterpretations of the songs , and is available in stores only . One Zero ( Remix ) makes use of the original recording sessions for each of the songs , but has been remixed by engineer Will Hunt . This more experimental record is available only online .
Webb 's next project , The Ringing Bell was released on May 1 , 2007 . Before the release date , it was available for pre @-@ order at TheRingingBell.com in a deluxe edition which included a 96 @-@ page graphic novel inspired by the album . Those who pre @-@ ordered the deluxe edition of the album were also able to immediately download it in its entirety .
On May 12 , 2009 , Webb sent a message to his email mailing list stating that his next album Stockholm Syndrome was deemed too controversial for his record label to release . " It seems I 've finally found the line beyond which my label can support me , and apparently I 've crossed it , " Webb writes . " [ A ] t this point we 're not sure when the record will come out and in what form . The majority of the controversy is surrounding one song , which I consider to be among the most important songs on the record … . [ B ] ecause of various legal / publishing issues we 're having to be rather careful with how we do what we 're going to do next . " .
Derek 's solo release Stockholm Syndrome was released on his website , derekwebb.com , on July 7 , 2009 as a digital release . He has also made physical copies of both the edited and unedited versions of the CD available by September 1 , 2009 .
In late 2011 Derek Webb collaborated on the soundtrack for the motion picture Nexus .
On September 3 , 2013 , Webb released I Was Wrong , I 'm Sorry & I Love You . The album is written as a reflective look back at his 20 years in music as well as 10 years since his first solo release .
= = Business ventures = =
While on tour , Webb noticed that attendance at his shows had increased dramatically after he had made Mockingbird available for free online . Inspired by that realization , Webb helped form NoiseTrade , a website that allows users to download music for free from independent musicians .
= = Discography = =
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= Seneca Falls Convention =
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women 's rights convention . It advertised itself as " a convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman " . Held in Seneca Falls , New York , it spanned two days over July 19 – 20 , 1848 . Attracting widespread attention , it was soon followed by other women 's rights conventions , including one in Rochester , New York , two weeks later . In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women 's Rights Conventions met in Worcester , Massachusetts .
Female Quakers local to the area organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who was not a Quaker . They planned the event during a visit to the area by Philadelphia @-@ based Lucretia Mott . Mott , a Quaker , was famous for her oratorical ability , which was rare during an era in which women were often not allowed to speak in public .
The meeting comprised six sessions including a lecture on law , a humorous presentation , and multiple discussions about the role of women in society . Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents , the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions , to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures . A heated debate sprang up regarding women 's right to vote , with many – including Mott – urging the removal of this concept , but Frederick Douglass , who was the convention 's sole African American attendee , argued eloquently for its inclusion , and the suffrage resolution was retained . Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document , mostly women .
The convention was seen by some of its contemporaries , including featured speaker Mott , as one important step among many others in the continuing effort by women to gain for themselves a greater proportion of social , civil and moral rights , while it was viewed by others as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete equality with men . Stanton considered the Seneca Falls Convention to be the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an opinion that was echoed in the History of Woman Suffrage , which Stanton co @-@ wrote .
The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments became " the single most important factor in spreading news of the women 's rights movement around the country in 1848 and into the future " , according to Judith Wellman , a historian of the convention . By the time of the National Women 's Rights Convention of 1851 , the issue of women 's right to vote had become a central tenet of the United States women 's rights movement . These conventions became annual events until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 .
= = Background = =
= = = Reform movement = = =
In the decades leading up to 1848 , a small number of women began to push against restrictions imposed upon them by society . A few men aided in this effort . In 1831 , Reverend Charles Grandison Finney began allowing women to pray aloud in gatherings of men and women . The Second Great Awakening was challenging women 's traditional roles in religion . Recalling the era in 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis set Finney 's decision as the beginning of the American women 's reform movement .
= = = Abolitionism = = =
Starting in 1832 , abolitionist and journalist William Lloyd Garrison organized anti @-@ slavery associations which encouraged the full participation of women . Garrison 's ideas were not welcomed by a majority of other abolitionists , and those unwilling to include women split from him to form other abolitionist societies .
A few women began to gain fame as writers and speakers on the subject of abolition . In the 1830s , Lydia Maria Child wrote to encourage women to write a will , and Frances Wright wrote books on women 's rights and social reform . The Grimké sisters published their views against slavery in the late 1830s , and they began speaking to mixed gatherings of men and women for Garrison 's American Anti @-@ Slavery Society , as did Abby Kelley . Although these women lectured primarily on the evils of slavery , the fact that a woman was speaking in public was itself a noteworthy stand for the cause of women 's rights . Ernestine Rose began lecturing in 1836 to groups of women on the subject of the " Science of Government " which included the enfranchisement of women .
In 1840 , at the urging of Garrison and Wendell Phillips , Lucretia Coffin Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled with their husbands and a dozen other American male and female abolitionists to London for the first World 's Anti @-@ Slavery Convention , with the expectation that a motion put forward by Phillips to include women 's participation in the convention would be controversial . In London , the proposal was rebuffed after a full day of debate ; the women were allowed to listen from the gallery but not allowed to speak or vote . Mott and Stanton became friends in London and on the return voyage , and together planned to organize their own convention to further the cause of women 's rights , separate from abolition concerns . In 1842 Thomas M 'Clintock and his wife Mary Ann became founding members of the Western New York Anti @-@ Slavery Society and helped write its constitution . When he moved to Rochester in 1847 , Frederick Douglass joined Amy and Isaac Post and the M 'Clintocks in this Rochester @-@ based chapter of the American Anti @-@ Slavery Society .
= = = Women 's rights = = =
In 1839 in Boston , Margaret Fuller began hosting conversations , akin to French salons , among women interested in discussing the " great questions " facing their sex . Sophia Ripley was one of the participants . In 1845 , Fuller published The Great Lawsuit , asking women to claim themselves as self @-@ dependent .
In the 1840s , women in America were reaching out for greater control of their lives . Husbands and fathers directed the lives of women , and many doors were closed to female participation . State statutes and common law prohibited women from inheriting property , signing contracts , serving on juries and voting in elections . Women 's prospects in employment were dim : they could expect only to gain a very few service @-@ related jobs and were paid about half of what men were paid for the same work . In Massachusetts , Brook Farm was founded by Sophia Ripley and her husband George Ripley in 1841 as an attempt to find a way in which men and women could work together , with women receiving the same compensation as men . The experiment failed .
In the fall of 1841 , Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave her first public speech , on the subject of the Temperance movement , in front of 100 women in Seneca Falls . She wrote to her friend Elizabeth J. Neal that she moved both the audience and herself to tears , saying " I infused into my speech an Homeopathic dose of woman 's rights , as I take good care to do in many private conversations . "
Lucretia Mott met with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Boston in 1842 , and discussed again the possibility of a woman 's rights convention . They talked once more in 1847 , prior to Stanton moving from Boston to Seneca Falls .
Women 's groups led by Lucretia Mott and Paulina Wright Davis held public meetings in Philadelphia beginning in 1846 . A wide circle of abolitionists friendly to women 's rights began in 1847 to discuss the possibility of holding a convention wholly devoted to women 's rights . In October 1847 , Lucy Stone gave her first public speech on the subject of women 's rights , entitled The Province of Women , at her brother Bowman Stone 's church in Gardner , Massachusetts .
In March 1848 , Garrison , the Motts , Abby Kelley Foster , Stephen Symonds Foster and others hosted an Anti @-@ Sabbath meeting in Boston , to work toward the elimination of laws that apply only to Sunday , and to gain for the laborer more time away from toil than just one day of rest per week . Lucretia Mott and two other women were active within the executive committee , and Mott spoke to the assemblage . Lucretia Mott raised questions about the validity of blindly following religious and social tradition .
= = = Political gains = = =
On April 7 , 1848 , in response to a citizen 's petition , the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman 's Property Act , giving women the right to retain property they brought into a marriage , as well as property they acquired during the marriage . Creditors could not seize a wife 's property to pay a husband 's debts . Leading up to the passage of this law , in 1846 , supporters issued a pamphlet , probably authored by Judge John Fine , which relied on its readers ' familiarity with the United States Declaration of Independence to demand " That all are created free and equal ... " , and that this idea should apply equally to the sexes . " Women , as well as men , are entitled to the full enjoyment of its practical blessings " . A group of 44 married women of western New York wrote to the Assembly in March 1848 , saying " your Declaration of Independence declares , that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed . And as women have never consented to , been represented in , or recognized by this government , it is evident that in justice no allegiance can be claimed from them ... Our numerous and yearly petitions for this most desirable object having been disregarded , we now ask your august body , to abolish all laws which hold married women more accountable for their acts than infants , idiots , and lunatics . "
The General Assembly in Pennsylvania passed a similar married woman 's property law a few weeks later , one which Lucretia Mott and others had championed . These progressive state laws were seen by American women as a sign of new hope for women 's rights .
On June 2 , 1848 in Rochester , New York , Gerrit Smith was nominated as the Liberty Party 's presidential candidate . Smith was Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's first cousin , and the two enjoyed debating and discussing political and social issues with each other whenever he came to visit . At the National Liberty Convention , held June 14 – 15 in Buffalo , New York , Smith gave a major address , including in his speech a demand for " universal suffrage in its broadest sense , females as well as males being entitled to vote . " The delegates approved a passage in their party platform addressing votes for women : " Neither here , nor in any other part of the world , is the right of suffrage allowed to extend beyond one of the sexes . This universal exclusion of woman ... argues , conclusively , that , not as yet , is there one nation so far emerged from barbarism , and so far practically Christian , as to permit woman to rise up to the one level of the human family . " At this convention , five votes were placed calling for Lucretia Mott to be Smith 's vice @-@ president — the first time in the United States that a woman was suggested for federal executive office .
= = = Quaker influence = = =
Many members of the Religious Society of Friends , known as Quakers , made their homes in western New York state , near Seneca Falls . A particularly progressive branch lived in and around Waterloo in Seneca County , New York . These Quakers strove for marital relationships in which men and women worked and lived in equality .
The M 'Clintocks came to Waterloo from a Quaker community in Philadelphia . They rented property from Richard P. Hunt , a wealthy Quaker and businessman . The M 'Clintock and Hunt families opposed slavery ; both participated in the free produce movement , and their houses served as stations on the Underground Railroad .
Traditional Quaker tenets held that men and women should meet separately when making religious decisions . By the 1840s , some Hicksite Quakers determined to bring women and men together in the faith as an expression of their spiritual equality . In June 1848 , approximately 200 Hicksites , including the Hunts and the M 'Clintocks , formed an even more radical Quaker group , known as the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends , or Progressive Friends . The Progressive Friends intended to further elevate the influence of women in affairs of the faith . They introduced joint meetings of men and women , giving women an equal voice .
= = Planning = =
Lucretia and James Mott visited central and western New York in the summer of 1848 for a number of reasons , including visiting the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca Nation and former slaves living in the province of Ontario , Canada . Mott was present at the meeting in which the Progressive Friends left the Hicksite Quakers . They also visited Lucretia 's sister Martha Coffin Wright in Auburn , NY , where Mott also preached to prisoners at the Auburn State Penitentiary . Lucretia Mott 's skill and fame as an orator drew crowds wherever she went .
= = = Announcement = = =
After Quaker service on Sunday July 9 , 1848 , Lucretia Coffin Mott joined Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Martha Coffin Wright ( Mott 's witty sister , several months pregnant ) , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Jane Hunt for tea at the Hunt home in Waterloo . The two eldest M 'Clintock daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr. may have accompanied their mother . Jane Hunt had given birth two weeks earlier , and was tending the baby at home . Over tea , Stanton , the only non @-@ Quaker present , vented a lifetime 's worth of pent @-@ up frustration , her " long @-@ accumulating discontent " about women 's subservient place in society . The five women decided to hold a women 's rights convention in the immediate future , while the Motts were still in the area , and drew up an announcement to run in the Seneca County Courier . The announcement began with these words : " WOMAN 'S RIGHTS CONVENTION . — A Convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman " . The notice specified that only women were invited to the first day 's meetings on July 19 , but both women and men could attend on the second day to hear Lucretia Mott speak , among others . On July 11 , the announcement first appeared , giving readers just eight days ' notice until the first day of convention . Other papers such as Douglass 's North Star picked up the notice , printing it on July 14 . The meeting place was to be the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Seneca Falls . Built by a congregation of abolitionists and financed in part by Richard Hunt , the chapel had been the scene of many reform lectures , and was considered the only large building in the area that would open its doors to a women 's rights convention .
= = = Declaration , grievances , resolutions = = =
At their home in Waterloo on Sunday , July 16 , the M 'Clintocks hosted a smaller planning session for the convention . Mary Ann M 'Clintock and her eldest daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr . , discussed with Stanton the makeup of the resolutions that would be presented to the convention for approval . Each woman made certain her concerns were appropriately represented among the ten resolutions that they composed . Taken together , the resolutions demanded that women should have equality in the family , education , jobs , religion , and morals . One of the M 'Clintock women selected the Declaration of Independence from 1776 as a model for the declaration they wanted to make at their convention . The Declaration of Sentiments was then drafted in the parlor on a round , three @-@ legged , mahogany tea table . Stanton changed a few words of the Declaration of Independence to make it appropriate for a statement by women , replacing " The history of the present King of Great Britain " with " The history of mankind " as the basis for " usurpations on the part of man toward woman . " The women added the phrase " and women " to make " ... all men and women are created equal ... " A list of grievances was composed to form the second part of the Declaration .
Between July 16 and July 19 , at home on her own writing desk , Stanton edited the grievances and resolutions . Henry Brewster Stanton , a lawyer , politician and Stanton 's husband , helped substantiate the document by locating " extracts from laws bearing unjustly against woman 's property interests . " On her own , Stanton added a more radical point to the list of grievances and to the resolutions : the issue of women 's voting rights . To the grievances , she added " He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise " , and to the Sentiments , she added a line about man depriving woman of " the elective franchise , thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation ... " Stanton then copied the Declaration and resolutions into final draft form for presentation at the meeting . When he saw the addition of woman suffrage , Henry Stanton warned his wife " you will turn the proceedings into a farce . " He , like most men of his day , was not in favor of women gaining voting rights . Because he intended to run for elective office , he left Seneca Falls to avoid being connected with a convention promoting such an unpopular cause . Elizabeth Cady Stanton asked her sister Harriet Cady Eaton to accompany her ; Eaton brought her young son Daniel .
On July 16 , Lucretia Mott sent a note to Stanton apologizing in advance for James Mott not being able to attend the first day , as he was feeling " quite unwell " . Lucretia Mott wrote to say she would bring her sister , Martha Wright , and that the two women would participate in both days of the convention .
= = First day = =
On July 19 , 1848 , the morning of the first day of convention , the organizing committee arrived at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel shortly before ten o 'clock on a hot , sunny day to find a crowd gathered outside and the church doors locked — an overlooked detail . Stanton 's young nephew Daniel was lifted through an open window so that he could unbar the doors from the inside . Even though the first session had been announced as being exclusively for women , some young children of both sexes had been brought by their mothers , and about 40 men were there expecting to attend . The men were not turned away , but were asked to remain silent . Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Jr . , 26 years old , was appointed secretary , to take notes .
= = = Morning session = = =
Starting at 11 o 'clock , Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke first , exhorting each woman in the audience to accept responsibility for her own life , and to " understand the height , the depth , the length , and the breadth of her own degradation . " Lucretia Mott then spoke , encouraging all to take up the cause . Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments in its entirety , then re @-@ read each paragraph so that it could be discussed at length , and changes incorporated . The question of whether men 's signatures would be sought for the Declaration was discussed , with the vote looking favorable for including men , but the motion was tabled until the following day when men themselves could participate . The first session adjourned at 2 : 30 p.m.
= = = Afternoon session = = =
After a pause for refreshment in the 90 ° heat , an afternoon session began with Stanton and then Mott addressing the audience . The Declaration of Sentiments was read again and more changes were made to it . The resolutions , now numbering eleven with Stanton 's addition of women 's suffrage , were read aloud and discussed . Lucretia Mott read a humorous newspaper piece written by her sister Martha Wright in which Wright questioned why , after an overworked mother completed the myriad daily tasks that were required of her but not of her husband , she was the one upon whom written advice was " so lavishly bestowed . " Twenty @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old Elizabeth W. M 'Clintock then delivered a speech , and the first day 's business was called to a close .
= = = Evening speech = = =
In the evening , the meeting was opened to all persons , and Lucretia Mott addressed a large audience . She spoke of the progress of other reform movements and so framed for her listeners the social and moral context for the struggle for women 's rights . She asked the men present to help women gain the equality they deserved . The editor of the National Reformer , a paper in Auburn , New York , reported that Mott 's extemporaneous evening speech was " one of the most eloquent , logical , and philosophical discourses which we ever listened to . "
= = Second day = =
A larger crowd attended on the second day , including more men . Amelia Bloomer arrived late and took a seat in the upstairs gallery , there being none left in the main seating area . Quaker James Mott was well enough to attend , and he chaired the morning meeting ; it was still too radical a concept that a woman serve as chair in front of both men and women .
= = = Morning session , day two = = =
After Mott opened the meeting , the minutes of the previous day were read , and Stanton presented the Declaration of Sentiments . In regard to the grievance " He has taken from her all right in property , even to the wages she earns , " Assemblyman Ansel Bascom stood to say that he had recently been at the New York State Assembly which passed the Married Woman 's Property Act . Bascom spoke at length about the property rights it secured for married women , including property acquired after marriage . Further discussion of the Declaration ensued , including comments by Frederick Douglass , Thomas and Mary Ann M 'Clintock , and Amy Post ; the document was adopted unanimously . The question of men 's signatures was solved by having two sections of signatures , one for women followed by one for men . One hundred of the 300 present signed the Declaration of Sentiments , including 68 women and 32 men . Amelia Bloomer was one of the participants who did not endorse the Declaration ; she was focused at that time on the temperance movement . Ansel Bascom was the most conspicuous attendee who chose not to sign the Declaration . The National Reformer reported that those in the audience who evidently regarded the Declaration as " too bold and ultra " , including the lawyers known to be opposed to the equal rights of women , " failed to call out any opposition , except in a neighboring BAR @-@ ROOM . "
= = = Afternoon session , day two = = =
At the afternoon session , the eleven resolutions were read again , and each one was voted on individually . The only one that was materially questioned was the ninth , the one Stanton had added regarding women 's right to vote . It read :
Resolved , that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise .
Those who opposed this resolution argued that its presence would cause the other , more rational resolutions to lose support . Others argued that only the social , civil and religious rights of women should be addressed , not the political rights . James and Lucretia Mott were against the resolution ; Lucretia said to Stanton , " Why Lizzie , thee will make us ridiculous . " Stanton defended the concept of woman suffrage , saying women would then be able to affect future legislation and gain further rights . Frederick Douglass , the only African American at the meeting , stood and spoke eloquently in favor ; he said that he could not accept the right to vote himself as a black man if woman could not also claim that right . Douglass projected that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere . " In this denial of the right to participate in government , not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens , but the maiming and repudiation of one @-@ half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world . " Douglass 's powerful words rang true with many in attendance , and the resolution passed by a large majority . Lucretia Mott spoke to end the session .
= = = Evening session , day two = = =
Quaker Thomas M 'Clintock served as chair for the evening session , opening it at half @-@ past seven . The minutes were read , then Stanton spoke in defense of the many severe accusations brought against the much @-@ abused " Lords of Creation . " Following Stanton , Thomas M 'Clintock read several passages from Sir William Blackstone 's laws , to expose for the audience the basis of woman 's current legal condition of servitude to man . Lucretia Mott stood to offer another resolution : " Resolved , That the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women , for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit , and for the securing to woman an equal participation with men in the various trades , professions and commerce . " This , the twelfth resolution , passed .
Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Jr. spoke briefly , calling upon woman to arouse from her lethargy and be true to herself and her God . Douglass again rose to speak in support of the cause of woman . Lucretia Mott spoke for an hour with one of her " most beautiful and spiritual appeals " . Although Lucretia Mott 's reputation as a speaker drew the audience , Mott recognized Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Ann M 'Clintock as the " chief planners and architects " of the convention . To close the meeting , a committee was appointed to edit and publish the convention proceedings , with Amy Post , Eunice Newton Foote , Mary Ann M 'Clintock , Jr . , Elizabeth W. M 'Clintock and Stanton serving .
= = Afterward = =
= = = News reports = = =
Local newspapers printed reports of the convention , some positive , others not . The National Reformer reported that the convention " forms an era in the progress of the age ; it being the first convention of the kind ever held , and one whose influence shall not cease until woman is guaranteed all the rights now enjoyed by the other half of creation — Social , Civil and POLITICAL . " The Oneida Whig did not approve of the convention , writing of the Declaration : " This bolt is the most shocking and unnatural incident ever recorded in the history of womanity . If our ladies will insist on voting and legislating , where , gentleman , will be our dinners and our elbows ? Where our domestic firesides and the holes in our stockings ? "
Soon , newspapers across the country picked up the story . Reactions varied widely . In Massachusetts , the Lowell Courier published its opinion that , with women 's equality , " the lords must wash the dishes , scour up , be put to the tub , handle the broom , darn stockings . " In St. Louis , Missouri , the Daily Reveille trumpeted that " the flag of independence has been hoisted for the second time on this side of the Atlantic . " Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune wrote " When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober earnest what adequate reason he can give , for refusing the demand of women to an equal participation with men in political rights , he must answer , None at all . However unwise and mistaken the demand , it is but the assertion of a natural right , and such must be conceded . "
= = = Religious reaction = = =
Some of the ministers heading congregations in the area attended the Seneca Falls Convention , but none spoke out during the sessions , not even when comments from the floor were invited . On Sunday , July 23 , many who had attended , and more who had not , attacked the Convention , the Declaration of Sentiments , and the resolutions . Women in the congregations reported to Stanton , who saw the actions of the ministers as cowardly ; in their congregations , no one would be allowed to reply .
= = = Further conventions = = =
Signers of the Declaration of Sentiments hoped for " a series of Conventions , embracing every part of the country " to follow their own meeting . Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia Mott , who would not be staying in the Upstate New York area for much longer , a regional Woman 's Rights Convention was held two weeks later in Rochester , New York with Abigail Bush serving as president , and Lucretia Mott as featured speaker . In the next two years , " the infancy ... of the movement " , local and state women 's rights conventions were called in Ohio , Indiana , and Pennsylvania .
Charlotte Woodward , alone among all 100 signers , was the only one still alive in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment passed . Woodward was not well enough to vote herself .
= = = Remembrances = = =
A stamp was issued in 1948 in remembrance of the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Carrie Chapman Catt , and Lucretia Mott as part of a Centennial Celebration in Seneca Falls .
The Women 's Rights National Historical Park was established in 1980 , and covers a total of 6 @.@ 83 acres ( 27 @,@ 600 m ² ) of land in Seneca Falls and nearby Waterloo , New York , USA . The park consists of four major historical properties , including the Wesleyan Methodist Church , which was the site of the Seneca Falls Convention , Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's home , and the M 'Clintock House , which was where the Declaration of Sentiments , resolutions , and speeches were drawn up for the Seneca Falls Convention . The Wesleyan Methodist Church and the M 'Clintock House were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .
In 1998 First Lady Hillary Clinton gave a speech on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention .
= = Historiography = =
In 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis authored a history of the antebellum women 's rights movement , The History of the National Woman 's Rights Movement , and received approval of her account from many of the involved suffragists including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Davis ' version gave the Seneca Falls meeting in 1848 a minor role , equivalent to other local meetings that had been held by women 's groups in the late 1840s . Davis set the beginning of the national and international women 's rights movement at Worcester , Massachusetts in 1850 , at the National Women 's Rights Convention when women from many states were invited , the influence of which was felt across the continent and in Great Britain . Stanton seemed to agree ; in an address to the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) convention in 1870 , on the subject of the women 's rights movement , she said " The movement in England , as in America , may be dated from the first National Convention , held at Worcester , Mass . , October , 1850 . "
In 1876 , in the spirit of the nation 's centennial celebrations , Stanton and Susan B. Anthony decided to write a more expansive history of the women 's rights movement . They invited Lucy Stone to help , but Stone declined to be part of the project ; she was of the opinion that Stanton and Anthony would not fairly portray the divisive split between NWSA and American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . Stanton and Anthony wrote without her and , in 1881 , they published the first volume of the History of Woman Suffrage , and placed themselves at each of its most important events , marginalizing Stone 's contribution .
According to Lisa Tetrault , a professor of women 's history , the Seneca Falls Convention was central to their rendition of the movement 's history . Neither Stanton nor Anthony had been at the 1850 convention , which was associated with their rivals . Stanton , however , had played a key role at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 , at which Stone had not been present . In the early 1870s , Stanton and Anthony began to present Seneca Falls as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an origin story that downplayed Stone 's role . Pointing out that the women 's rights movement could be said to have begun even earlier than Seneca Falls , Tetrault said the History of Woman Suffrage dealt with these earlier events relatively briefly in its first three chapters , the first of which is titled " Preceding Causes . " In the volume , Stanton did not mention the Liberty Party 's plank on woman suffrage pre @-@ dating the Seneca Falls Convention by a month , and she did not describe the Worcester National Women 's Rights Convention , organized by Stone and Davis in 1850 , as the beginning of the women 's rights movement . Rather , Stanton named the 1840 Anti @-@ Slavery Convention in London as the birth of the " movement for woman 's suffrage , in both England and America " . She positioned the Seneca Falls meeting as her own political debut , and characterized it as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , calling it " the greatest movement for human liberty recorded on the pages of history — a demand for freedom to one @-@ half the entire race . " Stanton worked to enshrine the Declaration of Sentiments as a foundational treatise in a number of ways , not the least of which was by imbuing the small , three @-@ legged tea table upon which the first draft of it was composed an importance similar to that of Thomas Jefferson 's desk upon which he wrote the Declaration of Independence . The M 'Clintocks gave Stanton the table , then Stanton gave it to Susan B. Anthony on the occasion of her 80th birthday , though Anthony had no part in the Seneca Falls meeting . In keeping with Stanton 's promotion of the table as an iconic relic , women 's rights activists put it in a place of honor at the head of the casket at the funeral of Susan B. Anthony on March 14 , 1906 . Subsequently , it was displayed prominently on the stage at each of the most important suffrage meetings until 1920 , even though the grievance and resolution about woman suffrage was not written on it . The table is kept at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C.
Lucretia Mott reflected in August 1848 upon the two women 's rights conventions in which she had participated that summer , and assessed them no greater than other projects and missions she was involved with . She wrote that the two gatherings were " greatly encouraging ; and give hope that this long neglected subject will soon begin to receive the attention that its importance demands . "
Historian Gerda Lerner has pointed out that religious ideas provided a fundamental source for the Declaration of Sentiments . Most of the women attending the convention were active in Quaker or evangelical Methodist movements . The document itself drew from writings by the evangelical Quaker Sarah Grimké to make biblical claims that God had created woman equal to man and that man had usurped God 's authority by establishing " absolute tyranny " over woman . According to author Jami Carlacio , Grimké 's writings opened the public 's eyes to ideas like women 's rights , and for the first time they were willing to question conventional notions about the subordination of women .
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= Caernarfon town walls =
Caernarfon 's town walls are a medieval defensive structure around the town of Caernarfon in North Wales . The walls were constructed between 1283 and 1292 after the foundation of Caernarfon by Edward I , alongside the adjacent castle . The walls are 734 m ( 2 @,@ 408 ft ) long and include eight towers and two medieval gatehouses . The project was completed using large numbers of labourers brought in from England ; the cost of building the walls came to around £ 3 @,@ 500 , a large sum for the period . The walls were significantly damaged during the rebellion of Madog ap Llywelyn in 1294 , and had to be repaired at considerable expense . Political changes in the 16th century reduced the need to maintain such defences around the town . Today the walls form part of the UNESCO world heritage site administered by Cadw . Historians Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham describe the defences as " a remarkably intact walled circuit " .
= = History = =
= = = 13th century = = =
Before the English construction of the town of Caernarfon , the area had been occupied first by the Romans , who built the fort of Segontium , and later by both the Normans and the Welsh princes . As a result of this long history , depicted in the Welsh saga of Mabinogion , the site was both culturally and politically significant to the medieval Welsh . The English kings and Welsh princes had vied for control of North Wales since the 1070s and the conflict had been renewed during the 13th century , leading to Edward I intervening in North Wales for the second time during his reign in 1282 . Edward invaded with a huge army , pushing north from Carmarthen and westwards from Montgomery and Chester . By summer 1283 Edward had secured Caernarfon and the surrounding area .
The king decided that the location would become the centre of a new county and the capital of the principality of North Wales , with a new castle and walled town forming the administrative centre . Edward 's plan was a colonial enterprise and placing the new town and walls on the Caernarfon site was in part a symbolic act to demonstrate English power ; the walls also symbolised the town 's status as the capital of North Wales .
Traditionally Caernarfon 's design and defences have been thought to have been inspired by the growth of the bastides . The bastides were new planned towns created in both France and English @-@ held Gascony during the period , characterised by grids of straight streets , often defended by combinations of castles and town walls . More recent research , however , has shown that English town design played a more significant role in shaping Caernarfon and other Edwardian town plans . In the case of Caernarfon , the town plan and walls were adapted to fit around the site of the former Norman castle on the site , which lay just outside the new town and was used a market place .
The walls of Caernarfon were built at the same time as the castle , under the overall supervision of Master James of Saint George , Edward 's chief architect in North Wales . Between 1283 to 1284 , Richard the Engineer acted as James ' deputy on the site ; later , between 1295 and 1308 , Walter of Hereford performed a similar role , and may have also been responsible for earlier work on the walls as well . Huge amounts of labourers were mobilised from across England for the task , massed at Chester and then brought into Wales for each summer building season . Work on the walls progressed quickly , albeit in uneven bursts : local houses were demolished to make way for the fortifications and the stone walls and gates were probably finished by 1292 . The cost of building the town walls was around £ 3 @,@ 500 , a large sum for the period .
Otto de Grandson , a favourite of Edward I , was appointed as constable of Caernarfon and justiciar of North Wales , with responsibility for security in the region . In 1294 , however , Madog ap Llywelyn revolted against English rule and undertook a wide campaign across North Wales , attacking the town of Caernarfon . Despite the walls , the town was overrun , the walls badly damaged , and the castle — still largely unfinished — was easily taken and set on fire . Edward responded with military force the next year : he retook Caernarfon and ordered the town walls to be fully repaired by November 1295 , at a cost of around £ 1 @,@ 195 .
= = = 14th to 18th centuries = = =
The new town of Caernarfon was populated by English settlers , particularly from nearby Cheshire and Lancashire , and the town walls were in part designed to encourage immigrants and royal officials to settle there in safety . The town of Caernarfon did not prove a successful settlement , however ; by 1298 it had only 59 burgage tenements — properties paying rent to the king — making it far less prosperous than either neighbouring Conwy or Beaumaris , and the situation did not improve during the 14th century . In 1400 Welsh prince Owain Glyndŵr rose in rebellion against English rule , but despite attempts to take Caernarfon in 1403 and 1404 , the town 's defences held out . The ascension of the Tudor dynasty to the English throne resulted in a change in the way Wales was administered . The Tudors were Welsh in origin , and their rule lessened hostilities between the Welsh and English , reducing the need to maintain Caernarfon 's castle and walls and easing the restrictions on Welsh access to the town — the Welsh were finally allowed to live inside Caernarfon in 1507 .
Around 1800 , Caernarfon 's local corporation undertook a programme of modernisation work , inserting several new gateways in the town walls ; other changes were also made to the walls during the period , with some towers being converted for use as administrative buildings and the gatehouses altered to accommodate more modern offices . During the 19th century the town of Caernarfon grew considerably , prompted by the slate trade and the construction of the Chester to Holyhead railway line . As a result of this population pressure , by the 20th century housing had encroached along the inside and outside of the town walls , so that in many places the walls had vanished from view . During the 20th century the walls were gradually acquired by the state and these houses demolished .
Today Caernarfon 's walls are managed by the Welsh heritage organisation Cadw as a tourist attraction , although only a small part of the wall @-@ walk is open to the public . The walls require ongoing maintenance ; in the financial year between 2002 and 2003 , for example , maintaining the historic fabric of the walls and the castle cost £ 4 @,@ 500 ( £ 5 @,@ 710 in 2010 terms ) . The walls were declared part of a UNESCO world heritage site in 1986 and are classed as a grade 1 listed building and hold scheduled monument status . They are considered by historians Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham to be " a remarkably intact walled circuit " .
= = Architecture = =
The Caernarfon town walls today present an unbroken , 734 m ( 2 @,@ 408 ft ) long circuit around the town , enclosing 4 @.@ 18 hectares ( 10 @.@ 3 acres ) , and are unusually well preserved . They are mostly built from the same carboniferous limestone used at the castle . The eight towers along the wall are mostly " gap @-@ backed " , lacking walls on the inside of the towers , and originally included removable wooden bridges to allow sections of the walls to be sealed off from attackers .
The two original entrances to the town were through the West and East Gates . The West Gate faced onto the harbour , and was also known as the Golden Gate ( Welsh : Porth @-@ yr @-@ Aur ) ; in the medieval period , this name would have evoked images of imperial Roman and Arthurian power , as it was the name of the primary gateway in the city of Constantinople . It was originally defended by a portcullis , but was modified with additional Gothic features in the 19th century . The East Gate formed the landward entrance to the town , originally overlooking the river Cadnant — the river is now culverted over . The gatehouse contained offices for most of the period since its construction in the 13th century , first housing the royal exchequer , then Caernarfon 's town hall and finally the guildhall . The offices were finally removed in the 1960s . Little of the original gatehouse remains , due to 18th and 19th century building work , although the base of the towers remains medieval . Newer entrances to the town , made by creating additional gateways in the walls , include Northgate , Greengate and the entrance to Market Street .
In the north @-@ west corner of the walls is the 14th @-@ century chapel of Saint Mary , built into the defences and using the only fully circular tower in the walls as a vestry . Further along the west side of the walls , several of the towers have been converted for various uses . One forms part of the County Offices , having been incorporated into the former County Gaol in the 19th century ; another has been used by the Royal Welsh Yacht Club since the 19th century , and a third has been converted into a holiday home by the Landmark Trust .
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= Waddesdon Bequest =
In 1898 Baron Ferdinand Rothschild bequeathed to the British Museum as the Waddesdon Bequest the contents from his New Smoking Room at Waddesdon Manor . This consisted of a wide @-@ ranging collection of almost 300 objets d 'art et de vertu which included exquisite examples of jewellery , plate , enamel , carvings , glass and maiolica . Earlier than most objects is the outstanding Holy Thorn Reliquary , probably created in the 1390s in Paris for John , Duke of Berry . The collection is in the tradition of a schatzkammer or treasure house such as those formed by the Renaissance princes of Europe ; indeed , the majority of the objects are from late Renaissance Europe , although there are several important medieval pieces , and outliers from classical antiquity and medieval Syria .
Following the sequence of the museum 's catalogue numbers , and giving the first number for each category , the bequest consists of : " bronzes " , handles and a knocker ( WB.1 ) ; arms , armour and ironwork ( WB.5 ) ; enamels ( WB.19 ) ; glass ( WB.53 ) ; Italian maiolica ( WB.60 ) ; " cups etc in gold and hard stone " ( WB.66 ) ; silver plate ( WB.87 ) ; jewellery ( WB.147 ) ; cutlery ( WB.201 ) ; " caskets , etc " ( WB.217 ) ; carvings in wood and stone ( WB.231 – 265 ) . There is no group for paintings , and WB.174 , a portrait miniature on vellum in a wooden frame , is included with the jewellery , though this is because the subject is wearing a pendant in the collection .
The collection was assembled for a particular place , and to reflect a particular aesthetic ; other parts of Ferdinand Rothschild 's collection contain objects in very different styles , and the Bequest should not be taken to reflect the totality of his taste . Here what most appealed to Ferdinand Rothschild were intricate , superbly executed , highly decorated and rather ostentatious works of the Late Gothic , Renaissance and Mannerist periods . Few of the objects could be said to rely on either simplicity or Baroque sculptural movement for their effect , though several come from periods and places where much Baroque work was being made . A new display for the collection , which under the terms of the bequest must be kept and displayed together , opened on 11 June 2015 .
= = History = =
The collection was started by Baron Ferdinand 's father , Baron Anselm von Rothschild ( 1803 – 1874 ) , and may include some objects from earlier Rothschild collections . For Mayer Amschel Rothschild ( 1744 – 1812 ) of Frankfurt , who began the prominence of the family , his business dealing in coins , " antiques , medals , and objects of display " preceded and financed his banking operations , and most Rothschilds continued to collect art .
At least one of the objects now in the British Museum can be seen in a cabinet in the background of a family portrait from 1838 ( left ) , the year before Ferdinand was born . In his Reminiscences Ferdinand recalled his excitement as a child when he was allowed to help wrap and unwrap his father 's collection , which spent the summers in a strongroom when the family left Vienna for a country villa .
The period after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars offered tremendous opportunities for collectors of the decorative arts of the medieval and Renaissance periods . These categories were very little valued by the art market in general , and metalwork was routinely sold for its bullion value alone . Some of the older objects in precious metal in the collection may have first been received by the family as part of banking transactions ; ownership of such pieces had always been partly a way to get some use from capital . Ferdinand records several complaints that his father did not make more use of his opportunities , but in his last years Anselm began to expand his collecting range , and it was he who bought both the Holy Thorn Reliquary and the Ghisi Shield . This golden age for collectors had passed by the time Ferdinand inherited his part of his father 's collection in 1874 , which was also the year he bought the Waddesdon estate and began to build there . Ferdinand continued to expand the collection until his death in 1898 , mostly using dealers , and expanding the range of objects collected . In particular Ferdinand expanded to around fifty the ten or so pieces of jewellery in his father 's collection .
The New Smoking Room built to hold the collection was only planned from 1891 , and the collection was moved in there in early 1896 , less than three years before Ferdinand 's death . Good photographs allow an appreciation of how the objects were displayed , in glassed cases and on open shelves around the walls , over doors , and over the small fireplace , which had an elaborate shelved chimneypiece in wood above . Several objects , including the Casket of Saint Valerie , were on tables away from the walls . Comfortable seating was plentiful , some upholstered with pieces from medieval vestments , and there were framed photographs and houseplants . The room is now refilled with objects from the same period though of somewhat different types , and visitors to Waddesdon Manor can see it from the doorway .
The room , with the adjoining Billiards Room , is the only reception room at Waddesdon Manor to follow the French Renaissance style of the exterior ; the other rooms are in broadly 18th @-@ century styles , and contain a magnificent collection of paintings and furniture centred on that century . The segregation of the collection was part of the concept of what has been called the " neo @-@ Kunstkammer " , adopted by some other very wealthy collectors of the period . The Renaissance Room at what is now the Wallace Collection and the collection of Sir Julius Wernher were other examples formed in England over the same period . The neo @-@ Kunstkammer aimed to emulate the collections formed during the Renaissance itself , mostly by princely houses ; of these the outstanding survivals were the Habsburg collections in Vienna , Prague and Ambras , as well as the treasuries of the Grünes Gewölbe in Dresden , the Munich Residenz and Kassel . Unlike those collections , contemporary and recent objects were not included .
Baron Ferdinand was a restless and , by his own account , unhappy man , whose life was blighted by the death of his wife after giving birth to their only child , who was stillborn ; this was in 1866 . Thereafter he lived with his unmarried sister Alice . As well as filling positions in local public life , he was Liberal MP for Aylesbury from 1885 until his death , and from 1896 a Trustee of the British Museum , probably at the instigation of Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks .
Ferdinand recognized and welcomed the drift of high quality art into public collections , which had begun in earnest during his time as a collector . While most of his assets and collections were left to his sister Alice , the collection now forming the Bequest and , separately , a group of 15 manuscripts now in the British Library , were left to the British Museum . He had already donated some significant objects to the museum in his lifetime , which not are not counted in the Bequest .
Baron Ferdinand 's bequest was most specific , and failure to observe the terms would make it void . It stated that the collection should be
placed in a special room to be called the Waddesdon Bequest Room separate and apart from the other contents of the Museum and thenceforth for ever thereafter , keep the same in such room or in some other room to be substituted for it .
These terms are still observed , and until late 2014 the collection was shown in the rather small room 45 , in a display opened in 1973 . In 2015 the Bequest was moved to Room 2A , a new , larger gallery on the ground floor , close to the main entrance on Museum Street . Until the Chinese ceramics collection of the Percival David Foundation moved to the British Museum the Waddesdon Bequest was the only collection segregated in this way .
= = Renaissance metalwork = =
Much of the collection consists of luxury objects from the 16th century . Large pieces of metalwork in silver or silver @-@ gilt make an immediate impression in the display , and these were designed to dazzle and impress guests when used at table , or displayed in rows on a sideboard with shelves like a modern bookcase or Welsh dresser . Many are very heavily decorated in virtuoso displays of goldsmiths ' technique ; rather too heavily for conventional modern taste . They are certainly ostentatious objects designed to display the wealth of their owner , and in many cases were designed to be appreciated when held in the hand , rather than seen under glass .
There are a number of standing cups with a cover , many from Augsburg and Nuremberg ; these were used to drink a toast from to welcome a guest , and were also a common gift presented in politics and diplomacy , and by cities to distinguished visitors . Their decoration sometimes reflected the latest taste , often drawing from designs made as prints and circulated around Europe , but there was also often a very conservative continuation of late Gothic styles , which persisted until they came to be part of a Neugotic ( " Neo @-@ Gothic " ) revival in the early 17th century . The largest object in the bequest with a specifically Jewish connection is a silver @-@ gilt standing cup made in Nuremberg about 1600 , but by 1740 belonging to a Jewish burial society in Bratislava , as a Hebrew language inscription records .
Apart from pieces purely in metal , a number are centred on either hardstone carvings or organic objects such as horns , seashells , ostrich eggshells , and exotic plant seeds . These " curiosities " are typical of the taste of the Renaissance " age of discovery " and show the schatzkammer and the cabinet of curiosities overlapping . A different form of novelty is represented by a table @-@ ornament of a silver @-@ gilt foot @-@ high figure of a huntsman with a dog and brandishing a spear . There is a clockwork mechanism in his base which propels him along the table , and his head lifts off to show a cup , and he would have been used in drinking games . There are separate figures of a boar and stags for him to pursue , though not making a set ; these can also function as cups .
One of the most important objects in the collection is a parade shield , never intended for use in battle , designed and made by Giorgio Ghisi , who was both a goldsmith and an important printmaker . It is signed and dated 1554 . With a sword hilt , dated 1570 and now in Budapest , this is the only surviving damascened metalwork by Ghisi . The shield is made of iron hammered in relief , then damascened with gold and partly plated with silver . It has an intricate design with a scene of battling horseman in the centre , within a frame , around which are four further frames containing allegorical female figures , the frames themselves incorporating minute and crowded subjects on a much smaller scale from the Iliad and ancient mythology , inlaid in gold .
Other major pieces are sets of a ewer and basin , basin in this context meaning a large dish or salver , which when used were carried round by pairs of servants for guests to wash their hands without leaving the table . However the examples in the collection were probably hardly ever used for this , but were intended purely for display on sideboards ; typically the basins are rather shallow for actual use . These were perhaps the grandest type of plate , with large surfaces where Mannerist inventiveness could run riot in the decoration . They were already expensive because of the weight of the precious metal , to which a huge amount of time by highly skilled silversmiths was added . The Aspremont @-@ Lynden set in the bequest is documented in that family back to 1610 , some 65 years after it was made in Antwerp , and weighs a little less than five kilos .
= = Renaissance enamels = =
Though the Waddesdon Bequest contains two very important medieval objects with enamel , and much of the jewellery and decorated cutlery uses enamel heavily , the great majority of the items that can be called " enamels " are in the French 16th @-@ century style that was led by painted Limoges enamel , rather than the champlevé enamel for which Limoges was famous in the Romanesque period . The new technique produced pieces painted with highly detailed figurative scenes or decorative schemes . As with Italian maiolica , the imagery tended to be drawn from classical mythology or allegory , though the bequest includes some Old Testament scenes , and compositions were very often drawn from German , French or Italian prints . Enamels were produced in workshops which often persisted in the same family for several generations , and are often signed in the enamel , or identifiable , at least as far as the family or workshop , by punch marks on the back of panels , as well as by style . Leading artists represented in the collection include Suzanne de Court , Pierre Reymond , Jean de Court , Pierre Courtois and Léonard Limousin .
Enamels were made as objects such as candlesticks , dishes , vessels and mirrors , and also as flat plaques to be included in other objects such as caskets . The collection includes all these types , with both unmounted plaques and caskets fitted with plaques . The jolly grotesques illustrated at right are on the reverse of a large dish whose main face shows a brightly @-@ coloured depiction of the Destruction of Pharaoh 's army in the Red Sea . Both designs are closely paralleled , without being exactly copied , in pieces in other collections , notably one in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York . The designs are also based on prints , but adapted by the enamellers for their pieces .
The Casket of the Sybyls is an elaborate small locking casket with a framework of silver @-@ gilt and gems , set with grisaille panels with touches of gold and flesh @-@ tints . It represents the sophisticated court taste of about 1535 , and was probably intended for a lady 's jewels . Most such sets of enamel inserts have lost the settings they were intended for .
= = Jewellery = =
The emphasis of the jewellery is very firmly on spectacular badges and pendant jewels of the late Renaissance in what is known as the " Spanish Style " that was adopted throughout Europe between about 1550 and 1630 , using gems together with gold and enamel to create dazzling tiny sculptures . These were originally worn by both men and women , but as a collection the Waddesdon group was chosen for display ( and in a specifically male setting ) rather than for wearing , except at the occasional fancy @-@ dress ball , a fashion at the time . The group demonstrate little interest in gemstones and pearls for their own sake . Although such pieces have survived more often than styles emphasizing gem stones and massy gold , which were typically recycled for their materials when fashion changed , the demand from 19th @-@ century collectors greatly exceeded the supply of authentic survivals , and many pieces include much work from that period ( see below ) .
For many of the pieces though it is not easy to place the date or country of manufacture . There is no such difficulty with the most famous jewel in the collection , the Lyte Jewel , which was made in London and presented to Thomas Lyte of Lytes Cary , Somerset in 1610 by King James I of England , who loved large jewels , and giving them to others . Lyte was not a regular at court , but he had drawn up a family tree tracing James 's descent back to the legendary Trojan , Brut . The jewel contains a miniature portrait of the king by Nicolas Hilliard , though for conservation reasons this is now removed from the jewel . Lyte wears the jewel in a portrait of 1611 , showing a drop below the main oval set with three diamonds , which had gone before 1882 . The front cover has an elaborate openwork design with James 's monogram IR , while the back has very finely executed enamel decoration .
One pendant , shaped like a lantern with a tiny Crucifixion inside , was made in 16th @-@ century Mexico , and from comparison with other pieces may originally have included Mexican feather work , a Pre @-@ Columbian art whose craftspeople the Spanish missionaries employed in workshops for export luxury objects .
= = Objects from before the Renaissance = =
The collection includes an eclectic group of objects of very high quality that predate the Renaissance . The oldest objects are a set of four Hellenistic bronze medallions with heads projecting in very high relief , and round handles hanging below . These date to the century before Christ , and came from a tomb in modern Turkey , and were fixtures for some wooden object , perhaps a chest . The heads are identified as Ariadne , Dionysos , Persephone and Pluto . The carved agate body of WB.68 may be late Roman , and is discussed below .
The Palmer Cup is an important early Islamic glass cup , made around 1200 , in Syria or perhaps Egypt , and painted in enamels . In the same century it was given a silver @-@ gilt and rock crystal stem and foot in France . Below a poetic Arabic inscription praising wine @-@ drinking , a seated prince holding a cup or glass is flanked by five standing attendants , two playing castanets and the others holding weapons . As an early enamel @-@ painted image the cup is extremely rare in Islamic glass , although similar images in Islamic pottery of the period are found . There are a handful of comparable early Islamic glass cups with enamel that have survived in old European collections , such as the Luck of Edenhall in the Victoria and Albert Museum , and others in the Grünes Gewölbe in Dresden and the Louvre , and others are recorded in old inventories . Often these were given a new foot in metalwork in Europe , as here . There is also a large mosque lamp with enamelled decoration from the late 14th century .
Romanesque art is represented by an unusually large Limoges enamel reliquary in the common chasse shape , like a gabled house . This was made in about 1170 to hold relics of Saint Valerie of Limoges , a virgin @-@ martyr of the Roman period who was the most important local saint of Limoges , a key centre for Romanesque champlevé enamel . Her highly visual story is told in several scenes that use a wide range of colours , with the rest of the front face decorated in the " vermicular " style , with the space between the figure filled with scrolling motifs on a gold background . St Valerie was a cephalophore saint , who after she was beheaded carried her own head to give to her bishop , Saint Martial , who had converted her .
There are many more objects in a Gothic style , and as is typical for northern Europe several of these come from well into the 16th century , and should be considered as belonging to the Northern Renaissance . However the most important medieval object , and arguably the most important single piece in the collection , though from the late Gothic period , has nothing strictly Gothic in its style , and represents a very advanced court taste in this respect . This is the Holy Thorn Reliquary , which was probably created in the 1390s in Paris for the Valois prince John , Duke of Berry , to house a relic of the Crown of Thorns . It is one of a small number of major goldsmiths ' works or joyaux that survive from the extravagant world of the courts of the Valois royal family around 1400 . It is made of gold , lavishly decorated with jewels and pearls , and uses the technique of enamelling en ronde bosse , or " in the round " , which had been recently developed when the reliquary was made , to create a total of 28 three @-@ dimensional figures , mostly in white enamel .
In contrast , two highly elaborate metalwork covers for the treasure bindings of the Epistle and Gospel books for the high altar of a large church , probably Ulm Minster , were made around 1506 but are full of spiky Gothic architectural details , although the many figures in high relief are on the verge of Renaissance style .
There are two German statues of saints in wood , about half life @-@ size , from the decades around 1500 , and a larger number of miniature boxwood carvings . These include " prayer nuts " of superb quality from around 1510 to 1530 . These are small wooden " balls " which open up to reveal carvings of religious scenes that fit dozens of tiny figures into a space two or three inches across , and were a fashion among royalty and the wealthy ; they were apparently made in the northern Netherlands . They seem to have often been suspended from belts , or formed part of a rosary ; others still have copper carrying cases . A trick of technique in making them is that the main carved scene is made on a smaller hemisphere , allowing access from behind , which was then set into the main hemisphere .
= = Rock crystal and hardstone pieces = =
There are seven glass vessels in the collection , but a larger number of pieces in transparent rock crystal or quartz , a mineral that might easily be taken for glass . This was always a much more valuable and prestigious material , qualifying as a semi @-@ precious stone . Needing very patient grinding and drilling , it is much harder to work than glass ( though correspondingly less easy to break once finished ) , and the pieces include mounts or bases in precious metal , which none of the actual glass has ; nor are the rock crystal pieces painted . Read 's catalogue groups these and other pieces in semi @-@ precious stone with the objects in gold , as opposed to the " silver plate " , which probably reflects how a Renaissance collector would have ranked them . There are ten pieces in crystal and nine in other stones .
Two crystal pieces are plain oval plaques engraved with figurative scenes , a different tradition going back to pieces such as the Carolingian Lothair Crystal , also in the British Museum . In 1902 Read 's catalogue suggested that " It is to this section that in all probability most eyes will be attracted , as well for the beauty of the specimens as for their rarity and consequent cost " ; if this was the case then , it is probably not so a century later . Some pieces are now regarded as 19th century , or largely so , and Reinhold Vasters , the Van Meegeren of Renaissance metalwork , is now held responsible in several cases .
A wide low crystal vase with cover is engraved with the name of the Mughal Emperor Akbar , and was long thought to have been German , but sent out to India as a diplomatic gift , as the metalwork mounts are clearly European in style . It is now seen as an original , and exceptionally rare , Mughal crystal carving , to which the mounts were added in the 19th century , perhaps in Paris . However the cartouche with Akbar 's name does not seem to specialists correct for a contemporary court piece , and the vase in India was probably carved after his reign ( 1556 – 1605 ) , and the name perhaps added even later .
= = Renaissance glass = =
Apart from the two pieces of Islamic glass described above , there are five Renaissance or Baroque glass vessels , all unusual and of exceptional quality . Most are Venetian glass ; one is moulded opaque Bohemian glass ( WB.56 ) with a Triumph of Neptune , and is now dated to the late 17th century ; it is also dichroic glass , which changes colour depending on whether it is lit from the front or behind . There is a very rare goblet in opaque turquoise glass with enamels ( WB.55 ) ; this was to imitate or suggest a vessel in even more expensive semi @-@ precious stone . The late 15th @-@ century Deblín Cup with its cover is one of a small group of vessels made in Murano , Venice in a German or Central European taste , drawing on metalwork shapes used there . It carries a later inscription in Czech urging that the health of the Lords of Deblín , near Brno , be drunk , and was probably the " welcome cup " of the castle there .
= = Italian maiolica = =
The six pieces of painted Italian maiolica , or painted and tin @-@ glazed earthenware , are all larger than the average , and there are none of the dishes that are the most common maiolica shape . The earliest piece is a large statue of Fortuna standing on a dolphin , holding a sail , by Giovanni della Robbia , made in Florence about 1500 – 10 . This is a rare representative of the Early to High Italian Renaissance in the bequest .
The other pieces are from later in the 16th century . The most important are a pair of large snake @-@ handled vases , nearly 2 foot ( 60 cm ) high , painted with mythological scenes , to which French ormolu bases and lids were added shortly before they were bought in Paris by Horace Walpole for the " Gallery " at Strawberry Hill House in 1765 – 66 . Ormolu mounts were often added by 18th @-@ century collectors to such pieces , but few have remained in place .
= = Other types of object = =
The collection includes a number of other objects , with a few guns , swords and military or hunting equipment . There is also a German brass " hunting calendar " with several thin leaves that unfold . These include recessed lines filled with wax , enabling the keen hunter on a large scale to record his bags of wolf , bear , deer , boar and rabbit , as well as the performance of his dogs . There is a small cabinet with 11 drawers ( plus other secret ones ) made as a classical facade , or perhaps a theatre stage with scenery ; the decoration is mostly damascened iron , and is 16th @-@ century Milanese work .
Apart from the older woodcarvings discussed above , the bequest includes a number of small mostly German Renaissance portraits as carvings in wood , either in relief or in the round . These are of very high quality and include two miniature busts by Conrad Meit of Philibert II , Duke of Savoy , who died young before the bust was made , and his Habsburg wife , Margaret of Austria . There are also some medallion portraits in very soft stone , that allows fine detail , and one allegorical scene attributed to Peter Flötner .
= = Fakes and revised attributions = =
Any collection formed before the 20th century ( and many later ones ) is likely to contain pieces that can no longer sustain their original attributions . In general the Waddesdon Bequest can be said to have held up well in this regard , and the most significant brush with forgery has been to benefit the collection . In 1959 it was confirmed that the Waddesdon Holy Thorn Reliquary had been in the Habsburg Imperial Schatzkammer ( " treasure chamber " ) in Vienna from 1677 onwards . It remained in Vienna until after 1860 , when it appeared in an exhibition . Some time after this it was sent to be restored by Salomon Weininger , an art dealer with access to skilled craftsmen , who secretly made a number of copies . He was later convicted of other forgeries , and died in prison in 1879 , but it was still not realised that he had returned one of his copies of the reliquary to the Imperial collections instead of the original , and later sold the original , which is now in the bequest . One of the copies remained in the Ecclesiastical Treasury of the Imperial Habsburg Court in Vienna , where the deception remained undetected for several decades .
In the 19th century a number of types of objects were especially subject to major reworking , combining some original parts with those newly @-@ made . This was especially a feature of arms and armour , jewellery , and objects combining hardstone carvings and metal mounts . This was mostly done by dealers , but sometimes collectors also .
Another object with a complicated and somewhat uncertain history is a two @-@ handled agate vase with Renaissance @-@ style metal mounts , which was acquired , with other similar pieces , for Waddesdon from the Duke of Devonshire 's collection in about 1897 , not long before Baron Ferdinand 's death . Sir Hugh Tait 's 1991 catalogue says of the vase :
" Origin :
( i ) Carved agate : authenticity is uncertain ; since 1899 loosely described as " antique Roman " or " antique " , but recently attributed to the late Roman period , c . AD 400 .
( ii ) Enamelled gold mounts and cover : previously described as " Italian , 16th century " and , subsequently , attributed to Benvenuto Cellini ( 1500 – 71 ) but now attributed to the hand of an early 19th @-@ century copyist – before 1834 – perhaps working in London . "
As he describes , it was Tait who overturned the attribution to Cellini in 1971 .
In a collection of Renaissance metalwork Benvenuto Cellini ( 1500 – 71 ) represents the ultimate attribution , as his genuine works as a goldsmith are rarer than paintings by Giorgione . In his 1902 catalogue Charles Hercules Read mentions that many of the pendants had been attributed to Cellini , but refrains from endorsing the attributions . A small silver hand @-@ bell ( WB.95 ) had belonged to Horace Walpole , who praised it extravagantly in a letter as " the uniquest thing in the world , a silver bell for an inkstand made by Benvenuto Cellini . It makes one believe all the extravagant encomiums he bestows on himself ; indeed so does his Perseus . Well , my bell is in the finest taste , and is swarmed by caterpillars , lizards , grasshoppers , flies , and masques , that you would take it for one of the plagues of Egypt . They are all in altissimo , nay in out @-@ issimo relievo and yet almost invisible but with a glass . Such foliage , such fruitage ! " . However Baron Ferdinand had realized that it was more likely to be by Wenzel Jamnitzer , goldsmith to the Emperor Rudolf II , to whom it is still attributed . Another piece no longer attributed to Cellini is a large bronze door @-@ knocker , with a figure of Neptune , 40 cm high , and weighing over 11 kilos .
One category of the bequest that has seen several demotions is the 16 pieces and sets of highly decorated cutlery ( WB.201 – 216 ) . Read dated none of these later than the 17th century , but on the British Museum database in 2014 several were dated to the 19th century , and were recent fraudulent creations when they entered the collection , some made by Reinhold Vasters . Doubts have also been raised over a glass cup and cover bearing the date 1518 ( WB.59 ) , which might in fact be 19th @-@ century . Eight pieces of silver plate were redated to the 19th century by Hugh Tait , and some of the jewellery .
= = Displaying the Bequest = =
The Bequest was on display at the British Museum from 9 April 1900 , in Room 40 , which today contains the later medieval displays . An illustrated catalogue by Charles Hercules Read , who had replaced Franks as Keeper of British and Medieval Antiquities , was published in 1902 . Photographs in the catalogue show a typical museum display for the period , with wood and glass cases spaced around the walls and free @-@ standing in the centre , the latter with two levels . In 1921 it was moved to the North Wing .
In 1973 the new setting in Room 45 aimed " to create an element of surprise and wonder " in a small space , where only the objects were brightly lit , and displayed in an outer octagon of wall cases , and an inner one of partition walls , rising to the low ceiling and set with shallow display cases , some visible from both sides . In the centre the Holy Thorn Reliquary occupied its own pillar display .
The new ground floor room at the front of the museum , opened in June 2015 , returns the Bequest to a larger space and a more open setting . It is in the oldest part of the building and some later accretions to the room have been removed as part of the new installation . The design is by the architects Stanton Williams , and the project received funding from The Rothschild Foundation .
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= Spec Ops : The Line =
Spec Ops : The Line is a 2012 third @-@ person shooter video game developed by the German studio Yager Development and published by 2K Games . It was released on June 26 , 2012 in North America and June 29 , 2012 internationally for Microsoft Windows , as well as the Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 consoles . It was later released for OS X and Linux in 2013 and 2015 , respectively . It is the 10th title , and a reboot , of the Spec Ops series , and the first entry since Spec Ops : Airborne Commando in 2002 . The game is powered by Unreal Engine 3 .
In the game , the player controls Captain Martin Walker , who is sent into a post @-@ catastrophe Dubai with an elite Delta Force team on a reconnaissance mission . As the game progresses , Walker begins experiencing hallucinations and slowly realizes the horror of war . In the game , players can hide behind cover , vault over obstacles , and shoot enemies with a variety of gadgets . Sand is a key gameplay mechanic and can be manipulated to defeat enemies . Throughout the game , players are tasked to make various morally grey decisions . An online multiplayer mode , developed by Darkside Game Studios , is included with the game , allowing players to engage in both co @-@ operative and competitive gameplay .
Yager started the game 's development in 2007 taking inspiration for its setting and story framework from various media including Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now . The game was designed to be " physically opposing " causing players to question their thoughts about treating war in a video game as entertainment . The game suffered from multiple delays as the team used this period of time to refine the story and increase gameplay 's pace . The game 's soundtrack is a mix of licensed music and an original music composed by Elia Cmíral .
Video game critics gave Spec Ops : The Line generally positive reviews . Praise focused on its narrative and themes , while criticism was targeted particularly at the online multiplayer mode and generic third person gameplay . Spec Ops : The Line was a commercial failure and did not garner the attention publisher 2K Games hoped for , but it was awarded and nominated for several end @-@ of @-@ the year accolades particularly for its story . Yager declared that there would not be a sequel to the game . The game was banned in United Arab Emirates for its depiction of Dubai in a state of destruction .
= = Gameplay = =
Spec Ops : The Line is a third @-@ person shooter that follows Captain Martin Walker , who is on a mission to rescue the citizens of Dubai , which has been overrun by sandstorms . The player can select from four difficulty levels : Walk on the Beach , Combat Op , Suicide Mission , and FUBAR . A player only gain access to the FUBAR level after completing the game with the Suicide Mission difficulty . Various new weapons and equipment become available as the game progresses , some dropped by downed enemies . These include several different rifles , handguns , and machine guns . Some offer alternate firing modes , like attaching a suppressor or using a telescopic sight . As well , there are grenade launchers , hand grenades , and turrets . However , the player can only carry two weapons at a time . Supply caches can be found in different parts of the game , allowing the player to refill their ammo and grenades . Whenever the player successfully shoots an enemy in the head , the game enters a slow @-@ motion mode for a short period of time . The player can also defeat enemies at close range via melee combat . Dying enemies can be executed , which grants the player additional ammo . Hiding behind cover can provide protection and prevents the player from being shot , as well as providing opportunities to blindfire or lean out to shoot enemies .
While players can only play as Walker throughout the game , they can issue commands to Sergeant Lugo and Lieutenant Adams , who accompany the player for most of the game . Available commands include focusing fire on one particular target and ordering medical attention for an injured squad member . Adams can defeat enemies by using heavy gadgets or throwing grenades , while Lugo provides sniping assistance . As the game is set in Dubai , sand becomes one of the game 's gameplay mechanics and players can manipulate it at scripted moments in the game , such as triggering a sand avalanche to bury enemies alive . When a grenade explodes on sand , dust clouds that can blind enemies are formed . Sand sometimes opens up new paths to allow players to progress . Environmental hazards like sandstorms occasionally occur , drastically reducing a player 's visibility .
The player needs to make moral decisions at certain points during the game , including making choices that determine the fate of both soldiers and civilians . These decisions affect the relationship between Walker and his squad mates , and will cause them to react differently . The game has several subtle effects as the team loses their sanity ; Walker has visual and auditory hallucinations , and his executions of enemies become more violent . As well , the orders and shouts to his team become increasingly angry and ragged in contrast to his original stern command voice . His kill confirmations of enemies degrades from professional in the beginning to psychotic . Similarly , loading screens initially display helpful gameplay hints for the player , but as the game progresses , the text becomes increasingly hostile towards Walker 's actions , and sometimes breaks the fourth wall addressing the player directly . The game features collectibles known as Intel , which are audio logs that provide additional backstory for players .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
Spec Ops : The Line features both co @-@ operative multiplayer and competitive multiplayer mode . Set before the events of the campaign , the competitive multiplayer divides players into two different teams : The Exiles and The Damned . Both teams have their respective perks . Six classes are available for players to choose : Gunner , Medic , Scavenger , Breacher , Sniper and Officer . Each have their own upgrades and advantages . Environmental hazards , including sandstorms , may also occur during a multiplayer match . The game modes featured in the game include :
Chaos : A free @-@ for @-@ all mode , in which players eliminate other players .
Mutiny : A team deathmatch mode which a team of players eliminates the opposing team .
Rally Point : A " King of the Hill " -styled match , in which players secure a rally point and accumulate score for their team .
Uplink : Both teams are tasked to capture a central rally point , and disable the opposing team 's COM Station to prevent them from receiving points .
Attrition : Players engage in three team elimination rounds with only one life per round and no respawning until the round is over .
Buried : A team of players is tasked to destroy the opposing team 's Vital Points , which reveal their High Value Target upon destruction . Players are tasked to eliminate the opposing team 's target in order to win the match .
A co @-@ operative mode was added to the game upon its launch . It supports two players and features four missions . Players are tasked to defeat waves of enemies and complete a series of objectives , similar to a horde mode . Similar to the competitive multiplayer mode , the cooperative mode also served as a prequel to the main campaign .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Six months prior to the game 's events the worst series of sandstorms in recorded history began across Dubai in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . Dubai 's politicians and wealthy elite downplayed the situation before evacuating secretly , leaving countless Emiratis and foreign migrant workers behind . Colonel John Konrad ( Bruce Boxleitner ) , the decorated but post @-@ traumatic stress disorder @-@ troubled commander of the fictional " Damned 33rd " Infantry Battalion of the United States Army , was returning home with his unit from Afghanistan when the storms struck . Konrad volunteered the Damned 33rd to help relief efforts , then deserted with the entire unit when ordered to abandon the city and its refugees . As the storms intensified , a massive storm wall engulfed Dubai for miles , disrupting surveillance and communication , air travel , and all but the strongest radio broadcasts . The 33rd later returned to Dubai as an occupying force and committed atrocities against the civilian population with the intent of maintaining order . Aggrieved by this , elements of the 33rd staged a coup d ’ etat against Konrad and became exiles . While this was happening , the CIA black ops unit had organized the insurgents to attack both Konrad ’ s loyalist 33rd and the exiles . The 33rd declared martial law , and struggled to maintain order amid 80 mph ( 128 km ) winds , riots , and dwindling resources . The last communication from Dubai stated that the 33rd was attempting to lead a caravan out of the city . The caravan never arrived , and soon afterward , the UAE declared Dubai a no @-@ man 's @-@ land . All travel to the city was barred , the 33rd was publicly disavowed for treason , and no further news left the city .
Two weeks before the beginning of the game , a looped radio signal penetrated the wall . Its message was brief : " This is Colonel John Konrad , United States Army . Attempted evacuation of Dubai ended in complete failure . Death toll : too many . " The United States military decides to covertly send in a three @-@ man Delta Force team to carry out reconnaissance . The team , consisting of Captain Martin Walker ( Nolan North ) , Lieutenant Alphanso Adams ( Christopher Reid ) , and Staff Sergeant John Lugo ( Omid Abtahi ) , are told to confirm the status of Konrad and any survivors , then radio for extraction .
= = = Plot = = =
The game begins in medias res with Walker , Adams , and Lugo aboard a helicopter piloted by Adams , flying over a half @-@ buried Dubai . Other helicopters begin to chase them . Walker attempts to dispatch them with the helicopter 's minigun , however , a sudden sandstorm forms and one of the pursuing helicopters goes out of control and crashes into Adams ' helicopter .
The story jumps back to the beginning . Walker , Adams , and Lugo traverse the storm wall to the outskirts of a mostly @-@ buried Dubai on foot . They come in contact with a group of hostile armed survivors , referred to as " insurgents " , who have captured a squad of 33rd soldiers . Contradicting his orders , Walker elects to find out what has happened in the city . Throughout most of their journey , the team hears broadcasts on homemade speakers by the Radioman ( Jake Busey ) , a former journalist turned DJ who speaks on behalf of the 33rd . Walker and the team then learn of the 33rd 's and Konrad 's atrocities . Despite there being clear evidence of Konrad 's unacceptable behavior , Walker is inclined to trust him as he once saved his life in Kabul during a war .
The team attempts to intervene peacefully when they come across refugees being rounded up by loyalist 33rd soldiers . However , the soldiers mistake them for CIA operatives and start a firefight . The team then learns that a CIA agent , Daniels ( Rick Pasqualone ) , has been captured by the 33rd and is being interrogated . Arriving to rescue him , they discover that he is dead and that it was a trap set for Gould ( Chris Cox ) , another CIA agent . Gould is later captured and killed , but the team learns that they may get more information at a location called the Gate . Arriving at the Gate , the team uses a mortar loaded with white phosphorus to attack the 33rd , disregarding Lugo 's objection . The team later realizes that the 33rd were only providing shelter for civilians and the mortar accidentally killed 47 civilians . Walker vows revenge on the 33rd , claiming that they forced him to fire the phosphorus .
Walker finds a small handheld radio and begins to communicate with whom he believes to be none other than Konrad . Throughout the story , Konrad questions the morality of Walker 's actions over the radio . Shortly afterward , Konrad forces Walker to choose between executing an Emirati survivor or a 33rd soldier , both of whom committed serious crimes . Subsequently , Delta finds CIA agent Jeff Riggs ( Patrick Quinn ) , who is leading a raid on the Underwater Aquatic Coliseum , the city 's last water supply . Learning that destroying it will cripple the 33rd 's operations , the team aids Riggs . However , Riggs destroys the water trucks and reveals that he wanted to wipe out the remaining population of Dubai so that no one would learn of the 33rd 's atrocities , which he feared would cause a full @-@ scale war in the whole region . Riggs , injured and trapped after destroying the water supplies , dies .
At this point , the city 's residents face the prospect of dying from dehydration within four days . To organize an evacuation , the team , which is now becoming increasingly hostile toward each other , heads to the Trans @-@ Emirates Building to silence the Radioman and warn the city of the evacuation using the radio . The Radioman surrenders and is shot dead by Lugo . To leave the building , Adams commandeers a UH @-@ 60 Black Hawk helicopter and is tasked by Walker to circle around the radio tower , allowing him to destroy it in hopes of making his intentions clear to Konrad . Other helicopters give chase , leading to the helicopter sequence from the opening of the game ( which Walker seems to remember ) , after which the helicopter crashes in the desert after a sudden sandstorm and one of the pursuing helicopters crashing into the Black Hawk .
Waking after the crash , Walker experiences a hallucination of the Burj Khalifa on fire . Reuniting with Adams , Lugo is found lynched by a mob of civilians . When attempts to resuscitate him fail , Walker and Adams either scare the crowd away or kill them in retribution . Walker 's hallucinations became nearly constant , and Adams becomes openly distrustful of his command . Walker and Adams make their way to Burj Khalifa to confront Konrad , but Walker hallucinates Lugo as a Heavy . The two are soon surrounded by the last of Konrad 's men . Walker attempts to surrender to get inside , but an enraged Adams insists on fighting to the death . Walker escapes at the last moment before falling unconscious in gunfire .
Awaking , he stumbles to the entrance of the tower and meets Konrad in his penthouse . At first , Konrad appears to be the paranoid , charismatic force behind the atrocities Walker was hoping for , until Walker finds his decaying corpse on the penthouse deck . It is revealed that Walker had been suffering from a dissociative disorder that allowed him to rationalize the actions he had witnessed and carried out . The real Konrad had committed suicide before their arrival in Dubai , while the Konrad that Walker had been in contact with was actually a traumatic hallucination that none of his team saw or heard . This mental projection of Konrad appears to Walker , explaining to him that he had the opportunity to stop , but pushed ahead out of a desire to be a hero . To maintain his ' sanity ' after the white phosphorus strike , many subsequent events in the game were distorted by Walker 's mind to make Konrad look like the villain . With the truth in front of Walker , ' Konrad ' tells him that he must confront the lie he has been living . Pointing a gun at Walker 's head , ' Konrad ' orders Walker to decide who is to blame for events in Dubai , or he will shoot .
= = = Endings = = =
There are four possible endings .
If Walker allows ' Konrad ' to shoot him or shoots himself , his corpse is shown next to Konrad 's . Konrad 's original broadcast then plays as the camera pans over the burning remnants of Dubai and the screen fades to black .
However , if Walker shoots ' Konrad ' , he disappears , telling Walker that he can still return home . The remnants of the 33rd who surrendered are shown to be a figment of Walker 's imagination . Walker then uses Konrad 's radio to request an immediate evacuation of Dubai . A post @-@ credits epilogue shows a convoy of Army rescue Humvees locating a shellshocked Walker , who is sitting on steps near the Burj Khalifa wearing Konrad ’ s uniform and brandishing an AA @-@ 12 . Walker can either drop the weapon or open fire .
If Walker drops his weapon , he then evacuates with the patrol . The screen then fades to white ( indicating a hallucination ) as a soldier remarks that the unit has driven through the entire city looking for Walker and seen the devastation of Dubai . When questioned about how he survived , Walker wearily replies , " Who said I did ... ? "
If Walker is killed by the patrol , he is shown dying in a pool of blood while the patrol watches . Walker recalls a conversation between himself and the real Konrad during the War in Afghanistan where he casually remarked about returning home , to which Konrad replied : " Home ? We can 't go home . There 's a line men like us have to cross . If we 're lucky , we do what 's necessary , and then we die . No ... all I really want , Captain , is peace . "
If Walker manages to kill the entire patrol , he will pick up and use the patrol 's radio saying , " Gentlemen , welcome to Dubai " , which is one of the first statements Walker said to his team as well as one of the first statements ' Konrad ' said to Walker . Walker then returns to the remains of the Burj Khalifa as the camera pans to a wide shot of the ruined city .
= = Development = =
= = = Background = = =
Following the release of several Spec Ops games in the late 1990s and early 2000s , the series was met with low sales and poor reviews , causing a halt to production of successive games . In 2003 , Take @-@ Two mentioned in their financial results that Rockstar Games was working on the franchise but in 2004 the project was canceled . It was later revealed that Rockstar Vancouver was the developer of the canned project with Queens of the Stone Age frontman Josh Homme developing the soundtrack for the game .
From 2005 to 2009 , the series remained largely unmentioned , with the rights belonging to Take @-@ Two Interactive . In 2006 , German @-@ based Yager Development pitched a cover @-@ based shooter concept for publisher 2K Games who rejected the original concept which featured futuristic soldiers and did not have Dubai as a setting , and offered them a chance to develop a reboot for the Spec Ops series , promising that they would have a lot of creative freedom . Development of the game began in early 2007 , with most elements of the initial game intact . While the game is an installment in the Spec Ops series , the team intentionally avoided using the existing elements of the franchise and chose to use new ideas .
= = = Narrative design = = =
The developers drew inspiration from multiple media . The set @-@ up and the game 's foundation was inspired by Heart of Darkness , whose story reveals the changes a person undergoes in chaotic times . The relationship between Walker and his squad mates was inspired by HBO 's Generation Kill , and the post @-@ war traumatic experience suffered by Walker was inspired by Jacob 's Ladder . The story of the Tower of Babel was also an inspiration for the game . The story was originally set to be written by several German writers , but they were later replaced by American writers Richard Pearsey , who had worked on TimeGate Studios ' Section 8 , and Walt Williams , who had previously worked on other 2K projects including BioShock 2 and Mafia II . One of the game 's core features is violence , but the team hoped that it would not be " cheesy " or excessive . This led the team to focus on creating the game 's storyline to motivate players to take the actions they choose . According to Williams , writing the story became uncomfortable and rough for him as time progressed due to the game 's dark themes .
The game was designed to be a third @-@ person shooter so that players can see the three characters ' changes and " evolution " as it progresses , and that the perspective differentiates the game from others shooters in the market . According to Williams , the game was meant to feature narrative gameplay , in which the game was to be played without any cutscene , and the entire story would be told through gameplay sequences only . However , the idea was scrapped as the team realized that having cut scenes helps players to be more emotionally connected and allowed the team to create dramatic scripted sequences .
Although the lead player character , Martin Walker , was designed to be as simple as possible in order to help players to engage in the game , and relate to the character , the team gave him some personality which was expressed through his body language and his reactions during the game 's battles . It was felt that by reflecting his emotions to players , they would share them . The squad was designed so that room was left for character development . The transformation of the squad 's mentality serves as an important plot device during the game and has a significant narrative context . The changes in the cleanliness of their clothing , and their reactions toward each other , help to illustrate the story . According to Williams , the hope was that players would start the game with relatively low expectations , or they would consider the game another typical heroic war shooter , then by seeing the transformation of the characters , would be shocked by the game 's narrative and be " engulfed by the darkness " . To make the transformation process clear , the team found it necessary to show the characters ' personality at the beginning of the game in order to create a strong contrast . Gameplay is also a plot device and is tied to the game 's narrative , as players can choose whether or not to execute enemies , which reflects the brutality and horror of war .
According to Williams , he believed that most games on the market failed to create a correct representation of the war experience , or express the psychological changes that some combatants experience after participating in a war . He added that a war is not as straightforward and immature as it is portrayed in various shooters . As a result , the game 's theme centers around the moral aspect of war . By using this theme , the team hoped to tell a story and provide an experience that feels realistic , covering the combatants ' mental changes during and after a military conflict , similar to how movies in the 1970s and 1980s , such as Platoon , Full Metal Jacket and Apocalypse Now convey these messages . The team had the intention to give players the opportunity to show that a shooter can also have a decent story capable of invoking emotions . To achieve this , the team simplified their original story setting of having Konrad as a " megalomaniac with messianic delusions " to a setting that is more similar to Heart of Darkness .
Spec Ops : The Line features choices for players to make . According to Williams , it was the game 's key concept from the beginning of the game 's development . The game does not feature a morality system , but instead has " moments " and " situations " that give players some freedom . The consequences of some choices were made unclear in an attempt to make them more realistic and to encourage players to explore the other potential options , and to think about the consequences that these choices might bring . According to Williams , these choices were inspired by Fallout 3 and are often between : " what the character knows and what the player would maybe try and do " . To make choices more realistic , and to increase the impact of the story , the team put in a lot of morally grey choices and " bad or worse " decisions . Williams added that absolute good choices are not practical and sometimes may not exist in real @-@ world situations . Combat sequences forced players to make split @-@ second decisions and accept the consequences of their choices . According to Williams , this is something that people frequently do in real @-@ world scenarios , and they must " live with it " after their decision . Williams added that they hoped that the game 's players would have different feelings after making these choices , as this would show that they had created an opportunity for players to examine their own inner emotions , and that they had successfully provided different experiences for players without having a branching storyline . Replay value was also considered when the development team was designing these choices .
The game 's moral choices do not have any connection to gameplay , as the team feared that players would view them as gameplay mechanics and disconnect them from the story . The consequences of each choice were designed to be unpredictable to create tension for the player . Both approaches are applied to let players make decisions based on their own will instead of " gaming the system " . Williams also added that they attempted to make violence in the game " meaningful " . While the game 's basic premise is to have the Delta Squad rescue civilians in Dubai , the game by its nature tasks players to kill with their firearms . Therefore , the team added a lot of dialogue to justify and rationalize the characters ' violent actions , creating complex plot points , drama and climaxes . The team also developed banter between enemies in an attempt to humanize them .
The game 's theme is heroism , where being a hero may bring more harm than help . During development , there was a point at the beginning of the game where players could choose to leave Dubai . This was cut from the game , as the team found it not effective enough , and it broke a player 's immersion in the game . According to Williams , the choice system was originally similar to Fable II , after a player makes a decision , they cannot reload the game and choose again unless they start a new game . This was later removed due to the game 's structure as a shooter as the team feared that it might cause players to feel frustrated , being stuck in an endless cycle of killing and dying . Williams later added that adding achievements to the game was a mistake , as it disrupts the game 's narrative .
One of the main goals of the narrative was to depict war in a manner unlike it is portrayed in media such as TV and books . Another goal was to use the scenarios presented to cause players to raise questions about their thoughts of killing people in a video game as a form of entertainment . To achieve this , the team made the hints at the game 's loading screen increasingly aggressive , while the game 's overall narrative was designed with the aim of being " physically opposing " , so that players could project themselves into the protagonist 's position , especially when making choices that involve the killing of innocents . They hoped that players would be able to feel angry at the developers who " forced " players into killing civilians in the game . The development team had a lot of debates regarding the imagery used in depicting violence towards civilians , as many considered it excessive and unnecessary . However , 2K approved their vision even when the team thought they had pushed the narrative to extremes .
Williams has stated that the game 's events are open to interpretation . Many other theories and interpretations had been discussed by the development staff . The game 's pacing is described as " deliberate " by Davis , but he added that there are moments where the pacing slows down significantly and allows the player to learn more about the game 's story through inspecting environmental objects . The city of Dubai is filled with graffiti , which is used to give players information regarding the factions and the backstory . According to Yager , the graffiti was designed to give players a perspective that is different from the main game , and to help make the location more realistic . The team also hoped to make players feel lost when playing the game . As a result , the team added hallucination to the game . The team hoped that by using hallucination as a plot device , they could create a snowball effect and engage players more fully in the story as they complete the game . These hallucinations sometimes occur through the subtext , in which players may not realize their presence . Williams added that having subtext is important , and that the " best stories are the ones that have stuff hidden in them " . According to Williams , the game fades to white when the game transitions from one scene to another when the latter is a hallucination created by Walker .
= = = General design = = =
The game is set in Dubai , which has been ravaged by sandstorms , a story set @-@ up inspired by Davis ' and Williams ' personal experience with heat waves , hurricanes , and sandstorms in Louisiana and Lubbock , as well as a story about a Persian army that vanished in an Egyptian desert in a sandstorm . The two found that the chaotic forces behind sandstorms would help them to convey the message of how fragile humans are , as well as the harshness of war . The team believed that the location provided them with a " fantastic " real @-@ world environment allowing them to produce great visuals . Using Dubai as a setting allowed the game 's levels to have verticality and variety . The development team sent their art directors to Dubai to inspect the local environment . To prevent the game from featuring the typical " dirty , grungy brown environment " , the team added more colors to the game , as well as objects such as glass , marble , gold , and crystals to make the location look vivid and vibrant .
Using Dubai as a setting allowed them to incorporate sand as part of the game 's key mechanics . Davis described the Dubai in the game as " a mix of fantasy and real @-@ world environment " . To prevent the sand mechanics from turning gimmicky , the team introduced multiple ways for players to use sand as a weapon , such as the player 's ability to trigger dust clouds by throwing grenades on sand and cause a sand avalanche by shooting weak structures and supports . In addition , the team added several scripted sequences regarding sand to keep the game dynamic . The occurrence of these moments were decided based on the game 's production value . The team also consulted Wil Makeneole for military advice .
The game featured advanced artificial intelligence due to the inclusion of the game 's squad command system . Adams and Lugo will assist Walker in battles and react to the battle situation accordingly even if they are not given any orders . They will also analyse the situation when instructed and decide the best approach to defeat enemies . The battle command system was designed to be accessible and easy to use , so that players would not have to spend a lot of time managing the squad . Lugo and Adams may get severely injured and if both of them die , the game ends . This mechanic prompts the player to rescue them as quickly as possible , and the system is designed to create tense situations . The AI for enemies is affected by various factors , including visibility and hearing .
= = = Audio = = =
The team did research on weapon sounds by consulting several military experts . The team spent a lot of time dealing with the audio mixing , so that the resulting sounds would not interfere with the narrative . To make the game 's script unique , the team added more variety to character lines during gameplay moments , and had these lines correspond to scenarios the characters were facing in the game . Elia Cmíral was hired to compose the music for the game , and the soundtrack was described as " unearthly " and " rock @-@ orientated " . To establish the character of the Radioman , the team added licensed music , including Martha and the Vandellas ' " Nowhere to Run " and Mogwai 's " Glasgow Mega @-@ Snake " .
= = = Multiplayer = = =
Although Spec Ops : The Line has a strong single @-@ player focus , it also features multiplayer components . Yager was only responsible for the game 's single @-@ player ; the multiplayer was outsourced to Darkside Game Studios . The multiplayer team at 2K Games , which previously developed the multiplayer of BioShock 2 , also assisted in creating multiplayer classes .
According to Davis , while 2K Games was supportive of Yager and its campaign , they insisted that the game must have multiplayer components to boost its sales . This was a decision that Yager thought would hurt the game . Davis described the project as a " waste of money " , and a " low @-@ quality Call of Duty clone " . The president of Darkside Game Studios , Hugh Falk , responded by calling Davis ' opinion " outlying " . He added that Darkside participated in the project towards the end of the game 's development cycle and that they had to revamp the entire multiplayer system within tight deadlines . Davis later claimed that his comments were not directed to Darkside Game Studios and that he is satisfied with their final product after a long and troubled development cycle .
The game originally did not have a cooperative multiplayer mode , as the team thought that it would cause distractions when players are playing the game 's tonally darker levels , and that it did not match the game 's narrative " . However , a cooperative mode was added to the game in August 2012 as free downloadable content ; it does not follow the storyline of the campaign .
= = Release and marketing = =
On December 12 , 2009 , a ninth game in the series was announced at the Spike Video Game Awards ; a trailer depicted several minutes of gameplay and showed off the setting . A subsequent press release detailed the premise , other game features , and a possible 2011 release date . An official site was soon launched , and a new trailer was released in November 2011 . The game was later delayed to the first or second quarter of 2012 , before the fixed release date was announced . Spec Ops : The Line was released on June 26 , 2012 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . It was released on March 13 , 2014 for OS X. This version of the game was developed by Digital Tribe Games .
No more news about the game was made available for 18 months during the game 's development cycle . Davis thought the game was announced too early , which caused excitement for it to die down . The developer carried out focus tests during this period and the gameplay was found to be too slow @-@ paced which would lower its competitiveness with other shooters such as Call of Duty . As a result , the team spent time to speed up the game 's action .
In addition to the game 's standard edition , players could purchase a Premium Edition at a higher price . Players who pre @-@ ordered the game at selected retailers were able to have their games upgraded to the Premium Edition at no additional cost . The Premium Edition grants players additional advantages in the multiplayer segment of the game , including experience points boost and early access to the Officer class . A multiplayer beta for selected applicants on the Xbox 360 platform was held in 2010 . A playable demo of the game , which featured two chapters from the beginning of the campaign , was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on May 8 , 2012 .
According to Williams , the game was difficult to market , as the team wanted to prevent spoiling the its story and narrative while encouraging people to buy the game . He added that the demo they had created was unrepresentative of the final game . Williams expected the game to be sold through word of mouth promotion and that it would become a cult classic .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Reviews of Spec Ops : The Line were mostly positive , with many critics praising the narrative , themes , and the provocative take on violence in video games , but noted that it failed to innovate or present a strong multiplayer component . The game was considered to be underrated by many critics . Previews of the game , and the final game was banned in United Arab Emirates for its depiction of Dubai in a state of destruction .
The overall gameplay received mixed reviews . Some critics believed that the game 's gameplay was enjoyable , serviceable and acceptable by modern standards , but most agreed that some of the gameplay mechanics , such as the cover system , lacked polish and was flawed . Some critics considered the gameplay generic due to its inclusion of typical shooter elements such as on @-@ rail and turret segments , and stated that such mechanics are unable to help the game differentiate itself from other shooters such as Gears of War , and give the game an identity crisis . Some critics lamented that gameplay occasionally disconnects players from the story , creating annoyance . Many criticized the game for not having a roll mechanic . The artificial intelligence system was criticized for not being strong enough to make the game more gratifying , though some critics thought that the AI system for Adams and Lugo was well @-@ crafted and did not suffer from severe or frequent technical problems , although they may not be able to carry out player 's commands . Some critics criticized the game 's low replay value , unbalanced difficulty level , and sudden difficulty spike .
The graphics and art design of the game was praised . Brandon Justice from Electronic Gaming Monthly stated that he expected the game to look " bland " due to the its setting , but he was surprised at how much variety and color there was in the game . The game 's level design and vibrant colors were also praised . Critics agreed that the game 's setting , Dubai , was excellent and well @-@ realized ; some critics praised Yager for adding different details to the game 's world . The terrain and landscape was praised for being interesting , unique , and creating " fantastic set piece battles " . Some commented that the sand mechanic sometimes became gimmicky . Many criticized the game 's poor textures and the poor rendering of cutscenes .
The game 's overall narrative was praised by critics ; many considered it compelling , engaging , riveting , and mature , and viewed it as the standout feature of the game . Some believed that the story had an excellent presentation with decent voice @-@ acting , memorable characters , and atmospheric soundtracks . Many critics thought it was a bold attempt by Yager and that the story about mistakes and consequences allowed the game 's narrative to exceed its competitors in terms of quality . Some critics believed that Yager should be respected for successfully creating a message through the story and delivering it to the player , and trying to do something different . Mitch Dyer of IGN thought that the game 's narrative made violence " meaningful " , and that the story was unexpectedly good and personal . Some believed the story is impactful and at times shocking , and that the plot would make " Modern Warfare 2 's nefarious No Russian look pretty tame " . The game 's choices were praised for being " powerful " despite not offering a branching storyline . Some critics believed that these choices are provocative , organic , impactful , upsetting , and thematically correct though unsatisfying and sometimes hollow and binary . The endings of the game were praised , though some felt that there are some plotholes in the story . Some critics noted that emotionally Spec Ops : The Line is not a pleasant game .
The multiplayer received mixed reviews . Justice appreciated the upgrade system , as he thought that it had successfully encouraged teamwork . Dyer added that the multiplayer is unremarkable and uninspiring , despite saying that the Buried mode created a tense experience . Many critics believed that this mode is not worthwhile , and can only served as a distraction . Arthur Gies from Polygon noted that the multiplayer component suffers from technical issues such as freezing and glitches , as well as issues with player 's conduct such as cheating in matches .
Critics have pointed out that the " mechanics " of the game — the actions available to the player , and the responses resulting from said actions — contrast pointedly with many mechanics of popular FPS games , and that the game deliberately used shooter genre clichés in order to illustrate how ludicrous they are in comparison to real warfare . In particular contrast to other games of its kind , some critics believe that Spec Ops : The Line does not intend the combat to be a fun experience for the player , but rather aims to engage the player through its narrative which critiques the shooter genre for being removed from reality and providing players with an unrealistic , morally dichotomous , escapist fantasy . The white phosphorus strike scene has been the subject of much scrutiny and was described as " troubling " due to images such as the corpse of a mother clutching her child . In response to complaints that the massacre was unnecessary or exploitative , Williams justified the scene by saying that the plot device was intended to evoke players ' anger , and that one of the game 's endings is simply for the player to put the controller down and stop playing .
= = = Sales = = =
The game debuted in No. 3 in the UK retail chart during the game 's first week of release , behind Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes and The Amazing Spider @-@ Man . Spec Ops : The Line was a commercial failure , selling less than anticipated . The sales of Spec Ops : The Line , combined with Max Payne 3 , was lower than the combined sales of L.A. Noire and Duke Nukem Forever . The low sales of the title contributed to Take @-@ Two 's disappointing financial results in fiscal year 2013 .
= = = Accolades = = =
Spec Ops : The Line was nominated for Best Shooter , and the White Phosphorus scene was nominated for Best Gaming Moments at the Golden Joystick Awards . At the 2012 Inside Gaming Awards , the game won for Best Narrative and was nominated for Best Game Cinematography . At IGN 's Best of 2012 Awards , the game won for Best PC Story and Best PS3 Story , and also received nominations for Best Overall Story , Best PS3 Action Game , Best Xbox 360 Shooter Game , and Best Xbox 360 Story . It was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Story at the 16th D.I.C.E. Awards .
= = Future = =
According to Yager Development , 2K never discussed the chance of developing a sequel during the game 's development . Timo Ullman , managing director of Yager stated that the game failed to compete with other shooters , and that market for games like Spec Ops : The Line is too small . As a result , the team would not return to the franchise . Team members expressed a desire to move on and develop a game that has a much lighter tone .
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= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease =
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long term poor airflow . The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with sputum production . COPD typically worsens over time . Eventually walking up stairs or carrying things will be difficult . Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are older terms used for different types of COPD . The term " chronic bronchitis " is still used to define a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years .
Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of COPD , with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role . In the developing world , one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires . Long @-@ term exposure to these irritants causes an inflammatory response in the lungs resulting in narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue . The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by lung function tests . In contrast to asthma , the airflow reduction does not improve much with the use of a bronchodilator .
Most cases of COPD can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors . This includes decreasing rates of smoking and improving indoor and outdoor air quality . While treatment can slow worsening there is no cure . COPD treatments include stopping smoking , vaccinations , respiratory rehabilitation , and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids . Some people may benefit from long @-@ term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation . In those who have periods of acute worsening , increased use of medications and hospitalization may be needed .
As of 2013 COPD affects 329 million people or nearly 5 percent of the global population . It typically occurs in people over the age of 40 . Males and females are affected equally commonly . In 2013 it resulted in 2 @.@ 9 million deaths , up from 2 @.@ 4 million deaths in 1990 . More than 90 % of these deaths occur in the developing world . The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of higher smoking rates and an aging population in many countries . It resulted in an estimated economic cost of $ 2 @.@ 1 trillion in 2010 .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
The most common symptoms of COPD are sputum production , shortness of breath , and a productive cough . These symptoms are present for a prolonged period of time and typically worsen over time . It is unclear if different types of COPD exist . While previously divided into emphysema and chronic bronchitis , emphysema is only a description of lung changes rather than a disease itself , and chronic bronchitis is simply a descriptor of symptoms that may or may not occur with COPD .
= = = Cough = = =
A chronic cough is often the first symptom to develop . When it persists for more than three months each year for at least two years , in combination with sputum production and without another explanation , there is by definition chronic bronchitis . This condition can occur before COPD fully develops . The amount of sputum produced can change over hours to days . In some cases , the cough may not be present or may only occur occasionally and may not be productive . Some people with COPD attribute the symptoms to a " smoker 's cough " . Sputum may be swallowed or spat out , depending often on social and cultural factors . Vigorous coughing may lead to rib fractures or a brief loss of consciousness . Those with COPD often have a history of " common colds " that last a long time .
= = = Shortness of breath = = =
Shortness of breath is often the symptom that most bothers people . It is commonly described as : " my breathing requires effort , " " I feel out of breath , " or " I can 't get enough air in " . Different terms , however , may be used in different cultures . Typically the shortness of breath is worse on exertion of a prolonged duration and worsens over time . In the advanced stages , it occurs during rest and may be always present . It is a source of both anxiety and a poor quality of life in those with COPD . Many people with more advanced COPD breathe through pursed lips and this action can improve shortness of breath in some .
= = = Other features = = =
In COPD , it may take longer to breathe out than to breathe in . Chest tightness may occur but is not common and may be caused by another problem . Those with obstructed airflow may have wheezing or decreased sounds with air entry on examination of the chest with a stethoscope . A barrel chest is a characteristic sign of COPD , but is relatively uncommon . Tripod positioning may occur as the disease worsens .
Advanced COPD leads to high pressure on the lung arteries , which strains the right ventricle of the heart . This situation is referred to as cor pulmonale , and leads to symptoms of leg swelling and bulging neck veins . COPD is more common than any other lung disease as a cause of cor pulmonale . Cor pulmonale has become less common since the use of supplemental oxygen .
COPD often occurs along with a number of other conditions , due in part to shared risk factors . These conditions include ischemic heart disease , high blood pressure , diabetes mellitus , muscle wasting , osteoporosis , lung cancer , anxiety disorder and depression . In those with severe disease , a feeling of always being tired is common . Fingernail clubbing is not specific to COPD and should prompt investigations for an underlying lung cancer .
= = = Exacerbation = = =
An acute exacerbation of COPD is defined as increased shortness of breath , increased sputum production , a change in the color of the sputum from clear to green or yellow , or an increase in cough in someone with COPD . This may present with signs of increased work of breathing such as fast breathing , a fast heart rate , sweating , active use of muscles in the neck , a bluish tinge to the skin , and confusion or combative behavior in very severe exacerbations . Crackles may also be heard over the lungs on examination with a stethoscope .
= = Cause = =
The primary cause of COPD is tobacco smoke , with occupational exposure and pollution from indoor fires being significant causes in some countries . Typically these exposures must occur over several decades before symptoms develop . A person 's genetic makeup also affects the risk .
= = = Smoking = = =
The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking . Of those who smoke about 20 % will get COPD , and of those who are lifelong smokers about half will get COPD . In the United States and United Kingdom , of those with COPD , 80 – 95 % are either current smokers or previously smoked . The likelihood of developing COPD increases with the total smoke exposure . Additionally , women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoke than men . In non @-@ smokers , secondhand smoke is the cause of about 20 % of cases . Other types of smoke , such as marijuana , cigar , and water pipe smoke , also confer a risk . Women who smoke during pregnancy may increase the risk of COPD in their child .
= = = Air pollution = = =
Poorly ventilated cooking fires , often fueled by coal or biomass fuels such as wood and animal dung , lead to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries . These fires are a method of cooking and heating for nearly 3 billion people with their health effects being greater among women due to more exposure . They are used as the main source of energy in 80 % of homes in India , China and sub @-@ Saharan Africa .
People who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas . While urban air pollution is a contributing factor in exacerbations , its overall role as a cause of COPD is unclear . Areas with poor outdoor air quality , including that from exhaust gas , generally have higher rates of COPD . The overall effect in relation to smoking , however , is believed to be small .
= = = Occupational exposures = = =
Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts , chemicals and fumes increase the risk of COPD in both smokers and nonsmokers . Workplace exposures are believed to be the cause in 10 – 20 % of cases . In the United States they are believed to be related to more than 30 % of cases among those who have never smoked and probably represent a greater risk in countries without sufficient regulations .
A number of industries and sources have been implicated , including high levels of dust in coal mining , gold mining , and the cotton textile industry , occupations involving cadmium and isocyanates , and fumes from welding . Working in agriculture is also a risk . In some professions the risks have been estimated as equivalent to that of one half to two packs of cigarettes a day . Silica dust exposure can also lead to COPD , with the risk unrelated to that for silicosis . The negative effects of dust exposure and cigarette smoke exposure appear to be additive or possibly more than additive .
= = = Genetics = = =
Genetics play a role in the development of COPD . It is more common among relatives of those with COPD who smoke than unrelated smokers . Currently , the only clearly inherited risk factor is alpha 1 @-@ antitrypsin deficiency ( AAT ) . This risk is particularly high if someone deficient in alpha 1 @-@ antitrypsin also smokes . It is responsible for about 1 – 5 % of cases and the condition is present in about 3 – 4 in 10 @,@ 000 people . Other genetic factors are being investigated , of which there are likely to be many .
= = = Other = = =
A number of other factors are less closely linked to COPD . The risk is greater in those who are poor , although it is not clear if this is due to poverty itself or other risk factors associated with poverty , such as air pollution and malnutrition . There is tentative evidence that those with asthma and airway hyperreactivity are at increased risk of COPD . Birth factors such as low birth weight may also play a role as do a number of infectious diseases including HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis . Respiratory infections such as pneumonia do not appear to increase the risk of COPD , at least in adults .
= = = Exacerbations = = =
An acute exacerbation ( a sudden worsening of symptoms ) is commonly triggered by infection or environmental pollutants , or sometimes by other factors such as improper use of medications . Infections appear to be the cause of 50 to 75 % of cases , with bacteria in 25 % , viruses in 25 % , and both in 25 % . Environmental pollutants include both poor indoor and outdoor air quality . Exposure to personal smoke and secondhand smoke increases the risk . Cold temperature may also play a role , with exacerbations occurring more commonly in winter . Those with more severe underlying disease have more frequent exacerbations : in mild disease 1 @.@ 8 per year , moderate 2 to 3 per year , and severe 3 @.@ 4 per year . Those with many exacerbations have a faster rate of deterioration of their lung function . Pulmonary emboli ( blood clots in the lungs ) can worsen symptoms in those with pre @-@ existing COPD .
= = Pathophysiology = =
COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease in which chronic incompletely reversible poor airflow ( airflow limitation ) and inability to breathe out fully ( air trapping ) exist . The poor airflow is the result of breakdown of lung tissue ( known as emphysema ) and small airways disease ( known as obstructive bronchiolitis ) . The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people . Severe destruction of small airways can lead to the formation of large air pockets — known as bullae — that replace lung tissue . This form of disease is called bullous emphysema .
COPD develops as a significant and chronic inflammatory response to inhaled irritants . Chronic bacterial infections may also add to this inflammatory state . The inflammatory cells involved include neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages , two types of white blood cell . Those who smoke additionally have Tc1 lymphocyte involvement and some people with COPD have eosinophil involvement similar to that in asthma . Part of this cell response is brought on by inflammatory mediators such as chemotactic factors . Other processes involved with lung damage include oxidative stress produced by high concentrations of free radicals in tobacco smoke and released by inflammatory cells , and breakdown of the connective tissue of the lungs by proteases that are insufficiently inhibited by protease inhibitors . The destruction of the connective tissue of the lungs is what leads to emphysema , which then contributes to the poor airflow and , finally , poor absorption and release of respiratory gases . General muscle wasting that often occurs in COPD may be partly due to inflammatory mediators released by the lungs into the blood .
Narrowing of the airways occurs due to inflammation and scarring within them . This contributes to the inability to breathe out fully . The greatest reduction in air flow occurs when breathing out , as the pressure in the chest is compressing the airways at this time . This can result in more air from the previous breath remaining within the lungs when the next breath is started , resulting in an increase in the total volume of air in the lungs at any given time , a process called hyperinflation or air trapping . Hyperinflation from exercise is linked to shortness of breath in COPD , as it is less comfortable to breathe in when the lungs are already partly full . Hyperinflation may also worsen during an exacerbation .
Some also have a degree of airway hyperresponsiveness to irritants similar to those found in asthma .
Low oxygen levels and , eventually , high carbon dioxide levels in the blood can occur from poor gas exchange due to decreased ventilation from airway obstruction , hyperinflation and a reduced desire to breathe . During exacerbations , airway inflammation is also increased , resulting in increased hyperinflation , reduced expiratory airflow and worsening of gas transfer . This can also lead to insufficient ventilation and , eventually , low blood oxygen levels . Low oxygen levels , if present for a prolonged period , can result in narrowing of the arteries in the lungs , while emphysema leads to breakdown of capillaries in the lungs . Both these changes result in increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries , which may cause cor pulmonale .
= = Diagnosis = =
The diagnosis of COPD should be considered in anyone over the age of 35 to 40 who has shortness of breath , a chronic cough , sputum production , or frequent winter colds and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease . Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis . Screening those without symptoms is not recommended .
= = = Spirometry = = =
Spirometry measures the amount of airflow obstruction present and is generally carried out after the use of a bronchodilator , a medication to open up the airways . Two main components are measured to make the diagnosis : the forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV1 ) , which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a breath , and the forced vital capacity ( FVC ) , which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in a single large breath . Normally , 75 – 80 % of the FVC comes out in the first second and a FEV1 / FVC ratio of less than 70 % in someone with symptoms of COPD defines a person as having the disease . Based on these measurements , spirometry would lead to over @-@ diagnosis of COPD in the elderly . The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria additionally require a FEV1 of less than 80 % of predicted .
Evidence for using spirometry among those without symptoms in an effort to diagnose the condition earlier is of uncertain effect and is therefore currently not recommended . A peak expiratory flow ( the maximum speed of expiration ) , commonly used in asthma , is not sufficient for the diagnosis of COPD .
= = = Severity = = =
There are a number of methods to determine how much COPD is affecting a given individual . The modified British Medical Research Council questionnaire ( mMRC ) or the COPD assessment test ( CAT ) are simple questionnaires that may be used to determine the severity of symptoms . Scores on CAT range from 0 – 40 with the higher the score , the more severe the disease . Spirometry may help to determine the severity of airflow limitation . This is typically based on the FEV1 expressed as a percentage of the predicted " normal " for the person 's age , gender , height and weight . Both the American and European guidelines recommended partly basing treatment recommendations on the FEV1 . The GOLD guidelines suggest dividing people into four categories based on symptoms assessment and airflow limitation . Weight loss and muscle weakness , as well as the presence of other diseases , should also be taken into account .
= = = Other tests = = =
A chest X @-@ ray and complete blood count may be useful to exclude other conditions at the time of diagnosis . Characteristic signs on X @-@ ray are overexpanded lungs , a flattened diaphragm , increased retrosternal airspace , and bullae while it can help exclude other lung diseases , such as pneumonia , pulmonary edema or a pneumothorax . A high @-@ resolution computed tomography scan of the chest may show the distribution of emphysema throughout the lungs and can also be useful to exclude other lung diseases . Unless surgery is planned , however , this rarely affects management . An analysis of arterial blood is used to determine the need for oxygen ; this is recommended in those with an FEV1 less than 35 % predicted , those with a peripheral oxygen saturation of less than 92 % and those with symptoms of congestive heart failure . In areas of the world where alpha @-@ 1 antitrypsin deficiency is common , people with COPD ( particularly those below the age of 45 and with emphysema affecting the lower parts of the lungs ) should be considered for testing .
= = = Differential diagnosis = = =
COPD may need to be differentiated from other causes of shortness of breath such as congestive heart failure , pulmonary embolism , pneumonia or pneumothorax . Many people with COPD mistakenly think they have asthma . The distinction between asthma and COPD is made on the basis of the symptoms , smoking history , and whether airflow limitation is reversible with bronchodilators at spirometry . Tuberculosis may also present with a chronic cough and should be considered in locations where it is common . Less common conditions that may present similarly include bronchopulmonary dysplasia and obliterative bronchiolitis . Chronic bronchitis may occur with normal airflow and in this situation it is not classified as COPD .
= = Prevention = =
Most cases of COPD are potentially preventable through decreasing exposure to smoke and improving air quality . Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations , hospitalizations and death . Pneumococcal vaccination may also be beneficial .
= = = Smoking cessation = = =
Keeping people from starting smoking is a key aspect of preventing COPD . The policies of governments , public health agencies , and anti @-@ smoking organizations can reduce smoking rates by discouraging people from starting and encouraging people to stop smoking . Smoking bans in public areas and places of work are important measures to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke and while many places have instituted bans more are recommended .
In those who smoke , stopping smoking is the only measure shown to slow down the worsening of COPD . Even at a late stage of the disease , it can reduce the rate of worsening lung function and delay the onset of disability and death . Smoking cessation starts with the decision to stop smoking , leading to an attempt at quitting . Often several attempts are required before long @-@ term abstinence is achieved . Attempts over 5 years lead to success in nearly 40 % of people .
Some smokers can achieve long @-@ term smoking cessation through willpower alone . Smoking , however , is highly addictive , and many smokers need further support . The chance of quitting is improved with social support , engagement in a smoking cessation program and the use of medications such as nicotine replacement therapy , bupropion or varenicline .
= = = Occupational health = = =
A number of measures have been taken to reduce the likelihood that workers in at @-@ risk industries — such as coal mining , construction and stonemasonry — will develop COPD . Examples of these measures include : the creation of public policy , education of workers and management about the risks , promoting smoking cessation , checking workers for early signs of COPD , use of respirators , and dust control . Effective dust control can be achieved by improving ventilation , using water sprays and by using mining techniques that minimize dust generation . If a worker develops COPD , further lung damage can be reduced by avoiding ongoing dust exposure , for example by changing the work role .
= = = Air pollution = = =
Both indoor and outdoor air quality can be improved , which may prevent COPD or slow the worsening of existing disease . This may be achieved by public policy efforts , cultural changes , and personal involvement .
A number of developed countries have successfully improved outdoor air quality through regulations . This has resulted in improvements in the lung function of their populations . Those with COPD may experience fewer symptoms if they stay indoors on days when outdoor air quality is poor .
One key effort is to reduce exposure to smoke from cooking and heating fuels through improved ventilation of homes and better stoves and chimneys . Proper stoves may improve indoor air quality by 85 % . Using alternative energy sources such as solar cooking and electrical heating is also effective . Using fuels such as kerosene or coal might be less bad than traditional biomass such as wood or dung .
= = Management = =
There is no known cure for COPD , but the symptoms are treatable and its progression can be delayed . The major goals of management are to reduce risk factors , manage stable COPD , prevent and treat acute exacerbations , and manage associated illnesses . The only measures that have been shown to reduce mortality are smoking cessation and supplemental oxygen . Stopping smoking decreases the risk of death by 18 % . Other recommendations include influenza vaccination once a year , pneumococcal vaccination once every 5 years , and reduction in exposure to environmental air pollution . In those with advanced disease , palliative care may reduce symptoms , with morphine improving the feelings of shortness of breath . Noninvasive ventilation may be used to support breathing .
= = = Exercise = = =
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of exercise , disease management and counseling , coordinated to benefit the individual . In those who have had a recent exacerbation , pulmonary rehabilitation appears to improve the overall quality of life and the ability to exercise , and reduce mortality . It has also been shown to improve the sense of control a person has over their disease , as well as their emotions . Breathing exercises in and of themselves appear to have a limited role . Pursed lip breathing exercises may be useful .
Being either underweight or overweight can affect the symptoms , degree of disability and prognosis of COPD . People with COPD who are underweight can improve their breathing muscle strength by increasing their calorie intake . When combined with regular exercise or a pulmonary rehabilitation program , this can lead to improvements in COPD symptoms . Supplemental nutrition may be useful in those who are malnourished .
= = = Bronchodilators = = =
Inhaled bronchodilators are the primary medications used and result in a small overall benefit . There are two major types , β2 agonists and anticholinergics ; both exist in long @-@ acting and short @-@ acting forms . They reduce shortness of breath , wheeze and exercise limitation , resulting in an improved quality of life . It is unclear if they change the progression of the underlying disease .
In those with mild disease , short @-@ acting agents are recommended on an as needed basis . In those with more severe disease , long @-@ acting agents are recommended . Long acting agents partly work by improving hyperinflation . If long @-@ acting bronchodilators are insufficient , then inhaled corticosteroids are typically added . With respect to long @-@ acting agents , it is unclear if tiotropium ( a long @-@ acting anticholinergic ) or long @-@ acting beta agonists ( LABAs ) are better , and it may be worth trying each and continuing the one that worked best . Both types of agent appear to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations by 15 – 25 % . While both may be used at the same time , any benefit is of questionable significance .
There are several short @-@ acting β2 agonists available including salbutamol ( Ventolin ) and terbutaline . They provide some relief of symptoms for four to six hours . Long @-@ acting β2 agonists such as salmeterol and formoterol are often used as maintenance therapy . Some feel the evidence of benefits is limited while others view the evidence of benefit as established . Long @-@ term use appears safe in COPD with adverse effects include shakiness and heart palpitations . When used with inhaled steroids they increase the risk of pneumonia . While steroids and LABAs may work better together , it is unclear if this slight benefit outweighs the increased risks .
There are two main anticholinergics used in COPD , ipratropium and tiotropium . Ipratropium is a short @-@ acting agent while tiotropium is long @-@ acting . Tiotropium is associated with a decrease in exacerbations and improved quality of life , and tiotropium provides those benefits better than ipratropium . It does not appear to affect mortality or the overall hospitalization rate . Anticholinergics can cause dry mouth and urinary tract symptoms . They are also associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke . Aclidinium , another long acting agent which came to market in 2012 , has been used as an alternative to tiotropium .
= = = Corticosteroids = = =
Corticosteroids are usually used in inhaled form but may also be used as tablets to treat and prevent acute exacerbations . While inhaled corticosteroids ( ICS ) have not shown benefit for people with mild COPD , they decrease acute exacerbations in those with either moderate or severe disease . By themselves they have no effect on overall one @-@ year mortality . It is unclear if they affect the progression of the disease . When used in combination with a LABA they may decrease mortality compared to either ICS or LABA alone . Inhaled steroids are associated with increased rates of pneumonia . Long @-@ term treatment with steroid tablets is associated with significant side effects .
= = = Other medication = = =
Long @-@ term antibiotics , specifically those from the macrolide class such as erythromycin , reduce the frequency of exacerbations in those who have two or more a year . This practice may be cost effective in some areas of the world . Concerns include that of antibiotic resistance and hearing problems with azithromycin . Methylxanthines such as theophylline generally cause more harm than benefit and thus are usually not recommended , but may be used as a second @-@ line agent in those not controlled by other measures . Mucolytics may help to reduce exacerbations in some people with chronic bronchitis . Cough medicines are not recommended .
= = = Oxygen = = =
Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest ( a partial pressure of oxygen of less than 50 – 55 mmHg or oxygen saturations of less than 88 % ) . In this group of people it decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day and may improve people 's ability to exercise . In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels , oxygen supplementation may improve shortness of breath . There is a risk of fires and little benefit when those on oxygen continue to smoke . In this situation some recommend against its use . During acute exacerbations , many require oxygen therapy ; the use of high concentrations of oxygen without taking into account a person 's oxygen saturations may lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide and worsened outcomes . In those at high risk of high carbon dioxide levels , oxygen saturations of 88 – 92 % are recommended , while for those without this risk recommended levels are 94 – 98 % .
= = = Surgery = = =
For those with very severe disease , surgery is sometimes helpful and may include lung transplantation or lung volume reduction surgery . Lung volume reduction surgery involves removing the parts of the lung most damaged by emphysema allowing the remaining , relatively good lung to expand and work better . Lung transplantation is sometimes performed for very severe COPD , particularly in younger individuals .
= = = Exacerbations = = =
Acute exacerbations are typically treated by increasing the usage of short @-@ acting bronchodilators . This commonly includes a combination of a short @-@ acting inhaled beta agonist and anticholinergic . These medications can be given either via a metered @-@ dose inhaler with a spacer or via a nebulizer with both appearing to be equally effective . Nebulization may be easier for those who are more unwell .
Oral corticosteroids improve the chance of recovery and decrease the overall duration of symptoms . They work equally well as intravenous steroids but appear to have fewer side effects . Five days of steroids work as well as ten or fourteen . In those with a severe exacerbation , antibiotics improve outcomes . A number of different antibiotics may be used including amoxicillin , doxycycline and azithromycin ; it is unclear if one is better than the others . The FDA recommends against the use of fluoroquinolones when other options are available due to higher risks of serious side effects . There is no clear evidence for those with less severe cases .
For those with type 2 respiratory failure ( acutely raised CO2 levels ) non @-@ invasive positive pressure ventilation decreases the probability of death or the need of intensive care admission . Additionally , theophylline may have a role in those who do not respond to other measures . Fewer than 20 % of exacerbations require hospital admission . In those without acidosis from respiratory failure , home care ( " hospital at home " ) may be able to help avoid some admissions .
= = Prognosis = =
COPD usually gets gradually worse over time and can ultimately result in death . It is estimated that 3 % of all disability is related to COPD . The proportion of disability from COPD globally has decreased from 1990 to 2010 due to improved indoor air quality primarily in Asia . The overall number of years lived with disability from COPD , however , has increased .
The rate at which COPD worsens varies with the presence of factors that predict a poor outcome , including severe airflow obstruction , little ability to exercise , shortness of breath , significantly underweight or overweight , congestive heart failure , continued smoking , and frequent exacerbations . Long @-@ term outcomes in COPD can be estimated using the BODE index which gives a score of zero to ten depending on FEV1 , body @-@ mass index , the distance walked in six minutes , and the modified MRC dyspnea scale . Significant weight loss is a bad sign . Results of spirometry are also a good predictor of the future progress of the disease but not as good as the BODE index .
= = Epidemiology = =
Globally , as of 2010 , COPD affected approximately 329 million people ( 4 @.@ 8 % of the population ) . The disease affects men and women almost equally , as there has been increased tobacco use among women in the developed world . The increase in the developing world between 1970 and the 2000s is believed to be related to increasing rates of smoking in this region , an increasing population and an aging population due to fewer deaths from other causes such as infectious diseases . Some developed countries have seen increased rates , some have remained stable and some have seen a decrease in COPD prevalence . The global numbers are expected to continue increasing as risk factors remain common and the population continues to get older .
Between 1990 and 2010 the number of deaths from COPD decreased slightly from 3 @.@ 1 million to 2 @.@ 9 million and became the fourth leading cause of death . In 2012 it became the third leading cause as the number of deaths rose again to 3 @.@ 1 million . In some countries , mortality has decreased in men but increased in women . This is most likely due to rates of smoking in women and men becoming more similar . COPD is more common in older people ; it affects 34 – 200 out of 1000 people older than 65 years , depending on the population under review .
In England , an estimated 0 @.@ 84 million people ( of 50 million ) have a diagnosis of COPD ; this translates into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives . In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country , one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD , compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas . In the United States approximately 6 @.@ 3 % of the adult population , totaling approximately 15 million people , have been diagnosed with COPD . 25 million people may have COPD if currently undiagnosed cases are included . In 2011 , there were approximately 730 @,@ 000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD . In the United State , COPD , is estimated to be the third leading cause of death in 2011 .
= = History = =
The word " emphysema " is derived from the Greek ἐμφυσᾶν emphysan meaning " inflate " -itself composed of ἐν en , meaning " in " , and φυσᾶν physan , meaning " breath , blast " . The term chronic bronchitis came into use in 1808 while the term COPD is believed to have first been used in 1965 . Previously it has been known by a number of different names , including chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease , chronic obstructive respiratory disease , chronic airflow obstruction , chronic airflow limitation , chronic obstructive lung disease , nonspecific chronic pulmonary disease , and diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome . The terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema were formally defined in 1959 at the CIBA guest symposium and in 1962 at the American Thoracic Society Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards .
Early descriptions of probable emphysema include : in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of " voluminous lungs " and in 1769 by Giovanni Morgagni of lungs which were " turgid particularly from air " . In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh . These were followed with pictures by Matthew Baillie in 1789 and descriptions of the destructive nature of the condition . In 1814 Charles Badham used " catarrh " to describe the cough and excess mucus in chronic bronchitis . René Laennec , the physician who invented the stethoscope , used the term " emphysema " in his book A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation ( 1837 ) to describe lungs that did not collapse when he opened the chest during an autopsy . He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full of air and the airways were filled with mucus . In 1842 , John Hutchinson invented the spirometer , which allowed the measurement of vital capacity of the lungs . However , his spirometer could only measure volume , not airflow . Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947 described the principles of measuring airflow .
In 1953 , Dr. George L. Waldbott , an American allergist , first described a new disease he named " smoker 's respiratory syndrome " in the 1953 Journal of the American Medical Association . This was the first association between tobacco smoking and chronic respiratory disease .
Early treatments included garlic , cinnamon and ipecac , among others . Modern treatments were developed during the second half of the 20th century . Evidence supporting the use of steroids in COPD were published in the late 1950s . Bronchodilators came into use in the 1960s following a promising trial of isoprenaline . Further bronchodilators , such as salbutamol , were developed in the 1970s , and the use of LABAs began in the mid @-@ 1990s .
= = Society and culture = =
COPD has been referred to as " smoker 's lung " . People with emphysema have been known as " pink puffers " or " type A " due to their frequent pink complexion , fast respiratory rate and pursed lips , and people with chronic bronchitis have been referred to as " blue bloaters " or " type B " due to the often bluish color of the skin and lips from low oxygen levels and their ankle swelling . This terminology is no longer accepted as useful as most people with COPD have a combination of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis .
Many health systems have difficulty ensuring appropriate identification , diagnosis and care of people with COPD ; Britain 's Department of Health has identified this as a major issue for the National Health Service and has introduced a specific strategy to tackle these problems .
= = = Economics = = =
Globally , as of 2010 , COPD is estimated to result in economic costs of $ 2 @.@ 1 trillion , half of which occurring in the developing world . Of this total an estimated $ 1 @.@ 9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care , while $ 0 @.@ 2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work . This is expected to more than double by the year 2030 . In Europe , COPD represents 3 % of healthcare spending . In the United States , costs of the disease are estimated at $ 50 billion , most of which is due to exacerbation . COPD was among the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011 , with a total cost of about $ 5 @.@ 7 billion .
= = Research = =
Infliximab , an immune @-@ suppressing antibody , has been tested in COPD but there was no evidence of benefit with the possibility of harm . Roflumilast shows promise in decreasing the rate of exacerbations but does not appear to change quality of life . A number of new , long @-@ acting agents are under development .
Treatment with stem cells is under study . While there is tentative data that it is safe and with promising animal data there is little human data as of 2014 . Some of the human data that is available has found poor results .
= = Other animals = =
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may occur in a number of other animals and may be caused by exposure to tobacco smoke . Most cases of the disease , however , are relatively mild . In horses it is known as recurrent airway obstruction , can be quite severe , and most often is linked to an allergic reaction to a fungus contained in contaminated hay or straw . COPD is also commonly found in old dogs .
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= Trouble ( Leona Lewis song ) =
" Trouble " is a song recorded by British recording artist Leona Lewis and American entertainer Childish Gambino for Lewis ' third studio album , Glassheart ( 2012 ) . Inspired by Lewis ' break @-@ up with childhood sweetheart Lou Al @-@ Chamaa , " Trouble " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B and trip hop ballad , with a piano and strings @-@ driven melody . It was written by a British writing collective consisting of Lewis , Donald Glover , Hugo Chegwin , Harry Craze , Shahid Khan , James Murray , Mustafa Omer , Emeli Sandé and Fraser T Smith . Production came courtesy of Khan under his production name of Naughty Boy and Smith , along with co @-@ producer Chris Loco and additional producer Jahlil Beats . Music critics noted that the urban production marked a new direction for Lewis , particularly by featuring Gambino during the song 's middle eight breakdown with a poetic rap verse . A version excluding Gambino is also included on Glassheart .
" Trouble " was also influenced by British trip hop duo Massive Attack , who Lewis cited as a musical inspiration . Lewis ' falsetto and soprano vocal performance on the song garnered early praise from critics who commended the raw emotions , as well as Gambino 's guest rap and the song 's melodic strings- and piano @-@ heavy production . " Trouble " premiered on 21 August 2012 on BBC Radio 1 's Breakfast with Scott , ahead of its release as Glassheart 's lead single , superseding the 2011 single " Collide " , a collaboration with Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii . " Trouble " was released on 5 October 2012 , preceding the album by one week , and entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven becoming Lewis 's ninth top @-@ ten single . In Ireland " Trouble " charted at number twenty @-@ one becoming Lewis 's eighth top @-@ thirty single .
As part of promotion of the song , fans were given chance to produce their own remix of " Trouble " which was released alongside the single on Lewis ' official music store . An accompanying music video was filmed on 22 August in Los Angeles , with Teen Wolf actor Colton Haynes cast as Lewis ' love interest . Haynes , a friend of Lewis , was chosen due to his physical resemblance to Lewis ' ex Al @-@ Chaama . In the video , Lewis and Haynes ' relationship begins to unfold and culminates in an altercation between the duo before Haynes leaves and Lewis breaks down in tears . Lewis also recorded an acoustic performance of the song for her Vevo account . " Trouble " was promoted with performances on the ninth series of The X Factor ( UK ) , on 7 October 2012 , later on Alan Carr : Chatty Man and also during a set at London nightclub , G @-@ A @-@ Y.
= = Background and release = =
Lewis began to conceptualise her third album Glassheart in the second half of 2010 , shortly after completing her first headline concert tour , The Labyrinth . " Trouble " was one of the earlier songs recorded by Lewis , and one of several tracks that Lewis worked on with British duo Emeli Sandé and Naughty Boy . Sandé first conceived the loose concepts for " Trouble " in 2009 . It was not until British hip @-@ hop artist Tinie Tempah began working with Sandé for his own debut album Disc @-@ Overy ( 2011 ) , that " Trouble " was pitched to Lewis ; Tempah approached Lewis to record " Trouble " as a duet with himself . Upon hearing the demo , Lewis asked Tempah if she could have the song and subsequently entered the recording studios with Sandé and Fraser T Smith to record and finish the song . Sandé later wrote two more songs for Lewis , including " I to You " and " Sugar " . A fourth song , " Mountains " , was reclaimed by Sandé and was recorded for her debut album Our Version of Events ( 2012 ) .
With a November 2011 release date set for Glassheart , Lewis proceeded with the release of the album 's first single " Collide " on 15 July 2011 . However , Swedish house music DJ Avicii sued Lewis and Sony Music , claiming that " Collide " was a reproduction of his own instrumental single " Penguin , " for which he had sought the legal permission to sample Simon Jeffes ' " Perpetuum Mobile " . Following a settlement out of court , " Collide " was released crediting both Lewis and Avicii . " Collide " reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , number three in Ireland and number four in the United Kingdom . Despite this , Glassheart was pushed into early 2012 to accommodate new recording sessions . During this time Lewis would work with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris and record a song called " We Found Love " . Harris wanted Lewis to release " We Found Love " at the end of 2011 , yet Lewis and her label had already decided " Trouble " would be the second single from Glassheart . During an interview with Digital Spy , Lewis said " Yes , I think ' Trouble ' will be the second single . I can 't wait for everyone to hear it . I 'm really excited about it . It 's one that I really love . " Once the album was pushed back again to mid @-@ 2012 , and then October 2012 , Harris reclaimed " We Found Love " , which was subsequently recorded by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna for her album Talk That Talk and became a number one hit worldwide .
Nearly a year later as work for the album neared completion , Lewis was able to confirm that " Trouble " would still be the album 's second single and was due for release in October 2012 alongside the album . Between the announcement in 2011 and the song 's release in 2012 , Sony Music Entertainment re @-@ organised operations , which resulted in the closure of J Records and all previously signed artists being absorbed into RCA Records . " Trouble " is thus Lewis ' first release in partnership with RCA Records . Sony Music made " Trouble " a global priority , making it supersede " Collide " as the album 's lead single and focussing on promoting the song in the UK first before a worldwide release . A new version of " Trouble " was recorded to feature American rapper Childish Gambino and premiered on radio on 21 August 2012 . " Trouble " was played at a press premiere for Tracey Hart from Music Week magazine , along with new songs " Come Alive " and " Un Love Me " . The song was also played for Popjustice twice , first in an early form last year in 2011 and secondly in a finished form on 16 August 2012 . The website noted that the new version of " Trouble " sounded more finished and complete with the addition of Gambino 's verse . " Trouble " premiered on BBC Radio 1 's Breakfast with Scott on 21 August 2012 , ahead of its Irish release on 5 October and UK release on 7 October 2012 . It was released 14 December 2012 in Germany .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Trouble " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B and trip hop song written by Lewis and collective of British songwriters , including Hugo Chegwin , Harry Craze , Shahid Khan , James Murray , Mustafa Omer , Emeli Sandé and Fraser T Smith . It is primarily an R & B and trip hop song , built around a strings- and piano @-@ driven melody . Production was done by Khan under his production name of Naughty Boy and Smith , while secondary production was provided by Chris Loco . Orlando " Jahlil Beats " Tucker provided some additional production . A reviewer from the The Metro noted that the song had a hip hop vibe and feel to its production . " Trouble " was recorded in the key of A @-@ minor and written in time signature of common time , set at a tempo of 104 beats per minute . Sony Music executive Sonny Thakrar described Lewis and Sandé 's work together on " Trouble " as " killer chemistry , " praising Sandé 's " storytelling " abilities and Lewis ' " vocal prowess " . Thakrar , who is also involved with A & R , said that " Trouble " was a showcase of an " emotional and raw " vocal from Lewis . Vocals throughout the song are sung in Lewis ' falsetto and soprano registers , spanning a range of E4 – 5 . The tone and mood of the song is ethereal , with Lewis ' vocals taking on a " haunting " tone that is only broken during middle eight section when Childish Gambino delivers his " poetic " rap verse . " Trouble " featuring Gambino appears on Glassheart as track number thirteen , whilst a solo no @-@ rap version appears on the album as track number one .
In a press release , Lewis explained the meaning behind " Trouble " : " it tells the story of love going bad and becoming destructive , aspects of which we can all relate to . It ’ s a deeply emotional and poignant song that I have a real connection to . " According to the Sunday Mirror , " Trouble " was inspired by Lewis ' break @-@ up with her childhood sweetheart Lou Al @-@ Chamaa . Lyrics which reference her relationship with Chamaa include the lines : " I told you never to get used to me , I stay awake while you fall asleep . I 'm a whole lot of trouble , we 're in a whole lot of trouble . You shout louder than you used to , and you hold on tighter in the bedroom . " During an interview with Digital Spy , Lewis further explained that she was inspired and influenced by British trip @-@ hop pioneers Massive Attack . The Sun 's showbiz editor Gordan Smart also picked up on the similarities , noting that " Trouble " sounds similar to " Unfinished Sympathy " ( 1991 ) and " Teardrop " ( 1998 ) by Massive Attack . " Trouble " drew comparisons to Sandé 's own singles ; according to Michael Cragg from The Guardian , " Trouble " was much like " Heaven " ( 2011 ) while MSN 's Danielle Cheeseman compared it to Sandé collaboration with Naughty Boy , " Daddy " ( 2011 ) .
= = Response = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
" Trouble " received mainly positive reviews from critics , who praised Childish Gambino 's featured rap , the musical production and Lewis 's emotive vocals . A reviewer from Pop Justice said that the site had twice heard " Trouble " ; the first time was just before " Collide " was released in September 2011 , while a second finished version was played for them on 16 August 2012 . The final track featured the same " beguiling feel " as the earlier version but was more " finished . " The reviewer commented , " [ ' Trouble ' has ] a convincing , compelling and dramatic vocal performance which works brilliantly against the song 's opulent but bleak mid @-@ tempo production " , adding that although Childish Gambino 's " rap in the middle eight sounds great " , it almost " slightly dilutes Leona 's big comeback " . These sentiments were echoed by Kim Dawson from the Daily Star , describing the song as bringing Lewis " bang up to date " thanks to " a mid @-@ tempo melody , epic strings , sharp lyrics " and a " slammin ' rap from Gambino " . Meanwhile , Kirsten McCormack from the Daily Mail praised Lewis ' " ethereal and haunting vocal tones " make " Trouble " a " showcase [ for ] the sheer power and intimacy of Leona ’ s incredible talent " . McCormack also praised the " home @-@ grown " talent of a completely British writing camp which conceptualised the song , calling it a " standout track " and something that Lewis could be passionate about .
During early previews of the song , Corner spoke most on Gambino 's guest appearance , describing the collaboration as " unlikely on paper " but then in reality " it results in one of Leona 's most natural collaborations to date " . Commenting on the song as a whole , Corner said " Trouble " was a powerful comeback , " It 's big , it 's emotional and it 's what we 've come to expect from the Hackney belle – but we wouldn 't want it any other way . " Gordon Smart , showbiz editor for The Sun added that although " it was a long time coming , [ ... ] ' Trouble ' will definitely make people interested in a full album " mainly down the new sound , image and Gambino 's guest rap which will " help shake off Lewis ' safe image . " Lewis Corner from Digital Spy also picked up on the change of direction and commented that people would be " shocked , " but then added that " when " it results in an emotive anthem like this , we hope she unleashes it more often . " The Guardian 's Michael Cragg called " Trouble " a return to the " safer " templates of her first two albums , but praised the song 's production calling it " a vaguely trip @-@ hop beat buffeted by soaring strings and a troubled lyric in the chorus . " Like previous reviews , Cragg also praised Gambino stating that he " manages to stamp his own personality on the song " despite appearing near the end of the song and that perhaps it was Lewis ' best chance at " regaining her footing in America " .
In a later review , Corner said that " Trouble " was built around " echoing beats and heart @-@ tugging piano riff , " which when combined with " her unmistakable falsetto " was as dramatic as a scene from the film The Hunger Games . Elena Gorgon from Softpedia echoed earlier sentiments , concluding that the song " was powerful , it 's heartfelt and it confirms Leona as one of the most remarkable vocalists of the day . " However MSN 's Danielle Cheeseman said that " Trouble " being a safe return to what Lewis has always done wasn 't necessarily a good thing . In her review , Cheeseman called the song the " same melodrama " as past Lewis songs and that due to the song sounding familiar to Sandé 's song " Daddy " , " Lewis has yet to find her own stride " . Corner featured " Trouble " on his weekly playlist " 10 Songs You Need to Hear " for the week beginning 27 August 2012 . There he described elaborated that the song was a welcome return for Lewis thanks to " big beats , big strings and even bigger vocals " . Whilst the majority of reviews praised Gambino 's appearance on the song , Cheeseman described the collaboration as " a saviour " but that it did nothing for Lewis ' " credibility " . Her review was subtitled " Leona Lewis Tries to Convince Us She 's ' Trouble ' — We 're not buyin ' what she 's sellin ' " and concluded that if the best that Glassheart could preview after all the delays was " Trouble " , " it won 't be worth the wait . " NME 's Jeremy Allen agreed , praising the production on " Trouble " as " slick " but stating that from Lewis it does not come across with conviction nor is it believable .
= = = Chart performance = = =
On 12 September 2012 , " Trouble " was added the C @-@ Playlist of UK mainstream radio station BBC Radio 1 . A week later it was moved up to the B @-@ Playlist . " Trouble " made its Irish Singles Chart debut at number twenty @-@ one , becoming her eighth top @-@ thirty single . It is Lewis 's third single after " Footprints in the Sand " ( 2008 ) and " I Got You " ( 2010 ) to miss the top five . In the United Kingdom the song fared somewhat better , debuting at number two on the R & B Singles Chart and number seven on the main UK Singles Chart . " Trouble " is the second single to miss the top five in the UK after " I Got You " , but is Lewis ' ninth UK top ten . In total , " Trouble " spent four weeks within the top 100 . Elsewhere , song made a brief appearance Swiss Singles Chart , where it peaked at number seventy @-@ five for one week before dropping off the chart , and at number ninety @-@ three on the South Korea Gaon International singles chart .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
A music video for " Trouble " began production on 22 August 2012 with Lewis confirming , via her Twitter account , that Teen Wolf actor Colton Haynes will play her love interest in the video . It is the second time that Lewis has enlisted a Hollywood actor to play a love interest , previously casting Chace Crawford to play her leading man in the video for Lewis ' single " I Will Be " ( 2009 ) . According to MSN 's Felicity Thistlewaithe , Haynes was chosen due to his physical resemblance to Lewis ' ex @-@ boyfriend Lou Al @-@ Chamaa , who is thought to be the inspiration for the song . Haynes said that his and Lewis ' managers were good friends and thus the casting was arranged through them . Described by Capital FM as " Lewis enduring an awkward break @-@ up " interpolated with " time [ s ] when the couple were happy and in love , " the music video for " Trouble " uses the solo version of the song , which excludes Childish Gambino 's rap verse . It was filmed in Los Angeles and sees the relationship between Haynes and Lewis unfold in various scenarios , particularly focussing on how the couple argue before walking away from each other .
Helmed by Raul B. Fernandez , the principle filming of the video took place in just one day . While filming the bedroom scene for the video , Lewis fell from the bed and injured her toe . A doctor was called on set to examine the injury , but Lewis was given the all clear and resumed filming barefoot for the rest of the video . On 29 August 2012 , the official lyrics video was uploaded to Lewis ' YouTube page . Two weeks later , Lewis uploaded some still images from the music video . On 14 September 2012 , Lewis uploaded the official music video for " Trouble " to her VEVO account . Behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage from the video shoot was released on 4 October 2012 , and shows Lewis and Haynes filming each of the scenes with commentary from Fernandez , Haynes and Lewis .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video begins with a view of the apartment that Lewis and Haynes shared . Books and a vase lay strewn across the floor , while Lewis weeps in the corner and Haynes watches from a distance teary @-@ eyed . The video switches to several other shots of Lewis singing the first verse , looking morose . In a third shot , Lewis is seen standing on a rooftop against the Los Angeles skyline dressed in a dark red crop top . Then the video switches to Lewis standing in front of projected images of the memorable times of her relationship with Haynes . Lewis and Haynes are seen sat at opposite ends of the sofa looking into the distance , spliced with more scenes of Lewis on the rooftop . The couple are seen during an awkward dinner before switching to images of the couple in bed together , seemingly happy . As the chorus kicks in for the first time , the couple are seen arriving at a party , with Lewis wearing an aqua @-@ coloured dress with a portion of her midriff revealed , meanwhile Haynes wears a plaid shirt and jeans . Initially the couple are content , embracing guests but socialising separately and avoiding contact with each other . The camera switches between these and the earlier scenes of Lewis in front of projected images and the LA skyline throughout the chorus . As Lewis sings " I 'm a whole lot of trouble / We 're in a whole lot of trouble " , she glances over to see Haynes flirting with another girl .
In the following verse , Lewis and Haynes are seen having several embraces , some joyful while others are more tense as Lewis is sad . The couple are then seen leaving the party ; Haynes walks over to Lewis and attempts to kiss , but she proceeds to push him away . During the second airing of the chorus , more images of happy scenes between the couple are spliced with Lewis waking up in bed to find Haynes has slept on the sofa . More passionate embraces between the couple are seen before Lewis is seen breaking down in tears . At the breakfast that follows , the couple break into a series of arguments . Lewis shoves Haynes onto the sofa , and Haynes grabs Lewis as she turns away . Lewis then slaps Hayne around the face . During the middle eight breakdown in the song , Haynes throws books from a shelf , and Lewis throws objects at Haynes including a cushion , as well as pushing over a lamp . Haynes subsequently leaves , driving away into the distance , and Lewis falls to the wall and breaks down in tears .
= = = Reception = = =
Anna Lewis from Heatworld.com praised the music video and said that fans who " like listening to good tunes and looking at hot guys " would be impressed . In the review A. Lewis also commended the decision to hire Haynes and summarised by saying " Bravo Leona . Bravo . " 4 Music 's Chris Younie agreed calling Lewis " one lucky lady , " as well as being surprised by the video . In his review Younie said " If you thought butter @-@ wouldn 't @-@ melt in the mouth of Leona Lewis , think again , as the video gets steamy ! " He concluded by praising the song and video 's potential with the comment " [ it ] could be another No 1 for the ballad @-@ belting beauty . "
= = Promotion and live performances = =
In a 24 August 2012 newsletter to fans about the upcoming release of " Trouble , " it was announced that aspiring musicians and fans could produce their own remix for " Trouble " and win the chance to have their remix released along with the single . Lewis told fans , " I can 't wait for you guys to start remixing ' Trouble ' . It is such an important song to me and I know that you will put all your creative talents into it ! I 'm looking forward to hearing what you come up with and don 't forget there are some great prizes to be won too ! " Lewis and Fraser T Smith ( co @-@ producer and co @-@ writer of the song ) were amongst the judges for the shortlisted songs . Matty Graham won the competition , and his remix of " Trouble " was released alongside the original version as part of a Digital EP available exclusively to MyPlayDirect.com , Lewis ' official music store .
On 5 September 2012 , Lewis uploaded her first live performance of " Trouble " to her official Vevo account . The acoustic performance was recorded live in a studio in just one take , and was filmed in black and white . The video features a stripped vocal performance set against a minimal cello and piano production . It is one of five such acoustic performances that Lewis recorded of songs from Glassheart in August 2012 . Deekay from soul music website Soulculture.co.uk praised the acoustic performance , saying that while the original version " just about added up to the sum of its individually brilliant parts " , the acoustic " [ is ] perhaps even better than the original " . The reviewer praised Lewis ' balance of " powerhouse vocals with the soul and emotion that her critics claim she lacks " .
A tour of local radio stations in the UK began on 17 September , lasting for four days and visiting six cities to promote both " Trouble " and Glassheart . Lewis performed " Trouble " live for the first time on ninth series of The X Factor , the same show which launched Lewis ' career six years earlier . Music Week magazine was first to reveal that Lewis would be performing over the first live shows on 7 October , directly preceding the song 's release . Dressed in a purple Ariella Courture gown , Lewis ' performance was called " flawless " by writers for the Daily Mail , who commended Lewis for cementing her comeback . On 12 October 2012 , Lewis performed " Trouble " live on Alan Carr : Chatty Man , and a day later reprised the performance during at set at G @-@ A @-@ Y nightclub in London . Internationally , Lewis took to the stage for second season finale of The Voice of Germany , where she performed " Trouble " as a duet with finalist Michael Lane . " Trouble " is performed as the eleventh song on the set list of Lewis ' 2013 tour called the Glassheart Tour .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits = =
Recording
Recorded at Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles and MyAudioTonic Studios ( The Matrix ) in London , United Kingdom .
Mixed at Ninja Beat Club , Atlanta , Georgia .
Mastered at SING Mastering , Atlanta , Georgia .
Personnel
Credits adapted from album booklet .
= = Charts = =
= = Radio adds and release history = =
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= No. 482 Squadron RAAF =
No. 482 Squadron was a maintenance unit of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . It was formed in May 1942 as No. 4 Repair and Salvage Unit , renamed No. 4 Repair and Servicing Unit in January 1945 and re @-@ formed as No. 482 ( Maintenance ) Squadron in May 1946 . The squadron then became a component of No. 82 ( Bomber ) Wing at RAAF Station Amberley , Queensland . Over the years it serviced the wing 's Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberators , Avro Lincolns , English Electric Canberras , McDonnell Douglas F @-@ 4E Phantoms , and General Dynamics F @-@ 111Cs . No. 482 Squadron merged with No. 3 Aircraft Depot to form No. 501 Wing in March 1992 . No. 501 Wing continued to provide maintenance and logistics support for the F @-@ 111Cs at Amberley until disbanding in 2001 .
= = History = =
No. 4 Repair and Salvage Unit ( RSU ) was formed at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , on 18 May 1942 . Its inaugural commanding officer , from 1 June , was acting Flight Lieutenant H.R.P. Relf . On 20 October , it commenced a move to Pell Airfield , Northern Territory , becoming operational on 26 December . Coming under the control of North @-@ Western Area Command ( NWA ) , No. 4 RSU was responsible for salvaging damaged aircraft , which it subsequently repaired or dismantled for spare parts . By December 1943 , its strength was over 500 officers and men . It was renamed No. 4 Repair and Servicing Unit on 1 January 1945 , and re @-@ located to Winnellie , Northern Territory , on 11 May . As the war in the Pacific moved northward , No. 4 RSU 's strength was reduced ; by August it was under 400 , including 11 officers . On 15 December 1945 , it moved to RAAF Station Parkes , New South Wales . The unit re @-@ located from Parkes to RAAF Station Amberley , Queensland , on 15 April 1946 .
No. 4 RSU re @-@ formed as No. 482 ( Maintenance ) Squadron on 10 May 1946 . Commanded by Squadron Leader J.E. Jackson , it became a component of No. 82 ( Bomber ) Wing . The squadron 's motto was " Trenchant " . No. 82 Wing 's flying complement included Nos. 12 , 21 , and 23 Squadrons , but these were renumbered Nos. 1 , 2 and 6 Squadrons respectively in February 1948 . At the same time , the wing 's Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator heavy bombers were replaced by Avro Lincolns . During 1949 – 50 , some of the Lincolns were specially modified with advanced radar and other instrumentation to participate in Operation Cumulative , a joint program with the Royal Air Force gathering long @-@ range navigation and bombing data for use in potential air campaigns against the Soviet Union . No. 482 Squadron faced a critical shortage of Merlin engines in mid @-@ 1950 , but the situation improved the next year .
In October 1950 , No. 482 Squadron personnel undertook airframe and Avon engine courses in preparation for the introduction of the recently ordered English Electric Canberra jet bomber , forty @-@ eight of which began re @-@ equipping No. 82 Wing 's flying squadrons in December 1953 . During the 1950s and 60s , No. 482 Squadron provided ground support for exercises involving the Canberras in Darwin and New Guinea , and for ceremonial occasions including several royal visits . In April 1968 , No. 1 Operational Conversion Unit ( OCU ) , responsible for converting aircrew to the Canberra , was made independent of No. 82 Wing to concentrate on providing crews for No. 2 Squadron , which was on active duty in the Vietnam War . Maintenance responsibilities for the Canberras then transferred from No. 482 Squadron to No. 1 OCU , along with relevant staff and equipment .
Between 1970 and 1973 , as an interim measure pending the long @-@ delayed delivery of the General Dynamics F @-@ 111C swing @-@ wing bomber , No. 82 Wing operated leased McDonnell Douglas F @-@ 4E Phantoms . They were maintained by No. 482 Squadron in conjunction with No. 3 Aircraft Depot ; as well as routine servicing , the units modified the Phantoms ' AN / APQ @-@ 120 radars during early 1971 . No. 482 Squadron 's hangar , electronics , and training facilities had been upgraded in the late 1960s in anticipation of the arrival of the F @-@ 111 ; the unit 's main hangar became known as the " Taj Mahal " . By 1973 , the year the F @-@ 111 finally entered service , No. 482 Squadron had a strength of over 700 . Borrowing a concept from the United States Air Force , the RAAF employed a centralised servicing regime , whereby all aircraft and maintenance personnel were held by No. 482 Squadron , which serviced and released the F @-@ 111s in line with Nos. 1 and 6 Squadrons ' joint flying program . According to Air Marshal Errol McCormack , an F @-@ 111 pilot who rose to become Chief of the Air Staff , the system was a " disaster " that was doomed to failure owing to the relatively small size of the RAAF 's F @-@ 111 fleet .
Responsibility for operational @-@ level servicing of the F @-@ 111s was transferred to the flying squadrons on 1 February 1981 . Under this arrangement , 200 personnel moved from No. 482 Squadron to Nos. 1 and 6 Squadrons , which for the first time took direct control of their F @-@ 111s . No. 482 Squadron continued to provide intermediate @-@ level servicing for the bombers , while major upgrades and complex maintenance involving stripping down the airframe and engines were carried out by No. 3 Aircraft Depot . No. 482 Squadron also operated the F @-@ 111 flight simulator . The squadron 's personnel deployed with the F @-@ 111s on exercises , and took part in investigations and recovery operations following accidents . On 17 March 1983 , Sir Ninian Stephen presented No. 482 Squadron with the Governor @-@ General 's Banner . No. 482 Squadron merged with No. 3 Aircraft Depot to form No. 501 Wing on 16 March 1992 . It became the largest unit in the RAAF , with a total strength of over 1 @,@ 200 . No. 501 Wing continued to provide deep maintenance and logistics support for the F @-@ 111s at Amberley until 2001 , when Boeing Australia was awarded the maintenance contract .
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= Lou Rymkus =
Louis Joseph " the Battler " Rymkus ( November 6 , 1919 – October 31 , 1998 ) was an American football player and coach in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , National Football League ( NFL ) and American Football League ( AFL ) . Playing as a tackle for the Cleveland Browns in the AAFC and NFL in the late 1940s and early 1950s , Rymkus provided pass protection for quarterback Otto Graham as the team won five league championships . Following his playing career , Rymkus took a number of assistant coaching jobs before serving as the first head coach of the AFL 's Houston Oilers in 1960 . The team won the league 's first championship , but Rymkus was fired by Oilers owner Bud Adams after a slow start in 1961 .
Rymkus was born in Royalton , Illinois and grew up in Chicago . He was a star lineman in high school and won a football scholarship to attend the University of Notre Dame . At Notre Dame , he played on a 1941 team that went undefeated under head coach Frank Leahy . Rymkus was drafted by the NFL 's Washington Redskins in 1943 and played one season for the team before joining the U.S. Marines during World War II . Following two years in the service , he signed with the Browns , where he spent the remainder of his playing career . Paul Brown , the Browns ' first coach , called Rymkus " the best pass protector I 've ever seen " . His blocking was used by coaches to demonstrate proper form .
After Rymkus 's brief stint coaching the Oilers , he held numerous football jobs , including as the coach of a high school team in Louisiana and an assistant with the Detroit Lions . Rymkus was a finalist for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1988 but was not elected . In 2005 , he was named to the Professional Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association 's third HOVG class .
He died of a stroke in Houston , Texas , where he lived for most of his later life .
= = Early life and high school career = =
Rymkus was born in Royalton , Illinois , the son of a Lithuanian immigrant coal miner who owned a small grocery store . After his father was shot and killed outside the grocery store , Rymkus and his family moved to the Back of the Yards neighborhood on Chicago 's South Side . With family finances tight , he took a number of odd jobs , including working as a laborer and delivering newspapers and groceries . At the suggestion of a friend , Rymkus attended Tilden Tech , now known as Tilden High School , and began to display talent as a lineman on the school 's football team . He blocked a kick and scored a touchdown in a game at Chicago 's Soldier Field in 1936 against rival Austin High , a play he later said was the most memorable of his high school career . Rymkus won seven letters at Tilden playing on the football , track and wrestling teams . As a senior , he defeated Rudy Mucha to win the Chicago prep @-@ school wrestling title .
= = College and professional career = =
Rymkus 's success in high school led to a scholarship to the University of Notre Dame , where he played from 1940 to 1942 . He was known in college as a tough and durable tackle . In a 1941 game against Georgia Tech , Rymkus was elbowed in his upper lip . He left the game to get 14 stitches and returned to play in the 20 – 0 Notre Dame victory . Notre Dame went undefeated that season , coach Frank Leahy 's first year at the school . During his junior year in 1942 , Rymkus earned All @-@ America honors , and in his final season at Notre Dame he was named the team 's Most Valuable Player .
Rymkus was drafted by the National Football League 's Washington Redskins in 1943 , signing a contract giving him a $ 2 @,@ 000 annual salary ( $ 27 @,@ 350 in 2016 dollars ) . Playing alongside quarterback Sammy Baugh , Rymkus returned a blocked punt for a touchdown in one game and an interception for a touchdown in the next game . After the 1943 season , Rymkus joined the U.S. Marines during World War II . He trained Navy recruits at Great Lakes Naval Station near Chicago in 1944 and 1945 , and served at Pearl Harbor .
As the war wound down with Germany 's surrender in mid @-@ 1945 , Rymkus decided to join the new Cleveland Browns of the fledgling All @-@ America Football Conference . Paul Brown , the coach of the new team , had met Rymkus at Great Lakes , where he coached the training station 's military football squad . Brown offered Rymkus a $ 4 @,@ 000 salary ( $ 52 @,@ 577 today ) , double what he made with the Redskins . George Preston Marshall , the owner of the Redskins , declined to match the offer and questioned the wisdom of joining a league that he thought had little chance of success competing against the more established NFL . Rymkus left his wife Betty in Nappanee , Indiana and hitchhiked to the Browns ' training camp in Bowling Green , Ohio .
The Browns began play in 1946 , and Rymkus soon became an anchor of the team 's offensive and defensive lines . He solidified his reputation for toughness by playing more than 50 minutes per game that year despite a knee injury for which he needed surgery immediately after the season . On defense , Rymkus helped stop opponents ' rushing attacks and disrupt the opposing quarterback . On offense , he helped protect quarterback Otto Graham and opened up running room for fullback Marion Motley . Graham led the AAFC in total passing yards over its four years of existence , while Motley led the league in rushing .
The Browns advanced to the AAFC championship in 1946 , but a week before the game , Rymkus and teammates Jim Daniell and Mac Speedie were arrested and held for several hours after a confrontation with Cleveland police . The men were drinking as they waited to pick up Speedie 's wife , who was coming on a plane from Utah . Daniell , who was driving the car the three men were in , honked at a police car that was blocking him , leading to an argument and the arrests . Rymkus and Speedie were charged with creating a disturbance and Daniell was charged with public intoxication . Daniell , the Browns ' captain , was kicked off the team after the incident , but Rymkus and Speedie remained . The Browns went on to win the championship the following week , and Rymkus was named to a combined all @-@ AAFC and NFL team .
Cleveland won the AAFC championship in each of the following three years before the league dissolved and the Browns were absorbed by the NFL . Rymkus was named to all @-@ AAFC teams in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 . In 1948 , when the Browns won all of their games , Brown took away Rymkus 's defensive duties and made him exclusively an offensive tackle . That summer , he served as an umpire in the All @-@ American Girls Professional Baseball League .
The Browns won the NFL championship in 1950 , the team 's first year in the league . Cleveland advanced to the championship the following year , but lost 24 – 17 to the Los Angeles Rams . Slowed by injuries to his elbow and knees , the 32 @-@ year @-@ old Rymkus retired after the 1951 season , never having missed a game or a practice during his six years with the team . Brown called him " the best pass protector I 've ever seen " ; former teammates said his play was a model Cleveland coaches used to teach pass blocking to newcomers .
= = Coaching career = =
Following his retirement in early 1952 , Rymkus accepted a position as line coach at Indiana University , where his former Notre Dame teammate Bernie Crimmins had been appointed head coach . A year later , he headed north to work as an assistant under former Rams head coach Bob Snyder with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League . In 1954 , he returned to the NFL as a line coach for the Green Bay Packers . In four seasons there , he worked with future Hall of Famers Forrest Gregg and Jim Ringo .
On January 9 , 1958 , Rymkus accepted an assistant coaching position with the Rams . Rymkus had been mentioned as a possible candidate to replace Lisle Blackbourn as the head coach of the Packers , but was passed over for the job in favor of fellow assistant Ray McLean . He worked under Sid Gillman with the Rams for two seasons , and was seen as a potential head coach . The new American Football League 's ( AFL ) Los Angeles Chargers considered him for the top spot in 1959 ; Leahy , Rymkus ' former Notre Dame coach , served as the team 's general manager . The Chargers selected Gillman instead , and Rymkus in January 1960 took the head coaching position of the AFL 's Houston Oilers . Oilers owner Bud Adams signed him to a three @-@ year contract paying $ 15 @,@ 500 per year ( $ 123 @,@ 983 in 2016 dollars ) .
Rymkus hired a stable of assistant coaches including Wally Lemm , Walt Schlinkman , Fred Wallner and former Browns teammate Speedie . The team was led by quarterback George Blanda , running back Billy Cannon and wide receiver Charlie Hennigan . As the regular season progressed , Houston built up a 10 – 4 record , setting up a meeting with the Chargers in the AFL championship game . The Oilers had lost to the Chargers in a November 13 game dubbed the " Sawdust Game " because sawdust was spread over the muddy and wet field in Los Angeles , but they entered the championship a six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half point favorite . Before the game , Rymkus was named the AFL 's coach of the year . The Oilers went on to beat Gillman 's Chargers 24 – 16 in the championship game on January 1 , 1961 . To commemorate the victory , Rymkus ordered thousands of drinking glasses emblazoned with a picture of his face and gave them to friends .
The celebratory mood continued into the next preseason , when Adams sent the team for two weeks of training camp in Hawaii . Rymkus was upset by the distractions caused by the decision . " We found it hard to think football around the palm trees " , he said . " A preseason camp has to be hard , and you have to work hard . You can 't do it in a place like Hawaii . " The team got off to a 1 – 3 – 1 start in 1961 , and Adams fired him on October 14 . Adams said the decision was " based on the conclusion the material on hand has not been used to its fullest potential " . Wally Lemm was given the head coaching job , but the shake @-@ up prompted Speedie to resign . Under Lemm , the Oilers regrouped to win their second consecutive title .
Rymkus left football after his firing and accepted a regional public relations position with the Los Angeles @-@ based Global Marine Exploration Company . After more than three years out of the sport , he returned to coaching and the Oilers when former Redskins teammate Hugh Taylor hired him as the team 's offensive line coach . Rymkus stayed with the team for the 1965 season , resigning in January 1966 . Despite his short tenure with the Oilers , Rymkus 's was popular in Houston ; over 250 people attended a dinner in his honor following his resignation .
Three weeks later , Rymkus and Baugh , who had worked with him on the Oilers ' staff , were named assistant coaches for the Detroit Lions . When Harry Gilmer was fired as Lions ' head coach after the 1966 NFL season , however , Rymkus was once again out of work . He got a job as an assistant for the Akron Vulcans of the Continental Football League and was appointed the team 's head coach and general manager in 1967 . Rymkus stayed in the position until the team folded later that year due to financial difficulties ; the team 's owner , Frank Hurn , ran out of money and stopped paying the Vulcans ' bills .
Rymkus next took a steep pay cut to serve as head coach of Many High School in Many , Louisiana . The job , in rural west @-@ central Louisiana , paid him only $ 9 @,@ 200 a year ( $ 62 @,@ 604 in 2016 ) to coach football , teach three history classes and run the school 's summer recreation program . Rymkus was drawn by the tough conditions the players endured ; many of his athletes missed practice to work on family farms . The team failed to win a game in 1968 , but Rymkus stayed connected to professional football as a scout with the Kansas City Chiefs on weekends .
In 1969 , Rymkus left Many – he said he " couldn 't afford it " – and began working as general manager of the Executive Health Club in Houston . Later that year , he raised money to organize a West Texas Rufneks team in the Continental Football League . After the Rufneks lost an exhibition game 31 – 0 to the visiting Omaha Mustangs , the board of directors of Professional Sports Inc. voted unanimously to remove him as head coach . Ted Dawson , who had been head coach and general manager of the Rufneks when the team was part of the Texas Football League in 1968 , retook the position and completed the season in a tie with the Western Conference champion San Antonio Toros .
In early 1970 , Rymkus applied for a job as the Browns ' offensive line coach but did not get the position . Later that year , he returned to the NFL as an offensive line coach for the Baltimore Colts under Don McCafferty . After just three regular @-@ season games , however , he was replaced by George Young and transferred to the team 's scouting department . Rymkus received a championship ring that year when the Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V.
During his coaching career , Rymkus was renowned for his strictness . While with the Oilers , he repeatedly threatened to whip his players . He could also be melodramatic . He once repeated a speech Leahy gave at Notre Dame before a practice in a blizzard . He told his players during a hot August in Houston to be " like the Great Northern Buffalo , whose coat is shaggy and whose muscles are strong . The Great Northern Buffalo sticks his head into the wind and braves the cold , not like the puny Southern Buffalo , who turns his back to the storm . "
= = Later life and death = =
Rymkus worked in the late 1970s for the Houston Astros in the group sales department . He went on to take a number of jobs outside of football , including selling cars in Houston , where he spent his remaining years . In 1988 , he was among 15 finalists for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame but did not make the cut . He died of a stroke in a Houston hospice in 1998 . He and his wife Betty had two children , twin boys named Pat and Mike .
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= American Cocker Spaniel =
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog . It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel ; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in America and the UK . In the United States , the breed is usually called the Cocker Spaniel , while elsewhere in the world , it is called the American Cocker Spaniel in order to differentiate between it and its English cousin . The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England , while spaniel is thought to be derived from the type 's origins in Spain .
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620 , but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club ( AKC ) . A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed , Ch . Obo II , was born around this time . By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognised the English type as a separate breed . It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognised the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type . The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s , reigning for a total of 18 years . They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions , and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions , with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S. Truman . In 2013 , the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends .
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognised by the AKC , and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognisable . In addition , there are some marked differences between it and its English relative . It is a happy breed with average working intelligence , although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog . Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts , eyes and ears .
= = History = =
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain , with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin . Records from the mid @-@ 14th century show that selective breeding was already in place , with the breed being separated into two distinct types , called water spaniels and land spaniels . By 1801 , the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel , so named for its use in flushing woodcock .
According to historical records , the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth , England and landed in New England in 1620 . The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain , who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878 . In 1881 , the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed ; it would later become the American Spaniel Club ( ASC ) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States . The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels , a task which would take over 20 years , only being completed in 1905 .
The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel . Ch . Obo was bred to Ch . Chloe II , who was shipped to America while she was pregnant . Once in the United States , she whelped a dog who became Ch . Obo II . He differed greatly from the modern breed , being only 10 inches ( 25 cm ) tall and with a long body , but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire .
Towards the end of the 19th century , the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog . In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another , with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s . The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle , their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller . The differences were so apparent that in 1935 , breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel . The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed , with the English type as a variety of the main breed , until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognised the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed .
= = = Return to the UK = = =
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s . In addition , several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home .
The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught , born 17 January 1956 and bred by Herbert L. Steinberg . Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown . In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed , which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes . This included Aramingo Argonaught , who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled " Any variety not classified at this show " . In 1968 , the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category " Any variety gundog other than Cocker " and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of " Spaniel ( Cocker ) " . There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 .
In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement , as it was previously included in " Any other variety " . Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition .
= = = Notable American Cockers and popularity = = =
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions , with the first win in 1921 by Ch . Midkiff Seductive . Ch . My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941 , and became known as the most photographed dog in the world .
Brucie 's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States , and they would remain the most popular until 1952 . The most recent victory was in 1954 with the victory going to Ch . Carmor 's Rise and Shine . The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990 . In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased , with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005 .
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency . In 1952 , an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on 23 September . A parti @-@ colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B. Hayes ; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S. Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician . More recently , a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was Arkansas Governor .
= = Appearance = =
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognised by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog , being on average between 13 @.@ 5 and 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 34 and 39 cm ) high at the withers . It is a dog of normal proportions , with medium long silky fur on the body and ears , hanging down on the legs and belly ( known as feathering ) . The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down . The breed standard states that size over 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 39 cm ) inches for males and 14 @.@ 5 inches ( 37 cm ) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows . American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds ( 11 to 14 kg ) on average , with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males .
The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable , with the rounded dome of the skull , well @-@ pronounced stop , and a square shaped lip . The drop ears are long , low set , with long silky fur , and the eyes are dark , large , and rounded . The nose can be black or brown depending on the colour of the breed .
The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colours being separated into three main groups : black / black and tan , any solid colour other than black ( ASCOB ) , and parti @-@ colour . The black variety is either all black , or with tan points on the dog 's head , the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan . The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colours from light cream through to dark red , although some lighter colouring is allowed on the feathering according to standards . Parti @-@ coloured dogs are white with patches of another colour such as black or brown , and includes any roan coloured dogs . In addition , American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle , which is not recognised by the American Kennel Club .
American Cockers have rounder eyes , a domed skull , shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers , whose head is more setter @-@ like . In colours , the roan colours are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all , although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red . The English breed is also slightly larger , being between 14 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 inches ( 37 – 39 cm ) in height .
American Cocker Spaniel
= = Temperament = =
Known as the " Merry Cocker " , the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being " equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity . " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , a rating that indicates good " Working or Obedience Intelligence " , or trainability . IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger , a trait which was put down to the breed 's bred @-@ in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command . However , they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws , for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string .
With a good level of socialisation at an early age , an American Cocker can get along with people , children , other dogs and other pets . This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people ; it is not best suited to the backyard alone . Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling .
Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs , but increased in popularity as a show dog . It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard , resulting in certain attributes , such as a long coat , which no longer make it an ideal working dog .
= = Health = =
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA / Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years , which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs , and one to two years less than other breeds of their size . The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel . In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey , the most common causes of death were cancer ( 23 % ) , old age ( 20 % ) , cardiac ( 8 % ) , and immune @-@ mediated ( 8 % ) . In a 2003 USA / Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size , the leading causes of death were cancer , hepatic disease , and immune @-@ mediated .
American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills . This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines .
American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses , particularly infections affecting their ears and , in some cases , their eyes . Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known , progressive retinal atrophy ( PRA ) , glaucoma , and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed . The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding . Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed , including autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( AIHA ) . Ear inflammations are common in drop @-@ eared breeds of dog , including the American Cocker , and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed .
Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy , where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged , and sick sinus syndrome , which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure , have been identified in the breed . Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy , causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise . The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population , but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition .
American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome . The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks . Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable .
= = In popular culture = =
The film Lady and the Tramp features Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel .
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= Tropical Storm Morakot ( 2003 ) =
Tropical Storm Morakot , known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Juaning , brought significant rainfall to Taiwan before alleviating drought conditions in mainland China in August 2003 . The tenth named storm in the western Pacific that year , Morakot spawned from an area of disturbed weather in the Philippine Sea on July 31 . Tracking northwest , favorable conditions allowed for the intensification of the system to tropical storm strength on August 2 . Morakot reached peak intensity later that day with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) . This intensity was held for several hours until less conducive atmospheric conditions slightly weakened the system ; this was followed by Morakot making landfall on southern Taiwan on August 3 . Subsequently , the storm weakened and moved into the Taiwan Strait before making its final landfall near Quanzhou , China the next day . The storm quickly weakened over the Chinese mainland , and dissipated entirely several hours after landfall .
In Taiwan , where Morakot first made landfall , heavy rainfall resulted in flooding . Commercial flights , schools , and rail service in some areas was cancelled in advance of the storm . Precipitation there peaked at 653 mm ( 25 @.@ 71 in ) over a period of nearly two days in Taitung County . Crop damage also resulted from the rainfall , and was estimated at over NT $ 70 million ( US $ 2 million ) . In China , record rainfall was reported . The worst impacted city was Quanzhou , where losses due to Morakot reached CN ¥ 240 million ( US $ 29 million ) and one death was reported . Power outages were also widespread across southeastern China . Due to preexisting drought conditions , 703 cloud seeding operations took place in order to artificially generate added rainfall ; such operations resulted in moderate precipitation over the targeted area . Overall , Morakot caused roughly $ 31 million in damage and three deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
In late July 2003 , an area of disturbed weather began to persist northwest of Chuuk in the Philippine Sea , and was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) early on July 30 . As atmospheric conditions remained favorable throughout the day 's duration , the system organized , and was upgraded to tropical depression status by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) at 0600 UTC on July 31 , followed by the JTWC at 0600 UTC and Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) six hours later . The PAGASA consequently named the system Juaning for local purposes . Tracking north @-@ northwestward under the influence of a passing trough , the system intensified further into a tropical storm by 0600 UTC on August 2 , thus receiving the name Morakot . At the time , the storm was well organized with a steady outflow pattern .
Intensification continued , and at 1800 UTC on August 2 the JMA determined Morakot to have peaked in intensity with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) ; however , the JTWC still considered Morakot to have been a strengthening tropical cyclone at the time . The appearance of a ragged eye prompted the agency to upgrade the storm to typhoon status at 0600 UTC on August 3 , though other agencies still maintained Morakot 's tropical storm classification . Over the rest of the day the cyclone moved rather erratically before making its first landfall on Tainan , Taiwan late on August 3 . Morakot had slightly weakened prior to landfall and as such estimates from the JMA of the storm 's intensity at the time of landfall were slightly lowered to 75 km / h ( 45 mph ) . Despite the slowing of the storm 's forward motion as it moved across the island , passage over Taiwan was brief and Morakot entered the Taiwan Strait by early on August 4 . The cyclone 's northwesterly track brought the storm to a second landfall , this time near Quanzhou , China , at approximately 1000 UTC that day . Weakening was quick over China , and by two hours after landfall the JMA declared Morakot to have weakened below tropical depression intensity . The JTWC continued to monitor the system until it was determined to have dissipated by 0000 UTC on August 5 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Due to the storm 's projected path into Taiwan , the Central Weather Bureau issued a sea and land warning on August 2 . Commercial flights between Taiwan and Green and Orchid Islands were cancelled , as well as rail service along Taiwan 's eastern coast . Morakot 's passage over southern Taiwan resulted in significant rainfall across the island . Precipitation from the tropical cyclone peaked at 653 mm ( 25 @.@ 71 in ) over nearly two days in Taitung County . The rains uprooted trees in southeastern Taitung City and triggered some landslides . Flash flooding was reported in Pingtung County . Additional landslides blocked highways there , and elementary and junior high schools in the county were forced to close . Power outages also occurred and impacted hundreds of residences . Crop damage ensued from the precipitation , and amounted to over NT $ 70 million ( US $ 2 million ) .
Heavy rainfall and flooding also occurred in China . A station in Jinjiang , Fujian recorded 544 mm ( 21 @.@ 42 in ) of rain in an 18 @-@ hour period ; this was the most torrential rainfall event for the city since records began . Heavy rains also fell in Zimao Town , where 334 mm ( 13 @.@ 15 in ) of rain was documented in eight hours . Quanzhou City was heavily impacted by the rainfall , and total losses there reached CN ¥ 240 million ( US $ 29 million ) . One death resulted in the city . Further south in Heyuan , widespread power outages were caused by torrential rainfall . Winds blew two people off of a high falsework , killing both . The rainfall from Morakot in China somewhat relieved persistent drought conditions in the region . Following the passage of the tropical storm , however , 703 cloud seeding missions were carried out in Fujian Province in order to produce enhanced artificial rainfall . This included the deployment of 1 @,@ 027 rockets and 14 @,@ 700 cannonballs containing silver iodide . As a result of these , rainfall totals ranging from 40 – 60 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) over a 138 @,@ 500 km2 ( 53 @,@ 500 sq mi ) area were attributed to anthropologically enhanced precipitation . Though not directly related to Morakot , the storm 's cyclonic circulation helped in part to produce thick smog and low visibility conditions in parts of Hong Kong .
= = Naming = =
In 2002 , the name Hanuman was replaced prior to being used , due to objection by the India Meteorological Department for reason of religion .
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= Order of the Bath =
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath ) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725 . The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight , which involved bathing ( as a symbol of purification ) as one of its elements . The knights so created were known as " Knights of the Bath " . George I " erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order " . He did not ( as is commonly believed ) revive the Order of the Bath , since it had never previously existed as an Order , in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred .
The Order consists of the Sovereign ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) , the Great Master ( currently The Prince of Wales ) , and three Classes of members :
Knight Grand Cross ( GCB ) or Dame Grand Cross ( GCB )
Knight Commander ( KCB ) or Dame Commander ( DCB )
Companion ( CB )
Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division . Prior to 1815 , the order had only a single class , Knight Companion ( KB ) , which no longer exists . Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants . Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members .
The Order of the Bath is the fourth @-@ most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry , after The Most Noble Order of the Garter , The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick ( dormant ) .
= = History = =
= = = Knights of the Bath = = =
In the Middle Ages , knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies . These usually involved the knight @-@ to @-@ be taking a bath ( possibly symbolic of spiritual purification ) during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights . He was then put to bed to dry . Clothed in a special robe , he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil . At dawn he made confession and attended Mass , then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight . He was then brought before the King , who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight @-@ elect 's heels , fastened a belt around his waist , then struck him on the neck ( with either a hand or a sword ) , thus making him a knight . It was this accolade which was the essential act in creating a knight , and a simpler ceremony developed , conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight @-@ to @-@ be on the shoulder with a sword , or " dubbing " him , as is still done today . In the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families .
From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399 the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions such as coronations , investitures of the Prince of Wales or Royal dukes , and royal weddings , and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath . Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony . The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661 .
From at least 1625 , and possibly from the reign of James I , Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno ( Latin for " Three joined in one " ) , and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval . These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath ; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division . Their symbolism however is not entirely clear . The ' three joined in one ' may be a reference to the kingdoms of England , Scotland and either France or Ireland , which were held ( or claimed in the case of France ) by English and , later , British monarchs . This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge . Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity . Nicolas quotes a source ( although he is sceptical of it ) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina iuncta in uno ( three powers / gods joined in one ) , but from the reign of James I the word numina was dropped and the motto understood to mean Tria [ regna ] iuncta in uno ( three kingdoms joined in one ) .
= = = Foundation of the order = = =
The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis , Garter King of Arms , England 's highest heraldic officer . Sir Anthony Wagner , a recent holder of the office of Garter , wrote of Anstis 's motivations :
It was Martin Leake 's opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded , he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense . It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal , which was not hard , their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established , but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry , which can by no means have been easy , considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office ... The main object of Anstis 's next move , the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured , of ingratiating him with the all @-@ powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole .
The use of honours in the early eighteenth century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds , if not thousands , of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments . The only honours available at that time were hereditary ( not life ) peerages and baronetcies , knighthoods and the Order of the Garter ( or the Order of the Thistle for Scots ) , none of which were awarded in large numbers ( the Garter and the Thistle are limited to 24 and 16 living members respectively . ) The political environment was also significantly different from today :
The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century . The Court remained the centre of the political world . The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament , but the choice remained his . The leader of an administration still had to command the King 's personal confidence and approval . A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places , pensions , and other marks of Royal favour to the government 's supporters .
The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position . George I having agreed to Walpole 's proposal , Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath . As noted above , he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath , as well as the colour of the riband and mantle , and the ceremony for creating a knight . The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter , of which he was an officer ( as Garter King of Arms ) . The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated 18 May 1725 , and the statutes issued the following week .
The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign , a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight , a Great Master and thirty @-@ five Knights Companion . Seven officers ( see below ) were attached to the Order . These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage , as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master , supported by fees from the knights . Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order , only a few military officers were among the initial appointments ( see List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath ) . They may be broken down into categories as follows ( note that some are classified in more than one category ) :
Members of the House of Commons : 14
The Royal Household or sinecures : 11
Diplomats : 4
The Walpole family , including the Prime Minister : 3
Naval and Army Officers : 3
Irish Peers : 2
Country gentlemen with Court Appointments : 2
The majority of the new Knights Companions were knighted by the King and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725 . Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights , this was not performed , and indeed was possibly never intended to be , as the original statutes contained a provision allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements . The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation , which was performed in the Order 's Chapel , the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey , on 17 June . This precedent was followed until 1812 , after which the Installation was also dispensed with , until its revival in the twentieth century . The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847 .
Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political , from the 1770s appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval , military or diplomatic achievements . This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period . The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war , who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes , and whose number was not subject to any restrictions . Another statute , this one issued some 80 years earlier , had also added a military note to the Order . Each knight was required , under certain circumstances , to supply and support four men @-@ at @-@ arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year , to serve in any part of Great Britain . This company was to be captained by the Great Master , who had to supply four trumpeters , and was also to appoint eight officers for this body , however the statute was never invoked .
= = = Restructuring in 1815 = = =
In 1815 , with the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the Prince Regent ( later George IV ) expanded the Order of the Bath " to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order , and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity , accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned . "
The Order was now to consist of three classes : Knights Grand Cross , Knights Commander , and Companions . The existing Knights Companion ( of which there were 60 ) became Knight Grand Cross ; this class was limited to 72 members , of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services . The military members had to be of the rank of at least Major @-@ General or Rear Admiral . The Knights Commander were limited to 180 , exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions , up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander . They had to be of the rank of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel or Post @-@ Captain . The number of Companions was not specified , but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803 . A list of about 500 names was subsequently published . Two further officers were appointed , an " Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commanders and Companions " , and a " Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions " The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order .
= = = The Victorian era = = =
In 1847 , Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order . As well as removing the word ' Military ' from the full name of the Order , this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments , and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established . New numerical limits were imposed , and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order . The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual , however they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony , conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order , attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible , in their Mantles .
In 1859 a further edition of the Statutes was issued ; the changes related mainly to the costs associated with the Order . Prior to this date it had been the policy that the insignia ( which were provided by the Crown ) were to be returned on the death of the holder ; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership . In addition foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds , whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars . The decision was made to award silver stars to all members , and only require the return of the Collar . The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war . The fees were abolished and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value . The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished , and those of Registrar and Secretary combined .
= = = The 20th century = = =
In 1910 , after his accession to the throne , George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony , perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George , held a few years earlier , and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911 . The Installation ceremony took place on 22 July 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel , and Installations have been held at regular intervals since .
Prior to the 1913 Installation it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members . An appeal was made to the members of the Order , and following the Installation a surplus remained . A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the ' Bath Chapel Fund ' , and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones .
Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925 , to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision .
Women were admitted to the Order in 1971 . In the 1971 New Year Honours , Jean Nunn became the first woman admitted to the order . In 1975 , Princess Alice , Duchess of Gloucester , an aunt of Elizabeth II , became the first ( and to date only ) woman to reach the highest rank , Dame Grand Cross . Princess Alice ( née Douglas @-@ Montagu @-@ Scott ) was a direct descendant of the Order 's first Great Master , and her husband , who had died the previous year , had also held that office .
= = Composition = =
= = = Sovereign = = =
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath . As with all honours except those in the Sovereign 's personal gift , the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government .
= = = Great Master = = =
The next @-@ most senior member of the Order is the Great Master , of which there have been nine :
1725 – 1749 : John Montagu , 2nd Duke of Montagu
1749 – 1767 : ( Vacant )
1767 – 1827 : Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany
1827 – 1830 : Prince William , Duke of Clarence and St Andrews ( later King William IV )
1830 – 1837 : ( Vacant )
1837 – 1843 : Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex
1843 – 1861 : Albert , Prince Consort
1861 – 1897 : ( Vacant )
1897 – 1901 : Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VII )
1901 – 1942 : Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
1942 – 1974 : Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester
1974 – present : Charles , Prince of Wales .
Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal , as the Principal Knight Companion , ranked next after the sovereign . This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847 . The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or " some other exalted personage " ; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes .
Members
The statutes also provide for the following :
120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross ( GCB ) ( of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal )
355 Knights Commander ( KCB ) or Dames Commander ( DCB )
1 @,@ 925 Companions ( CB )
Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries of which the Queen is Sovereign . Appointees are usually officers of the armed forces or senior civil servants , such as permanent secretaries .
Members appointed to the Civil Division must " by their personal services to [ the ] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited ... royal favour . " Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the minimum rank of the individual . GCBs hold the rank of Admiral in the Royal Navy , General in the British Army or Royal Marines , or Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force . KCBs must at least hold the rank of vice admiral , lieutenant general in the Army or Marines , or Air Marshal . CBs tend be of the rank of Rear Admiral , Major General in the Army or Royal Marines , or Air Vice Marshal , and in addition must have been Mentioned in Despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation , although the latter is no longer a requirement . Non @-@ line officers ( e.g. engineers , medics ) may be appointed only for meritorious service in wartime .
Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members . Queen Elizabeth II has established the custom of awarding an honorary GCB to visiting heads of state , for example Gustav Heinemann , and Josip Broz Tito ( in 1972 ) , Ronald Reagan ( in 1989 ) , Lech Wałęsa ( in 1991 ) , Dr. Censu Tabone , President of Malta , in 1992 , Fernando Henrique Cardoso , George H. W. Bush ( in 1993 ) , Nicolas Sarkozy in March 2008 , In 2012 , former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono . Turkish President Abdullah Gül , Slovenian President Dr Danilo Türk Mexican President Felipe Calderón , and South African President Jacob Zuma . Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order , for example : Marshal Ferdinand Foch and Marshal Joseph Joffre during World War I ; Marshal Georgy Zhukov , King Abdul @-@ Aziz of Saudi Arabia , General Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur during World War II ; and General Norman Schwarzkopf and General Colin Powell after the Gulf War . A more controversial member of the Order was Robert Mugabe , whose honour was stripped by the Queen , on the advice of the Foreign Secretary , David Miliband , on 25 June 2008 " as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided . "
Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class . In addition the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances .
= = = Officers = = =
The Order of the Bath now has six officers :
a Dean : John Hall , Dean of Westminster ( ex officio )
a King of Arms : Michael Boyce , Baron Boyce
a Registrar and Secretary : Iain Henderson
a Deputy Secretary : Alexander Matheson of Matheson , yr .
a Genealogist : Thomas Woodcock
the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod : Charles Vyvyan
The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster . The King of Arms , responsible for heraldry , is known as Bath King of Arms ; he is not , however , a member of the College of Arms , like many heralds . The Order 's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod ; he does not , unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent ( the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ) perform any duties in the House of Lords .
There were originally seven officers , each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment and annually thereafter . The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859 . The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time , but revived in 1913 . The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859 , although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century . An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815 , but abolished in 1847 . The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925 .
Under the Hanoverian kings certain of the officers also held heraldic office . The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist , Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher , and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales . This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security ; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master , while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life .
= = Habit and insignia = =
Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions ( such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations ) , which vary by rank :
The mantle , worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross , is made of crimson satin lined with white taffeta . On the left side is a representation of the star ( see below ) . The mantle is bound with two large tassels .
The hat , worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander , is made of black velvet ; it includes an upright plume of feathers .
The collar , worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross , is made of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces ( 933 g ) . It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers ( roses for England , thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Ireland ) , connected by seventeen silver knots .
On lesser occasions , simpler insignia are used : The star is used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander . Its style varies by rank and division ; it is worn pinned to the left breast :
The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight @-@ pointed silver star ; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight @-@ pointed silver cross pattée . Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters . The circle is flanked by two laurel branches and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien ( older German for " I serve " ) in gold letters .
The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight @-@ pointed silver star , without the Maltese cross ; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commander is an eight @-@ pointed silver cross pattée . The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars , except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded .
The badge varies in design , size and manner of wearing by rank and division . The Knight and Dame Grand Cross ' badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander 's badge , which is in turn larger than the Companion 's badge ; however , these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon . Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash , passing from the right shoulder to the left hip . Knights Commander and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck . Dames Commander and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side :
The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points , enamelled in white . Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball ; each angle has a small figure of a lion . The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side , and a rose , a thistle and a shamrock , emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side . Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order , which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches , above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters .
The civil badge is a plain gold oval , bearing three crowns on the obverse side , and a rose , a thistle and a shamrock , emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side ; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order .
On certain " collar days " designated by the Sovereign , members attending formal events may wear the Order 's collar over their military uniform or eveningwear . When collars are worn ( either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations ) , the badge is suspended from the collar .
The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners . All other insignia may be retained by their owners .
= = Chapel = =
The Chapel of the Order is the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey . Every four years , an installation ceremony , presided over by the Great Master , and a religious service are held in the Chapel ; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony . The last such service was in May 2014 and was attended by the Sovereign . The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel .
As there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel , only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed . A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB , and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs . Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long ; for instance , Marshal of the Air Force Lord Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984 , but was not installed until 2006 .
Above each stall , the occupant 's heraldic devices are displayed . Perched on the pinnacle of a knight 's stall is his helm , decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest . Under English heraldic law , women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests ; instead , the coronet appropriate to the dame 's rank ( if she is a peer or member of the Royal family ) is used .
Above the crest or coronet , the knight 's or dame 's heraldic banner is hung , emblazoned with his or her coat of arms . At a considerably smaller scale , to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass ( a " stall plate " ) displaying its occupant 's name , arms and date of admission into the Order .
Upon the death of a Knight , the banner , helm , mantling and crest ( or coronet or crown ) are taken down . The stall plates , however , are not removed ; rather , they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall , so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order 's Knights ( and now Dames ) throughout history .
When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815 the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel . This was never implemented ( despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees ) primarily due to lack of space , although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member 's name , date of nomination , and ( for the two higher classes ) optionally the coat of arms .
= = Precedence and privileges = =
Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence . Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence , as do sons , daughters and daughters @-@ in @-@ law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander ; relatives of female members , however , are not assigned any special precedence . Generally , individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands , but not from their mothers or wives . ( See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions . )
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix " Sir " , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix " Dame " , to their forenames . Wives of Knights may prefix " Lady " to their surnames , but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames . Such forms are not used by peers and princes , except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms . Furthermore , honorary foreign members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood , and so are not entitled to the prefix " Sir " , unless the former subsequently become Commonwealth citizens .
Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post @-@ nominal " GCB " ; Knights Commander use " KCB " ; Dames Commander use " DCB " ; Companions use " CB " .
Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters . Furthermore , they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet ( a red circle bearing the motto ) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar ; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter .
Knights and Dames Commander and Companions may display the circlet , but not the collar , around their arms . The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet . Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with " two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien " , as appears on the badge . Members of the Order of the Bath and their children are able to be married in Westminster Abbey in London .
= = Revocation = =
It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked . Under the 1725 statutes the grounds for this were heresy , high treason , or fleeing from battle out of cowardice . Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting . It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to " pluck down the escocheon [ i.e. stallplate ] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel " with " all the usual marks of infamy " .
Only two people were ever degraded – Lord Cochrane in 1813 and General Sir Eyre Coote in 1816 , both for political reasons , rather than any of the grounds given in the statute . Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated , but Coote died a few years after his degradation .
Under Queen Victoria 's 1847 statutes a member " convicted of treason , cowardice , felony , or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman , or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time , shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign " . The Sovereign was to be the sole judge , and also had the power to restore such members .
The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled , and the entry in the register erased , by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order , on the recommendation of the appropriate Minister . Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed .
William Pottinger , a senior civil servant , lost both his status of CB and Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( CVO ) in 1975 when he was gaoled for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson .
Romanian president Nicolae Ceauşescu was stripped of his honorary GCB status by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 December 1989 , the day before his execution . Robert Mugabe , the President of Zimbabwe , was stripped of his honorary GCB status by the Queen , on the advice of the Foreign Secretary , David Miliband , on 25 June 2008 " as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided . "
Vicky Pryce , former wife of Chris Huhne , was stripped of her CB by Queen Elizabeth II on 30 July 2013 , following her conviction for perverting the course of justice .
= = Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross = =
Sovereign : Queen Elizabeth II
Grand Master : Charles , Prince of Wales
Knights and Dames Grand Cross
Honorary Knights and Dames Grand Cross
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= Henry Ward Beecher =
Henry Ward Beecher ( June 24 , 1813 – March 8 , 1887 ) was an American Congregationalist clergyman , social reformer , and speaker , known for his support of the abolition of slavery , his emphasis on God 's love , and his 1875 adultery trial .
= = Background = =
Henry Ward Beecher was the son of Lyman Beecher , a Calvinist minister who became one of the best @-@ known evangelists of his age . Several of his brothers and sisters became well @-@ known educators and activists , most notably Harriet Beecher Stowe , who achieved worldwide fame with her abolitionist novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Henry Ward Beecher graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and Lane Theological Seminary in 1837 before serving as a minister in Indianapolis and Lawrenceburg , Indiana .
In 1847 , Beecher became the first pastor of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn , New York . He soon acquired fame on the lecture circuit for his novel oratorical style , in which he employed humor , dialect , and slang . Over the course of his ministry , Beecher developed a theology emphasizing God 's love above all else . He also grew interested in social reform , particularly the abolitionist movement . In the years leading up to the Civil War , he raised money to purchase slaves from captivity and to send rifles — nicknamed " Beecher 's Bibles " — to abolitionists fighting in Kansas and Nebraska . He toured Europe during the Civil War speaking in support of the Union .
After the war , Beecher supported social reform causes such as women 's suffrage and temperance . He also championed Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution , stating that it was not incompatible with Christian beliefs . Widely rumored to be a womanizer , in 1872 the Woodhull & Claflin 's Weekly published a story about his affair with Elizabeth Tilton , the wife of his former associate Theodore Tilton . In 1874 , Tilton filed adultery charges against him for the affair . The subsequent trial , which resulted in a hung jury , was one of the most widely reported American trials of the century . Beecher 's long career in the public spotlight led biographer Debby Applegate to call him " The Most Famous Man in America " .
= = Early life = =
Born in Litchfield , Connecticut , Henry was the eighth of thirteen children born to Lyman Beecher , a Presbyterian preacher from Boston . His siblings included author Harriet Beecher Stowe , educators Catharine Beecher and Thomas K. Beecher , and activists Charles Beecher and Isabella Beecher Hooker ; Lyman would later become known as " the father of more brains than any man in America " . Beecher 's mother , Roxana Foote , died when Henry was three ; Lyman Beecher soon remarried to Harriet Porter , whom Henry later remembered as " severe " and subject to bouts of depression . Beecher also taught school for a time in Whitnsville , MA . The schoolhouse was later moved and became a residence which is still occupied .
The Beecher household was , one of the children later recalled , " the strangest and most interesting combination of fun and seriousness " . The family was poor , and Lyman Beecher assigned his children " a heavy schedule of prayer meetings , lectures , and religious services " while banning the theater , dancing , most fiction , and the celebration of birthdays or Christmas . The family 's pastimes included story @-@ telling and listening to Lyman play the fiddle .
Henry had a childhood stammer and was considered slow @-@ witted and one of the less promising of the brilliant Beecher children . His less @-@ than @-@ stellar performance earned him punishments such as being forced to sit for hours in the girls ' corner wearing a dunce cap . At age fourteen , he began his oratorical training at Mount Pleasant Classical Institution , a boarding school in Amherst , Massachusetts , where he met a fellow student , Constantine Fondolaik , a Smyrna Greek . Both students later attended Amherst College together , where they signed a " contract " pledging lifelong friendship and brotherly love . Fondolaik died of cholera after returning to Greece in 1842 , and Beecher later named his third son after him .
During his years in Amherst , Beecher had his first taste of public speaking and , setting aside his early dream of going to sea , resolved to join the ministry . He met his future wife , Eunice Bullard , the daughter of a well @-@ known physician , and on January 2 , 1832 , became engaged to her . During his Amherst years , he also developed an interest in the new pseudoscience of phrenology — an attempt to link personality traits with features of the human skull — and befriended Orson Squire Fowler , who later became the theory 's best @-@ known American exponent .
Beecher graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and then attended Lane Theological Seminary outside Cincinnati , Ohio . Lane was headed by Beecher 's father , who had by this time become " America 's most famous preacher " . Lane 's student body was riven in these years by the slavery question : whether to support a form of gradual emancipation , as Lyman Beecher did , or to stand by principle and demand immediate emancipation . Henry stayed largely clear of the controversy , sympathetic to the radical students but unwilling to defy his father . He graduated in 1837 .
= = Early ministry = =
On August 3 , 1837 , Beecher married Eunice Bullard , and the two proceeded to the small , impoverished town of Lawrenceburg , Indiana , where Beecher had been offered a post as a minister of the First Presbyterian Church . He received his first national publicity when he became involved in the break between " New School " and " Old School " Presbyterianism , which were split over questions of original sin and the slavery issue ; Henry 's father Lyman was a leading proponent of the New School . Lyman 's Old School enemies blocked Henry 's official confirmation as minister in Lawrenceburg after Henry refused to swear an oath of allegiance to their views , and the resulting controversy split the western Presbyterian Church into rival synods .
Though Henry Beecher 's Lawrenceburg church declared its independence from the Synod to retain him as its pastor , the poverty that followed the Panic of 1837 caused him to look for a new position . Banker Samuel Merrill invited Beecher to visit Indianapolis in 1839 , and he was offered the ministry of the Second Presbyterian Church there on May 13 , 1839 . Unusually for a speaker of his era , Beecher would use humor and informal language including dialect and slang as he preached . His preaching was a major success , building Second Presbyterian into the largest church in the city , and he also led a successful revival meeting in nearby Terre Haute . However , mounting debt led to Beecher again seeking a new position in 1847 , and he accepted the invitation of businessman Henry Bowen to head a new Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn , New York . Beecher 's national fame continued to grow , and he took to the lecture circuit , becoming one of the most popular speakers in the country and charging correspondingly high fees .
In the course of his preaching , Henry Ward Beecher came to reject his father Lyman 's theology , which " combined the old belief that ' human fate was preordained by God 's plan ' with a faith in the capacity of rational men and women to purge society of its sinful ways " . Henry instead preached a " Gospel of Love " that emphasized God 's absolute love rather than human sinfulness , and doubted the existence of Hell . He also rejected his father 's prohibitions against various leisure activities as distractions from a holy life , stating instead that " Man was made for enjoyment " .
= = Social and political activism = =
= = = Abolitionism = = =
Henry Ward Beecher became involved in many social issues of his day , most notably abolition . Though Beecher hated slavery as early as his seminary days , his views were generally more moderate than those of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison , who advocated the breakup of the Union if it would also mean the end of slavery . A personal turning point for Beecher came in October 1848 when he learned of two escaped young female slaves who had been recaptured ; their father had been offered the chance to ransom them from captivity , and appealed to Beecher to help raise funds . Beecher raised over two thousand dollars to secure the girls ' freedom . On June 1 , 1856 , he held another mock slave auction to purchase the freedom of a young woman named Sarah .
In his widely reprinted piece " Shall We Compromise " , Beecher assailed the Compromise of 1850 , a compromise between anti @-@ slavery and pro @-@ slavery forces brokered by Whig Senator Henry Clay . The compromise banned slavery from California and slave @-@ trading from Washington , D.C. at the cost of a stronger Fugitive Slave Act ; Beecher objected to the last provision in particular , arguing that it was a Christian 's duty to feed and shelter escaped slaves . Slavery and liberty were fundamentally incompatible , Beecher argued , making compromise impossible : " One or the other must die " . In 1856 , Beecher campaigned for abolitionist John C. Frémont , the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party ; despite Beecher 's aid , Frémont lost to Democrat James Buchanan . During the pre @-@ Civil @-@ War conflict in the Kansas Territory , known as " Bloody Kansas " , Beecher raised funds to send Sharps rifles to abolitionist forces , stating that the weapons would do more good than " a hundred Bibles " . The press subsequently nicknamed the weapons " Beecher 's Bibles " . Beecher became widely hated in the American South for his abolitionist actions and received numerous death threats .
In 1863 , during the Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln sent Beecher on a speaking tour of Europe to build support for the Union cause . Beecher 's speeches helped turn European popular sentiment against the rebel Confederate States of America and prevent its recognition by foreign powers . At the close of the war in April 1865 , Beecher was invited to speak at Fort Sumter , South Carolina , where the first shots of the war had been fired ; Lincoln had again personally selected him , stating , " We had better send Beecher down to deliver the address on the occasion of raising the flag because if it had not been for Beecher there would have been no flag to raise . "
= = = Other views = = =
Beecher advocated for the temperance movement throughout his career and was a strict teetotaler . Following the Civil War , he also became a leader in the women 's suffrage movement . In 1867 , he campaigned unsuccessfully to become a delegate to the New York Constitutional Convention of 1867 @-@ 1868 on a suffrage platform , and in 1869 , was elected unanimously as the first president of the American Woman Suffrage Association .
In the Reconstruction Era , Beecher sided with President Andrew Johnson 's plan for swift restoration of Southern states to the Union . He believed that captains of industry should be the leaders of society and supported Social Darwinist ideas . During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , he preached strongly against the strikers whose wages had been cut , stating , " Man cannot live by bread alone but the man who cannot live on bread and water is not fit to live , " and " If you are being reduced , go down boldly into poverty " . His remarks were so unpopular that cries of " Hang Beecher ! " became common at labor rallies , and plainclothes detectives protected his church .
Influenced by British author Herbert Spencer , Beecher embraced Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution in the 1880s , identifying as a " cordial Christian evolutionist " . He argued that the theory was in keeping with what Applegate called " the inevitability of progress " , seeing a steady march toward perfection as a part of God 's plan . In 1885 , he wrote Evolution and Religion to expound these views . His sermons and writings helped to gain acceptance for the theory in America .
Beecher was a prominent advocate for allowing Chinese immigration to continue to the US , helping to delay passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act until 1882 . He argued that as other American peoples , such as the Irish , had seen a gradual increase in their social standing , a new people was required to do " what we call the menial work " , and that the Chinese , " by reason of their training , by the habits of a thousand years , are adapted to do that work . "
= = Personal life = =
= = = Marriage = = =
Beecher married Eunice Bullard in 1837 after a five @-@ year engagement . Their marriage was not a happy one ; as Applegate writes , " within a year of their wedding they embarked on the classic marital cycle of neglect and nagging " , marked by Henry 's prolonged absences from home . The couple also suffered the deaths of four of their eight children .
Beecher enjoyed the company of women , and rumors of extramarital affairs circulated as early as his Indiana days , when he was believed to have had an affair with a young member of his congregation . In 1858 , the Brooklyn Eagle wrote a story accusing him of an affair with another young church member who had later become a prostitute . The wife of Beecher 's patron and editor , Henry Bowen , confessed on her deathbed to her husband of an affair with Beecher ; Bowen concealed the incident during his lifetime .
Several members of Beecher 's circle reported that Beecher had had an affair with Edna Dean Proctor , an author with whom he was collaborating on a book of his sermons . The couple 's first encounter was the subject of dispute : Beecher reportedly told friends that it had been consensual , while Proctor reportedly told Henry Bowen that Beecher had raped her . Regardless of the initial circumstances , Beecher and Proctor allegedly then carried on their affair for more than a year . According to historian Barry Werth , " it was standard gossip that ' Beecher preaches to seven or eight of his mistresses every Sunday evening . ' "
= = = " The Beecher @-@ Tilton Scandal Case " ( 1875 ) = = =
In a highly publicized scandal , Beecher was tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend 's wife , Elizabeth Tilton . In 1870 , Elizabeth had confessed to her husband , Theodore Tilton , that she had had a relationship with Beecher . The charges became public when Theodore told Elizabeth Cady Stanton of his wife 's confession . Stanton repeated the story to fellow women 's rights leaders Victoria Woodhull and Isabella Beecher Hooker .
Henry Ward Beecher had publicly denounced Woodhull 's advocacy of free love . Outraged at what she saw as his hypocrisy , she published a story titled " The Beecher @-@ Tilton Scandal Case " in her paper Woodhull and Claflin 's Weekly on November 2 , 1872 ; the article made detailed allegations that America 's most renowned clergyman was secretly practicing the free @-@ love doctrines that he denounced from the pulpit . The story created a national sensation . At Beecher 's urging , Woodhull was arrested in New York City and imprisoned for sending obscene material through the mail . The scandal split the Beecher siblings ; Harriet and others supported Henry , while Isabella publicly supported Woodhull .
The subsequent trials and hearings , in the words of Walter A. McDougall , " drove Reconstruction off the front pages for two and a half years " and became " the most sensational ' he said , she said ' in American history " . The first trial was Woodhull 's , who was released on a technicality . The Plymouth Church held a board of inquiry and exonerated Beecher , but excommunicated Theodore Tilton in 1873 . Tilton then sued Beecher on civil charges of adultery . The trial began in January 1875 , and ended in July when the jurors deliberated for six days but were unable to reach a verdict . Beecher then called for the Congregational church to hold a final hearing to exonerate him , which it did .
Stanton was outraged by Beecher 's repeated exonerations , calling the scandal a " holocaust of womanhood " . French author George Sand planned a novel about the affair , but died the following year before it could be written .
= = Later life and legacy = =
= = = Later life = = =
In 1871 , Yale University established " The Lyman Beecher Lectureship " , of which Henry taught the first three annual courses . After the heavy expenses of the trial , Beecher embarked on a lecture tour of the West that returned him to solvency . In 1884 , he angered many of his Republican allies when he endorsed Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland for the presidency , arguing that Cleveland should be forgiven for having fathered an illegitimate child . He made another lecture tour of England in 1886 .
On March 6 , 1887 , Beecher suffered a stroke and died in his sleep on March 8 . Still a widely popular figure , he was mourned in newspapers and sermons across the country . Henry Ward Beecher is interred at Green @-@ Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn , New York .
= = = Legacy = = =
In assessing Beecher 's legacy , Applegate states that
At his best , Beecher represented what remains the most lovable and popular strain of American culture : incurable optimism ; can @-@ do enthusiasm ; and open @-@ minded , open @-@ hearted pragmatism ... His reputation has been eclipsed by his own success . Mainstream Christianity is so deeply infused with the rhetoric of Christ 's love that most Americans can imagine nothing else , and have no appreciation or memory of the revolution wrought by Beecher and his peers .
A Henry Ward Beecher Monument created by the sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was unveiled on June 24 , 1891 in Borough Hall Park , Brooklyn and was later relocated to Cadman Plaza , Brooklyn in 1959 .
A limerick written about Beecher by poet Oliver Herford became well known in the USA :
Said a great congregational preacher
To a hen , " You 're a beautiful creature . "
And the hen , just for that , Laid an egg in his hat ,
And thus did the Hen reward Beecher .
Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. offered his own limerick on Beecher :
The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher
Called the hen a most elegant creature .
The hen , pleased with that , Laid an egg in his hat ,
And thus did the hen reward Beecher .
Christopher J Barry , Canadian published songwriter , offered this perhaps more accurate limerick :
The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher
Said of hens : " some are elegant creatures " .
Of the hens pleased with that , Some laid eggs in his lap .
What will judgement day hatch for the preacher ?
- Christopher Joseph Barry
= = Writings = =
= = = Background = = =
Henry Ward Beecher was a prolific author as well as speaker . His public writing began in Indiana , where he edited an agricultural journal , The Farmer and Gardener . He was one of the founders and for nearly twenty years an editorial contributor of the New York Independent , a Congregationalist newspaper , and from 1861 till 1863 was its editor . His contributions to this were signed with an asterisk , and many of them were afterward collected and published in 1855 as " Star Papers ; or , Experiences of Art and Nature " .
In 1865 , Robert E. Bonner of the New York Ledger offered Beecher twenty @-@ four thousand dollars to follow his sister 's example and compose a novel ; the subsequent novel , Norwood , or Village Life in New England , was published in 1868 . Beecher stated his intent for Norwood was to present a heroine who is " large of soul , a child of nature , and , although a Christian , yet in childlike sympathy with the truths of God in the natural world , instead of books . " McDougall describes the resulting novel as " a New England romance of flowers and bosomy sighs ... ' new theology ' that amounted to warmed @-@ over Emerson " . The novel was moderately well received by critics of the day .
= = = List of published works = = =
Seven Lectures to Young Men ( 1844 ) ( a pamphlet )
Star Papers ( 1855 )
'Notes from Plymouth Pulpit ( 1859 )
The Independent ( 1861 – 63 ) ( periodical , as editor )
Eyes and Ears ( 1862 ) ( collection of letters from the New York Ledger newspaper )
" Freedom and War " ( 1863 ) Boston , Ticknor and Fields ( 1863 ) Library of Congress catalogue number 70 @-@ 157361
" Lectures to Young Men , On Various Important Subjects " New edition with additional lectures . Boston : Ticknor and Fields 1868
Christian Union ( 1870 – 78 ) ( periodical , as editor )
Summer in the Soul ( 1858 )
Prayers from the Plymouth Pulpit ( 1867 )
Norwood , or Village Life in New England ( 1868 ) ( novel )
Life of Jesus Christ ( 1871 )
Yale Lectures on Preaching ( 1872 )
Evolution and Religion ( 1885 ) - ( Reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009 ; ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 108 @-@ 00045 @-@ 1 )
'Proverbs fron Plymouth Pulpit ( 1887 )
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= Alejandro ( song ) =
" Alejandro " is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga . It was released as the third single from her third extended play ( EP ) and second major release , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . Co @-@ written and produced by herself and RedOne , the song inspired by her " Fear of Men Monster " , the lyrics portray Gaga bidding farewell to her lovers . Musically , it is a mid @-@ tempo synthpop song .
Contemporary critics predominantly gave " Alejandro " positive reviews and noted that it takes influence from the pop acts ABBA , Ace of Base and Madonna . The song charted in the United Kingdom and Hungary due to digital sales following the album 's release . Upon release , " Alejandro " charted again in the United Kingdom as well as in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Sweden , and the United States while topping the Finnish , Polish , Russian , Bulgarian , and Romanian charts . " Alejandro " became Gaga 's seventh successive single to reach the top @-@ ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 .
The accompanying music video was directed by fashion photographer Steven Klein and inspired by Gaga 's love for her gay friends and admiration of gay love . Within the video , Gaga dances with a group of soldiers in a cabaret , interspersed with scenes of Gaga as a nun swallowing a rosary and near @-@ naked men holding machine guns . The music video was controversial and received mixed reviews . Critics complimented its idea and dark nature while the Catholic League criticized Gaga for alleged blasphemy , despite Klein dismissing the idea and claiming that the scene in question ( the swallowing of Rosary beads ) was Gaga 's " desire to take in the Holy " . Gaga performed the song on the ninth season of American Idol and has performed it on all dates of The Monster Ball Tour . The song was also included on her 2012 – 13 tour The Born This Way Ball , as well as on her 2014 tour , ArtRave : The Artpop Ball .
= = Background = =
" Alejandro " is written by Lady Gaga and RedOne , while the latter produced the song . It was recorded at FC Walvisch Studios in Amsterdam . Originally , " Dance in the Dark " was planned to be released as the third single from The Fame Monster , as a preference of Gaga 's record label . The singer 's own choice , " Alejandro " , initially saw poor reception in terms of radio play , thereby was not seen as a viable choice for a single . A quarrel then arose between Gaga and her label where " Alejandro " was ultimately chosen to be released . Through her account on Twitter , the singer remarked on the decision , " Alejandro is on the radio . Fuck it sounds so good , we did it little monsters . " The single was officially sent to radio on April 20 , 2010 in the United States . In an interview with Fuse TV , Gaga said that the inspiration behind " Alejandro " was her " Fear of Men Monster " .
= = Composition = =
Billboard described " Alejandro " as a synthpop song with a " stomping Euro @-@ pop beat " . The song is influenced by ABBA and Ace of Base . The Ace of Base influences are prominent in the beats of the song , the vocals , and the melody . The words are slurred in her mouth while consisting of an uplifting melody .
The song opens with the main melody from the Hungarian piece " Csárdás " by Italian composer Vittorio Monti played on violin , as a distressed Gaga ( speaking in a Spanish accent ) states : " I know that we are young , and I know that you may love me / But I just can 't be with you like this anymore , Alejandro . " The track then changes to a stomping Europop beat . Gaga bids her ex @-@ lovers farewell with a bitter @-@ hearted pre @-@ chorus where she sings : " You know that I love you , boy / Hot like Mexico , rejoice ! / At this point I 've got to choose / Nothing to lose . " By the end of the song , the three protagonists – Alejandro , Fernando , and Roberto – are bid farewell by Gaga .
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 99 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of B minor with Gaga 's vocal range spanning from F ♯ 3 to G5 . The song has a basic sequence of Bm – D – F ♯ m as its chord progression . The lyrics talk about Gaga defending herself against a group of Latin men and has a number of ABBA allusions , including a reference to their 1976 song " Fernando " , which Gaga cited as one of her influences .
= = Critical reception = =
Chris Ryan from MTV described the song as a " lush paean to a love that 's ' hot like Mexico ' . " Evan Sawdey from PopMatters said that Gaga 's vocals sounded like those of Shakira in the song 's chorus . Ben Patashnik from NME called the song light @-@ hearted . Michael Hubbard of MusicOMH complimented the song as " brilliantly catchy , deceptively simple and wonderfully melancholy , " while Sarah Hajibagheri from The Times dismissed it for being a " painful Latino warble [ and ] a would @-@ be Eurovision reject . " The Boston Globe 's James Reed also gave a negative review of the song , writing that it is " a tepid dance track in which she trills the song 's title over and over again as if she had nothing better to say . " The song won Best Pop Dance Track at the Annual International Dance Music Awards , the major event held during the Winter Music Conference 2011 .
Comparisons with Swedish pop music groups ABBA and Ace of Base 's work were constant in reviews . Paul Lester from BBC felt that " [ Alejandro ] moves at an Ace of Base pace . " Lindsey Fortier from Billboard compared it to Ace of Base 's " Don 't Turn Around " and ABBA 's " Fernando " , adding that : " By the song 's end , Alejandro , Fernando and Roberto aren 't the only ones sent packing — the listener is dancing out right behind them " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine also made an Ace of Base connection calling the song a homage to them . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic denoted the song as an " updated ABBA revision " . Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times called it bubbly and also went to compare with ABBA 's style . Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone called it a " loving ABBA spoof " . Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork Media noted that although " Alejandro " is an ABBA morph , " it comes off very modern , in part because U.S. pop and hip @-@ hop is currently drawing heavily from Europop , hi @-@ NRG , and dance music . " Brian R. Fitzgerland from The Wall Street Journal compared the song with Madonna 's 1987 single " Who 's That Girl " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song five out of five stars and compared it to Madonna 's song " La Isla Bonita " and Ace Of Base songs , but felt that Gaga added " her own twist to hers " . He also praised the song 's melodies describing them as " deceptively catchy " and the lyrics as " wistful " .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Alejandro " debuted at number 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the issue dated April 17 , 2010 . It reached number five on the chart , becoming Gaga 's seventh consecutive top ten hit in the United States . Gaga became the second female artist to have her first seven singles reach top @-@ ten in the United States , since R & B singer Monica did so in 1995 – 99 . The song also debuted on the Mainstream Top 40 chart at number 35 , and the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 71 , after selling 24 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads according to Nielsen Soundscan . " Alejandro " peaked at number four on the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming the first single by her not to reach the number one position there . It also debuted on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart at 40 and reached the top on the issue dated July 7 , 2010 . The song has sold 2 @,@ 570 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States as of April 2016 , making Gaga the only artist in digital history to amass seven consecutive 2 million sellers as a lead act . In Canada , " Alejandro " debuted at number 78 on the Canadian Hot 100 issue dated April 4 , 2010 , and moved to number 50 the next week . The song reached a peak of number four , on the issue dated May 8 , 2010 .
On April 5 , 2010 , " Alejandro " debuted at number 49 in Australia on the official ARIA Singles Chart , and moved to number 28 the next week . It ultimately peaked at number two , thus becoming Gaga 's seventh top five hit in the country . " Alejandro " was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 70 @,@ 000 copies of the single . The song debuted at number 35 on the New Zealand Top 40 on April 19 , 2010 . It has peaked at number 11 .
With the release of The Fame Monster , " Alejandro " charted on the UK Singles Chart at number 75 , on November 29 , 2009 , due to digital sales . On the May 16 , 2010 , chart , the song re @-@ entered at number 95 and ultimately peaked at number seven . According to the Official Charts Company , " Alejandro " has sold a total of 436 @,@ 000 copies as of February 2014 , and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . They also revealed it as the 37th best @-@ selling vinyl single in the UK for the 2010s decade . On the Mahasz issue dated December 6 , 2009 , the song debuted at number five on the Hungarian Singles Chart . Across Europe , the song reached the top five in Austria , the Ultratop charts of Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Czech Republic , Denmark , France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , Norway , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland , while topping the charts in Finland , Poland , Bulgaria , Romania and Russia .
= = Music video = =
= = = Development and release = = =
In January 2010 , it was reported that Gaga was holding casting calls for the music video of " Alejandro " and was eager for David Walliams to appear in the video alongside his wife Lara Stone . On March 23 , 2010 , Women 's Wear Daily reported that photographer Steven Klein would direct the music video , which Gaga confirmed herself . While touring Australia with The Monster Ball Tour , Gaga was interviewed by Australian radio station , Melbourne 's Nova 100 , where she talked about the music video . She said ,
I 'm so excited about the ' Alejandro ' video , [ ... ] Actually , we 're shooting it very soon and I don 't want to say who the director is yet because it 's going to give a lot away . [ ... ] Are you absolutely mad ? I would never , ever tell you [ about the concept of the video ] ! I would be more likely to lie through my teeth to you [ regarding ] what the video 's about so that you could all be surprised . But I will tell you it 's not the sequel to the ' Telephone ' video .
After confirming that Klein was directing her video , Gaga explained that she " doesn 't know what [ the video is ] going to look like until it 's finished " , and commented that " [ Steven Klein is ] a very good friend of mine and I love him so much , [ ... ] I have so much respect for him . And we 've been excited to collaborate and have a fashion photographer tell us a story , the story of my music through his lens and this idea of fashion and lifestyle . " Gaga explained that Klein understood her " I am what I wear " lifestyle , making him a suitable director for the video . She added , " It 's all about where I 'm from and love of theater and love of music and love of the lie in art , and Steven really knows and understands that , [ .... ] So we 're making a beautiful video , and I 'm so excited . " In May 2010 , Gaga told The Times about the concept of the video : " [ It 's about the ] purity of my friendships with my gay friends , and how I 've been unable to find that with a straight man in my life . It 's a celebration and an admiration of gay love — it confesses my envy of the courage and bravery they require to be together . In the video I 'm pining for the love of my gay friends — but they just don 't want me to be with them . "
A snippet of the video was shown on Larry King Live on June 1 , 2010 . The clip was from the portion of the video in black @-@ and @-@ white , where Gaga and her dancers perform variations on a sharp military march throughout . Kara Warner of MTV said that it seemed reminiscent of Madonna 's " Vogue " video and Christina Aguilera 's " Not Myself Tonight " , but stated that in " Alejandro " , Gaga 's style was more cutting , masculine and militant in contrast to Madonna 's . Because of the video 's military theme , comparisons were also made to Janet Jackson 's " Rhythm Nation " . On the program , Gaga said to King that the video has a " homoerotic military theme " [ ... ] " It is a celebration of my love and appreciation for the gay community , my admiration of their bravery , their love for one another and their courage in their relationships . " The video premiered on Gaga 's official website and her YouTube / Vevo account on June 8 , 2010 , at noon EDT ( June 8 , 2010 , 16 : 00 UTC ) .
= = = Synopsis = = =
A portion of the video is dedicated to the Broadway musical Cabaret . The video begins with soldiers in black leather uniforms in a cabaret with a close @-@ up of a soldier passed out in female fishnet stockings and heels as another lone soldier stares into the distance . The scene then cuts to male dancers performing elaborate choreography while marching forward with a Star of David . As the intro of the song begins , Gaga is shown leading a funeral procession , carrying the Sacred Heart on a pillow . When the lyrics begin , she sits on a throne wearing an elaborate headpiece and binocular @-@ like eyepieces , with a smoking pipe in her hand , watching her dancers perform a rigorous routine in the snow . Gaga is then seen as the character Sally Bowles from Cabaret , dancing and simulating sex acts with three men on a stage with twin beds surrounded by spotlights , all wearing nothing but underwear , intercut with shots of Gaga lying on a larger bed dressed in a red latex nun outfit . She subsequently appears dressed in a white hooded robe , reminiscent of Joan of Arc , with her dancers , interspersed with a shot of her as the nun , consuming a set of rosary beads . After this , Gaga and her dancers are shown in a sequence in black @-@ and @-@ white in their military uniforms performing a tribute dedicated to the late choreographer Bob Fosse , who won an Academy Award for his direction of the film version of Cabaret . Gaga is seen in a blonde bob and a similar outfit to one of Liza Minnelli 's performance costumes . The video moves to a scene of her wearing a bra equipped with AR @-@ 15 rifle barrels and her dancers performing another dance routine . She is then shown in the empty club , scenes of war breaking out flash by , and the lone soldier appears again . Going back to the Joan of Arc scene , she struggles with her dancers and disrobes . The video ends with her dressed as the nun , the film burning away from her face outwards . Klein explained that the video was , " about a woman 's desire to resurrect a dead love and who can not face the brutality of her present situation . The pain of living without your true love . "
= = = Reception = = =
James Montgomery from MTV commented that " Gaga has created a world that , while oppressive , also looks great . " In a separate piece Montgomery added that " ... she may have finally reached the point in her career where not even she can top herself . " Rolling Stone 's Daniel Kreps called the video a " cinematic epic . " Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly , liked the video ; however , he had no idea what was going on : " I can ’ t wait to hear Lady Gaga explain her latest video , “ Alejandro . ” Mostly because after watching it ( twice ! ) , I have absolutely no clue what ’ s going on beyond the obvious . " Anthony Benigno from Daily News felt that " the shock songstress ' new music video [ ... ] is chock full of bed @-@ ridden S & M imagery that makes it look like the softcore answer to The Matrix . Randall Roberts from Los Angeles Times said " the clip reinforces the notion that no one understands the convergence of image and music right now better than Gaga . " Jed Gottlieb from the Boston Herald said that " The plot [ of the video ] is hard to decipher , but it ’ s clearly not a story that ends happily ever after . " Jen Dose from National Post commented " Gaga ’ s new vid for ' Alejandro ' certainly brings the crazy we ’ ve all come to expect from her . It ’ s like an 8 + minute homage to Madonna — with some gay Nazis thrown in for good measure " . Amy Odell of New York said the video 's outfits were not as " intense " as those of " Bad Romance " or " Telephone . " Nate Jones of Time Magazine disliked the song , but felt the video " looks fantastic ... the self @-@ conscious ballsiness of Gaga and director Steven Klein works here . " Jennifer Cady from E ! liked the video , but did not think it was as good as Gaga 's previous work . Julie Moult from Daily Mail said " [ After the video ] , no @-@ one could accuse Lady Gaga of being the shy and retiring type . "
The video was also heavily compared to works by 1980s pop artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson . Critic Monica Herrera viewed the video as a hybrid of Madonna 's " Like a Prayer " and Janet Jackson 's " Rhythm Nation " . MTV 's Kyle Anderson found references to Madonna 's 1996 film Evita and the music videos for her songs " Like a Prayer " , " Human Nature " and " Vogue . " Rolling Stone compared the black @-@ and @-@ white cinematography of the video to that of " Vogue , " and noticed some " not so subtle " hints toward " Like a Prayer . " The magazine believed that the " Alejandro " was so similar to Madonna 's work because director Steven Klein had closely worked with Madonna prior to shooting " Alejandro . " Devon Thomas from CBS News said the " Madonna @-@ isms run high in the clip . " He noted Gaga 's short , cropped hair and black blazer " set against the stark , post @-@ industrialist mood of the [ " Alejandro " ] clip " was similar to " Express Yourself " and the machine @-@ gun bra in the video was similar to the cone bra Madonna sported in " Vogue . " He also compared the video to Madonna 's early Blond Ambition World Tour era by saying that " [ this video ] is a visual love letter to [ Madonna ] " . New York said the video " reeked " of Madonna . James Montgomery of MTV News defended Gaga against the Madonna comparisons , saying , " Just to say , ' Oh , ' cause it 's in black and white and she has a bowl haircut at one point , it 's Madonna , ' that 's sort of selling their vision short . "
= = = Religious iconography = = =
" Alejandro " created a media uproar after the release of the video because of its use of religious imagery . One of the most discussed scenes in the video was when Gaga , dressed in a latex nun outfit , swallowed rosary beads . The Catholic League criticized the video for its use of religious imagery , accusing Gaga of " playing a Madonna copy @-@ cat " . Moncia Herrara said of the mayhem : " [ Alejandro ] courts religious controversy in much the same way that Madonna 's ' Like a " Prayer ' video once did , intermingling Catholic imagery like rosary beads and nun 's robes with sexual cues . " In an interview with MTV , Klein explained that the religious symbolism was not meant to denote anything negative , but to represent Gaga 's battle between the darker and lighter forces . Thus at the end of the film , she is portrayed again in her nun 's habit . Klein added that the significance behind her mouth and eyes disappearing was " because she is withdrawing her senses from the world of evil and going inward towards prayer and contemplation . " He added that the scene where Gaga devours the rosary beads was her act of theophagy , the desire to consume the body of God , the rosary being symbolic of the Holy .
Many critics agreed that the religious imagery was a calculated move by Gaga to create controversy . Simon Voxick @-@ Levinson from Entertainment Weekly felt that the move was calculated , saying , " Gaga wants to offend people . She 's a provocateur . Gaga would probably be disappointed if no one was offended by her latest video . She 's doing that stuff for a reason . " He did not think that the risks were very original or as exciting as the ones in " Telephone . " " The risks that she was taking [ ... ] were easier targets [ ... ] It 's a little bit been there , done that , " he said . New York Times 's Jon Caramanica thought the controversy was Gaga 's attempt to take the " Queen of Pop " throne . He said , " " I 'm sure she 'd say she loves Madonna ... but I also think she 's saying , ' This [ Queen of Pop title ] is mine . ' And also , like , ' I 'm murdering you with my own style . I 've learned this . I know how to do this ... And look how flawlessly I do it . ' " He did feel , however , that the religious imagery was obvious and lazy : " Even the worst provocation is going to succeed . She got what she wanted . " Singer Katy Perry took to her Twitter account and wrote , " Using blasphemy as entertainment is as cheap as a comedian telling fart jokes . " The Huffington Post ascertained that while Gaga had not been mentioned directly by name that it was definitely a slam by Perry towards Lady Gaga . In an interview on NRJ Radio 's Le 6 / 9 , Perry said that the tweet was not solely about Gaga , stating that it was based on her personal views of religion at that time .
= = Live performances = =
Gaga performed " Alejandro " on her 2009 – 11 The Monster Ball Tour . It was the fourth song of the set list on the North American leg of the tour . However , on the European and British legs of the tour the song was performed towards the end of the show . The live performance saw her wearing a silver bodysuit and then being carried by her crotch by one of her male dancers and lowered onto another male dancer , engaging in a threesome with them . During the performance at San Diego , California , Gaga incorporated the city 's name in the song , later commenting " I am so lucky that San Diego rhymes with ' Fernando ' and ' Alejandro ' . " Ted Shaw of Windsor Star commented that " Songs like ' Alejandro ' , ' Teeth ' and ' Monster ' shoved the sex act in your face . " T 'Cha Dunlevy from The Gazette said that " the song followed in fast order , with not quite enough to set [ it ] apart . It was one choreographed dance number after the next . " Jeremy Adams from Rolling Stone commented that the performance was " [ one ] of several moments [ ... ] that gave parents in the audience consternation . " Jim Harrington from San Jose Mercury News compared Gaga 's performance of the song with that of an erotic dancer .
On April 20 , 2010 , Gaga performed the song at the MAC AIDS Fund Pan @-@ Asia Viva Glam launch in Tokyo where she wore a doily lace dress . She entered the stage in a procession inspired by a Japanese wedding , and as the lights dimmed , she sat at her piano on the rotating stage and belted out " Speechless " , which was followed by the performance of " Alejandro " , where she was picked up by one of her dancers , who appeared to be covered in talcum powder . Gaga taped a medley of " Bad Romance " and " Alejandro " for the ninth season of American Idol on April 28 , 2010 . Her performance aired on the show 's May 5 , 2010 episode . The performance started with Gaga playing the piano for a slowed @-@ down snippet of " Bad Romance " . She was dressed in a revealing @-@ but @-@ veiled black outfit , wielding a cape and was surrounded by shirtless dancers . Halfway through the performance , she shed her cape and began writhing on the floor . Over in one corner of the stage , a statue of the Virgin Mary had flames pouring out of the top of it , as Gaga sang the chorus . Fog filled the stage , as Gaga and her dancers performed an energetic dance routine . Luchina Fisher from ABC News called it a " thinly @-@ veiled performance dripping with sex and violins " and " Gaga doing her best Madonna impression . " On July 9 , 2010 , the song was performed on The Today Show , where she sang it on a stage , outside the studio . In May 2011 , Gaga performed the song during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Carlisle , Cumbria . The song was also included on her 2012 Born This Way Ball Tour . The performance included her lounging on a couch made of meat and wearing her gun bra with half naked men dancing around her .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Lady Gaga – vocals , songwriter , co @-@ producer , vocal arrangement , background vocals
RedOne – songwriter , producer , vocal editing , vocal arrangement , background vocals , audio engineering , instrumentation , programming , recording at FC Walvisch , Amsterdam and Sonic Vista Studios , Ibiza , Spain on July 24th 2009
Eelco Bakker – audio engineering
Johnny Severin – vocal editing
Robert Orton – audio mixing at Sarm Studios , London , England
Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California
Credits adapted from The Fame Monster album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= HMS Royal Oak ( 1892 ) =
HMS Royal Oak was one of seven Royal Sovereign @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1890s . Upon her completion in 1894 , she was initially placed in reserve until mobilised in 1896 for service with the Flying Squadron . After returning briefly to reserve , the ship was assigned the following year to the Mediterranean Fleet . Royal Oak remained there until 1902 when she returned home ; after a refit , the ship was assigned to the Home Fleet , where she served as the flagship of the fleet 's second @-@ in @-@ command in 1904 – 05 . Royal Oak was then reduced to reserve until she was taken out of service in 1911 . The ship was sold for scrap in early 1914 .
= = Design and description = =
The design of the Royal Sovereign @-@ class ships was derived from that of the Admiral @-@ class ironclad battleships , greatly enlarged to improve seakeeping and to provide space for a secondary armament as in the preceding Trafalgar @-@ class ironclad battleships . The ships displaced 14 @,@ 150 long tons ( 14 @,@ 380 t ) at normal load and 15 @,@ 580 long tons ( 15 @,@ 830 t ) at deep load . They had a length between perpendiculars of 380 feet ( 115 @.@ 8 m ) and an overall length of 410 feet 6 inches ( 125 @.@ 1 m ) , a beam of 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 9 m ) , and a draught of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 4 m ) . Their crew consisted of 670 officers and ratings in 1903 .
The Royal Sovereigns were powered by a pair of three @-@ cylinder , vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft . Their engines were designed to produce a total of 11 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 8 @,@ 200 kW ) and a maximum speed of 17 @.@ 5 knots ( 32 @.@ 4 km / h ; 20 @.@ 1 mph ) using steam provided by eight cylindrical boilers with forced draught . The ships carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 420 long tons ( 1 @,@ 443 t ) of coal , which gave them a range of 4 @,@ 720 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 740 km ; 5 @,@ 430 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
Their main armament consisted of four breech @-@ loading ( BL ) 13 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 343 mm ) guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun barbettes , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . Each gun was provided with 80 rounds . Their secondary armament consisted of ten quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . 200 rounds per gun were carried by the ships . Sixteen QF 6 @-@ pounder ( 2 @.@ 2 in ( 57 mm ) ) and a dozen QF 3 @-@ pounder ( 1 @.@ 9 in ( 47 mm ) ) Hotchkiss guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats . The two 3 @-@ pounders in the upper fighting top were removed in 1899 – 1902 and all of the remaining light guns from the lower fighting tops and main deck followed in 1905 – 09 . The Royal Sovereign @-@ class ships mounted seven 18 @-@ inch ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes , although Royal Oak had four of hers removed in 1902 .
The Royal Sovereigns ' armour scheme was similar to that of the Trafalgars , as the waterline belt of compound armour only protected the area between the barbettes . The 14 – 18 @-@ inch ( 356 – 457 mm ) belt was 238 feet ( 72 @.@ 5 m ) long and had a total height of 8 feet 8 inches ( 2 @.@ 6 m ) of which 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) was below water . Transverse bulkheads 14 – 16 inches ( 356 – 406 mm ) thick closed off the ends of the belt . Above the belt was a strake of 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) nickel @-@ steel armour closed off by 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) transverse bulkheads .
The barbettes were protected by compound armour , ranging in thickness from 11 to 17 inches ( 279 to 432 mm ) , and the casemates for the 6 @-@ inch guns were protected by armour equally thick . The thicknesses of the deck armour ranged from 2 @.@ 5 to 3 inches ( 64 to 76 mm ) . The walls of the forward conning tower were 12 – 14 inches ( 305 – 356 mm ) thick and the aft conning tower was protected by 3 @-@ inch plates .
= = Construction and career = =
The Royal Sovereign class was ordered as part of the Naval Defence Act 1889 that was a supplement to the normal naval estimates . Royal Oak , named after the tree in which King Charles II hid after the Battle of Worcester , was the sixth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy . The ship was laid down by Cammell Laird at their shipyard in Birkenhead on 29 May 1890 and floated out of the drydock on 5 November 1892 . She arrived at Portsmouth Dockyard on 29 October 1893 for fitting out , completed her sea trials in June 1894 , and cost £ 977 @,@ 996 . Upon completion , Royal Oak was placed in reserve at Portsmouth . Almost two years later , she mobilised there on 14 January 1896 for service in the Particular Service Squadron , which was formed in response to rising tensions in Europe following the Jameson Raid and Germany 's Kaiser Wilhelm II 's telegram of support to the Boer government . When the squadron disbanded on 25 November , the ship returned to reserve at Portsmouth .
Royal Oak was recommissioned on 9 March 1897 for service with the Mediterranean Fleet , where she was to relieve the battleship Collingwood . She departed Portsmouth on 24 March 1897 , and arrived at Malta on 5 April . Royal Oak was relieved by the battleship Bulwark and departed the Mediterranean in May 1902 . She arrived at Plymouth on 16 May , and at Portsmouth the following day , and paid off there on 6 June 1902 . She soon moved to Chatham Dockyard for a refit , during which casemates were provided for her six @-@ inch upper deck guns . On 16 February 1903 , Royal Oak recommissioned at Portsmouth for service in the Home Fleet using part of the battleship Nile 's crew as a nucleus . In the summer of 1903 , she participated in combined exercises in the Atlantic involving the Home Fleet , Mediterranean , and Channel Fleets , as well as the Cruiser Squadron .
In April 1904 , while operating with the Home Fleet off the Scilly Isles , Royal Oak and her sister ship Revenge had their bottoms lightly damaged when they struck a sunken wreck . On 9 May 1904 , Royal Oak became flagship of the Home Fleet 's second @-@ in @-@ command , relieving her sister Empress of India , and took part in annual maneuvers in July and August . On 7 March 1905 , Royal Oak paid off at Portsmouth into the Chatham Reserve , and her crew transferred to the battleship Caesar . The following day the ship recommissioned with a skeleton crew for service with the Sheerness @-@ Chatham Division of the newly formed Fleet in Commission in Reserve at Home . While she was under refit at Chatham , an explosion in her small @-@ arms magazine on 11 May killed one workman and injured three others . In July , Royal Oak participated in Reserve Fleet manoeuvres . Her crew was then transferred to the battleship Ocean , and Royal Oak recommissioned with a new nucleus crew to serve as an emergency reserve ship at Chatham .
As a unit of the First Division of the Blue Fleet , Royal Oak took part in annual maneuvers off the coast of Portugal and in the eastern Atlantic from 12 June to 2 July 1906 . On 1 January 1907 , she recommissioned in reserve at Devonport with a nucleus crew . In April 1909 , Royal Oak and the other reserve ships with nucleus crews at Devonport were formed into the 4th Division of the Home Fleet . She relieved her sister Ramillies as the parent ship of the division in June 1911 , and was in turn relieved of this duty by her sister Empress of India in November . The ship was taken out of service in December 1911 and towed to the Motherbank by the battleship Bellerophon in August 1912 . She was sold to Thomas W. Ward on 14 January 1914 for £ 36 @,@ 450 and subsequently broken up at Briton Ferry .
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= French battleship Démocratie =
Démocratie was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the Liberté class built by the French Navy . She had three sister ships : Liberté , Justice , and Vérité . Démocratie was laid down in May 1903 , launched in April 1904 , and completed in January 1908 , over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought made ships like Démocratie obsolete . She was armed with a main battery of four 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns , compared to the ten guns of the same caliber mounted on Dreadnought .
Despite her out @-@ dated design , Démocratie served with the French Mediterranean Fleet throughout her career , including during World War I. She participated in the Battle of Antivari in late August 1914 , and spent the majority of the war based on the coast of Greece , in Corfu and Mudros , to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian and Ottoman navies bottled up in port , though she saw no further action . After the end of the war , she went into the Black Sea to assist in the enforcement of the terms of the Armistice with Germany . Démocratie was stricken in 1921 and subsequently broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
Démocratie was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest shipyard on 1 May 1903 , launched on 30 April 1904 , and completed in January 1908 , over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought , which rendered the pre @-@ dreadnoughts like Démocratie outdated before they were completed . The ship was 133 @.@ 81 meters ( 439 ft 0 in ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 24 @.@ 26 m ( 79 ft 7 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 8 @.@ 41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) . She displaced up to 14 @,@ 489 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 260 long tons ; 15 @,@ 971 short tons ) at full load . Démocratie had a crew of between 739 and 769 officers and enlisted men . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of three vertical triple expansion engines with twenty @-@ two Belleville boilers . They were rated at 18 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 1 @,@ 800 t ( 1 @,@ 800 long tons ; 2 @,@ 000 short tons ) .
Démocratie 's main battery consisted of four Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 / 96 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of ten Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1902 guns ; six were mounted in single turrets , and four in casemates in the hull . She also carried thirteen 9 @-@ pounder guns and ten 3 @-@ pounders , and had two 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . The ship 's main belt was 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 350 mm ( 13 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
In August 1910 , the 1st Squadron of the Mediterranean fleet conducted a gunnery practice using the old ironclad Fulminant as a target ; Démocratie scored 22 @.@ 7 percent hits , the second best performance in the squadron and surpassed only by her sister Justice . During a fleet exercise on 28 May 1914 , Démocratie collided with the battleship Suffren when the latter vessel lost power . Suffren was only lightly damaged , with her port anchor and hawsepipe carried away .
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Démocratie was assigned to the 1st Division of the 2nd Squadron in the Mediterranean , along with Justice . The French fleet was initially used to cover the movement of French troops — the XIX Corps — from Algeria to metropolitan France . As a result , the fleet was far out of position to catch the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben . For the majority of the war , the French used their main fleet to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic Sea . In 1914 she participated in the Battle of Antivari , where the battle line caught the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta by surprise and sank her . The French battleships then bombarded Austrian fortifications at Cattaro in an attempt to draw out the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , which refused to take the bait .
The French operations in the area were hampered by a lack of a suitable base close to the mouth of the Adriatic ; the British had given the French free access to Malta , but that was hundreds of miles away . The Austrians also possessed several submarines , one of which torpedoed the dreadnought Jean Bart in December 1914 . This threat from underwater weapons greatly limited French naval activities in the Adriatic . As the war progressed , the French eventually settled on Corfu as their primary naval base in the area . Later in the war , Démocratie was sent to Mudros along with her sister ships to reinforce the blockade of the Dardanelles .
Shortly after the end of the war , Démocratie , Justice , and a destroyer joined an Allied fleet ( including the British dreadnoughts HMS Superb and Temeraire and the Italian battleship Roma ) that was sent to the Black Sea port of Sevastopol . They oversaw the enforcement of the terms of the Armistice with Germany ; the Germans had previously seized Russian naval units and stationed occupation forces there under the terms of the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk . The French contingent provided crews for a pair of Russian destroyers and two German U @-@ boats , and the other Allied ships similarly activated Russian and German vessels to secure the area . Démocratie ultimately was stricken from the naval register in 1921 and sold to ship @-@ breakers .
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= Ganoga Lake =
Ganoga Lake is a natural lake in Colley Township in southeastern Sullivan County in Pennsylvania , United States . Known as Robinson 's Lake and Long Pond for most of the 19th century , the lake was purchased by the Ricketts family in the early 1850s and became part of R. Bruce Ricketts ' extensive holdings in the area after the American Civil War . The lake is one of the highest in Pennsylvania , which led Ricketts to name it Highland Lake by 1874 and rename it Ganoga Lake in 1881 ; Pennsylvania senator Charles R. Buckalew suggested the name Ganoga from the Seneca language word for " water on the mountain " .
The Ricketts built a stone house on the lake shore by 1852 or 1855 ; this served as a hunting lodge and tavern . In 1873 a large wooden addition was built north of the stone house , which became a hotel known as the North Mountain House . The hotel had one of the first summer schools in the United States in 1876 and 1877 . A branch railroad line to the lake served the hotel and also hauled ice cut from the lake for refrigeration . The hotel closed in 1903 , though the house remained the Ricketts family summer home . After the death of R. Bruce Ricketts in 1918 , his heirs sold much of his 80 @,@ 000 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 ha ) to the state for Pennsylvania State Game Lands and Ricketts Glen State Park . The state tried to purchase the lake in 1957 , but was outbid by a group of investors who turned the land around it into a private housing development ; as such it is " off limits " to the public .
Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau , just north of the Allegheny Front , in sedimentary rocks from the Pocono Formation . The Wisconsin Glaciation some 20 @,@ 000 years ago changed the drainage patterns of the lake ; this diverted its waters to Kitchen Creek and carved the 24 named waterfalls in Ricketts Glen State Park in the process . Ganoga Lake has a continental climate , with average monthly high temperatures ranging from 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) in January to 82 ° F ( 28 ° C ) in July . Ganoga Lake 's drainage basin is heavily forested and it is in an Important Bird Area . The lake and its surroundings have a variety of flora and fauna , although the ecosystem has been damaged by acid rain .
= = Description = =
Ganoga Lake is a natural spring @-@ fed lake just west of Pennsylvania Route 487 in southern Colley Township in southeastern Sullivan County , Pennsylvania . It is near the meeting point of Sullivan , Columbia and Luzerne counties , and is less than 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 6 km ) northwest of Ricketts Glen State Park . Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau at an elevation of 2 @,@ 260 feet ( 690 m ) . William Reynolds Ricketts , who owned the lake in the first half of the 20th century , claimed it was the highest lake in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains ; Petrillo repeats this in his history of the region , Ghost Towns of North Mountain . While the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System identifies Ganoga Lake as the second highest in Pennsylvania ( after Siebert Lake in Somerset County , at 2 @,@ 287 feet ( 697 m ) ) , the Pennsylvania Audubon Society says Ganoga Lake is " the highest elevation natural lake in Pennsylvania " .
Ganoga Lake has a long , narrow oval shape , oriented north @-@ northwest to south @-@ southeast . In 1936 William Reynolds Ricketts wrote that the lake has an average width of 700 to 800 feet ( 210 to 240 m ) and is " about one mile long , lacking 600 to 700 ft . " or about 0 @.@ 88 miles ( 1 @.@ 42 km ) in length . However , according to a 1917 Pennsylvania Water Resources Inventory Report , in its largest dimensions it is 3 @,@ 720 feet ( 1 @,@ 130 m ) long ( 0 @.@ 705 miles or 1 @.@ 135 kilometres ) by 1 @,@ 025 feet ( 312 m ) wide . It has an average depth of 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) and a maximum depth of 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) . The drainage basin for the lake is an area of 1 @.@ 5 square miles ( 3 @.@ 9 km2 ) , and its capacity is 373 acre feet ( 460 @,@ 000 m3 ) ( 121 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 US gallons or 459 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 litres or 101 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ) .
A branch of Kitchen Creek flows from the southern end of the lake ; 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 64 km ) downstream it enters Lake Jean in Ricketts Glen State Park . From there the water flows through Ganoga Glen and its 10 named waterfalls , then joins the main stem of the creek at Waters Meet ; below this it flows over five more named waterfalls . Kitchen Creek is a tributary of Huntington Creek , which flows into Fishing Creek , which is a tributary of the Susquehanna River .
= = History = =
= = = First inhabitants = = =
Ganoga Lake is in the Susquehanna River drainage basin , the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Iroquoian @-@ speaking Susquehannocks . Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois , and by 1675 they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes . After this , the lands of the Susquehanna valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois , who encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle there , including the Shawnee and Lenape ( or Delaware ) .
On November 5 , 1768 , the British acquired land , known in Pennsylvania as the New Purchase , from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ; this included what is now Ganoga Lake . After the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) , Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania . The lake was originally in Northumberland County , then became part of Lycoming County when it was formed in 1795 . Sullivan County was formed from Lycoming County in 1847 , and two years later Colley Township was formed from Cherry Township . The lake drains into Kitchen Creek , where a Native American pot , decorated in the style of " the peoples of the Susquehanna region " , was found under a rock ledge around 1890 .
A hunter named Robinson , whose cabin was at the lake 's northern end about 1800 , was the first recorded inhabitant . He gave the lake its earliest known name : Robinson 's Lake . However , for most of the 19th century the lake was known as Long Pond , because of its elongated shape . From 1822 to 1827 the Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike , which followed the lake 's western shore , was built between the Pennsylvania communities of Berwick in the south and Towanda in the north . Beginning in 1827 the northbound daily stagecoach left Berwick in the morning and stopped for lunch at the Long Pond Tavern on the lake about noon . The stage operated until 1851 ; the road was the Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike until 1908 , when the modern Pennsylvania Route 487 was built . Route 487 follows the course of the turnpike as it approaches the lake from the south , then passes to the east of the lake instead .
While on a hunting trip north of the lake in 1850 , brothers Elijah and Clemuel Ricketts were frustrated at having to spend the night on a hotel 's parlor floor . In 1851 or 1853 they bought 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 ha ) , including the lake , as their own hunting preserve , and built a stone house on the lake shore by 1852 or 1855 . The stone house served as their lodge and as a tavern ; it was known as " Ricketts Folly " for its isolated location in the wilderness . Clemuel died in 1858 and Elijah bought his share of the land and house .
= = = R. B. Ricketts = = =
Elijah 's son Robert Bruce Ricketts , for whom Ricketts Glen State Park is named , joined the Union Army as a private at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 , and rose through the ranks to become a colonel . After the war , R. B. Ricketts returned to Pennsylvania and purchased the stone house , lake , and some of the land around it from his father on September 25 , 1869 for $ 3 @,@ 969 @.@ 81 ( approximately $ 71 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) ; eventually he controlled or owned more than 80 @,@ 000 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 ha ) , including the lake and the park 's glens and waterfalls .
From 1872 to 1875 Ricketts and his partners operated a sawmill near the lake , 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) southeast of his house . In 1872 Ricketts used lumber from the mill to build a three @-@ story wooden addition next to the stone house ; this opened as the North Mountain House hotel in 1873 , and was run by Ricketts ' brother Frank from then until 1898 . The hotel hosted many of the Ricketts friends and relations as well as guests from Wilkes @-@ Barre , Philadelphia , New York City , and other places . Many of the guests arrived after school let out in June and stayed all summer until school resumed in September . In 1876 and 1877 , Ricketts ran the first summer school in the United States at his house and hotel ; one of the teachers was Joseph Rothrock , later known as the " Father of Forestry " in Pennsylvania .
Ricketts and the others living in the area were not aware of the waterfalls in what is now the state park until about 1865 , when they were discovered by two of the Ricketts ' guests who went fishing and wandered down Kitchen Creek . In 1879 Ricketts started the North Mountain Fishing Club , for anglers on the lake and creek . Guests of the hotel paid one dollar to fish as a club member . By 1874 Ricketts had renamed Long Pond as Highland Lake , and by 1875 had named the highest waterfall on Kitchen Creek as Ganoga Falls . In 1881 , Ricketts renamed Highland Lake as Ganoga Lake . Pennsylvania senator Charles R. Buckalew suggested the name Ganoga , an Iroquoian word which he said meant " water on the mountain " in the Seneca language . Donehoo 's A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania identifies it as a Cayuga language word meaning " place of floating oil " and the name of a Cayuga village in New York . Ganoga Lake is the source of the branch of Kitchen Creek that flows through Ganoga Glen , which has the tallest waterfall .
Ricketts was a lumberman who made his fortune clearcutting nearly all his land , but no logging was allowed within 0 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) of the lake , and the glens and their waterfalls in the state park were " saved from the lumberman 's axe through the foresight of the Ricketts family " . One hemlock tree cut near the lake to clear land for a building in 1893 was 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) in diameter and 532 years old .
Ricketts and his business partners built the lumber town of Ricketts about 4 miles ( 6 km ) northeast of the lake starting in 1890 ; it had up to 800 inhabitants and several saw mills and operated until 1913 , when the timber was exhausted . A 3 @.@ 85 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 20 km ) branch line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad ran from Ricketts to the north end of the lake , opening in 1893 . There was daily passenger service to Wilkes @-@ Barre and Towanda on this line , which also served freight trains hauling ice from the lake for use in refrigeration from 1895 on . The ice cutting business on the lake employed 175 men , and had a 80 @-@ by @-@ 400 @-@ foot ( 24 by 122 m ) ice house at the north end of the lake , near the small train station made of logs . The Ganoga Lake Ice Company was incorporated in 1897 , and operated until about 1915 . Ricketts ' son William Reynolds Ricketts was one of five partners in the ice company . Ice skating was also a popular pastime on the lake . In 1913 the lake had a boathouse and was used by rowboats .
The North Mountain House was threatened by a forest fire in 1900 ; the subsequent loss of much of the surrounding old @-@ growth forest led to decreased numbers of hotel guests . In 1903 another large fire on North Mountain threatened the sawmill in the village of Ricketts . The wooden addition to the stone house was torn down in either 1897 or 1903 , and the land became a garden . The hotel closed in November 1903 , and the fishing club and passenger train service ended with the closure .
The stone house remained the Ricketts family 's summer home . After the hotel closed , several small cabins were built around the lake for rental to sportsmen . Ricketts proposed moving the highway from his front yard in 1904 ; the Pennsylvania General Assembly approved this in 1908 , after he paid for the construction of the new highway . The house was renovated and added to in 1913 , and Ricketts died there during the 1918 flu pandemic . His wife died shortly thereafter , and they are buried in the small Ricketts family cemetery near the north end of the lake .
= = = Modern era = = =
R. B. Ricketts and his wife had three children ; their son William Reynolds Ricketts lived in the house after his parents ' deaths . Between 1920 and 1924 the Pennsylvania Game Commission bought 48 @,@ 000 acres ( 19 @,@ 000 ha ) from the Ricketts heirs , via the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company . This became most of Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 13 , west of the lake in Sullivan County . These sales left the Ricketts heirs with over 12 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 900 ha ) surrounding Ganoga Lake and the glens with their waterfalls . The stone house was listed on the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936 , which gave its name as " Ganoga " . The area was approved as a national park site in the 1930s , and the National Park Service operated a Civilian Conservation Corps camp at " Ricketts Glynn " ( sic ) . Budget problems and World War II brought an end to national plans for development .
In 1942 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bought 1 @,@ 261 acres ( 510 ha ) , including the glens and their waterfalls , from the heirs for $ 82 @,@ 000 . Ricketts Glen State Park opened in 1944 . The state bought a total of 16 @,@ 000 acres ( 6 @,@ 500 ha ) more from the heirs in 1945 and 1950 for $ 68 @,@ 000 ; the park today has about 10 @,@ 000 acres ( 4 @,@ 000 ha ) from the Ricketts family and about 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) acquired from others . After World War II , William Reynolds Ricketts also sold the old @-@ growth timber around Ganoga Lake to help pay property taxes .
William Reynolds Ricketts died in 1956 and the lake and surrounding land were sold in October 1957 for $ 109 @,@ 000 . The Department of Forests and Waters ( predecessor of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ) bid on the 3 @,@ 140 acres ( 1 @,@ 270 ha ) including the lake , but were outbid by a group of private investors . They initially planned to sell up to 788 building lots around the lake , but when sales were slower than expected , they instead " formed the Lake Ganoga Association in September 1959 to regulate and preserve the recreation and residential facilities at Lake Ganoga " . Thus , private development of houses on the lake only began in the 20th century .
The association built 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) of roads around the lake ; the Air Force paved some of these to provide better access from the Benton Air Force Station in the park to a radio transmitter southwest of the lake . The Ganoga Lake Association also cleared some land at the lake 's southern end , and its members built more than 50 houses on the lake shore . The stone house serves as the association 's headquarters and clubhouse , and is used for association meetings , weddings , and picnics ; in 1983 the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Clemuel Ricketts Mansion . Today the lake is used by kayakers and wind surfers . As a private development , " To all outsiders that have no property around the lake , the lake and grounds are off limits . "
= = Geology and climate = =
The rocks underlying Ganoga Lake are from the Mississippian Pocono Formation , which is a " light @-@ gray to buff or light @-@ olive @-@ gray , medium @-@ grained , crossbedded sandstone " , with some siltstone and conglomerates . The Pocono Formation formed more than 340 million years ago , when the land was part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now North America . The high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded , causing a build @-@ up of sediment made up primarily of clay , sand and gravel . Tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found at the lake and in the drainage basin for Kitchen Creek : sandstone , shale , siltstone , and conglomerates . In 1894 R. Bruce Ricketts planned to mine yellow ocher near the lake .
Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau , just north of the Allegheny Front , which is the boundary between the dissected plateau to the north and the Ridge @-@ and @-@ Valley Appalachians to the south . Kitchen Creek , which drains the lake , drops approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) in 2 @.@ 25 miles ( 3 @.@ 62 km ) as it flows down the steep escarpment of the Allegheny Front . About 300 to 250 million years ago , the Allegheny Plateau , Allegheny Front , and Appalachian Mountains all formed in the Alleghenian orogeny . This happened long after the sedimentary rocks at the lake were deposited , when the part of Gondwana that became Africa collided with what became North America , forming Pangaea . In the years since , up to 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) of rock has been eroded away by streams and weather . At least three major glaciations in the past million years have been the final factor in shaping the land around the lake today .
Prior to the last ice age , Ganoga Lake drained into Big Run , a tributary of Fishing Creek . This changed when the glaciers retreated to the northeast about 20 @,@ 000 years ago , and formed glacial lakes . The retreating glaciers also left deposits of debris 20 to 30 feet ( 6 to 9 m ) thick , which formed a dam blocking water from draining into Big Run . Instead , water from Ganoga Lake and the area that later became Lake Jean was diverted into the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek . These diversions added about 7 square miles ( 18 km ² ) to the Kitchen Creek drainage basin , increasing it by just over 50 percent to 20 @.@ 1 square miles ( 52 km2 ) . The result was increased water flow in Kitchen Creek , which has been cutting the falls in the glens since . Glacial striations are found on the eastern side of the lake . The lake is in a shallow valley , 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) deep , which is impounded by glacial till up to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) thick at the southeast end , where Kitchen Creek exits .
The Allegheny Plateau has a continental climate , with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges ( the difference between the daily high and low ) of 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) in winter and 26 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in summer . Ganoga Lake is part of the Huntington Creek watershed , where the mean annual precipitation is 40 to 48 inches ( 1 @,@ 016 to 1 @,@ 219 mm ) . Weather records are not available for Ganoga Lake , but they are known for the adjoining Ricketts Glen State Park . The highest recorded temperature at the park was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) in 1988 , and the record low was − 17 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) in 1984 . On average , January is the coldest month , July is the hottest month , and June is the wettest month .
= = Ecology = =
Ganoga Lake is the largest tributary of Lake Jean , via a 0 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 6 km ) branch of Kitchen Creek . While Lake Jean lies entirely within Ricketts Glen State Park , much of its 1 @,@ 998 @-@ acre ( 809 ha ) drainage basin extends beyond the park , and Ganoga Lake 's 960 @-@ acre ( 390 ha ) watershed accounts for nearly half of the total area . Lake Jean covers 253 acres ( 102 ha ) ; the remaining 1 @,@ 745 acres ( 706 ha ) of the Lake Jean watershed are 81 @.@ 0 % hardwood forest , 12 @.@ 6 % pastures , 4 @.@ 7 % other lakes ( including Ganoga Lake 's 78 @.@ 8 acres ( 31 @.@ 9 ha ) ) , and 1 @.@ 7 % wetlands . The park has more than 80 species of vines , shrubs , and trees ; black gum , black spruce , eastern hemlock , eastern white pine , eastern larch , red maple , and yellow birch are found in area forests .
In the 19th century Ganoga Lake was home to trout , bullhead catfish , pike , pickerel , and black bass . The lake had very few plants in it , but its shore was lined with mountain laurel and , in the east , mountain ash . After the Ganoga Lake Association 's 1957 purchase , they drained the lake to kill its fish , then stocked it with " 30 @,@ 000 fingerling brook trout " . In 2007 Lake Jean , which is connected to Lake Ganoga via Kitchen Creek , was still home to many of the fish found there in the 19th century : brook trout , brown trout , brown bullhead , yellow bullhead , chain pickerel , and largemouth bass .
Although there are no pollution point sources in the drainage basin , acid rain is a major concern . Acidification has altered the ecology of the lakes and region ; in Lake Jean low pH has decreased the number and quality of insects and plankton at the base of the food chain . Fish which are acid tolerant are predominant , including fathead minnow , muskellunge , pumpkinseed , walleye , and yellow perch . There are relatively few predators like chain pickerel and largemouth bass , and adult fish " appear to have good growth rates but poor reproductive success " .
Despite the increased acidity , all of the Kitchen Creek drainage basin , which includes Ganoga Lake , is classified by the state of Pennsylvania as a " High Quality @-@ Cold Water Fishery " . Under the Clean Water Act a Total Maximum Daily Load ( TMDL ) has been established for acidic pollution in the Lake Jean watershed . Ganoga Lake 's TMDL for acidity is 4 @.@ 1 pounds ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) per day . Long term exposure to acid rain also damages soil , depleting calcium levels , which may in turn affect insect populations and reproduction in birds . Lake Jean is also " impaired for mercury due to atmospheric deposition " , although TMDLs have not yet been established for this .
Ganoga Lake and Ricketts Glen State Park are part of the much larger 114 @,@ 978 @-@ acre ( 46 @,@ 530 ha ) Pennsylvania Important Bird Area ( IBA ) # 48 , which the Audubon Society describes as " the largest extant forest in northeastern Pennsylvania and one of the largest in the Commonwealth " . Over 75 species of bird are known to breed in the state park adjoining the lake . Lake Jean is home to bald eagle and Canada goose ; aquatic birds found in the IBA include American bittern , American black duck , great blue heron , green @-@ winged teal , hooded merganser , mallard duck , osprey , Virginia rail , and wood duck . Historically , common pheasant were found in the woods around the lake .
Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau just north of the Allegheny Front ; this region is known locally as North Mountain . Many bird species are found in the forests on North Mountain , including the state 's only population of blackpoll warbler ; other birds seen there include evening grosbeak , northern goshawk , red crossbill , and Swainson 's thrush . Historically North Mountain was home to olive @-@ sided flycatcher , and " was one of the few places one could enjoy the songs of all of Pennsylvania 's native thrushes " ; today it is home to the state 's largest yellow @-@ bellied flycatcher population .
Ganoga Lake and its surroundings have a variety of insects and animals . Butterflies in the region are studied by lepidopterists , and the hemlock woolly adelgid threatens many of the hemlock trees . Animals found on North Mountain and in the park include squirrel , black bear , fisher , hoary bat , otter , porcupine , raccoon , and white @-@ tailed deer . In 1912 , white @-@ tailed deer around the lake became locally extinct due to loss of habitat from lumbering and overhunting . Pennsylvania imported nearly 1 @,@ 200 white @-@ tailed deer from Michigan between 1906 and 1925 to re @-@ establish the species , and made it the official state animal in 1959 . By 2001 , deer populations had increased to the point where it was feared that " Pennsylvania is losing its vegetative diversity from deer over @-@ browsing " .
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= Undertale =
Undertale is a role @-@ playing video game created by indie developer Toby Fox . In the game , players control a human child who has fallen into the Underground , a large , secluded region underneath the surface of the Earth , separated by a magic barrier . The player meets various monsters during a quest to return to the surface , mainly through the combat system ; the player navigates through mini @-@ bullet hell attacks by the opponent cyclically , and can opt to spare monsters instead of attacking and killing them . These choices affect the game , with the dialogue , characters , and story changing based on outcomes .
Fox developed the entirety of the game independently , including writing and composing the score , with only additional art created by other artists . The game was inspired by the Mother and Mario & Luigi role @-@ playing series , the bullet hell shooter series Touhou Project , and the British comedy show Mr. Bean . Undertale was initially meant to be two hours in length and released in mid @-@ 2014 , but development took over three years , effectively extending the campaign and delaying the release .
The game was released on Steam for Microsoft Windows and OS X on September 15 , 2015 . Upon release , the game was acclaimed for its writing , thematic material , intuitive combat system , musical score , and originality ; with praise directed towards its story , dialogue , and characters . The game sold over a million copies , and was nominated for multiple accolades and awards , including Game of the Year from several gaming publications , winning others from conventions including South by Southwest .
= = Gameplay = =
Undertale is a role @-@ playing game that uses a top @-@ down perspective . In the game , players control a child and complete objectives in order to progress through the story . Players explore an underground world of towns and caves , and are required to solve numerous puzzles on their journey . The underground world is the home of monsters , many of whom challenge the player in combat ; players decide to kill , flee , or befriend them .
When players encounter enemies in either scripted events or random encounters , they enter a battle mode . During battles , players control a small red heart which represents their soul , and must avoid attacks unleashed by the opposing monster in a similar fashion to a bullet hell shooter . As the game progresses , new elements are introduced , such as colored obstacles which require players to remain stationary or move through them , and boss battles which change the way players control the heart . Players may choose to attack the enemy , which involves timed button presses , earning EXP and gold for defeating them . Alternatively , they can use the ACT option to perform non @-@ violent actions , which vary depending on the enemy . If players uses the right actions to respond to the enemy , they can choose to spare them and end the fight without killing them . In order for some boss encounters to be completed peacefully , the player is required to survive until the character they are facing has finished their dialogue . The game features various story branches and endings depending on whether players choose to kill or spare their enemies ; and as such , it is possible to clear the game without killing a single enemy .
Monsters will converse with players during the battles , and the game will tell the players what the monster 's feelings and actions are . Enemy attacks alter based on how players interact with them : should players choose non @-@ violent options , enemy attacks are easy , whereas they become difficult if players choose violent options . The game relies on a number of metafictional elements in both its gameplay and story . When players participate in a boss battle on a second playthrough , the dialogue will be altered depending on actions in previous playthroughs .
= = Plot = =
Undertale takes place in the Underground , a realm where monsters , once equal to humans , were banished to after war broke out between them . The Underground is sealed from the surface world by an imperfect magic barrier , the only point of entry being at Mount Ebott . A human child falls into the Underground and encounters Flowey , a sentient flower who teaches them the game 's mechanics and encourages them to raise their " LV " , or " LOVE " , by gaining " EXP " through killing monsters . When Flowey attempts to murder the human to take their soul for himself , the human is rescued by Toriel , a motherly goat @-@ like monster , who teaches the human to solve puzzles and survive conflict in the Underground without killing . She intends to adopt the human , wanting to protect them from Asgore Dreemurr , the king of the Underground .
The human eventually leaves Toriel to search for Asgore 's castle , which contains the barrier leading to the surface world . Along the way , the human encounters several monsters , including : the skeletons Sans and Papyrus , two brothers who act as sentries for the Underground ; Undyne , the head of the royal guard ; Alphys , the kingdom 's royal scientist ; and Mettaton , a robotic television host Alphys created . Some of them are fought , with the human having to choose whether to kill them or to show mercy ; should the human spare them , they become friends . During their travels , the human learns the cause of the war between humans and monsters . Asriel , the son of Asgore and Toriel , befriended a human child who fell into the Underground and was adopted by Asgore and Toriel . One day , the child was fatally poisoned by some flowers . When Asriel returned their body to the humans , they attacked and killed him , resulting in Asgore declaring war . Asgore now seeks to break the barrier , which requires him to collect seven human souls , of which he has six .
The game 's ending depends on how the player resolved encounters with monsters . If the player killed some but not all monsters , the human arrives at Asgore 's castle and learns that they also need a monster 's soul to cross the barrier , forcing them to fight Asgore . Sans stops the human before their confrontation , revealing that the human 's " LOVE " is an acronym for " Level Of ViolencE " and " EXP " for " EXecution Points . " Sans judges the human based on the combined resolution of the encounters . The human fights Asgore , but Flowey interrupts them , killing Asgore and stealing the human souls , becoming a monstrous abomination named ' Photoshop Flowey ' . With the aid of the rebelling souls , the human defeats Flowey , falls unconscious , and awakens on the human side of the barrier ; they receive a phone call from Sans , explaining the state of the Underground after the human 's departure . In order for the player to proceed and obtain the pacifist ending , they must complete a neutral ending first , regardless as to whether they spared monsters or not - Thus , Photoshop Flowey is the only final boss that appears in multiple paths .
If the player instead kills no monsters , as well as having completed a previous Neutral playthrough of the game , Flowey is revealed to be a reincarnation of Asriel , created as part of Alphys 's experiments . Toriel intervenes before the human fights Asgore , and is joined by the other monsters the human has befriended . Flowey ambushes the group , using the souls of all the monsters to take an older Asriel 's form to fight the human . The human connects with their new friends during the fight , eventually triumphing . Asriel reverts to his child form , destroys the barrier , and expresses his remorse to the others before leaving . The human falls unconscious , and is awoken to see their friends surrounding them , with the knowledge of the human 's name – Frisk . The monsters reintegrate with the humans on the surface , while Frisk has the option of accepting Toriel as their adoptive mother .
Another ending ensues if the player kills all monsters , in which Frisk becomes influenced by the malevolent spirit of the fallen human child whose body Asriel attempted to return . When Frisk reaches Asgore 's castle , Sans attempts to stop them , but Frisk kills him along with Asgore and Flowey . The fallen human child assumes control and , with or without the player 's consent , destroys the universe . In order to enable further replays of the game , Frisk must first give their soul to the fallen human child in exchange for restoring the universe . In doing so , every future playthrough becomes marred by the fallen child 's presence .
= = Development = =
Undertale was developed by Toby Fox across 2 @.@ 7 years . Development was financed through a crowdfunding campaign on the website Kickstarter . The campaign was launched on June 25 , 2013 with a goal of US $ 5 @,@ 000 ; it ended on July 25 , 2013 , with US $ 51 @,@ 124 raised by 2 @,@ 398 people ( 1022 @.@ 48 % of the original goal ) . Undertale 's creation ensued after Fox created a battle system using the game creation system GameMaker : Studio . He wanted to develop a role @-@ playing game that was different from the traditional design , which he often found " boring to play " . He set out to develop a game with " interesting characters " , and that " utilizes the medium as a storytelling device ... instead of having the story and gameplay abstractions be completely separate " .
Fox worked on the entire game independently , besides some of the art ; he decided to work independently to avoid relying on others . Fox had little experience with game development ; he and his three brothers often used RPG Maker 2000 to make role @-@ playing games , though few were ever completed . Fox also worked on a number of EarthBound ROM hacks while in high school . Temmie Chang worked as the main artistic assistant for the game , providing most of the sprites and concept art . Fox has said that the game 's art style would likely remain the same if he had access to a larger team of artists . He found that " there 's a psychological thread that says audiences become more attached to characters drawn simply rather than in detail " , particularly benefiting from the use of visual gags within the art .
= = = Game design = = =
The defensive segment within the battle system was inspired by the Mario & Luigi series , as well as bullet hell shooters such as the Touhou Project series . When working on the battle system , Fox set out to create a mechanic that he would personally enjoy . He wanted Undertale to have a battle system as equally engaging as Super Mario RPG ( 1996 ) and Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga ( 2003 ) . Fox did not want grinding to be necessary at any point in the game , instead leaving it optional to players . He also did not wish to introduce fetch quests , as they involve backtracking , which he dislikes . In terms of the game 's difficulty , Fox ensured that it was easy and enjoyable . He asked some friends who are inexperienced with bullet hell shooters to test the game , and found that they were able to complete it . He felt that the game 's difficulty is optimal , particularly considering the complications involved in adding another difficulty setting .
The game 's dialogue system was inspired by Shin Megami Tensei ( 1992 ) , particularly the gameplay mechanic whereby players can talk to monsters to avoid conflict . Fox intended to expand upon this mechanic , as failing to negotiate resulted in a requirement to fight . " I want to create a system that satisfied my urge for talking to monsters , " he said . When he began developing this mechanic , the concept of completing the game without killing any enemies " just evolved naturally " . However , he never considered removing the option to fight throughout development . When questioned on the difficulty of playing the game without killing , Fox responded that it is " the crux of one of the major themes of this game " , asking players to think about it themselves .
= = = Writing = = =
For the game 's writing , Fox was partly influenced by the silliness of internet culture , as well as comedy shows like Mr. Bean ( 1990 – 1995 ) . He was also inspired by the unsettling atmosphere of EarthBound ( 1994 ) . Fox 's desire to " subvert concepts that go unquestioned in many games " further influenced Undertale 's development . Fox found that the writing became easier after establishing a character 's voice and mood . He also felt that creating the world was a natural process , as it expressed the stories of those within it . Fox felt the importance to make the game 's monsters " feel like an individual " . He cited the Final Fantasy series ( 1987 – present ) as the opposite ; " all monsters in RPGs like Final Fantasy are the same ... there 's no meaning to that " .
The character of Toriel , who is one of the first to appear in the game , was created as a parody of tutorial characters . Fox strongly disliked the use of the companion character Fi in The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword ( 2011 ) , in which the answers to puzzles were often revealed early . Fox also felt that role @-@ playing video games generally lack mother characters ; in the Pokémon series ( 1996 – present ) , as well as Mother ( 1989 ) and EarthBound , Fox felt that the mothers are used as " symbols rather than characters " . In response , Fox intended for Toriel 's character to be " a mom that hopefully acts like a mom " , and " genuinely cares " about players ' actions .
= = = Music = = =
The game 's soundtrack was entirely composed by Fox . A self @-@ taught musician , he composed most of the tracks with little iteration ; the game 's main theme , " Undertale " , was the only song to undergo multiple iterations in development . The soundtrack was inspired by music from Super NES role @-@ playing games , such as EarthBound , as well as the webcomic Homestuck , for which Fox also provided some of the music . Fox also stated that he tries to be inspired by all music he listens to , particularly those in video games . According to Fox , over 90 % of the songs were composed specifically for the game . " Megalovania " , the song used during the boss battle with Sans , had previously been used within the Homestuck webcomic and in one of Fox 's EarthBound ROM hacks . For each section of the game , Fox composed the music prior to programming , as it helped " decide how the scene should go " . He initially tried using a music tracker to compose the soundtrack , but found it difficult to use . He ultimately decided to play segments of the music separately , and connect them on a track .
Undertale 's soundtrack has been well received by critics as part of the success of the game , in particular for its use of various leitmotifs for the various characters used throughout various tracks . In particular , " Hopes and Dreams " , the boss theme when fighting Asriel in the run @-@ through where the player avoids killing any monster , brings back most of the main character themes , and is " a perfect way to cap off your journey " , according to USgamer 's Nadia Oxford . Oxford notes this track in particular demonstrates Fox 's ability to " turning old songs into completely new experiences " , used throughout the game 's soundtrack . Tyler Hicks of GameSpot compared the music to " bit @-@ based melodies " .
= = Release = =
The game was released on September 15 , 2015 , for Microsoft Windows and OS X. Fox has expressed interest in releasing Undertale on other platforms , but is unable to port it to Nintendo platforms without reprogramming the game due to the engine 's lack of support for the platforms . A patch was released in January 2016 , fixing bugs and altering the appearance of blue attacks to help colorblind players see them better .
Other Undertale media and merchandise have been released , including toy figurines and plush toys based on characters from the game . The game 's official soundtrack was released in 2015 simultaneously with the game 's release . Additionally , two official Undertale cover albums have been released : the 2015 metal album Determination by RichaadEB and Ace Waters , and the 2016 jazz album Live at Grillby 's by Carlos Eiene .
On July 17 , 2016 , Toby Fox announced on Twitter that he has officially released the game on Linux .
= = Reception = =
Undertale received critical acclaim , and was quickly considered a cult video game by numerous publications . Review aggregator Metacritic calculated an average score of 92 out of 100 , indicating " universal acclaim " , based on 42 reviews . Metacritic ranks the game the third @-@ highest rated Windows game released in 2015 , and among the top 25 of all time . Praise was particularly directed at the game 's writing , unique characters , and combat system . GameSpot 's Tyler Hicks declared it " one of the most progressive and innovative RPGs to come in a long time " , and IGN 's Kallie Plagge called it " a masterfully crafted experience " . By the end of 2015 , in a preliminary report by Steam Spy , Undertale was one of the best @-@ selling games on Steam , with 530 @,@ 343 copies sold . By early February 2016 , the game surpassed one million .
Daniel Tack of Game Informer called the game 's combat system " incredibly nuanced " , commenting on the uniqueness of each enemy encounter . Giant Bomb 's Austin Walker praised the complexity of the combat , commenting that it is " unconventional , clever , and occasionally really difficult " . Ben " Yahtzee " Croshaw of The Escapist commended the game 's ability to blend " turn @-@ based and live combat elements in a way that actually fucking works " . IGN 's Plagge praised the ability to avoid combat , opting for friendly conversations instead . Jesse Singal of The Boston Globe found the game 's ability to make the player empathize with the monsters during combat if they opted for non @-@ violent actions was " indicative of the broader , fundamental sweetness at the core " of Undertale .
Reviewers praised the game 's writing and narrative , with IGN 's Plagge calling it " excellent " . The Escapist 's Croshaw considered Undertale the best @-@ written game of 2015 , writing that is " on the one hand hilarious ... and is also , by the end , rather heartfelt " . Destructoid 's Ben Davis praised the game 's characters and use of comedy , and compared its tone , characters and storytelling to Cave Story ( 2004 ) . PC Gamer 's Richard Cobbett provided similar comments , writing that " even its weaker moments ... just about work " . Breitbart 's Ned Price commended the " soul and charm " that the game conveys through its writing , but noted that the dialogue often " borders on cringey random humor " .
The game 's visuals received mixed reactions . Giant Bomb 's Walker called it " simple , but communicative " . IGN 's Plagge wrote that the game " isn 't always pretty " and " often ugly " , but felt that the music and animations compensate . Breitbart 's Price named the art " bland and not on the same level of detail as the excellent character design " , and The Escapist 's Croshaw remarked that " it wobbles between basic and functional to just plain bad " . Other reviewers liked the graphics : Daniel Tack of Game Informer felt that the visuals appropriately match the characters and settings , while Richard Cobbett of PC Gamer commended the ability of the visuals to convey emotion .
= = = Accolades = = =
Undertale has received multiple awards and nominations from several gaming publications . It won Game of the Year from The Jimquisition and Zero Punctuation , as well as Game of the Month from Rock , Paper , Shotgun . The game won the Best Game Ever poll from GameFAQs , and was awarded Best PC Game from Destructoid and IGN . At the Independent Games Festival Awards , it won the Audience Award , while the SXSW Gaming Awards named it the Most Fulfilling Crowdfunded Game , and awarded it the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award .
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= Bayt Jibrin =
For the history of the site see in chronological order Maresha , Beit Guvrin , Eleutheropolis , Bethgibelin , Bayt Jibrin , Kibbutz Beit Guvrin and Beit Guvrin National Park
Bayt Jibrin ( Arabic : بيت جبرين , also transliterated Beit Jibrin ; Hebrew : בית גוברין ) , was a Palestinian Arab village located 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) northwest of the city of Hebron . The village had a total land area of 56 @,@ 185 dunams or 56 @.@ 1 km2 ( 13 @,@ 900 acres ) , of which 0 @.@ 28 km2 ( 69 acres ) were built @-@ up while the rest remained farmland .
During the 8th century BCE , the village was part of the Kingdom of Judah . During the days of Jewish king Herod the town was the administrative center for the district of Idumea . After the turmoil of the First Jewish @-@ Roman War and the Bar Kokhba revolt the town became a thriving Roman colony and a major administrative center under the name of Eleutheropolis . In the early 7th century CE , Bayt Jibrin was conquered by Muslim forces led by ' Amr ibn al- ' As . Under the Crusaders in the 12th century , it had a population of 1 @,@ 500 , compared to 100 @-@ 150 in the average village of the time . It fell to the Mamluks and then the Ottoman Turks . In the 19th century , the al- ' Azza family took control of Bayt Jibrin and unsuccessfully attempted to rebel against the Ottomans , ending in the exile and execution of local leaders .
Under the British Mandate of Palestine , Bayt Jibrin again served as a district center for surrounding villages . It was captured by Israeli forces during the 1948 War , causing its inhabitants to flee eastward . Today , many of the refugees of Bayt Jibrin and their descendants live in the Bayt Jibrin and Fawwar camps in the southern West Bank . The kibbutz of Beit Guvrin was established on Bayt Jibrin 's lands in 1949 . The underground caves of Bayt Jibrin have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
= = Name = =
The town was renamed over the centuries . Its Aramaic name Beth Gabra , preserved by the geographer Ptolemy in the Greek variation of Βαιτογάβρα ( Baitogabra ) , translates as the " house of the [ strong ] man " or " house of the mighty one " . The antecedent might be seen in the name of an Edomite king : Ḳaus @-@ gabri or Kauš @-@ Gabr , found on an inscription of Tiglathpileser III . The Romans gave it a Greek name , Eleutheropolis ( Ἐλευθερόπολις ) , meaning " City of the Free " . In the Peutinger Tables in 393 CE , Bayt Jibrin was called Beitogabri . In the Talmud , compiled between the 3rd and 4th centuries , it was known as Beit Gubrin ( or Guvrin ) . To the Crusaders , it was known as Bethgibelin or Gibelin . Another name in medieval times may have been Beit Jibril , meaning " house of Gabriel " . In Arabic , Bayt Jibrin or Jubrin ( بيت جبرين ) means " house of the powerful " , reflecting its original Aramaic name. and the town was probably called Bayt Jibrin or Beit Jibril throughout its rule by various Muslim dynasties .
= = History = =
= = = Ancient period = = =
The excavations have revealed no remains older than the Iron Age , a time when the Judahite town of Maresha rose on the tell known in Arabic as Tell Sandahanna and in Hebrew as Tel Maresha . This corresponds to several Hebrew Bible mentions of Maresha . However , local folklore tells that the former Arab village of Bayt Jibrin was first inhabited by Canaanites . After the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah in 586 BCE , the city of Maresha became part of the Edomite kingdom . In the late Persian period a Sidonian community settled in Maresha , and the city is mentioned in the Zenon Papyri ( 259 BCE ) . During the Maccabean Revolt , Maresha was a base for attacks against Judea and suffered retaliation from the Maccabees . In 112 BCE , Maresha was conquered and destroyed by the Hasmonean king , John Hyrcanus I , after which the region of Idumea ( the Greek name of Edom ) remained under Hasmonean control and Idumeans were forced to convert to Judaism . In 40 BCE , the Parthians devastated completely the " strong city " , after which it was never rebuilt . After this date , nearby Beit Guvrin succeeded Maresha as the chief center of the area .
= = = Antiquity = = =
In the Jewish War ( 68 CE ) , Vespasian slaughtered or enslaved the inhabitants of Betaris . According to Josephus : " When he had seized upon two villages , which were in the very midst of Idumea , Betaris , and Caphartobas , he slew above ten thousand of the people , and carried into captivity above a thousand , and drove away the rest of the multitude , and placed no small part of his own forces in them , who overran and laid waste the whole mountainous country . " However , it continued to be a Jewish @-@ inhabited city until the Bar Kokhba revolt ( 132 @-@ 135 CE ) .
Septimius Severus , Roman Emperor from 193 to 211 , granted the city municipal status , renaming it Eleutheropolis meaning " City of the Free " and exempting its citizens from taxes . Coins minted by him , bearing the date 1 January 200 , commemorate its founding . Eleutheropolis , which covered an area of 65 hectares ( 160 acres ) ( larger at the time than Aelia Capitolina - the Roman city built over the ruins of Jewish Jerusalem ) , flourished under the Romans , who built public buildings , military installations , aqueducts and a large amphitheater . Towards the end of the 2nd century CE , Rabbi Judah the Prince ameliorated the condition of its Jewish citizens by releasing the city from the obligations of tithing home @-@ grown produce , and from observing the Seventh Year laws with respect to the same produce , as believing this area of the country was not originally settled by Jews returning from the Babylonian captivity . The vita of Epiphanius of Salamis , born into a Christian family near Eleutheropolis , describes the general surroundings in Late Antique Judaea . The second chapter of the vita describes the details of the important market of Eleutheropolis . Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis , and Eusebius , in his Onomasticon , uses the Roman milestones indicating the city as a central point from which the distances of other towns were measured . The Madaba Map ( dated 542 @-@ 570 CE ) shows Eleutheropolis as a walled city with three towers , a curving street with a colonnade in the central part and an important basilica . In the centre is a building with a yellowish @-@ white dome on four columns . Eleutheropolis was last mentioned in the ancient sources by the near contemporary itinerarium of the Piacenza Pilgrim , about 570 .
In the 1st and 2nd centuries CE , Christianity penetrated the city due to its location on the route between Jerusalem and Gaza . The city 's first bishop , Justus , was one of the 70 Disciples . In 325 CE , Eleutheropolis was the seat of Bishop Macrinus , who in that year attended the First Council of Nicaea . Epiphanius of Salamis , Bishop of Salamis in Cyprus , was born at Eleutheropolis ; at Ad nearby he established a monastery which is often mentioned in the polemics of Jerome with Rufinus and John , Bishop of Jerusalem . Beit Guvrin is mentioned in the Talmud in the 3rd and 4th centuries , indicating a revival of the Jewish community around that time . The tanna Judah b . Jacob and the amora Jonathan ( referred to in the Talmud as " Yonatan me @-@ Bet Guvrin " or Jonathan of Bet Guvrin ) were residents of the city . The Talmudic region known as Darom was within the area of Eleutheropolis ( " Beit Guvrin " ) , later known by its Arabic corruption ad @-@ Dārūm . Excavations at Eleutheropolis show a prosperous city , and confirm the presence of Jews and Christians in the area . It was described as one of Palestine 's five " Cities of Excellence " by 4th @-@ century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus . The territory under the administration of Eleutheropolis encompassed most of Idumea , with the districts of Bethletepha , western Edom and Hebron up to Ein Gedi , and included over 100 villages .
= = = Early Islamic period = = =
Early Muslim historian al @-@ Biladhuri mentions Bayt Jibrin ( the name given to it by the Arabs following the Muslim conquest ) as one of ten towns in Jund Filastin ( military district of Palestine ) conquered by the Muslim Rashidun army under ' Amr ibn al- ' As 's leadership during the 630s . Al @-@ Biladhuri also wrote that al- ' As enclosed a domain to Bayt Jibrin , which he named ' Ajlun , after one of his freemen . The 1904 Analecta Bollandiana recounts that in 638 the Muslim army beheaded fifty soldiers in Bayt Jibrin from the Byzantine garrison of Gaza who refused to abandon the Christianity and who were then buried in a church built in their honor . In the beginning of the power struggle between Ali and Mu 'awiya for the position of caliph , al- ' As left Medina in the Hejaz and resided in Bayt Jibrin with his two sons Muhammad and Abdullah . The latter died there .
The city may have been devastated in 788 , but in 796 , Bayt Jibrin was destroyed by Bedouin tribesmen in an effort to combat Christian influence in the region during a civil war between the Arab tribal federations of the area . According to a monk named Stephen , " it was laid waste , and its inhabitants carried off into captivity " . However , by 985 , the city , by then under Abbasid rule , seemed to have recovered , judging by the writings of the Muslim geographer al @-@ Muqaddasi :
" [ Bayt Jibrin ] is a city partly in the hill country , partly in the plain . Its territory has the name of Ad Darum ( the ancient Daroma and the modern Dairan ) , and there are here marble quarries . The district sends its produce to the capital ( Ar Ramlah ) . It is an emporium for the neighbouring country , and a land of riches and plenty , possessing fine domains . The population , however , is now on the decrease .... "
There is no marble quarry anywhere in Palestine , but al @-@ Muqaddasi prabably referred to the underground chalkstone quarries known today as " bell caves " .
= = = Crusader and Mamluk eras = = =
In 1099 , Crusaders invaded Palestine and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem . In 1135 , King Fulk of Jerusalem erected a castle on the lands of Bayt Jibrin , the first of a series of Crusader fortifications built at this time to ensure control over the ports of Caesarea and Jaffa . In 1136 , King Fulk donated the castle to the Knights Hospitallers . In 1168 , the Hospitallers were granted a charter to establish a Frankish colony , which they named " Bethgibelin " . Christian settlers in Beit Jibrin were promised a share of property looted from the Muslims . It was on the itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela , who found three Jews living there when he visited the country . The Ayyubid army under Saladin sacked Bethgibelin in 1187 , after most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem came under Muslim control as a consequence of his victory at the Battle of Hittin . Soon after its capture Saladin ordered the demolition of the Crusader castle . From 1191 @-@ 1192 , the town was held in probate by Henry of Champagne , as lord of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , while Saladin and Richard the Lionheart negotiated a ceasefire .
However , the Crusaders remained in control of Bethgibelin until 1244 , when the Ayyubids reconquered it under Sultan as @-@ Salih Ayyub . By 1283 , the Mamluks had taken control and it was listed as a domain of Sultan Qalawun . The city prospered under the Egypt @-@ based Mamluk Sultanate and served as a postal station . During Mamluk rule , Bayt Jibrin administratively belonged to Hebron and was under the jurisdiction of the Shafi 'i ( a school of law in Sunni Islam ) qadi ( head judge ) of that city .
= = = Ottoman rule and the ' Azza family = = =
Bayt Jibrin and all of Palestine was conquered by the Ottomans after their victory over the Mamluks during the 1516 Battle of Marj Dabiq . Bayt Jibrin subsequently became part of the nahiya ( subdistrict ) of Hebron ( al @-@ Khalīl ) , which was part of the sanjak ( " district " ) of Gaza . The Ottomans did not exercise strict control over their territories and tended to keep local leaders in their traditional positions as long as they complied with the higher authorities and paid imperial taxes . During Suleiman the Magnificent 's reign , in 1552 , the destroyed Crusader castle in Bayt Jibrin was partially rebuilt in order to protect the main road between Gaza and Jerusalem . In 1596 , the inhabitants of Bayt Jibrin , consisting of 50 Muslim families , paid taxes on wheat , barley and sesame seeds , as well as goats and beehives .
In the 19th century , Bayt Jibrin was the seat of the ' Azza family , who had ruled the area since migrating to Palestine from Egypt . In the 1840s , after the Ottomans attempted to crush local leaders in the Hebron Hills for their refusal to pay taxes , the ' Azza family joined a revolt against Ottoman rule . They had aligned themselves to the ' Amr clan of the Hebron @-@ area village of Dura . Between 1840 @-@ 46 , hostilities were raging between the Qays and Yaman tribo @-@ political factions in southern Palestine . The ' Azza and Amr families , part of the Qays confederation , were constantly clashing with the Yaman @-@ aligned Abu Ghosh clan , who were based in the vicinity of Jerusalem . In 1846 , the shaykh ( chief ) of Bayt Jibrin , Muslih al- ' Azza ( known as the " giant of Bayt Jibrin " ) , the leader of the ' Amr clan , and other local leaders were exiled , but were allowed to return in the early 1850s .
In 1855 , the newly appointed Ottoman pasha ( " governor " ) of the sanjak ( " district " ) of Jerusalem , Kamil Pasha , attempted to subdue the rebellion in the Hebron region . Kamil Pasha marched towards Hebron with his army in July 1855 , and after crushing the opposition , he ordered the local shaykhs to summon to his camp . Several of the shaykhs , including the leader of the ' Amr clan and Muslih al- ' Azza , did not obey the summons . Kamil Pasha then requested that the British consul in Jerusalem , James Finn , serve as an envoy and arrange a meeting with Muslih . Finn sent his vice @-@ consul to assure Muslih of his safety in Hebron and convinced him to meet with Kamil Pasha . Muslih was well received in Hebron and returned to Bayt Jibrin escorted by twenty of the governor 's men . Soon after , the Kamil Pasha paid a visit to Bayt Jibrin to settle affairs and collect the town 's overdue taxes . Kamil Pasha took an oath of loyalty from all the local shaykhs in the Hebron region , including those under the rule of Muslih al- ' Azza .
In 1838 , American archeologist Edward Robinson was able to locate the site of Bethgebrim . He cited William of Tyre 's reference to the Arabic name . Later travelers who visited Bayt Jibrin during that time were very impressed both by the shaykh of Bayt Jibrin , as well as by his " castle " or " manor " . At the time , the remains of the Crusader fortress still served for defensive purposes in the village . According to Bayt Jibrin 's shaykh , in 1863 , he was in command of 16 villages in the area and pledged " to provide as many as 2 @,@ 000 men to the government if necessary . " In 1864 , however , Muslih 's brother told a traveler that Muslih and his property had been seized on " false charges of treason , " and that he had been banished to Cyprus and then beheaded .
Bayt Jibrin 's status began to decline throughout the 19th century . According to Western travelers it was " a small and insignificant village " . The primary factors that contributed to the decline were the Bedouin raids on Bayt Jibrin 's countryside villages , the ' Azza revolt , tribal warfare among the inhabitants of the towns and villages throughout Palestine and epidemics which struck the town and the nearby area .
= = = British Mandate era = = =
After the British army captured Palestine from the Ottomans in 1917 @-@ 1918 , Bayt Jibrin resumed its role as an important town in the District of Hebron . The population was entirely Muslim , and had two schools , a medical clinic , a bus and a police station . The town 's inhabitants cultivated grain and fruit , and residents from nearby towns flocked to its weekly market or souk . During the winter of 1920 @-@ 1921 there was a severe outbreak of malaria . 157 villagers ( one @-@ sixth of the population ) died with the mortality rate in the district reaching 68 per 1 @,@ 000 . Crops remained unharvested due to lack of people strong enough to work in the fields . The new British regime began a program of sealing open wells , improving drainage and distributing quinine across Palestine . In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , Bayt Jibrin had a population of 1 @,@ 420 , all Muslim , increasing the 1931 census to 1 @,@ 804 , still all Muslim , in a total of 369 houses .
On January 10 , 1938 , during the Arab National revolt of 1936 @-@ 1939 J. L. Starkey , a well @-@ known archaeologist , was killed by a group of armed Arabs on the track leading from Bayt Jibrin to Hebron .
In 1945 Bayt Jibrin had 2 @,@ 430 inhabitants , with a total of 56 @,@ 185 dunams of land . Of this , 2 @,@ 477 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations , 31 @,@ 616 dunams used for cereals , while 287 dunams were built @-@ up ( urban ) areas .
Bayt Jibrin was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan .
= = = 1948 war = = =
The First Battalion of the Egyptian Army were ordered to take up position in Bayt Jibrin during the second half of May during the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War . At the same time , the New York Times correspondent reported that thousands of Jaffa 's inhabitants had fled inland , including " large numbers " to the Bayt Jibrin area . In October 1948 , the Israeli Army ( IDF ) launched Operation Yoav , which differed from operations three months earlier , as the IDF was now equipped with aircraft , artillery , and tanks . On October 15 – 16 , the IDF launched bombing and strafing attacks on a number of towns and villages , including Bayt Jibrin . According to Morris , the towns caught in the fighting were neither psychologically nor defensively prepared for aerial strikes , and Israeli Air Force bombing of Bayt Jibrin on October 19 set off a " panic flight " of residents from the town .
On October 23 , a United Nations @-@ imposed ceasefire went into effect , however , there was an IDF raid on the neighboring police fort on the night of October 24 , which resulted in more villagers fleeing Bayt Jibrin . Israeli troops from the Giv 'ati Brigade then occupied Bayt Jibrin and its police fort on October 27 . In 2008 , a former resident of the town who was eight months old at the time of the raid , described his family 's ordeal as follows :
In the 1948 war , the village was attacked by Israeli military units and bombed by Israeli aircraft . By that time , Beit Jibreen already hosted many refugees from neighboring villages . The fighting and bombing frightened the people . They escaped the fighting and sought shelter in the surrounding hills . [ My ] family found protection in a cave 5 km east of the village . They had left everything in their home , hoping to return after a few days when the attack would be over . The Israelis , however , did not allow them to return . Several men of Beit Jibreen were killed when they tried to go back .
In 1949 , a Jewish communal settlement , Kibbutz Beit Guvrin , was founded on the former town 's lands . The excavated areas of the successive Judahite , Hellenistic , Roman @-@ Byzantine and Crusader towns have been included in a large Israeli national park with major points of attraction for tourists . There is little focus on any traces of Arab presence within the park , the period from the 7th century onward receiving little attention .
= = Geography = =
Bayt Jibrin was situated in an area of plains and soft hills known as the Shfela ( Shephelah ) in Hebrew , located between the coastal plain to the west and the Hebron Hills to the east . The village was 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) northwest of Hebron . The average elevation of Bayt Jibrin is 275 meters ( 902 ft ) above sea level . Nearby localities included the depopulated villages of Kudna to the north , al @-@ Qubayba to the southwest , al @-@ Dawayima to the south and the existing Palestinian towns of Beit Ula to the east and Idhna to the southeast . Historically , it was located on the main road between Cairo and Hebron , via Gaza .
In 1945 , Bayt Jibrin 's total land area was 56 @.@ 1 km2 ( 21 @.@ 7 sq mi ) , 98 % of which was Arab @-@ owned . The town 's urban area consisted of 287 m2 ( 0 @.@ 071 acres ) , with 33 @.@ 2 km2 ( 8 @,@ 200 acres ) of cultivable land and 21 @.@ 6 km2 ( 5 @,@ 300 acres ) of non @-@ cultivable land . 54 @.@ 8 % of the town 's land was planted with cereal crops , 6 @.@ 2 % with olives and 4 @.@ 4 % with irrigated crops .
The Bayt Jibrin region contains a large number of underground caverns , both natural formations and caves dug in the soft chalk by inhabitants of the region over the centuries for use as quarries , burial grounds , animal shelters , workshops and spaces for raising doves and pigeons . There is estimated to be 800 such caverns , many linked by an underground maze of passageways . Eighty of them , known as the Bell Caves , are located on the grounds of the Beit Guvrin National Park .
= = Archaeology = =
Today many of the excavated areas of Maresha and Beit Guvrin can be visited as part of the Israeli Beit Guvrin @-@ Maresha National Park . Furthermore , Archaeological Seminars , under the license of the Israel Antiquities Authority , conduct excavations of Maresha 's many quarried systems and invite visitors to participate .
In 1838 , the American Bible scholar Edward Robinson visited Bayt Jibrin , and identified it as ancient Eleutheropolis . The remains of the city of Maresha on Tell Sandahanna / Tel Maresha were first excavated in 1898 @-@ 1900 by Bliss and Macalister , who uncovered a planned and fortified Hellenistic city encircled by a town wall with towers . Two Hellenistic and one Israelite stratum were identified by them on the mound . Between 1989 @-@ 2000 , large @-@ scale excavations were held by the Israel Antiquities Authority ( IAA ) under the direction of Prof. Amos Kloner and conducted mainly in the Lower City of Maresha , concentrating both on the surface and on the subterranean complexes . Excavations continued in several subterranean complexes between 2001 and 2008 .
The largely preserved remains of the amphitheater built by the Romans were excavated by Kloner . Among other unique finds was a Roman bath that has been confirmed to be the largest in Israel and the Palestinian territories . Many of the ancient city 's olive presses , columbaria and water cisterns can still be seen . Less than 10 percent of the caves on Tel Maresha have been excavated .
The ruins of three Byzantine @-@ era churches are located in Bayt Jibrin . A church on a northern hill of the town , later used as a private residence , had elaborate mosaics depicting the four seasons which were defaced in the 1948 Arab @-@ Israeli War . A church south of the town , known as Khirbet Sandahanna , was dedicated to Saint Anne . The New Testament does not give any information about the mother of the Virgin Mary , but the widely circulated apocryphal Gospel of James gives her name as Anne , and her birthplace as Bethlehem . In another Christian tradition though , Bayt Jibrin is the birthplace of Saint Anne . The initial Byzantine church was rebuilt by Crusaders in the 12th century . Today , the apse with its three arched windows and half @-@ dome ceiling are still intact .
The wider area of the Shfela has been inhabited for much longer . Excavations were conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority ( IAA ) about 12 kilometres northeast from Bayt Jibrin at a site located on the same wadi , Nahal Guvrin , near moshav Menuha . The IAA has unearthed there artifacts from a village believed to be 6 @,@ 500 years old , placing it at the end of the Stone Age or at the beginning of the Chalcolithic or " copper @-@ and @-@ stone age " . The finds include pottery vessels and stone tools , among them flint sickle blades , cultic objects , clay figurines of horned animals , ceramic spindle whorls and animal bones belonging to pigs , goats , sheep and larger herbivores . The inhabitants probably chose this area due to the arable land and copious springs flowing even in the rainless summer months . Archaeologists believe the villagers grew grain , as indicated by the sickle blades and the grinding and pounding tools , and raised animals that supplied milk , meat and wool , as attested to by the spindle whorls . The settlement was small in scope , approximately 1 @.@ 5 dunams , but there is evidence of bartering , based on the presence of basalt vessels and other lithic objects brought to the site from afar .
= = Demographics = =
During the Roman period , Bayt Jibrin had a mixed population of Jews , Christians and pagans . Under Muslim rule , Islam gradually became the dominant religion and by the 20th century , the entire population was Muslim .
In Ottoman tax records from 1596 , the town had a population of 275 inhabitants . In the 19th century its population reached 900 . This rose to about 1 @,@ 000 in 1912 , and to 1 @,@ 420 in the next decade . According to the 1931 census of Palestine , Bayt Jibrin 's population was 1 @,@ 804 . A 1945 land and population survey by Sami Hadawi reported a sharp increase to 2 @,@ 430 . The general growth pattern over every 9 – 11 years from 1912 to 1945 was around 400 @-@ 500 . In 1948 , the projected population was 2 @,@ 819 .
The number of refugees from Bayt Jibrin , including their descendants , was estimated to be 17 @,@ 310 in 1998 . Many live in the al- ' Azza ( also called Bayt Jibrin ) and Fawwar camps in the southern West Bank .
= = Culture = =
= = = Embroidery = = =
Bayt Jibrin , together with Hebron and the surrounding villages , was known for its fine Palestinian embroidery . An example is a woman 's jillayeh ( wedding dress ) from Bayt Jibrin , dated about 1900 , in the Museum of International Folk Art ( MOIFA ) collection in Santa Fe , New Mexico . The dress is made of handwoven indigo linen with long , pointed wing @-@ sleeves . The qabbeh ( " chest @-@ piece " ) is embroidered with the qelayed pattern ; the maya ( " water " ) motif , el @-@ ferraneh ( " the bakers wife " ) pattern , and the saru ( " cypress " ) motif . The side panels are also covered with cross @-@ stitch embroidery in a variety of traditional patterns .
Also on show is a late 19th @-@ century shambar ( large veil ) from Bayt Jibrin worn at weddings and festivals . It is made of embroidered handwoven black silk with a separate heavy red silk fringe . A woman wore the shambar mainly on her wedding day , positioned so that when she covered her face the embroidered end would show . Another item in the collection is a headdress ( iraqiyeh ) embroidered with cross @-@ stitch and decorated with Ottoman coins minted in AH 1223 ( 1808 ) , as well as Maria Theresa coins . The iraqiyeh was worn by married women and elaborate pieces were passed down as family heirlooms . Long embroidered headbands made of cotton hanging from both sides were wrapped around the woman 's braids to facilitate the bundling of her hair , then secured to the back of the headdress .
= = = Shrines = = =
In Islamic tradition , Bayt Jibrin is the burial place of the sahaba ( companion ) of the prophet Muhammad , Tamim al @-@ Dari , who was famously known for his piety and briefly served as the Governor of Jerusalem in the late 7th century . Al @-@ Dari and his family were granted trusteeship over the Hebron Hills , including Bayt Jibrin , and were assigned as the supervisors of the Cave of the Patriarchs ( Ibrahimi Mosque ) in Hebron . His sanctuary is the most venerated site in Bayt Jibrin , located just northwest of it . Until the present day , al @-@ Dari 's sanctuary has been a place of local Muslim pilgrimage . Other Islamic holy sites in the village include maqam for a local shaykh named Mahmud and a tomb for a shaykha ( female religious figure ) named Ameina .
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= The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures =
The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords Adventures , released as The Legend of Zelda : Four Swords + ( Japanese : ゼルダの伝説 4つの剣 + , Hepburn : Zeruda no Densetsu : Yottsu no Tsurugi + ) in Japan , is the eleventh installment in Nintendo 's The Legend of Zelda series . It was released for the Nintendo GameCube home video game console in Japan on March 18 , 2004 ; in North America on June 7 , 2004 ; in Europe on January 7 , 2005 ; and in Australia on April 7 , 2005 . The Game Boy Advance handheld game console can be used as a controller when using the Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable bundled with the game in North America and Europe . The game is the only entry in the series that cannot be played on current @-@ generation Nintendo consoles .
The game takes Link on an adventure to restore peace to Hyrule after learning that an evil counterpart of himself , Shadow Link , has been created . Four Swords Adventures was considered the 48th @-@ best game ever made for a Nintendo system by Nintendo Power , and received an aggregated 86 out of 100 from Metacritic . It was the third best @-@ selling game of June 2004 in North America , with 155 @,@ 000 units , and has since sold 250 @,@ 000 copies ; it has also sold 127 @,@ 000 units in Japan .
= = Gameplay = =
The main mode of Four Swords Adventures is " Hyrulean Adventure " , an episodic , cooperative multiplayer adaptation of conventional The Legend of Zelda gameplay . " Shadow Battle " is a competitive multiplayer battle mode . " Navi Trackers " , present only in the Japanese version of the game ( and displayed briefly at E3 before the US release ) , is a multiplayer stamp rally race .
= = = Hyrulean Adventure = = =
Hyrulean Adventure is the main campaign of Four Swords Adventures , and can be played by one to four players . It consists of eight worlds , each with three stages and a boss battle . The graphics are similar to that of the Game Boy Advance version , but the maps are static rather than randomly generated , the top @-@ down view is taken from The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , and gameplay includes effects from The Wind Waker . The graphics also include enhanced atmospheric effects such as cloud shadows that slowly move across the ground , heat shimmer , dust storms , and fog . Music is based on that of A Link to the Past , but is rearranged in places .
In Hyrulean Adventure , most of the same mechanics as the previously released Four Swords for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) are used . The multiplayer version requires each player to have a GBA , which is used as a controller and to which the action transfers when that player 's character goes off the main screen , but the single player game may be played with either a GameCube controller or a GBA . There are always four Link characters ( differentiated by different colors : green , red , blue and purple ) in play , regardless of the number of people playing ; " extra " Links are attached to those directly controlled and positioned around the controlling character . Normally , the extra Links follow the player , but players can separate an individual Link and control independently , or put the four Links into formations . These techniques are required to solve puzzles and defeat enemies . Players are encouraged to work together to gather enough Force Gems to empower the Four Sword , and failing to do so by the time the boss is defeated or the dark barrier is reached results in having to go back to the beginning of the stage to collect more . However , once the requisite gems are collected , players are automatically transported to the dark barrier and therefore do not have to repeat the entire stage .
Players can play minigames in multiplayer mode at Tingle 's Tower , which appears in every world , to gain extra multiplayer lives . These eight games are earned by playing though certain stages in multiplayer mode . The minigames include horse racing , hammer tag , monster hunting and five others .
= = = Shadow Battle = = =
In Shadow Battle , two or more players battle each other until only one is left standing . As in Hyrulean Adventure , each player uses a different @-@ colored Link character and wields various tools to attack the other Links . Initially , there are five stages which players can choose as the battle 's arena . Five bonus maps are unlocked upon completion of Hyrulean Adventure ( these " dark stages " are almost the same as the first five maps , but portals to the dark world appear and the player has limited vision ) . In each stage , items randomly appear , and are usually similar to the items in Hyrulean Adventure . There are many special objects in each stage , which can be used to the player 's advantage . There is also a time limit ; when it reaches zero , the game is tied .
= = = Navi Trackers = = =
Navi Trackers ( formerly planned as a stand @-@ alone game titled Tetra 's Trackers ) is a game only present in the Japanese version of Four Swords Adventures ( Four Swords + ) . In this game , multiple players use a combination of the television screen and Game Boy Advances to search for members of Tetra 's pirate crew to gain as many stamps as possible within a given time limit . Action takes place on the Game Boy Advance used by each player , with the television screen showing a basic map and Tetra narrating the action . A single @-@ player mode is also available , which allows players to either collect alone or compete against Tingle .
= = Plot = =
The game begins with the land of Hyrule in a state of fear because of strange happenings that have occurred recently . On a stormy night , Princess Zelda and the shrine maidens fear that the reason for these events is that Vaati 's seal is weakening . She summons Link and brings him to the castle so he can protect her and the other maidens while they open the portal to the Four Sword Sanctuary . When they do , however , a shadowy figure appears from the portal . This figure was Shadow Link , who then kidnapped the maidens of the Shrines and sealed them inside their crystals . Link follows him to the mysterious sanctuary where the Four Sword lies in the Pedestal , keeping the great evil sealed away . Suddenly , Link pulls the Four Sword out of its Pedestal , splitting into three clones of himself to destroy this doppelganger . However , The Seal that imprisoned the Sorcerer of Winds , Vaati , was broken and had released him from his Prison once again , wreaking havoc on the once peaceful kingdom of Hyrule and bringing chaos and horror .
As Link and his clones wander the overworld of Hyrule Field on their quest to restore peace to Hyrule , they learn that the creation of Link 's evil counterpart and the release of Vaati is only a small part in an insidious plot to take control of Hyrule . Things complicate as the dimension of the Dark World appears and people are being abducted throughout Hyrule . Four Links learn that not only have the knights of Hyrule mysteriously disappeared , but evil versions of them have been creating havoc . Hyrule castle has been taken over and monsters are appearing everywhere . Four Links agree that they will defeat Ganon and Vaati , and then rescue Zelda to restore peace to Hyrule .
It is revealed later in the game that the true villain is Ganon , King of Darkness . He has stolen a powerful trident and used it to take control of parts of Hyrule . Unfortunately , he stole the dark mirror and used it to create Shadow Link and then sent him to kidnap the shrine maidens and trick Link into releasing Vaati . In order to gain as much power as possible and build up his army , Ganon wants to take control of the shrine maidens ' power as well as abducting people and sending them into the Dark World where they would become part of his army . Vaati unknowingly furthered his plans by creating monsters to add to his army . It is revealed that the Knights of Hyrule were murdered by Ganon and their souls were trapped in the World of Darkness where they became creatures of Darkness . Four Links eventually save the shrine maidens , retrieve the Dark Mirror , destroy Shadow Link and Vaati , and face Ganon in a final battle . Trying to stop him from plunging the world into chaos , four Links use the Power of the Maidens of Shrines , Including Zelda , to defeat Ganon , penetrating him . As he was about to become sealed inside , he declared : " I cannot be destroyed by insects of you ! Noooo ! ! ! "
After penetrating Ganon , Four Links firmly seal him inside the Four Sword , bringing chaos and horror to an end . Peace returns to Hyrule , souls of the knights are freed from their torment , and the people celebrate as all traces of evil that plagued Hyrule are vanquished . With Ganon defeated and sealed inside , Link returns the Four Sword that sealed darkness away back to its resting pedestal and the Four Links become one again . After the battle , The Maidens of the Shrine use their powers and create a barrier , which is strong enough for the Four Sword to rest before the six maidens leave . Thus , his journey has ended and both of them leave the Sanctuary as Darkness fades away and Light endures in the Land of Hyrule , bringing peace and prosperity .
= = Development = =
At E3 2003 , Nintendo showcased two Zelda games which would make use of the Game Boy Advance connectivity , Four Swords and Tetra 's Trackers . In December of the same year , it was announced that both games would be together in a single disc , Four Swords + , along with a third , Shadow Battle . Four Swords Adventures was released in Japan with Hyrule Adventure , Shadow Battle , and Navi 's Trackers as three individual games bundled together . It was later announced on June 7 , 2004 , however , that Hyrule Adventures and Navi 's Trackers would be sold as two separate titles in the United States , while the retail status of Shadow Battle was still unknown . This decision was later changed to bundle Hyrule Adventure with Shadow Battle , and to not release Navi 's Trackers in the United States .
Despite the fact that translations for the PAL version were finished in October , the game was not released in Europe until early January 2005 . A possible reason for this is so that the game did not compete with The Minish Cap for sales , which in turn was released pre @-@ Christmas in Europe because , unlike North America , it would not cannibalize Nintendo DS sales .
Early on the development of Navi Trackers , it was decided that it would include a speech navigation system that talks and advises the player during mini @-@ games . Players type in their name and the system calls players by their name during the game in order to notify them of their turn .
= = Reception = =
In 2006 , Nintendo Power rated Four Swords Adventures the 48th best game made on a Nintendo system . It received a score of 86 out of 100 based on 55 aggregated reviews from Metacritic , and an average score of 85 % based on 67 reviews from Game Rankings .
GameSpot praised the game 's connectivity feature with the Game Boy Advance , claiming that this is " a truly compelling reason to invest in a GameCube @-@ to @-@ GBA link cable " and that " using the Game Boy Advance as a controller has an appreciable impact on the experience " . They also praised the story and said , " One of the differences between the original Four Swords and Adventures is a more persistent narrative . " The video was also applauded , with a critic quoted as remarking , " Adventures does improve on the original Four Swords ' visuals , making the Wind @-@ Waker @-@ derived visual style even more reminiscent of the cel @-@ shaded adventure of Link . " The audio was noted , with a review remarking , " The sound design for Four Swords Adventures will be even more familiar to anyone who has played any Zelda game , and especially to those who have played The Wind Waker . "
Four Swords Adventures also received criticism . Game Revolution said about the video , " Graphically , Four Swords Adventures is an odd mix of cheap 2D SNES sprites and nice Gamecube particle effects . It looks a lot like the GBA game , but now wears fancier pants and shows off upgraded visual flourishes , like Wind Waker style curly @-@ Q air poofs . Still , much of the technology has clearly been ported over from the GBA , creating an inconsistent feel . " They also criticized the requirement of the link cable , saying that " the required use of the GBA for multiplayer does limit the play potential . "
Four Swords Adventures was the third best @-@ selling game of June 2004 in North America with 155 @,@ 000 units , and has since sold 250 @,@ 000 copies , becoming a part of the Player 's Choice line . The game also sold 127 @,@ 000 units in Japan .
A manga novelization of the game was authored by Akira Himekawa . In it , each of the four Links have a distinct personality : the Link in green ( nicknamed " Green " ) acted similarly to his normal self , focused and brave , the Link in red ( " Red " ) was portrayed as a childish optimist , the one in blue ( " Blue " ) was quick @-@ tempered and aggressive , and the one in violet ( " Vio " ) was aloof and self @-@ possessive . This of course caused the four Links to argue among one another due to their conflicting personas . The four decided to use nicknames of the color they are wearing so they would not confuse each other .
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= Hungry Like the Wolf =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " is a song by the British new wave band Duran Duran . Written by the band members , the song was produced by Colin Thurston for the group 's second studio album Rio . The song was released in May 1982 as the band 's fifth single in the United Kingdom . It reached the top 5 of the UK Singles Chart , and received a silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) .
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ' s Russell Mulcahy @-@ directed music video was filmed in the jungles of Sri Lanka , and evoked the atmosphere of the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Although the band initially failed to break into the US market , MTV placed the " Hungry Like the Wolf " video into heavy rotation . Subsequently , the group gained much exposure ; the song peaked at the number 3 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1983 , and Duran Duran became an international sensation . The video won the first Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1984 .
= = Writing and recording = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " was written and recorded on a Saturday in the spring of 1982 at the basement studios of EMI 's London headquarters . Nick Rhodes started the song 's demo in the morning with a sequencer ; the song was built throughout the day as each band member arrived , and by the evening it was essentially complete .
" That track came from fiddling with the new technology that was starting to come in " , guitarist Andy Taylor said in an interview with Blender magazine . This refers to the rhythmic backing track they came up with by joining a Roland TR @-@ 808 drum machine with a sequencer and a Roland Jupiter @-@ 8 keyboard .
Rhodes came up with an idea for the backing track in the car while he was going to the studio . He started playing with the Roland Jupiter 8 keyboard , while singer Simon Le Bon was working with the lyrics . The lyrics were inspired by Little Red Riding Hood , and the repeating of the word " do " at the end of each verse takes its melody from the instrumentals in Gordon Lightfoot 's song " If You Could Read My Mind " . Andy Taylor worked out a Marc Bolan @-@ ish guitar part , a very Marshall @-@ sounding Les Paul guitar lick that was added to the track . Then the bass and drums were added , and the whole track was finished that day , including Le Bon 's vocal melody and lyrics . The laugh at the beginning of the song and the screams during the song 's fade @-@ out were performed and recorded live by Rhodes ' girlfriend at the time .
The group re @-@ recorded the song for the Rio album a few months later at London 's AIR Studios with producer Colin Thurston , who also recorded the hits " Too Shy " for Kajagoogoo , and " I Want Candy " for Bow Wow Wow . Andy Taylor remembers : " He was a great organizer and arranger , we gave him far more ideas and music than the track actually needed , and he was important in the process of whittling them down to the essential elements . " Thurston and the band decided to keep the demo 's original electronic backing track and just re @-@ record the other instruments and vocals .
= = Critical reception = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " received generally positive reviews from contemporary pop music critics . Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media in a 2003 review of the " Singles Box Set 1981 @-@ 1985 " , said that " singles don 't come much stronger than ' Hungry Like the Wolf ' , " praising its " bubbly keys around a slashing guitar riff , " adding that the song " show [ s ] off how Duran Duran was a band , not just a synthesizer . " Jon Pareles from The New York Times , said the song " put an oblique , sometimes apocalyptic spin on pop romance in the verses but kept the choruses clear and catchy , never disguising their pop intentions , " adding that the " posing was always a little preposterous , but no less enjoyable for that . "
Allmusic 's Ned Raggett said the song " blended a tight , guitar @-@ heavy groove with electronic production and a series of instant hooks , " adding that it was one of Rio 's " biggest smashes " that " open [ ed ] the door in America for the new romantic / synth rock crossover . " Stewart Mason , also from Allmusic , called " Hungry Like the Wolf " a " spectacular pop single " , and " the finest song Duran Duran ever wrote " , adding that it was a " much more kinetic and exciting song than earlier flop singles like ' Planet Earth ' . "
= = Music video = =
In 1982 , music video director Russell Mulcahy , who had directed the band 's first video " Planet Earth , " was brought back to make the music video for " Hungry Like the Wolf " and two other songs for the band 's 1983 video album . The band had a vision of jungles and exotic women , and Mulcahy suggested Sri Lanka , a country he had just visited . EMI spent $ 200 @,@ 000 to send the group to Sri Lanka ; the band made a stopover there in April , en route to a scheduled Australian tour . Keyboardist Nick Rhodes and guitarist Andy Taylor remained behind to finish the mixing of the Rio album while the rest of the band began filming the video ; they flew straight to Sri Lanka after handing over the final masters to EMI .
As it was described in the pop culture book , The 1980s , the video was lush and cinematic , with shots of jungles , rivers , elephants , cafes and marketplaces evoking the atmosphere of the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . Andy Taylor , who contracted a stomach virus serious enough to require hospitalization from accidentally drinking water in the lagoon during the shoot , describes the storyline as " Indiana Jones is horny and wants to get laid . " In the video , singer Simon Le Bon 's head rises in slow motion out of the river as rain pours down , evoking a scene in Apocalypse Now . He then chases a beautiful tiger @-@ like Indian woman played by Bermudian model Sheila Ming , from open markets in the city through obstacles in the jungle . During the chase , Le Bon has his face mopped by a young boy and overturns a bar room table , culminating in a final chase and struggle in a jungle clearing , which is sexually suggestive . In the meantime , the other band members hunt for Le Bon .
Less than 2 months after the shoot of the video , the American cable television network MTV put " Hungry Like the Wolf " into heavy rotation , playing it four times a day . The exposure eventually helped propel the single into the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 , and the Rio album into the top 10 of the albums chart . Les Garland , senior executive vice president of MTV , said : " I remember our director of talent and artist relations came running in and said , ' You have got to see this video that ’ s come in . ' Duran Duran were getting zero radio airplay at the time , and MTV wanted to try to break new music . ' Hungry Like the Wolf ' was the greatest video I 'd ever seen . " MTV named " Hungry Like the Wolf " the 15th most @-@ played video of the network , and was 11th on the century @-@ end MTV " 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made " . " Hungry Like the Wolf " won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 26th Grammy Awards in February 1984 , making it the first video to ever win that award . In 2001 , VH1 rated it 31st on the " VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos " .
= = Chart performance = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " was released in the United Kingdom on 4 May 1982 ; the next week the song debuted at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart , 6 weeks later it reached its peak at number 5 , remaining 6 weeks in the top 10 , and 12 weeks in total . The release of the single helped the band 's album Rio reach the 2nd position of the albums chart . In Ireland the single entered the chart on 23 May 1982 ; reaching the number 4 position on the Irish Singles Chart , becoming the band 's first top 10 hit in that country . Despite achieving commercial success with several top hits in the United Kingdom , the band failed to enter in the US market . Their first album did not chart and failed to yield a hit single . " Hungry Like the Wolf " was released in the United States on 7 June 1982 but did not chart . At first , US radio were reluctant to play the song , but when the newly emerging MTV began playing the accompanying music video in heavy rotation , the exposure pushed " Hungry Like the Wolf " onto AOR playlists . The song entered Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in August 1982 and reached the top of the chart in January 1983 .
Following the release of the Carnival EP in September and the David Kershenbaum remaster of Rio in November , the Kershenbaum remix of " Hungry Like the Wolf " was released as a single on 3 December 1982 . " Hungry Like the Wolf " entered the Billboard Hot 100 on 25 December 1982 at number 77 , peaking at number 3 on 26 March 1983 , and remaining 23 weeks on the chart . 10 years later in March 1993 , the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In Canada , the song debuted at number 48 on the RPM singles chart on 22 January 1983 , reaching the top of the chart for 1 week on 19 March 1983 , staying on the chart for 19 weeks and ending at the 10th position of the 1983 year @-@ end chart . It was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) in April 1983 .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = = 7 " : EMI . / EMI 5295 United Kingdom = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Single version ) – 3 : 23
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
= = = 12 " : EMI . / 12 EMI 5295 United Kingdom = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night version ) – 5 : 14
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
Track 1 is remixed by David Kershenbaum .
= = = 7 " : Harvest . / B 5134 United States = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Single version ) – 3 : 23
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
Initial US release .
= = = 7 " : Harvest . / B 5195 United States = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night Version ) – 5 : 14
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( US Album remix ) – 4 : 11
US re @-@ release .
Both tracks are remixed by David Kershenbaum .
= = = CD : Part of " Singles Box Set 1981 @-@ 1985 " = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Single version ) – 3 : 23
" Careless Memories " ( Live ) – 4 : 11 ( Recorded live at Hammersmith Odeon , London , 17 December 1981 )
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night version ) – 5 : 14
Track 3 is remixed by David Kershenbaum .
= = = CD : Part of Rio 2010 Special Edition ( CD1 ) = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( US Album remix ) – 4 : 02
= = = CD : Part of Rio 2010 Special Edition ( CD2 ) = = =
" Hungry Like the Wolf " ( Night version ) – 5 : 11
= = Personnel = =
Simon Le Bon – lead vocals
Nick Rhodes – keyboards
John Taylor – bass guitar , background vocals
Roger Taylor – drums , percussion
Andy Taylor – guitar , background vocals
Colin Thurston – producer and engineer
David Kershenbaum – remixing
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Cover versions = =
UK punk @-@ pop band Cranial Screwtop recorded a version of the song for their 2006 album Too Fast for Technology .
Reel Big Fish recorded a ska version of the song , found on several of their albums .
The Young Werewolves recorded a psychobilly version of the song issued on the French release of their album , Cheat the Devil .
Subliminal Girls covered the song in 2007 . It was released as a double a side with the track " Self Obsession is an Art Form " .
Darren Criss as Blaine Anderson and Matt Bomer as Cooper Anderson covered this song as a mash @-@ up with another Duran Duran song , Rio in the third season of Glee . Also , if you watch the iTunes Movie Trailer for " Alpha And Omega " , you can hear both songs ( except the song , " Hungry Like The Wolf , " is the instrumental part at the beginning of the song ) .
American grunge band Hole played the first verse and the chorus of the song on their MTV Unplugged , with Courtney Love introducing it as " the best song ever written " . This version was released on the single for " Doll Parts " .
The song was covered by American industrial rock band Black Light Burns .
5 Seconds of Summer 's " Hey Everybody ! " references the vocal melody and other elements from the song during its verses .
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= Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology =
A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is developed to determine rainfall characteristics of past tropical cyclones . A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology can be used to help forecast current or upcoming tropical cyclone impacts . The degree of a tropical cyclone rainfall impact depends upon speed of movement , storm size , and degree of vertical wind shear . One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclones is heavy rainfall . Large , slow moving , and non @-@ sheared tropical cyclones produce the heaviest rains . The intensity of a tropical cyclone appears to have little bearing on its potential for rainfall over land , but satellite measurements over the last several years show that more intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably more rainfall over water . Flooding from tropical cyclones remains a significant cause of fatalities , particularly in low @-@ lying areas .
= = Anticipating a flood event = =
While inland flooding is common to tropical cyclones , there are factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones . Slow motion , as was seen during Hurricane Danny ( 1997 ) and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to high amounts of rainfall . The presence of mountains / hills near the coast , like across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Central America , Madagascar , Réunion , China , and Japan acts to magnify rainfall potential due to forced upslope flow into the mountains . Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies and its associated cold front , as was the case during Hurricane Floyd , can lead to high amounts even from systems moving at an average forward motion . Larger tropical cyclones drop more rainfall as they precipitate upon one spot for a longer time frame than average or small tropical cyclones . A combination of two of these factors could be especially crippling , as was seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America . During the 2005 season , flooding related to slow @-@ moving Hurricane Stan 's broad circulation led to 1 @,@ 662 – 2 @,@ 000 deaths .
= = General distribution within a tropical cyclone = =
Isaac Cline was the first to investigate rainfall distribution around tropical cyclones in the early 1900s . He found that a larger proportion of rainfall falls in advance of the center ( or eye ) than after the center 's passage , with the highest percentage falling in the right front quadrant . Father Viñes of Cuba found that some tropical cyclones have their highest rainfall rates in the rear quadrant within a training ( non @-@ moving ) inflow band . Normally , as a tropical cyclone intensifies , its heavier rainfall rates become more concentrated around its center . Rainfall is found to be heaviest in tropical cyclone 's inner core , whether it be the eyewall or central dense overcast , within a degree latitude of the center , with lesser amounts farther away from the center . Most of the rainfall in tropical cyclones is concentrated within its radius of gale @-@ force ( 34 knots / 39 mph / 63 km / h ) winds . Rainfall is more common near the center of tropical cyclones overnight . Over land , outer bands are more active during the heating of the day , which can act to restrict inflow into the center of the cyclone . Recent studies have shown that half of the rainfall within a tropical cyclone is stratiform in nature . The chart to the right was developed by Riehl in 1954 using meteorological equations that assume a gale radius of about 140 miles ( 230 km ) , a fairly symmetric cyclone , and does not consider topographic effects or vertical wind shear . Local amounts can exceed this chart by a factor of two due to topography . Wind shear tends to lessen the amounts below what is shown on the table .
= = Relation to storm size = =
Larger tropical cyclones have larger rain shields , which can lead to higher rainfall amounts farther from the cyclone 's center . This is generally due to the longer time frame rainfall falls at any one spot in a larger system , when compared to a smaller system . Some of the difference seen concerning rainfall between larger and small storms could be the increased sampling of rainfall within a larger tropical cyclone when compared to that of a compact cyclone ; in other words , the difference could be the result of a statistical problem .
= = Slow / looping motion on rainfall magnitude = =
Storms which have moved slowly , or loop , over a succession of days lead to the highest rainfall amounts for several countries . Riehl calculated that 33 @.@ 97 inches ( 863 mm ) of rainfall per day can be expected within one @-@ half degree , or 35 miles ( 56 km ) , of the center of a mature tropical cyclone . Many tropical cyclones progress at a forward motion of 10 knots , which would limit the duration of this excessive rainfall to around one @-@ quarter of a day , which would yield about 8 @.@ 50 inches ( 216 mm ) of rainfall . This would be true over water , within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the coastline , and outside topographic features . As a cyclone moves farther inland and is cut off from its supply of warmth and moisture ( the ocean ) , rainfall amounts from tropical cyclones and their remains decrease quickly .
= = Vertical wind shear impact on rainfall shield = =
Vertical wind shear forces the rainfall pattern around a tropical cyclone to become highly asymmetric , with most of the precipitation falling to the left and downwind of the shear vector , or downshear left . In other words , southwesterly shear forces the bulk of the rainfall north @-@ northeast of the center . If the wind shear is strong enough , the bulk of the rainfall will move away from the center leading to what is known as an exposed circulation center . When this occurs , the potential magnitude of rainfall with the tropical cyclone will be significantly reduced .
= = = Effect of interaction with frontal boundaries / upper level troughs = = =
As a tropical cyclone interacts with an upper @-@ level trough and the related surface front , a distinct northern area of precipitation is seen along the front ahead of the axis of the upper level trough . This type of interaction can lead to the appearance of the heaviest rainfall falling along and to the left of the tropical cyclone track , with the precipitation streaking hundreds of miles or kilometers downwind from the tropical cyclone . The stronger the upper trough picking up the tropical cyclone , the more significant the left of track shift in the rainfall distribution tends to be .
= = Mountains = =
Moist air forced up the slopes of coastal hills and mountain chains can lead to much heavier rainfall than in the coastal plain . This heavy rainfall can lead to landslides , which still cause significant loss of life such as seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America .
= = Global distribution = =
Globally , tropical cyclone rainfall is more common across the northern hemisphere than across the southern hemisphere . This is mainly due to the normal annual tropical cyclone distribution , as between half and two @-@ thirds of all tropical cyclones form north of the equator . Rainfall is concentrated near the 15th parallel in both hemispheres , with a less steep dropoff seen with latitude across the northern hemisphere , due to the stronger warm water currents seen in that hemisphere which allow tropical cyclones to remain tropical in nature at higher latitudes than south of the equator . In the southern hemisphere , rainfall impacts will be most common between January and March , while north of the equator , tropical cyclone rainfall impacts are more common between June and November . Japan receives over half of its rainfall from typhoons .
= = United States tropical cyclone rainfall statistics = =
Between 1970 @-@ 2004 , inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities in the United States . This statistic changed in 2005 , when Hurricane Katrina 's impact alone shifted the most deadly aspect of tropical cyclones back to storm surge , which has historically been the most deadly aspect of strong tropical cyclones . On average , five tropical cyclones of at least tropical depression strength lead to rainfall across the contiguous United States annually , contributing around a quarter of the annual rainfall to the southeast United States . While many of these storms form in the Atlantic Basin , some systems or their remnants move through Mexico from the Eastern Pacific Basin . The average storm total rainfall for a tropical cyclone impacting the lower 48 from the Atlantic Basin is about 16 inches ( 406 mm ) , with 70 – 75 percent of the storm total falling within a 24 @-@ hour period . The highest point total was seen during Amelia 1978 , when 48 inches ( 1 @,@ 218 mm ) fell upon central Texas .
= = = Printed media = = =
Ivan Ray Tannehill . Hurricanes . Princeton University Press : Princeton , 1942 .
Herbert Riehl . Tropical Meteorology . McGraw @-@ Hill Book Company , Inc . : New York , 1954 .
Terry Tucker . Beware the Hurricane ! Hamilton Press : Bermuda , 1966 .
= = Related external links = =
Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for the United States and Mexico
Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for Puerto Rico / U.S. Virgin Islands
Maximum amounts in the lower 48 United States by state
Typhoon Rainfall Statistics and Forecasting ( China )
Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2004
Are You Ready ? Hurricanes
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= Ali Hewson =
Alison " Ali " Hewson ( née Stewart ; born 23 March 1961 ) is an Irish activist and businesswoman . She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson , known as Bono , from the rock group U2 .
Raised in Raheny , she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982 . She was awarded a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989 . The couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland , France , and the United States . She has inspired several U2 songs , most famously " Sweetest Thing " .
Hewson became involved in anti @-@ nuclear activism in the 1990s . She narrated Black Wind , White Land , a 1993 Irish documentary about the lasting effects of the Chernobyl disaster , and has worked closely with activist Adi Roche . She has been a patron of Chernobyl Children 's Project International since 1994 and has participated in a number of aid missions to the high @-@ radiation exclusion zones of Belarus . She has also campaigned against Sellafield , the northern English nuclear facility . In 2002 she helped lead an effort which sent more than a million postcards , urging the site be closed , to Prime Minister Tony Blair and others . Hewson has repeatedly been discussed by tabloid newspapers as a possible candidate for political offices , including President of Ireland . None of these suggestions have come to fruition .
Hewson is the co @-@ founder of two ethical businesses , the EDUN fashion line in 2005 and Nude Skincare products in 2007 . The former , intended to promote fair trade with Africa , has struggled to become a viable business . French conglomerate LVMH has made substantial investments into both companies .
= = Early life = =
Alison Stewart was born on 23 March 1961 , the daughter of Terry and Joy Stewart . She has an older brother , Ian , and nephew , aspiring model Ross Stewart , who both live in Australia . The Stewart family , who resided in the suburb of Raheny on Dublin 's Northside , raised their children as Protestants . Her father was a self @-@ educated electrical worker who , according to Hewson , was " constantly questioning " things . Her mother , who was a housewife , had a secretarial career in mind for her daughter .
Alison studied at Mount Temple Comprehensive School . At the age of twelve , she met Paul Hewson , who was in the year above at the school . He pursued her immediately , but she initially kept her distance , labeling him " an eejit " even though she secretly admired him . In September 1974 , Paul 's mother Iris died suddenly , leaving him emotionally adrift and in conflict with his father and brother . Soon after , Alison began taking care of Paul : cleaning his clothes , walking to school with him , and cooking for him . In September 1976 , Paul met the other members of what would become U2 ; the band members adopted nicknames , and Paul soon became known as Bono . At around the same time , he and Ali , as she was known , began dating , and soon became a steady couple in the Dublin area . It took Stewart a while to enjoy the band 's music , as her own tastes ran toward her father 's Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole records .
At one point , the pair split up , but soon reunited . The relationship became more serious as she accompanied him in his efforts to break through in the music industry , and by 1979 they were discussing marriage , conditional upon his career becoming established . In the meantime she worked in a motor insurance company and in her father 's electrical business .
= = Marriage and family = =
Hewson married Bono on 21 August 1982 in a Church of Ireland ceremony at All Saints Church , Raheny . The ceremony combined rituals of both conventional Protestantism and the Shalom Friendship group that Bono and other U2 members had belonged to . In debt to U2 's record label , Island Records , the couple could not afford a honeymoon , but Island founder Chris Blackwell gave them use of the Goldeneye estate he owned in Jamaica . Having returned to Ireland , the couple moved to a small mews house in Howth , which they shared with the rest of U2 .
As the band broke through in popularity with the War Tour in 1983 , Ali Hewson did not readily adapt to the new circumstances . After seeing her with the group at a trendy Hollywood nightspot , journalist Ethlie Ann Vare commented that Ali looked " as out of place as a dairymaid in a brothel . " Although she had wanted to become a nurse , Hewson gave up on the notion , as the intense schooling required would have been incompatible with the direction that her husband 's life had taken . Instead she focused on studying in the social sciences , to give her an ability to understand social policy and make a difference to people , similar to what nursing would have enabled . By Bono 's own description , the marriage hit a period of strain in 1986 due to time commitments during the group 's recording of The Joshua Tree . Tensions continued in 1987 during the subsequent Joshua Tree Tour .
Ali received a degree in social science , politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989 at age 28 , giving birth to the couple 's first daughter , Jordan , two weeks before her final exams . Further plans to earn a master 's degree in moral and political ethics were derailed by the birth of their second daughter , Memphis Eve , in 1991 . Two sons , Elijah Bob Patricus Guggi Q and John Abraham , were born in 1999 and 2001 , respectively . Being effectively a single parent while U2 toured was difficult for Hewson , but she now found Bono helpful even at a distance .
= = Activism = =
In late 1985 , following U2 's participation in Live Aid , Bono and Hewson spent five weeks as aid volunteers in Ajibar during the 1983 – 1985 famine in Ethiopia . She saw children with no possessions and at risk of death ; despite this , to her they appeared more spiritually alive than those in Ireland who had material comforts but seemed spoiled and spiritually unaware . In 1986 , the couple travelled to strife @-@ torn areas in Nicaragua and El Salvador on a visit organised by Central American Mission Partners .
In 1992 , Hewson participated in Greenpeace protests against the Sellafield plant for nuclear reprocessing , located across the Irish Sea in Cumbria , England . She was especially set against the under @-@ construction Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant component being opened . She was aboard Greenpeace 's MV Solo when it staged a publicity @-@ oriented " raid " wherein the band members landed on the beach at the plant in rubber dinghies , but she said she had not been responsible for that particular protest .
This involvement led her to become interested in the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 . After a request by activist Adi Roche , she went to blighted , high @-@ radiation exclusion zones in Belarus for three weeks to narrate part of Black Wind , White Land . The 1993 Irish documentary , shown on RTÉ , highlighted the plight of fallout victims of the Chernobyl event . Hot Press magazine wrote that Hewson had " obvious gifts as a presenter , which include a sense of quiet compassion that draws forth the best from the people she talks with . " Another reviewer said that the documentary was very effective until she started speaking .
Since 1994 , Hewson has been a patron of Chernobyl Children 's Project International ( shortened to Chernobyl Children International in 2010 ) , an organisation founded and run by Roche that works with children , families , and communities that continue to be affected by Chernobyl . Through the years , Hewson has taken at least ten trips to Belarus and other nations in the region despite the risk to her health . She has organised overland aid convoys and sometimes driven ambulances filled with medical supplies herself ; in one case she had to retreat quickly when a fire spread in a village a few miles from Chernobyl . Hewson has made sure her own children met those from Chernobyl with birth deformities and other illnesses , so that they would have a broader appreciation of the world and what to be thankful for . She has said that fundraising for those affected is very difficult , given that many people believe the problems of Chernobyl are all in the past .
She was aware from the outset that her circumstances would make her vulnerable to " ladies who lunch " -style remarks ( sometimes made against women , married to wealthy , high @-@ profile men , who engage in charitable activities ) , but said , " People who criticise these women are probably giving into cynicism , and I think if you get cynical about life , you lose the real meaning of it . " In 2007 , she became a member of the board of directors for Chernobyl Children 's Project International , a role that would give her a voice in the organisation 's policy making . In 2009 , she staged a public abseil of the 17 @-@ storey Elysian Tower in Cork to raise funds for the organisation .
She returned to the Sellafield issue in 2002 , noting that while Ireland had no nuclear power plants itself , Belarus had been the most affected region even though Chernobyl was not in it , and that was " exactly what could happen in Ireland if there was an explosion at Sellafield . " In addition , she feared the ongoing low @-@ level emissions from Sellafield : " I started to wonder how safe it was for [ children ] to play on the beach or to swim in the sea or even to eat fish . " In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks , she also viewed the plant as vulnerable to terrorists .
In April 2002 , Hewson was one of the leaders of an effort which delivered over a million postcards demanding that the facility be shut down ; recipients included British Prime Minister Tony Blair , Prince Charles , and Norman Askew , head of British Nuclear Fuels Limited . ( The message to the first said , " Tony , look me in the eye and tell me I 'm safe . " ) She personally delivered a giant postcard to Blair at 10 Downing Street . The Shut Sellafield Campaign had its postcards stocked in Superquinn and Dunnes Stores supermarkets , and Hewson publicly engaged Tesco when they refused to do the same . The campaign was backed by celebrities , including Ronan Keating and Samantha Mumba , and Hewson made many newspaper and radio appearances on its behalf . It was the first prolonged exposure Hewson had to the public eye , after two decades of mostly being focused upon maintaining her privacy . Her continued activism also meant that she too would not always be around for the couple 's children .
As the postcard effort was reaching its peak , tabloid newspapers speculated that the Labour Party wanted to put Hewson up for the Irish presidential election of 2004 , with the Daily Mirror quoting an unnamed party insider as saying , " She 's a mother of four but she has always had world issues at heart and she 'd make the perfect candidate . " ( Labour had succeeded with its candidate Mary Robinson in the 1990 election but came in fourth with Roche in the 1997 election . ) Hewson stated that she had not been approached , and that " It 's not a serious proposition . It would obviously be a huge honour if I was asked to take on such a huge task , but for one thing I 'm not sure I 'm qualified , and for another I 've got four small kids to bring up first . " She also expressed contentment with incumbent President Mary McAleese staying for another term . She jokingly added that she could not see Bono agreeing to live in a smaller house . Hewson received a media mention two years later as a possible Social Democratic and Labour Party candidate in the 2004 European Parliament elections after John Hume had stood down . The notion of her running for Irish president came up again in 2008 in conjunction with the 2011 election ; columnist Fiona Looney wrote in the Daily Mail that while " she is certainly a decent and smart woman " , the position was better held by someone with a stronger background and more diplomatic experience . Hewson demurred once more , saying she did not speak the Irish language well enough , this time adding humorously that she could not see her husband being willing to walk behind her at events . The candidate that Labour did put up , Michael D. Higgins , won the post . Notwithstanding this speculation , Hewson generally shies away from political comments in the media .
Hewson has long advocated for a children 's museum for Ireland , inspired by a positive experience her daughters had at the Dallas Children 's Museum in the mid @-@ 1990s . In 2003 , plans were announced to build the so @-@ called Exploration Station as part of an overall € 500 million Heuston Gate development project near the Dublin Heuston railway station . The children @-@ oriented science centre was to be owned by the Irish Children 's Museum charitable trust , with Hewson as a prominent member of the museum . Hewson said , " Seeing as we 're nearly the last European country in on it , we can learn from children 's museums already up and running and expand on them . " However , over the next few years the science centre faced significant cost overruns in the planning stages and a possible European Commission investigation into how the Office of Public Works had handled the awarding of the contract for it . The effects of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2008 then put a halt to the entire Heuston Gate project . As of November 2012 , there were no signs that the Heuston Gate or science centre projects would be revived .
In 2015 Hewson signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini @-@ Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation .
= = Business career = =
In 2005 , Hewson , Bono and designer Rogan Gregory co @-@ founded the EDUN fashion label . It was intended to help bring about positive change in Africa through a fair trade @-@ based relationship rather than by direct aid . Another aim of the label was to set an ethical example in an industry they felt had long exploited child labour . She said they wanted " to show that you can make a for @-@ profit business where everybody in the chain is treated well . " Hewson had not been particularly interested in fashion prior to this undertaking .
Hewson emphasised that Edun would have to be profitable to be considered a success , but in this it struggled . She later admitted that the couple were naive about what it takes to make a successful fashion enterprise . Edun encountered problems with both quality of goods and delivery times from their African suppliers , and most of the stores originally carrying the line dropped it . It lost € 9 @.@ 7 million in 2007 and € 12 @.@ 8 million in 2008 , suffering along with the rest of the apparel sector from the credit crisis of 2008 .
After the couple had put $ 20 million of their own funds into the venture , they sold 49 percent of it to French conglomerate LVMH in 2009 . The relaunched Edun featured Sharon Wauchob as its new chief designer . By 2010 , the company had outsourced much of the manufacturing for its new fashion line to China , generating some negative reactions , while simpler garments were still African @-@ made . Hewson said that business realities compelled this action , but that she hoped more work could be done in Africa in the future . Hewson devoted a large amount of time to Edun , saying in 2011 , " I think [ the fashion industry ] is the toughest business there is , " and that despite the obstacles and struggles , " you just keep going . " The proposition remained difficult , however , and Edun lost € 6 @.@ 8 million in 2011 and € 5 @.@ 9 million in 2012 . The Hewsons said the company was in an investment phase and they were satisfied with the five @-@ year strategic business plan underway .
Hewson is also co @-@ founder , along with Bryan Meehan , of Nude skincare – a luxury , natural skincare company . Established in 2007 , the venture sought to combine ethical principles and environmentally friendly , yet chic , packaging , with a high @-@ performance product based on probiotics and omega oils .
In 2009 , Hewson brought legal action in England against Stella McCartney for bringing out Stella Nude , a new eau de toilette version of the Stella perfume , saying that it amounted to copyright infringement of her own Nude Skincare . Hewson lost in the High Court when Mr Justice Floyd ruled against her .
In February 2011 , LVMH purchased 70 percent of Nude skincare . The following year , Hewson said that being part of a much larger corporation gave them research and development resources that they previously lacked and a more focused approach to marketing . She added , " It took us much longer to get here than we anticipated . But we still have very big ambitions for the brand to go much farther . " Hewson herself has pale skin and very dark hair , wears little jewellery , and has eschewed cosmetic surgery . The Evening Standard described Hewson 's style as " the antithesis of bling " and columnist Amanda Brunker wrote that at age 50 her attractive appearance " seems to defy all the odds " given her hectic lifestyle .
= = Hewson and U2 = =
Hewson has served as at least partial inspiration for many Bono @-@ authored U2 songs , going back to the track " Another Time , Another Place " from their 1980 début album Boy . She helped Bono get through a bad period of writer 's block during the lead @-@ up to the 1983 War album , particularly in the composition of the lyrics to " Sunday Bloody Sunday " . She inspired the personal themes in " New Year 's Day " , from the same record . That album and the accompanying War Tour brought financial success to the band , and Bono and Hewson moved into a three @-@ level , three @-@ room Martello tower in Bray . The group 's 1984 song " Promenade " reflects both that location and the spiritual aspects of his desire for her .
The U2 song " Sweetest Thing " was written for Hewson as a gift because Bono forgot her birthday whilst recording with the band during The Joshua Tree sessions . Originally released as a B @-@ side in 1987 , it was later re @-@ recorded and released as a single from the compilation album The Best of 1980 – 1990 in 1998 . Hewson agreed to appear in the single 's music video as long as all proceeds from it went to Chernobyl Children 's Project .
Bono wrote the lyric of the 1988 song " All I Want Is You " as a meditation on the idea of commitment . He later said , " [ It ] ' s clearly about a younger version of myself and my relationship with Ali , " and added that by nature he was a wanderer , not a family man , and that " The only reason I 'm here is because I met someone so extraordinary that I just couldn 't let that go . " U2 lyrics usually have several possible levels of interpretation , and it is not always possible to definitively ascribe Hewson 's influence upon them , but music writer Niall Stokes believes that inspiration from Hewson is pronounced throughout the group 's 1997 album Pop , particularly on " Staring at the Sun " , which he believes reflects her Chernobyl Children 's Project involvement and the feelings of both danger and hopefulness that it triggered in Bono . Stokes also believes that the 2000 song " When I Look at the World " is an explicit acknowledgement of Hewson 's strength and commitment as exemplified by that Chernobyl work , while others think it is about Jesus or God . Bono has seemed to deflect those interpretations , saying that song is in part a hard @-@ edged look at himself from the eyes of one losing faith . In any case , Bono has said that he does not feel constrained in his writing or interviews by what Hewson might think , as " [ she ] doesn 't read newspapers . Or listen to the radio . There 's a mysterious distance between us . " Not known for being musical herself , Hewson did perform Lady Gaga 's " Telephone " , as a duet with her husband , to serenade their daughter Eve at her 21st birthday celebration at a club in Las Vegas in 2012 .
Hewson and her family live in Killiney , in south County Dublin , in a mansion and grounds that overlook the Irish Sea and that have been expanded by purchasing the adjoining property . Bill Clinton and Salman Rushdie are among those who have stayed at the guest house there . With U2 bandmate The Edge , the couple co @-@ own a 20 @-@ room villa in Èze in the Alpes @-@ Maritimes in the south of France , where Bono and Hewson often mix with top celebrities . Hewson in particular has been friendly with several supermodels , which she uses to her advantage when booking charity events . Bono and Hewson also own a $ 14 @.@ 5 million penthouse apartment at The San Remo on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , which they purchased from Steve Jobs . By 2011 , the couple 's fortune was placed at € 572 million .
While her husband has provoked a variety of critical responses , some negative ; assessments of Hewson have generally been favourable , characterising her as down @-@ to @-@ earth . She views herself as " not a typical rock star wife " . Their marriage has been considered one of the most long @-@ lived and stable in the entertainment world . She does have to deal with the psychological effects of her husband coming off tour and readjusting to domestic life . After the extended 1992 – 1993 Zoo TV Tour , full of sensory overloads and alternate stage personae for Bono , the couple began a practice of hosting Sunday lunches at home , to establish a sense of regular , ordinary activities . The family became fixtures at Sunday services in Killiney as well , with a bond of Christianity still existing between the couple . She has stated , " I 've no desire to be a star , " seeing the effect intense public attention has had on both her husband and on Adi Roche . While she dislikes being referred to as " Bono 's wife " , she has said , " [ ... ] I really don 't have a big problem with my own identity , because I am a very private person , so I 've always let Bono take the brunt of anything that was coming along . He is happy to do that ; I am quite happy to make my own way around things . "
= = Awards and honours = =
The Cranberries ' 2001 song " Time Is Ticking Out " was inspired by Hewson 's work with Chernobyl Children 's Project . In 2002 , Hewson received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the National University of Ireland for her work on environmental issues , particularly the Chernobyl Children 's Project . Bono and Ali Hewson were given the Council of Fashion Designers of America board of directors ' Special Tribute Award in 2007 for their humanitarian work via the Edun clothing line . Hewson was also voted Sexiest Celebrity Other Half in a 2008 poll by entertainment.ie.
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= Weather =
Weather is the state of the atmosphere , to the degree that it is hot or cold , wet or dry , calm or stormy , clear or cloudy . Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day @-@ to @-@ day temperature and precipitation activity , whereas climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time . When used without qualification , " weather " is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth .
Weather is driven by air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place and another . These differences can occur due to the sun 's angle at any particular spot , which varies by latitude from the tropics . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid @-@ latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow . Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . On Earth 's surface , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F to 100 ° F ) annually . Over thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth , thus influencing long @-@ term climate and global climate change .
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating . Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . The system is a chaotic system ; so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole . Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout human history , and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns .
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth . A famous landmark in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . However , weather is not limited to planetary bodies . A star 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind .
= = Causes = =
On Earth , the common weather phenomena include wind , cloud , rain , snow , fog and dust storms . Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes , hurricanes , typhoons and ice storms . Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere ( the lower part of the atmosphere ) . Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere , but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood .
Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure , temperature and moisture differences between one place to another . These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot , which varies by latitude from the tropics . In other words , the farther from the tropics one lies , the lower the sun angle is , which causes those locations to be cooler due to the indirect sunlight . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid @-@ latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow ( see baroclinity ) . Weather systems in the tropics , such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems , are caused by different processes .
Because the Earth 's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane , sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year . In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun , so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December ( see Effect of sun angle on climate ) . This effect causes seasons . Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years , changes in Earth 's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long @-@ term climate . ( See Milankovitch cycles ) .
The uneven solar heating ( the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients , or frontogenesis ) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation . Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes , which is explained by the lapse rate . In some situations , the temperature actually increases with height . This phenomenon is known as an inversion and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below . Inversions can lead to the formation of fog and often act as a cap that suppresses thunderstorm development . On local scales , temperature differences can occur because different surfaces ( such as oceans , forests , ice sheets , or man @-@ made objects ) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity , roughness , or moisture content .
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences . A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure . The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions , creating a wind , and the Earth 's rotation then causes deflection of this air flow due to the Coriolis effect . The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena . Large scale examples include the Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes .
The atmosphere is a chaotic system , so small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole . This makes it difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance , though weather forecasters are continually working to extend this limit through the scientific study of weather , meteorology . It is theoretically impossible to make useful day @-@ to @-@ day predictions more than about two weeks ahead , imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill .
= = Shaping the planet Earth = =
Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth . The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances . During rains precipitation , the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air . This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic , which aids the erosive properties of water . The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect the surface further ( such as acid rain ) , and sodium and chloride ions ( salt ) deposited in the seas / oceans . The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils . In this way , weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface .
= = Global Weather Video for Year 2015 = =
EUMETSAT created " A Year in Weather 2015 " a narrated video of the earth 's weather photographed from weather satellites for the entire year 2015 . Geostationary satellite photographs from EUMETSAT , the Japan Meteorological Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration were assembled to show weather changing on earth for 365 days in a time lapse video .
= = Major wind and pressure systems and related weather = =
= = Effect on humans = =
Weather , seen from an anthropological perspective , is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses , at least while being outside . There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is , what makes it change , the effect it has on humans in different situations , etc . Therefore , weather is something people often communicate about .
= = = Effects on populations = = =
Weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in human history . Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations ( for example the desertification of the Middle East , and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods ) , extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events . One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan by the Kamikaze winds in 1281 . French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet , allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline . More recently , Hurricane Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States , becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States .
The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe . The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages . Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696 – 1697 , during which about one @-@ third of the Finnish population died .
= = Forecasting = =
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location . Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia , and formally since at least the nineteenth century . Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve .
Once an all @-@ human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure , current weather conditions , and sky condition , forecast models are now used to determine future conditions . Human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon , which involves pattern recognition skills , teleconnections , knowledge of model performance , and knowledge of model biases . The chaotic nature of the atmosphere , the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere , error involved in measuring the initial conditions , and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made ( the range of the forecast ) increases . The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome .
There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts . Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property . Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture , and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets . Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days . On an everyday basis , people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day . Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain , snow and the wind chill , forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events , and to plan ahead and survive them .
= = Modification = =
The aspiration to control the weather is evident throughout human history : from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military Operation Popeye , an attempt to disrupt supply lines by lengthening the North Vietnamese monsoon . The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve cloud seeding ; they include the fog- and low stratus dispersion techniques employed by major airports , techniques used to increase winter precipitation over mountains , and techniques to suppress hail . A recent example of weather control was China 's preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . China shot 1 @,@ 104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of Beijing in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008 . Guo Hu , head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau ( BMB ) , confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in Baoding City of Hebei Province , to the southwest and Beijing 's Fangshan District recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters .
Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques ' efficacy , there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification :
Acid rain , caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere , adversely affects freshwater lakes , vegetation , and structures .
Anthropogenic pollutants reduce air quality and visibility .
Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought , extreme temperatures , flooding , high winds , and severe storms . However , some experts argue these claims are unfounded and take issue with these conclusions .
Heat , generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather , even at distances as far as 1 @,@ 600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) .
The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization , including ecosystems , natural resources , food and fiber production , economic development , and human health .
= = Microscale meteorology = =
Microscale meteorology is the study of short @-@ lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale , about 1 km or less . These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as " mesoscale and microscale meteorology " ( MMM ) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map . These include small and generally fleeting cloud " puffs " and other small cloud features .
= = Extremes on Earth = =
On Earth , temperatures usually range ± 40 ° C ( 100 ° F to − 40 ° F ) annually . The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range . The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is − 89 @.@ 2 ° C ( − 128 @.@ 6 ° F ) , at Vostok Station , Antarctica on 21 July 1983 . The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57 @.@ 7 ° C ( 135 @.@ 9 ° F ) at ' Aziziya , Libya , on 13 September 1922 , but that reading is queried . The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34 @.@ 4 ° C ( 93 @.@ 9 ° F ) at Dallol , Ethiopia . The coldest recorded average annual temperature was − 55 @.@ 1 ° C ( − 67 @.@ 2 ° F ) at Vostok Station , Antarctica .
The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka , Nunavut , in Canada , where the annual average temperature is − 19 @.@ 7 ° C ( − 3 @.@ 5 ° F ) .
= = Extraterrestrial within the Solar System = =
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth . Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on Earth , but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition . The Cassini – Huygens mission to Titan discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid methane and other organic compounds . Earth 's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones , three in each hemisphere . In contrast , Jupiter 's banded appearance shows many such zones , Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude , and Venus has a single jet near the equator .
One of the most famous landmarks in the Solar System , Jupiter 's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years . On other gas giants , the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds : gusts of up to 600 metres per second ( about 2 @,@ 100 km / h or 1 @,@ 300 mph ) have been measured on the planet Neptune . This has created a puzzle for planetary scientists . The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about 1 ⁄ 900 of that received by Earth , yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth . The strongest planetary winds discovered so far are on the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b , which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9 @,@ 600 kilometres per hour ( 6 @,@ 000 mph ) .
= = Space weather = =
Weather is not limited to planetary bodies . Like all stars , the sun 's corona is constantly being lost to space , creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star , such as coronal mass ejections , form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems ( such as pressure and wind ) and is generally known as space weather . Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn . The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces . The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae , and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals .
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= Deshastha Brahmin =
Deshastha Brahmins are a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka . The word Deshastha derives from the Sanskrit deśa ( inland , country ) and stha ( resident ) , literally translating to " residents of the country " . The valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers , and a part of Deccan plateau adjacent to the Sahyadri hills , are collectively termed the Desha – the original home of the Deshastha Brahmins .
Over the millennia , the community produced the eighth century Sanskrit scholar Bhavabhuti , the thirteenth century Varkari saint and philosopher Dnyaneshwar , and Samarth Ramdas . All of the Peshwas during Chhatrapati Shivaji 's and Sambhaji 's reign were Deshasthas .
Brahmins constitute four percent of Maharashtra 's population , and 60 percent of them are Deshastha Brahmins . The second largest Maharashtrian Brahmin community , the Konkanastha Brahmins , who historically lagged the Deshastha Brahmins socioeconomically and in Brahmin rituals achieved parity with them in the nepotistic era that followed the passing of the seat of the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire into Konkanastha hands in 1713 . This era marked a period of social warfare between the two Brahmin sub @-@ castes .
= = Classification = =
The Hindu caste system is first mentioned in the ancient Hindu scriptures like the Vedas and the Upanishads . Various sub @-@ classifications of the caste system exist , many based on the geographical origin of the caste .
Deshastha Brahmins fall under the Pancha Dravida Brahmin classification of the Brahmin community in India . Other Brahmin sub @-@ castes in the region are Karhade Brahmin , Devrukhe , Konkanastha and Goud Saraswat Brahmin , but these sub @-@ castes only have a regional significance . Goud Saraswat Brahmins fall under the Pancha Gauda Brahmin classification , i.e. North Indian Brahmins . The Vedas are the world 's oldest texts that are still used in worship and they are the oldest literature of India . Four Vedas exists of which the Rig Veda is the oldest . They were handed down from one generation of Brahmins to the next verbally and memorised by each generation . They were written down sometime around 400 BC . Other Vedas include the Yajur Veda , the Atharva Veda and the Sama Veda . Two different versions of the Yajur Veda exist , the White ( Shukla in Sanskrit ) and the black or ( Krishna in Sanskrit ) . The Shukla Yajur Veda has a two different branches ( Shakha in Sanakrit ) called the Kanva and the Madhyandin . Deshastha Brahmins are further classified in two major sub @-@ sects , the Deshashatha Rigvedi and the Deshastha Yajurvedi , based on the Veda they follow . The Yajurvedis are further classified into two groups called the Madhyandins and the Kanavas . The Madhyandins follow the Madhyandin branch of the Shukla Yajur Veda . The word Madhyandin is a fusion of two words Madhya and din which mean middle and day respectively . They are so called because they perform Sandhya Vandana at noon . Almost without exception , the several regional groups of the Madhyandin Brahmins are indistinguishable from the Kshatriya Marathas due to similar physical features . A similar study of four groups that have been resident in Mumbai and surrounding areas for generations , using blood group markers , found the Deshastha Rigvedi and the Marathas to be genetically closer to each other than to the Gujarati Patel and the Parsi communities . Kannav Brahmins were traditionally located in and around Nasik , and they call themselves Prathamshakhis or followers of the first branch of the White Yajurved . The Madhyandin Yajurvedis arrived in the Nashik district of Maharashtra from Gujarat about 500 years ago .
Recently , the Yajurvedi Madhyandin and Yajurvedi Kannava Brahmins have been colloquially being referred to as Deshastha Yajurvedi Madhyandin and Deshastha Yajurvedi Kannava , although not all have traditionally lived or belonged to the Desh .
The Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are treated as a separate and distinct caste from the Yajurvedi Madhyandina and Kannavas Brhamins by several authors , including Malhotra , Karve and Wilson .
There is a significant Deshashta population in the state of Karnataka , and here , the sub @-@ classification of Deshastha Brahmins is based on the type of Hindu philosophical system they follow . These are the Deshastha Madhva Brahmins who follow the teachings of Madhvacharya and the Deshastha Smartha Brahmins who follow the teachings of Adi Shankaracharya . The surnames of these North Kanataka based , Kannada speaking Deshastha Brahmins , can be identical to those of Maharashtrian Deshastha Brahmins , for example , they have last names like Kulkarni , Deshpande and Joshi . Intermarriages are allowed between the Karnatak Brahmans and the Deshasthas and so the classification of the Southern India Brahmans into the Maharashtra , the Andhra ( Telugu ) and the Karnatic are in this respect , more of a provincial or linguistic character than an ethnographic one .
= = = Castes claiming to be Deshasthas = = =
The Golak or Govardhans , follow the customs of the Deshasthas and claim to be Deshasthas . The other Brahmins traditionally did not accept this , and the Deshasthas did not socialise and intermingle with them . The Maharashtra State Gazetteer records the Golak or Govardhan as being considered degraded because they sold their cows instead of rearing them . Traditionally , the caste headman was generally someone with a smattering of Sanskrit and was called a Vedia . They were the earliest settlers in and around Nasik . Golaks are divided into Kunda Golak and Randa Golak , both of whom are descendants of illegitimate offsprings of Brahmins . The Kunda Golak are the offsprings of the adultery between a Brahmin father and a Brahmin woman who is not his legally wedded wife . The Randa Golaks are similar to the Kunda Golak in their origin , with the difference that they are the illegitimate descendants of Brahmin widows . Both do not accept new illegitimate Brahmins in their caste . Traditional occupations of both Kunda and Randa Golaks are generally shopkeepers , astrologers and cultivators . They are sometimes also called Gomukha Brahmins .
= = Demographics = =
Brahmins constitute 4 percent of the population of Maharashtra , and 60 percent of them are Deshastha Brahmins . The valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari rivers , and the plateaus of the Sahyadri hills , are collectively called the Desha – the original home of the Deshastha Brahmins . Traditional social studies and recent genetic studies show Deshastha Brahmin to be ethnically indistinguishable from the population of Maharashtra . In his report on the 1901 census , Sir Herbert Hope Risley classified many castes from Western India including Maratha , Brahman and Kunbis as belonging to the Scytho @-@ Dravidian type .
The Deshastha Brahmins are equally distributed all through the state of Maharashtra , ranging from villages to urban areas . Marathi speaking Deshastha can also be found in large numbers outside Maharashtra such as in the cities of Indore , Gwalior , Baroda and Thanjavur , which were a part of or were influenced by , the Maratha Empire . The Deshastha Brahmins of Baroda are immigrants who came from the Desh for State service during the rule of Gaekwads .
The military settlers ( of Thanjavur ) included both Brahmins and Marathas , and by reason of their isolation from their distant home , the sub @-@ divisions which separated these castes in their mother @-@ country were forgotten , and they were all welded together under the common name of Deshasthas . The Brahmin migrants and the Maratha migrants both call themselves " Deshasthas " as both groups migrated to Tanjore from the Desh region of Maharashtra , but till today maintain their separate identities , despite the common " Deshastha " tag . Today 's Marathi speaking Thanjavur population are descendants of the Marathi speaking immigrants who immigrated to Tamil Nadu in the 17th and 18th centuries . The isolation from their homeland has almost made them culturally and linguistically alien to Brahmins in Maharashtra . For example , Thanjavur Marathi would sound as a strange mixture of Marathi and Tamil to a Maharashtrian in Pune and would hardly be intelligible to him . Likewise a Tanjore Maharashtrian would find it difficult to follow Pune Marathi . Tanjore Maharashtrian Brahmins who call themselves Deshasthas maintain their distinct brahminical identity which can be seen in their religious and wedding customs . Almost all their customs can be traced to the practices conducted by the early Maharashtrian settlers of Tanjore . They belong to two major groups , the Madhwa Deshastha Brahmins and Smartha Deshastha Brahmins . Arranged marriages between these two groups are common . Both these sub @-@ groups do not conduct arranged marriages with the Maratha caste of Tanjavur . However , Madhwa Deshastha Brahmins and Smartha Deshastha Brahmins of Tanjavur conduct arranged marriages with Madhwa Kannada Brahmins and Smartha Kannada Brahmins . In 2000 , a 90 @-@ year @-@ old community member estimated that there had been 500 Marathi families in a particular neighbourhood of Tanjavur in 1950 , of which only 50 remained in 2000 .
= = History = =
The word Deshastha comes from the Sanskrit words Desha and Stha , which mean inland or country and resident respectively . Fused together , the two words literally mean " residents of the country " . Deshastha are the Maharashtrian Brahmin community with the longest known history , making them the original and the oldest Hindu Brahmin sub @-@ caste from the Indian state of Maharashtra . The Deshastha community may be as old as the Vedas , as vedic literature describes people strongly resembling Deshasthas . This puts Deshastha presence on the Desh between 1100 – 1700 BC , thus making the history of the Deshastha Brahmins older than that of their mother tongue of Marathi , which itself originated in 1000 AD . As the original Brahmins of Maharashtra , the Deshasthas have been held in the greatest esteem in Maharashtra and they have considered themselves superior to other Brahmins . The history of Maharashtra before the 12th century is quite sparse , but Deshastha history is well documented . The traditional occupation of the Deshasthas was that of priesthood at the Hindu temples or at socio @-@ religious ceremonies . Records show that most of the religious and literary leaders since the 13th century have been Deshasthas . In addition to being village priests , most of the village accountants belonged to the Deshastha caste . Priests at the famous Vitthal temple in Pandharpur are Deshastha , as are the priests in many of Pune 's temples . Other traditional occupations included village revenue officials , academicians , astrologer , administrators and practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine . Deshasthas who study the vedas are called Vaidika , astrologers are called Jyotishi or Joshi , and practitioners of medical science are called Vaidyas , and reciters of the puranas are called Puraniks . Some are also engaged in farming . An author recorded in 1896 that Deshasthas have been and still continue to be , the great Pandits in almost every branch of Sanskrit learning . According to the Anthropological Survey of India , the Deshasthas are a progressive community and some of them have taken to white collar jobs . The Deshastha Brahmins helped build the Maratha Empire and once built , helped in its administration . Deshasthas have contributed to the fields of Sanskrit and Marathi literature , mathematics , and philosophy .
= = = Mathematics , philosophy and literature = = =
Deshasthas produced prominent literary figures in Maharashtra between the 13th and the 19th centuries . The great Sanskrit scholar Bhavabhuti was a Deshastha Brahmin who lived around 700 AD in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra . His works of high Sanskrit poetry and plays are only equalled by those of Kalidasa . Two of his best known plays are Mahāvīracarita and Mālatī Mādhava . Mahaviracarita is a work on the early life of the Hindu god Rama , whereas Malati Madhava is a love story between Malati and her lover Madhava , which has a happy ending after several twists and turns . Mukund Raj was another poet from the community who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi . He is known for the Viveka @-@ Siddhi and Parammrita which are metaphysical , pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism . Other well known Deshastha literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar . Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the ovi meter . He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost . Shridhar Kulkarni came from near Pandharpur and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent . Other major literary contributors of the 17th and the 18th century were Vaman Pandit , Mahipati , Amritaraya , Anant Phandi and Ramjoshi .
The 17th century mathematician Kamalakara , was a forward @-@ looking astronomer @-@ mathematician who studied Hindu , Greek and Arabic astronomy . His most important work was the Siddhanta @-@ Tattvaviveka . He studied and agreed with Ptolemaic notions of the planetary systems . He was the first and the only traditional astronomer to present geometrical optics . Kamalakara proposed a new Prime Meridian which passed through the imaginary city of Khaladatta , and provided a table of latitudes and longitudes for 24 cities within and outside of India .
The Deshastha community has produced several saints and philosophers . Most important of these were Dnyaneshwar , Eknath and Ramdas . The most revered of all Bhakti saints , Dnyaneshwar was universally acclaimed for his commentary on the Bhagvad Gita . He lived in the 13th century . Eknath was yet another Bhakti saint who published an extensive poem called the Eknathi Bhagwat in the 16th century . Other works of Eknath include the Bhavartha Ramayana , the Rukmini Swayamwara and the Swatma Sukha . The 17th century saw the Dasbodh of the saint Samarth Ramdas , who was also the spiritual adviser to Shivaji .
= = = Military and administration = = =
Most of Shivaji 's principal Brahmin officers were Deshasthas . Some important contributors were warriors like Neelkanth Sarnaik , Keso Narayan Deshpande , Rahuji Somanath , Balaji and Chimnaji Deshpande of Pune , Ragho Ballal Atre , Moropant Pingale , Annaji Dato Sabnis and Melgiri Pandit . At one point in Maratha Empire , seven of eight Ashtapradhans came from the community which included important posts of Panditrao ( ecclesiastical head ) and Nyayadhish ( chief justice ) . The Deshasthas were the natural leaders in the era of the foundation of the Maratha empire . Most importantly , all of the Peshwas during Shivaji 's time were Deshasthas . In 1713 , Balaji Vishwanath Bhat was appointed as the fifth Peshwa and the seat of Peshwa remained in Konkanastha hands until the fall of the Maratha Empire . In order to obtain the loyalty of the powerful Deshastha Brahmins , the Konkanastha Peshwas established a system of patronage for Brahmin scholars .
The Konkanastha Peshwa Baji Rao I who coveted conquering Vasai or Bassein , sent an enovy to the Portuguese governor of Bassein . The governor , Luís Botelho , insulted the envoy by calling Baji Rao a nigger . The Peshwa then deployed his brother , Chimaji Appa in the conquest of Vasai . This was a hard fought battle with the British supplying the Portuguese with advice and the Marathas with equipment . Khanduji Mankar of the Pathare Prabhu caste and Antaji Raghunath , a Yajurvedi Brahmin , both played important roles in the battle . After the victory in 1739 , the Jagir of Vasai was promised to Antaji Raghunath , but the promise was not kept by the Konkanastha Peshwas , who instead harassed the Yajurvedis . Fed up with the humiliation , the Yajurvedi Brahmins migrated to Mumbai along with the Pathare Prabhus to work for the British .
= = Society and culture = =
The majority of Deshasthas speak Marathi , one of the major languages of the mainly northern Indo @-@ Aryan language group . The major dialects of Marathi are called Standard Marathi and Warhadi Marathi . Standard Marathi is the official language of the State of Maharashtra . The language of Pune 's Deshastha Brahmins has been considered to be the standard Marathi language and the pronunciation of the Deshastha Rigvedi is given prominence . There are a few other sub @-@ dialects like Ahirani , Dangi , Samavedi , Khandeshi and Chitpavani Marathi . There are no inherently nasalised vowels in standard Marathi whereas the Chitpavani dialect of Marathi does have nasalised vowels .
By tradition , like other Brahmin communities of Southern India , Deshastha Brahmins are lacto vegetarian . Typical Deshastha cuisine consists of the simple varan made from tuvar dal . Metkut , a powdered mixture of several dals and a few spices is also a part of traditional Deshastha cuisine . Deshastha use black spice mix or kala , literally black , masala , in cooking . Traditionally , each family had their own recipe for the spice mix . However , this tradition is dying out as modern households buy pre @-@ packaged mixed spice directly from supermarkets . Puran poli for festivals and on the first day of the two @-@ day marriage is another Marathi Brahmin special dish .
Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or shalwar kameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine @-@ yard sari , disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand . Older women wear the five @-@ yard sari . Traditionally , Brahmin women in Maharashtra , unlike those of other castes , did not cover their head with the end of their saree . In urban areas , the five @-@ yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies . Maharashtrian brides prefer the very Maharashtrian saree – the Paithani – for their wedding day .
In early to mid 20th century , Deshastha men used to wear a black cap to cover their head , with a turban or a pagadi being popular before that . For religious ceremonies males wore a coloured silk dhoti called a sovale . In modern times , dhotis are only worn by older men in rural areas . In urban areas , just like women , a range of styles are preferred . For example , the Deshastha politician Manohar Joshi prefers white fine khadi kurtas , while younger men prefer modern western clothes such as jeans .
In the past , caste or social disputes used to be resolved by joint meetings of all Brahmin sub @-@ caste men in the area .
= = = Religious customs = = =
Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins still recite the Rig Veda at religious ceremonies , prayers and other occasions . These ceremonies include birth , wedding , initiation ceremonies , as well as death rituals . Other ceremonies for different occasions in Hindu life include Vastushanti which is performed before a family formally establishes residence in a new house , Satyanarayana Puja , originating in Bengal in the 19th century , is a ceremony performed before commencing any new endeavour or for no particular reason . Invoking the name of the family 's gotra and the kula daivat are important aspects of these ceremonies . Like most other Hindu communities , Deshasthas have a shrine called a devaghar in their house with idols , symbols , and pictures of various deities . Ritual reading of religious texts called pothi is also popular .
In traditional families , any food is first offered to the preferred deity as naivedya , before being consumed by family members and guests . Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering . In contemporary Deshasthas families , the naivedya is offered only on days of special religious significance .
Deshasthas , like all other Hindu Brahmins , trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages , the saptarshi . They classify themselves into eight gotras , named after the ancestor rishi . Intra @-@ marriage within gotras ( Sagotra Vivaha ) was uncommon until recently , being discouraged as it was likened to incest , although the taboo has considerably reduced in the case of modern families who are bound by more practical considerations .
In a court case " Madhavrao versus Raghavendrarao " , involving a Deshastha Brahmin couple , the German philosopher and Indologist Max Müller 's definition of gotra as descending from eight sages and then branching out to several families was thrown out by reputed judges of a Bombay High Court . The court called the idea of Brahmin families descending from an unbroken line of common ancestors as indicated by the names of their respective gotras impossible to accept . The court consulted relevant Hindu texts and stressed the need for Hindu society and law to keep up with the times emphasising that notions of good social behaviour and the general ideology of Hindu society had changed . The court also said that the mass of material in the Hindu texts are so vast and full of contradictions that it is almost an impossible task to reduce it to order and coherence .
Every Deshastha family has their own family patron deity or the Kuladaivat . This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor . The Khandoba of Jejuri is an example of a Kuladaivat of some Maharashtrian Deshastha families ; he is a common Kuladaivat to several castes ranging from Brahmins to Dalits . The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as Kuladaivats began in the period of the Yadava dynasty . Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are Bhavani of Tuljapur , Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur , Mahalaxmi of Amravati , Renuka of Mahur , Parashuram in Konkan , Saptashringi on Saptashringa hill at Vani in Nasik district . Despite being the most popular deity amongst Deshastha and other Marathi people , very few families regard Vitthal or other popular Avatars of Vishnu such as Rama or Krishna as their Kuldaivat , with Balaji being an exception .
= = = = Ceremonies and rituals = = = =
Upon birth , a child is initiated into the family ritually according to the Rig Veda for the Rigvedi Brahmins . The naming ceremony of the child may happen many weeks or even months later , and it is called the barsa . In many Hindu communities around India , the naming is almost often done by consulting the child 's horoscope , in which are suggested various names depending on the child 's Lunar sign ( called Rashi ) . However , in Deshastha families , the name that the child inevitably uses in secular functioning is the one decided by his parents . If a name is chosen on the basis of the horoscope , then that is kept a secret to ward off casting of a spell on the child during his or her life . During the naming ceremony , the child 's paternal aunt has the honour of naming the infant . When the child is 11 months old , he or she gets their first hair @-@ cut . This is an important ritual as well and is called Jawal .
When a male child reaches his eighth birthday he undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja ( in reference to the Munja grass that is of official ritual specification ) , Vratabandha , or Upanayanam . From that day on , he becomes an official member of his caste , and is called a dwija which translates to " twice @-@ born " in English , in the sense that while the first birth was due to his biological parents , the second one is due to the initiating priest and Savitri . Traditionally , boys are sent to gurukula to learn Vedas and scriptures . Boys are expected to practice extreme discipline during this period known as brahmacharya . Boys are expected to lead a celibate life , live off alms , consume selected vegetarian saatvic food and observe considerable austerity in behaviour and deeds . Though such practices are not followed in modern times by a majority of Deshasthas , all Deshasthas boys undergo the sacred thread ceremony . Many still continue to get initiated around eight years of age . Those who skip this get initiated just before marriage . Twice @-@ born Deshasthas perform annual ceremonies to replace their sacred threads on Narali Purnima or the full moon day of the month of Shravan , according to the Hindu calendar . The threads are called Jaanave in Marathi and Janavaara in Kannada .
The Deshasthas are historically an endogamous and monogamous community for whom marriages take place by negotiation . The Mangalsutra is the symbol of marriage for the woman . Studies show that most Indians ' traditional views on caste , religion and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage , that is , people marry within their own castes , and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub @-@ caste . In 1907 , Rivers and Ridgeway record that Deshasthas allowed cross cousin marriages , just like other South Indian castes .
While arranging a marriage , gana , gotra , pravara , devak are all kept in mind . Horoscopes are matched . Ghosal describes the marriage ceremony as , " The groom , along with the bride 's party goes to the bride 's house . A ritual named Akshat is performed in which people around the groom and bride throw haldi ( turmeric ) and sindur ( vermilion ) coloured rice grains on the couple . After the Kanyadan ceremony , there is an exchange of garlands between the bride and the groom . Then , the groom ties the Mangalsutra around the neck of the bride . This is followed by granthibandhan in which the end of the bride 's sari is tied to the end of the groom 's dhoti , and a feast is arranged at the groom 's place . "
A Deshasthas marriage ceremony includes many elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony . It consists of seemant poojan on the wedding eve . The dharmic wedding includes the antarpat ceremony followed by the vedic ceremony which involves the bridegroom and the bride walking around the sacred fire seven times to complete the marriage . Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception . A Deshastha woman becomes part of her husband 's family after marriage and adopts the gotra as well as the traditions of her husband 's family .
After weddings and also after thread ceremonies , Deshastha families arrange a traditional religious singing performance by a Gondali group
Decades ago , Deshastha girls used to get married to the groom of their parents ' choice by early teens or before . Even today , girls are married off in their late teens by rural and less educated amongst Deshastha . Urban women may choose to remain unmarried until the late 20s or even early 30s .
The 1881 Kolhapur gazetteer records that Deshastha widows at that time used to shave their heads and wear simple red saris . A widow also had to stop wearing the kunku on her forehead . In the past , a Deshastha widow was never allowed to remarry , while it was acceptable for Deshastha widowers to remarry , and the widows had to lead a very austere life with little joy . Divorces were non @-@ existent . All of these practices have gradually fallen by the wayside over the last hundred years , and modern Deshastha widows lead better lives and younger widows also remarry . Divorce takes place by mutual consent and legal approval is sought .
Deshastha Brahmins dispose their dead by cremation . The dead person 's son carries the corpse to the cremation ground atop a bier . The eldest son lights the fire to the corpse at the head for males and at the feet for females . The ashes are gathered in an earthen pitcher and immersed in a river on the third day after the death . This is a 13 @-@ day ritual with the pinda being offered to the dead soul on the 11th and a Śrāddha ceremony followed by a funeral feast on the 13th . Cremation is performed according to vedic rites , usually within a day of the individual 's death . Like all other Hindus , the preference is for the ashes to be immersed in the Ganges river or Godavari river . Śrāddha becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered . These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants , preferably the eldest son of the deceased .
= = = = Festivals = = = =
Deshasthas follow the Saka calendar . They follow several of the festivals of other Hindu Marathi people . These include Gudi Padwa , Rama Navami , Hanuman Jayanti , Narali Pournima , Mangala Gaur , Krishna Janmashtami , Ganesh Chaturthi , Kojagiri Purnima , Diwali , Khandoba Festival ( Champa Shashthi ) , Makar Sankranti , Maha Shivaratri and Holi .
Of these , Ganesh Chaturthi is the most popular in the state of Maharashtra , however , Diwali , the most popular festival of Hindus throughout India , is equally popular in Maharashtra . Deshasthas celebrate the Ganesha festival as a private , domestic family affair . Depending on a family 's tradition , a clay image or shadu is worshiped for one and a half , three and a half , seven or full 10 days , before ceremoniously being placed in a river or the sea . This tradition of private celebration runs parallel to that of public celebration introduced in 1894 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak . Modak is a popular food item during the festival . Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals , namely HartalikaTeej and the Gauri festival , the former is observed with a fast by women whilst the latter by the installation of idols of Gauris .
The religious amongst the Deshasthas fast on the days prescribed for fasting according to Hindu calendar . Typical days for fasting are Ekadashi , Chaturthi , Maha Shivaratri and Janmashtami . Hartalika Teej is a day of fasting for women . Some people fast during the week in honour of a particular god , for example , Monday for Shiva or Saturday for Hanuman and the planet Saturn , Shani .
Gudi Padwa is observed on the first of the day of the lunar month of Chaitra of the Hindu calendar . A victory pole or Gudi is erected outside homes on the day . The leaves of Neem or and shrikhand are a part of the cuisine of the day . Like many other Hindu communities , Deshasthas celebrate Rama Navami and Hanuman Jayanti , the birthdays of Rama and Hanuman , respectively , in the month of Chaitra . A snack eaten by new mothers called Sunthawada or Dinkawada is the prasad or the religious food on Rama Navami . Deshastha Brahmins observe Narali @-@ pournima festival on the same day as the much widely known north Indian festival of Raksha Bandhan . Deshastha men change their sacred thread on this day . ]
An important festival for the new brides is Mangala Gaur . It is celebrated on any Tuesday of Shravana and involves the worship of lingam , a gathering of womenfolk and narrating limericks or Ukhane using their husbands ' first name . The women may also play traditional games such as Jhimma , and Fugadi , or more contemporary activities such as Bhendya till the wee hours of the next morning .
Krishna Janmashtami , the birthday of Krishna on which day Gopalkala , a recipe made with curds , pickle , popped millet ( jondhale in Marathi ) and chili peppers is the special dish . Sharad Purnima also called as Kojagiri Purnima , the full moon night in the month of Ashvin , is celebrated in the honour of Lakshmi or Parvati . A milk preparation is the special food of the evening . The first born of the family is honored on this day .
In Deshastha families Ganeshotsav is more commonly known as Gauri @-@ Ganpati because it also incorporates the Gauri Festival.In some families Gauri is also known as Lakshmi puja . It is celebrated for three days ; on the first day , Lakshmi 's arrival is observed . The ladies in the family will bring statues of Lakshmi from the door to the place where they will be worshiped . The Kokanstha Brahmins , instead of statues , use special stones as symbols of Gauri . The statues are settled at a certain location ( very near the Devaghar ) , adorned with clothes and ornaments . On the second day , the family members get together and prepare a meal consisting of puran poli . This day is the puja day of Mahalakshmi and the meal is offered to Mahalakshmi and her blessings sought . On the third day , Mahalakshmi goes to her husband 's home . Before the departure , ladies in the family will invite the neighbourhood ladies for exchange of haldi @-@ kumkum . It is customary for the whole family to get together during the three days of Mahalakshmi puja . Most families consider Mahalakshmi as their daughter who is living with her husband 's family all the year ; but visits her parents ' ( maher ) during the three days .
Navaratri , a nine @-@ day festival starts on the first day of the month of Ashvin and culminates on the tenth day or Vijayadashami . This is the one of three auspicious days of the year . People exchange leaves of the Apti tree as symbol of gold . During Navaratri women and girls hold Bhondla referred as bhulabai in Vidarbh region , a singing party in honour of the Goddess .
Like all Hindu Marathi people and to a varying degree with other Hindu Indians , Diwali is celebrated over five days by the Deshastha Brahmins . Deshastha Brahmins celebrate this by waking up early in the morning and having an Abhyangasnan . People light their houses with lamps and candles , and burst fire crackers over the course of the festival . Special sweets and savouries like Anarse , Karanjya , Chakli , Chiwda and Ladu are prepared for the festival . Colorful Rangoli drawings are made in front of the house . Marathi children make a replica mud fort in memory of Shivaji , the great Maratha king .
Deshastha Brahmins observe the Khandoba Festival or Champa Shashthi in the month of Mārgashirsh . This is a six @-@ day festival , from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight . Deshastha households perform Ghatasthapana of Khandoba during this festival . The sixth day of the festival is called Champa Sashthi . For Deshastha , the Chaturmas period ends on Champa Sashthi . As it is customary in many families not to consume onions , garlic and eggplant ( Brinjal / Aubergine ) during the Chaturmas , the consumption of these food items resumes with ritual preparation of Vangyache Bharit ( Baingan Bharta ) and rodga , small round flat breads prepared from jwari ( white millet ) .
Makar Sankranti falls on 14 January when the Sun enters Capricorn . Deshastha Brahmins exchange Tilgul or sweets made of jaggery and sesame seeds along with the customary salutation Tilgul Ghya aani God Bola , which means Accept the Tilgul and be friendly . Gulpoli , a special type of chapati stuffed with jaggery is the dish of the day .
Maha Shivaratri is celebrated in the month of Magha to honour Shiva . A chutney made from the fruit of curd fruit ( Kawath in Marathi ) , elephant apple , monkey fruit or wood apple is a part of the cuisine of the day .
Holi falls on the full moon day in Phalguna , the last month . Deshasthas celebrate this festival by lighting a bonfire and offering Puran Poli to the fire . Unlike North Indians , Deshastha Brahmins celebrate colour throwing five days after Holi on Rangapanchami .
= = Social and political issues = =
Maharashtraian Brahmins were absentee landlords and lived off the surplus without tilling the land themselves per ritual restrictions . They were often seen as the exploiter of the tiller . This situation started to change when the newly independent India enshrined in its constitution , agrarian or land reform . Between 1949 – 1959 , the state governments started enacting legislation in accordance with the constitution implementing this agrarian reform or Kula Kayada in Marathi . The legislation led to the abolition of various absentee tenures like inams and jagirs . This implementation of land reform had mixed results in different States . On official inquiry , it was revealed that not all absentee tenures were abolished in the State of Maharashtra as of 1985 . Other social and political issues include anti @-@ Brahminism and the treatment of Dalits .
= = = Inter @-@ caste issues = = =
Maharashtrian Brahmins were the primary targets during the anti @-@ Brahmin riots in Maharashtra in 1948 , following Mahatma Gandhi 's assassination . The rioters burnt homes and properties owned by Brahmins . The violent riots exposed the social tensions between the Marathas and the Brahmins .
In recent history , on 5 January 2004 , the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute ( BORI ) in Pune was vandalised by 150 members of the Sambhaji Brigade , an organisation promoting the cause of the Marathas . The organisation was protesting against a derogatory remark made by the American author James Laine , on Shivaji 's Parentage in his book , Shivaji : A Hindu King in an Islamic Kingdom . BORI was targeted because Srikant Bahulkar , a scholar at BORI , was acknowledged in Laine 's book . The incident highlighted the traditionally uncomfortable Brahmin @-@ Maratha relationship . Recently , the same organisation demanded the removal of Dadoji Konddeo from the Statue of Child Shivaji ploughing Pune 's Land at Lal Mahal , Pune . They also threatened that if their demands were not met , they would demolish that part of statue themselves .
Until recent times , like other high castes of Maharashtra and India , Deshastha also followed the practice of segregation from other castes considered lower in the social hierarchy . Until a few decades ago , a large number of Hindu temples , presumably with a Deshastha priest , barred entry to the so @-@ called " untouchables " ( Dalit ) . An example of this was the case of the 14th century saint Chokhamela . He was time and again denied entry to the Vitthal temple in Pandharpur , however , his mausoleum was built in front of the gate of the temple . In the early 20th century , the Dalit leader Dr. Ambedkar , while attempting to visit the temple , was stopped at the burial site of Chokhamela and denied entry beyond that point for being a Mahar . Deshastha caste @-@ fellow Dnyaneshwar and his entire family were stripped of their caste and excommunicated by the Deshasthas because of his father 's return from sanyasa to family life . The family was harassed and humiliated to an extent that Dnyaneshwar 's parents committed suicide . Other saints of the Varkari movement like Chokhamela ( Mahar caste ) , and Tukaram ( Kunbi caste ) were discriminated against by the Brahmins .
The Maharashtra Government has taken away the hereditary rights of priesthood to the Pandharpur temple from the Badve and Utpat Deshastha families , and handed them over to a governmental committee . The families have been fighting complex legal battles to win back the rights . The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , an organisation founded by K. B. Hedgewar advocates Dalits being head priests at Hindu temples . Deshastha Brahmins such as Dr. Govande and Mahadev Ambedkar supported and helped Dalit leaders like Mahatma Phule and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar respectively . Dr. Ambedkar expressed gratitude towards Mahadev Ambedkar many times in his speeches .
= = = Deshastha @-@ Konkanastha relations = = =
The prominence of a Brahmin in Indian society was directly related to his virtues , values , knowledge and practice of the scriptures . Manu 's list of virtues of a perfect Brahmin , according to Italian Jesuit Roberto de Nobili , in order of importance were righteousness , truthfulness , generosity , almsgiving , compassion , self @-@ restraint and diligent work . Prior to the rise of the Konkanastha Peshwas , the Konkanastha Brahmins were considered inferior in a society where the Deshasthas held socio @-@ economic , ritual and Brahminical superiority . As mentioned earlier , all the Peshwa during Shivaji 's rule were Deshastha Brahmins and many modern families who have surname , Peshwe , are in fact Deshastha Brahmins tracing descent to Shivaji 's Peshwa , Moropant Pingle or Sonopant Dabir . . After the appointment of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat as Peshwa , Konkanastha migrants began arriving en masse from the Konkan to Pune , where the Peshwa offered all important offices to the Konkanastha caste . The Konkanastha kin were rewarded with tax relief and grants of land . Historians point out nepotism and corruption during this time . The Sahyadri Khanda which contains the legend of the origin of the Konkanastha has been carefully suppressed or destroyed by the Konkanastha Peshwas . Crawford , an early Indologist described how a Brahmin reluctantly produced the manuscript when he asked for it and that Baji Rao , in 1814 , ruined and disgraced a respectable Deshastha Brahmin of Wai , found in possession of a copy of the Sahyadri Khand . The Konkanasthas were waging a social war on Dehasthas during the period of the Peshwas . By the late 18th century , Konkanasthas had established complete political and economic dominance in the region . Richard Maxwell Eaton states that this rise of the Konkanastha is a classic example of social rank rising with political fortune . Since then , despite being the traditional religious and social elites of Maharashtra , the Deshastha Brahmins failed to feature as prominently as the Konkanastha . However , in recent decades , there have been deshasthas who have made a mark . One such person was the late Bharatiya Janata Party politician Pramod Mahajan , who was called a brilliant strategist and had an impact nationwide . Other notables include Manohar Joshi , who has been the only Brahmin chief minister of Maharashtra , Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh founder Dr. Hedgewar , social activist , Baba Amte , BJP politician and Social activist , Nanaji Deshmukh and present chief minister of Maharashtra , Devendra Fadnavis . The Deshasthas looked down upon the Konkanasthas as newcomers in the 18th and 19th centuries . They refused to socialise and intermingle with them , not considering them to be Brahmins . A Konkanstha who was invited to a Deshastha household was considered to be a privileged individual , and even the Peshwas were refused permission to perform religious rites at the Deshastha ghats on the Godavari at Nasik . The Konkanasthas on their part , claimed they possessed greater intellectual ability and better political acumen . During the British colonial period of 19th and early 20th century , Deshasthas dominated professions such as government administration , practice of medicine , music , legal and engineering fields , whereas Konkanasthas dominated fields like politics , social reform , journalism and education . This situation has since improved by the larger scale mixing of both communities on social , financial and educational fields , as well as with intermarriages .
= = = Community organisations = = =
The Deshastha Rigvedi sub @-@ caste have community organizations in many major cities such as Mumbai , Dombivali , Belgaum , Nasik , Satara etc . Most of these organizations are affiliated to Central organization of the community called Akhil Deshastha Rugvedi Brahman Madhyavarty Mandal ( A. D. R. B. M. ) which is located in Mumbai . The activities of ADRBM includes offering scholarships to needy students , financial aid to members , exchange of information , and Matrimonial services . The Deshastha community organizations are also affiliated to their respective local All Brahmin Umbrella Organizations . Similar to the Rigvedi community , there are organizations and trusts dedicated to the welfare of the Yajurvedi sub @-@ caste . ,
= = Surnames and families = =
A large number of Deshastha surnames are derived by adding the suffix kar to the village from which the family originally hailed . For example , Bidkar came from town of Bid , Nagpurkar comes from the city Nagpur , Dharwadkar from the town of Dharwad in Karnataka , and the Marathi poet V. V. Shirwadkar , colloquially knows as Kusumagraj , came from the town of Shirwad . The names Kulkarni , Deshpande , and Joshi are very common amongst Deshastha Brahmins , and denote their professions . For example , Kulkarni means revenue collector and Joshi means astrologer . Some surnames simply describe physical and mental characteristics such as Hirve which means green or Buddhisagar which literally translates to ocean of intellect or " Dharmik " which means " very religious " .
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= 2003 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season was an active Atlantic hurricane season with tropical activity before and after the official bounds of the season – the first such occurrence in 50 years . The season produced 21 tropical cyclones , of which 16 developed into named storms ; seven cyclones attained hurricane status , of which three reached major hurricane status . With sixteen storms , the season was tied for the sixth most active Atlantic hurricane season on record . The strongest hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isabel , which reached Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale northeast of the Lesser Antilles ; Isabel later struck North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane , causing $ 3 @.@ 6 billion in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 4 @.@ 63 billion 2016 USD ) and a total of 51 deaths across the Mid @-@ Atlantic region of the United States .
The season began with Subtropical Storm Ana on April 20 , prior to the official start of the season ; the bounds of the season are from June 1 to November 30 , which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . In early September , Hurricane Fabian struck Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane , where it was the worst hurricane since 1926 ; on the island it caused four deaths and $ 300 million in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 386 million 2016 USD ) . Hurricane Juan caused considerable destruction to Nova Scotia , particularly Halifax , as a Category 2 hurricane , the first hurricane of significant strength to hit the province since 1893 . Additionally , Hurricanes Claudette and Erika struck Texas and Mexico , respectively , as minimal hurricanes .
= = Seasonal forecasts = =
= = = Pre @-@ season outlook = = =
On May 19 , prior to the start of the season , NOAA forecasters issued a 55 % probability of above normal activity . The forecasters predicted 11 – 15 tropical storms , 6 – 9 of those becoming hurricanes , and 2 – 4 of those hurricanes reaching at least Category 3 strength on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The above normal activity predicted was due to the likelihood of La Niña developing in the season .
Noted hurricane expert Dr. William M. Gray on April 4 predicted twelve named storms , with eight reaching hurricane strength and three of the eight reaching Category 3 strength . The prediction issued on May 30 was similar , increasing the named storms to fourteen . The synoptic pattern of the season prior to June 1 resembled other previous seasons , with the 1952 , 1954 , 1964 , 1966 , and 1998 seasons considered the best analogs for the season . The prediction also included a 68 % probability for a hurricane landfall along the United States .
= = = Mid @-@ season outlook = = =
On August 6 , Dr. Gray announced he had maintained his previous prediction ; with an active start of the season , the rest of the season was forecast to have been only slightly above average , due to an anticipated overall less favorable environment across the Atlantic Ocean . A day later , NOAA released an updated prediction as well , with a 60 % probability of above normal activity , with 12 – 15 named storms , 7 – 9 hurricanes , and 3 – 4 major hurricanes expected .
A normal season , as defined by NOAA , has 6 – 14 tropical storms , 4 – 8 of which reach hurricane strength , and 1 – 3 of those reaching Category 3 strength .
= = Storms = =
= = = April through July = = =
The official beginning of the season was on June 1 , 2003 , though Subtropical Storm Ana formed on April 20 , well before the start to the season . When Ana transitioned into a tropical cyclone the next day , it became the first Atlantic tropical storm on record in the month of April . The storm caused two deaths in Florida from increased waves and rip currents .
Starting at the official start of the season , the National Hurricane Center began issuing five @-@ day forecasts , extending from the three @-@ day forecasts issued since 1964 . Officials conducted tests during the previous two seasons , indicating the new five @-@ day forecasts would be as accurate as the three @-@ day forecasts were 15 years earlier . The tropics were active and well ahead of climatology in the early portion of the season , with the seventh tropical depression forming by the end of July .
Within the first week of the official start of the season , a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa , and on June 11 developed into Tropical Depression Two ; unfavorable conditions prevailed , and it dissipated within 24 hours of developing .
By the end of June , the third tropical depression of the season developed near the Yucatán Peninsula ; it tracked northward , strengthening into Tropical Storm Bill before striking the southern Louisiana coast on June 30 . The storm caused moderate rainfall and a tornado outbreak across the southern United States , resulting in four deaths and $ 30 million in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 38 @.@ 6 million 2016 USD ) .
On July 8 , a well @-@ organized tropical wave in the Caribbean Sea organized into Tropical Storm Claudette . Its intensity fluctuated while crossing the basin , attaining hurricane status before weakening and striking the Yucatán Peninsula as a tropical storm . Claudette re @-@ intensified to hurricane status and struck southeastern Texas on July 15 , causing a total of three deaths , one of which directly , and $ 180 million in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 232 million 2016 USD ) .
Hurricane Danny formed on July 16 from a tropical wave well to the east of Bermuda . It strengthened while tracking around an anticyclone , and attained hurricane status further north than any other Atlantic tropical cyclone in July . It turned to the east and dissipated without affecting land .
Tropical Depression Six developed on July 19 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean , and was initially forecast to attain hurricane status . However , it tracked quickly westward , and degenerated into an open tropical wave on July 21 near the Lesser Antilles .
The tropical wave that spawned the previous tropical depression developed an area of convection further to the north , which organized into Tropical Depression Seven on July 25 off the coast of Florida . It failed to develop , and made landfall on Georgia as a tropical depression before dissipating on July 27 .
= = = August = = =
After a short respite in activity , a westward @-@ moving tropical disturbance organized near Florida and developed into Tropical Storm Erika in the Gulf of Mexico on August 14 . It continued quickly across the body of water , and made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas as a hurricane on August 17 . The hurricane caused two deaths from floodwater drowning in Mexico , as well as minor damage in southern Texas .
Tropical Depression Nine formed on August 21 in the eastern Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave . Despite predictions of it intensifying to a strong tropical storm , it failed to strengthen due to strong wind shear , and on August 22 the depression dissipated .
Hurricane Fabian developed from a tropical wave on August 27 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean . Tracking west @-@ northwestward around the subtropical ridge , it encountered favorable conditions , and steadily intensified to reach peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) on September 1 . Fabian turned to the north and gradually weakened , passing just west of Bermuda on September 5 as a major hurricane . On September 8 , it became an extratropical cyclone after causing four deaths and $ 300 million ( 2003 USD , $ 386 million 2016 USD ) in damage on Bermuda ; there , it was considered the worst hurricane in nearly 80 years . Elsewhere , rough waves from the hurricane killed a surfer in North Carolina and three fishermen off Newfoundland .
A tropical disturbance organized into Tropical Storm Grace in the Gulf of Mexico on August 30 ; with a nearby upper @-@ level low causing unfavorable wind shear , the storm failed to organize significantly , and it moved ashore along Texas . The storm dropped moderate rainfall across much of the southern United States .
= = = September = = =
Tropical Storm Henri formed in the Gulf of Mexico on September 3 , and it crossed central Florida without causing significant damage or flooding . On September 8 it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area , which dropped heavy rainfall in the Mid @-@ Atlantic States . Flooding from the storm 's remnants caused about $ 19 @.@ 6 million in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 25 @.@ 2 million 2016 USD ) , which was compounded by the effects of Hurricane Isabel a week later .
A tropical wave spawned Hurricane Isabel on September 6 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean . Encountering favorable conditions , it gradually intensified while tracking generally west @-@ northwestward , and on September 11 Isabel attained peak winds of 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) , the strongest storm of the season . After fluctuating in intensity for the subsequent four days , it weakened and struck North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson hurricane scale . Across the East Coast of the United States , Isabel caused a total of 51 fatalities and $ 3 @.@ 6 billion in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 4 @.@ 63 billion 2016 USD ) .
Brief Tropical Depression Fourteen formed on September 8 just off the coast of Africa . An upper @-@ level low hindered its development and changed its motion to the north @-@ northwest , and on September 10 the depression dissipated after passing near the Cape Verde islands .
On September 24 a tropical depression developed southeast of Bermuda , and while tracking northward it quickly intensified to become Hurricane Juan . Juan maintained its strength as it accelerated northward , and on September 29 it struck Halifax , Nova Scotia with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . The hurricane caused a total of 8 fatalities , as well as $ 150 million in damage ( 2003 USD , $ 193 million 2016 USD ) . It was considered one of the worst hurricanes on modern record in Halifax .
A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression on September 25 , which tracked northwestward before turning to the northeast and becoming Hurricane Kate . The hurricane then turned sharply westward , reaching major hurricane status before turning northward and becoming extratropical on October 7 . It did not have a significant effect on land .
= = = October through December = = =
An extratropical storm formed in the Bay of Campeche on September 30 , and remaining nearly stationary it transitioned into Tropical Storm Larry by October 1 . The storm drifted southward , reaching peak winds of 65 mph ( 100 mph ) before moving ashore along the Mexican state of Tabasco . Larry caused five deaths in Mexico , as well as heavy rainfall and mudslides .
On October 10 , a tropical disturbance organized into Tropical Storm Mindy just off the northeast coast of the Dominican Republic . After moving northwestward , it turned sharply eastward and dissipated on October 14 , after earlier dropping light to moderate rainfall across the Greater Antilles .
Tropical Storm Nicholas developed from a tropical wave on October 13 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean . The storm strengthened to near @-@ hurricane intensity before weakening while turning northward and later to the northwest . On October 24 , Nicholas transitioned into an extratropical low , which , after executing an anticyclonic loop , meandered erratically before being absorbed by a non @-@ tropical low to the southwest of Bermuda on November 1 .
Early in November , the system that absorbed Nicholas tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean , nearly developing into a subtropical cyclone before crossing Florida and dissipating on November 5 . The season officially ended on November 30 , 2003 , although Tropical Storm Odette formed on December 4 to the northwest of Colombia from a tropical disturbance ; it became the second December tropical storm on record to form in the Caribbean Sea , after a hurricane in 1822 .
The final storm of the season , Tropical Storm Peter , formed on December 7 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean . It strengthened to near hurricane status , but rapidly weakened due to increased wind shear and dissipated on December 11 .
= = Impact and records = =
No cyclones in the season had a significant impact on South America or Central America . However , a total of eight tropical cyclones made landfall on Mexico from either the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean , which was the greatest total since the record of nine in 1971 . A total of seven deaths occurred in Mexico from Atlantic hurricanes . Much of the Caribbean did not receive significant impact from tropical cyclones during the season . However , Tropical Storm Odette caused eight direct deaths , as well as two indirect deaths , when it crossed the Dominican Republic in December . The storm damaged or destroyed over 1 @,@ 000 homes , and heavy damage was reported to the banana crop .
Six tropical cyclones made landfall along the coast of the United States during the season , including two hurricanes . The first , Claudette , caused locally heavy damage in southeastern Texas in July ; two deaths were reported in the state , while earlier in its duration it caused an indirect death from rough waves in Florida . In September , Hurricane Isabel caused deaths and damage from North Carolina through southern Canada . The worst damage from the hurricane occurred in Virginia , where it was the costliest disaster in the history of the state ; there , damage totaled $ 1 @.@ 85 billion ( 2003 USD , $ 2 @.@ 38 billion 2016 USD ) , and there were 32 fatalities , ten of which were caused directly by the hurricane . Hurricane Isabel caused deaths in seven states and one Canadian province , and about 6 million people were left without power as a result of the storm .
Several cyclones impacted Bermuda during the season , most significantly Hurricane Fabian . On the island , its passage proved to be the costliest and resulted in the first death since a hurricane in 1926 . The hurricane killed four on the island when its strong waves and storm surge washed two cars off the causeway between St. George 's Parish and St. David 's Island . Damage from the hurricane totaled $ 300 million ( 2003 USD , $ 386 million 2016 USD ) . Elsewhere , Hurricane Juan was considered among the most damaging in the history of Halifax , Nova Scotia , where strong winds downed thousands of trees and left low @-@ lying areas flooded from a record storm surge to the city . The hurricane caused a total of eight deaths and damage estimated at $ 200 million ( 2003 CAD , $ 150 million 2003 USD , $ 193 million 2016 USD ) .
The season is one of only six with a storm before and after the official bounds of the season ; the others are 1887 , 1951 , 1953 , 1954 and 2007 . When Tropical Storm Peter formed on December 7 , the season became the second on record with two December storms . The 235 days between the development of the first storm , Tropical Storm Ana , and the dissipation of the last storm , Peter , made the 2003 season the longest season since 1952 . The season was the eighth most active on record , behind the 2005 , 1933 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 1995 , 1887 , and 1969 seasons , and tied with the 1936 and 2008 seasons .
= = Season effects = =
= = Storm names = =
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2003 . The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2009 season . This is the same list used for the 1997 season . Storms were named Larry , Mindy , Nicholas , Odette , and Peter for the first time in 2003 . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . Ana became the first name in the six list rotation to be used five times . Both Ana and Claudette were used in 1979 , 1985 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 , 2009 and 2015 .
= = = Retirement = = =
The World Meteorological Organization retired three names in the spring of 2004 : Fabian , Isabel , and Juan . They were replaced in the 2009 season by Fred , Ida , and Joaquin , respectively . However the name Joaquin wasn 't used during the course of 2009 and was used for the first time in the 2015 season instead .
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= Sandown Castle , Isle of Wight =
Sandown Castle was a Device Fort built at Sandown on the Isle of Wight by Henry VIII in 1545 to protect against the threat of French attack . Constructed from stone with angular bastions , its design was a hybrid of Italian military architectural thinking with traditional English military design . The site was raided by a French force that summer while the fortification was still being constructed . The site suffered from coastal erosion and the castle was demolished in 1631 .
= = History = =
= = = 16th century = = =
= = = = Background = = = =
Sandown Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , only taking a small role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Modest defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale .
In 1533 , Henry then broke with Pope Paul III to annul the long @-@ standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon and remarry . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . Henry responded in 1539 by ordering , through an instruction called a " device " , the construction of fortifications along the most vulnerable parts of the coast . The immediate threat passed , but resurfaced in 1544 , with France threatening an invasion across the Channel , backed by her allies in Scotland . Henry therefore issued another device in 1544 to further improve the country 's defences , particularly along the south coast .
= = = = Construction = = = =
Built between April and September 1545 to protect the south @-@ east coast of the Isle of Wight , Sandown Castle overlooked Sandown Bay . It was constructed by the Italian engineer Giovanni Portinari , the surveyor William Ridgeway and the captain of labourers , John Portinar , at a cost of £ 2 @,@ 400 . Designed around a central courtyard , it had a square tower and two angular bastions on one side , and a circular bastion looking out to sea . The rear of the stone defences was protected by a moat , and the castle had a wooden pier for boats to dock at .
The angular bastions echoed contemporary Italian thinking on military architecture , and may have been influenced by Richard Lee , the King 's Surveyor of Works , as well as by Portinari 's own continental background . Despite being relatively advanced for an English fortification , the castle did not feature the more fashionable Italianate " arrow @-@ head " bastion design used at nearby Yarmouth Castle and has been critiqued by historians : Andrew Saunders describes it as an imperfect " hybrid " of English and continental ideas , John Hale as a timid , confused flirtation with modern designs .
Before the castle could be completed , however , the French attacked . Admiral Claude d 'Annebault crossed the Channel and arrived off the Solent with 200 ships on 19 July , where the local authorities feared Sandown Castle might be the target of a night attack . 2 @,@ 000 French soldiers men landed on the Isle of Wight and attacked Sandown , where labourers were still present . Their advance soon stalled , however , and the French retreated back to their fleet , bringing the invasion threat to an end ; the castle was finally completed after their departure .
= = = 17th century = = =
By the 17th century , coastal erosion had undermined the castle 's walls . In 1627 , Charles I announced that he would repair the fortification but instead the ruins were dismantled in 1631 by Sir John Oglander . A new fortification , Sandown Fort was built in its place , positioned further inland , but the possible remains of the foundations of the original castle are still visible along the shore at low tide .
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= Congregation ( album ) =
Congregation is the third studio album by American alternative rock band The Afghan Whigs , released on January 31 , 1992 , by Sub Pop . After touring for two years in support of their 1990 album Up in It , the band received $ 15 @,@ 000 advance from Sub Pop to record a follow @-@ up album . It was primarily recorded at Bear Creek Studios in Woodinville and Buzz 's Kitchen in Los Angeles during July to August 1991 . The band 's frontman Greg Dulli produced the album entirely with audio engineer Ross Ian Stein . The album 's production and release were hindered by Sub Pop 's financial difficulties , which were eventually resolved by the massive commercial success of Nirvana 's 1991 album Nevermind .
Expanding on the aggressive sound of the band 's previous work , Congregation has more refined musical details and slower songs such as ballads . Its music also incorporates R & B , soul , and funk influences . The album 's cover depicts a nude black woman holding a white baby in her arms and alludes comically to the band 's African @-@ American music influences . The songs have themes of pleasure and guilt , and deal with topics such as dysfunctional relationships and sexual deviancy . Conceived during the burgeoning grunge scene , the album has been viewed by music writers as stylistically distinct from other Sub Pop and grunge music .
Upon its release , Congregation was very well received by music critics , who praised its musical quality , stylistic elements , and emotional content . It was promoted with two singles , " Turn On the Water " and " Conjure Me " , and The Afghan Whigs ' extensive touring in the United States and Europe . Although it did not chart , the album helped the band attain a cult following and receive offers from major record labels , leading to their signing to Elektra Records . Since its initial reception , Congregation has been viewed by writers as the band 's breakthrough album and a significant release in rock music during the 1990s .
= = Background = =
After forming in 1986 in Cincinnati , The Afghan Whigs — vocalist and rhythm guitarist Greg Dulli , bassist John Curley , lead guitarist Rick McCollum , and drummer Steve Earle — released their 1988 debut album Big Top Halloween on an independent record label and gained the attention of Seattle @-@ based label Sub Pop . With their second album Up in It ( 1990 ) released on the label , the band toured regularly in the United States for two years and occasionally in Europe before recording Congregation . Sub Pop gave the band a $ 15 @,@ 000 advance to record the album , which Dulli later said was a " then @-@ unheard @-@ of " and " bloated " amount .
The album 's cover shows a nude black woman sitting on a blanket with a white baby held in her arms . It serves as a comical reference to the band 's African @-@ American music roots . Along with a collective interest in classic rock , band members had other individual tastes in music , including McCollum 's interest in free jazz , experimental , and Indian music , and Dulli 's love of hip hop , soul , and funk , particularly Motown artists and Prince .
= = Recording = =
The Afghan Whigs began recording the album in July 1991 . They held recording sessions for Congregation at Bear Creek Studios in Woodinville , Washington and Buzz 's Kitchen in Los Angeles , California . Dulli wrote most of its songs and produced the album with audio engineer Ross Ian Stein . Session musicians such as Miss Ruby Belle , Shecky Stein , and Lance Ellison also contributed ; Belle sung lead vocals on " Her Against Me " , Stein played piano on " Conjure Me " , and Ellison played piano and sung lead vocals on " The Temple " with John Curley and Rick McCollum . Singer @-@ songwriter Shawn Smith contributed backing vocals to " This Is My Confession " and " Dedicate It " . After the rest of the band finished recording their parts , Dulli stayed in Los Angeles to record his vocals , overdub the recorded tracks , and mix the album . However , the album 's production was delayed due to Sub Pop 's financial difficulties , and Dulli got another job in Los Angeles to pay for the studio .
Although the label eventually settled the studio 's bills and the album 's sessions ended in August 1991 , the band was unsure if Sub Pop had enough money to release any more albums , let alone Congregation . After the massive commercial success of Nirvana 's 1991 album Nevermind , Sub Pop recovered financially by receiving royalties from the album after the band left them for a major label . Dulli later said that while he was " stranded in L.A. ... Nirvana saved the whole fuckin ' label " . He recalled thanking the band 's frontman Kurt Cobain upon the album 's completion , saying that " I went to Nirvana 's show at the Palace in L.A. and hugged Kurt and said , ' Good one , bro . Congratulations . And thank you — now I can go home . ' "
After the album 's sessions were done , Dulli was inspired to write and record an additional track on the day of Miles Davis ' death , September 28 , 1991 . He received two messages on his answering machine from music executive David Katznelson , the first providing directions to a cookout and the second informing Dulli that Davis had passed , saying that " Miles is dead . Don 't forget the alcohol . " Working at Ultrasuede in Cincinnati , Dulli incorporated Katznelson 's line as a lyric and , with a guitar riff from Rick McCollum , hastily recorded " Miles Iz Ded " , which was included as a hidden track on the album . Congregation was mastered by Jack Skinner at K Disc Mastering in Hollywood . Dulli subsequently took a drive in his car and listened to the album while observing his scenery , a practice he continued with future albums .
= = Music = =
The album expands on the aggressive sound of the band 's previous work with refined musical details and occasionally slower songs . In The Rough Guide to Rock ( 2003 ) , music journalist Alex Ogg writes that The Afghan Whigs were " managing to balance volume with subtlety " amid the burgeoning grunge music scene . The album 's music incorporates heavy counterpoint rhythms , indie rock harmonics , wah @-@ wah and slide guitars , and staccato riffs with funk , metal , and blues influences . Chicago Tribune writer Brad Webber compares its melodies to those of " later Hüsker Dü " . Option perceives influences from " ex @-@ indie guitar bands " such as Dinosaur Jr. and Nirvana in the songs ' " catch @-@ iness and in the arrangements ' juxtaposition of frenzy and laziness . " David Sprague of the Trouser Press comments that the band 's instrumentation " contriv [ es ] panoramic images through judicious use of wah @-@ wah guitar ... and the tribal drumbeats with which Steven Earle invokes an air of ritualistic surrender . "
The album 's rock sound is complemented by a predominant soul influence . Magic magazine 's Christophe Basterra characterizes the music as " The Four Tops appropriating ' Search and Destroy ' by Iggy & the Stooges " . The slow @-@ burning ballad " Let Me Lie to You " incorporates soul and grunge musical styles . Dulli wrote the song in an attempt to deviate from the aesthetic of Sub Pop , whom he felt discouraged its acts from recording slow songs . He cites writing the song as the moment he began having faith in himself as a songwriter . Songs such as " Miles Iz Ded " , " Conjure Me " , and " Turn On the Water " incorporate funk influences and wah @-@ wah guitar . Pitchfork Media 's Stephen M. Deusner cites the latter song as an example of how the band " integrate [ d ] African @-@ American sounds and influences into their white rock " , writing that it " uses Isaac Hayes ' wakka @-@ chikka guitars as a punk accessory , and its jumpy guitar riffs instill these songs with a sense of motion that suggests amped @-@ up r & b . " " Tonight " features bluesy acoustic guitar .
= = Lyrics = =
The songs discuss dysfunctional intimate relationships and sexual deviancy , and feature themes of pleasure and guilt . They are narrated from the perspective of a broken sinner and lothario with sinister and narcissistic tones . Dulli 's lyrics incorporate haunting refrains and express angst and melodrama . His baritone vocals are moaningly husky and feature falsetto wails . Daniel Fidler of Spin compares Dulli 's vocals on the album to those of " a young Paul Westerberg in heat . " David Sprague of the Trouser Press calls Congregation a " strangely flamboyant " album that showcases " Dulli 's metamorphosis from everypunk wallflower to rakish scoundrel with a heart of glass . " Jason Ankeny of AllMusic calls Dulli " a truly magnetic presence " and writes of his performance on the album , " by turns predator ( ' Tonight ' ) and prey ( ' I 'm Her Slave ' ) , he 's the guy your parents always warned you about , delivering each syllable of his remarkable lyrics with equal measures of innuendo and venom . " Stephanie Benson of Rhapsody comments that his lyrics are " full of stifling dissatisfaction and boozy philosophy " .
" I 'm Her Slave " is a heroin anecdote with lyrics narrated by a subjugate lover . Music critic Greg Kot cites " Turn On the Water " as an example of when " the twisted narrator is the victim " and " cast adrift " in Dulli 's lyrics . Inspired by a paranoid breakup , " Conjure Me " is told from the perspective of an aggressive predator and obscure object of desire . On " Kiss the Floor " , the narrator recounts stealing a girl 's virginity and avoiding her brothers . " This Is My Confession " has a theme of absolution . The lyrics depicts it as an empty sexual experience : " Shove my head against the door , crawl inside and kiss the floor / Waiting for the sun again , drink it , smoke it , stick it in . " " The Temple " is a cover of the song of the same name from the 1970 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar . Dulli became a fan of the rock opera as a child when his babysitter played it . " Let Me Lie to You " has lyrics expressing passive cruelty and subtle manipulation . " Tonight " depicts a peaceful night as the backdrop for the narrator 's corrupt one @-@ track mind : " Follow me down to the bushes , dear / No one will know , we 'll disappear / I 'll hold your hand , we 'll never tell / Our private little trip to hell " . The album 's hidden track " Miles Iz Ded " is about seduction and alcohol , with a last call sensibility and despairing tone .
= = Release and promotion = =
The album was released by Sub Pop on January 31 , 1992 , and distributed by Caroline Records . It was issued on LP and CD formats . Congregation was promoted with two singles . " Turn On the Water " was released in January as a 7 @-@ inch single with " Miles Iz Ded " on its B @-@ side . It was also released as a CD single coupled with the tracks " Chalk Outline " and " Miles Iz Ded " . On February 25 , " Turn On the Water " was released as a cassette single . " Conjure Me " was released in May as a 7 @-@ inch single backed with a cover of The Supremes ' 1965 song " My World Is Empty Without You " . A music video for the single was filmed , featuring a topless woman caressing Dulli as he lip syncs the song , and received rotation on MTV . Congregation was reissued in September 1998 . It was released in the United Kingdom on November 22 , 1999 , through PIAS Recordings .
The Afghan Whigs promoted the album with an appearance on MTV and an international tour with dates in major American cities and Europe . During their shows , the band interspersed R & B songs in their set list , including an interpolation of The Spinners ' 1972 song " I 'll Be Around " in " Turn On the Water " . Their extensive touring for the album helped the band garner a larger audience .
= = Reception = =
Although it did not chart , Congregation received very positive reviews from music critics upon its release . Michael Azerrad of Rolling Stone called it " superb " . Daniel Fidler of Spin called the album " a clean move toward musical excellence " and commented that it " shows the band bursting its Sub Pop chains with catchy , heavy guitar riffs , downright lovable song arrangements , melodies that jerk your emotions back and forth , and yes , endearing , raspy vocals that wail , moan , scream , and shout " . Brad Webber of the Chicago Tribune gave it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars and described the album as " a more accessible brand of music than normally associated with the Seattle @-@ Minneapolis axis of grunge guitar groups . " He found The Afghan Whigs to be " on rock 's cutting edge " and commented that the band " stirs a torrent of emotions on neatly paced songs " .
J. D. Considine of Musician characterized the band as " clever enough to find hooks in the sort of gnarled riffs and guitar noise Fugazi plays for atmosphere " , as well as " canny enough to avoid most of the mannerisms that make much Amerindie rock seem so cliched . " Considine concluded in his review , " The best reason to join this Congregation is that the songs are catchy enough to hold their own against the best work of bands like Dinosaur Jr. or the Replacements . " In a mixed review , Option commended the album 's " sheer listenability " , " clear recording and dynamic performances " , but criticized Dulli 's subject matter and panned the band 's cover of " The Temple " . Melody Maker ranked the album number 25 on its year @-@ end best albums for 1992 .
With the album 's critical acclaim and their steady touring , the band attained a cult following and was courted by several major labels who wanted to sign them . Frustrated with the distribution limitation of a small record label , they signed to Elektra Records after their final release for Sub Pop , an EP of soul cover songs called Uptown Avondale ( 1992 ) . Their major label debut Gentlemen was released in 1993 to critical acclaim and mainstream exposure .
= = Legacy = =
Along with Gentlemen , Congregation is generally considered by music writers to be part of The Afghan Whigs ' peak era . Dulli cites it as " the record where we came into our own " . Melody Maker dubbed it " the finest rock LP of the decade " and commented that it is " nothing less than rock raping pop , a ferocious deflowering of Motown 's romantic ideal " . With Congregation , Stephanie Benson of Rhapsody found the band to be " crucial to the birth of ' 90s alternative rock . " AllMusic 's Jason Ankeny said that it was the band 's artistic breakthrough and " ticket to the big leagues " . He gave the album four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars in a retrospective review and called it " an incendiary and insidious set which bridges the gap between the noisy aggression of the band 's early releases and the soulful swagger of their later work . " Ankeny also cited it as " the grunge era 's most overlooked masterpiece " and an indication of the band 's musical growth , writing that " while still unmistakably a member of the Sub Pop stable , there 's a greater maturity and depth to their sinewy sound , with a newfound grasp of mood and nuance " .
Yahoo ! Music 's Chris Norris called it a " disjointed set , which finds the band suspended between its punky roots and a more voluptuous later style . " The Spin Alternative Record Guide ( 1995 ) noted " a creative musical blend " on the album , but concluded that " the results feel like dress rehearsals for Gentlemen , with one partial exception , ' Conjure Me , ' and one absolute triumph : a surging final track ... that might be the Afghan Whigs ' strongest recorded performance . " In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Rolling Stone journalist Joe Gross gave the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars and viewed it as a " quantum leap " over the band 's previous work , commenting that it " shows that they ditched grunge for soul because they were no damn good at the former and ladies dig the latter . " In 2002 , Italian music magazine Il Mucchio Selvaggio included the album in its list of 100 Best Albums by Decade . Polish webzine Screenagers ranked it number 79 on its 2004 list of the Top 100 Albums of the ' 90s . Italian music journalists Eddy Cilìa and Federico Guglielmi included Congregation in their 2010 book on essential rock albums .
= = Track listing = =
All songs were produced by Greg Dulli and Ross Ian Stein .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
The Afghan Whigs
John Curley – bass , photography , vocals
Greg Dulli – producer , rhythm guitar , vocals
Steve Earle – drums
Rick McCollum – guitar , vocals
Additional personnel
Miss Ruby Belle – vocals
Larry Brewer – engineer , second engineer
Chris Cuffaro – photography
Caroline De Vita – design
Lance Ellison – piano , vocals
D.A. Fleischer – photography
Jane Higgins – design
Rick and Bubba – vocals
Jack Skinner – mastering
Shawn Smith – background vocals , vocals
Ross Ian Stein – engineer , producer
Shecky Stein – piano
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= Robert II of Scotland =
Robert II ( 2 March 1316 – 19 April 1390 ) reigned as King of Scots from 1371 to his death as the first monarch of the House of Stewart . He was the son of Walter Stewart , 6th High Steward of Scotland and of Marjorie Bruce , daughter of Robert the Bruce and of his first wife Isabella of Mar.
Edward Bruce was named heir to the throne but he died without legitimate children on 3 December 1318 in a battle near Dundalk in Ireland . Marjorie by this time had died in a riding accident - probably in 1317 . Parliament decreed her infant son , Robert Stewart , as heir presumptive , but this lapsed on 5 March 1324 on the birth of a son , David , to King Robert and his second wife , Elizabeth de Burgh . Robert Stewart inherited the title of High Steward of Scotland on his father 's death on 9 April 1326 , and a Parliament held in July 1326 confirmed the young Steward as heir should Prince David die without a successor . In 1329 King Robert I died and the six @-@ year @-@ old David succeeded to the throne with Sir Thomas Randolph , Earl of Moray appointed Guardian of Scotland .
Edward Balliol , son of King John Balliol , assisted by the English and Scottish nobles disinherited by Robert I , invaded Scotland inflicting heavy defeats on the Bruce party on 11 August 1332 at Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333 . Robert fought at Halidon , where his uncle and former guardian , Sir James Stewart , was killed . Following this battle , Robert 's lands in the west were given by Balliol to his supporter David Strathbogie , the titular Earl of Atholl . Robert took refuge in the fortress of Dumbarton Castle in the Clyde estuary to join his uncle , King David . In May 1334 David escaped to France leaving Robert and John Randolph , 3rd Earl of Moray as joint Guardians of the kingdom . Robert succeeded in regaining his lands but following Randolph 's capture by the English in July 1335 , his possessions were once again targeted by the forces of Balliol and King Edward III of England . This may have persuaded Robert to submit to Balliol and the English king and may explain his removal as Guardian by September 1335 . The Guardianship transferred to Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell but following his death in 1338 Robert was re @-@ appointed and retained the office until King David returned from France in June 1341 . Robert accompanied David into battle at Neville 's Cross on 17 October 1346 but he and Patrick Dunbar , Earl of March escaped or fled the field and David was taken prisoner . In October 1357 , the king was ransomed for 100 @,@ 000 marks to be paid in installments over ten years .
Robert married Elizabeth Mure around 1348 , legitimising his four sons and five daughters . His subsequent marriage to Euphemia de Ross in 1355 produced two sons and two surviving daughters and provided the basis of a future dispute regarding the line of succession . Robert joined a rebellion against David in 1363 but submitted to him following a threat to his right of succession . In 1364 , David presented a proposal to Parliament that would cancel the remaining ransom debt if it was agreed that a Plantagenet heir would inherit the Scottish throne should he die without issue . This was rejected and Robert succeeded to the throne at the age of 55 following David 's unexpected death in 1371 . England still controlled large sectors in the Lothians and in the border country so King Robert allowed his southern earls to engage in actions in the English zones to regain their territories , halted trade with England and renewed treaties with France . By 1384 , the Scots had re @-@ taken most of the occupied lands , but following the commencement of Anglo @-@ French peace talks , Robert was reluctant to commit Scotland to all @-@ out war and obtained Scotland 's inclusion in the peace treaty . Robert 's peace strategy was a factor in the virtual coup in 1384 when he lost control of the country , first to his eldest son , John , Earl of Carrick , afterwards King Robert III , and then from 1388 to John 's younger brother , Robert , Earl of Fife , afterwards the first Duke of Albany . Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey .
= = Heir presumptive = =
Robert Stewart , born in 1316 , was the only child of Walter Stewart , High Steward of Scotland and King Robert I 's daughter Marjorie Bruce , who died probably in 1317 following a riding accident . He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute , Clydeside , and in Renfrew . In 1315 parliament removed Marjorie 's right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle , Edward Bruce . Edward was killed at the Battle of Faughart , near Dundalk on 14 October 1318 , resulting in a hastily arranged Parliament in December to enact a new entail naming Marjorie 's son , Robert , as heir should the king die without a successor . The birth of a son , afterwards David II , to King Robert on 5 March 1324 cancelled Robert Stewart 's position as heir presumptive , but a Parliament at Cambuskenneth in July 1326 restored him in the line of succession should David die without an heir . This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll , Roxburghshire and the Lothians .
= = High Steward of Scotland = =
= = = Renewed war for independence = = =
The first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol . His short reign was bedeviled by Edward I 's insistence on his overlordship of Scotland . The Scottish leadership concluded that only war could release the country from the English king 's continued weakening of Balliol 's sovereignty and so finalised a treaty of reciprocal assistance with France in October 1295 . The Scots forayed into England in March 1296 — this incursion together with the French treaty angered the English king and provoked an invasion of Scotland taking Berwick on 30 March before defeating the Scots army at Dunbar on 27 April . John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner . Despite this , resistance to the English led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray had emerged in the name of King John Balliol . On their deaths , Robert the Bruce continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of Edward II of England and gained the Scottish throne for himself .
David Bruce , aged five , became king on 7 June 1329 on the death of his father Robert . Walter the Steward had died earlier on 9 April 1327 , and the orphaned eleven @-@ year @-@ old Robert was placed under the guardianship of his uncle , Sir James Stewart of Durrisdeer , who along with Thomas Randolph , Earl of Moray , and William Lindsey , Archdeacon of St Andrews were appointed as joint Guardians of the kingdom . David 's accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Robert 's position as heir . In 1332 Edward Balliol , son of the deposed John Balliol , spearheaded an attack on the Bruce sovereignty with the tacit support of King Edward III of England and the explicit endorsement of ' the disinherited ' . Edward Balliol 's forces delivered heavy defeats on the Bruce supporters at Dupplin Moor on 11 August 1332 and again at Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333 , at which the 17 @-@ year @-@ old Robert participated . Robert 's estates were overrun by Balliol , who granted them to David Strathbogie , titular earl of Atholl , but Robert evaded capture and gained protection at Dumbarton Castle where King David was also taking refuge . Very few other strongholds remained in Scottish hands in the winter of 1333 — only the castles of Kildrummy ( held by Christian Bruce , elder sister of Robert I and wife of Andrew Murray of Bothwell ) , Loch Leven , Loch Doon , and Urquhart held out against Balliol forces .
In May 1334 , the situation looked dire for the house of Bruce and David II gained safety in France . Robert set about winning back his lands in the west of Scotland . Strathbogie came over to the Bruce interest after disagreements with his fellow ' disinherited ' but his fierce opposition to Randolph came to a head at a Parliament held at Dairsie Castle in early 1335 when Strathbogie received the support of Robert . Strathbogie once again changed sides and submitted to the English king in August and was made Warden of Scotland . It seems that Strathbogie may also have persuaded Robert to submit to Edward and Balliol — Sir Thomas Gray , in his Scalacronica claimed that he had actually done so — and may explain his removal as Guardian around this time . The Bruce resistance to Balliol may have been verging on collapse in 1335 but a turn @-@ round in its fortunes began with the appearance of Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell as a potent war leader at the Battle of Culblean . Murray had been captured in 1332 , ransomed himself in 1334 , and immediately sped north to lay siege to Dundarg Castle in Buchan held by Sir Henry de Beaumont , with the castle falling on 23 December 1334 . Murray was appointed Guardian at Dunfermline during the winter of 1335 – 6 while he was besieging Cupar Castle in Fife . He died at his castle in Avoch in 1338 and Robert resumed the Guardianship . Murray 's campaign put an end to any chance of Edward III having full lasting control over the south of Scotland and Edward 's failure in the six @-@ month siege of Dunbar Castle confirmed this . Balliol lost many of his major supporters to the Bruce side and the main English garrisons began to fall to the Scots — Cupar in the spring or summer of 1339 , Perth taken by Robert also in 1339 and Edinburgh by William , Earl of Douglas in April 1341 .
John Randolph , released from English custody in a prisoner @-@ exchange in 1341 , visited David II in Normandy before returning to Scotland . Just as Randolph was a favourite of the king , David II mistrusted Robert Stewart with his powerful positions of heir presumptive and Guardian of Scotland . At the beginning of June 1341 , the kingdom appeared sufficiently stable to allow the king to return to a land where his nobles , while fighting for the Bruce cause , had considerably increased their own power bases . On 17 October 1346 , Robert accompanied David into battle at Neville 's Cross , where many Scottish nobles including Randolph , died — David II was wounded and captured while Robert and Patrick , earl of March had apparently fled the field .
= = = King David 's captivity = = =
With the king now imprisoned in England and Randolph dead , the Guardianship once again fell to Robert . In 1347 he took the important step of ensuring the legitimation of his four sons , John , Earl of Carrick ( the future King Robert III ) , Walter , Lord of Fife ( d . 1362 ) , Robert ( the future Duke of Albany ) and Alexander , Lord of Badenoch ( and future Earl of Buchan ) , and six daughters by petitioning Pope Clement VI to allow a canon law marriage to Elizabeth Mure .
Even though an English prisoner , David retained influence in Scotland and Robert had his Guardianship removed by parliament and given jointly to the earls of Mar and Ross and the lord of Douglas — this did not last and Robert was once again appointed Guardian by the Parliament of February 1352 . The paroled David attended this Parliament to present to Robert and the members of the Three Estates the conditions for his release . These contained no ransom demand , but required the Scots to name the English prince John of Gaunt as heir presumptive . The Council rejected these terms , with Robert opposed to a proposal that threatened his right of succession . The king had no option but to return to captivity — the English chronicler Henry Knighton wrote of the event :
... the Scots refused to have their King unless he entirely renounced the influence of the English , and similarly refused to submit themselves to them . And they warned him that they would neither ransom him nor allow him to be ransomed unless he pardoned them for all their acts and injuries that they had done , and all the offences that they had committed during the time of captivity , and he should give them security for that , or otherwise they threatened to choose another king to rule them .
By 1354 ongoing negotiations for the king 's release reached the stage where a proposal of a straight ransom payment of 90 @,@ 000 marks to be repaid over nine years , guaranteed by the provision of 20 high @-@ ranking hostages , was agreed — this understanding was destroyed by Robert when he bound the Scots to a French action against the English in 1355 . The capture of Berwick together with the presence of the French on English soil jolted Edward III into moving against the Scots — in January 1356 Edward led his forces into the south @-@ east of Scotland and burned Edinburgh and Haddington and much of the Lothians in a campaign that became known as the ' Burnt Candlemas ' . After Edward 's victory over France in September , the Scots resumed negotiations for David 's release ending in October 1357 with the Treaty of Berwick . Its terms were that in turn for David 's freedom , a ransom of 100 @,@ 000 marks would be paid in annual installments over ten years — only the first two payments were completed initially and nothing further until 1366 . This failure to honour the conditions of the Berwick treaty allowed Edward to continue to press for a Plantagenet successor to David — terms that were totally rejected by the Scottish Council and probably by Robert himself . This may have been the cause of a brief rebellion in 1363 by Robert and the earls of Douglas and March . Later French inducements couldn 't bring David to their aid and the country remained at peace with England until he unexpectedly died on 21 February 1371 .
= = King of Scots = =
= = = Consolidation of Stewart power and personal rule = = =
David was buried at Holyrood Abbey almost immediately but an armed protest by William , Earl of Douglas delayed Robert II 's coronation until 26 March 1371 . The reasons for the incident remain unclear but may have involved a dispute regarding Robert 's right of succession , or may have been directed against George Dunbar , Earl of March and the southern Justiciar , Robert Erskine . It was resolved by Robert giving his daughter Isabella in marriage to Douglas 's son , James and with Douglas replacing Erskine as Justiciar south of the Forth . Robert 's accession did affect some others who held offices from David II . In particular , George Dunbar 's brother John Dunbar , the Lord of Fife who lost his claim on Fife and Sir Robert Erskine 's son , Sir Thomas Erskine who lost control of Edinburgh Castle .
The Stewarts greatly increased their holdings in the west , in Atholl , and in the far north : the earldoms of Fife and Menteith went to Robert II 's second surviving son Robert , the earldoms of Buchan and Ross ( along with the lordship of Badenoch ) to his fourth son Alexander and the earldoms of Strathearn and Caithness to the eldest son of his second marriage , David . Importantly , King Robert 's sons @-@ in @-@ law were John MacDonald , Lord of the Isles , John Dunbar , Earl of Moray and James who would become the 2nd Earl of Douglas . Robert 's sons , John , Earl of Carrick , the king 's heir , and Robert , Earl of Fife , were made keepers of the castles of Edinburgh and Stirling respectively , while Alexander , Lord of Badenoch and Ross , and afterwards Earl of Buchan , became the king 's Justiciar and lieutenant in the north of the Kingdom . This build @-@ up of the Stewart family power did not appear to cause resentment among the senior magnates — the king generally did not threaten their territories or local rule and where titles were transferred to his sons the individuals affected were usually very well rewarded . This style of kingship was very different from his predecessor 's — David tried to dominate his nobles whereas Robert 's strategy was to delegate authority to his powerful sons and earls and this generally worked for the first decade of his reign . Robert II was to have influence over eight of the fifteen earldoms either through his sons directly or by strategic marriages of his daughters to powerful lords .
In 1373 , Robert ensured the future security of the Stewart dynasty by having Parliament pass entailments regarding the succession . At this time , none of his sons had heirs so it became necessary for a system to be devised to define precisely the circumstances in which each of his sons could inherit the crown — none of this would take precedence over normal succession by Primogeniture . By 1375 , the king had commissioned John Barbour to write the poem , The Brus , a history intended to bolster the public image of the Stewarts as the genuine heirs of Robert I. It described the patriotic acts of both Sir James , the Black Douglas and Walter the Steward , the king 's father , in their support of Bruce . Robert II 's rule during the 1370s saw the country 's finances stabilised and greatly improved due in part to the flourishing wool trade , reduced calls on the public purse and by the halting of his predecessor 's ransom money on the death of Edward III of England . Robert II — unlike David II whose kingship was predominantly Lothian and therefore lowland based — did not restrict his attention to one sector of his kingdom but frequently visited the more remote areas of the north and west among his Gaelic lords .
Robert II ruled over a country that continued to have English enclaves within its borders and Scots who gave their allegiance to the king of England — the important castles of Berwick , Jedburgh , Lochmaben and Roxburgh had English garrisons and controlled southern Berwickshire , Teviotdale and large areas in Annandale and Tweeddale . In June 1371 , Robert agreed to a defensive treaty with the French , and although there were no outright hostilities during 1372 , the English garrisons were reinforced and placed under an increased state of vigilance . Attacks on the English held zones , with the near @-@ certain backing of Robert , began in 1373 and accelerated in the years 1375 – 7 . This indicated that a central decision had probably been taken for the escalation of conflict rather than the previous small @-@ scale marauding attacks by the border barons . In 1376 , the Earl of March successfully recovered Annandale , but then found himself constrained by the Bruges Anglo @-@ French truce .
In his dealings with Edward III , Robert blamed his border magnates for the escalating attacks on the English zones , but regardless of this the Scots retained the recaptured lands , which were often portioned out among minor lords , so securing their interest in preventing English re @-@ possession . Despite Robert 's further condemnations of his border lords , all the signs were that Robert backed the growing successful Scottish militancy following Edward III 's death in 1377 . In a charter dated 25 July 1378 the king decreed that Coldingham Priory would no longer be a daughter house of the English Durham Priory but was to be attached to Dunfermline Abbey . In early February the Scots — apparently unaware of the conclusion of an Anglo @-@ French truce on 26 January 1384 that included the Scots in the cease @-@ fire — conducted an all @-@ out attack on the English zones winning back Lochmaben Castle and Teviotdale . John of Gaunt led a reciprocal English attack that took him as far as Edinburgh , where he was bought off by the burgesses , but destroyed Haddington . Carrick and James , Earl of Douglas ( his father William had died in April ) , wanted a retaliatory strike for the Gaunt raid . Robert may have concluded that as the French had reneged on a previous agreement to send assistance in 1383 and then having entered into a truce with England , that any military action would have been met with retaliation and exclusion from the forthcoming Boulogne peace talks . On 2 June 1384 , Robert resolved to send Walter Wardlaw , Bishop of Glasgow to the Anglo @-@ French peace talks , yet Carrick ignored this and allowed raids into the north of England to take place . Despite this , by 26 July , the Scots were part of the truce that would expire in October . Robert called a Council in September , probably for working out how to proceed when the truce concluded , and to decide how the war was to proceed thereafter .
= = = Loss of authority and death = = =
Robert 's son , John , Earl of Carrick , had become the foremost Stewart magnate south of the Forth just as Alexander , Earl of Buchan was in the north . Alexander 's activities and methods of royal administration , enforced by Gaelic mercenaries , drew criticism from northern earls and bishops and from his younger half @-@ brother David , Earl of Strathearn . These complaints damaged the king 's standing within the Council leading to criticism of his ability to curb Buchan 's activities . Robert 's differences with the Carrick affinity regarding the conduct of the war and his continued failure or unwillingness to deal with Buchan in the north led to the political convulsion of November 1384 when the Council removed the king 's authority to govern and appointed Carrick as lieutenant of the kingdom — a coup d ’ état had taken place . With Robert sidelined , there was now no impediment in the way of war . In June 1385 , a force of 1200 French soldiers joined the Scots in a campaign that involved the Earl of Douglas and two of Robert 's sons , John , Earl of Carrick and Robert , Earl of Fife . The skirmishes saw small gains but a quarrel between the French and Scottish commanders saw the abandonment of an attack on the important castle of Roxburgh .
The victory of the Scots over the English at the Battle of Otterburn in Northumberland in August 1388 set in motion Carrick 's fall from power . One of the Scottish casualties was Carrick 's close ally James , Earl of Douglas . Douglas died without an heir , which led to various claims upon the title and estate — Carrick backed Malcolm Drummond , the husband of Douglas 's sister , while Fife sided with the successful appellant , Sir Archibald Douglas , lord of Galloway who possessed an entail on the Douglas estates . Fife , now with his powerful Douglas ally , and those who supported the king ensured a countercoup at the December Council meeting when the guardianship of Scotland passed from Carrick ( who had recently been badly injured from a horse @-@ kick ) to Fife . Many had also approved of Fife 's intention to properly resolve the situation of lawlessness in the north and in particular the activities of his younger brother , Buchan . Fife relieved Buchan of his offices of lieutenant of the north and justiciar north of the Forth . The latter role was given to Fife 's son , Murdoch Stewart . Robert II toured the north @-@ east of the kingdom in late January 1390 , perhaps to reinforce the changed political scene in the north following Buchan 's removal from authority . In March , Robert returned to Dundonald Castle in Ayrshire where he died on 19 April and was buried at Scone on 25 April .
= = Historiography = =
The reign of Robert II has undergone a re @-@ appraisal since the works of historians Gordon Donaldson ( 1967 ) and Ranald Nicholson ( 1974 ) . Donaldson admits to a paucity of knowledge ( at the time that he was writing ) regarding Robert 's reign and accepts that the early chroniclers writing near to his reign found little to criticise . Robert 's career before and after he succeeded to the throne is described by Donaldson as " to say the least , undistinguished , and his reign did nothing to add lustre to it . " Donaldson goes further and debates the legality of the canon law marriage of Robert and Elizabeth Mure following the papal dispensation , but acknowledges that the Acts of Succession in 1371 and 1372 , although sealing the matter in the eyes of Parliament , did not end the generational feud of the descendants of Elizabeth Mure and of Euphemia Ross . Robert 's earlier participation in combat at the battles of Halidon and Neville 's Cross , according to Donaldson , had made him wary of sanctioning military expeditions against the English and that any such actions by his barons were concealed from him . Similarly , Nicholson described Robert 's reign as deficient and that his lack of the skills of governance led to internal strife . Nicholson asserts that the Earl of Douglas was bought off following his armed demonstration just before Robert 's coronation , and associates this with the doubt surrounding the legitimacy of Robert 's sons with Elizabeth Mure .
In contrast , the historians Stephen Boardman ( 2007 ) , Alexander Grant ( 1984 & 1992 ) and Michael Lynch ( 1992 ) give a more even @-@ handed appraisal of Robert II 's life . Modern historians show a kingdom that had become wealthier and more stable particularly during the first decade of his rule . Boardman explains that Robert II was subjected to negative propaganda while he was High Steward — David II 's followers denigrated his conduct during his lieutenancies and described them as " tyranny " — and again later as king when the supporters of his son John , Earl of Carrick said that Robert was a king lacking drive and accomplishments , weighed down by age and unfit to govern . Robert II 's association with Gaelic Scotland also drew criticism . He grew up in his ancestral lands in the west and was completely at ease with the Gaelic language and culture and possessed a potent relationship with the Gaelic lords in the Hebrides , upper Perthshire and Argyll . Throughout his reign , Robert spent long periods in his Gaelic heartlands and complaints at the time in Lowland Scotland seem to have been influenced by the view that the king was too much involved in Gaelic concerns . Boardman also asserts that much of the negative views held of Robert II find their origins in the writings of the French chronicler Jean Froissart who recorded that ' [ the king ] had red bleared eyes , of the colour of sandalwood , which clearly showed that he was no valiant man , but one who would remain at home than march to the field ' . Contrary to Froissart 's view , the early Scottish chroniclers — Andrew of Wyntoun and Walter Bower ( who both utilised a source that was nearly contemporary with Robert II ) — and later 15th and 16th century Scottish chroniclers and poets showed ' Robert II as a Scottish patriotic hero , a defender of the integrity of the Scottish kingdom , and as the direct heir to Robert I ' .
Grant ( 1992 ) acknowledges that Robert II 's reign in terms of foreign and domestic policy was " not so unsuccessful " . As far as William , Earl of Douglas 's reaction was concerned when he staged an armed demonstration before Robert 's coronation , Grant does not hold to the view that Douglas was in some way demonstrating against Robert 's legitimate right to the throne , but more an assertion that royal patronage should not continue as in the time of David II . Grant also advocates that the demonstration was aimed at father and son Robert and Thomas Erskine , who held the castles of Edinburgh , Stirling and Dumbarton from Robert 's predecessor . Grant seriously called into question the dependability of Froissart 's writings as an effective source for Robert II 's reign . Influential magnate coalitions headed by Carrick , having undermined the king 's position , manipulated the Council of November 1384 to effectively oust Robert II from any real power . Grant gives little weight to the asserted senility of Robert , and suggests that the deposition of Carrick in 1388 , and then the resolution to join the Anglo @-@ French truce of 1389 , were both at the instigation of Robert II . Yet power was not handed back to Robert II but to Carrick 's younger brother , Robert , earl of Fife which once again saw the king at the disposition of one of his sons . Despite this , the now unknown source whom both Wyntoun and Bower relied on made the point that Fife deferred to his father on affairs of state emphasising the difference in styles in the guardianships of his two sons .
Michael Lynch points out that Robert II 's reign from 1371 until the lieutenancy of Carrick in 1384 had been one exemplified by continued prosperity and stability - a time which Abbot Bower described as a period of " tranquility , prosperity and peace " . Lynch suggests that the troubles of the 1450s between James II and the Douglases ( which some historians have interpreted as the legacy of Robert II 's policy of encouraging powerful lordships ) , was in fact a continuation of David II 's build @-@ up of local lords in the Marches and Galloway — Robert was satisfied with government to leave alone the Douglas and the Stewart earls in their fiefdoms . The weakening of government if anything , Lynch suggests , came not before the 1384 coup but after it , despite the fact that the coup had at its root Robert II 's favouring of his third son , Alexander Stewart , Earl of Buchan ( known as the Wolf of Badenoch ) .
= = Fictional portrayals = =
Robert II has been depicted in historical novels . They include :
The Three Perils of Man ; or , War , women , and witchcraft ( 1822 ) by James Hogg . The tale takes place in the reign of Robert II whose " country enjoyed happiness and peace , all save a part adjoining to the borders of England . " Part of the action takes place at Linlithgow Palace , where Robert promises to marry his daughter Margaret Stewart " to the knight who shall take that castle of Roxburgh out of the hands of the English " . With Margaret adding her own terms , that " in case of his attempting and failing in the undertaking , he shall forfeit all his lands , castles , towns , and towers to me . " In the absence of volunteers , Margaret vows to take the Castle herself , defeating Lord Musgrave and his mistress Jane Howard .
The Lords of Misrule ( 1976 ) by Nigel Tranter . Covers events from c . 1388 to 1390 . Depicting the last years of Robert II and the rise of Robert III of Scotland to the throne . As the elderly king has grown " feeble , weary and half @-@ blind " , his sons , daughters and other nobles campaign for power . An ungoverned Scotland is ravaged by their conflicts . Robert Stewart , Duke of Albany , and Alexander Stewart , Earl of Buchan , are prominently featured .
Courting Favour ( 2000 ) by Nigel Tranter . Follows the career of John Dunbar , Earl of Moray in the courts of David II of Scotland and Robert II . John is a son @-@ in @-@ law to the latter and serves him as a diplomat .
= = Marriages and issue = =
In 1336 , he first married Elizabeth Mure ( died 1355 ) , daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan . The marriage was criticized for being uncanonical , so he remarried her in 1349 after receiving a papal dispensation in 1347 .
From this union , ten children reached adulthood :
John ( died 1406 ) , who became King of Scotland as Robert III , married Anabella Drummond .
Walter ( died in 1363 ) , husband of Isabella MacDuff , Countess of Fife .
Robert , Earl of Fife and from 1398 Duke of Albany ( died 1420 ) , married in 1361 Margaret Graham , Countess of Menteith , and his second wife in 1381 Muriella Keith ( died in 1449 ) .
Alexander Stewart , Earl of Buchan ( died 1405 ) , nicknamed " The Wolf of Badenoch " , married in 1382 to Euphemia of Ross .
Margaret , married John of Islay , Lord of the Isles .
Marjorie , married John Dunbar , Earl of Moray , then Sir Alexander Keith .
Elizabeth married Thomas de la Hay , Lord High Constable of Scotland .
Isabella ( died 1410 ) , married James Douglas , 2nd Earl of Douglas ( died in 1388 ) , followed in 1389 by David Edmonstone .
Johanna ( Jean ) , married Sir John Keith ( died 1375 ) , then John Lyon , Lord of Glamis ( died 1383 ) and finally Sir James Sandilands .
Katherine , married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig , Lord High Admiral of Scotland .
In 1355 , Robert married his second wife Euphemia de Ross ( died 1387 ) , daughter of Hugh , Earl of Ross . They had four children :
David Stewart , Earl of Strathearn , born about 1356 and died in 1389 .
Walter Stewart , Earl of Atholl , born about 1360 , beheaded at Edinburgh in 1437 for being involved in the assassination of King James I.
Elizabeth , who married in 1380 David Lindsay , 1st Earl of Crawford .
Egidia , who married in 1387 William Douglas of Nithsdale .
King Robert II has also many illegitimate children with several mistresses , including four sons with his favorite Mariota Cardeny , daughter of Sir Cardeny , and widow of Alexander Mac Naugthon :
Alexander Stewart , of Inverlunan
Sir John Stewart , of Cardeny
James Stewart , of Abernethy and Kinfauna
Walter Stewart
Other issue born by unknown women :
John Stewart , sheriff of Bute
Thomas Stewart , archdeacon of St Andrews
Alexander Stewart , canon of Glasgow
Maria or Mary Stewart , wife of Sir John de Danielstoun and mother of Sir Robert de Danielstoun of that Ilk ( ancestor of Cunningham of Kilmaurs , and Maxwell of Calderwood )
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= Neil Armstrong =
Neil Alden Armstrong ( August 5 , 1930 – August 25 , 2012 ) was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon . He was also an aerospace engineer , naval aviator , test pilot , and university professor . Before becoming an astronaut , Armstrong was an officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the Korean War . After the war , he earned his bachelor 's degree at Purdue University and served as a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) High @-@ Speed Flight Station , where he logged over 900 flights . He later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California .
A participant in the U.S. Air Force 's Man in Space Soonest and X @-@ 20 Dyna @-@ Soar human spaceflight programs , Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1962 . He made his first space flight as command pilot of Gemini 8 in March 1966 , becoming NASA 's first civilian astronaut to fly in space . He performed the first docking of two spacecraft , with pilot David Scott . This mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his reentry control fuel to prevent a dangerous spin caused by a stuck thruster , in the first in @-@ flight space emergency .
Armstrong 's second and last spaceflight was as commander of Apollo 11 , the first manned Moon landing mission in July 1969 . Armstrong and Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft , while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command / Service Module . Along with Collins and Aldrin , Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon . President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978 . Armstrong and his former crewmates received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009 .
Armstrong died in Cincinnati , Ohio , on August 25 , 2012 , at the age of 82 , after complications from coronary artery bypass surgery .
= = Early years = =
Neil Armstrong was born on August 5 , 1930 , to Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel in Auglaize County , near Wapakoneta , Ohio . He was of Scottish , Irish , and German ancestry , and had two younger siblings , June and Dean . Stephen Armstrong worked as an auditor for the Ohio state government ; the family moved around the state repeatedly after Armstrong 's birth , living in 20 towns . Neil 's love for flying grew during this time , having gotten off to an early start when his father took his two @-@ year @-@ old son to the Cleveland Air Races . When he was five , he experienced his first airplane flight in Warren , Ohio on July 20 , 1936 when he and his father took a ride in a Ford Trimotor , also known as the " Tin Goose " .
His father 's last move was in 1944 , back to Neil 's birthplace , Wapakoneta , in Auglaize County . Armstrong attended Blume High School and took flying lessons at the grassy Wapakoneta airfield . He earned a student flight certificate on his 16th birthday , then soloed later in August ; all before he had a driver 's license . Armstrong was active in the Boy Scouts and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . As an adult , he was recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with its Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award . On July 18 , 1969 , while flying towards the Moon inside the Columbia , Armstrong greeted the Scouts : " I 'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at Farragut State Park in Idaho having a National Jamboree there this week ; and Apollo 11 would like to send them best wishes " . Houston replied : " Thank you , Apollo 11 . I 'm sure that , if they didn 't hear that , they 'll get the word through the news . Certainly appreciate that . " Among the very few personal items that Neil Armstrong carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout Badge .
In 1947 , at age 17 , Armstrong began studying aeronautical engineering at Purdue University . He was the second person in his family to attend college . He was also accepted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . The only engineer he knew ( who had attended MIT ) dissuaded him from attending , telling Armstrong that it was not necessary to go all the way to Cambridge , Massachusetts , for a good education .
His college tuition was paid for under the Holloway Plan . Successful applicants committed to two years of study , followed by two years of flight training and one year of service in the U.S. Navy as an aviator , then completion of the final two years of their bachelor 's degree . Candidates had to promise to not marry until graduation , signed the " Aviation Guarantee " to serve on Active Duty for at least four years , and would not receive a promotion to Ensign until two years after they received their Midshipman 's warrant .
= = Navy service = =
Armstrong 's call @-@ up from the Navy arrived on January 26 , 1949 , requiring him to report to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training at age 18 . This lasted almost 18 months , during which he qualified for carrier landing aboard USS Cabot and USS Wright . On August 16 , 1950 , two weeks after his 20th birthday , Armstrong was informed by letter that he was a fully qualified Naval Aviator .
His first assignment was to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 7 at NAS San Diego ( now known as NAS North Island ) . Two months later he was assigned to Fighter Squadron 51 ( VF @-@ 51 ) , an all @-@ jet squadron , and made his first flight in a jet , an F9F @-@ 2B Panther , on January 5 , 1951 . In June , he made his first jet carrier landing on USS Essex and was promoted the same week from Midshipman to Ensign . By the end of the month , Essex had set sail with VF @-@ 51 aboard , bound for Korea , where its VF @-@ 51 would act as ground @-@ attack aircraft .
Armstrong first saw action in the Korean War on August 29 , 1951 , as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin . Five days later on September 3 , he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon @-@ ni , west of Wonsan . While making a low bombing run at about 350 mph ( 560 km / h ) , Armstrong 's F9F Panther was hit by anti @-@ aircraft fire . While trying to regain control , he collided with a pole at a height of about 20 feet ( 6 m ) , which sliced off about three feet ( 1 m ) of the Panther 's right wing . Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory , but due to the loss of the aileron , ejection was his only safe option . He planned to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters , and therefore flew to an airfield near Pohang , but his ejection seat was blown back over land . A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked Armstrong up ; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of No. 125122 F9F @-@ 2 .
Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air , most of which were in January 1952 . He received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions , a Gold Star for the next 20 , and the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star . Armstrong left the Navy at age 22 on August 23 , 1952 , and became a lieutenant ( junior grade ) , in the U.S. Naval Reserve . He remained in the reserve for eight years , then resigned his commission on October 21 , 1960 .
= = College years = =
After his service with the Navy , Armstrong returned to Purdue , where his best grades came in the four semesters following his return from Korea . He had previously earned average marks , but his final GPA was 4 @.@ 8 out of 6 @.@ 0 . He pledged the Phi Delta Theta fraternity after his return and he wrote and co @-@ directed its musical as part of the all @-@ student revue ; he was also a member of Kappa Kappa Psi National Honorary Band Fraternity and a baritone player in the Purdue All @-@ American Marching Band . Armstrong graduated in 1955 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering .
After returning to Purdue , he met Janet Elizabeth Shearon , who was majoring in home economics . According to the couple , there was no real courtship , and neither could remember the exact circumstances of their engagement , except that it occurred while Armstrong was working at the NACA 's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory . They were married on January 28 , 1956 , at the Congregational Church in Wilmette , Illinois . When he moved to Edwards Air Force Base , he lived in the bachelor quarters of the base , while Janet lived in the Westwood district of Los Angeles . After one semester , they moved into a house in Antelope Valley . Janet never finished her degree , a fact she regretted later in life .
The couple had three children together : Eric , Karen , and Mark . In June 1961 , daughter Karen was diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the middle part of her brain stem ; X @-@ ray treatment slowed its growth , but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk . Two @-@ year @-@ old Karen died of pneumonia , related to her weakened health , on January 28 , 1962 .
Armstrong later completed his Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering at the University of Southern California in 1970 . He would eventually be awarded honorary doctorates by several universities .
= = Test pilot = =
Following his graduation from Purdue , Armstrong decided to become an experimental research test pilot . He applied at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) High @-@ Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base , which was later redesignated as the ‘ ‘ NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center ’ ’ in 2014 . Although the committee had no open positions , it forwarded his application to the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland , where Armstrong began working in March 1955 . Armstrong 's stint at Cleveland lasted a couple of months , and by July 1955 he had returned to Edwards AFB for a new job .
On his first day at Edwards , Armstrong was tasked his first assignments , which were to pilot chase planes during releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers . He also flew the modified bombers , and on one of these missions had his first flight incident at Edwards . On March 22 , 1956 , Armstrong was in a Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress , which was to air @-@ drop a Douglas D @-@ 558 @-@ 2 Skyrocket . He sat in the right @-@ hand pilot seat while the left @-@ hand seat commander , Stan Butchart , flew the B @-@ 29 .
As they ascended to 30 @,@ 000 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 km ) , the number @-@ four engine stopped and the propeller began windmilling ( rotating freely ) in the airstream . Hitting the switch that would stop the propeller 's spinning , Butchart found the propeller slowed but then started spinning again , this time even faster than the other engines ; if it spun too fast , it would break apart . Their aircraft needed to hold an airspeed of 210 mph ( 338 km / h ) to launch its Skyrocket payload , and the B @-@ 29 could not land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly . Armstrong and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose @-@ down alignment to increase speed , then launched the Skyrocket . At the instant of launch , the number @-@ four engine propeller disintegrated . Pieces of it damaged the number @-@ three engine and hit the number @-@ two engine . Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the number @-@ three engine , due to damage , and the number @-@ one engine , due to the torque it created . They made a slow , circling descent from 30 @,@ 000 ft ( 9 @,@ 000 m ) using only the number @-@ two engine , and landed safely .
As a research pilot , Armstrong served as project pilot on the F @-@ 100 Super Sabre A and C variants , F @-@ 101 Voodoo , and the Lockheed F @-@ 104A Starfighter . He also flew the Bell X @-@ 1B , Bell X @-@ 5 , North American X @-@ 15 , F @-@ 105 Thunderchief , F @-@ 106 Delta Dart , B @-@ 47 Stratojet , KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker , and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the paraglider research vehicle program ( Paresev ) .
Armstrong 's first flight in a rocket plane was on August 15 , 1957 , in the Bell X @-@ 1B , to an altitude of 11 @.@ 4 miles ( 18 @.@ 3 km ) . The nose landing gear broke on landing , which had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X @-@ 1B due to the aircraft 's design . He later flew the North American X @-@ 15 seven times ; his penultimate flight reached an altitude of 207 @,@ 500 feet ( 63 @.@ 2 km ) .
Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore and / or were chronicled in the memoirs of colleagues . The first occurred during his sixth X @-@ 15 flight on April 20 , 1962 , while Armstrong tested a self @-@ adjusting control system . He flew to a height of over 207 @,@ 000 feet ( 63 km ) , ( the highest he flew before Gemini 8 ) , but the aircraft nose was held up too long during descent and the X @-@ 15 bounced off the atmosphere back up to 140 @,@ 000 feet ( 43 km ) . At that altitude , the air is so thin that aerodynamic surfaces have almost no effect . He flew past the landing field at Mach 3 ( 2 @,@ 000 mph ( 3 @,@ 200 km / h ) ) at over 100 @,@ 000 feet ( 30 km ) in altitude , and ended up 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of Edwards . After sufficient descent , he turned back toward the landing area , and barely managed to land without striking Joshua trees at the south end . It was the longest X @-@ 15 flight in both time and distance from the ground track .
Four days later , Armstrong was involved in a second incident , when he flew for the only time with Chuck Yeager . Their job , flying a Lockheed T @-@ 33 Shooting Star , was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake for use as an emergency landing site for the X @-@ 15 . In his autobiography , Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains , but Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway . As they attempted a touch @-@ and @-@ go , the wheels became stuck and they had to wait for rescue . Armstrong tells a different version of events , where Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake . Then Yeager told him to try again , this time a bit slower . On the second landing , they became stuck and according to Armstrong , Yeager was in fits of laughter .
Many of the test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong 's engineering ability . Milt Thompson said he was " the most technically capable of the early X @-@ 15 pilots . " Bill Dana said Armstrong " had a mind that absorbed things like a sponge . " Those who flew for the Air Force tended to have a different opinion , especially people like Yeager and Pete Knight , who did not have engineering degrees . Knight said that pilot @-@ engineers flew in a way that was " more mechanical than it is flying , " and gave this as the reason why some pilot @-@ engineers got into trouble : their flying skills did not come naturally .
A few weeks later on May 21 , 1962 , Armstrong was involved in what Edwards ' folklore called the " Nellis Affair . " He was sent in a Lockheed F @-@ 104 Starfighter to inspect Delamar Dry Lake in southern Nevada , again for emergency landings . He misjudged his altitude , and also did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended . As he touched down , the landing gear began to retract ; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing , but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground , damaging the radio and releasing hydraulic fluid . Without radio communication , Armstrong flew south to Nellis Air Force Base , past the control tower , and waggled his wings , the signal for a no @-@ radio approach . The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the tail @-@ hook to release , and upon landing , he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain , and dragged the chain along the runway .
It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig an arresting cable and Armstrong telephoned Edwards and asked for someone to collect him . Milt Thompson was sent in an F @-@ 104B , the only two @-@ seater available , but a plane Thompson had never flown . With great difficulty , Thompson made it to Nellis , but a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout . The runway was again closed to clear it , and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis in a T @-@ 33 Shooting Star , but he almost landed long — and the Nellis base operations office decided that to avoid any further problems , it would be best to find the three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards .
Armstrong made seven flights in the X @-@ 15 from November 1960 to July 1962 . He reached a top altitude of 207 @,@ 500 feet ( 63 @.@ 2 km ) in the X @-@ 15 @-@ 3 , and a top speed of Mach 5 @.@ 74 ( 3 @,@ 989 mph ( 6 @,@ 420 km / h ) ) in the X @-@ 15 @-@ 1 ; he left the Dryden Flight Research Center with a total of 2 @,@ 400 flying hours . Over his career , he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft .
= = Astronaut career = =
In 1958 , Armstrong had been selected for the U.S. Air Force 's Man In Space Soonest program . In November 1960 , he was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the X @-@ 20 Dyna @-@ Soar , a military space plane under development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force , and on March 15 , 1962 , he was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot @-@ engineers who would fly the space plane when it got off the design board .
In the months after the announcement that applications were being sought for the second group of NASA astronauts , Armstrong became more and more excited about the prospects of both the Apollo program and of investigating a new aeronautical environment . Armstrong 's astronaut application arrived about a week past the June 1 , 1962 , deadline . Dick Day , with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards , saw the late arrival of the application and slipped it into the pile before anyone noticed . At Brooks Air Force Base at the end of June , Armstrong underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly pointless .
Deke Slayton called Armstrong on September 13 , 1962 , and asked whether he would be interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press dubbed " the New Nine " ; without hesitation , Armstrong said yes . The selections were kept secret until three days later , although newspaper reports had been circulating since earlier that year that he would be selected as the " first civilian astronaut . " Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for the second group ; the other was Elliot See , also a former naval aviator . See was scheduled to command Gemini 9 , but died in a T @-@ 38 crash in 1966 that also took the life of crewmate Charles Bassett . Armstrong was the first American civilian in space , but the first civilian was Valentina Tereshkova of the Soviet Union , nearly three years earlier . A textile worker and amateur parachutist , she was aboard Vostok 6 when it launched on June 16 , 1963 .
= = = Gemini program = = =
= = = = Gemini 8 = = = =
The crew assignments for Gemini 8 were announced on September 20 , 1965 , with Armstrong as Command Pilot and David Scott as Pilot . Scott was the first member of the third group of astronauts to receive a prime crew assignment . The mission launched on March 16 , 1966 ; it was to be the most complex yet , with a rendezvous and docking with the unmanned Agena target vehicle , the second American extra @-@ vehicular activity ( EVA ) by Scott . In total , the mission was planned to last 75 hours and 55 orbits . After the Agena lifted off at 10 a.m. EST , the Titan II carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11 : 41 : 02 am EST , putting them into an orbit from where they would chase the Agena .
The rendezvous and first @-@ ever docking between two spacecraft was successfully completed after 6 @.@ 5 hours in orbit . Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their entire orbits . Out of contact with the ground , the docked spacecraft began to roll , and Armstrong attempted to correct this with the Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System ( OAMS ) of the Gemini spacecraft . Following the earlier advice of Mission Control , they undocked , but found that the roll increased dramatically to the point where they were turning about once per second , which meant the problem was in their Gemini 's attitude control . Armstrong decided the only course of action was to engage the Reentry Control System ( RCS ) and turn off the OAMS . Mission rules dictated that once this system was turned on , the spacecraft would have to reenter at the next possible opportunity . It was later thought that damaged wiring made one of the thrusters become stuck in the on position .
Throughout the astronaut office there were a few people , most notably Walter Cunningham , who publicly stated that Armstrong and Scott had ignored the malfunction procedures for such an incident , and that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings , saving the other for mission objectives . These criticisms were unfounded ; no malfunction procedures were written and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings , not just one or the other . Gene Kranz wrote , " the crew reacted as they were trained , and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong . " The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft are docked together , they must be considered to be one spacecraft .
Armstrong himself was depressed that the mission had been cut short , canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA .
= = = = Gemini 11 = = = =
The last assignment for Armstrong in the Gemini program was as the back @-@ up Command Pilot for Gemini 11 , announced two days after the landing of Gemini 8 . Having trained for two flights , Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and was more in a teaching role for the rookie backup Pilot , William Anders . The launch was on September 12 , 1966 , with Pete Conrad and Dick Gordon on board , who successfully completed the mission objectives , while Armstrong served as CAPCOM .
Following the flight , President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24 @-@ day goodwill tour of South America . Also on the tour , which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities , were Dick Gordon , George Low , their wives , and other government officials . In Paraguay , Armstrong impressed dignitaries by greeting them in their local language , Guarani ; in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian @-@ born Alberto Santos @-@ Dumont , who was regarded as having beaten the Wright brothers with the first flying machine with his 14 @-@ bis .
= = = Apollo program = = =
On January 27 , 1967 , the date of the Apollo 1 fire , Armstrong was in Washington , D.C. , with Gordon Cooper , Dick Gordon , Jim Lovell and Scott Carpenter for the signing of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty . The astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 6 : 45 p.m. when Carpenter went to the airport , and the others returned to the Georgetown Inn , where they each found messages to phone the Manned Spacecraft Center . During these telephone calls , they learned of the deaths of Gus Grissom , Ed White and Roger Chaffee . Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened .
On April 5 , 1967 , the same day the Apollo 1 investigation released its report on the fire , Armstrong assembled with 17 other astronauts for a meeting with Deke Slayton . The first thing Slayton said was , " The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room . " According to Eugene Cernan , Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement . To Armstrong it came as no surprise — the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini , the only people who could fly the lunar missions . Slayton talked about the planned missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for Apollo 9 , which at that stage was planned to be a medium Earth orbit test of the Lunar Module @-@ Command / Service Module combination . After design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module ( LM ) , Apollo 9 and Apollo 8 swapped crews . Based on the normal crew rotation scheme , Armstrong would command Apollo 11 .
To give the astronauts experience with how the LM would fly on its final landing descent , NASA commissioned Bell Aircraft to build two Lunar Landing Research Vehicles , later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles ( LLTV ) . Nicknamed the " Flying Bedsteads " , they simulated the Moon 's one @-@ sixth of Earth 's gravity by using a turbofan engine to support the remaining five @-@ sixths of the craft 's weight . On May 6 , 1968 , about 100 feet ( 30 m ) above the ground , Armstrong 's controls started to degrade and the LLTV began banking . He ejected safely ( later analysis suggested that if he had ejected half a second later , his parachute would not have opened in time ) . His only injury was from biting his tongue . Even though he was nearly killed , Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and LLTV , the lunar landings would not have been successful , as they gave commanders valuable experience in the behavior of lunar landing craft .
= = = = Apollo 11 = = = =
After Armstrong served as backup commander for Apollo 8 , Slayton offered him the post of commander of Apollo 11 on December 23 , 1968 , as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon . In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong 's biography in 2005 , Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Armstrong as commander , lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin and command module pilot Michael Collins , he was offering the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell . After thinking it over for a day , Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin , as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command . Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the Lunar Module Pilot , unofficially the lowest ranked member , and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell , the commander of Gemini 12 , in the number 3 position of the crew .
A March 1969 meeting between Slayton , George Low , Bob Gilruth , and Chris Kraft determined that Armstrong would be the first person on the Moon , in some part because NASA management saw Armstrong as a person who did not have a large ego . A press conference held on April 14 , 1969 , gave the design of the LM cabin as the reason for Armstrong 's being first ; the hatch opened inwards and to the right , making it difficult for the lunar module pilot , on the right @-@ hand side , to exit first . Slayton added , " Secondly , just on a pure protocol basis , I figured the commander ought to be the first guy out ... I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that . Bob Gilruth approved my decision . " At the time of their meeting , the four men did not know about the hatch consideration . The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his 2001 autobiography .
On July 16 , 1969 , Armstrong received a crescent Moon carved out of Styrofoam from the pad leader , Guenter Wendt , who described it as a key to the Moon . In return , Armstrong gave Wendt a ticket for a " space taxi " " good between two planets " .
= = = = = Voyage to the Moon = = = = =
During the Apollo 11 launch , Armstrong 's heart reached a top rate of 110 beats per minute . He found the first stage to be the loudest — much noisier than the Gemini 8 Titan II launch — and the Apollo CSM was relatively roomy compared to the Gemini capsule . This ability to move around was suspected to be the reason why none of the Apollo 11 crew suffered from space sickness , while members of previous crews did . Armstrong was especially happy , as he had been prone to motion sickness as a child and could experience nausea after doing long periods of aerobatics .
The objective of Apollo 11 was to land safely rather than to touch down with precision on a particular spot . Three minutes into the lunar descent burn , Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early , which meant the Eagle would probably touch down beyond the planned landing zone by several miles . As the Eagle 's landing radar acquired the surface , several computer error alarms appeared . The first was a code 1202 alarm , and even with their extensive training , neither Armstrong nor Aldrin was aware of what this code meant . They promptly received word from CAPCOM Charles Duke in Houston that the alarms were not a concern ; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused by an executive overflow in the lunar module computer . As described by Buzz Aldrin in the documentary In the Shadow of the Moon , the overflow condition was caused by his own counter @-@ checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing process , so the computer had to process unnecessary radar data and did not have enough time to execute all tasks , dropping lower @-@ priority ones . Aldrin stated that he did so with the objective of facilitating re @-@ docking with the CM should an abort become necessary , not realizing that it would cause the overflow condition .
When Armstrong noticed they were heading towards a landing area which he believed was unsafe , he took over manual control of the LM , and attempted to find an area which seemed safer , taking longer than expected , and longer than most simulations had taken . For this reason , there was concern from mission control that the LM was running low on fuel . Upon landing , Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had about 40 seconds worth of fuel left , including the 20 seconds worth of fuel which had to be saved in the event of an abort . During training , Armstrong had landed the LLTV with less than 15 seconds left on several occasions , and he was also confident the LM could survive a straight @-@ down fall from 50 feet ( 15 m ) if needed . Analysis after the mission showed that at touchdown there were 45 to 50 seconds of propellant burn time left .
The landing on the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on July 20 , 1969 , at which time one of three 67 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) -long probes attached to three of the Lunar Module 's four legs made contact with the surface , a panel light inside the LM lit up , and Aldrin called out , " Contact light . " Armstrong shut the engine off and said , " shutdown . " As the LM settled onto the surface , Aldrin said , " Okay . Engine stop " , then they both called out some post @-@ landing checklist items . After a ten @-@ second pause , Duke acknowledged the landing with , " We copy you down , Eagle . " Armstrong announced the landing to Mission Control and the world with the words , " Houston , Tranquility Base here . The Eagle has landed . " Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back before quickly returning to the checklist of tasks needed to ready the lunar module for liftoff from the Moon should an emergency unfold during the first moments on the lunar surface . After Armstrong had confirmed touch @-@ down , Duke re @-@ acknowledged , and expressed the flight controllers ' anxiety : " Roger , ... Tranquility . We copy you on the ground . You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue . We 're breathing again . Thanks a lot . " During the landing , Armstrong 's heart rate , at one point , reached 160 beats per minute , according to the NASA Apollo 11 Mission Report .
= = = = = First Moon walk = = = = =
Although the official NASA flight plan called for a crew rest period before extra @-@ vehicular activity , Armstrong requested that the EVA be moved to earlier in the evening , Houston time . Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside , Eagle was depressurized , the hatch was opened and Armstrong made his way down the ladder first .
At the bottom of the ladder Armstrong said , " I 'm going to step off the LEM now " ( referring to the Apollo Lunar Module ) . He then turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 2 : 56 UTC July 21 , 1969 , then spoke the famous words , " That 's one small step for [ a ] man , one giant leap for mankind . "
Armstrong prepared his famous epigram on his own . In a post @-@ flight press conference , he said that he decided on the words " just prior to leaving the LM [ lunar module ] . " In a 1983 interview in Esquire Magazine , Armstrong explained to George Plimpton : " I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth , but I thought the chances of a successful touchdown on the moon surface were about even money — fifty – fifty ... Most people don 't realize how difficult the mission was . So it didn 't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we 'd have to abort landing . " In 2012 , brother Dean Armstrong claimed that Neil had shown him a note with a draft of the line months before the launch , although historian Andrew Chaikin , who had interviewed the astronaut in 1988 for his book A Man on the Moon , disputed that he had ever claimed coming up with the line spontaneously during the mission .
Recordings of Armstrong 's transmission do not evidence the indefinite article " a " before " man " , though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static had obscured it . Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake , but after repeated listenings to recordings , he eventually admitted he must have dropped the " a " . He later said he " would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended , even if it was not said — although it might actually have been " .
It has since been claimed that acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing " a " ; Peter Shann Ford , an Australia @-@ based computer programmer , conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did , in fact , say " a man " , but the " a " was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time . Ford and James R. Hansen , Armstrong 's authorized biographer , presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives , who conducted their own analysis . Armstrong found Ford 's analysis " persuasive . " However , the article by Ford was published on Ford 's own web site rather than in a peer @-@ reviewed scientific journal , and linguists David Beaver and Mark Liberman wrote of their skepticism of Ford 's claims on the blog Language Log . Thus , NASA 's transcript continues to show the " a " in parentheses .
When Armstrong made his proclamation , Voice of America was rebroadcast live via the BBC and many other stations worldwide . The estimated global audience at that moment was 450 million listeners , out of a then estimated world population of 3 @.@ 631 billion people .
About 20 minutes after the first step , Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface and became the second human to set foot on the Moon , and the duo began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface . Early on , they unveiled a plaque commemorating their flight , and also planted the flag of the United States . The flag used on this mission had a metal rod to hold it horizontal from its pole . Since the rod did not fully extend , and the flag was tightly folded and packed during the journey , the flag ended up with a slightly wavy appearance , as if there were a breeze . Shortly after their flag planting , President Richard Nixon spoke to them by a telephone call from his office . The President spoke for about a minute , after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds .
In the entire Apollo 11 photographic record , there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected . The mission was planned to the minute , with the majority of photographic tasks to be performed by Armstrong with a single Hasselblad camera .
After helping to set up the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package , Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater , 65 yards ( 59 m ) east of the LM , the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission . Armstrong 's final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to deceased Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov , and Apollo 1 astronauts Gus Grissom , Ed White and Roger B. Chaffee . The time spent on EVA during Apollo 11 was about two and a half hours , the shortest of any of the six Apollo lunar landing missions ; each of the subsequent five landings were allotted gradually longer periods for EVA activities — the crew of Apollo 17 , by comparison , spent over 22 hours exploring the lunar surface .
In a 2010 interview , Armstrong explained that NASA limited his Moon walk to two hours because they were unsure how the spacesuits would handle the extreme temperature of the Moon .
In 2013 , Popular Science 's photo gallery included a photo that Armstrong took of Aldrin but his own image is visible on Aldrin 's helmet as one of the best astronaut selfies .
= = = = = Return to Earth = = = = =
After they re @-@ entered the LM , the hatch was closed and sealed . While preparing for the liftoff from the lunar surface , Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that , in their bulky spacesuits , they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine ; using part of a pen , they pushed the circuit breaker in to activate the launch sequence . The lunar module then continued to its rendezvous and docked with Columbia , the command and service module . The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean , to be picked up by the USS Hornet .
After being released from an 18 @-@ day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon , the crew were feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 45 @-@ day " Giant Leap " tour . Armstrong then took part in Bob Hope 's 1969 USO show , primarily to Vietnam .
Later from October 29 – 31 , 1969 he and the rest of the Apollo 11 astronauts visited the city of Tehran , capital of Iran , where he met Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the rest of the nation 's royal family .
In May 1970 , Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research ; after arriving in Leningrad from Poland , he traveled to Moscow where he met Premier Alexei Kosygin . He was the first westerner to see the supersonic Tupolev Tu @-@ 144 and was given a tour of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center , which Armstrong described as " a bit Victorian in nature " . At the end of the day , he was surprised to view delayed video of the launch of Soyuz 9 — it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place , even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband , Andriyan Nikolayev , was on board .
= = Life after Apollo = =
= = = Teaching = = =
Armstrong announced shortly after the Apollo 11 flight that he did not plan to fly in space again . He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology , Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) , but served in this position for only a year , and resigned from it and NASA as a whole in 1971 .
He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati , having decided on Cincinnati over other universities , including his alma mater , Purdue , because it had a small aerospace department ; he hoped that the faculty members would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only the USC master 's degree . He began the work while stationed at Edwards years before , and finally completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo , instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight . The official job title he received at Cincinnati was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering . After teaching for eight years , he resigned in 1979 without explaining his reason for leaving .
= = = NASA accident investigations = = =
Armstrong served on two spaceflight accident investigations . The first was in 1970 , after Apollo 13 , where as part of Edgar Cortright 's panel , he produced a detailed chronology of the flight . Armstrong opposed the report 's recommendation to re @-@ design the service module 's oxygen tanks , the source of the explosion . In 1986 , President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the Rogers Commission which investigated the Space @-@ shuttle Challenger disaster of that year . As vice @-@ chairman , Armstrong was in charge of the operational side of the commission .
= = = Business activities = = =
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971 , he acted as a spokesman for several businesses . The first company to successfully approach him was Chrysler , for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January 1979 . Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division , plus they were in financial difficulty . He later acted as a spokesman for other companies , including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America . He acted as a spokesman for U.S. businesses only .
Along with spokesman duties , he also served on the board of directors of several companies , including Marathon Oil , Learjet , Cinergy ( Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company ) , Taft Broadcasting , United Airlines , Eaton Corporation , AIL Systems and Thiokol . He joined Thiokol 's board after he served on the Rogers Commission ; the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed due to a problem with the Thiokol @-@ manufactured solid rocket boosters . He retired as chairman of the board of EDO Corporation in 2002 .
= = = North Pole expedition = = =
In 1985 , professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take the then " greatest explorers " to the North Pole . The group included Armstrong , Edmund Hillary , Hillary 's son Peter , Steve Fossett , and Patrick Morrow , and arrived on April 6 , 1985 . Armstrong said he was curious to see what the North Pole looked like from ground level , as he 'd only seen it from the Moon .
= = = Television and film = = =
In 2010 , he voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in Quantum Quest : A Cassini Space Odyssey , a 2010 animated educational sci @-@ fi adventure film initiated by JPL / NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab . Between 1991 and 1993 , he hosted First Flights with Neil Armstrong , an aviation history documentary series on A & E.
= = Personal life = =
Unlike former astronauts who actively sought political careers after leaving NASA ( such as U.S. Senators John Glenn ( D @-@ OH , 1974 – 1999 ) and Harrison Schmitt ( R @-@ NM , 1977 – 1983 ) ) , Armstrong was approached by political groups from both parties , but declined all offers . He described his political leanings as favoring states ' rights and opposing the United States acting as the " world 's policeman " .
In the late 1950s , Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop . When asked for his religious affiliation , he labeled himself as a deist . His mother later said that Armstrong 's religious views caused her grief and distress in later life as she was more religious . His official biography also describes him as a deist .
In 1972 , Armstrong was welcomed into the town of Langholm , Scotland , the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong ; he was made the first freeman of the burgh , and happily declared the town his home . The Justice of the Peace read from an unrepealed 400 @-@ year @-@ old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town .
In the fall of 1979 , Armstrong was working at his farm near Lebanon , Ohio . As he jumped off of the back of his grain truck , his wedding ring caught in the wheel , tearing off the tip of his ring finger . He collected the severed digit and packed it in ice , and surgeons reattached it at the Jewish Hospital in Louisville , Kentucky . In February 1991 , a year after his father had died , and nine months after the death of his mother , he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at Aspen , Colorado .
Armstrong married his first wife Janet Shearon on January 28 , 1956 . Their first son Eric was born in 1957 , followed by daughter , Karen , in 1959 . Karen died of a brain tumor in January 1962 , and the couple 's second son Mark was born in 1963 . Armstrong 's first wife , Janet , divorced him in 1994 , after 38 years of marriage . He had met his second wife , Carol Held Knight ( b . 1945 ) , in 1992 at a golf tournament , where they were seated together at the breakfast table . She said little to Armstrong , but two weeks later she received a call from him asking what she was doing — she replied she was cutting down a cherry tree ; 35 minutes later Armstrong was at her house to help out . They were married on June 12 , 1994 , in Ohio , and then had a second ceremony , at San Ysidro Ranch , in California . He lived in Indian Hill , Ohio .
Armstrong is generally referred to as a " reluctant " American Hero . John Glenn , the first American to orbit Earth , recalled Armstrong 's legendary humility . " He didn 't feel that he should be out huckstering himself , " the former Ohio senator told CNN . " He was a humble person , and that 's the way he remained after his lunar flight , as well as before . "
After 1994 , Armstrong refused all requests for autographs because he found that his signed items were selling for large amounts of money and that many forgeries were in circulation ; any requests that were sent to him received a form letter in reply , saying that he had stopped signing . Although his no @-@ autograph policy was well known , author Andrew Smith observed people at the 2002 Reno Air Races still trying to get signatures , with one person even claiming , " If you shove something close enough in front of his face , he 'll sign . " He also stopped sending out congratulatory letters to new Eagle Scouts , because he believed these letters should come from people who know the Scouts personally .
Use of Armstrong 's name , image , and famous quote caused him problems over the years . MTV wanted to use his quote for its now @-@ famous identity depicting the Apollo 11 landing when it launched in 1981 , but he refused . Armstrong sued Hallmark Cards in 1994 after they used his name and a recording of the " one small step " quote in a Christmas ornament without permission . The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money which Armstrong donated to Purdue .
In May 2005 , Armstrong became involved in an unusual legal dispute with his barber of 20 years , Mark Sizemore . After cutting Armstrong 's hair , Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $ 3 @,@ 000 without Armstrong 's knowledge or permission . Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong 's choosing . Sizemore , unable to retrieve the hair , decided to donate the proceeds to the charity of Armstrong 's choice .
Since the early 1980s , Armstrong has been the subject of a hoax saying that he converted to Islam after hearing the adhan , the Muslim call to prayer , while walking on the Moon . The Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called " Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan " ( " The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon " ) which described Armstrong 's conversion ; the song was discussed widely in various Jakarta news outlets in 1983 . Other similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia . In March 1983 , the U.S. State Department responded by issuing a global message to Muslims saying that Armstrong " has not converted to Islam " . However , the hoax was not completely quieted ; it surfaced occasionally for the next three decades . A part of the confusion stems from the similarity between Armstrong 's American residence in Lebanon , Ohio , and the country Lebanon which has a majority population of Muslims .
= = Illness and death = =
Armstrong underwent vascular bypass surgery on August 7 , 2012 , to relieve blocked coronary arteries . Although he was reportedly recovering well , he developed complications in the hospital and died on August 25 , in Cincinnati , Ohio . After his death , Armstrong was described , in a statement released by the White House , as " among the greatest of American heroes — not just of his time , but of all time " . The statement further said that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States ' citizens and that he had delivered " a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten . "
His family released a statement describing Armstrong as a " reluctant American hero [ who had ] served his nation proudly , as a navy fighter pilot , test pilot , and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man , we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true , to be willing to explore and push the limits , and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves . For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil , we have a simple request . Honor his example of service , accomplishment and modesty , and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you , think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink . " This prompted many responses , including the Twitter hashtag " # WinkAtTheMoon " .
Armstrong 's colleague on the Apollo 11 mission , Buzz Aldrin , said that he was " deeply saddened by the passing . I know I am joined by millions of others in mourning the passing of a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew . I had truly hoped that on July 20th , 2019 , Neil , Mike and I would be standing together to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of our moon landing ... Regrettably , this is not to be . " Apollo 11 Command Module pilot Michael Collins said , of Armstrong , " He was the best , and I will miss him terribly . " NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said that : " As long as there are history books , Neil Armstrong will be included in them , remembered for taking humankind 's first small step on a world beyond our own " .
A tribute was held in Armstrong 's honor on September 13 at Washington National Cathedral , whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained @-@ glass panels . In attendance were Armstrong 's Apollo 11 crewmates , Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin ; Eugene A. Cernan , the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon ; and former Senator and astronaut John Glenn , the first American to orbit the Earth . In a eulogy , Charles Bolden said , " Neil will always be remembered for taking humankind 's first small step on a world beyond our own , but it was the courage , grace , and humility he displayed throughout this life that lifted him above the stars . " Eugene Cernan recalled Armstrong 's low @-@ fuel approach to the Moon : " When the gauge says empty we all know there 's a gallon or two left in the tank ! " Diana Krall sang the song " Fly Me to the Moon " . Michael Collins led prayers . Aldrin and Collins left immediately after the event . The Apollo 15 commander , David Scott , spoke to the press ; he recalled the Gemini 8 mission with Armstrong when he spoke , possibly for the first time , about an incident in which glue spilled on his harness and prevented it from locking correctly minutes before the hatch had to be sealed or the mission aborted . Armstrong then called on back @-@ up pilot Pete Conrad to solve the problem , which he did , to continue the mission without stopping the countdown clock . " That happened because Neil Armstrong was a team player , he always worked on behalf of the team . "
On September 14 , Armstrong 's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean during a burial @-@ at @-@ sea ceremony aboard the USS Philippine Sea . Flags were flown at half @-@ staff on the day of Armstrong 's funeral .
= = Legacy = =
Armstrong received many honors and awards , including the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the Congressional Space Medal of Honor , the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy , the Sylvanus Thayer Award , the Collier Trophy from the National Aeronautics Association , and the Congressional Gold Medal . The lunar crater Armstrong , 31 mi ( 50 km ) from the Apollo 11 landing site , and asteroid 6469 Armstrong are named in his honor . Armstrong was also inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor , the National Aviation Hall of Fame , and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame . Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution .
Throughout the United States , there are more than a dozen elementary , middle and high schools named in his honor , and many places around the world have streets , buildings , schools , and other places named for Armstrong and / or Apollo . In 1969 , folk songwriter and singer John Stewart recorded " Armstrong " , a tribute to Armstrong and his first steps on the Moon . Purdue University announced in October 2004 that its new engineering building would be named Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering in his honor ; the building cost $ 53 @.@ 2 million and was dedicated on October 27 , 2007 , during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue Astronauts . In 1971 , Armstrong was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy at West Point for his service to the country . The Armstrong Air and Space Museum , in Armstong 's hometown of Wapakoneta , Ohio , and the airport in New Knoxville , where he took his first flying lessons when he was fifteen , were named after him .
Armstrong 's authorized biography , First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong , was published in 2005 . For many years , Armstrong turned down biography offers from authors such as Stephen Ambrose and James A. Michener , but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen 's other biographies .
In a 2010 Space Foundation survey , Armstrong was ranked as the # 1 most popular space hero , and in 2013 , Flying magazine ranked him at # 1 on its list of the " 51 Heroes of Aviation " .
The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight . In 2005 , Armstrong said that a manned mission to Mars will be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s : " I suspect that even though the various questions are difficult and many , they are not as difficult and many as those we faced when we started the Apollo [ space program ] in 1961 . " In 2010 , he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the Ares 1 launch vehicle and the Constellation Moon landing program . In an open public letter also signed by Apollo veterans Jim Lovell and Gene Cernan , he noted , " For The United States , the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century , to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future , destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature " . Armstrong had also publicly recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission , when he had believed there was only a 50 percent chance of landing on the Moon . " I was elated , ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful " , he later said .
On November 18 , 2010 , at age 80 , Armstrong said in a speech during the Science & Technology Summit in The Hague , Netherlands , that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked .
In September 2012 , the US Navy announced that the first Armstrong @-@ class oceanographic research ship is named RV Neil Armstrong . The ship , christened on March 28 , 2014 , was launched on March 29 , 2014 , passed sea trials August 7 , 2015 and delivered to the Navy on September 23 , 2015 . It is a modern oceanographic research platform capable of supporting a wide range of oceanographic research activities conducted by academic groups .
The Space Foundation named Neil Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award .
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= Johann Heinrich von Schmitt =
Heinrich Schmitt ( 1743 – 11 November 1805 ) was a lieutenant field marshal in the Habsburg military during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars .
He developed a sound military reputation as a surveyor , map @-@ maker , and strategist during Austria 's wars with the Ottoman Empire , He served on the Quartermaster 's staff during the War of the First Coalition . As a major general , he was one of Archduke Charles trusted advisers during the War of the Second Coalition campaign in southwestern Germany .
In 1799 , his reputation was tarnished by the assassination of the French delegates to the Congress of Rastatt in 1799 , and he retired the following year . When war broke out again in 1805 , he was recalled from retirement and assigned to the combined Russian @-@ Austrian forces on the Danube . On 11 November , Schmitt was killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Dürenstein .
= = Family and education = =
Heinrich Schmitt was born in 1743 , the son of Johann Sebastian von Schmitt , a captain of cavalry in the Imperial Cuirassier Regiment Graf Cordova . Schmitt may have been born in Pest ( Budapest ) in Hungary , or , as other sources claim , in Bavaria . In 1742 – 43 , his father 's regiment participated in the Battle of Sahay , and then in the Siege of Prague , followed by duty in Bavaria and the Rhineland in 1743 . His father died in 1752 — it is unclear where — and on 25 June 1758 , at the age of 14 years , Schmitt enrolled in the Imperial School of Engineering in Gumpendorf . There he received a thorough technical training in engineering and the extensive education provided for officers on all other major subjects , particularly those pertaining to war and science .
After three years , on 15 November 1761 , Schmitt received a commission as ensign , or Fähnrich , in the Infantry Regiment No. 15 Pallavicini . During his assignment with this regiment , he saw service in the last years of the Seven Years ' War ( 1765 – 1763 ) in the Bohemian theater . The lack of accurate maps had hampered the conduct of the Seven Years ' War and , in 1764 , Schmitt was assigned to a project to improve the map @-@ making capacity of the military . The idea of the scientific soldier , or a soldier educated in the specifics of military operations , led to an investment in the training and education of officers . The development of map making , and Carlos Pallavicini was at the forefront of this movement . On 1 February 1769 , after proving himself capable in this assignment , he was promoted to first lieutenant and transferred to the reorganized Quartermaster 's staff .
= = Military career = =
From 1769 to 1778 , Schmitt was assigned to the Turkish border areas , and was especially active in Temesvar , in the Banat , bordering the Ottoman Empire . In 1778 , he was promoted to captain and mobilized against Prussia during the short War of the Bavarian Succession , after which he transferred back to the Balkan border areas , where he stayed until 1782 . His thorough knowledge of the country guaranteed him map @-@ making and intelligence assignments in Turkish @-@ occupied Bosnia to gather information in preparation for an upcoming new war against Turkey . In particular , he developed material on the Turk 's military situation . His work on the development of intelligence of Turkish strength in Osijek and Alt Gradiska satisfied his superiors and when the war actually broke out in 1787 , he was assigned to the General Staff of the Slavonion Corps . He participated in the storming of the fortress at Šabac , in Serbia , on 24 April 1788 . Emperor Joseph II promoted him personally to major on 14 May 1788 . In 1789 , Schmitt fought at the Siege of Belgrade , and on 23 February 1790 , he was promoted to lieutenant colonel . In March 1790 , he transferred to Bohemia , under command of Field Marshal Ernst Gideon von Laudon , for anticipated action against the Kingdom of Prussia . When this war came to naught , he was transferred to the Austrian Netherlands in 1791 , to help contain a local uprising .
= = = Service in the French Revolutionary Wars = = =
At the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition against France in April 1792 , Schmitt was a staff officer in the main Imperial army in the Austrian Netherlands . He distinguished himself in the defense of the pass of the Croix @-@ aux @-@ Bois ( 14 September 1792 ) and in the battles of Raismes and Vicoigne on ( both on May 8 , 1793 ) . On 3 September 1793 , after his promotion to colonel , he served under Field Marshal Friedrich Josias Prinz von Sachsen @-@ Coburg @-@ Saalfeld . In the autumn of 1794 , Schmitt organized the retreat of the main Imperial Army , now under the command of Coburg 's successor , Feldzeugmeister Count Clerfayt from their untenable positions in the Austrian Netherlands eastward to the Rhine .
In the campaign of 1795 , still serving under Field Marshal Count Clerfayt , he was appointed to the staff of Archduke Charles by Emperor Francis II in April 1796 . Schmitt , now a colonel , was at the Battle of Amberg ( 24 August 1796 ) , fought in the victory at the Battle of Würzburg ( 2 September 1796 ) , and on 6 September 1796 , was promoted to Major General . At this time , he became Archduke Charles ' primary adviser , and served as his Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff .
The trust the Archduke placed in Schmitt was briefly interrupted in 1799 when he was connected , by rumor , to the 29 April assassination of the French delegates to the Congress of Rastatt . The assassination occurred as the delegation was leaving the city , and reportedly was committed by soldiers of the 11th Hussars Szekely . The official investigation into the assassination placed enormous pressure on Schmitt , to such an extent that he briefly resigned as Charles ' Chief of Staff , but he was quickly reinstated . On 1 March 1800 , Schmitt was promoted to Lieutenant Field Marshal , but later in that year , the Archduke was himself replaced as commander @-@ in @-@ chief by Field Marshal Pál Kray . Although Schmitt remained on Kray 's staff , he again requested retirement , claiming he was tired and could no longer cope with the stress of the job . In reality , he and Kray 's Quartermaster General , Major General Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles , seldom saw eye @-@ to @-@ eye on any of the main issues facing the army and Kray relied more on Chasteler than on Schmitt . His request was initially refused , but on 19 August 1800 , Emperor Francis I approved the petition when Kray seconded it . Schmitt went first to Vienna and then Hostitz at Kromeriz , near Brno . There he lived with his old friend Ferdinand Ritter von Geißlern until 1805 .
= = = Recall to active duty = = =
During the War of the Third Coalition in 1805 – 1806 , Schmitt returned from retirement to active service . Equipped with a glowing letter of endorsement from Emperor Francis II to the Russian Infantry General Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov ( 1745 – 1813 ) , Schmitt arrived at the Russian headquarters and was appointed Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff of the Allied Army . Schmitt met with the Russian forces at the great abbey by Melk , on the Danube , and he and the commanders concocted a plan to encircle Édouard Mortier 's French force near Dürenstein . To do so , they drew not only on their own military experience , but called upon a captain from the region , to use his geographic and local knowledge .
= = = Death at Dürenstein = = =
Édouard Mortier had marched from Passau and Linz toward Vienna , traveling on the north bank of Danube . His newly created VIII Corps , known as Corps Mortier , consisted of three divisions , which were stretched 56 kilometers ( 35 mi ) apart along the river between Marbach and Dürenstein . This over @-@ extension left his Corps ' northern flank unprotected , against Napoleon 's specific instructions . Schmitt 's plan capitalized on this mistake . On 11 November 1805 , Kutuzov 's column trapped one of Mortier 's divisions , under command of Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière . The Russians used a ruse to entice Gazan into an attack on a small force , and then trapped him between two columns . The French were surrounded at the front and rear by the Russians , caught on the flood plain at Dürenstein . They could neither move forward nor backward . A second French division arrived in mid @-@ afternoon and attacked the Russians in the flank , but were themselves surprised when Schmitt led an additional Russian column out of the mountains . Gazan 's division lost over 40 percent of its men , colors , and several guns . The battle lasted well into the night . In its waning moments , the French were evacuating across the Danube in a flotilla of boats . In the dark confusion , Schmitt was shot , probably by Russian musketry , in a field between the Waldstein and Heudürrgraben . Wilhelm von Kotzebue , a German in Russian service , later reported that the column came through the forest road and entered the main road on the river 's edge ; they immediately entered the cross @-@ fire between Dupont 's forward posts of Dragoons and the Dokhtoruv 's Russians . He fell by Wadstein , and was buried on the battlefield with the dead of his Russian column . Although his burial site has never been found , a monument for him was erected in a park in nearby Krems in 1811 .
= = Assessment and legacy = =
A key member of the Imperial Staff , Schmitt was the most experienced Austrian leader , called out of retirement for this specific task of organizing the Austro @-@ Russian retreat . He had wide experience as a leader : From the summer of 1796 until his retirement in 1800 , he had been Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff of the Army , of the Lower Rhine , the Rhine , and the Army of Germany , and a trusted member of Archduke Charles ' staff . Consequently , he had organized a variety of maneuvers and battle plans under different terrain . The military historian Digby Smith hypothesizes that Schmitt , an experienced officer and sound tactician , would have been more effective at the Battle of Austerlitz , at least more effective than his replacement , Franz von Weyrother , as Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff of the Allied Army . After Schmitt 's death , Weyrother , the architect of the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden , developed the general battle plan of the Allied action at Austerlitz . In the long run , it was unlikely that Schmitt 's plan would have changed the overall outcome — Austerlitz was arguably one of Napoleon 's finest battles — but his battle plan would no doubt have been an improvement over the one the Allies used .
Schmitt never married . He was known for his bright intellect , his composure , and his innate courage . Heinrich Schmitt was , in his time , recognized as one of the best and most distinguished officers of the Imperial Austrian army .
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= Maryland Route 22 =
Maryland Route 22 ( MD 22 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway runs 12 @.@ 91 miles ( 20 @.@ 78 km ) from U.S. Route 1 Business ( US 1 Business ) and MD 924 in Bel Air east to an entrance to Aberdeen Proving Ground in Aberdeen . MD 22 is the main connection between the county seat of Bel Air and Aberdeen , which is the largest city in Harford County . The state highway also provides the primary route between Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) and Aberdeen Proving Ground .
MD 22 was one of the original state roads marked for improvement in 1909 and one of the original state @-@ numbered highways in 1927 . The highway was constructed between Bel Air and Aberdeen in the early 1910s . Another section of highway between Aberdeen and Havre de Grace , the Post Road , was also built in the early 1910s . The Post Road became part of US 40 in 1927 but was designated as an extension of MD 22 after US 40 was relocated in the early 1930s . MD 22 was reconstructed from Bel Air to Aberdeen in the 1950s . MD 22 's present course east of I @-@ 95 was built in the late 1960s ; the old section of MD 22 through Aberdeen became MD 132 .
= = Route description = =
MD 22 begins in the Bel Air Courthouse Historic District in the town of Bel Air as a one @-@ way pair , Fulford Avenue eastbound and Churchville Road westbound , at Main Street . Main Street carries northbound MD 924 and US 1 Business ; the business route enters downtown Bel Air from the west on Fulford Avenue . Churchville Road continues west as unsigned MD 922E , which intersects Bond Street , which carries southbound MD 924 and US 1 Business ; the business route leaves downtown Bel Air to the west on Churchville Road . The two directions of MD 22 unite at Shamrock Road as Churchville Road , a four @-@ lane divided highway that passes Rockfield Park and The John Carroll School as it leaves the town of Bel Air . The state highway crosses over Bynum Run as it passes through Fountain Green , where the highway intersects MD 543 ( Fountain Green Road ) .
East of MD 543 , MD 22 reduces to two lanes and passes the historic Dibb House and Tudor Hall , the latter notable for being the boyhood home of John Wilkes Booth . The state highway passes through the hamlet of Schucks Corner and intersects Thomas Run Road , which leads to Thomas Run Park , Harford Technical High School , Thomas Run Church , Medical Hall Historic District , and the historic Hays @-@ Heighe House on the campus of Harford Community College . In the unincorporated village of Churchville , MD 22 intersects MD 136 ( Calvary Road / Priestbridge Road ) adjacent to the community 's namesake , Churchville Presbyterian Church . After meeting the west end of MD 155 ( Level Road ) immediately to the east , the state highway curves to the south . After MD 156 ( Aldino Road ) splits to the east , MD 22 returns to an eastward heading to pass through the hamlet of Carsins . The state highway expands to a four @-@ lane highway immediately before intersecting Long Drive , which serves as the entrance to Ripken Stadium , home of the Aberdeen IronBirds . Just east of the stadium complex , the state highway meets I @-@ 95 ( John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway ) at a six @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange .
MD 22 continues east as Aberdeen Thruway , a four @-@ lane divided highway bypass of downtown Aberdeen that connects I @-@ 95 with Aberdeen Proving Ground . Immediately east of I @-@ 95 , the state highway enters the city limits of Aberdeen and intersects Beards Hill Road . Beards Hill Road heads south as unsigned MD 132A , which leads to MD 132 ( Bel Air Avenue ) , the old alignment of MD 22 that leads to downtown Aberdeen . MD 22 continues east through an intersection with MD 462 ( Paradise Road ) and curves south . The state highway continues through grade @-@ separated crossings of CSX 's Philadelphia Subdivision and the Amtrak Northeast Corridor northeast of downtown Aberdeen . Squeezed in between the two railroad lines is MD 22 's partial cloverleaf interchange with US 40 ( Philadelphia Boulevard ) ; several movements between the two highways are provided via Rogers Avenue , which intersects MD 22 between the bridges across the Philadelphia Subdivision and US 40 . East of the railroads , the highway intersects Post Road , which heads north as another section of MD 132 ( officially MD 132B ) , before reaching its eastern terminus at Bel Air Avenue just west of an entrance to Aberdeen Proving Ground . The highway continues onto the military base as Harford Boulevard .
MD 22 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length . The highway is a part of the main National Highway System from I @-@ 95 to Aberdeen Proving Ground and as a principal arterial from MD 924 in Bel Air to I @-@ 95 .
= = History = =
MD 22 was one of the original state roads marked for improvement by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909 . The highway was part of the original main road from Baltimore to Aberdeen and Havre de Grace that passed through Bel Air . The Post Road , also known as the Philadelphia Road , did not become the main connection between Baltimore and Aberdeen until the 1920s . The highway from Bel Air to Churchville , part of the Bel Air Road extending west from Havre de Grace , was already improved beyond a rudimentary dirt road by 1910 . The highway from Churchville to Paradise Road in Aberdeen was constructed in 1911 . The portion of the state road between Bel Air and Churchville was reconstructed in 1913 . The Post Road between Aberdeen and Havre de Grace was constructed as a state aid road around 1911 . All three segments were constructed as a 14 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wide macadam road . The original construction did not include the portions of Bel Air Avenue and the Post Road within the limits of Aberdeen . The portion of Bel Air Avenue from Paradise Road to the Post Road and the Post Road from there to approximately the modern intersection of MD 22 and MD 132B were rebuilt as a 17 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) wide concrete road in 1917 .
MD 22 was widened to 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) with the addition of 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) wide concrete shoulders around 1926 , just before the highway became one of the original state @-@ numbered highways in 1927 . The Post Road became part of US 40 the same year . Both MD 22 and US 40 from Aberdeen to Havre de Grace were widened to 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) by 1930 . US 40 was relocated from the Post Road to its present alignment from Aberdeen to Havre de Grace between 1930 and 1933 . MD 22 was extended north along the Post Road to MD 132B 's present northern terminus by 1939 . Work to further modernize MD 22 began in 1951 when Churchville Road from Bel Air to MD 156 near Churchville was straightened , widened , and resurfaced . The Bel Air – Churchville work was completed in 1953 ; the following year , the MD 22 – MD 155 intersection was reconstructed . MD 22 from MD 156 to US 40 in Aberdeen was widened and resurfaced between 1954 and 1956 .
The Aberdeen Thruway was constructed to improve the east – west connection between I @-@ 95 , US 40 , and Aberdeen Proving Ground and to provide grade separated crossings of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( now CSX ) , Pennsylvania Railroad ( now Amtrak ) , and US 40 . The grade separations had been contemplated as early as 1942 . Construction on the relocation of MD 22 began in 1967 and was completed in 1969 . The old alignment of MD 22 from I @-@ 95 east and north through Aberdeen to US 40 near Havre de Grace was designated MD 132 . Beards Hill Road was reconstructed as a divided highway between MD 132 and MD 22 and the ramps from northbound I @-@ 95 to MD 132 and from eastbound MD 22 to MD 132 were constructed by 1972 . The western end of MD 22 was changed to a one @-@ way pair when Fulford Avenue was added to the state highway system as eastbound MD 22 in Bel Air in 1979 . The state highway was expanded to a divided highway from the east end of the one @-@ way pair to MD 543 between 1994 and 1999 . MD 22 was expanded to a four @-@ lane divided highway from the I @-@ 95 overpass west to Long Drive in 2004 concurrent with the transformation of the original diamond interchange with I @-@ 95 to a partial cloverleaf with collector @-@ distributor lanes .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Harford County .
= = Auxiliary routes = =
MD 22A is the designation for Old Section MD 22 , a 0 @.@ 13 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 21 km ) section of old alignment of MD 22 that serves several houses on the westbound side of MD 22 immediately to the west of the MD 22 – I @-@ 95 interchange . MD 22A was designated in 2004 when MD 22 was relocated slightly to the south as part of the construction of the divided highway to the west of I @-@ 95 .
MD 22B is the designation for Old MD 22 Spur , a 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) road connecting MD 22 north to MD 22A . MD 22B was designated in 2011 .
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= Mechanical filter =
A mechanical filter is a signal processing filter usually used in place of an electronic filter at radio frequencies . Its purpose is the same as that of a normal electronic filter : to pass a range of signal frequencies , but to block others . The filter acts on mechanical vibrations which are the analogue of the electrical signal . At the input and output of the filter , transducers convert the electrical signal into , and then back from , these mechanical vibrations .
The components of a mechanical filter are all directly analogous to the various elements found in electrical circuits . The mechanical elements obey mathematical functions which are identical to their corresponding electrical elements . This makes it possible to apply electrical network analysis and filter design methods to mechanical filters . Electrical theory has developed a large library of mathematical forms that produce useful filter frequency responses and the mechanical filter designer is able to make direct use of these . It is only necessary to set the mechanical components to appropriate values to produce a filter with an identical response to the electrical counterpart .
Steel and nickel – iron alloys are common materials for mechanical filter components ; nickel is sometimes used for the input and output couplings . Resonators in the filter made from these materials need to be machined to precisely adjust their resonance frequency before final assembly .
While the meaning of mechanical filter in this article is one that is used in an electromechanical role , it is possible to use a mechanical design to filter mechanical vibrations or sound waves ( which are also essentially mechanical ) directly . For example , filtering of audio frequency response in the design of loudspeaker cabinets can be achieved with mechanical components . In the electrical application , in addition to mechanical components which correspond to their electrical counterparts , transducers are needed to convert between the mechanical and electrical domains . A representative selection of the wide variety of component forms and topologies for mechanical filters are presented in this article .
The theory of mechanical filters was first applied to improving the mechanical parts of phonographs in the 1920s . By the 1950s mechanical filters were being manufactured as self @-@ contained components for applications in radio transmitters and high @-@ end receivers . The high " quality factor " , Q , that mechanical resonators can attain , far higher than that of an all @-@ electrical LC circuit , made possible the construction of mechanical filters with excellent selectivity . Good selectivity , being important in radio receivers , made such filters highly attractive . Contemporary researchers are working on microelectromechanical filters , the mechanical devices corresponding to electronic integrated circuits .
= = Elements = =
The elements of a passive linear electrical network consist of inductors , capacitors and resistors which have the properties of inductance , elastance ( inverse capacitance ) and resistance , respectively . The mechanical counterparts of these properties are , respectively , mass , stiffness and damping . In most electronic filter designs , only inductor and capacitor elements are used in the body of the filter ( although the filter may be terminated with resistors at the input and output ) . Resistances are not present in a theoretical filter composed of ideal components and only arise in practical designs as unwanted parasitic elements . Likewise , a mechanical filter would ideally consist only of components with the properties of mass and stiffness , but in reality some damping is present as well .
The mechanical counterparts of voltage and electric current in this type of analysis are , respectively , force ( F ) and velocity ( v ) and represent the signal waveforms . From this , a mechanical impedance can be defined in terms of the imaginary angular frequency , jω , which entirely follows the electrical analogy .
The scheme presented in the table is known as the impedance analogy . Circuit diagrams produced using this analogy match the electrical impedance of the mechanical system seen by the electrical circuit , making it intuitive from an electrical engineering standpoint . There is also the mobility analogy , in which force corresponds to current and velocity corresponds to voltage . This has equally valid results but requires using the reciprocals of the electrical counterparts listed above . Hence , M → C , S → 1 / L , D → G where G is electrical conductance , the inverse of resistance . Equivalent circuits produced by this scheme are similar , but are the dual impedance forms whereby series elements become parallel , capacitors become inductors , and so on . Circuit diagrams using the mobility analogy more closely match the mechanical arrangement of the circuit , making it more intuitive from a mechanical engineering standpoint . In addition to their application to electromechanical systems , these analogies are widely used to aid analysis in acoustics .
Any mechanical component will unavoidably possess both mass and stiffness . This translates in electrical terms to an LC circuit , that is , a circuit consisting of an inductor and a capacitor , hence mechanical components are resonators and are often used as such . It is still possible to represent inductors and capacitors as individual lumped elements in a mechanical implementation by minimising ( but never quite eliminating ) the unwanted property . Capacitors may be made of thin , long rods , that is , the mass is minimised and the compliance is maximised . Inductors , on the other hand , may be made of short , wide pieces which maximise the mass in comparison to the compliance of the piece .
Mechanical parts act as a transmission line for mechanical vibrations . If the wavelength is short in comparison to the part then a lumped element model as described above is no longer adequate and a distributed element model must be used instead . The mechanical distributed elements are entirely analogous to electrical distributed elements and the mechanical filter designer can use the methods of electrical distributed element filter design .
= = History = =
= = = Harmonic telegraph = = =
Mechanical filter design was developed by applying the discoveries made in electrical filter theory to mechanics . However , a very early example ( 1870s ) of acoustic filtering was the " harmonic telegraph " , which arose precisely because electrical resonance was poorly understood but mechanical resonance ( in particular , acoustic resonance ) was very familiar to engineers . This situation was not to last for long ; electrical resonance had been known to science for some time before this , and it was not long before engineers started to produce all @-@ electric designs for filters . In its time , though , the harmonic telegraph was of some importance . The idea was to combine several telegraph signals on one telegraph line by what would now be called frequency division multiplexing thus saving enormously on line installation costs . The key of each operator activated a vibrating electromechanical reed which converted this vibration into an electrical signal . Filtering at the receiving operator was achieved by a similar reed tuned to precisely the same frequency , which would only vibrate and produce a sound from transmissions by the operator with the identical tuning .
Versions of the harmonic telegraph were developed by Elisha Gray , Alexander Graham Bell , Ernest Mercadier and others . Its ability to act as a sound transducer to and from the electrical domain was to inspire the invention of the telephone .
= = = Mechanical equivalent circuits = = =
Once the basics of electrical network analysis began to be established , it was not long before the ideas of complex impedance and filter design theories were carried over into mechanics by analogy . Kennelly , who was also responsible for introducing complex impedance , and Webster were the first to extend the concept of impedance into mechanical systems in 1920 . Mechanical admittance and the associated mobility analogy came much later and are due to Firestone in 1932 .
It was not enough to just develop a mechanical analogy . This could be applied to problems that were entirely in the mechanical domain , but for mechanical filters with an electrical application it is necessary to include the transducer in the analogy as well . Poincaré in 1907 was the first to describe a transducer as a pair of linear algebraic equations relating electrical variables ( voltage and current ) to mechanical variables ( force and velocity ) . These equations can be expressed as a matrix relationship in much the same way as the z @-@ parameters of a two @-@ port network in electrical theory , to which this is entirely analogous :
<formula>
where V and I represent the voltage and current respectively on the electrical side of the transducer .
Wegel , in 1921 , was the first to express these equations in terms of mechanical impedance as well as electrical impedance . The element <formula> is the open circuit mechanical impedance , that is , the impedance presented by the mechanical side of the transducer when no current is entering the electrical side . The element <formula> , conversely , is the clamped electrical impedance , that is , the impedance presented to the electrical side when the mechanical side is clamped and prevented from moving ( velocity is zero ) . The remaining two elements , <formula> and <formula> , describe the transducer forward and reverse transfer functions respectively . Once these ideas were in place , engineers were able to extend electrical theory into the mechanical domain and analyse an electromechanical system as a unified whole .
= = = Sound reproduction = = =
An early application of these new theoretical tools was in phonographic sound reproduction . A recurring problem with early phonograph designs was that mechanical resonances in the pickup and sound transmission mechanism caused excessively large peaks and troughs in the frequency response , resulting in poor sound quality . In 1923 , Harrison of the Western Electric Company filed a patent for a phonograph in which the mechanical design was entirely represented as an electrical circuit . The horn of the phonograph is represented as a transmission line , and is a resistive load for the rest of the circuit , while all the mechanical and acoustic parts — from the pickup needle through to the horn — are translated into lumped components according to the impedance analogy . The circuit arrived at is a ladder topology of series resonant circuits coupled by shunt capacitors . This can be viewed as a bandpass filter circuit . Harrison designed the component values of this filter to have a specific passband corresponding to the desired audio passband ( in this case 100 Hz to 6 kHz ) and a flat response . Translating these electrical element values back into mechanical quantities provided specifications for the mechanical components in terms of mass and stiffness , which in turn could be translated into physical dimensions for their manufacture . The resulting phonograph has a flat frequency response in its passband and is free of the resonances previously experienced . Shortly after this , Harrison filed another patent using the same methodology on telephone transmit and receive transducers .
Harrison used Campbell 's image filter theory , which was the most advanced filter theory available at the time . In this theory , filter design is viewed essentially as an impedance matching problem . More advanced filter theory was brought to bear on this problem by Norton in 1929 at Bell Labs . Norton followed the same general approach though he later described to Darlington the filter he designed as being " maximally flat " . Norton 's mechanical design predates the paper by Butterworth who is usually credited as the first to describe the electronic maximally flat filter . The equations Norton gives for his filter correspond to a singly terminated Butterworth filter , that is , one driven by an ideal voltage source with no impedance , whereas the form more usually given in texts is for the doubly terminated filter with resistors at both ends , making it hard to recognise the design for what it is . Another unusual feature of Norton 's filter design arises from the series capacitor , which represents the stiffness of the diaphragm . This is the only series capacitor in Norton 's representation , and without it , the filter could be analysed as a low @-@ pass prototype . Norton moves the capacitor out of the body of the filter to the input at the expense of introducing a transformer into the equivalent circuit ( Norton 's figure 4 ) . Norton has used here the " turning round the L " impedance transform to achieve this .
The definitive description of the subject from this period is Maxfield and Harrison 's 1926 paper . There , they describe not only how mechanical bandpass filters can be applied to sound reproduction systems , but also apply the same principles to recording systems and describe a much improved disc cutting head .
= = = Volume production = = =
The first volume production of mechanical filters was undertaken by Collins Radio Company starting in the 1950s . These were originally designed for telephone frequency @-@ division multiplex applications where there is commercial advantage in using high quality filters . Precision and steepness of the transition band leads to a reduced width of guard band , which in turn leads to the ability to squeeze more telephone channels into the same cable . This same feature is useful in radio transmitters for much the same reason . Mechanical filters quickly also found popularity in VHF / UHF radio intermediate frequency ( IF ) stages of the high end radio sets ( military , marine , amateur radio and the like ) manufactured by Collins . They were favoured in the radio application because they could achieve much higher Q @-@ factors than the equivalent LC filter . High Q allows filters to be designed which have high selectivity , important for distinguishing adjacent radio channels in receivers . They also had an advantage in stability over both LC filters and monolithic crystal filters . The most popular design for radio applications was torsional resonators because radio IF typically lies in the 100 to 500 kHz band .
= = Transducers = =
Both magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers are used in mechanical filters . Piezoelectric transducers are favoured in recent designs since the piezoelectric material can also be used as one of the resonators of the filter , thus reducing the number of components and thereby saving space . They also avoid the susceptibility to extraneous magnetic fields of the magnetostrictive type of transducer .
= = = Magnetostrictive = = =
A magnetostrictive material is one which changes shape when a magnetic field is applied . In reverse , it produces a magnetic field when distorted . The magnetostrictive transducer requires a coil of conducting wire around the magnetostrictive material . The coil either induces a magnetic field in the transducer and sets it in motion or else picks up an induced current from the motion of the transducer at the filter output . It is also usually necessary to have a small magnet to bias the magnetostrictive material into its operating range . It is possible to dispense with the magnets if the biasing is taken care of on the electronic side by providing a d.c. current superimposed on the signal , but this approach would detract from the generality of the filter design .
The usual magnetostrictive materials used for the transducer are either ferrite or compressed powdered iron . Mechanical filter designs often have the resonators coupled with steel or nickel @-@ iron wires , but on some designs , especially older ones , nickel wire may be used for the input and output rods . This is because it is possible to wind the transducer coil directly on to a nickel coupling wire since nickel is slightly magnetostrictive . However , it is not strongly so and coupling to the electrical circuit is weak . This scheme also has the disadvantage of eddy currents , a problem that is avoided if ferrites are used instead of nickel .
The coil of the transducer adds some inductance on the electrical side of the filter . It is common practice to add a capacitor in parallel with the coil so that an additional resonator is formed which can be incorporated into the filter design . While this will not improve performance to the extent that an additional mechanical resonator would , there is some benefit and the coil has to be there in any case .
= = = Piezoelectric = = =
A piezoelectric material is one which changes shape when an electric field is applied . In reverse , it produces an electric field when it is distorted . A piezoelectric transducer , in essence , is made simply by plating electrodes on to the piezoelectric material . Early piezoelectric materials used in transducers such as barium titanate had poor temperature stability . This precluded the transducer from functioning as one of the resonators ; it had to be a separate component . This problem was solved with the introduction of lead zirconate titanate ( abbreviated PZT ) which is stable enough to be used as a resonator . Another common piezoelectric material is quartz , which has also been used in mechanical filters . However , ceramic materials such as PZT are preferred for their greater electromechanical coupling coefficient .
One type of piezoelectric transducer is the Langevin type , named after a transducer used by Paul Langevin in early sonar research . This is good for longitudinal modes of vibration . It can also be used on resonators with other modes of vibration if the motion can be mechanically converted into a longitudinal motion . The transducer consists of a layer of piezoelectric material sandwiched transversally into a coupling rod or resonator .
Another kind of piezoelectric transducer has the piezoelectric material sandwiched in longitudinally , usually into the resonator itself . This kind is good for torsional vibration modes and is called a torsional transducer .
= = Resonators = =
It is possible to achieve an extremely high Q with mechanical resonators . Mechanical resonators typically have a Q of 10 @,@ 000 or so , and 25 @,@ 000 can be achieved in torsional resonators using a particular nickel @-@ iron alloy . This is an unreasonably high figure to achieve with LC circuits , whose Q is limited by the resistance of the inductor coils .
Early designs in the 1940s and 1950s started by using steel as a resonator material . This has given way to nickel @-@ iron alloys , primarily to maximise the Q since this is often the primary appeal of mechanical filters rather than price . Some of the metals that have been used for mechanical filter resonators and their Q are shown in the table .
Piezoelectric crystals are also sometimes used in mechanical filter designs . This is especially true for resonators that are also acting as transducers for inputs and outputs .
One advantage that mechanical filters have over LC electrical filters is that they can be made very stable . The resonance frequency can be made so stable that it varies only 1 @.@ 5 parts per billion ( ppb ) from the specified value over the operating temperature range ( − 25 to 85 ° C ) , and its average drift with time can be as low as 4 ppb per day . This stability with temperature is another reason for using nickel @-@ iron as the resonator material . Variations with temperature in the resonance frequency ( and other features of the frequency function ) are directly related to variations in the Young 's modulus , which is a measure of stiffness of the material . Materials are therefore sought that have a small temperature coefficient of Young 's modulus . In general , Young 's modulus has a negative temperature coefficient ( materials become less stiff with increasing temperature ) but additions of small amounts of certain other elements in the alloy can produce a material with a temperature coefficient that changes sign from negative through zero to positive with temperature . Such a material will have a zero coefficient of temperature with resonance frequency around a particular temperature . It is possible to adjust the point of zero temperature coefficient to a desired position by heat treatment of the alloy .
= = = Resonator modes = = =
It is usually possible for a mechanical part to vibrate in a number of different modes , however the design will be based on a particular vibrational mode and the designer will take steps to try to restrict the resonance to this mode . As well as the straightforward longitudinal mode some others which are used include flexural mode , torsional mode , radial mode and drumhead mode .
Modes are numbered according to the number of half @-@ wavelengths in the vibration . Some modes exhibit vibrations in more than one direction ( such as drumhead mode which has two ) and consequently the mode number consists of more than one number . When the vibration is in one of the higher modes , there will be multiple nodes on the resonator where there is no motion . For some types of resonator , this can provide a convenient place to make a mechanical attachment for structural support . Wires attached at nodes will have no effect on the vibration of the resonator or the overall filter response . In figure 5 , some possible anchor points are shown as wires attached at the nodes . The modes shown are ( 5a ) the second longitudinal mode fixed at one end , ( 5b ) the first torsional mode , ( 5c ) the second torsional mode , ( 5d ) the second flexural mode , ( 5e ) first radial expansion mode and ( 5f ) first radially symmetric drumhead mode .
= = Circuit designs = =
There are a great many combinations of resonators and transducers that can be used to construct a mechanical filter . A selection of some of these is shown in the diagrams . Figure 6 shows a filter using disc flexural resonators and magnetostrictive transducers . The transducer drives the centre of the first resonator , causing it to vibrate . The edges of the disc move in antiphase to the centre when the driving signal is at , or close to , resonance , and the signal is transmitted through the connecting rods to the next resonator . When the driving signal is not close to resonance , there is little movement at the edges , and the filter rejects ( does not pass ) the signal . Figure 7 shows a similar idea involving longitudinal resonators connected together in a chain by connecting rods . In this diagram , the filter is driven by piezoelectric transducers . It could equally well have used magnetostrictive transducers . Figure 8 shows a filter using torsional resonators . In this diagram , the input has a torsional piezoelectric transducer and the output has a magnetostrictive transducer . This would be quite unusual in a real design , as both input and output usually have the same type of transducer . The magnetostrictive transducer is only shown here to demonstrate how longitudinal vibrations may be converted to torsional vibrations and vice versa . Figure 9 shows a filter using drumhead mode resonators . The edges of the discs are fixed to the casing of the filter ( not shown in the diagram ) so the vibration of the disc is in the same modes as the membrane of a drum . Collins calls this type of filter a disc wire filter .
The various types of resonator are all particularly suited to different frequency bands . Overall , mechanical filters with lumped elements of all kinds can cover frequencies from about 5 to 700 kHz although mechanical filters down as low as a few kilohertz ( kHz ) are rare . The lower part of this range , below 100 kHz , is best covered with bar flexural resonators . The upper part is better done with torsional resonators . Drumhead disc resonators are in the middle , covering the range from around 100 to 300 kHz .
The frequency response behaviour of all mechanical filters can be expressed as an equivalent electrical circuit using the impedance analogy described above . An example of this is shown in figure 8b which is the equivalent circuit of the mechanical filter of figure 8a . Elements on the electrical side , such as the inductance of the magnetostrictive transducer , are omitted but would be taken into account in a complete design . The series resonant circuits on the circuit diagram represent the torsional resonators , and the shunt capacitors represent the coupling wires . The component values of the electrical equivalent circuit can be adjusted , more or less at will , by modifying the dimensions of the mechanical components . In this way , all the theoretical tools of electrical analysis and filter design can be brought to bear on the mechanical design . Any filter realisable in electrical theory can , in principle , also be realised as a mechanical filter . In particular , the popular finite element approximations to an ideal filter response of the Butterworth and Chebyshev filters can both readily be realised . As with the electrical counterpart , the more elements that are used , the closer the approximation approaches the ideal , however , for practical reasons the number of resonators does not normally exceed eight .
= = = Semi @-@ lumped designs = = =
Frequencies of the order of megahertz ( MHz ) are above the usual range for mechanical filters . The components start to become very small , or alternatively the components are large compared to the signal wavelength . The lumped element model described above starts to break down and the components must be considered as distributed elements . The frequency at which the transition from lumped to distributed models takes place is much lower for mechanical filters than it is for their electrical counterparts . This is because mechanical vibrations travel at the speed of sound for the material the component is composed of . For solid components , this is many times ( x15 for nickel @-@ iron ) the speed of sound in air ( 343 m / s ) but still considerably less than the speed of electromagnetic waves ( approx . 3x108 m / s in vacuum ) . Consequently , mechanical wavelengths are much shorter than electrical wavelengths for the same frequency . Advantage can be taken of these effects by deliberately designing components to be distributed elements , and the components and methods used in electrical distributed element filters can be brought to bear . The equivalents of stubs and impedance transformers are both achievable . Designs which use a mixture of lumped and distributed elements are referred to as semi @-@ lumped .
An example of such a design is shown in figure 10a . The resonators are disc flexural resonators similar to those shown in figure 6 , except that these are energised from an edge , leading to vibration in the fundamental flexural mode with a node in the centre , whereas the figure 6 design is energised in the centre leading to vibration in the second flexural mode at resonance . The resonators are mechanically attached to the housing by pivots at right angles to the coupling wires . The pivots are to ensure free turning of the resonator and minimise losses . The resonators are treated as lumped elements ; however , the coupling wires are made exactly one half @-@ wavelength ( λ / 2 ) long and are equivalent to a λ / 2 open circuit stub in the electrical equivalent circuit . For a narrow @-@ band filter , a stub of this sort has the approximate equivalent circuit of a parallel shunt tuned circuit as shown in figure 10b . Consequently , the connecting wires are being used in this design to add additional resonators into the circuit and will have a better response than one with just the lumped resonators and short couplings . For even higher frequencies , microelectromechanical methods can be used as described below .
= = = Bridging wires = = =
Bridging wires are rods that couple together resonators that are not adjacent . They can be used to produce poles of attenuation in the stopband . This has the benefit of increasing the stopband rejection . When the pole is placed near the passband edge , it also has the benefit of increasing roll @-@ off and narrowing the transition band . The typical effects of some of these on filter frequency response are shown in figure 11 . Bridging across a single resonator ( figure 11b ) can produce a pole of attenuation in the high stopband . Bridging across two resonators ( figure 11c ) can produce a pole of attenuation in both the high and the low stopband . Using multiple bridges ( figure 11d ) will result in multiple poles of attenuation . In this way , the attenuation of the stopbands can be deepened over a broad frequency range .
The method of coupling between non @-@ adjacent resonators is not limited to mechanical filters . It can be applied to other filter formats and the general term for this class is cross @-@ coupled filter . For instance , channels can be cut between cavity resonators , mutual inductance can be used with discrete component filters , and feedback paths can be used with active analogue or digital filters . Nor was the method first discovered in the field of mechanical filters ; the earliest description is in a 1948 patent for filters using microwave cavity resonators . However , mechanical filter designers were the first ( 1960s ) to develop practical filters of this kind and the method became a particular feature of mechanical filters .
= = Microelectromechanical filters = =
A new technology emerging in mechanical filtering is microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS ) . MEMS are very small micromachines with component sizes measured in micrometres ( μm ) , but not as small as nanomachines . These systems are mostly fabricated from silicon ( Si ) , silicon nitride ( Si3N4 ) , or polymers . A common component used for radio frequency filtering ( and MEMS applications generally ) , is the cantilever resonator . Cantilevers are simple mechanical components to manufacture by much the same methods used by the semiconductor industry ; masking , photolithography and etching , with a final undercutting etch to separate the cantilever from the substrate . The technology has great promise since cantilevers can be produced in large numbers on a single substrate — much as large numbers of transistors are currently contained on a single silicon chip .
The resonator shown in figure 12 is around 120 μm in length . Experimental complete filters with an operating frequency of 30 GHz have been produced using cantilever varactors as the resonator elements . The size of this filter is around 4 × 3 @.@ 5 mm . Cantilever resonators are typically applied at frequencies below 200 MHz , but other structures , such as micro @-@ machined cavities , can be used in the microwave bands . Extremely high Q resonators can be made with this technology ; flexural mode resonators with a Q in excess of 80 @,@ 000 at 8 MHz are reported .
= = Adjustment = =
The precision applications in which mechanical filters are used require that the resonators are accurately adjusted to the specified resonance frequency . This is known as trimming and usually involves a mechanical machining process . In most filter designs , this can be difficult to do once the resonators have been assembled into the complete filter so the resonators are trimmed before assembly . Trimming is done in at least two stages ; coarse and fine , with each stage bringing the resonance frequency closer to the specified value . Most trimming methods involve removing material from the resonator which will increase the resonance frequency . The target frequency for a coarse trimming stage consequently needs to be set below the final frequency since the tolerances of the process could otherwise result in a frequency higher than the following fine trimming stage could adjust for .
The coarsest method of trimming is grinding of the main resonating surface of the resonator ; this process has an accuracy of around ± 800 ppm . Better control can be achieved by grinding the edge of the resonator instead of the main surface . This has a less dramatic effect and consequently better accuracy . Processes that can be used for fine trimming , in order of increasing accuracy , are sandblasting , drilling , and laser ablation . Laser trimming is capable of achieving an accuracy of ± 40 ppm .
Trimming by hand , rather than machine , was used on some early production components but would now normally only be encountered during product development . Methods available include sanding and filing . It is also possible to add material to the resonator by hand , thus reducing the resonance frequency . One such method is to add solder , but this is not suitable for production use since the solder will tend to reduce the high Q of the resonator .
In the case of MEMS filters , it is not possible to trim the resonators outside of the filter because of the integrated nature of the device construction . However , trimming is still a requirement in many MEMS applications . Laser ablation can be used for this but material deposition methods are available as well as material removal . These methods include laser or ion @-@ beam induced deposition .
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= Tropical Storm Laura ( 1971 ) =
Tropical Storm Laura was the final storm in the active 1971 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed on November 12 in the western Caribbean Sea , and reached winds of 70 mph ( 120 km / h ) as it approached western Cuba . Across the island , Laura produced heavy rainfall , peaking at 32 @.@ 5 inches ( 83 cm ) . The resulting flooding killed one person and caused crop damage . 26 @,@ 000 people were forced to evacuate their homes . Initially , Laura was forecast to move across the island and impact the southern United States , but it executed a small loop and turned to the southwest . The storm moved ashore on Belize , one of only four November storms to affect the country . Little impact occurred during Laura 's final landfall , and it dissipated on November 22 over central Guatemala .
= = Meteorological history = =
Tropical Storm Laura began in a large area of convection across the southwest Caribbean Sea in mid @-@ November . On November 12 , a tropical depression formed about 175 miles ( 280 km ) north of Panama . It moved northwestward , slowly organizing and becoming a tropical storm on November 14 . Receiving the name Laura , the storm continued to intensify as it turned northward toward western Cuba ; late on November 15 , it attained peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Originally , the National Hurricane Center anticipated Laura would attain hurricane status , as well as for it to continue northward into the Gulf of Mexico . Although a cold front was expected to bring the storm to the north , a ridge instead increased over the southeastern United States , which prevented Laura from moving ashore .
Tropical Storm Laura maintained peak winds for about 48 hours , during which a minimum pressure of 994 hectopascals ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) was recorded . Steering currents were initially weak , which caused the storm to drift toward the northeast , before the ridge to its north forced the storm to the southwest ; by late on November 17 , Laura finished executing a clockwise loop . Its path to the southwest away from Cuba was unusual ; only two other storms on record – a hurricane in 1888 and Hurricane Ike in 2008 – had a southward element in their path when they affected Cuba , and each struck the northern coast of the country . Laura weakened as it turned westward and later to the south and southwest . After the winds decreased to 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) , however , the storm began re @-@ intensifying as it approached Central America . Late on November 20 , Laura again reached peak winds of 70 mph ( 120 km / h ) , which was maintained for 30 hours until the storm made landfall in Punta Gorda , Belize . Early on November 22 , the system dissipated over central Guatemala .
= = Preparations and impact = =
When Tropical Storm Laura first passed the Cayman Islands , it produced up to 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 5 cm ) of rainfall . As it was slowly moving off of the coast of Cuba , Laura dropped heavy rainfall , including nearly 20 inches ( 50 cm ) across most of the Isle of Youth ; one station on the island reported 14 inches ( 36 cm ) in 24 hours . The highest total in the country was 32 @.@ 5 inches ( 83 cm ) , and overall the storm impacted four provinces , including Isle of Youth , Pinar del Río , La Habana , and the city of Havana . On the Isle of Youth , Laura produced winds of 70 mph ( 120 km / h ) , with gusts to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . On the mainland , the storm destroyed 20 homes and several tobacco sheds , with damage also reported to the coffee , sugar , fruit , and vegetable crops . Due to the flooding , officials forced 26 @,@ 000 people from their homes in Pinar del Río , and one person in that province drowned while crossing a river . The storm 's passage was believed to have diverted a flock of great black @-@ backed gulls toward Central America and north @-@ coastal South America ; the species is usually found in the Mid @-@ Atlantic states , and were migrating to the Gulf Coast or Cuba when they were affected by the storm .
When Laura 's path was uncertain , forecasters advised fishermen to remain at port along the Yucatan Peninsula and southern Florida . Gale warnings were also issued for the Florida Keys , due to the uncertainty . No significant damage or casualties were reported in Central America , although heavy rainfall was reported across the region . On Glover 's Reef off the coast of British Honduras ( now Belize ) , the storm stranded a group of about 20 scientists affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution ; the group was affected by the strong winds and rains , and required rescue . The storm damaged several buildings along the mainland .
Laura was one of only four storms to form in November and affect Belize , the others being a tropical storm in 1898 , a hurricane in 1942 , and Hurricane Ida in 2009 .
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= Brad Mehldau =
Bradford Alexander " Brad " Mehldau ( / ˈmɛlˌdaʊ / ; born August 23 , 1970 ) is an American jazz pianist , composer , and arranger .
Mehldau studied music at The New School , and toured and recorded while still a student . He was a member of saxophonist Joshua Redman 's Quartet with bassist Christian McBride and drummer Brian Blade in the mid @-@ 1990s , and has led his own trio since at least 1992 . His first long @-@ term trio featured bassist Larry Grenadier and drummer Jorge Rossy ; in 2005 Jeff Ballard replaced Rossy . These bands have released a dozen albums under the pianist 's name .
Since the early 2000s Mehldau has experimented with other musical formats in addition to trio and solo piano . Largo , released in 2002 , contains electronics and input from rock and classical musicians ; later examples include touring and recording with guitarist Pat Metheny , writing and playing song cycles for classical singers Renée Fleming and Anne Sofie von Otter , composing orchestral pieces for 2009 's Highway Rider , and playing electronic keyboard instruments in a duo with drummer Mark Guiliana .
Aspects of pop , rock , and classical music , including German Romanticism , have been absorbed into Mehldau 's writing and playing . Through his use of some traditional elements of jazz without being restricted by them , simultaneous playing of different melodies in separate hands , and incorporation of pop and rock pieces , Mehldau has influenced musicians in and beyond jazz in their approaches to writing , playing , and choice of repertoire .
= = Early life = =
Mehldau was born on August 23 , 1970 , in Jacksonville , Florida . His father , Craig Mehldau , was a doctor ; and his mother , Annette , was a homemaker . His sister , Leigh Anne , became a social worker . There was always a piano in the house during Mehldau 's childhood , and he initially listened to pop and rock music on the radio . His family moved to West Hartford , Connecticut , when Mehldau was 10 . Up to this point he had played mostly simple pop tunes and exercises from books , but the move brought him a new piano teacher , who introduced him to classical music . This new interest lasted for a few years , but by the age of 14 he was listening more to jazz , including recordings by saxophonist John Coltrane and pianist Oscar Peterson .
Mehldau attended William H. Hall High School and played in its concert jazz band . From the age of 15 until he graduated from high school he had a weekly gig at a local club , and performed for weddings and other parties . In his junior year at the school he won Berklee College 's Best All Round Musician Award for school students . Mehldau described himself as being , up to this point , " a white , upper @-@ middle @-@ class kid who lived in a pretty homogenized environment " .
After graduating , Mehldau moved to New York City in 1988 to study jazz and contemporary music at The New School . He studied under pianists Fred Hersch , Junior Mance and Kenny Werner , and drummer Jimmy Cobb . In 1989 Mehldau was part of saxophonist Christopher Hollyday 's band that toured for several months ; as a result of playing so often with one group , Mehldau was able to assimilate the music of Wynton Kelly and McCoy Tyner , his two principal influences on piano up to that point , and began to develop his own sound . Before the age of 20 Mehldau also had gigs in Cobb 's band , along with fellow student Peter Bernstein on guitar .
= = Later life and career = =
= = = 1991 – 1998 = = =
Mehldau 's first recording was for Hollyday 's The Natural Moment in 1991 ; his first tour of Europe was also with the saxophonist that year . Mehldau 's interest in classical music returned when he was in his early twenties , and spurred him into developing his left @-@ hand playing . He led his own trio from at least 1992 , when he played at New York 's Village Gate . Mehldau also played as sideman with a variety of musicians around this time . His performances with saxophonist Perico Sambeat included a tour of Europe early in 1993 , and Mehldau 's first released recordings as co @-@ leader , from a May concert in Barcelona . Mehldau also toured for 18 months with saxophonist Joshua Redman . This association began in 1993 , but they had played together for a short period the previous year . Redman and his band attracted attention , with their 1994 album Moodswing also aiding Mehldau 's profile . They also played together for the soundtrack to the 1994 film Vanya on 42nd Street , for which Redman wrote the music .
Mehldau graduated from The New School in 1993 . He formed his first long @-@ term trio in 1994 , with bassist Larry Grenadier and drummer Jorge Rossy . In the following year , Mehldau recorded Introducing Brad Mehldau for Warner Bros. , his first album as sole leader . It was well received , with The Penguin Guide to Jazz commenting that " it 's as if he were aware of jazz tradition but entirely unencumbered by it . " His second album for Warner Bros. , The Art of the Trio Volume One , was recorded in 1995 and was widely praised by critics . The title was selected by producer Matt Pierson as one that would attract attention and help to build a brand .
By the mid- to late 1990s Mehldau was regarded by some as one of the leading jazz musicians : critic John Fordham described him as " the next great keyboard star of jazz " . The appreciation was not universal : some of the pianist 's self @-@ penned liner notes and interview comments , which included philosophical musings and complaints about comparisons with pianist Bill Evans , engendered dislike in some , thereby , in critic Nate Chinen 's words , " leaving Mehldau with a lingering reputation for pretentiousness and self @-@ indulgence . " Many critics did , though , reassess their judgment of his main influences , which previously had often been given as Evans , an assessment that was perhaps attributable more to race than to music . Another , non @-@ musical , similarity with Evans that was commented on was Mehldau 's struggle with an addiction to heroin during the 1990s , up to 1998 . Around 1996 he moved to Los Angeles , to try to overcome this drug problem . Mehldau later stated that " Once I stopped using heroin , it was like a rush of creativity that had been held in check came out " .
In 1996 Mehldau made the first of several recordings with saxophonist Lee Konitz and bassist Charlie Haden . Mehldau 's contributions to film music continued in 1997 , with an accompanist role for some of the tracks recorded for Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil . His series of trio albums also continued , employing some of the traditional elements of jazz while not conforming to or being restricted by its norms . Live at the Village Vanguard : The Art of the Trio Volume Two consisted entirely of standards , and was recorded at a series of 1997 concerts at the Village Vanguard , and released the following year . The title again attracted attention , as concert recordings from the same club had been issued by some of the biggest names in jazz , including Evans , and saxophonists Coltrane and Sonny Rollins . The studio album Songs : The Art of the Trio Volume Three followed later in 1998 , and contained Mehldau originals , standards , plus Nick Drake 's " River Man " , and Radiohead 's " Exit Music ( For a Film ) " . This album was chosen by Fordham as his jazz CD of the year . " [ Although it ] might seem to some a little introverted , and certainly distinctly classical in flavor " , he wrote , " the intricacy and counter @-@ melodic richness of a great pianist is astonishingly balanced against the more direct and open eloquence a great vocalist might bring . "
Mehldau became established on the international jazz festival scene in the mid- to late 1990s , having played at events such as the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1997 , and the North Sea Jazz Festival in 1998 . Also in 1998 , the pianist reunited with Redman for the saxophonist 's Timeless Tales ( For Changing Times ) , and played on country artist Willie Nelson 's Teatro . That summer , Mehldau spent a few months in Germany , developing his interest in its language , literature , and music .
= = = 1999 – 2004 = = =
Mehldau 's interest in figures of 19th century German Romanticism , including Brahms , Schubert , and Schumann , influenced his first solo piano release , Elegiac Cycle , which was recorded in 1999 and broke the sequence of trio recordings under his name . Art of the Trio 4 : Back at the Vanguard was recorded and released in the same year , presenting more performances from the Village Vanguard . The recording features standards , Mehldau originals , Miles Davis ' " Solar " , and another version of " Exit Music ( For a Film ) " . Also in 1999 , Mehldau was pianist for two albums by saxophonist Charles Lloyd . In the following year , Places , an album containing both Mehldau solo piano pieces and trio performances , was released . All of the tracks were Mehldau originals , and were based on his experiences of visiting and revisiting various locations worldwide . Progression : The Art of the Trio , Vol . 5 , the final album in that series , was another concert recording from the Village Vanguard , and was recorded in 2000 and released in 2001 . Looking back on his earlier career , Mehldau commented in 2005 that " The trio created my identity " . In the three or four years up to the end of 2001 , his trio had toured for the majority of each year .
In 2001 Mehldau expanded from playing on film soundtracks , which had included The Million Dollar Hotel and Space Cowboys , to scoring , with the French film Ma femme est une actrice . In the same year , he left Los Angeles . He first played with saxophonist Wayne Shorter that year , and recorded the Grammy Award @-@ winning Alegría with him a couple of years later .
While trio performances and recordings continued , Mehldau began in the early to mid @-@ 2000s to broaden the musical settings in which he appeared as leader . An early instance was his 2002 album Largo , which was Mehldau 's first departure from piano solo or trio albums . It was produced by Jon Brion , whom Mehldau had met at a California club that hosted weekly happenings . On the album , in addition to Mehldau 's usual trio , rock musicians and instruments associated more with classical music were employed , as were experiments with prepared piano and " multiple layers of electronically enhanced sound " . As of 2010 , this was reported to be Mehldau 's best @-@ selling album .
The results of two further days of recording in 2002 were split over two trio albums : Anything Goes , released in 2004 , contained performances of compositions by others ; the Mehldau originals were released two years later on House on Hill . A solo piano recording from a 2003 concert , Live in Tokyo , showed greater lyricism appearing in Mehldau 's playing , and was released in 2004 as his first album for Nonesuch Records , an imprint of Warner Bros. In the summer of 2004 he toured Europe for three weeks with a band that included guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel and Redman . That autumn , Mehldau formed a quartet , with Mark Turner on saxophones , Grenadier on bass , and Jeff Ballard on drums .
= = = 2005 – present = = =
In 2005 Ballard replaced Rossy as the drummer in Mehldau 's trio . This , in the view of critic Ray Comiskey , did not radically change the trio 's sound , but it did give them " a harder edge and pushed Mehldau more , with bassist Larry Grenadier left more in a fulcrum role , the centre around which piano and drums cavort . " Another critic , Ben Ratliff , suggested that the new trio 's sound was " denser and more tumultuous " , with rhythms more overt than with the previous trio . In February 2005 Mehldau performed in Hong Kong for the first time , with his new trio . Their first album , Day Is Done , was recorded the following month .
Mehldau continued to expand beyond trio and solo playing . In the spring of 2005 he premiered a song cycle that he had written for classical music singer Renée Fleming . This association was based on a commission from Carnegie Hall ; their 2006 recording contained music set to poems by Rainer Maria Rilke and Louise Bogan . Mehldau also collaborated with guitarist Pat Metheny from 2005 – they recorded two albums together that year , along with Grenadier and Ballard , and in 2007 went on a worldwide tour .
Another Village Vanguard recording , Brad Mehldau Trio Live , was recorded in 2006 and released two years later . This also contained a variety of sources of material , including " Wonderwall " by rock band Oasis , " Black Hole Sun " by grunge band Soundgarden , and Chico Buarque 's samba " O Que Será " ; " it 's business as usual – state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art contemporary jazz piano " , commented Fordham . A further recording from 2006 was released as Live in Marciac in 2011 ; this contained two CDs and one DVD of a solo concert by the pianist . Mehldau asserted that his third solo recording " is the beginning of a freer approach , [ ... ] and maybe [ contains ] more ease and fluidity in a musical texture with several simultaneous voices " . In 2006 Mehldau also played on saxophonist Michael Brecker 's final album , Pilgrimage .
In March 2007 Mehldau first performed his piano concerto " The Brady Bunch Variations for Piano and Orchestra " , with the Orchestre national d 'Île @-@ de @-@ France at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris . Later that decade , Carnegie Hall awarded Mehldau another commission – to write the song cycle Love Songs for singer Anne Sofie von Otter ; they premiered it together in 2009 and recorded the songs the following year . In 2009 Mehldau began a two @-@ year period as curator of London 's Wigmore Hall jazz series , which included a performance with von Otter in the second year .
In 2009 Mehldau also recorded Highway Rider , an album that combined his usual trio with guest musicians and a 28 @-@ piece orchestra . Again based compositionally on the theme of travel or a journey , the album was produced by Brion , and , in critic Mike Hobart 's description , " probes the confluence of the arbitrary and non @-@ arbitrary in music , of balancing what is committed to the page with improvisation . " This was pursued further in the winter of 2010 – 11 , in public performances of pieces from the album in the US and Europe . Mehldau 's trio returned to the studio for the first time in several years in 2008 and again in 2011 , resulting in Ode , an album of the pianist 's originals , and Where Do You Start , an album of covers . Down Beat reviewer Jim Macnie commented that , on the former album , " More than ever , Mehldau uses his instrument as a drum , popping staccato notes into the maw of the rhythm section 's formidable bustle . "
During 2010 – 11 Mehldau held Carnegie Hall 's Richard and Barbara Debs Composer 's Chair , the first jazz musician to do so . In 2011 he toured with von Otter again , and played and recorded piano duets with Kevin Hays , and piano – mandolin duets with Chris Thile . The Hays collaboration was on arrangements by Patrick Zimmerli , with whom Mehldau had attended high school . One piece from their album , Modern Music , featured the pianists playing a composed left @-@ hand part while improvising with the other hand ; " to do both at once is a real test . The brain feels like it 's split in half " , commented Mehldau . In 2012 Mehldau and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra performed his " Variations for Piano and Orchestra on a Melancholy Theme " in Europe . The piece was originally for solo piano , but was converted by Mehldau for a commission by the Orchestra ; it was performed in the US the following year .
In 2013 Mehldau began touring with drummer Mark Guiliana as a synthesizer @-@ oriented duo that was given the portmanteau name " Mehliana " . Their playing was largely improvised , and distantly influenced by dub , drum ' n ' bass , electro , and funk . They released an album , Mehliana : Taming the Dragon , in February 2014 . Late in 2015 , a collection of solo piano recordings from Mehldau 's concerts in Europe in the 2004 – 14 period was released , entitled 10 Years Solo Live . Another trio recording with Grenadier and Ballard , Blues and Ballads , was recorded in 2012 and 2014 and was released in 2016 . Also in 2016 , Mehldau and Guiliana formed a trio with guitarist John Scofield ; they played in the United States before touring Europe .
= = Inspiration , influences , and playing style = =
Mehldau has expressed an interest in , and knowledge of , philosophy and literature . In a 2003 interview he commented on romanticism and nostalgia , linking pleasure and pain to musical expression :
I love the part of the Orpheus myth where he is allowed to take his wife out of Hades on the condition that he doesn 't look back at her for the trip on the river Styx . When he can 't help himself , he looks back , and she is pulled back downstream away from him , taken away forever . Music is that moment right when he looks at her : seeing something that you love for an instant being taken away forever . There 's an element of folly to the whole thing – you look even though you know you shouldn 't . Music kind of yokes together the feeling of attainment and the feeling of loss at the same time .
In Stuart Nicholson 's words , " Mehldau 's art is not based on negotiating his way through a harmonic sequence with a string of bravura licks [ ... ] Instead he patiently weaves melodic developments from motifs , fragments and inversions of the [ ... ] songs he plays into the fabric of his extemporizations , making the tunes gradually assume the proportions of an alternative composition . " Fordham stated that " Mehldau demonstrates immense attention to detail , control of dynamics , and patience in developing an improvisation 's shape over a longer span than the chorus @-@ structure of a popular song . "
Mehldau often plays a separate melody with each hand , and one of the central features of his music is the playing of improvised counterpoint . He stated in 2002 that some of the content of his playing is affected by the music that he has recently been listening to : " If I 'm digging a Brahms intermezzo that 'll find its way in . If it 's McCoy Tyner , there 'll be more of that . " Mehldau 's performances often employ unusual rhythmic meters ; for example , he plays his arrangement of " All the Things You Are " on Art of the Trio 4 in 7 / 4 time , and " I Didn 't Know What Time It Was " on Art of the Trio 1 in 5 / 4 . He developed this ability over a period of around a year , with the help of Rossy . Mehldau is able to reach tenth and eleventh intervals on the piano .
Mehldau cites pianists Larry Goldings ( for " his full approach to the instrument " ) and Hays ( for adding alternative harmonies to the set one ) , as well as guitarist Bernstein ( for showing the value of playing melodic phrases instead of just rehearsed patterns ) as direct influences on his own playing , in addition to Jesse Davis , Kurt Rosenwinkel , David Sánchez , Mark Turner , and the other members of his own trio . He has stated that Hersch was his biggest influence as a player of solo piano .
= = Compositions = =
Fordham described Mehldau 's compositions as " miniature tapestries of taut lyricism and surprising turns " . Mehldau himself indicated that some of his compositions address a specific need , such as integrating a particular rhythm into his trio , while others emerge from something he has played while improvising . In the latter case , Mehldau likened the difficulty of the composition process to that of a game of chess : " The opening is always easy for me , the middle gets more difficult , more of an intellectual process , more trial and error at work , and the end is always difficult for me . " These struggles to find satisfactory endings stem from the tension between needing to close a piece and his desire to leave a sense of open @-@ endedness – " an escape duct of possibility " .
= = Personal life = =
Mehldau is married to Dutch jazz vocalist Fleurine , with whom he has recorded and toured . They met in 1997 , and have three children . The eldest is a daughter who was born in 2001 . Mehldau stated early in 2006 that family responsibilities meant that he was making shorter tours . As of 2010 , he divided his non @-@ touring time between living in Amsterdam and New York .
= = Influence = =
Mehldau 's trio was , in Hobart 's words , " the first successfully to add post @-@ Beatles pop into the jazz repertoire without trivialising either " , and shifted the " traditional emphasis on bravura technique and group dynamics [ ... ] to a focus on subtleties of touch and where @-@ my @-@ fancy @-@ takes @-@ me musings . " Such differences in repertoire and approach became common in small @-@ group jazz . His combining of right- and left @-@ hand playing , moving away from the more typical right @-@ hand dominated playing , also influenced pianists .
In 2013 Chinen stated that " Mehldau is the most influential jazz pianist of the last 20 years " . Pianist Ethan Iverson , a contemporary of Mehldau 's , stated that Mehldau was the principal influence on his peers , beginning in the late 1990s . Pianist Gerald Clayton ( born 1984 ) summarized Mehldau 's importance in a 2013 interview : " He brought in a new feel and sound in jazz . I don 't know a single modern pianist who hasn 't taken something from Brad . I told him that I should be arrested for all the stuff I 've stolen from him . " Redman said in 2010 that Largo had been particularly important to musicians : " Brad has had a lot of influential records , [ ... but ] if you talk to musicians , especially younger musicians , so many of them will name that as a defining record . " Marco Benevento and Aaron Parks are among the improvisers who have been affected by the 2002 album .
= = Honors = =
Mehldau won Down Beat 's Readers Poll piano award in 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , and 2012 . He was the 2006 winner of the Miles Davis Prize , awarded by the Montreal International Jazz Festival for " jazz artists who have made significant artistic and innovative contributions to the genre " . In 2015 Mehldau received the Wigmore Medal , which " recognises significant figures in the international music world who have a strong association with the [ Wigmore ] Hall . "
As of December 2014 Mehldau had been nominated for five Grammy Awards . He was nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo on " Blame It on My Youth " from The Art of the Trio Volume One in 1998 , Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group for Art of the Trio 4 : Back at the Vanguard in 2000 , Best Jazz Instrumental Album , Individual or Group for Brad Mehldau Trio Live in 2009 , Best Improvised Jazz Solo for the title track of Ode in 2013 , and Best Improvised Jazz Solo for " Sleeping Giant " from Mehliana : Taming the Dragon in 2015 .
= = Discography = =
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= Yoani Sánchez =
Yoani María Sánchez Cordero ( born September 4 , 1975 ) is a Cuban blogger who has achieved international fame and multiple international awards for her critical portrayal of life in Cuba under its current government .
Sanchez attended primary school during the affluent time when the Soviet Union was providing considerable aid to Cuba . However , her high school and university education coincided with the loss of financial aid to Cuba following the Soviet Union 's collapse , creating a highly public educational system and style of living that subsequently left Sanchez with a strong need for personal privacy . Sanchez 's university education left her with two understandings ; first , that she had acquired a disgust for “ high culture ” , and second that she no longer had an interest in philology , her chosen field of university study .
Sánchez , disillusioned with her home country , left Cuba for Switzerland in 2002 , and it was during this time that she became interested in computer science . When she finally returned to Cuba , Sanchez helped to establish Contodos , a magazine that continues to act as a forum for Cuban free expression , and a vehicle for reporting news . Sánchez is best known for her blog , Generación Y ( Generation Y ) ; which , despite censorship in Cuba , she is able to publish by e @-@ mailing the blog entries to friends outside the country who then post them online . The blog is translated and available in 17 languages .
Time magazine listed her as one of the world 's 100 most influential people in 2008 , stating that " under the nose of a regime that has never tolerated dissent , Sánchez has practiced what paper @-@ bound journalists in her country cannot ; freedom of speech " . In November 2009 , U.S. President Barack Obama , wrote that her blog " provides the world a unique window into the realities of daily life in Cuba " and applauded her efforts to " empower fellow Cubans to express themselves through the use of technology . "
= = Biography = =
Yoani Sánchez was born September 4 , 1975 , in central Havana , Cuba , one of two daughters , to William Sánchez and Maria Eumelia Cordero . Her father worked , as his father had before him , on the state railroad system , first as a laborer and later as an engineer . As the nation ’ s railroad system fell apart after the collapse of communism in Europe , William Sánchez , out of work along with many of his colleagues , became a bicycle repairman .
Sánchez grew up and attended school in central Havana during the years when the Soviet Union was supporting the island and its communist revolution with tangible aid , nearly $ 9 billion in the final year . Sánchez 's secondary and university years coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the loss of its subsidies to Cuba that had for nearly three decades provided about 80 percent of Cuba ’ s international trade . During her high school years , she attended a " school in the countryside " about which she wrote :
I left high school in the countryside feeling that nothing belonged to me , not even my body . Living in shelters creates the sensation that your whole life , your privacy , your personal possessions and even your nakedness has become public property . " Sharing " is the obligatory word and it comes to seem normal not to be able — ever — to be alone . After years of mobilizations , agricultural camps , and a sad school in Alquízar , I needed an overdose of privacy .
Sánchez studied for two years in the Instituto Pedagógico with a major in Spanish literature . She transferred to the Faculty of Arts and Letters in 1995 , and gave birth to her son in August of that year . Sanchez graduated within five years with a degree in Hispanic philology and a specialty in contemporary Latin American literature . Her thesis was titled Words Under Pressure . A Study of the Literature of Dictatorship in Latin America . Sanchez says that by the end of her university studies she " understood two things : the first , that the world of intellectualism and high culture disgusted me and the saddest , that I no longer wanted to be a philologist . " By September 2000 , she had found a job with Editorial Gente Nueva , a publisher of children 's literature . After a short period of employment with Gente Nueva , Sanchez asked to be released from her position , then focused on a higher paying job as a freelance Spanish instructor for German tourists visiting Havana . According to Sánchez , this was during a time " when engineers preferred to drive taxis , teachers worked as hotel desk clerks , and store counters were tended by neurosurgeons or nuclear physicists . "
In 2002 , claiming disillusionment with her home country , Sánchez decided to leave Cuba and emigrated to Switzerland . She was eventually joined by her son and husband . Two years later she decided to return to Cuba citing “ family reasons " However , since she had been out of the country for more than eleven months without special permission , Sánchez had lost the right to return . Sánchez states that she then flew home to Cuba " for a two @-@ week family visit " on a round @-@ trip ticket , and by destroying her passport was able to avoid being forced on a plane back to Switzerland . The Cuban government says that she was granted a waiver allowing her to recover her permanent resident status in Cuba . She finally resettled in Havana . During this time , Sánchez discovered her current profession , computer science . In 2004 , she founded , together with a group of Cubans – all based on the island – a magazine , Consenso , based on reflection and debate . She also helped establish the web portal Desde Cuba ( From Cuba ) , an on @-@ line magazine and collection of individual blogs , of which Sánchez 's was the first . Sánchez began to sign her posts in 2008 , abandoning anonymous blogging . That year , she requested permission to travel to Spain to receive the Ortega y Gasset Journalism Award but permission was denied . Her request for permission to travel to an international documentary film festival in Prague , of which she was a member of the jury , was also denied .
In October 2009 , Sánchez was awarded Columbia University 's " Maria Moors Cabot prize " and was invited to New York to accept the award . The Cuban government denied her permission to attend . Nicholas Lemann , dean of Columbia 's Graduate School of Journalism , criticized the decision , stating that " The Cuban government ought to value Ms. Sanchez 's work as a sign that young Cubans are ready to take Cuba into a better future – one that will have the free press the Cuban people deserve . "
= = = A journey to South America and Europe = = =
Sánchez flew to Prague in the Czech Republic , where she was received by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and former presidential candidate Karel Schwarzenberg who was particularly interested in discussing the reforms that took place in Cuba during 2012 and the state of civil society there . Schwarzenberg remarked that he was not as enthusiastic regarding the reforms as representatives of some other countries , as he could still remember reforms from the communist era in former Czechoslovakia that " ... changed nothing , but to the West looked amazing . "
Sánchez was also a guest of human rights festival One world , organized by a non @-@ profit humanitarian organization People In Need . A film by a Swiss director Barbara Miller Forbidden Voices : How to Start a Revolution with a Laptop was among the films shown during the festival . The film presents three women - one of them being Sánchez - who use blogs and social networks to spread information from their countries living under authoritarian regimes , thus fighting for women rights or human rights in general . Sánchez was also invited to a discussion at the Charles University about independent journalism in Cuba .
= = Blogging and digital publishing = =
Sánchez established the magazine , Consenso ( later named Contodos ) , on her return from Switzerland . The magazine continues to be published today as a " forum for free expression " from the island , and as a vehicle for the reporting of news such as Father Jose Conrado ’ s February 2009 letter to Raúl Castro Ruz . The magazine 's editorial board consists of Dimas Castellanos , Miriam Celaya , Marta Cortízas , Reinaldo Escobar , Eugenio Leal , and Yoani Sánchez . Sánchez is also involved with the digital magazine Convivencia .
In January – February 2007 , Sánchez participated in an event referred to as the " debate of the intellectuals " , described as a " discussion among intellectuals and writers on Cuba ’ s repressive cultural policies . " She , along with several others , was not allowed into the formal conference being held in the House of The Americas . The debate of those who were excluded , and included , in the formal sessions , was captured in a several hundred pages of emails exchanged between the participants . These emails — exchanged by over one hundred participants — are preserved in the digital magazine Contodos , under the title : Polémica Intellectual 2007 .
According to Sánchez , what pushed her to write a blog was the bad taste left at the end of the controversy of the intellectuals in January 2007 . The meeting in the House of the Americas would try to channel and institutionalize a debate that had been raising the temperature of Cuban emails for a couple of weeks already . A select list of guests began entering the " Che Guevara Room " , while our “ group of impertinents ” watched , from outside , as midnight arrived . The protesters were blocked from entering by the custodians in order to keep them from debating and discussing their encounters with " censorship and dogmatism . " The protesters chanted “ Desiderio , Desiderio , hear my criteria , ” but this had no effect , while inside , the voice of the Minister of Culture repeated the idea that in a place under siege , dissent is treason . Sánchez believed that the " debate was hijacked by the institutions , jailed by an academic world full of concepts and fancy words , and condemned to take the course of the imminent conference of the UNEAC [ Cuban Writers and Artists Union ] .
In the end the protesters left with the conviction that they couldn 't wait to be allowed inside for the next debate . For Sánchez , this added a push to start what she terms " this exorcism called Generation Y. " Sánchez launched her blog , Generation Y , on April 9 , 2007 . The national baseball playoffs were underway , and the first post used the baseball fever to compare what Cubans are allowed to shout , and display on homemade posters , “ Santiago , Go Santiago ! ” and what they are not : “ Internet for all ! ” The blog was hosted in Germany on an Internet domain by Cronon AG , and was designed by Sánchez . Later , the blog was transferred to WordPress , and was eventually upgraded to allow comments by readers .
When the blog had been active for six months , Sánchez expressed her reason for blogging , saying that her initial inspiration had been to create an aid to help her deal with the frustrations she felt with the situation in Cuba , and of trying to go along with the advice of friends who suggested she be cautious and wait , rather than more " noble motives " . She tried " silence and evasion , " yoga , Tai Chi , going to the gym , all with no results . She finally found a means to express these frustrations , by blogging . Even so , she admits " I can both get discouraged have sudden starts . I alternate between “ It ‘ s working ! ” to “ It ’ s not worth the pain ” ; alerting her readers to not be " surprised if the catharsis rises in tone , if I become incendiary , or show a streak of pessimism . "
According to Sánchez , when she began blogging , Cubans , by law , were not allowed into tourist hotels , but with her “ European ” appearance , and ability to speak German , she routinely managed to get past the gatekeepers to work on her blog . Due to the difficulties in accessing the Internet , her access speed is determined by the speed of the bus that connects to La Víbora at Línea and G. " Each post depends on a countless chain of events that normally don ’ t go well . From my isolated PC to a flash memory and then to the public space of a cybercafé or a hotel . For this , without detailing all the complications , the elevator does not work , the gatekeeper asks me to show my passport to sit at the computer , or there are frustrations to sign on , plus the slow @-@ speeds imposed by proxies , filters and keylogger . "
= = = The Huffington Post blog = = =
In November 2008 , Sánchez was invited to post her blog entries on The Huffington Post , and she began writing occasional posts that described life in Cuba . Sánchez says she has strived to maintain a respectful tone , and she asks that those who leave comments on her blog do so as well .
In an interview with journalist Ted Henken published in Poder360 , she explained this view , saying :
I refuse to use incendiary language , defamation , or harangues , because that only exacerbates the cycle of intolerance that is an obstacle to reasoned debate . Cuba is a very diverse country . You walk out into the street , and you not only find diversity of races but also of opinions . The official press spends all its time trying to make us believe that this is a very monolithic country , that we all think the same , and it does so with a dose of revolutionary violence and ideological aggressiveness that is paralyzing . We have to find a way to put a stop to this never @-@ ending cycle , to this spiral of aggression that is very characteristic of Cuban journalism .
= = = International attention = = =
On October 9 , 2007 , Reuters published an article about bloggers in Cuba : " Cubans go to unusual lengths to post blogs " ; Sánchez featured prominently in the article . The article was republished by media around the world , and was followed by a Wall Street Journal article on December 22 , 2007 , called " Cuban Revolution : Yoani Sánchez fights tropical totalitarianism , one blog post at a time " . Sánchez has also appeared in interviews by Spain 's El País newspaper ; in an article in Germany 's Die Zeit ; and in the New York Times .
= = = Generation Y blocked = = =
On March 26 , 2008 , Sánchez announced to her readers that the recent problems accessing her blog appeared to be a deliberate action on the part of government censors to block access to her blog and the other blogs on the desdecuba.com website . While debate swirled back and forth on the web about whether the site was actually blocked , Sanchez stated that Generation Y could not be accessed in Cuba for the past several years . The debate about whether this was a year @-@ long plus “ fluke ” or some “ glitch ” in the software , seemed to be resolved about a year after the site became unavailable . Comments made by a Cuban State Security agent in an interview published on March 19 , 2009 , in the digital magazine Kaos en la Red , where “ Agent Miguel ” stated , “ I know State Security officials who literally prophesied that blocking the blog Generation Y within the country would , in a short time , cause the launching of Madame Sánchez into the stardom of the manipulative media campaign against Cuba . Regardless of these prophesies , they did it and now they ’ re paying the price . ”
Sánchez was well known by this time and the attempt to censor her by the sudden government shutdown of her blog attracted more international attention than ever . On April 2 , 2008 , the Washington Post devoted a long column to her , just one of hundreds of articles and blog posts appearing around the world . On June 23 , 2008 , Cuba ’ s daily newspaper , Granma , published a lengthy prologue , written by Fidel Castro , to the book Fidel , Bolivia y algo más , which had been re @-@ issued fifteen years after its initial publication . In a prologue to this new edition of a book commemorating his visit to Bolivia in 1993 , Fidel Castro took the opportunity to quote a long excerpt from Sánchez 's blog and , although he did not mention her name , expressed his disappointment that there are young persons in Cuba today who think as she does . Castro describes Sánchez 's statements as a generalization used as a slogan .
Sánchez responded to Castro 's comments by saying in her blog that she would allow her husband , journalist Reinaldo Escobar , to respond to Castro 's statements because she felt it best to leave the fighting at the " macho @-@ man @-@ male " level , and instead continue with her " womanly " labor of weaving together the " frayed tapestry " of their society . Sánchez 's husband responded with :
The ex @-@ president disapproves of the fact that Yoani accepted this year ’ s Ortega y Gasset Prize for Digital Journalism , arguing that the prize is something that imperialism favours to blow its own horn . I recognize the right of this gentleman to make this comment , but I allow myself to observe that the responsibility implied in receiving a prize is never comparable to that of bestowing one , and Yoani , at least , has never awarded a medal to a corrupt person , a traitor , a dictator or a murderer .
Escobar went on to enumerate a list of names he says are " terrible and undeserving " recipients who were awarded the Order of José Marti by Castro , including names such as Leonid Brezhnev , Nicolae Ceaușescu , Gustáv Husák , and Robert Mugabe , among others .
= = = Blogging blind = = =
Since her blog was blocked from public Internet sites in Cuba , Sánchez has relied on Cuban friends abroad to post her texts for her , which she sends to them by email , along with the accompanying photographs . In an 2009 interview with Ted Henken published in Poder360 , Sánchez commented on being a " blind blogger " by saying that the Cuban government “ filtered ” the DesdeCuba.com website from the Internet , including access from hotels in order to prevent Sánchez from updating her site . To combat this , Sánchez developed what she terms a “ citizen network ” , consisting of people outside Cuba who help distribute her posts .
As of January 2009 , Generation Y ( all languages ) was getting about 14 million ' hits ' a month . On the Spanish language site , each entry receives hundreds , if not thousands , of comments .
= = = 14ymedio = = =
On 21 May 2014 , Sánchez launched 14ymedio , the first independent digital media outlet in Cuba . Shortly after the launch , the website was blocked by the Cuban government but was later unblocked again .
= = Books = =
In 2011 , Sanchez published her first book Havana Real : One Woman Fights to Tell the Truth About Cuba Today , four years ' worth of her translated blog collected in book form , and which describes her views on everyday life in Cuba under the rule of both Fidel and Raúl Castro . She was not able to leave Cuba to promote her book , but smuggled flash drives out of Cuba containing videotaped book readings . She has written a second book , Word Press : A Blog for Speaking To The World . Sanchez has been described as a talented writer .
= = Growing the Cuban blogosphere = =
Given the challenges of blogging in Cuba , the number of blogs on the DesdeCuba site grew quickly . Eight months after she started Generation Y , she was joined on the Desdecuba website by her husband Reinaldo Escobar 's blog , Desde Aqui ( From Here ) , in December 2007 . In January three more Desdecuba blogs were launched : Sin EVAsion ( Without Evasion ) ; El Blog de Dimas ( The Blog of Dimas ) ; and Retazos ( Fragments ) . In March 2008 , Potro Salvaje ( Wild Pony ) was launched , joined by La Colmena ( The Beehive ) in May 2008 .
When the Cuban government blocked access to Sánchez 's blog from the island , it also blocked access to the DesdeCuba website , where these other blogs were housed . The other bloggers faced the same challenges Sánchez had in maintaining their blogs , and also needed to find ways around the censorship — either relying on friends with access inside Cuba from their government offices , using complex and time @-@ consuming workarounds to find ' back doors ' into their blogs , or reaching out to friends and strangers abroad who volunteered to help , and who posted email blog entries they would never be able to see . With their blogs targeted to Cuban readers on the island , the discouragement was compounded by knowing that even if they could post , their readers could not read the posts . This limitation was circumvented by making copies of the blogs on CDs , either from computers on the island with access to the website , or sent from friends abroad . Although this method of disseminating the blogs was slow and delayed , and readers could not comment directly on the website , it was quite effective and continues to this day [ March 2009 ] . Sanchéz said to a known Venezuelan blogger that visited her in Havana : " In any case we are trying to educate others so blogging would become in Cuba a permanent feature , a means of democratizing citizen expression , as in the free world . "
On January 28 , Sánchez launched Voces Cubanas . This citizen journalism project seeks to provide a multimedia platform to independent bloggers in Cuba to express the realities and hardships of everyday life there . During an interview published by Global Voices , Sánchez said this was a website " where all those who want to express ideas , put their projects online , can do so . " An article in El Nuevo Herald by Ivette Leyva Martinez , speaks to the role played by Sánchez and other young people , outside the Cuban opposition and dissidence movements , in working towards a free and democratic Cuba today . On March 29 , 2009 , at a performance by Tania Bruguera , a podium with an open microphone was staged for those wishing to have one minute of uncensored , public speech . Sánchez was among speakers who publicly criticized censorship and said that " the time has come to jump over the wall of control " . The Communist regime dismissed the event and Sánchez without using her name .
= = Support and detention = =
= = = Father José Conrado 's letter to Raúl Castro = = =
On February 5 , 2009 , Father José Conrado , Pastor of Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús in Santiago de Cuba , wrote an open letter to Cuban president Raúl Castro Ruz which was published in the digital magazine , Contodos .
Sánchez and Escobar traveled to Santiago de Cuba the weekend before the letter was released and spent several days there , meeting with Father Conrado . During the same visit they held a blogger meeting with young people there , and Sánchez put her Ortega y Gasset award in the sanctuary of the Virgin of Charity of Cobre , where “ the long arm of the censor does not enter . ” Excerpts from the letter were published on the Huffington Post .
= = = Abduction = = =
According to Sánchez , on Friday , November 6 , 2009 , she and three others were taken in her own neighborhood by men working for the Cuban government . She said that she was heading to an anti @-@ violence demonstration and was forcefully put into a car along with another Cuban blogger , Orlando Luis Pardo Lazo ( she stated that the other two were placed into another car ) . She characterizes the event on her blog , Generation Y , as a " kidnapping " and describes the event in detail . Sánchez said that when she was accosted on the street , " The curious crowded around and I shouted , ' Help , these men want to kidnap us , ' but they stopped those who wanted to intervene with a shout that revealed the whole ideological background of the operation , ' Don ’ t mess with it , these are counterrevolutionaries . ' " Sánchez said that she was put into the backseat of the car and received blows to her head , legs and buttocks as she was pinned down . The incident was condemned by the U.S. administration and by Human Rights Watch .
According to BBC reporter Fernando Ravsberg , who interviewed Sánchez on Monday , November 9 , 2009 , he did not see bruises , marks or scars on her body . When asked , she explained , " Throughout the weekend I had a swollen cheekbone and eyebrow . Above all I have a lot of pain in the lower back . " She still had marks on her buttocks however , which she couldn 't show to the reporter . She attributed that to the " skill of her captors " . When CNN 's David Ariosto reported on the incident , after Sánchez was injured but before she met with the BBC reporter , Sánchez is shown in video footage with bruising and swelling around her left eye and bruising on her arm . The video report appeared on CNN Espanol on Monday , November 9 , 2009 .
= = = President Obama = = =
In 2009 , Sánchez mailed seven questions to United States President Barack Obama . On November 18 , 2009 , Obama responded to these questions with a detailed expression of his support for the bloggers ' work :
Your blog provides the world a unique window into the realities of daily life in Cuba . It is telling that the Internet has provided you and other courageous Cuban bloggers with an outlet to express yourself so freely , and I applaud your collective efforts to empower fellow Cubans to express themselves through the use of technology . The government and people of the United States join all of you in looking forward to the day all Cubans can freely express themselves in public without fear and without reprisals .
The day after she received the unexpected answers from President Obama , Sanchez drafted seven questions for President Castro that she left with the council of state , supreme governing body for Cuba .
= = = 2012 arrest = = =
Sánchez and her husband were arrested on October 4 , 2012 , apparently in an attempt to prevent her from writing about the trial of conservative politician Ángel Carromero , who crashed a rental car , killing Oswaldo Payá . She was released a day later .
= = 2013 trip = =
With a change in the passport laws in January 2013 , Sánchez was granted a Cuban passport enabling her to travel abroad . She had previously applied for an exit permit 20 times without success . On February 17 , 2013 , Sánchez traveled to more than twelve countries in Europe and The Americas , including Brazil and the United States , where , in Miami , she criticized the inadequacy of Cuba 's reforms as well as the United States embargo against Cuba . She returned to Cuba on May 30 .
= = Awards = =
In 2008 , Sánchez was honored with awards that included Time magazine ’ s " One of the 100 Most Influential People in the World ” , one of Foreign Policy magazine ’ s “ 10 Most Influential Latin American Intellectuals ” of the year , and the El País 2008 “ Ortega y Gasset Prize for Digital Journalism ” . She was , as well , one of El País ’ 2008 100 most notable Hispanoamericans , and one of Gatopardo ’ s 10 most influential people of 2008 .
Time magazine named Sánchez 's blog , " Generation Y " , one of the “ 25 Best Blogs of 2009 ” . The World Economic Forum , yearly , selects a group of young global leaders of whom Sánchez was one , in 2009 . In the summer of 2009 , Sánchez was honored as one of the winners of the Columbia University School of Journalism 's “ Maria Moors Cabot Prize ” . The prize is the oldest in international journalism . Sánchez was denied an exit permit by the Cuban government to travel to the New York City award dinner . In 2010 , Sánchez was named a " World Press Freedom Hero " by the International Press Institute , and also received a Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands ' Prince Claus Fund , with an honorarium of € 25 @,@ 000 .
2008 – Ortega y Gasset Prize for Journalism
2008 – " 100 Most Influential People in the World ” – Time magazine
2008 – " 100 most notable Hispanoamericans " – El País newspaper
2008 – " 10 most influential people of 2008 " – Gatopardo Magazine
2008 – “ 10 Most Influential Latin American Intellectuals ” of the year – Foreign Policy magazine
2009 – " 25 Best Blogs of 2009 " – Time magazine
2009 – " Young Global Leader Honoree " – World Economic Forum
2009 – Maria Moors Cabot prize – Columbia University Prize
2010 – World Press Freedom Hero – International Press Institute
2010 – Prince Claus Award – Prince Claus Fund
2012 – “ 10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals ” of the year – Foreign Policy magazine [ 1 ]
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= No. 285 Squadron RAAF =
No. 285 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) training squadron . Controlled by No. 84 Wing , the squadron was formed in August 1999 and is responsible for training the RAAF 's Lockheed Martin C @-@ 130J Hercules aircrew and ground support staff . No. 285 Squadron does not control any flying aircraft but manages the flight simulator used for converting aircrew to the C @-@ 130Js operated by No. 37 Squadron . It is also allocated decommissioned Hercules airframes for training purposes , as well as flying aircraft from No. 37 Squadron when required . Since its formation , No. 285 Squadron has been located at RAAF Base Richmond in the western suburbs of Sydney .
= = Role and equipment = =
No. 285 Squadron is responsible for training aircrew and maintenance staff to operate the Lockheed Martin C @-@ 130J Hercules transport aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . It is located at RAAF Base Richmond , New South Wales , and controlled by No. 84 Wing , which is part of Air Mobility Group . No. 285 Squadron 's motto is " Aspire " .
Twelve C @-@ 130Js are operated by No. 37 Squadron , also based at Richmond under No. 84 Wing . The aircraft are generally crewed by two pilots and a loadmaster , and are tasked with medium tactical airlift in Australia and overseas , transporting troops and cargo , and conducting medical evacuation , search @-@ and @-@ rescue , and airdrop missions . No. 285 Squadron manages the full @-@ flight mission simulator ( FFMS ) used to convert aircrew to the C @-@ 130J , as well as decommissioned Hercules airframes used for loadmaster training . It also employs computer @-@ based training tools and is allocated flying aircraft from No. 37 Squadron when required . As well as training aircrew new to the C @-@ 130J , the FFMS ( maintained by CAE Australia ) is employed for existing aircrew to maintain their currency .
No. 285 Squadron generally holds two pilot and navigator conversion courses per year . Each six @-@ month course includes approximately 120 hours in the FFMS and 30 hours in flying aircraft . It culminates in an airborne operation module , which includes formation flying , airdrops , night landings with night @-@ vision goggles , and simulated combat utilising the C @-@ 130 's self @-@ defence systems to prepare the aircrew for conditions in Middle East deployments . Following this exercise , the new C @-@ 130 aircrew are posted to No. 37 Squadron . No. 285 Squadron may run 30 or more courses each year for ground support staff ; these courses can last from one day to five weeks .
= = History = =
No. 285 Squadron was formed on 24 August 1999 at RAAF Base Richmond under the command of Squadron Leader Peter " Zip " Szypula . Coming under the control of the newly re @-@ formed No. 85 Wing , the squadron took over the training functions of No. 33 Squadron ( operating Boeing 707s ) , No. 36 Squadron ( C @-@ 130H Hercules ) , No. 37 Squadron ( C @-@ 130J Hercules ) and No. 503 Wing ( aircraft maintenance ) . It was equipped with three flight simulators ; one 707 , one C @-@ 130H and one C @-@ 130J . The squadron began operating a full @-@ flight mission simulator ( FFMS ) for the C @-@ 130Hs in 2003 , coinciding with the deployment of C @-@ 130Hs to the Middle East . Replacing a more basic C @-@ 130H simulator , the FFMS was used to train pilots , navigators and flight engineers . By mid @-@ 2006 , No. 85 Wing had been disbanded and No. 285 Squadron was under the control of No. 84 Wing at Richmond . RAAF Hercules operations were concentrated in No. 37 Squadron in November 2006 , when No. 36 Squadron transferred its C @-@ 130Hs prior to re @-@ equipping with Boeing C @-@ 17 Globemaster III heavy airlifters and relocating to RAAF Base Amberley , Queensland .
The Boeing 707 was retired from service in June 2008 . In April 2009 , No. 285 Squadron was named the most proficient RAAF training unit of the previous year . No. 37 Squadron joined No. 285 Squadron under No. 84 Wing in October 2010 , when it was transferred from No. 86 Wing . The C @-@ 130Hs were retired in 2012 , and with them No. 285 Squadron 's C @-@ 130H simulator ; the simulator remained at Richmond until 2016 , when it was sent to Jakarta to support training for the Indonesian Air Force 's fleet of ex @-@ RAAF C @-@ 130Hs . No. 285 Squadron was jointly responsible ( with No. 33 Squadron ) for training flight attendants for the RAAF 's VIP jets until 2015 , when No. 34 Squadron established its own training section and took over the task . The C @-@ 130J FFMS was networked to a virtual exercise in August 2015 , allowing aircrew operating the simulator at No. 285 Squadron to interact for the first time with other exercise participants in Australia , the US and the UK . By February 2016 , according to No. 285 Squadron 's commanding officer , ninety per cent of C @-@ 130 flying training was conducted in the FFMS . In March , a commemorative cairn and garden was unveiled at Richmond in tribute to the squadron 's inaugural commanding officer , " Zip " Szypula , who died in March 2001 with his partner and her daughter in an avalanche in the Himalayas , while preparing to climb Mount Everest .
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= Homesick ( A Day to Remember album ) =
Homesick is the third studio album by American rock band A Day to Remember , produced by Chad Gilbert and the band , and released in February 2009 . It was the band 's second album for Victory . The album features material written while the band had been touring , which Andrew Wade helped them demo . Recording took place between October and November 2008 at The Wade Studio , located in Ocala . Featured on the album are guest vocalists Mike Hranica ( The Devil Wears Prada ) , Vincent Bennett ( The Acacia Strain ) and Sierra Kusterbeck ( VersaEmerge ) . Recorded during the album sessions but remaining unreleased is an instrumental called " Money Maker " . Several of the album 's songs appeared on the band 's MySpace profile before the release of the album .
Planned for a mid @-@ February 2009 release by Victory before being moved forward two weeks , the album sold 22 @,@ 000 copies in the first week and charted at number 21 on the U.S. Billboard 200 . It also charted at number 165 in the UK . It was the band 's final album featuring Tom Denney on guitar , who was replaced on tour by Kevin Skaff . Three singles were released from the album : " NJ Legion Iced Tea " in January 2009 , " The Downfall of Us All " in March 2009 , " Have Faith in Me " in August 2009 . Only the third of these charted , at number 40 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . A re @-@ release with additional tracks was released in October 2009 . Several of the album tracks are available for Rock Band . In 2014 , two songs from the album , " The Downfall of Us All " and " If It Means a Lot to You " , were certified gold by the RIAA . The album was certified Silver in the UK by the BPI in 2015 , and Gold in the United States the following year .
= = Background and composition = =
A Day to Remember were pressed for a new album by their record label , Victory , in early 2008 ; bassist Joshua Woodard said the band weren 't ready to record a new album at the time . This resulted in a re @-@ release of their previous album , For Those Who Have Heart ( 2007 ) , with additional tracks . The songs featured on Homesick were written while the band were on Warped Tour 2008 and on the Easycore Tour with producer Chad Gilbert of New Found Glory . The songs were finished on the latter tour . Gilbert helped to structure the band 's songs and also assisted the band with composing " a few really catchy parts " . The album 's lyrics are similar to their previous efforts , with the band aiming to " keep it as personal and open at the same time " , as vocalist Jeremy McKinnon commented . Speaking of the album 's sound , McKinnon said that the band " wanted to make sure it was heavier and poppier " while at the same time trying " to take it to the next level " .
= = Music and lyrics = =
= = = Tracks 1 – 6 = = =
In the early hours of one morning , McKinnon was driving to Ocala , Florida when the chorus guitar riff to " The Downfall of Us All " came to him , sometime in September 2008 . Upon arriving at his mom 's house , he got an acoustic guitar and worked the song out , finishing it within 2 days . The song 's lyrics are about pressure when it comes to songwriting and the attempt to make people happy because of it . It was the last song written for the album . " My Life for Hire " was one of the first songs written for the album , but remained unfinished until shortly before recording sessions began . The lyrics refer to the music business and how the band were told that they couldn 't " be the band we wanted to be " , as McKinnon commented . The title " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " was a quote that McKinnon " thought was cool " , from the movie Night at the Museum , while the lyrics are about getting revenge . " NJ Legion Iced Tea " refers to how someone would feel watching gigs . The title for " Mr. Highway 's Thinking About the End " also comes from a movie , The Good Son , while the lyrics are about people attempting to undermine your achievements . " Have Faith in Me " is about trusting other people , and looking after them .
= = = Tracks 7 – 12 = = =
" Welcome to the Family " features a recording of Andrew Wade 's heart beat towards the end of the track . The title track , " Homesick " , was written as one piece , before being split into two songs , which the band thought didn 't work well and changed it back to one song . McKinnon said he was " proud " of the track : " My parents were really happy when they first heard it : My dad is always worried about me and my mom really did ask me to write her some soft songs . I finally did . " " Holdin ' It Down for the Underground " came about after McKinnon lost two family members and writing the song helped him relieve the pain .
" You Already Know What You Are " is about negative people and music critics , and doing whatever you want no matter what others say . The song 's title was a saying from a friend of the band . The title for " Another Song About the Weekend " is a reference to Secret Lives of the Freemasons 's album Weekend Warriors ( 2008 ) , while the lyrics are about " a sick cycle " of " life on the road [ ... ] Every time you 're gone , you miss home and when you get home , you miss the road " . " If It Means a Lot to You " had been written over the course of a year , and McKinnon said he wrote it about himself . McKinnon described the song as a " great way to end " the album , describing it as one of their " biggest songs . "
= = Recording = =
In an August 2008 interview with AbsolutePunk , McKinnon said the band were planning to start recording once the tour with New Found Glory had finished , " So Oct & Nov. " McKinnon said that having Wade , who had previously worked on the band 's other albums , on production duties , was a way for the album to have " A Day To Remember @-@ type feel " . Wade also recorded the band 's demos for the album , in the back of a bus . The album itself was recorded at Wade 's The Wade Studio , in Ocala , Florida , after the Easycore Tour had finished . Gilbert was touring with New Found Glory in Europe at the time , but with video conferencing he was able to offer input about the record . In September 2008 , a demo appeared on the band 's MySpace page , entitled " Wax Larry " . Documenting the recording process , the band released several webisodes on YouTube , under the name The Real ADTR : Homesick in Ocala , which had been called a spoof of The Real World . The webisodes were aided by director Drew Russ , as guitarist Neil Westfall states : " When he [ Drew Russ ] was telling us in the beginning that he was getting into video stuff , and we were like ' Well that 's kinda crazy ' cause we need a video guy to do these webisodes for us ' . And as we started talking he really kinda got our sense of humor " . While in the middle of recording Homesick , A Day to Remember released Old Record .
Homesick was produced by Gilbert , and was mixed by Adam Dutkiewicz of Killswitch Engage , with mixing taking place in December 2008 , at Zing Studios . Mastering took place at West West Side Studios , by Alan Douches . The album features three guesting vocalists : Mike Hranica of The Devil Wears Prada on " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " , Vincent Bennett of The Acacia Strain on " Welcome to the Family " , and Sierra Kusterbeck of VersaEmerge on " If It Means a Lot to You " . The latter featured harmonica played by Dave Guynn . One of the tracks written for Homesick was held over for What Separates Me from You ( 2010 ) . An instrumental entitled " Money Maker " was also recorded during the sessions , but McKinnon had difficulties with it . He later explained : " when it came down to writing vocal parts [ ... ] I just couldn 't get that song done . [ ... ] I think it was the best music for the whole record . The music was just so catchy on its own [ ... ] so we said we will just set this aside for next time around . "
= = Release and promotion = =
= = = Initial releases and line @-@ up changes = = =
In 2008 , both Homesick and the re @-@ release of the band 's first album , as Old Record , were announced , with a further announcement claiming Homesick 's release as February 17 , 2009 . After being moved up the schedule , the album 's release date became February 3 for the U.S. In January 6 , 2009 , the track list of the album was revealed . In mid @-@ January , the song " Welcome to the Family " was put on the band 's Myspace profile , with " The Downfall of Us All " being added on 26 January . The following day , the song " NJ Legion Iced Tea " was released as the first single . Homesick was released on February 3 in the U.S. The cover art , designed by Dan Mumford based on an idea by McKinnon , is an interpretation of different paths in life , and how one road can change a person 's life . The second single was " The Downfall of Us All " and the music video was released on March 3 . " The Downfall of Us All " impacted radio on May 26 . For tours in promotion of Homesick , the band had a line @-@ up change adding Four Letter Lie guitarist Kevin Skaff and dropping Tom Denney , the latter of whom wanted to settle down , but was still working with the band behind the scenes .
The band called " The Downfall of Us All " the " most fun " track from Homesick to play live . A live video of the band performing " Mr. Highway 's Thinking About the End " was included in an episode of Victory 's VicTorV . A video of the band performing " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " , which was filmed on the Warped Tour , was added to the band 's MySpace profile on October 16 , 2009 . It was included as a DVD trailer on their profile , which people mistook as the song 's actual music video . " Have Faith in Me " was then announced as a single on September 25 , 2009 . In December , the band released a Christmas song , " Right Where You Want Me to Be " , on their MySpace account .
= = = Music videos and live performances = = =
Also in December , the music video for " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " was filmed , directed by Dan Dobi . In early March 2010 the band announced via their Twitter account that the video was set for release , with a date of March 16 . This was further confirmed a few days later , with some fans being able to view it before its release . A delay in releasing it occurred as the band were trying to negotiate with MTV , as Westfall commented : " I think it 's more important to have them [ MTV ] on board , instead of just putting it on , like , YouTube . " The video had its television premiere on MTV on March 16 . The music video was based on an idea from a friend Kyle Crawford , as McKinnon said : " He was like , ' Hey , you should totally make a video where you guys are playing kickball and you play a bunch of kids and just kick the s * * * out of them ? " I was like , " That is a great idea . Let 's look into it . ' " Asked why it was the band 's next music video , Westfall said " it stands out compared to the other songs " as " it 's a harder song . "
The band had performed acoustic versions of both " Homesick " and " Have Faith in Me " before a show in early April , for 98 Rock , and again , for KROQ , a few months later . The band also played " Have Faith in Me " acoustically for MTV , which was posted online mid @-@ April . At the beginning of May 2010 , the band asked fans to name their next tour , which was shortly afterwards named as Toursick . The band started the first of The AP Sessions for Alternative Press on June 30 , performing " Homesick " and " Have Faith in Me " . The music video for " Have Faith in Me " , directed by Mark Staubach , was released on July 14 , receiving its world premiere on MTV . The song was also released as a single .
= = Further releases and song appearances = =
A re @-@ issue of Homesick was announced on September 13 , 2009 , and released on October 27 , with the original track listing intact , but adding acoustic versions of " Homesick " and " Another Song About the Weekend " , and 9 live tracks from a performance in Switzerland , which was filmed during their European tour . The acoustic tracks were recorded at The Wade Studio from September 10 to September 21 . Westfall said the band wasn 't going to re @-@ issue the album " unless it 's worth the fans ' while . " The album , along with For Those Who Have Heart and Attack of the Killer B @-@ Sides ( 2010 ) , had a reissue on vinyl , in 2011 . Three songs have featured on various artist compilations : the acoustic version of " Homesick " was released on the Victory Records Fall Sampler 2010 , " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What are You Made Of ? " on SideOneDummy 's Warped Tour 2009 Tour Compilation , and " The Downfall of Us All " on Modern Rock Radio 's Promo Only : Modern Rock Radio ( July 2009 ) and 3Wise 's Soundwave 2012 . " NJ Legion Iced Tea " is available as downloadable content for Guitar Hero World Tour . The songs " The Downfall of Us All " , " Have Faith in Me " , " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " and " If It Means a Lot to You " are available as downloadable content for Rock Band . " I 'm Made of Wax , Larry , What Are You Made Of ? " had been added at the request of the band 's fans . Another vinyl reissue was announced on July 30 , 2013 , and released on August 6 , 2013 .
= = Reception = =
The album charted at number 21 on the Billboard 200 , number 1 on Top Independent Albums , number 2 on Hard Rock Albums , number 21 on Digital Albums , and number 5 on the Alternative Albums charts . It sold 22 @,@ 000 copies within its first week and reached 80 @,@ 000 copies by June 2010 . The album charted at number 165 in the UK . " Have Faith in Me " charted at number 40 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . Homesick was voted by fans as number 1 on Kill Your Stereo 's Album of the Year 2009 . Rock Sound , in 2012 , ranked the album at number 82 on their list of the greatest 101 albums of the past 15 years . In February 2014 , " The Downfall of Us All " was certified gold , and in September , " If It Means a Lot to You " was certified . In July 2015 , the album was certified silver in the UK , after selling 60 @,@ 000 copies in the UK . In March 2016 , Homesick was certified gold in the U.S.
Thomas Nassiff of AbsolutePunk called Homesick " a record that is honest and entertaining " , despite how " repetitive " and " dense it may be " . Nassiff went on to say that the album wouldn 't appeal to the public , but it would be " welcomed with open arms " by the band 's fans . When referring to the album 's lyrics , Nassiff called the album " a concept one " , with a theme of " the glory of being a musician " , which encompasses having to be away from home for a period of time . " The Downfall of Us All " , as Nassiff put it , " gets the listener psyched for the rest of the album " . Rock on Request reviewer Anthony Avina furthered this comment by naming the songs " Welcome to the Family " and the title track as examples of the band showing off their " wide range of talent while producing a harmonious album " that the band 's fans " will instantly fall in love with " . Avina noted the album had " a unique sound that has elements " from other bands such as Chiodos . Petteri Pertola , for Rockfreaks.net , " appreciate [ s ] the way these guys fuse metalcore and pop punk seamlessly together " , adding that " many songs are plagued by an overtly formulaic approach , but when it works , [ ... ] Homesick is one of the catchiest listens you 'll experience this year . " Punknews.org reviewer Elliot said the album had an " undeniable quality " , that is " melodic competence " . He viewed the a capella intro to " The Downfall of Us All " as being " a little gimmicky " , while " Have Faith in Me " was called a tribute to Blink @-@ 182 . Despite noting that three of the songs " stray " from a format that the other songs on the album share , he referred to them as being " not very impressive " .
Allmusic reviewer James Christopher Monger said " The Downfall of Us All " would gain an extra " life in countless montages on MTV reality shows and 30 @-@ second cola commercials " . Monger said that the album consisted " of perfectly executed and fairly standard clean vocal post @-@ hardcore emo @-@ pop " which shows the " limitations of the genre " . Monger called the backing vocals " exciting at first " , but felt that they " eventually dissolve into the waves of distortion mid @-@ album " , becoming an " audio equivalent of an energy drink crash " . The final track , " If It Means a Lot to You " , as Monger noted , was different from the preceding tracks , as they were " deafening , ultimately forgettable , over @-@ compressed slabs of twentysomething angst " . Sputnikmusic 's John Hanson said the album was an " incredibly derivative and plodding record " that was filled with " laughable moments " . He also noted the band " haven 't seemed to progress that basic combination of ideas " in combining pop @-@ punk and metalcore , and that the intro to " The Downfall of Us All " is " just one example of embarrassing decisions " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written by A Day to Remember . All lyrics written by Jeremy McKinnon , except " Have Faith in Me " by McKinnon and Jason Lancaster .
Other editions
= = Personnel = =
Personnel per Special Edition booklet .
= = Chart positions and certifications = =
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= L.A.P.D. ( band ) =
L.A.P.D. ( Love And Peace Dude , later Laughing As People Die ) was an American funk metal band formed in 1989 in Bakersfield , California . From 1989 to 1991 , the member line @-@ up was James Shaffer , Reginald Arvizu , David Silveria and Richard Morrill . The group has released one studio album , one extended play , and one compilation album .
The band was originally formed by Shaffer , Arvizu , and Morrill . Capra approached the band introducing them to bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Faith No More . Still in need for a drummer , the band placed an advertisement in a local newspaper which was answered by Silveria . Shortly after this , the band recorded a demo album which was meant to be sent out to record companies . Realizing they would have to continue the band in a more populated area in order for them to expand , all of the members but Shaffer left Bakersfield and resided in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California ( Shaffer later moved to Hollywood as well ) . In late 1989 , the band hired a man named Arthur as their manager , resulting in them getting signed to Triple X Records . The band recorded and released their first extended play in 1989 , but it suffered from poor distribution .
In 1991 , they released Who 's Laughing Now , their first full @-@ length studio album . Shortly after the album 's release , Capra left the band and was replaced by someone only noted by his first name Corey . Corey was fired from the band several weeks later . After this , Morrill quit the band , and the rest of the group set out to form the band Korn with two other people . Several of the band 's former members have formed solo projects . In 1997 , a compilation album consisting of fourteen tracks was released .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early days ( 1989 ) = = =
L.A.P.D. formed in Bakersfield , California , in 1989 . The band was started with Richard Morrill , James Shaffer , and Reginald Arvizu . With both guitarist and bass guitar positions filled , there was still a need for a lead vocalist , as well as a percussionist . The group asked Pete Capra to join their band . Capra joined the band and was positioned as lead vocalist . Although he had not been a vocalist for other bands , Capra introduced the group to bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Faith No More . The group was inspired by the bands that Capra had shown them , and committed to head into those band 's genres and style .
The band still needed a drummer , so they put an ad in a local newspaper . The ad description stated that they were a " funk , thrash , metal groove band looking for a drummer . " This resulted in David Silveria auditioning for the band . Although at the time Silveria was only fifteen , he was still recruited to the band , filling the percussionist position . L.A.P.D. recorded a demo album consisting of four songs , " James Brown " , " Stinging Like a Bee " , " Jesus " , and " Don 't Label Me " , which were all ready to be sent out to various record labels .
The group left Bakersfield and set out for Los Angeles , California . Shaffer was the only band member that was not in favor of the act . He was the only one to stay in Bakersfield , while all the other band members left . Silveria dropped out of high school to leave Bakersfield . L.A.P.D. began rehearsing at a space located in Hollywood , California , near Western Avenue . Shaffer decided to return to the band when he and his girlfriend broke up . Brian Welch , a guitarist who knew Shaffer and Arvizu when they were in high school ( and who later joined the band when they reformed as Korn ) , would occasionally " check out the [ band 's ] music scene . " At the time , Welch was a member of the band Creep .
= = = Releases and break @-@ up ( 1989 – 90 ) = = =
L.A.P.D. was performing at several gigs in Hollywood throughout their self @-@ titled EP era . After one of their shows , a local and drumming protege of Gene Krupa known as Arthur Von Blomberg was positioned as manager . After the group was kicked out of their original studio for not paying the rent on time , they quickly found another practice space in Santa Monica , California . In 1990 , their manager introduced them to Triple X Records , an independent Los Angeles based record company that has signed artists such as Dr. Dre , Social Distortion , Jane 's Addiction , and The Vandals . The company offered them a contract after seeing them in concert . Bassist Arvizu described the contract as " pitiful , " but L.A.P.D. still signed and began recording their album . According to Arvizu , the record company did not distribute the album properly . In 1989 , the group released their first EP Love and Peace Dude through Triple X Records .
In 1991 , L.A.P.D. recorded their second album , Who 's Laughing Now . Released on May 3 , 1991 , it was their first full @-@ length studio album , and consisted of eleven tracks . After they recorded the album , the group 's lead vocalist , Pete Capra , left L.A.P.D. and was replaced by someone affectionately known by other band members as Corey . Bassist Arvizu wrote : " Pete [ Capra ] was always doing amphetamines and stuff . He pretty much left just because of his drug abuse . So Munky [ Shaffer ] , David [ Silveria ] , and I had to start all over again . " The band later fired Corey after his behavior during an audition with producer Ross Robinson . While looking for a new singer , they heard Jonathan Davis singing for the alternative metal band Sexart . After the show , the remaining band members of L.A.P.D. asked him to join their band . Shortly after this , the band changed their name to Korn and added Brian Welch to the member line @-@ up .
= = = Post – breakup and subsequent projects ( 1992 – 2010 ) = = =
The band continued on through Shaffer , Arvizu , and Silveria , who soon added Jonathan Davis as lead singer and Brian Welch as another guitarist . Bassist Reginald Arvizu , ( now known better as " Fieldy " ) released a solo album entitled Rock 'n Roll Gangster on January 22 , 2002 . In 2006 , Fieldy formed the band StillWell with Q @-@ Unique and P.O.D. drummer Noah " Wuv " Bernardo . Fear and the Nervous System is currently one of James Shaffer 's ( now known by band members as " Munky " ) side projects , formed in 2008 . As of 2009 , Pete Capra , Richard Morrill , remain good friends with all of L.A.P.D. ' s members . Aside from projects by the members of L.A.P.D. , in 1997 a compilation album was also released . The album featured songs from both their EP , Love and Peace Dude , and their full – length studio album , Who 's Laughing Now . In 2010 , L.A.P.D. had a short revival , when Morrill began playing with a new line @-@ up that included Derek Campbell ( guitar ) , Jason Torres ( drums ) , Troy Sandoval ( bass ) & Kevin Guariglia ( dj ) in Denver , CO . The group recorded a 5 track demo , that was never officially released , but was posted on the band 's social media pages . The group split in early 2011 .
= = Style and influence = =
The group considered themselves to be a " funk , thrash metal groove band " when they posted an ad in a Bakersfield newspaper . Bradley Torreano from Allmusic noted that the band was " a far different beast than what its members would move on to , " while also saying it incorporated " elements of funk into their thrashy stew . " Bassist Reginald Arvizu describes L.A.P.D. ' s music as being " very heavy , " and also said that " audiences loved [ them ] . "
L.A.P.D. ' s art and visual imagery complemented the themes of their music and performance . The band members adopted a " baggy hip @-@ hop street way of dressing . " Bassist Arvizu had dreadlocks , and said that there " was absolutely nothing femme about [ the band ] . " L.A.P.D. ' s final singer , Corey , was described by Arvizu as the following :
When the band was first started , their lead vocalist introduced them to bands such as Red Hot Chili Peppers and Faith No More , and the group has since cited them as major influences to their musical style . The group is considered to have launched the careers of three members of the nu metal band Korn . Drummer David Silveria said that " L.A.P.D. really was good for us because we learned about the industry and how things work . " Korn has influenced bands such as Slipknot , Saliva , Breaking Benjamin , and Flyleaf .
= = Discography = =
= = Members = =
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= Small Mercies =
Small Mercies were an Australian alternative rock group from Brisbane , which formed in 1997 . They used the names , Seventh Avenue and Blaik , before adopting Small Mercies in 2004 . Their final line @-@ up was Steve Blaik on lead vocals and guitar , Marty O 'Brien on drums , Danny Procopis on lead guitar , and Jeff Reeves on bass guitar . Small Mercies released two EPs , Is This Life ? ( 2003 ) and Off the Record ( 2004 ) , and one studio album , Beautiful Hum ( May 2008 ) . Their highest charting release , " Innocent " ( May 2007 ) , reached the ARIA Singles Chart Top 40 and was nominated at the ARIA Music Awards of 2007 for Breakthrough Artist – Single . By December 2010 the group had disbanded .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early EPs = = =
Small Mercies were established in 1997 in Brisbane by Steve Blaik ( a.k.a Steve Martin ) on lead vocals ( later on guitar ) , Marty O 'Brien on drums , and Danny Procopis on lead guitar – all attended local secondary schools , St. Laurence 's College ( Blaik ) and Padua College ( O 'Brien and Procopis ) . The trio were initially named Psybin Trip before changing to Blaik ( styled as blaik ) . By 1999 the band were renamed Seventh Avenue and also included Simon O 'Connor on rhythm guitar and Shaun Spooner on bass guitar and backing vocals – both also from Padua College and both were ex @-@ Nobenn , another Brisbane group .
During 2001 Seventh Avenue were finalists for the Brisbane Rock Award , which earned them the right to play at Queen Street Mall Basement . This performance attracted Shawthing Entertainment 's Greg Shaw , who became their manager . The band worked with Stuart Stuart ( The Veronicas ) , Dave Nicholas ( INXS , Sting ) , Trey Bruce ( Faith Hill ) and Randy Staub ( Nickelback , Metallica ) on song writing or recordings . They met John Woodruff ( Savage Garden , Evermore ) , after he had heard their early demos , who became their next manager in 2001 . He recommended them to Sony BMG .
In 2002 the band 's name returned to Blaik , they released material on their official website , such as a four @-@ track , Blaik Sampler ( December 2002 ) , which includes an early version of " Innocent " . In June 2003 they recorded with Bruce producing at Rockinghorse Studios , Byron Bay . Blaik released a five @-@ track EP , Is This Life ? , in November that year .
Under the name , Small Mercies , in May 2004 they signed with Modern Music . They released a five @-@ track EP , Off the Record , on 10 September 2004 on Sony BMG and Modern Music . Their producer was Dave Nicholas . " Pellet Gun " , a track from the EP , was issued as a single , it was co @-@ written by Blaik , O 'Brien , O 'Connor , Procopis and Spooner . It was added to the Triple J play list and In October 2007 it appeared on Power On – Rock Hits 2007 , a various artists ' compilation album . By 2005 the band 's line @-@ up was Blaik , Procopis , O 'Brien , and Jeff Reeves on bass guitar .
= = = Beautiful Hum = = =
Small Mercies contacted their next producer , Matt Wallace ( Faith No More , Maroon 5 , Train ) , after he left a message on their MySpace website : " Hey guys , love this stuff . Are you still looking for a producer ? " Wallace was at the top of their " wish list " of possible producers . The group recorded their debut album , Beautiful Hum ( May 2008 ) , over an eight @-@ week span in late 2006 in Los Angeles and San Fernando Valley , working at The Pass and Sound City Studios . The recording was mixed by Tim Palmer , who had worked with Pearl Jam and U2 . The album was released on 24 May 2008 , which reached the top 60 of the ARIA Albums Chart .
The first single from the album , " Innocent " , was released on 28 May 2007 , which reached the ARIA Singles Chart top 40 . The track was co @-@ written by Blaik , Procopis and Stuart . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2007 " Innocent " was nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Single . It also appeared on the ARIA End of Year Charts : Top 50 Australian Artist Singles 2007 . " Innocent " was used on the TV promo ad for United States series , Prison Break .
The album 's second single , " Sorry " ( November 2007 ) , made the top 60 . In November they appeared at the Bourbon Fest in Sydney , alongside Spiderbait and After the Fall . Small Mercies supported tours by headlining bands , Hinder ( October 2007 ) , Nickelback and Daughtry ( May 2008 ) . In April 2008 they travelled to the US to perform at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York , Musexpo in Los Angeles and backing Goo Goo Dolls at the Rose Bowl . Through the rest of 2008 they toured Australia to promote the album . By December 2010 Small Mercies had disbanded . In June 2014 Blaik performed as a solo artist after having been in a duo , the Associates , with Stuart McLean .
= = Musical styles and influences = =
Small Mercies and their antecedents ' music was influenced by numerous artists . In January 2001 Blaik described 7th Avenue 's connections , " bands like Live , Counting Crows and Pearl Jam so it ’ s not too heavy ... We mainly play covers at gigs but we add our own flavour as well . It ’ s a change that keeps us interested and our influence comes through in the music . " He identified his favourite albums : August and Everything After by Counting Crows , Live 's Throwing Copper , and The Joshua Tree by U2 . Blaik summarised that he " loves great storytellers " . As blaik , the band , in June 2003 their website wrote that their sound was " emotional folk pop " .
Blaik , the vocalist , described recording Off the Record as " five guys in a room playing rock music ... hoping that the music strikes a chord with those who listen to it . " It showed the influences of U2 , Counting Crows , Aerosmith and Pearl Jam . Jacqui Curtis of The Program felt the EP " offers listeners yet another melodic rock band with ever @-@ so @-@ catchy tunes to add to their rotation of summer jams ... [ which ] delivers five delectable rock tracks . " Curtis described how " Pellet Gun " , the lead single " couples hard @-@ hitting lyrics and memorable guitar riff ... and attacks every listener 's past loves with an attitude and vindictiveness that the heartbroken , dumped and hard @-@ done @-@ by deserve . Picture yourself burning your ex 's clothes and you 'll find the essence of ' Pellet Gun ' . "
In an interview on Australian Music Online Blaik listed his favourite Australian artists , and specified some of their attributes or albums : INXS and their lead singer Michael Hutchence 's ability " to create so much power and emotion " ; Powderfinger 's dedication and uniqueness , and Odyssey Number Five which had " everything that I love about Powderfinger " ; Crowded House especially Neil Finn 's song writing capabilities ; Silverchair 's Diorama which was " a journey from beginning to end " ; The Cruel Sea 's live performances ; and End of Fashion 's self @-@ titled debut album , which he opined " represent to us a place that we would want to be in the near future . " He also acknowledged AC / DC , especially their Back in Black album , as being highly influential , claiming " I don 't think I know a single musician who doesn 't have this record and this band in their record collection " , and asking " How can you not be inspired by this band ? "
For Beautiful Hum the band provided about 50 tracks and , according to Wallace , there was " not a clunker in the bunch . " He described Beautiful Hum as somewhat of a " best of " album , as there was so much content to choose from . Blaik told Tim Colman of The Sydney Morning Herald that " There are actually some songs on the record that are four or five years old , they 've sort of just evolved as the band 's evolved . The songs have progressed to a point where they 're really representative of where the band is now . " In November 2007 FasterLouder 's Melbjuz caught their performance at the Chapel in Melbourne , she felt they provided " Emotionally charged melodies ... ringing guitar work from Procopis and Blaik ’ s charismatic stage persona " moving from " a real rock @-@ edged buzz " with " Sorry " to " a slower , evocative track " with " Fools " .
American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) reported that critics had found that Small Mercies ' " sound has elements of Matchbox 20 , Maroon 5 , Bon Jovi and Nickelback with memorable melodies , along with the heartfelt voice of Steve Blaik and the songs he creates with writing partner , guitarist Danny Procopis . " Elisa Scarton of Mediasearch described " how distinctly international their sound is " on the album , where the " sound is fresh , Steve Blaik 's vocals are unique and appealing to the ears and the songs fulfill their rock agenda . " TheDwarf.com.au website 's MikeOwnsYourFace praised " Innocent " as " an epic rock ballad that beckons for lighters and mobile phones to be raised in salutation " but noticed that for the album 's later tracks " The band seems to run out of steam , with most of the songs ending up sounding the same as the last . "
In an interview in the Cairns community newspaper , Cairns Bulletin , O 'Brien described their musical forte : " Rock 's such a broad term ... we do a lot of harder stuff but we also do softer variations " and that his fellow members know " which buttons to press to make things kick in and when to give space when one needs it . "
= = Members = =
Steve Blaik – lead vocals , guitar ( 1997 – 2010 )
Marty O 'Brien – drums , percussion ( 1997 – 2010 )
Danny Procopis – lead guitar ( 1997 – 2010 )
Simon O 'Connor – rhythm guitar ( 1999 – 2004 )
Shaun Spooner – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1999 – 2004 )
Jeff Reeves – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 – 2010 )
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
Beautiful Hum ( 24 May 2008 ) AUS – No. 54
= = = Extended plays = = =
Blaik Sampler ( by Blaik ) ( December 2002 )
Is This Life ? ( by Blaik ) ( November 2003 )
Off the Record ( 10 September 2004 )
= = = Singles = = =
" Pellet Gun " ( August 2004 )
" Innocent " ( 28 May 2007 ) AUS – No. 38 EoY – No. 41
" Sorry " ( November 2007 ) AUS – No. 54
" Don 't You Know Who I Am ? " ( April 2008 )
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= Northern cardinal =
The northern cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis ) is a North American bird in the genus Cardinalis ; it is also known colloquially as the redbird or common cardinal . It can be found in southern Canada , through the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and south through Mexico . It is found in woodlands , gardens , shrublands , and swamps .
The northern cardinal is a mid @-@ sized songbird with a body length of 21 – 23 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 1 in ) . It has a distinctive crest on the head and a mask on the face which is black in the male and gray in the female . The male is a vibrant red , while the female is a dull reddish olive . The northern cardinal is mainly granivorous , but also feeds on insects and fruit . The male behaves territorially , marking out his territory with song . During courtship , the male feeds seed to the female beak @-@ to @-@ beak . A clutch of three to four eggs is laid , and two to four clutches are produced each year . It was once prized as a pet , but its sale as a cage bird was banned in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 .
= = Taxonomy = =
The northern cardinal is one of three birds in the genus Cardinalis and is included in the family Cardinalidae , which is made up of passerine birds found in North and South America .
The northern cardinal was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th @-@ century work , Systema Naturae . It was initially included in the genus Loxia , which now contains only crossbills . In 1838 , it was placed in the genus Cardinalis and given the scientific name Cardinalis virginianus , which means " Virginia cardinal " . In 1918 , the scientific name was changed to Richmondena cardinalis to honor Charles Wallace Richmond , an American ornithologist . In 1983 , the scientific name was changed again to Cardinalis cardinalis and the common name was changed to " northern cardinal " , to avoid confusion with the seven other species also termed cardinals .
The common name , as well as the scientific name , of the northern cardinal refers to the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church , who wear distinctive red robes and caps . The term " northern " in the common name refers to its range , as it is the northernmost cardinal species .
= = = Subspecies = = =
There are 19 subspecies :
C. c. cardinalis ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
C. c. affinis Nelson , 1899
C. c. canicaudus Chapman , 1891
C. c. carneus ( Lesson , 1842 )
C. c. clintoni ( Banks , 1963 )
C. c. coccineus Ridgway , 1873
C. c. flammiger J.L. Peters , 1913
C. c. floridanus Ridgway , 1896
C. c. igneus S.F. Baird , 1860
C. c. littoralis Nelson , 1897
C. c. magnirostris Bangs , 1903
C. c. mariae Nelson , 1898
C. c. phillipsi Parkes , 1997
C. c. saturatus Ridgway , 1885
C. c. seftoni ( Huey , 1940 )
C. c. sinaloensis Nelson , 1899
C. c. superbus Ridgway , 1885
C. c. townsendi ( van Rossem , 1932 )
C. c. yucatanicus Ridgway , 1887
= = Description = =
The northern cardinal is a mid @-@ sized songbird with a body length of 21 – 23 @.@ 5 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 3 in ) and a wingspan of 25 – 31 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 12 @.@ 2 in ) . The adult weighs from 33 @.@ 6 – 65 g ( 1 @.@ 19 – 2 @.@ 29 oz ) , with an average 44 @.@ 8 g ( 1 @.@ 58 oz ) . The male averages slightly larger than the female . The adult male is a brilliant crimson red color with a black face mask over the eyes , extending to the upper chest . The color becomes duller and darker on the back and wings . The female is fawn , with mostly grayish @-@ brown tones and a slight reddish tint on the wings , the crest , and the tail feathers . The face mask of the female is gray to black and is less defined than that of the male . Both sexes possess prominent raised crests and bright coral @-@ colored beaks . The beak is cone @-@ shaped and strong . Young birds , both male and female , show coloring similar to the adult female until the fall , when they molt and grow adult feathers . They are brown above and red @-@ brown below , with brick @-@ colored crest , forehead , wings , and tail . The legs and feet are a dark pink @-@ brown . The iris of the eye is brown . The plumage color of the males is produced from carotenoid pigments in the diet . Coloration is produced from both red pigments and yellow carotenoid pigments . Northern cardinal males possess the ability to metabolize carotenoid pigments to create plumage pigmentation of a color different from the ingested pigment . When fed only yellow pigments , males become a pale red color , rather than a yellow . However , there are rare " yellow morph " cardinals , where all feathers ( except for black face mask ) and beak are a moderate yellow color . During the winter months , both male and female will fluff up their down feathers in order to trap warm air next to their body and keeping cold air from reaching their body . The down feathers are small and hairlike at the base of each flight feather . The legs and feet of almost all birds are thin and lack feathers , and so are vulnerable to rapid heat loss . Therefore , many take turns tucking one leg at a time into their body to keep them warm while still using the other to stand .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Northern cardinals are numerous across the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and in Canada in the provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . Its range extends west to the U.S. – Mexico border and south through Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , northern Guatemala , and northern Belize . An allopatric population is found on the Pacific slope of Mexico from Jalisco to Oaxaca ; note that this population is not shown on the range map . The species was introduced to Bermuda in 1700 . It has also been introduced in Hawaii and southern California . Its natural habitat is woodlands , gardens , shrublands , and swamps .
= = Ecology = =
= = = Song = = =
The northern cardinal is a territorial song bird . The male sings in a loud , clear whistle from the top of a tree or another high location to defend his territory . He will chase off other males entering his territory . He may mistake his image on various reflective surfaces as an invading male , and will fight his reflection relentlessly . The northern cardinal learns its songs , and as a result the songs vary regionally . Mated pairs often travel together .
Both sexes sing clear , whistled song patterns , which are repeated several times , then varied . Some common phrases are described as cheeeer @-@ a @-@ dote , cheeer @-@ a @-@ dote @-@ dote @-@ dote , purdy , purdy , purdy ... whoit , whoit , whoit , whoit , what @-@ cheer , what @-@ cheer ... wheet , wheet , wheet , wheet and cheer , cheer , cheer , what , what , what , what The northern cardinal has a distinctive alarm call , a short metallic chip sound . This call often is given when predators approach the nest , in order to give warning to the female and nestlings . In some cases it will also utter a series of chipping notes . The frequency and volume of these notes increases as the threat becomes greater . This chipping noise is also used by a cardinal pair to locate each other , especially during dusk hours when visibility wanes .
= = = Predators = = =
Northern cardinals are preyed upon by a wide variety of predators native to North America , including falcons , all Accipiter hawks , shrikes , and several owls , including long @-@ eared owls , and eastern screech owls . Predators of chicks and eggs include milk snakes , coluber constrictors , blue jays , eastern gray squirrels , fox squirrels , eastern chipmunks , and domestic cats .
= = = Diet = = =
The diet of the northern cardinal consists mainly ( up to 90 % ) of weed seeds , grains , and fruits . It is a ground feeder and finds food while hopping on the ground through trees or shrubbery . It will also consume insects , including beetles , cicadas , grasshoppers , and snails ; it feeds its young almost exclusively on insects . Other common items include corn ( maize ) and oats , sunflower seeds , the blossoms and bark of elm trees , and drinks maple sap from holes made by sapsuckers , an example of commensalism . During the summer months it shows preference for seeds that are easily husked , but is less selective when food is scarce during winter .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Pairs mate for life , and stay together year @-@ round . Mated pairs sometimes sing together before nesting . During courtship they may also participate in a bonding behavior where the male collects food and brings it to the female , feeding her beak @-@ to @-@ beak . If the mating is successful , this mate @-@ feeding may continue throughout the period of incubation .
Males sometimes bring nest material to the female , who does most of the building . She crushes twigs with her beak until they are pliable , then turns in the nest to bend the twigs around her body and push them into a cup shape with her feet . The cup has four layers : coarse twigs ( and sometimes bits of trash ) covered in a leafy mat , then lined with grapevine bark and finally grasses , stems , rootlets , and pine needles . The nest typically takes three to nine days to build ; the finished product is 5 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 0 in ) tall , 10 @.@ 1 cm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) across , with an inner diameter of about 7 @.@ 6 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) . Cardinals do not usually use their nests more than once . The female builds a cup nest in a well @-@ concealed spot in dense shrub or a low tree 1 – 3 m ( 3 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 8 ft ) off the ground . The nest is made of thin twigs , bark strips , and grasses , lined with grasses or other plant fibers . Eggs are laid one to six days following the completion of the nest . The eggs are white , with a tint of green , blue or brown , and are marked with lavender , gray , or brown blotches which are thicker around the larger end . The shell is smooth and slightly glossy . Three or four eggs are laid in each clutch . Eggs measure approximately 26 mm × 19 mm ( 1 @.@ 02 in × 0 @.@ 75 in ) in size . The female generally incubates the eggs , though , rarely , the male will incubate for brief periods of time . Incubation takes 12 to 13 days . Young fledge 10 to 11 days after hatching . Two to three , and even four , broods are raised each year . The male cares for and feeds each brood as the female incubates the next clutch of eggs .
The oldest wild cardinal banded by researchers lived at least 15 years and 9 months , although 28 @.@ 5 years was achieved by a captive bird . Annual survival rates for adult northern cardinals have been estimated at 60 to 65 % ; however , as with other passerine birds , the high mortality of juveniles means that the average lifespan is only about a year .
= = Relationship with humans = =
The northern cardinal is found in residential areas throughout its range . Backyard birders attract it using feeders containing seeds , particularly sunflower seeds and safflower seeds . Although some controversy surrounds bird feeding , an increase in backyard feeding by humans has generally been beneficial to this species . It is listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN Red List , with an estimated global range of 5 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 km2 ( 2 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and a global population of some 100 million . Populations appear to remain stable and not threatened to reach the threshold of inclusion as a threatened species , which requires a decline of more than 30 % in ten years or three generations . It was once prized as a pet due to its bright color and distinctive song . In the United States , this species receives special legal protection under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 , which also banned their sale as cage birds . It is also protected by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada . It is illegal to take , kill , or possess northern cardinals , and violation of the law is punishable by a fine of up to US $ 15 @,@ 000 and imprisonment of up to six months .
In the United States , the northern cardinal is the mascot of numerous athletic teams ; however , most teams portray the bird with a yellow beak and legs . In professional sports , it is the mascot of the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball 's National League and the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League . In college athletics , it is the mascot of many schools including Ball State University , The Catholic University of America , Illinois State University , Iowa State University , Lamar University , the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , North Idaho College , Saint John Fisher College , the State University of New York at Plattsburgh , the University of Louisville , the University of the Incarnate Word , Wesleyan University , and Wheeling Jesuit University .
= = State bird = =
The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states , more than any other species : Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , North Carolina , Ohio , Virginia , and West Virginia . It was also a candidate to become the state bird of Delaware , but lost to the Delaware Blue Hen .
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= The Road Not Taken ( Fringe ) =
" The Road Not Taken " is the nineteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . It centers on the death of a young woman ( Jennifer Ferrin ) , who spontaneously combusts in the middle of a street . The Fringe team 's investigation leads them to learn more about the drug trials Olivia ( Anna Torv ) experienced as a child , as well as other revelations .
The episode 's story was written by Akiva Goldsman , while the teleplay was co @-@ written by executive producer Jeff Pinkner and supervising producer J.R. Orci . It was directed by Fred Toye . The title is based on the Robert Frost poem of the same name . Robert Chiappetta and Glen Whitman , frequent contributors to the series , aided in the episode 's production by " find [ ing ] a new and gruesome way to blow people up , " and rooting its explanation in science .
It first aired in the United States on May 5 , 2009 on the Fox network . An estimated 9 @.@ 245 million viewers watched the episode , making it the network 's fifth most watched show for the week . " The Road Not Taken " received mostly positive reviews from television critics , with many praising Olivia 's visions of the other universe and John Noble 's performance .
= = Plot = =
The Fringe Division investigates the case of a woman ( Jennifer Ferrin ) who " spontaneously combusts " in the middle of a busy New York street . The team discovers that the victim is the subject of a ZFT experiment to cultivate pyrokinesis . As they investigate , Olivia ( Anna Torv ) experiences " visions " while awake . Walter ( John Noble ) suggests she is seeing a parallel universe which has branched off from our own . Olivia and Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) visit an agoraphobic website designer ( Clint Howard ) who is apparently aware of William Bell , the drug trials , and the coming war , although his credibility comes into question when he believes himself to be a character in the plot of Star Trek .
Using information from her visions , Olivia tracks down the victim 's twin sister , who only moments before was kidnapped for more ZFT experimentation . Harris ( Michael Gaston ) is revealed to be responsible for the crimes , and while closing in on him , Olivia gets locked in a room with the twin sister , whose unstable pyrokinetic abilities threaten both their lives . With Olivia 's guidance , the woman focuses her energy on Harris and incinerates him . Olivia finds out that the sisters were part of the same nootropic drug trial that she was as a child . She presses Walter to reveal why he and William Bell were developing " supersoldiers , " but Walter only shares that it was for protection against some impending doom that he regrettably cannot recall .
Meanwhile , Walter reveals that the ZFT manuscript was written by William Bell , and that the copy of the manuscript that ZFT uses is missing a chapter dealing with ethics . He locates the original , but the Observer ( Michael Cerveris ) shows up and takes Walter away , cryptically stating : " it is time to go . " Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) visits Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) to discuss the Observer , and is later shot in her hotel by two masked gunmen using a suppressed pistol .
= = Production = =
The episode 's teleplay was co @-@ written by supervising producer J.R. Orci and executive producer Jeff Pinkner , based on a story by Akiva Goldsman . Producer Frederick E. O. Toye served as director . Goldsman had joined the series half way through the season by writing and directing the mythology @-@ riddled episode " Bad Dreams " , and was instrumental in convincing the showrunners to depict more Fringe mythology earlier than planned , most notably with the depiction of parallel universes . The title of " The Road Not Taken " is based on the Robert Frost poem of the same name .
New Media consultants and scientists Robert Chiappetta and Glen Whitman aided in the production of the episode . They had worked on the series throughout the first season , with their role ranging from directly writing episodes to advising the others on scientific concepts . Whitman later explained that they " come to us with questions : Is this possible ? Where can we go with this ? Then we go and read the very technical articles , or talk with scientists , and then translate that into the storytelling medium of our show . " For " The Road Not Taken " , he and Chiappetta were asked to again " find a new and gruesome way to blow people up , " this time by rooting it in the concept of pyrokinesis . Chiappetta explained , " They wanted to have someone spontaneously combust and burn up . So this is where we sort of leaned back into our mythology . "
They and the episode writers developed a storyline in which a victim 's childhood experimentation , when they were injected with something , was now " coming back to haunt them . " Whitman noted that the concept , like others in the show , was based on real scientific knowledge , " The notion is , some kind of a medical treatment that they were given allowed their brain to command vibrations that would take place . It really is true that essentially what heat is is vibrations of atoms , so if your brain can cause some kind of vibration to take place , eventually you could create enough heat to even create a flame . " Pinkner added , " And if you haven 't yet mastered pyrokinesis and the ability to excite molecules that are outside your body , well then your going to excite the ones inside your body and you 're going to blow up , sadly . "
For Harris ' immolation scene , first unit director Gary Rake emphasized safety , explaining that " everyone really has to think about what ’ s going on and really focus tonight . This is a quintessential moment where we can ’ t have any mistakes . " Everything in the scene was flame retardant , and a special burn unit crew was present . Actor Michael Gaston 's arm , immersed in a special gel , was actually inflamed and then extinguished after filming was cut . Then , Gaston 's stand @-@ in , stuntman Don Hewitt , Jr , was completely set on fire . Hewitt wore the same costume , a wig , a face shield , and was also covered in a flammable gel . It was Gaston 's final episode with the series .
Actress Jasika Nicole , who plays junior FBI agent Astrid Farnsworth , described the episode in a May 2009 interview , " It 's about spontaneously combusting . This is the episode I get to get out of the lab . I remember thinking I can 't wait to see what the set 's going to look like and how they will make it look when the spontaneous combusting takes place . And we get there and it 's just smoke on the walls , like a kitchen fire . I thought that was so funny because I thought there were going to be body parts everywhere , like a small explosion . But it 's a really good episode , which leads you into the coolest parts of the finale episode . "
= = Cultural references = =
The episode contains many cultural references , which Annalee Newitz of io9 attributed to the episode 's writers : " It was bound to happen that one day these four supernerds would get together and spawn an episode so packed with in @-@ groupy pop culture references that smacking is probably in order . " Peter and Walter reference the 1984 supernatural comedy film Ghostbusters while investigating the opening scene 's case , and later debate the origin of the term pyrokinesis , coined by author Stephen King in his 1981 novel Firestarter . Emmanuel Grayson refers to the titular character of the 1982 science fiction film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , as well as Romulans and the United Federation of Planets , when describing government conspiracies to Peter and Olivia . Grayson also believes himself to be Mr. Spock . This reference is made even more appropriate by the fact that Spock 's mother was named Amanda Grayson .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The Road Not Taken " was first broadcast in the United States on May 5 , 2009 on the Fox network . It was watched by an estimated 9 @.@ 245 million viewers , making it the network 's fifth most watched show for the week . The episode earned a 4 @.@ 0 / 10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 0 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of broadcast . Fox later aired repeats of season one episodes , including " The Road Not Taken " , that featured Twitter posts by some of Fringe 's cast and producers .
= = = Reviews = = =
The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics . TV Squad 's Jane Boursaw called the episode 's case " an interesting premise " and was pleased that " things are really , REALLY starting to come together in a big way , which is good , considering that the finale is fast approaching " . Annalee Newitz of io9 declared it to be " one of the most rewarding episodes ever for people who love the show 's mythology , " and found Olivia 's universe @-@ hopping ability to be " truly cool " . Newitz concluded that " this was a truly awesome episode with a lot of payoff for those of us who have been glued to the set every Tuesday night , looking for answers . " The website later listed " The Road Not Taken " as one of the " crucial " episodes new viewers must watch to get into the show . Television Without Pity graded the episode with a A- .
Noel Murray of The A.V. Club complimented the episode 's opening scene for providing a succinct synopsis of the season to new viewers who may have been newly discovering the series after watching its lead @-@ in , American Idol . Though he graded the episode with an A- , Murray did however critique its climatic scene for being " clumsily paced and staged " . Murray mainly found positive aspects with the episode , explaining , " For a show that started out being a fairly dour procedural with wacky mad @-@ scientist elements , Fringe has really worked its way into that fantasy / sci @-@ fi sweet @-@ spot , where its own forward momentum makes the ridiculous look likely and arcane mythology seem well @-@ worth the time to sort through and analyze . " Other highlights Murray found was Noble 's performance , which he considered his " finest moment in the series to date , " and Olivia 's visions of the other universe .
IGN 's Ramsey Isler rated the episode with a score of 9 @.@ 2 out of 10 . He thought that after a " stereotypical , over @-@ the @-@ top " characterization in past episodes , Gaston " stepped up his portrayal " as Harris and was " annoying ... in a much more believable way . " Isler found the revelation surrounding Harris to be " deliciously surprising , " and wrote that the " last twenty minutes of the episode really ramped up the suspense and action . " However , the IGN reviewer thought that while the conversation with Grayson was an " hilarious homage to Leonard Nimoy , it seemed completely superfluous in terms of the overall storyline . " Isler concluded his review on a positive note by focusing on Noble 's performance , calling it " one of the best scenes [ he ] has ever done as Walter Bishop . It was emotional , believable , and perfectly accurate for a character that has a high level of self @-@ loathing and remorse for what he 's done , and the hopeless frustration of not being able to remember exactly why he did it . "
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= Sunda Strait campaign of January 1794 =
The Sunda Strait campaign of January 1794 was a series of manoeuvres and naval actions fought between warships and privateers of the French Republic and a squadron of vessels sent by the British East India Company to protect trade in the region , later augmented by Dutch warships . The campaign developed as French forces based on Île de France reacted more quickly than the British forces in the Indian Ocean to the expansion of the French Revolutionary Wars on 1 February 1793 . French privateers rapidly spread along the British trade routes in the Far East , becoming concentrated around the narrow Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies . These ships were soon joined by French Navy frigates and began to inflict losses on shipping in the region . The Royal Navy forces in the Indian Ocean were deployed elsewhere and so the East India Company , the private enterprise that ruled much of British India in the 1790s and maintained their own fleet and navy , raised a squadron of armed merchant ships to patrol the Strait and drive off the raiders .
The arrival of this British force on 2 January 1794 was initially a success , the squadron over @-@ running and capturing two large and well @-@ armed privateers on the on 22 January , not long after the French vessels had been beaten off during an attack on the British trading post at Bencoolen . On 24 January an action against a larger French squadron was fought in the Strait itself , but ended inconclusively and the squadrons divided , the British receiving the Dutch frigate Amazone as reinforcements . The French subsequently turned southwards out of the Strait and attacked Bencoolen again on 9 February , capturing an East Indiaman in the harbour before returning to Île de France with their prize .
= = Background = =
On 1 February 1793 , the French Republic declared war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic , extending the already existing French Revolutionary Wars . It took several months for news of the outbreak of war to reach British India , messages arriving at Calcutta from Consul George Baldwin at Alexandria on 11 June . The Royal Navy commander in the region , Commodore William Cornwallis , immediately set about demanding the surrender of the French trading posts in India . Most fell within a few days , but the major port of Pondicherry refused , and was besieged from 1 August . The siege lasted a month before the French commander capitulated under bombardment from British land and naval forces . With the French presence eliminated from India , Cornwallis was ordered to return to Europe , leaving minimal naval forces in the Indian Ocean .
The Indian Ocean formed a vital part of Britain 's trade links with the wider British Empire . India was controlled by the East India Company , a commercial organisation that maintained its own army and navy in Indian waters and owned a fleet of large merchant ships known as East Indiamen . These vessels ranged in size between 400 and 1500 tons burthen ( bm ) , carried up to 30 cannons and were capable in certain conditions of fighting warships , although a frigate was usually more than a match for an individual East Indiaman . These ships sailed on an annual route from China , the East Indies or India carrying trade goods such as spices , tea or silk to Britain . There the goods were sold , and replaced with general cargo including military equipment and troops for the journey back to the Indian Ocean .
One of the most vital parts of the Indian trade route was through the Sunda Strait between the islands of Sumatra and Java in the Dutch East Indies , through which most of the China and East Indies trade passed on its journey to the Indian Ocean . French ships , both Navy warships and commercially owned privateers , operated along the Indian trade routes from their base at the isolated island of Île de France and recognised the strategic importance of the Sunda Straits . As soon as news of war arrived at Île de France French ships spread out into the Indian Ocean in search of British and Dutch merchant shipping , gathering in significant numbers off the Sunda Straits .
On 27 September 1793 French cruisers achieved their first major victory when three privateers mounting more than 20 guns each attacked the East Indiaman Princess Royal , under Captain James Horncastle , off Anjier ( or Anjere or Anger ) Point in the Sunda Strait . Although Horncastle resisted , the privateers outgunned him and eventually forced him to strike .
= = East India Company deployment = =
With the Royal Navy unable to provide forces to protect trade in the East Indies , the East India Company authorities in India decided to form a squadron from their own ships to patrol the region . Three East Indiamen , Wiliam Pitt , Britannia and Nonsuch , were diverted from their regular route for the service , accompanied by the brig Nautilus and under the overall command of Commodore Charles Mitchell . On 2 January 1794 this force passed Singapore and entered the Malacca Strait , sailing eastwards in search of French raiders . As the British squadron travelled along the northern coast of Sumatra , two French privateers attacked the East India Company ’ s trading post at Bencoolen on the southern coast . The privateers were the 30 @-@ gun Vengeur under Captain Corosin and the 26 @-@ gun Résolu under Captain Jallineaux , and on 17 January they approached the mouth of Rat Island Basin close to Bencoolen where the 32 @-@ gun East Indiaman Pigot lay at anchor . Pigot , under Captain George Ballantyne , had a crew of 102 men , but was completely unprepared for action . At 08 : 15 Vengeur opened fire at 150 yards ( 137 m ) , maintaining the battle for an hour and 45 minutes before hauling off so that Résolu could continue the combat . Ballantyne defended his vessel intelligently , positioning Pigot so that the French could only approach one at a time through the narrow mouth of the bay . This allowed him to drive off each ship in turn , the privateers falling back together at 10 : 20 with damaged rigging . Pigot too had suffered , with one man killed and sufficient damage to the rigging to require several weeks of repairs . After immediate repairs had been completed , Corosin abandoned Bencoolen and retreated to the Sunda Strait in search of weaker targets .
Early on 22 January , Mitchell 's squadron , reinforced by the East Indiaman Houghton , stopped a merchant ship for inspection and as the ship was searched two new sails appeared to the southwest near Shown Rock in the Zuften Islands . Suspicious of the identity of the new arrivals , Mitchell sent Britannia and Nonsuch in pursuit and the ships turned away . As the East Indiamen closed with the fleeing ships , they were identified as Vengeur and Résolu . The British vessels soon outran the French and the French opened fire to which the larger British vessels responded . Captain Thomas Cheap of Britannia engaged Vengeur while Captain John Canning of Nonsuch attacked Résolu at 10 : 45 and were soon supported by William Pitt and Houghton . The overwhelming numbers and size of the British squadron soon convinced Corosin and Jallineaux that further resistance was pointless and 45 minutes after the first shots were fired both surrendered . Corosin died in the aftermath of the battle after losing a leg and another 11 French sailors were killed and 25 wounded , while British losses were one killed and two wounded on Britannia . Both raiders were subsequently supplied with crews from the East Indiaman squadron .
= = Battle of the Sunda Strait = =
On the morning of 24 January , most of Mitchell 's squadron lay at anchor off the island of Pulau Panjang in Bantam Bay on the northwestern tip of Java , with Nonsuch and the new prizes remaining in the Zuften Islands about 15 miles ( 24 km ) distant . At 06 : 00 , sails were sighted in the northern part of the Sunda Strait passing the small island of Dwars in de Weg that were rapidly identified as three frigates and a brig . These were in fact the French naval squadron from Île de France , consisting of the frigates Prudente and Cybèle , the brig Vulcain and the captured Princess Royal , now renamed Duguay @-@ Trouin , under the overall command of Captain Jean @-@ Marie Renaud . Canning attempted to communicate with the strange vessels , but by 13 : 00 it was obvious from their lack of response that these were enemy ships , and the greatly outnumbered Canning made all sail northeast with his prizes to avoid destruction .
During the evening heavy rain squalls reduced visibility and prevented any decisive movement by either side , but on 25 January the French squadron had rounded St. Nicholas Point at the northwestern tip of Java and was in full pursuit of Canning 's ships , which had been joined by Houghton . Resolu in particular was struggling to escape the advancing enemy , but Mitchell had realised the danger and was sailing to intercept the French . At 06 : 30 Houghton , Nonsuch and Vengeur joined with the remainder of Mitchell 's force and two hours later Renaud 's ships met the British line , Resolu just managing to reach safety in the shelter of the large East Indiamen despite being hit repeatedly in the latter stages of the chase . For an hour the two squadrons continued a general exchange of fire at long @-@ range , before Mitchell turned William Pitt , Houghton and Nonsuch towards the French at 09 : 30 , the latter two both managing to hit Cybèle with destructive broadsides . Firing continued for another 18 minutes as Renaud withdrew , eventually anchoring off the island of Pulau Baby . Neither commander was keen to continue the action , Mitchell fearing that his undermanned ships would not be able to properly engage the better armed French vessels . Casualties among the French squadron are not known , but the only loss on the British ships was on Nonsuch , which had a man killed in combat with Cybèle .
= = Final operations = =
In need of reinforcement and resupply , Mitchell drew his squadron back to Batavia and was there joined by the 36 gun Dutch frigate Amazone under Captain Kerwal and an armed merchant ship . Mitchell 's ships then cruised the Sunda Strait for another two weeks without discovering any enemy vessels , before concluding the operation on 8 February and returning to the Indian Ocean via Bencoolen . Cheap died of an illness in June , but Mitchell survived and on his return to Britain in 1796 was knighted by King George III , and presented with £ 8 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 829 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) as reward and compensation for his diversion to the Straits . The Dutch meanwhile retained their warships for a raid on Sourabaya where two French corvettes were sheltering . Both were captured without a fight and sent back to France as cartels carrying French prisoners .
The French squadron under Renaud had used the retreat of Mitchell 's force to also withdraw into the Indian Ocean via Bencoolen , reaching the British trading post on 9 February . There Pigot was still undergoing repairs and was taken by surprise and captured . As the merchant ship was manoeuvred out of the bay , Renaud demanded the surrender of the small Fort Marlborough nearby and was informed that the fort was well armed and that the arrival of Mitchell 's squadron was expected at any moment . Unwilling to continue the engagement with Mitchell , Renaud withdrew immediately without assaulting the fort . The French squadron subsequently returned to Île de France where , in the Action of 22 October 1794 , they drew away two British warships that blockaded the island .
The Sunda Strait and surrounding waters remained an important strategic location throughout the war , although the subsequent organisation of East Indiamen into convoys and the return of a Royal Navy presence in the region assisted in limiting losses to French privateers and smaller warships . On more than one occasion convoys of East Indiamen successfully discouraged large squadrons from attempting attacks on the valuable merchant craft with their size and power .
= = Orders of battle = =
= = = East India Company = = =
= = = French Navy and privateers = = =
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= Oslo Airport Station =
Oslo Airport Station ( Norwegian : Oslo lufthavn stasjon ) , also known as Gardermoen Station , is a railway station located in the airport terminal building of Oslo Airport , Gardermoen in Norway . Located on the Gardermoen Line , it is served by the Airport Express Trains , express trains to Trondheim and Oslo , regional trains to Lillehammer and Skien ( via Oslo ) and commuter trains to Eidsvoll and Kongsberg ( via Oslo ) .
The station is located 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) from Oslo Central Station . The station is manned , and there is a single bus route , and several coach services , to and from the airport . It opened in 1998 , along with the new airport . During 2000 – 2001 , there were several derailments at the station . South of the station is a terminal for unloading freight trains carrying aviation fuel .
= = Location = =
Gardermoen is at kilometer marker 51 @.@ 85 ( 32 @.@ 22 mi ) from Oslo S , but the actual distance is only 48 @.@ 07 km ( 29 @.@ 87 mi ) . This is because the distance markers follow the slightly longer Hoved Line between Oslo and Lillestrøm . The station is built directly below the airport terminal , and access is obtained via escalators or elevators located in the airport 's arrival hall . North of the station , the tracks run in a tunnel below the terminal and runway area . The tracks on platform 2 and 3 only have connection southwards ; north of the station they are only connected to a short turning track .
Aviation fuel is transported to the airport by train . CargoNet hauls a daily train load of fuel from Sjursøya , with an unloading terminal just south of the passenger station . They are the only freight trains to use the Gardermoen Line .
= = Services = =
Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and the Airport Express Train are the only companies that operate to the station . The outer side platforms ( 1 and 4 ) serve NSB trains , while the two inner island platforms ( 2 and 3 ) serve the Airport Express Trains .
The station is manned , from 07 : 00 to 22 : 00 on weekdays , with reduced opening hours on weekends . The platform ( but not necessarily the trains ) are wheelchair accessible , and an escort service for disabled persons can be prebooked . Baggage trolleys are available , and a wide selection of services , including cafes , kiosks , banks and police , are available at the airport terminal , as are taxis . A single local bus route , Ruter no . 855 , also serves the airport from Kløfta , Jessheim and Maura . There are many coaches from all parts of the country that also serve the airport , as well as coach services to Oslo operated by Flybussekspressen and SAS Ground Services .
= = = Airport Express Train = = =
The Flytoget airport express train services operate six times per hour . Three run directly to Oslo Central Station ( Oslo S ) in nineteen minutes and terminate there ; the other three services make an additional stop at Lillestrøm Station , then continue beyond Oslo Central towards Drammen Station , a total of eight stops . Total travel time to Drammen is 60 minutes . In 2007 , the Airport Express Train had 5 @.@ 35 million passengers .
= = = Norwegian State Railways = = =
The Oslo Commuter Rail operated by NSB , provides one service in each direction each hour — line 450 from Kongsberg Station via Oslo Central to Eidsvoll Station . NSB also provides one regional service in each direction per hour towards Skien Station ( via Oslo Central ) and Lillehammer Station . On the Dovre Line to Trondheim Central Station , five daily express trains are also offered , including one NSB Night Train . Northbound trains use track 1 , while southbound trains use track 4 .
= = History = =
The decision to build the station , railway and airport was taken by the Parliament on 8 October 1992 . NSB Gardermobanen , a subsidiary of the Norwegian State Railways , was created to build the line and station , as well as operate the Flytoget airport express train services . Construction of the station was performed in parallel with the construction of the airport , and the station is built in the same style as the rest of the airport , in postmodernist concrete and wood .
The station was taken into use on 27 September 1998 , and public services commenced along with the opening of the airport on 8 October 1998 . In 2001 , as part of a reorganization of NSB Gardermobanen , the ownership of the station was transferred to the Norwegian National Rail Administration .
= = = Incidents = = =
In 2000 – 01 , the Airport Express Train experienced three derailments with empty trains at Gardermoen ; one caused by the engineer falling asleep and two by the train passing a red light . No more such accidents occurred after automatic train control was installed in 2001 .
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= Anne Hyde =
Anne Hyde ( 12 March 1637 – 31 March 1671 ) was Duchess of York and of Albany as the first wife of the future King James II of England . Originally an Anglican , she converted to Catholicism soon after her marriage to James . This took place in 1660 after she became pregnant by him , but he is said to have promised to marry her the year before . The two first met in the Netherlands while Anne was living in the household of James ' sister Mary . James and Anne had eight children , but six died in early childhood . The two who survived to adulthood were Lady Mary , who succeeded her father after his deposition during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and Lady Anne , who succeeded her brother @-@ in @-@ law and became the first monarch of Great Britain .
Born the daughter of a commoner – Edward Hyde ( later created Earl of Clarendon ) , Anne is best known for her marriage to James , which caused much gossip . Two months after the marriage , Anne gave birth to the couple 's first child , who had obviously been conceived out of wedlock . Until near the end of Anne 's life , some observers disapproved of James ' decision to marry Anne ; but not King Charles II , James ' brother , who wanted the marriage to take place . Another cause of disapproval was the public affection James showed towards Anne , such as kissing and leaning against each other , which was considered improper behaviour from man to wife during the seventeenth century .
James was a known philanderer who kept many mistresses , for which Anne often reproached him , once even complaining to the king , who sent one of James ' mistresses to the countryside where she remained until her death . Nonetheless , James fathered many illegitimate children . Years after Anne had herself converted , James avowed his Catholicism , which was a contributing factor to the Glorious Revolution . This was through Anne ’ s influence ; she had been exposed to Catholicism during visits to the Netherlands and France , and was strongly attracted thereto . She suffered from advanced breast cancer and died shortly after giving birth to her last child .
= = Early years ( 1637 – 60 ) = =
In 1629 , Edward Hyde married his first wife , Anne Ayliffe of Grittenham . Six months into the marriage Anne caught smallpox , miscarried and died . Three years later , Hyde married Frances Aylesbury . In 1637 , Anne , the couple 's eldest daughter , was born at Cranbourne Lodge in Windsor . Almost nothing except that she was named after Edward Hyde 's first wife is known of her life before 1649 , when her family fled to the Netherlands after the execution of the deposed King Charles I. They settled in Breda , where they were offered a home by Mary , Princess Royal and Princess of Orange , who had done the same with many English fugitives . The Princess appointed Anne a maid of honour , apparently against the wishes of her mother and late father .
Anne became a general favourite with the people she met either at The Hague or at the Princess of Orange 's country house at Teylingen . She was very attractive and stylish , and attracted many men . One of the first men to fall in love with Anne was Spencer Compton , a son of the Earl of Northampton . However , Anne quickly fell in love with Henry Jermyn , who returned her feelings . Anne dismissed Jermyn just as quickly when she met James , Duke of York , the son of the deposed king . On 24 November 1659 , two or three years after she first met him , James promised he would marry Anne . Charles , James ' brother , forced him reluctantly into this , saying that her strong character would be a positive influence on his weak @-@ willed brother .
= = Duchess of York ( 1660 – 71 ) = =
= = = Marriage = = =
Anne was visibly pregnant and the couple were obliged to marry . They held an official but private marriage ceremony in London on 3 September 1660 , following the restoration of the monarchy . The wedding took place between 11 at night and 2 in the morning at Worcester House – her father 's house in the Strand – and was solemnised by Dr. Joseph Crowther , James ' chaplain . The French Ambassador described Anne as having " courage , cleverness , and energy almost worthy of a King 's blood " . The couple 's first child , Charles , was born in October of that year , but died seven months later . Seven children followed : Mary ( 1662 – 1694 ) , James ( 1663 – 1667 ) , Anne ( 1665 – 1714 ) , Charles ( 1666 – 1667 ) , Edgar ( 1667 – 1671 ) , Henrietta ( 1669 – 1669 ) , and Catherine ( 1671 – 1671 ) . All of their sons and two of their daughters died in infancy .
Even well after their marriage , some observers disapproved of the prince 's decision , regardless of what he had promised beforehand . Samuel Pepys said of the marriage : " ... that the Duke of York 's marriage with her hath undone the kingdom , by making the Chancellor so great above reach , who otherwise would have been but an ordinary man , to have been dealt with by other people ... " After Anne 's death , the royal court tried to find a new wife for James , but this new wife was not , under any circumstances , to be of humble birth . As good a father as Pepys portrayed James to be , he strangely stated that Anne and James were unaffected by the death of their firstborn son . Pepys also described Anne as " not only the proudest woman in the world , but the most expensefull . " Even in the minds of Anne 's future son @-@ in @-@ law , William III of Orange and that of her cousin @-@ by @-@ marriage , Sophia of Hanover , the stigma of the Hydes ' lowly birth remained .
= = = Domestic life = = =
Anne experienced problems in her married life . She was not very much liked at court and James philandered with younger mistresses such as Arabella Churchill , with whom he fathered many illegitimate children , including two born during Anne 's lifetime ; thus he was called " the most unguarded ogler of his time . " Anne was not oblivious to this : Pepys wrote that she was jealous and chided James , but he also wrote that Anne and James were notorious for showing their affections publicly , kissing and leaning on each other . Pepys also wrote that when James fell in love with Lady Chesterfield , Anne complained to King Charles so insistently that Lady Chesterfield had to retreat to the countryside , where she remained until she died .
Anne became drawn to Catholicism , to which both she and James had been exposed during their time abroad and converted to it almost immediately after the Restoration . John Callow states that Anne " made the greatest single impact upon his thinking . " James also converted to Catholicism eight or nine years after Anne , but he still attended Anglican services until 1676 . James preferred to associate himself with Protestant people , such as John Churchill , whose wife later became a very close friend of Anne 's youngest surviving daughter Lady Anne . King Charles at the time opposed Catholicism and insisted that James ' children be raised in the Anglican faith , although he converted to Catholicism on his deathbed . James and Anne 's surviving daughters were raised as Anglicans .
= = = Death and legacy = = =
Anne was ill for 15 months after the birth of her youngest son , Edgar . She bore Henrietta in 1669 and Catherine in 1671 . Anne never recovered from Catherine 's birth . Ill with breast cancer , she died on 31 March 1671 . On her deathbed , her two brothers Henry and Laurence tried to bring an Anglican priest to give her communion , but Anne refused and she received viaticum of the Catholic Church . Two days after her death , her embalmed body was interred in the vault of Mary , Queen of Scots at Westminster Abbey 's Henry VII Chapel . In June 1671 , Anne 's only surviving son Edgar died of natural causes , followed by Catherine in December , leaving Ladies Mary and Anne as the Duke of York 's heiresses .
After Anne Hyde 's death , a portrait of her painted by Willem Wissing was commissioned by the future Mary II ; this used to hang above the door of the Queen 's Drawing Room of the Garden House at Windsor Castle . Two years after the death of his first wife , James married a Catholic princess , Mary of Modena , who bore James Francis Edward , James ' only son to survive to adulthood . James became king of England , Ireland , and Scotland in 1685 , but was deposed during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . The throne was then offered by Parliament to Anne 's eldest daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange . After Mary died in 1694 and William in 1702 , Anne Hyde 's youngest daughter Anne became Queen of the three Kingdoms and , in 1707 , the first sovereign of the united Kingdom of Great Britain .
= = Issue = =
= = Style and arms = =
Following her marriage , Anne was styled as Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York .
= = Ancestry = =
= = Media portrayals = =
In the 2003 mini @-@ series , Charles II : The Power and The Passion ( or The Last King ) , Anne Hyde is portrayed by Tabitha Wady .
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= New Waddell Dam =
The New Waddell Dam is an embankment dam on the Agua Fria River in Maricopa County , Arizona , 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of Phoenix . It serves as part of the Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) while also providing water for the Maricopa Water District . The dam creates Lake Pleasant with water from the Agua Fria and also the CAP aqueduct . In addition , it affords flood protection , hydroelectric power production and recreational opportunities . Construction on the dam began in 1985 and ended in 1994 . Its reservoir submerged the Old Waddell Dam which was completed in 1927 after decades of planning .
= = History = =
= = = Old Waddell Dam = = =
First referred to as the Frogs Tank Dam , the original Waddell Dam was the ambition of local businessmen who wanted to develop a project that used the Agua Fria for the irrigation of around 100 @,@ 000 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 ha ) of land . This was to be accomplished with a storage dam , diversion dam and system of canals . Their advancement of the project began in 1888 with the formation of the Agua Fria Water and Land Company . The company hired George Beardsley 's Agua Fria Construction Company , and in 1892 , construction on the project began . In 1895 , Beardsley died , and his brother William who was now president of the Water and Land Company helped continue the project . In 1896 , due to a lack of funding caused by poor nationwide economic conditions , the project was halted . The Water and Land Company soon went bankrupt , but William Beardsley would keep the project alive . Work had been primarily done on the diversion dam and canal while only the foundation of the storage dam , a gravity dam , was completed . The diversion dam , Camp Dyer Diversion Dam , was named after Edgar J. Dyer , a surveyor on the project .
After nearly 30 years of struggling with funding and pursuing various deals , William Beardsley hired engineer Carl Pleasant to assist with designing . Pleasant recommended hiring the engineer firm Peckham and James to draft plans for the storage dam at the Frogs Tank site . The gravity dam design was dropped , and a relatively new , cheaper and improved but controversial design was adopted : the multiple @-@ arch buttress dam . In 1925 , under a new state law , Beardsley was able to create the Beardsley @-@ Agua Fria Water Conservation District . Under the new district , funds could be raised through a bond issue . On December 20 , 1925 , the construction contract was signed , but the bonds had yet to be purchased . Five days before the contract was signed , Beardsley died . His son , Robert took direction of the project along with Pleasant . In early 1926 , Pleasant eventually sold the needed bonds to the New York firm Brandon , Gordon and Waddell . The firm sent Donald Ware Waddell to oversee construction .
Although the initial implementation of worker camps and site preparation had begun in 1925 , the main effort of construction began in 1926 with the diversion of the Agua Fria River . In that same year , the dam was renamed to Pleasant Dam . By February 1927 , concrete pouring for the 20 buttresses was nearing completion . The dam was complete in October 1927 . Its construction employed a maximum of 600 workers and cost over $ 3 @.@ 3 million . Prior to its inauguration , cracks were discovered in the dam 's buttresses . This led to much controversy over the new design of the dam and whether it was safe in the long @-@ term which delayed its inauguration until February 1928 . The situation was exacerbated on 12 March 1928 after the St. Francis Dam in California had a catastrophic failure . In 1929 , after a series of hearings and debates , which eventually reached the state legislature , the State Water Commissioner ordered the spillway for the dam to be lowered 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) to prevent excess water levels and stress on the dam . It was also required that specific water levels in the reservoir be maintained . The dam was rehabilitated until 1935 , and a steel roadbed was installed atop it that same year . In the early 1960s , it was renamed the Waddell Dam .
= = = New Waddell Dam = = =
In 1973 , construction on the Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) began while many of its facilities were still being planned and approved . One integral part of the project was a storage dam on the Salt River , Orme Dam . However , in 1977 , US President Jimmy Carter recommended that Orme Dam and two other projects on the Gila River System be removed from the CAP plan because of their negative impacts and cost . While the two other projects ( Hooker and Charleston Dam ) were easily removed , Orme was not . Orme 's removal was hampered by controversy that led to the creation of the Central Arizona Water Control Study ( CAWCS ) in 1979 after Secretary of the Interior Cecil D. Andrus requested that the Bureau of Reclamation identify a replacement . In 1980 , the CAWCS recommended the removal of any storage units on the Gila River . Recent flooding within the CAWCS area and the Orme Dam problem led to an expansion of the study to include dams for flood control .
Three years later , the Bureau of Reclamation and the State of Arizona agreed on an alternative to Orme . This was known as Plan 6 , and it recommended four projects : a reconstruction of the Stewart Mountain Dam , a new or larger Roosevelt Dam , the Cliff Dam on the Verde River and finally , the New Waddell Dam on the Agua Fria River ( a tributary of the Gila River ) . On November 6 , 1981 , the Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt recommended Plan 6 . In April 1984 , it was approved with the exception of the Cliff Dam , which needed further study and would eventually be removed from CAP .
In 1985 , construction on the New Waddell Dam began with the excavation of its foundation . A diversion tunnel was constructed along with another to divert water releases from the Old Waddell Dam to the Beardsley Canal . Construction on the dam 's intakes continued through 1991 , and by the end of 1992 , a controlled breach was performed on two arches of the Old Waddell Dam , allowing its reservoir to fill freely behind the New Waddell Dam , which was already mostly inundated . By 1994 , the reservoir was filled and had nearly tripled the size of the Old Waddell Dam reservoir . In that same year , the dam 's pump @-@ generating plant ( New Waddell Pump @-@ Generating Plant ) began operation . The dam 's cost was in excess of $ 625 million . Large sediment releases from the New Waddell Dam deteriorated the Camp Dyer Diversion Dam 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) downstream . This masonry dam had to be rehabilitated by the Bureau in 1992 .
= = Design and operation = =
The New Waddell Dam is 300 ft ( 91 m ) high from the riverbed and 440 feet ( 130 m ) high from its bedrock foundation . It is a zoned earth @-@ fill type and is 4 @,@ 700 ft ( 1 @,@ 433 m ) long ; containing 16 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 cu yd ( 12 @,@ 385 @,@ 789 m3 ) of material . The dam has a crest width of 35 feet ( 11 m ) and a base width of 1 @,@ 514 feet ( 461 m ) . The reservoir created by the dam , Lake Pleasant , has a capacity of 1 @,@ 108 @,@ 600 acre feet ( 1 @.@ 3674 × 109 m3 ) at its maximum elevation above sea level : 1 @,@ 725 feet ( 526 m ) . At maximum elevation , its surface area is 12 @,@ 040 acres ( 4 @,@ 870 ha ) . The maximum conservation storage level of the reservoir is 1 @,@ 702 feet ( 519 m ) when the reservoir has a surface area of 9 @,@ 970 acres ( 4 @,@ 030 ha ) . Conservation storage for the reservoir is 812 @,@ 100 acre feet ( 1 @.@ 0017 × 109 m3 ) and minimum storage 40 @,@ 500 acre feet ( 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) . The dam sits at the head of a 1 @,@ 459 square miles ( 3 @,@ 780 km2 ) catchment area .
Located 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) northwest of the dam and serving excess water levels are two different spillways : a 590 feet ( 180 m ) long un @-@ gated free flow with a crest elevation of 1 @,@ 706 @.@ 5 feet ( 520 @.@ 1 m ) and a 370 feet ( 110 m ) long fuse plug embankment with an elevation of 1 @,@ 711 feet ( 522 m ) . The free flow spillway has a discharge capacity of 187 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 5 @,@ 300 m3 / s ) and the fuse plug 129 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 3 @,@ 700 m3 / s ) . At an elevation of 1 @,@ 728 feet ( 527 m ) , both spillways would have a combined capacity of 316 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 8 @,@ 900 m3 / s ) .
Water from the dam 's reservoir is released through its outlet works or power plant to either the Waddell Canal or into Hank Raymond Lake , which is formed just downstream of the dam by the Camp Dryer Diversion Dam . The diversion dam is a composite concrete and masonry dam with a height of 79 feet ( 24 m ) and length of 872 feet ( 266 m ) . It can store up to 590 acre feet ( 730 @,@ 000 m3 ) at an elevation of 1 @,@ 445 feet ( 440 m ) . Water from Hank Raymond Lake is diverted into the Beardsley Canal , which has a main extension 33 miles ( 53 km ) long to serve 60 square miles ( 160 km2 ) of the Maricopa Water District ( MWD ) . The Beardsley Canal also has an interconnection 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) south of the dam at 33 ° 46 ′ 48 ″ N 112 ° 16 ′ 54 ″ W with the CAP aqueduct that allows it to receive additional water from that source . Water released into the 4 @.@ 7 miles ( 7 @.@ 6 km ) long Waddell Canal first travels under the Agua Fria River via a 2 @,@ 440 feet ( 740 m ) long siphon before being returned to the surface canal where it continues south to meet the CAP aqueduct just west of Arizona State Route 303 . The capacity of the pump @-@ generating plant , Waddall Canal and siphon is 3 @,@ 000 cubic feet per second ( 85 m3 / s ) while the outlet works for the diversion dam and Beardsley Canal are 5 @,@ 600 cubic feet per second ( 160 m3 / s ) , but only 4 @,@ 300 cubic feet per second ( 120 m3 / s ) can be diverted to the canals at a time .
Water from the New Waddell Dam reservoir augments supply in the CAP and helps deliver 15 % more CAP water to Arizona . Water in Lake Pleasant is divided between the CAP ( 658 @,@ 300 acre feet ( 812 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) ) and MWD ( 162 @,@ 142 acre feet ( 199 @,@ 999 @,@ 000 m3 ) ) . Water from the CAP aqueduct is also drawn into Lake Pleasant via the New Waddell Pump @-@ Generating Plant . During the winter months , when energy rates are low , additional water in the aqueduct is pumped a maximum of 192 feet ( 59 m ) up into the lake for storage . During the summer months , when energy rates are higher , water is released back down through the generators for hydroelectric power production . Sale of this electricity is being used to pay part of the dam 's cost . The pump @-@ generating plant contains four pumps and four pump @-@ generators and has an installed capacity of 45 megawatts ( 60 @,@ 000 hp ) .
= = Recreation = =
Lake Pleasant , created by the dam , offers recreational opportunities to tourists and locals . The lake is served by a marina and surrounding areas containing over 450 picnic sites , 225 camping sites and several miles of trails . Because the lake is seasonal , fluctuating up to 125 feet ( 38 m ) annually , these facilities are located for accessibility .
= = Environmental impact = =
Before the New Waddell Dam was constructed , two phases of a three @-@ phase study were carried out to determine the effects of the dam on fisheries . Completed in 2005 , the third phase of the study determined that the larger reservoir has less nutrient concentrations due to CAP water introduction and that water fluctuations have reduced fish cover , likely affecting food and spawning . Large mouth bass populations have also declined but striped bass have entered the lake , likely by eggs transferred through CAP water . Around the lake , Reclamation has taken steps to protect wildlife habitats , including those for bald eagles and Gila topminnows .
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= Jake Long =
Jake Edward Long ( born May 9 , 1985 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Michigan , where he was a two @-@ time consensus All @-@ American , and was drafted by the Miami Dolphins first overall in the 2008 NFL Draft . He has also played for the St. Louis Rams .
In high school , Long was the first player in his high school 's history to earn all @-@ state " Dream Team " ( all @-@ class state team ) honors in football from the Detroit News . He was a two @-@ time first @-@ team All @-@ Metro League player in both basketball and football , where he was honored both on offense and defense . In baseball , he was a two @-@ time second @-@ team All @-@ Metro League selection . In both basketball and football , he led his team to regular and post season success that had not been seen in many years .
At the University of Michigan , he redshirted for a year and then became a starter at offensive tackle for the football team in the third game of his redshirt freshman season . He earned second @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten Conference recognition and Rivals.com Freshman All @-@ American recognition . In 2006 and 2007 , he earned Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year and first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten recognition . In 2006 he was an Outland and Lombardi Trophy watch lists selection and in 2007 he was a finalist for both awards . He was a consensus first @-@ team All @-@ American in 2006 , and a unanimous first @-@ team All @-@ American in 2007 .
After being drafted by Miami , he became an immediate starter and has started every game that the team has played since he has been a member . At the conclusion of his rookie season , he was selected to numerous All @-@ Rookie teams and was a substitute Pro Bowl selection . Long has followed up on a successful rookie season by earning Pro Bowl roster spots in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 .
= = Early years = =
Long was born in Lapeer , Michigan , the son of John and Denise Long . He attended Lapeer East High School , where he was the first player in his high school 's history to earn all @-@ state " Dream Team " ( all @-@ class state team ) honors in football . In baseball he played first base .
Long played basketball , baseball and football in high school . Although Long was a 2001 Flint , Michigan All @-@ Metro League lineman on both sides of the ball as a defensive end and offensive lineman , in Lapeer East 's final game of the 2001 season , he rushed for three touchdowns . As a junior that football season , he was listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) , 270 pounds ( 122 kg ) . In Long 's first start as a varsity basketball player on December 4 , 2001 , he led all scorers although he only scored one first half point . That season he helped lead Lapeer East to an unbeaten 14 – 0 Metro League record ( 17 – 3 ) overall as they prepared for the Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) tournament . It was the first unbeaten Metro League season by any team since 1989 and Lapeer East 's first unbeaten season since 1980 . Long was an All @-@ Metro league first team selection , but his team lost in the 2002 Class A district semifinal on the road . By the end of the basketball season , he was listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) , 290 pounds ( 132 kg ) . As a junior , he was a second @-@ team All @-@ Metro League baseball selection as an infielder . By the end of his junior year , he had already set the school home run record in baseball and was the fifth @-@ ranked high school football prospect in the state of Michigan ( future Michigan teammate and co @-@ captain LaMarr Woodley was number one ) .
After his junior year of high school , he attended the University of Michigan football camp , which ran from June 16 – 21 . At the conclusion of the camp , Michigan Wolverines football head coach Lloyd Carr offered him a scholarship as an offensive tackle . Long , who was a lifelong Michigan Wolverines fan , responded with a verbal commitment . At the time , Long weighed 305 pounds ( 138 kg ) and Michigan hoped he would bulk up to 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) by the time he arrived . Long had made official visits to Michigan , Michigan State , Notre Dame , Ohio State and Purdue .
In his 2002 senior season , Long helped lead Lapeer East to their first season opener win since 1995 and their first state playoff appearance since 1993 . That season , the football team set a school record by posting a nine @-@ game winning streak , which started after an October 6 , 2001 loss the prior year . The team achieved its first state playoff win in its 27 @-@ year history that season . The team 's 9 – 2 record was the best in school history , and Long was again chosen as an All @-@ Metro League selection on both offense and defense . That season he became the first Lapeer East player selected to the All @-@ state Dream Team in 2002 . Although he was All @-@ State as a lineman , Long often lined up at fullback and accumulated four career touchdowns . He finished the season as the number two football prospect in the state behind Woodley according to the Detroit News . Long led the basketball team to a second consecutive undefeated Metro League championship season , which was the first repeat league champion since 1996 and Lapeer East 's first repeat championship since 1982 . Long was again first @-@ team All @-@ Metro League , and he was selected as an honorable mention 2003 Associated Press Class A All @-@ State basketball player . Long was again a second @-@ team All @-@ Metro League selection as a first baseman . Following his senior season , Long was selected to play in the 23rd annual Michigan High School All @-@ Star Football Game on July 26 at Michigan State University .
= = College career = =
Long accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Michigan , where he played for head coach Lloyd Carr 's Michigan Wolverines football team from 2003 to 2007 . As a freshman , Long was on the 2003 Michigan Wolverines football team roster , but Tony Pape and Adam Stenavich were the starting offensive tackles . He was redshirted for the year as he bulked up to 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) . Long traveled with the team to the 2004 Rose Bowl , but did not play in the game .
On June 16 , 2004 , following his freshman year , he was hospitalized in an intensive @-@ care unit for smoke inhalation injuries when a house rented by nine Michigan Wolverine players caught fire . Long , sleeping in his bedroom on the second floor of the house , awoke to the sound of fire alarms . He attempted to exit his room through the door , but was forced back by smoke . Long then knocked out the screen of a window and jumped out of the building . Two floors below , covered in soot , Long had escaped the fire , landing two stories below on a roommate 's parked car . Later at the hospital , Long underwent procedures that required tubes be put down his throat to suction black phlegm from his lungs . The tubes also performed Long 's breathing while he lay unconscious for the first few days . He was released from the University of Michigan Medical Center and was able to spend Father 's Day ( June 20 ) back in Lapeer .
As a sophomore member of the 2004 Michigan Wolverines football team , Long competed with senior Dave Schoonover and juniors Mike Kolodzieg , Rueben Riley and Mike Barishaj for the starting position vacated by the graduated Pape . Long impressed the coaches by playing through a turf toe injury . The battle came down to him and Kolodzieg . Long made his Michigan debut on September 4 , 2004 , in a 43 – 10 victory over Miami University . He made the travel squad , but he did not play against Notre Dame in the Michigan – Notre Dame rivalry game the following week at Notre Dame Stadium . Kolodzieg started the first two games , but Michigan averaged only 85 @.@ 5 yards rushing , which ranked 94th nationally among 117 Division I teams . Long became a starter in the third game on September 18 against the San Diego State Aztecs football team . Over the course of the season , he started eight games and Kolodzieg started 4 at right offensive tackle . Kolodzieg also started one game at left tackle . A week after Long was moved into the starting lineup , David Baas was moved from left offensive guard — where he had been a 2003 second team All @-@ American — to center so that Leo Henige , Jr. could enter the starting lineup . After the move , Baas was the co @-@ Rimington Trophy winner that season . The team finished the season as the 2004 Big Ten Conference Co @-@ Champions and were awarded the Big Ten Conference 's Bowl Championship Series Bowl game bid . By the time Michigan was preparing for the 2005 Rose Bowl , the team was averaging 156 @.@ 18 rushing yards per game , which ranked 56th in the nation . Long earned a second team All @-@ Big Ten Conference recognition from the coaches , while linemates guard Matt Lentz , tackle Adam Stenavich and tight end Tim Massaquoi were first @-@ team selections . Baas was Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year . Long also received honorable mention All @-@ Big Ten recognition from the media . Long and teammates Chad Henne and Mike Hart were named to Rivals.com 's 2004 Freshman All @-@ America first team . Long had post @-@ season shoulder surgery and missed 2005 spring practice . In fact , because of the large number of injured players , the team canceled the culminating spring practice intrasquad scrimmage game and instead held an open practice in which players participated in drills .
In August 2005 , Long suffered an ankle injury and was sidelined as the 2005 Michigan Wolverines football team 's season began . The injury had been caused in training camp when he was zone blocking alongside center Mark Bihl , who got tangled up with nose tackle Gabe Watson . The two fell against the outside of Long 's leg and rolled over it . The injury required surgery . Long did not return to the lineup until October 22 on the third possession against the Iowa Hawkeyes . He was the lead blocker on the game @-@ winning overtime touchdown . He started the game the subsequent week against the Northwestern Wildcats . Two weeks later , following a bye week , Long got injured during the first half against the Indiana Hoosiers , and his foot was put in a protective boot . The second foot injury was expected to end his season . He appeared in the subsequent rivalry game against the Ohio State Buckeyes , and during the first play , he opposed Bobby Carpenter and Carpenter got a broken leg . After the game , Long appeared to need immediate surgery , which would have caused him to miss the 2005 Alamo Bowl . By the time of the game on December 28 , though , he was ready to play . As the team prepared for 2006 spring practice , the left @-@ handed Long was moved from right tackle to left tackle where he would be protecting the blindside of right @-@ handed quarterbacks .
Long entered the season for the 2006 Michigan Wolverines football team listed on numerous preseason conference and national teams as well as watchlists for awards such as the Outland Trophy and Lombardi Trophy . He was on the preseason Outland Trophy watch list along with Levi Brown , Joe Thomas , Justin Blalock , and Herbert Taylor . Long was considered the heart of the Michigan offense , and his teammates voted the redshirt junior to be a co @-@ captain along with senior Woodley . Before the season started , Carr replaced offensive coordinator Terry Malone with Mike DeBord who had previously been offensive coordinator from 1997 – 1999 . Following the 7 – 5 2005 season which was the worst Michigan season since 1984 's 6 – 6 @-@ year , there was pressure on Carr to turn things around and he sought a lighter , faster and better conditioned team . During the offseason , Long reduced his weight from 338 pounds ( 153 kg ) to 316 pounds ( 143 kg ) to improve his agility , speed and conditioning . Under the new coordinator and with newly sculpted fitter athletes the offensive scheme was shifted to concentrate on the zone blocking system . The system was similar to the one used by the Denver Broncos when they won back @-@ to @-@ back Super Bowls and by the Atlanta Falcons to help Warrick Dunn achieve a career @-@ high in rushing yards while the team led the NFL in rushing yards in consecutive seasons . By mid @-@ November , Michigan had flourished under the new system with an 11 – 0 record , and some of the credit for the success was attributed to Long , the team captain and offensive leader . Long was recognized as a first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media and was selected as the Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year . Long was also part of a Michigan record @-@ setting three American Football Coaches Association ( AFCA ) All @-@ America Team selections along with Woodley and Leon Hall . Long was a consensus ( meaning at least half of the recognized lists , which are AP , AFCA , FWAA , TSN , and the WCFF selected him ) 2006 College Football All @-@ America Team first @-@ team selectiton by Associated Press ( AP ) , AFCA , Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) , Walter Camp Football Foundation , Sports Illustrated , Pro Football Weekly , ESPN , CBS Sports , Rivals.com , Scout.com. He was a second @-@ team All @-@ American selection by the College Football News . Long was the first offensive lineman who was a Michigan high school graduate selected to the first @-@ team by the FWAA since Paul Seymour was selected to the 1972 College Football All @-@ America Team . Long was believed to be a likely mid to high first round selection if he had chosen to declare himself eligible for the 2007 NFL Draft , but he chose to use his last year of collegiate eligibility and stay for a fifth year . His decision to stay was what convinced Hart to stay in college . Michigan opposed the 2006 USC Trojans football team in the 2007 Rose Bowl and the offensive line that had surrendered 18 quarterback sacks in the first 12 games , allowed 6 in the 32 – 18 loss to finish the season 11 – 2 . Long became a member of senior honorary society Order of Angell .
Long was a co @-@ captain of the 2007 Michigan Wolverines football team , and he again began the season on the Outland Trophy and Rotary Lombardi Award watch lists . He was elected to serve as tri @-@ captain along with Hart and Shawn Crable . Entering the season , the team was picked by the Big Ten media members to win the conference . The season was eagerly anticipated with returning seniors Long , Hart and Chad Henne in key roles , but the season quickly began to fall apart when the team lost to the two @-@ time defending FCS champion Appalachian State Mountaineers in the opening game . The loss put Long in a position of having to defend his coach and teammates to ESPN and the nation . In the second game , the team suffered its worst defeat since 1968 and its first consecutive home losses to start the season since 1959 . This presented a leadership challenge to Long as team captain . As Michigan won its next eight games , Long was described in the press as the team 's most valuable player and an offensive lineman who should be considered for the Heisman Trophy since he was likely to be the first overall pick in the NFL draft . In early November , Long was named one of four finalists ( along with Glenn Dorsey , Chris Long , James Laurinaitis ) for the Lombardi award that Woodley had won the year before . He was named as an Outland Trophy finalist along with Dorsey and Anthony Collins . When the win streak ended the week before his final Michigan – Ohio State game , he accepted the blame on behalf of the offensive line although the teams offensive stars were injured . At the conclusion of the Big Ten Conference schedule , he was selected again as first @-@ team All @-@ Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media and as the Big Ten Offensive Lineman of the Year . Long , Michael Crabtree and Darren McFadden were the only unanimous offensive 2007 College Football All @-@ America Team selections by AP , AFCA , FWAA , Walter Camp , Sporting News , Sports Illustrated , Pro Football Weekly , ESPN , CBS Sports , College Football News , Rivals.com , and Scout.com. In coach Carr 's final game before retirement and Long 's final game as a Wolverine , the team won the 2008 Capital One Bowl against the Florida Gators in a game that included an attempted Jake Long tackle eligible screen pass . Long declined an invitation to participate in the 2008 Senior Bowl . From February 21 – 24 , 2008 , Long attended the NFL Combine , where he excelled .
= = Professional career = =
= = = 2008 NFL Draft = = =
Regarded as the top offensive tackle available in the 2008 NFL Draft , Long drew comparisons to Ryan Tucker . His 37 repetitions of 225 pounds on the bench press tied Vernon Gholston for the highest total at the 2008 NFL Combine . In addition to being one of eight offensive tackles drafted in the first round that year , Long is only the third offensive tackle ever to be taken with the first overall pick in the NFL Draft , after Hall of Famer Orlando Pace ( 1997 , a 5 @-@ time All @-@ Pro and All @-@ Decade team for the 2000s ) and Hall of Famer Ron Yary ( 1968 , an 8 @-@ time All @-@ Pro and All @-@ Decade team for the 1970s ) . The Dolphins drafted Long 's college teammate , quarterback Chad Henne , in the second round of the draft .
= = = Miami Dolphins = = =
More than two weeks before the 2008 NFL Draft , the Miami Dolphins , who owned the right to make the first selection in the draft determined that they wanted to negotiate with Long to be their pick and met with Tom Condon , Long 's sports agent . On April 22 , 2008 , in advance of the April 26 and 27 draft , Long agreed to a five @-@ year , $ 57 @.@ 75 million deal with the Miami Dolphins . The deal included $ 30 million in guaranteed money and made Long the first overall pick in the 2008 NFL Draft . This made him , as of that date , the highest paid offensive lineman in NFL history . At Dolphins minicamp on May 2 , Long was assigned number 79 and he thought he would have to negotiate with Drew Mormino for the number 77 that he had worn since high school . However , after he failed his physical exam , Mormino was released from the team , and before training camp Long was assigned number 77 .
Long 's ascension with the Dolphins was part of an effort to overhaul the offensive line that had allowed 42 sacks and produced the 29th @-@ rated of 32 offenses the previous season . The Dolphins hired new coach Tony Sparano and employed Bill Parcells as Executive Vice President in charge of football operations . Long was immediately slated to play left tackle . He was the only rookie expected to be a starter for the 2008 Miami Dolphins . According to the South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel , at the end of training camp , Long was one of three rookies listed as first @-@ string on the depth chart . Jake Long was nominated for Rookie of the Week in the tenth week of the 2008 season , but lost out to Broncos WR Eddie Royal . Other players who were nominated for rookie of the week that same week were Matt Ryan , Benjarvus Green @-@ Ellis , and Joe Flacco . At the end of the season , Long was selected to nine All @-@ rookie teams by Pro Football Writers Association , Draft.com , Draftsinders.com , Draftseason.com , Sports Network , Fannation , Sporting News , Scout.com and Ourlads Scouting Service . On January 20 , 2009 , Long was selected to the 2009 Pro Bowl , replacing Jason Peters for the AFC 's squad . Long gave up just 2 @.@ 5 sacks his rookie season , compared to the 11 @.@ 5 allowed by Peters in 2008 .
In 2009 , Long yielded only 4 sacks and was ranked the second best offensive tackle . He was selected as a starter for the 2010 Pro Bowl . He was not selected to the first team All @-@ Pro losing out to Ryan Clady , who gave up 8 sacks , and Joe Thomas , who is ranked the best offensive tackle in the NFL . Long was selected to the second team All @-@ Pro and was named a starter for the AFC Pro Bowl . Long joins Richmond Webb as the only Dolphins offensive tackles to be named starters in the Pro Bowl and is the first Dolphins offensive lineman to be named to back @-@ to @-@ back Pro Bowls since Webb played in seven straight from 1990 to 1996 . Long did not participate in the game due to injury and was replaced on the Pro Bowl roster by D 'Brickashaw Ferguson . The following season Long was named as a starter for the 2011 Pro Bowl , while Ferguson was named as a reserve .
During the 2011 NFL season , Long 's 61 games started streak snapped when he suffered a back ailment . Subsequently , he was placed on injured reserve with a torn right biceps for the final week of the season . The roster move came one day after he was selected to the 2012 Pro Bowl . He was named as a Pro Bowl starter for the third consecutive season . He missed the Pro Bowl for the 2011 season . However , he was named the Dolphins ' Ed Block Courage Award recipient . In addition , he was listed as the 59th player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012 .
= = = St. Louis Rams = = =
During the 2013 NFL offseason , Long became a free agent . He received two contract offers : an extension from the Miami Dolphins , and a contract from the Rams . On March 17 , 2013 , Long signed a four @-@ year , $ 36 million contract with the Rams . At the October 6 , 2013 , contest against the Jacksonville Jaguars , the Rams gave the first 15 @,@ 000 fans to arrive at the game free Jake Long figurines . On October 26 , 2014 , Long sustained another torn ACL against the Kansas City Chiefs and he missed the rest of the season . He was released along with Scott Wells on the eve of free agency on March 9 , 2015 . Long was coming off of back @-@ to @-@ back seasons with torn ACLs and was about to cost the Rams $ 10 million against the salary cap .
= = = Atlanta Falcons = = =
On September 15 , 2015 , Long signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 @,@ 568 @,@ 750 contract with the Atlanta Falcons .
= = = Baltimore Ravens = = =
On July 26 , 2016 , Long agreed on a 1 @-@ year deal with the Baltimore Ravens .
= = Personal = =
After surviving the fire during his second year of college , Long got a tattoo of Saint Joseph on his right biceps . His aunt had placed a card of the saint under his pillow while he was in the hospital in intensive care . He also has a tattoo of the family name on his other arm . Long has two brothers : John and Joseph ( " Joe " ) . Joe Long attended Wayne State University . Jake Long married his college sweetheart , Jacqueline Laurian , on March 10 , 2012 .
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= Belle ( Disney song ) =
" Belle " is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman for Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally recorded by American actress and singer Paige O 'Hara and American actor Richard White , " Belle " , a mid @-@ tempo French and classical music @-@ inspired song , incorporates both Broadway and musical theatre elements . The film 's first song and opening number , " Belle " appears during Beauty and the Beast as a large scale operetta @-@ style production number that introduces the film 's heroine Belle , considered a book @-@ loving nonconformist by the townspeople of the village , who has grown weary of the provincial life in which she is supposed to live , and Gaston , the film 's narcissistic villain who wishes to desire her hand in marriage despite Belle 's rejections .
" Belle " has been universally acclaimed by film and music critics . Musically , the song has been compared to various musical numbers from the musical films West Side Story ( 1961 ) and The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , as well as the Broadway musicals Fiddler on the Roof and She Loves Me . At the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 , " Belle " was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , but ultimately lost to the film 's title song . The song was similarly featured in the Broadway musical based on the film , originally performed by American actress and singer Susan Egan .
= = Background = =
= = = History and writing = = =
In an attempt to replicate the unprecedented success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Animation Studios decided to adapt the traditional fairy tale " Beauty and the Beast " into an animated feature film . Although originally conceived as an animated film with " no songs in it whatsoever " under the direction of Richard Purdum , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg was unsatisfied with the dark and somber direction in which the film was headed , and ultimately ordered that it be re @-@ written as a " Broadway @-@ style musical with a strong heroine " instead , similar in concept to The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken to write the film 's songs and assist in the " transform [ ing of ] Beauty and the Beast into a musical " , the pair having just recently collaborated on scoring The Little Mermaid .
According to Menken , the " plot @-@ furthering songs " in Beauty and the Beast , including " Belle " , developed quite naturally as a result of the fact that the film was written to " almost ... exist as a stage musical " , having been " presented in the style of a traditional Broadway musical . " According to Broadway actress and singer Paige O 'Hara , who both recorded the song and provided the voice of Belle , Ashman and Menken " wanted to leave the pop music sound of Mermaid behind and go for something more Jerome Kern / Rodgers & Hammerstein " for Beauty and the Beast . The film 's songs and musical numbers , which were written to both " propel the plot " and offer " character development " , were heavily influenced by French , classical and traditional Broadway music . Additionally , Menken described " Belle " and the other Beauty and the Beast songs to The New York Times as " tangents from 18th @-@ century France " .
Written in a style that Menken would later admit is very " distant from contemporary pop " , the songwriters were initially skeptical of " Belle " , fearful of the song 's potential to " end their careers at Disney " if it was not well received . Described by the film 's producer Don Hahn as a " Gilbert & Sullivan operetta style " song , " Belle " reveals a lot of information " in a very short time " . Ashman and Menken initially doubted that the filmmakers would appreciate their very theatrical approach to animation . Much to their surprise , " Belle " was ultimately very well @-@ liked and " adored by the [ creative ] team " , becoming one of the film 's few songs to remain unmodified during production .
= = = Context and composition = = =
Hoping to write a song that would successfully " portray [ Belle ] in a world that is so protected and safe " , Ashman and Menken drew inspiration from a story @-@ telling style that is often reserved for traditional operettas . As Beauty and the Beast 's opening number , " Belle " , a " pivotal moment ... in the narrative " , plays a significant role in the film by introducing both the film 's heroine , Belle , after whom the song is named , and Gaston , the film 's villain . While Belle , a book @-@ loving and intelligent nonconformist who has grown frustrated with her predictable village life , longs for an adventure similar to the ones she reads about in her books , Gaston is a narcissistic hunter who seeks her hand in marriage . In roughly five minutes , the song explains both Belle and Gaston 's roles in Beauty and the Beast to the audience . The song also voices the opinions of the townsfolk and " sets up the overall theme and foreshadows what makes the town so oppressive to [ Belle ] " ; while the villagers award Belle high praise for her doubtless Beauty , they see her as odd because of her love of books and ridicule her for her non @-@ conformity . However , they appraise Gaston for his looks and masculinity .
According to Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic , " Belle " is an " idyllic , orchestra @-@ driven " musical number , written in the style of a traditional operetta . Commonly regarded as the film 's " I Want " song , a term originally coined and popularized by Ashman himself , " Belle " offers its protagonist an opportunity to " expresses her yearnings " . Described by Filmtracks.com as a " snare @-@ tapping song " , " Belle " is , according to sheet music originally published by Walt Disney Music Publishing , a Broadway @-@ inspired and musical theatre @-@ influenced song , performed at a moderate " pastorally " tempo of 80 beats per minute in the key of D major . Combined , O 'Hara 's soprano and White 's baritone vocal ranges span approximately two octaves , from the low note of A3 , sung by White , to the high note G5 , sung by O 'Hara . Additionally , actors Alec Murphy , Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie 's vocals are also featured on the track . In total , " Belle " runs a length of five minutes and nine seconds .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Belle " has garnered widespread acclaim from both film and music critics . Filmtracks.com hailed the song as " among the most satisfying and clever cast pieces in history , " worthy of its nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Additionally , Filmtracks.com similarly lauded the song 's reprise , drawing similarities between its own instrumentation and that of " The Sound of Music " from The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Sputnikmusic.com 's Irving Tan described the song as " idyllic " .
Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail hailed " Belle " as " one of the most delightful openings of any movie musical " . The New York Times ' Janet Maslin was very enthusiastic about the song , praising the way in which it advances the film 's plot , while describing " Belle " as " a spectacular opening number that captures the essence of this film 's appeal . " Additionally , Maslin drew similarities between " Belle " and some of the songs featured in the musical film West Side Story ( 1961 ) . Beliefnet called the song a " joyous introductory " . Pete Vonder Haar of the Houston Press liked both the song and its reprise , admitting to the inevitability of having to experience an " unexpected swell of emotion " when both songs are heard . Highlighting the song as one of the film 's most notable , Sandie Angulo Chen described " Belle " as an " infectious " song " that reveals how different Belle is from the other Disney heroines " . While describing the song as a " teeming ... opener " , TV Guide positively compared " Belle " to some of the songs featured in the musicals Fiddler on the Roof and She Loves Me . James Berardinelli of ReelViews described " Belle " as " the animated equivalent of Broadway show @-@ stoppers , with all the energy and audacity of something choreographed by Busby Berkeley . " Similarly , the New York Post 's Lou Lumenick also hailed " Belle " as a " show @-@ stopper " .
Ranking Beauty and the Beast Disney 's third greatest animated film while hailing it as " the best Disney movie musical , " Gregory Ellwood of HitFix wrote , " you can 't argue the cinematic joy in numbers such as the opening ' Belle ' . " Ranking Beauty and the Beast the " Best Disney Soundtrack ... of the Past 25 Years " , Moviefone 's Sandie Angulo Chen highlighted " Belle " , commenting , " There 's an infectious quality to all of the Alan Menken and Howard Ashman songs , like the opening number of ' Belle ' ( that reveals how different Belle is from the other Disney heroines ) . "
= = = Accolades and legacy = = =
Alongside " Be Our Guest " and " Beauty and the Beast " , " Belle " was one of the three Beauty and the Beast songs that received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . " Belle " ultimately lost to the film 's title and theme song . According to producer Don Hahn , Disney was actually hoping that the award would go to " Beauty and the Beast " and promoted the song heavily , spending significantly less money and attention on " Belle " . Oh No They Didn 't ranked " Belle " at number twenty in its article " The Top 25 Disney Songs of All Time " .
" Belle " is often considered one of Disney 's most underrated songs . In 2014 , the New York Post included the song among " The best ( and the most underrated ) Disney songs , " with author Gregory E. Miller deeming it " a musical @-@ theater classic . "
" Belle " is heavily parodied in the animated musical film South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) through its opening number , " Mountain Town " . Filmtracks.com described the parody as " a delightful introductory piece " . Amy Keating Rogers , a writer working on the animated television series My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , mentioned she was influenced by the song as she wrote " Pinkie the Party Planner " , the first musical number that appears in the musical @-@ intensive episode " Pinkie Pride " .
= = Live performances and cover versions = =
O 'Hara first performed " Belle " live at the 64th Academy Awards ceremony in 1992 , at which the song was nominated for Best Original Song . In spite of the fact that the producers of the telecast wanted well @-@ known " pop stars " to perform the song at the ceremony , Disney executives Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg were adamant that " Belle " be performed by the original artist by whom it was recorded . The producers also gave O 'Hara the option to lip @-@ synch the song . However , she opted to perform it live instead . O 'Hara was also forced to wear a rendition of Belle 's blue and white costume from the film , of which she was harshly critical because she felt that it was " much too frilly " , and Belle is supposed to dress " much simpler . " She likened the costume to something that the fairy tale character Little Bo Peep would wear . O 'Hara admitted that she was very nervous before her performance . However , actress Angela Lansbury , who provided the voice of the character Mrs. Potts in the film and was to perform " Beauty and the Beast " at the ceremony , comforted her by telling her , " Paige , if I sang like you I wouldn ’ t be nervous . "
In August 2011 , O 'Hara performed an abridged version of " Belle " live during the Disney Legends awards ceremony , at which O 'Hara was also a recipient . The performance was a Beauty and the Beast medley , during which O 'Hara musically combined " Belle " with " Beauty and the Beast " and " Be Our Guest " .
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= Trouble ( Coldplay song ) =
" Trouble " is a song recorded by the British alternative rock band Coldplay for their debut album , Parachutes . The band wrote the song and co @-@ produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson . The song 's musicscape is minimalist built around a piano .
The song was released on 26 October 2000 as the album 's third single . It reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart , making it the band 's second top 10 single in the country . Although " Trouble " failed to chart on the United States , the music press deemed it almost as successful as its predecessor , " Yellow " . Two different music videos for the single were released .
An associated EP titled Trouble – Norwegian Live EP was released in the summer of 2001 , consisted of five tracks recorded live by the band at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo , Norway .
= = Production = =
According to Coldplay 's lead singer Chris Martin , the song 's writing was inspired by his own behaviour . Martin recalls , " There were some bad things going in our band ... the song is about behaving badly towards somebody you really love and I was certainly doing that to some members of the band . " He added that he supposed it was about time to stop acting like a knobhead . The four members of Coldplay are credited as co @-@ writers of " Trouble " .
British record producer Ken Nelson and the band produced " Trouble " for their debut album , Parachutes . The track was recorded four times before the band got the take they preferred . The backing track was first recorded , and each time they add to see if it was working . They , however , decided that the first three versions were not " working " . The last take was recorded into Pro Tools with a shaker to provide the rhythm to the track . For the backing track , Will Champion played the drums and Martin on the piano which they recorded in a little wooden room . After Guy Berryman 's bass was recorded , guitarist Jonny Buckland added the guitar section . In recording the piano section of the track , the band used two microphones — one was brighter @-@ sounding and the other had a fuller sound . Nelson , who wanted to keep the song simple , chose the fuller sound microphone for the mixing .
" Trouble " was mixed in New York by American mix engineer Michael Brauer . The initial mixed version , which was sent back to the band and Nelson , fell short of their desired quality , so it had to be redone . According to Nelson , " the vocal was overcompressed and the piano was too bright " . Despite this , Nelson did not blame Brauer because he was recording the album when the track was being mixed .
= = Composition = =
The song 's lyrics have " softer emotional themes " , including apologies , unrequited love , and longing . Its musicscape follows the minimalistic approach . " Trouble " is built around a piano , with a snare drum background that was mixed very low . The snare drum section tends to be inaudible when the guitars come in . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes , Inc . , the song 's time signature follows the common 4 / 4 , with a tempo of 70 beats per minute . Martin 's vocal range in the song spans from F ♯ 3 to A4 , the highest note being sung using the falsetto register , despite the fact Martin can reach this note in full voice .
= = Release = =
" Trouble " was released as the third single off Parachutes on 26 October 2000 in the United Kingdom , and more than a year later on 18 December 2001 in the United States . An extended play titled Trouble – Norwegian Live EP was released in the summer of 2001 . In 2003 , the song was featured on Coldplay 's live album called Live 2003 .
As they have for their other songs , Coldplay has refused to accept several offers to use " Trouble " for promotional tools . In 2004 , the band rejected a multi @-@ million Euro offer from Diet Coke and Gap to use the song and " Don 't Panic " , the fourth single from the album . They asked manager Phil Harvey to not refer such offers to them because " a discussion might lead to compromise " . American actor Sylvester Stallone was interested to use the song for the soundtrack of his 2001 film Driven , but the band declined .
= = Reception = =
" Trouble " was a commercial success . It reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart , making it the band 's second top 10 single in the United Kingdom after " Yellow " . The performance of " Trouble " has been attributed to the " colossal home sales " of Parachutes in the United Kingdom .
The positive reception of the single continued when the British outfit Lost Witness made a remixed version of the song , which was released and became " an unlikely dance floor anthem " . With three singles successfully released , the band decided to abandon their initial plans of issuing " Don 't Panic " as the fourth single of the album , deemed enough for a single album in the United Kingdom . " Don 't Panic " , however , was eventually released in some European regions .
In the United States , the single 's chart performance was nearly as successful as that of " Yellow " ' s . It has reached number 23 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 and 28 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks . Martin has claimed that the single had saved them from being a " one @-@ hit wonder " band . The band , thinking it was not a " great single " , surmised it would not perform well in the United States .
= = Music videos = =
The original European version of the music video for " Trouble " was directed by British director Sophie Muller . The video footage was shot in a Newhall , California ranch . A Wild West @-@ themed video , it features Martin as a prisoner in a dark warehouse , tied with ropes to a chair , being circled by cars in the freezing cold . The other members of the band are seen on the upper floor in a slow motion sequence where Buckland and Champion struggle with bassist Guy Berryman , tying him to another chair and forcing him to look in front . At this point , Martin 's struggling causes his chair to tip over , and he hits the ground on his side . He sings the final line of the song ( " They spun a web for me ... " ) , before the darkness abruptly turns to daylight . A beautiful sunrise is then revealed , but as the camera pans out , it is revealed to be fake and part of a large theater backdrop , with Martin still lying on his side , tied to the chair .
A US version of the music video was directed by Tim Hope . The video follows the motif of " Don 't Panic " by showing the band as two @-@ dimensional cut @-@ outs . The band are aboard a horse carriage that cruises along a forest . On top of a mountain , a woman ( Nerys Davies ) waters plants inside a house . A little crow flies from the carriage up to the house , where it transforms into a more menacing bird . It flies over the house and turns into a black cloud , which pours rain onto the land . The rain burns little holes on the things it falls into , and crow feathers protrude from the holes . Finally a tornado grabs the house and lifts it from its foundations placing it along others in a more suburban setting . Its acclaimed visuals earned Tim Hope an MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction in 2002 . It was also nominated for Breakthrough Video .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Chris Martin : vocals , piano , acoustic guitar , mellotron
Jonny Buckland : electric guitar
Guy Berryman : bass guitar
Will Champion : drums , percussion
= = Charts = =
= = = Single = = =
= = = Norwegian Live EP = = =
= = Certifications = =
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= Mérens horse =
The Mérens or Cheval de Mérens , still occasionally referred to by the older name of Ariégeois pony , is a small , rustic horse native to the Pyrenees and Ariégeois mountains of southern France , where the Ariège River flows , and northern Spain , near Andorra . Two general types , a small , light traditional mountain horse and a taller , sportier modern type , are found . Always black in color , Mérens must meet strict physical standards in order to be registered in the stud book . The breed is known for its sure @-@ footedness on mountain terrain , as well as for its endurance , hardiness and docility . The French breed registry organizes regional offices , and partners with other national organizations in Europe to preserve and promote the breed . The organization enforces rigorous selection of breeding stock , with a goal of increasing quality in the breed . In the past , the Mérens was used for farm work , draft work and as pack horses . Today it is mainly used as a saddle horse , although some members of the breed have been successful in carriage driving . Many Mérens are taken on an annual transhumance ( seasonal migration ) , in which they are moved higher in the mountains during the summer and into the valleys for the winter . An old practice , it fell into disfavor , but has recently re @-@ emerged .
Thought to have originated in prehistoric times , the exact early history of the Mérens remains a mystery . Theories on its origins include descent from Iberian horses , similar to many regional mountain horses , or possibly Oriental horses brought to the area by settlers from the east . Small black horses from the area of Ariège have been recorded as early as the time of Julius Caesar , as well as being associated with Charlemagne . They pulled artillery for Napoleon 's Grand Army , as well as being used by farmers , dock workers , miners and smugglers moving goods through the Pyrenees mountains . They were frequently seen at local horse fairs , and were used to breed mules in a cross with Catalan donkeys . By the end of the 19th century , they had gained a reputation as light cavalry horses . At the same time , however , uncontrolled crossbreeding led to a decline in the purebred population , and in 1908 the local agricultural society was put in charge of the breed . The breed registry was created in 1933 , and in 1948 the first stud book was created under the control of the French National Stud .
In the second half of the 20th century , the population sharply declined , as mechanization transferred work in cavalry and agriculture to machines . By the 1970s , the Mérens was on the verge of extinction , with only 40 horses registered in the stud book . The breed was saved by members of the hippie movement , who re @-@ settled in the Ariège mountains , boosting the local economy and restarting breeding programs . The Mérens also benefited from a new surge in popularity in riding horses , and between 1975 and 1985 its population rebounded , leading the breeding program to be considered an example for the conservation of rare breeds . The herd size remains relatively small , however , and one genetic study considers the traditional type of the breed to be endangered and recommends that efforts should be focused on its preservation .
= = Naming = =
The Mérens was traditionally bred in the village of Mérens @-@ les @-@ Vals in the department of Ariège . The French National Stud calls the breed the " Mérens " , a name which was officially mentioned for the first time in 1866 . Laetitia Bataille , a French horse breeding specialist , considers the use of " Mérens " incorrect , and prefers the names " Ariégeois " , " Cheval de Mérens " or " Mérengais " . Jean @-@ Louis Savignol , a traditionalist breeder , prefers the name " Méringais " , saying that " Mérens " refers to the village and the valley in which it is located , not the horse breed .
= = Characteristics = =
The traditional Mérens is a small , light horse , well adapted to the mountains , while modern Mérens are increasingly more sporting in style . The breed is known for its elegance , and in 2005 was ranked as one of the 23 most beautiful horse breeds by the French magazine Cheval Pratique . Since 1948 , Mérens horses must meet certain physical standards in order to be admitted to the stud book . In this time , the admission criteria have changed several times . Currently , the general appearance of a Mérens is strong and compact , with energetic movement . The Mérens , like many mountain horses , is calm , docile and hardworking . The report of a comprehensive study on the heritability of the breed 's temperament was published in Equ 'idée in 2010 . It is a versatile breed , and very hardy , able to live all year outside without suffering from the weather . Mérens are known for their endurance , agility and sure @-@ footedness . They require very little care , and can survive on poor food , even when working . They are resistant to cold , but react poorly to heat . Mérens foals are often born in the snow , without human intervention , but are usually handled and accustomed to humans from an early age . They show increased resistance to the anticoagulant properties of some varieties of fern , the consumption of which can cause bloody sweats and blood in the urine in other horses .
The breed standard for the Mérens gives an ideal height of 14 @.@ 1 to 15 @.@ 1 hands ( 57 to 61 inches , 145 to 155 cm ) and a weight of 400 to 500 kilograms ( 880 to 1 @,@ 100 lb ) . The desired size for stallions is 14 @.@ 2 1 ⁄ 2 hands ( 58 @.@ 5 inches , 149 cm ) and 14 @.@ 1 hands for mares . Horses smaller than 14 @.@ 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) can be considered ponies for some equestrian competitions . Horses bred in the valleys and plains are larger than those bred in the mountains ; the latter average around 12 @.@ 3 1 ⁄ 2 hands ( 51 @.@ 5 inches , 131 cm ) . The coat is always black , but may have a reddish cast during the winter . Foals may be born black , silver @-@ grey or coffee @-@ colored , but become black as they grow . Dappling on the body is desirable .
The head has a straight or slightly concave facial profile , a flat forehead , and wide , short ears . A distinguishing characteristic of the breed is a " beard " of hair growing below the cheeks . Small white markings are allowed on the face , but never on the legs . The neck is of medium length in the modern Mérens , and often shorter and broader in the traditional version . The shoulders are sloping and moderately long , and the chest wide and deep . Pronounced withers are favored in those Mérens used for pack horses , but as with most mountain horses , many traditional Mérens have wide , flat withers . The girth is deep . The back is generally shorter in modern Mérens than in the traditional version , where horses with long , strong backs were preferred for use as pack horses . The croup is well @-@ muscled and the tail low @-@ set . The legs are strong and solid , with well @-@ defined joints . They tend to be quite short , and some have hocks set too close together , a recurrent fault in mountain horses . The feet are large and well @-@ formed , allowing the horses to go without shoes . There is abundant feathering on the lower legs .
= = Registration = =
In France , the breed is organized by SHERPA ( Syndicat hippique des éleveurs de la race pyrénéenne ariégeoise / Union of Horse Breeders of the Ariege Pyrenees ) in La Bastide @-@ de @-@ Serou , which has about 400 members and 600 horses in the stud book . SHERPA unites eleven regional offices whose purpose is to organize Mérens breeders and enthusiasts . The role of SHERPA is to decide the overall direction of the breed in partnership with the French National Stud . It promotes the Mérens at fairs , national shows and international exhibitions , as well as publishing newsletters and breeder lists . SHERPA also organizes the annual breed show in Bouan .
Only purebred Mérens may be registered in the breed stud book . The selection of stallions is rigorous , based on tests at the age of three . The breeding goal is to produce horses with the ideal conformation and good character . The gaits are subject to particular observation in all stallions , and during the three @-@ year @-@ old inspections , they must perform a dressage test , a cross @-@ country jumping test , a test on the longe line and a physical inspection . The Mérens has one of the most stringent inspection procedures , and breeders aim to achieve a steady increase in the quality of the breed . Mares are evaluated during a breed competition organized by the French National Stud .
French breeding of the Mérens is divided between two schools of thought . The first is traditional breeders seeking to preserve the original type , that of a light draft horse living high in the mountains year @-@ round and retaining the hardiness for which the breed is known . The second comes from the conversion of the Mérens to a leisure horse in the 1980s , and aims to transform the physical type of the breed into a more sports @-@ oriented horse to ensure the survival of the breed . This dichotomy has become a source of tension between farmers and users of the breed .
Several countries besides France have populations of Mérens , and a few have breed registries and stud books that are recognized by the French . In Italy , the Mérens is the only foreign breed among the " breeds of limited distribution " recognised by the AIA , the national breeders ' association . Mérens are found mostly in northwestern Italy , in the provinces of Cuneo and Turin , but has spread to other mountain regions such as the valleys of Bergamo and Trento . The Italian breed registry for the Mérens is based in Cuneo . A Belgian non @-@ profit organization has been organizing the breed in that country since June 2005 , and was recognized as an official stud book by the Belgian Ministry of Agriculture in August 2006 . An agreement has been signed with the French breed registry to recognize the Belgian stud book as a daughter organization . Mérens are also present in the Netherlands , Switzerland and Germany , where there are recognized stud books and active breeding populations . There are some Mérens in the Czech Republic and members of the breed have also been exported to India and Tunisia .
= = Transhumance = =
The department of Ariege is known for the annual transhumance ( seasonal migration ) of cattle , sheep and horses , including many members of the Mérens breed . Each year , in June , hundreds of horses are moved to summer pastures at around 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) in altitude , where they live in a semi @-@ feral state , traveling on steep mountain paths and weathering storms and other climactic variations . In October , they return to the valleys for the winter . An old tradition , the transhumance fell out of favor , but has been reintroduced to Ariege by the association Autrefois en Couserans . Since 2000 , the association has worked with local horse breeders to promote the return to the annual practice . Around 500 Mérens make the transhumance each year . Herds are usually led by an experienced mare marked with a bell , as is done with cattle . A stallion can accompany the mares with foals to maintain cohesion of the herd and prevent it from mixing with other herds on the mountain slopes . The behavior of transhumant herds is midway between that of feral horses and domesticated horses who are around humans year @-@ round . Some horses , raised high in the mountains , stay there year @-@ round and do not perform the transhumance .
= = History = =
The history of the Mérens is closely linked to its homeland in the Pyrenees , as evidenced by the many myths and legends in which it plays a role . The origins of the Mérens are very old , and are commonly said to be lost in the mists of time . It is native to the upper valley of Ariege , near Andorra . The direct ancestor of the Mérens was probably in this valley during the Quaternary Period , approximately 15 @,@ 000 years ago . These wild horses probably moved to the mountains to escape global warming that accompanied the end of the last glacial period .
The physical characteristics of the Mérens are the result of the harsh mountain environment where they live , and they are reminiscent of the horses in the cave drawings at Niaux , made some 13 @,@ 000 years ago . These images depict animals with dense coats and a skull shaped like the modern Mérens , with a beard @-@ like protrusion of hair under the jawbone .
The Mérens may be of Iberian origin , as are most breeds from the area of the Pyrenees . It resembles the Norwegian Dole Gudbrandsdal and the British Fell and Dales ponies . Unlike the latter , the Mérens has never been crossed with the Friesian horse . Another theory of origin for the Mérens is based on the straight or concave facial profile ( which distinguishes them from the convex @-@ profiled Iberian horses ) , and asserts that they are descended from Oriental horses brought to Ariege by settlers from the east . With the isolation of their mountain homeland , the Mérens has undergone very little intermingling with foreign breeds .
= = = Antiquity and Middle Ages = = =
Julius Caesar mentions small black horses that resemble the Mérens in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( Commentaries on the Gallic War ) , when discussing the defeat of Crassus by the Sotiates and their cavalry . Historian Paul Prunet was the first to link the animals discussed by Caesar to the Mérens , although the relationship has not been definitely established . The location of the Sotiates is the subject of controversy , with some authors placing them in the district of Nerac and others near Foix . The Mérens may have been used as a pack animal by the Romans , who may have taken some of the animals with them when they left . The small black horse from the Pyrenees is described throughout antiquity .
There are also several mentions of what may be Mérens during the Middle Ages . They have been associated with Charlemagne , and a Carolingian statue showing Charlemagne on a small horse has been examined , and shown that the animal resembles a Mérens , standing no more than 13 @.@ 3 hands ( 55 inches , 140 cm ) at the shoulder . The legend of the founding of L 'Hospitalet @-@ près @-@ l 'Andorre depicts a traveler who , exhausted by the cold , kills his horse and buries himself in the steaming bowels , swearing that he will build a small hospital in the place if he survives .
The local Cathars held a special place in their religion for horses , especially through their belief in the transmigration of souls . There was also a belief in Pamiers that knights took their horses with them when they died . In the 12th century , the Cathar princess Esclarmonde of Foix climbed to the fortress of Château de Montségur on the back of a small , sure @-@ footed black horse . In the 14th century , the same small black horses are mentioned as accompanying the armies of Gaston III , Count of Foix .
= = = 18th and 19th centuries = = =
Horses from Ariege were requisitioned for Napoleon 's Grand Army during his Russian campaign . They were used mainly to pull artillery , as were most horses of this type from French territory at the beginning of the 19th century . A popular legend has them becoming famous during the crossing of the Berezina River during the Battle of Berezina .
The Mérens has long been used as a delivery and courier horse , as well as being used by local farmers . It has also been used by the winemakers of Languedoc , gardeners and dock workers , as well as continuing to be used by French armies , who appreciated its endurance . The breed was used in the mines , both under saddle and in harness . It was used by smugglers moving goods through the mountains between France and Spain , mainly carrying wood and minerals , and was known for its endurance and sense of direction .
Mérens horses were sold at the Tarascon @-@ sur @-@ Ariege horse fair , and were popular with merchants from the large cities . The breed was sometimes called " Tarasconnais " , after the town , and was famous for the high quality of its legs and the ability to survive on poor food . It was used to breed mules , and the Pyrenees mule was derived from a cross between Catalan donkeys and horses of the Breton , Mérens and other breeds . Before World War I , almost 1 @,@ 000 Pyrenees mules were born annually in the Ariege department . The first breed show was organized in 1872 . By the end of the 19th century , horses from the Pyrenees were known for their use as light cavalry . They were praised for their agility , sure @-@ footedness , robust constitutions , and endurance , a result of their semi @-@ feral existence in the Pyrenees mountains .
= = = 20th century = = =
Starting the late 19th century , uncontrolled crossbreeding created a decline in the population of purebred Mérens . By the early 20th century , some breeders in L 'Hospitalet and Mérens @-@ les @-@ Vals began to work against these crossings with outside breeds and bred only horses with conformation similar to the original Mérens . These breeders wanted to keep alive the traditional Mérens , which they valued for its hardiness and versatility . In 1908 , control of breeding was given to the President of the Société d ’ Agriculture de l ’ Ariège ( Agricultural Society of Ariege ) , Gabriel Lamarque , who was dedicated to the preservation of the breed . In 1933 , the Syndicat d 'élevage du Mérens ( Breeding Society of Mérens ) was created , and in 1948 the first stud book was created under the control of the French National Stud .
In 1946 , the French army ceased to use the Mérens for drawing artillery in the mountains , and this corresponded to the beginning of the decline of the breed . The population fell dramatically during the second half of the 20th century , due to the modernization and mechanization of transport and agriculture . In 1950 in Senegal , the Mérens was used in attempts to create a horse tougher than the native M 'Bayar , but the breeding program was not enough to significantly increase the Mérens population . The use of the Mérens in agriculture continued into the 1970s , and like many French draft breeds , it was also bred for slaughter to produce horse meat . The mountains of Ariege acted as a sanctuary , preventing the Mérens , as well as other breeds such as Gascon cattle and Tarasconnaise sheep , from disappearing completely . By the early 1970s , however , the Mérens was on the verge of extinction .
By the early 1970s , there remained only 40 Mérens horses registered in the breed studbook . The breed was saved from extinction by utopian communities believing in an ecological apocalypse . As part of the hippie movement , people wanting to live on the fringe of society settled in the small villages of Ariege . They boosted the local economy , including encouraging the resumption of the breeding of Mérens . At the same time , the story of the semi @-@ feral horse Bonbon became a local phenomenon . This Mérens , orphaned following an accident , was raised on bottle @-@ fed goat milk . He was then sold to a horse @-@ dealer before later returning to his homeland and winning prizes as a stallion . He died at twenty , having returned to his herd high in the mountains .
Meanwhile , the Mérens breed was revived as a fashionable animal of leisure by Lucien Lafont de Sentenac , a national expert in horse breeding . He moved the efforts of farmers towards breeding sport pony @-@ style animals , and the breed , originally called the " Mérens horse " , was renamed the " Mérens pony " for commercial and administrative reasons . With good breeding management and promotion , the population numbers of the breed gradually recovered . Between 1975 and 1985 , the number of Mérens doubled from 2 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 animals , and its rescue is considered a good example of saving an endangered breed .
In 1977 , the Mérens was introduced to the island of Réunion , where its breeding is now part of the local economy . It is used as a saddle horse and for hauling . The breed is also used for equestrian tourism on the mountains of the island , where it is particularly well suited for the steep terrain and climate , taking tourists into volcanic regions covered in ash .
A national center for the breeding of Mérens was open in 1990 by SHERPA to offer support for the preservation of the breed . The equestrian center includes a living museum for the presentation of the breed . In 1997 , SHERPA offered a Mérens to then @-@ Prime Minister of Britain Tony Blair . On January 1 , 1998 , the Mérens was removed from the classification of " pony " and returned to the category of " horse " by the French National Stud . In 2000 , the Mérens breed was chosen by Jean @-@ Louis Savignol to launch the first breeding farm for certified organic horses intended for leisure use rather than human consumption . The horses are fed a natural diet , dewormed with a mixture of garlic and clay , treated using a combination of homeopathy and osteopathy , and moved high in the mountains during the transhumance each year .
= = = Present = = =
Today , Mérens closest to the original type and lifestyle are found in the valleys of the high mountains of the Pyrenees , near Andorra . The majority of Mérens breeding still takes place in Ariege , the traditional homeland of the breed . However , they can also be found in almost all regions of France , including the Alps , the Cévennes , the Centre , the Massif Central and the Île @-@ de @-@ France . Besides the annual breed show in Bouan , Mérens are also commonly seen at the Paris International Agricultural Show and other major horse shows .
The total herd size is relatively small . The population numbers stabilized somewhat at the beginning of the 21st century , with around 1500 broodmares , 150 active stallions and 500 births per year . In 2006 , 455 new foals were registered , 1 @,@ 051 mares and 89 stallions were listed as active breeding stock and there were 306 breeders , a term applied to anyone who has at least one active broodmare . In the same year , the Mérens made up 2 percent of total horses in France . A genetic study in 2008 considers the original type of the breed to be endangered . The author suggested that the Mérens should be a conservation priority in order to maintain the maximum genetic diversity among French horse breeds .
= = Uses = =
In the past Mérens horses were used for farm work , particularly on steep or difficult terrain , as packhorses and for draft work in mining or hauling timber or sledges . Today , following breeding selection towards a slightly taller and livelier type , they are used principally as saddle horses , especially for trekking in mountainous areas ; but have also proved successful in carriage driving . Some have been used for vaulting , dressage , show jumping and three @-@ day eventing .
The Mérens is now considered a multi @-@ purpose recreational horse that is also attached to the cultural identity of the Ariege region . They are used for leisure and competitive trail riding . They are consistently ranked in the French national competitive trail riding championships , and in 1998 , a Mérens finished second in the European Championships . In 1998 , Stéphane Bigot made a crossing of the Pyrenees on a Mérens . Many tourist facilities now offer guided trail rides through the mountains of Ariege on Mérens horses , with some centers having a stable consisting entirely of members of the breed .
Several equine therapy centers use the Mérens in their program . Other uses for the breed include various agricultural work , including logging , where sure @-@ footed mountain horses can be used to access areas where equipment cannot go . Mounted police sometimes use the Mérens . A few are bred for their milk , which can be used in the manufacture of various products .
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= Itzam K 'an Ahk II =
Itzam K 'an Ahk II ( Mayan pronunciation : [ itsam kʼan ahk ] ) , also known as Ruler 4 , was an ajaw of Piedras Negras , an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala . He ruled during the Late Classic Period , from 729 – 757 AD . Itzam K 'an Ahk II ascended to the throne upon the death of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk II , who may have been his father . Itzam K 'an Ahk II may have fathered the following three kings of Piedras Negras : Yo 'nal Ahk III , Ha ' K 'in Xook , and K 'inich Yat Ahk II . Following Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's demise , he was succeeded by Yo 'nal Ahk III in 757 AD . Itzam K 'an Ahk II left behind several monuments , including stelae at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid O @-@ 13 . In addition , the details of his life and his K 'atun @-@ jubilee were commemorated on Panel 3 , raised by K 'inich Yat Ahk II several years following Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's death .
= = Biography = =
= = = Lineage = = =
Itzam K 'an Ahk II , also known as Ruler 4 , was born on November 18 , 701 AD ( 9 @.@ 13 @.@ 9 @.@ 14 @.@ 15 7 Men 18 K 'ank 'in in the Long Count ) . Of the three extant references to Itzam K 'an Ahk 's birth , not a single one mentions his pedigree or parentage , suggesting that Itzam K 'an Ahk was not a direct descendant of his predecessor , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk II . Despite this , Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube point out that in one portrait , the ajaw is shown with a turtle @-@ headdressed belt ornament , suggesting that one of Itzam K 'an Ahk 's ancestors may have indeed had the word auk , or turtle , in their name , signifying royalty . With this being said , Stela 40 — discussed later — shows what could be Itzam K 'an Ahk 's mother in Teotihuacano garb , suggesting that Itzam K 'an Ahk was emphasizing potential connections to Teotihuacan , possibly the home of his mother . Martin and Grube also point out that this stela was erected exactly 83 Tzolk 'in , or about 59 years , following the death of Itzam K 'an Ahk I , a former ajaw of Piedras Negras who lent his name to Itzam K 'an Ahk II , insinuating some sort of " special link " between the two rulers .
= = = Reign = = =
Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's accession to the throne occurred on November 9 , 729 AD ( 9 @.@ 14 @.@ 18 @.@ 3 @.@ 13 7 Ben 16 K 'ank 'in ) . In 749 AD , the ajaw celebrated the jubilee of his one K 'atun . This celebration was attended by many dignitaries , including local nobles such as a b 'aah sajal ( " first ruler " ) named K 'an Mo ' Te ' who had served K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk II . The events of this banquet were later recorded by the final ajaw of Piedras Negras , K 'inich Yat Ahk II on Panel 3 ; this artifact shows Itzam K 'an Ahk II lecturing the interregnum ruler of Yaxchilan , Yopaat Bahlam II , about a past incident in which Yaxchilan had acknowledged the superiority of Piedras Negras . The K 'atun @-@ jubilee , therefore , has been interpreted by some Mayanists to have marked a period wherein Piedras Negras had eclipsed Yaxchilan in power . This celebration was followed by another festival in which Itzam K 'an Ahk II performed a " descending macaw " dance , and a nighttime feast wherein fermented cacao beans were served .
Bellicose action seems to have occurred during his reign , as a pyrite disc found in his tomb depicts the severed head of a leader from Hix Witz . Houston et al. argue that the Hix Witz polity was subordinate to Piedras Negras , largely based on the pyrite disk and because the Maya center is identified on Panel 7 , erected earlier by Itzam K 'an Ahk I , as a " tributary bearing plumes and textiles " to Piedras Negras .
= = = Death = = =
Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's almost thirty @-@ year reign was one marked by " hegemony over neighboring kingdoms " . The ruler died on November 26 , 757 AD ( 9 @.@ 16 @.@ 6 @.@ 11 @.@ 17 7 Kaban 0 Pax ) , and he was buried three days later . According to Panel 3 , the burial took place at the mythical location ho janaab witz , which has been deduced to mean , Pyramid O @-@ 13 , Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's memorial temple . Itzam K 'an Ahk II was succeeded by Yo 'nal Ahk III on March 10 , 758 AD . Due to the apparent veneration of Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's burial site by the succeeding kings , it has been hypothesized that Itzam K 'an Ahk II introduced a new reigning patriline to Piedras Negras , and that the following three kings — Yo 'nal Ahk III , Ha ' K 'in Xook , and K 'inich Yat Ahk II — may have been his sons .
= = Monuments = =
= = = Stelae = = =
Itzam K 'an Ahk II constructed at least five known stelae : 9 , 10 , 11 , 22 , and 40 . Stelae 9 , 10 , and 11 were all erected in front of or near Structure J @-@ 3 . Stela 11 , which was erected in August of 731 AD , is of the niche variety , meaning it depicts the ruler seated in a small hollow , or niche , and it was erected to commemorate the accession of the individual to the position of ajaw . The monument shows the ajaw flanked by subjects , witnesses to the ceremonies explored on the face of the stela . The expanse in front of the stone slab is designated as a space for offerings , denoted by the depiction of a sacrificed human near the bottom of the monument . The monument was discovered by Teoberto Maler in two pieces on the ground ; the front was in good condition , and some pigment was still visible . The glyphs on the upper right have been weathered , but the sides are largely intact . In the 1960s , looters cut the fallen monument into two halves for easier removal . The top portion is currently housed in the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston , Texas , whereas the bottom half is in a private collection in Switzerland .
Stela 9 was discovered in three pieces by Maler in 1899 . The fragments had been moderately weathered , and the base was later found in situ by the University of Pennsylvania 's University Museum . In the 1960s , looters removed the carved captives that had appeared on the left of the monument 's front . Stela 10 has been highly eroded , resulting in the loss of most of the monument 's details . In addition to the decay , the head ornament has been removed , and its current whereabouts are unknown . Stela 22 was dedicated on the East Group Plaza , located in front of Structure O @-@ 12 's terrace . The monument 's dedication initiated the East Group Plaza as a new center for sculpture and stelae . While previous stele had faced other directions , Stela 22 faced northwest towards the site 's acropolis , creating " a new axis of dialogue across the site . "
Stela 40 is of particular note because it contains the depiction o the aforementioned woman dressed in Teotihuacano garb ; it shows Itzam K 'an Ahk II scattering what appears to be either blood or incense into a " psychoduct " , the name for a vent or a hollow duct that goes from the outer of a temple or structure into an inner tomb . Simon and Grube argue that " the connection between the living and the dead is manifested [ on this stela ] as a ' knotted cord ' or breath which travels down to enter the nose of the deceased " . The female on the stela , denoted only by an " upside down vase " glyph , has been inferred to be Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's mother ; Pitts argues that the monument " offers an interesting vignette of Itzam K 'an Ahk II and his loyalty to a female ancestor , probably his mother . "
= = = Pyramid O @-@ 13 = = =
Pyramid O @-@ 13 is the name given to the hypothesized mortuary temple of K 'inich Yat Ahk II . According to Stephen Houston et al . , it was nearly twice as large as any of the previous buildings constructed at Piedras Negras . The pyramid itself changed substantially in the following years after Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's demise . K 'inich Yat Ahk II reset the older Panel 2 and installed two new panels , Panels 1 and the now @-@ famous Panel 3 . Megan O 'Neil argues that these changes were made in order for the ruling ajaw to have an " engagement with the past " . The pyramid was also the location of the stelae of Piedras Negras 's three last known rulers . All three of the aforementioned leaders revered the site as a dynastic shrine , suggesting some sort of familial connection with K 'inich Yat Ahk II .
In 1997 , an excavation led by Héctor Escobedo discovered a tomb , Burial 13 , underneath the plaza floor at the front of the pyramid 's frontal stairs which may have been the place of interment for Itzam K 'an Ahk II . Inside the tomb were discovered the remains of three humans : one adult male and two adolescents . Over 100 artifacts , including pieces of jade and ornaments , were found scattered about . There was evidence that the tomb had been reentered and disturbed after it had been sealed ; many bones were missing and there was evidence that the remaining body parts had been burnt long after the flesh had decomposed . Eventually , it was concluded that the apparent destruction was part of a ritual that had been described in Panel 3 , called el naah umukil , or " house @-@ burning at the burial " , and that it had been carried out by K 'inich Yat Ahk II . However , Stephen D. Houston cautions that , while Burial 13 might be the resting place of Itzam K 'an Ahk II , it has not been conclusively proven .
It has been pointed out that , architecturally , both the O @-@ 13 Pyramid and the Late Classic Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque , are nearly identical ; both have the same number of substructure terraces , and both pyramids ' substructures have exactly five doors . Furthermore , both pyramids were built into the sides of existing hills . Damien Marken and Kirk Straight , use this — as well as inscriptions on stelae at Palenque — to argue that there was some sort of relationship between the two polities .
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= Sibu =
Sibu / ˈsibuː / ( simplified Chinese : 诗巫 ; traditional Chinese : 詩巫 ; pinyin : Shīwū ) is an inland town at the central region of Sarawak and the capital of Sibu District in Sibu Division , Sarawak , Malaysia . The town is located on the island of Borneo . The town covers an area of 129 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 50 @.@ 0 sq mi ) . It is located at the confluence of the Rajang and Igan Rivers , some 60 kilometres from the South China Sea and approximately 191 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 119 mi ) north @-@ east of the state capital Kuching . The population is mainly dominated by Chinese especially the Fuzhou people . Other ethnic groups such as indigenous Melanau , Malay , and Iban are also present in this region . The town population as of the year 2010 is 162 @,@ 676 .
Sibu was settled by James Brooke in 1862 when he built a fort in the town to fend off attacks by indigenous Dayak people . Following this , a small group of Chinese Hokkien people settled around the fort to carry out business activities safely in the town . In 1901 , Wong Nai Siong led a large scale migration numbering 1 @,@ 118 Foochow Chinese from Fujian province of China into Sibu . This made Sibu being referred popularly as " New Fuzhou " . Sibu bazaar and the first hospital in Sibu was built by the Brooke government . Lau King Howe Hospital and a number of Methodist schools and churches were built in the 1930s . However , the town of Sibu was burnt to the ground twice in 1889 and in 1928 but it was rebuilt after that . There was no fierce fighting in Sibu during the Japanese occupation of Sarawak in 1941 . The Japanese installed a new Resident at Sibu in June 1942 and Sibu was renamed to " Sibu @-@ shu " in August 1942 . After the Japanese surrender in 1945 , Sarawak was ceded to the British as Crown Colony . This has caused a dissatisfaction amongst a group of young Melanau people in Sibu who were pro @-@ independence . As a result , the second British Governor of Sarawak , Sir Duncan George Stewart was assassinated by Rosli Dhobi when he visited Sibu in December 1949 . Rosli was later hanged to death at Kuching Central Prison in 1950 . Sibu and the Rajang basin also became the centre of communist activities from 1950 and it continued even after the Sarawak independence in 1963 . A Rajang Security Command ( RASCOM ) was then established to curb Communist activities in the area . Communist insurgency in Sarawak was significantly impaired in 1973 and later ended in 1990 . Sibu was upgraded to the municipality status in 1981 . The town received a royal visit in September 2001 . The town is also a gateway to Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy ( SCORE ) since 2008 . In 2011 , 110th anniversary of Foochow settlement was celebrated in Sibu .
Sibu is the main tourist gateway to the Upper Rajang River , with its small riverine towns and its many Iban and Orang Ulu longhouses . Among the notable landmarks in Sibu are Wisma Sanyan , the tallest building in Sarawak , Lanang Bridge ( one of the longest river bridge in Sarawak ) and the biggest town square in Malaysia near the Wisma Sanyan . Lau King Howe Memorial Museum is the first and the only medical museum in Malaysia . Sibu Central Market is the biggest indoor market in Sarawak . Among the tourists attractions in Sibu are Sibu Heritage Centre , Tua Pek Kong Temple , Bawang Assan longhouses , Sibu Old Mosque , Jade Dragon Temple , Bukit Aup Jubilee Park , Bukit Lima Forest Park , Sibu Night Market , Borneo Cultural Festival ( BCF ) , and Sibu International Dance Festival ( SIDF ) . Timber and shipbuilding industries are the two major economic activities in Sibu .
= = Etymology = =
Before 1873 , Sibu was called " Maling " , which was named after a bend of the Rajang river called " Tanjung Maling " opposite the present day town of Sibu near the confluence of Igan and Rajang rivers . On 1 June 1873 , the third division of Sarawak ( present day Sibu Division ) was created under Brooke administration . The division was later named after the native rambutan fruit which can be found abundantly at the region . Rambutan is known as " Buah Sibau " in the Iban language .
= = History = =
= = = Bruneian Empire = = =
In the 15th century , the Malays living in southern Sarawak displaced the immigrant Iban people towards the present @-@ day Sibu region . Throughout the 17th and 18th century , the Rajang basin was rife with tribal wars between Ibans and indigenous people in the Rajang basin . Sometimes , the Ibans would form a loose alliance with the Malays to attack the Kayan tribes and perform raids on Chinese and Indonesian ships passing through the region .
= = = Brooke dynasty = = =
James Brooke started to rule Sarawak ( present day Kuching ) in 1841 after he obtained the territory from the Bruneian Empire . In 1853 , Sarawak has expanded its territory to include the Sibu region . Sibu was a small village with several shop @-@ houses . Such shophouses were built with atap roofs , wooden walls , and floors . The earliest inhabitants of Sibu were Melanau people , followed by Ibans , and Malay people in the 1850s . There used to be a Sibu Fort ( Fort Brooke ) , which was built by Rajah Brooke in 1862 . The fort was located at the present day Channel Road in Sibu . It served as an administrative centre for the Brookes in Sibu . However , it was demolished in 1936 . It was common for the White Rajah to build such forts to stake his territorial claim as well as means of protection . The existence of Sibu Fort is proven by historical writings :
There is a fort in Sibu , as indeed there is at most of the river places in Sarawak ...
The fort at Sibu was close to the Resident Dr. Hose 's house and was attacked by Dayaks only a few years ago . Johnson , one of Dr. Hose 's assistants , showed me a very long Dayak canoe capable of seating over one hundred men ...
The river at Sibu was of great width , over a mile across , in fact , and close to the bank is a Malay village , and a bazaar where the wily Chinaman does a thriving trade in the wild produce of the country , and makes huge profits out of the Dayaks and other natives on this river .
On 13 May 1870 , the fort was attacked by 3 @,@ 000 Kanowit Dayaks under the leadership of a Dayak chief named Lintong or Mua @-@ ri . The Dayaks tried to cut through the door of the fort by using axes but they were later defeated by the Brookes . There were 60 wooden shops in Sibu according to Sarawak Gazette published on 24 January 1871 . In 1873 , the third division of Sarawak was created with the town of Sibu included in the division .
The first Chinese arrival in Sibu was in the 1860s . A group of Hokkien people built two rows of 40 shophouses around Sibu Fort ( Fort Brooke ) . The Hokkien Chinese were a minority at that time , mostly consisting of Kekhs and Min Nan people who were doing business . A small number of Chiang Chuan ( 漳泉 ) and Amoy people later arrived at Sibu mostly due to commercial interests . By 1893 , Munan Anak Minggat and his followers arrived in Sibu . They built a longhouse at Pulau Kerto , which is an island at the bend of Rajang River opposite Sibu near the confluence of Rajang and Igan Rivers . He was a loyal war @-@ leader to the Brookes and has helped to quash Iban rebellions around Upper Katibas and Lupar rivers in the 1860s and 1880s . In 1903 , he was the first Iban to operate a rubber plantation in Kuching . He later invested the profits of his rubber plantation to shop @-@ houses and lands in Sibu .
On 10 February 1889 , the town of Sibu was burnt to the ground . This has caused a developmental delay in Sibu . The first hospital in Sibu was built by the Brooke government in 1912 . It was a wooden single @-@ storey building measuring 50 to 60 feet long , with an outpatient department , male and female wards . On 8 March 1928 , Sibu was again consumed by a great fire . However , the Tua Pek Kong Temple remained intact . The locals considered this a miracle .
= = = Chinese Foochow settlement = = =
Wong Nai Siong , a Christian scholar from Gutian County , Fujian province of China , learnt about Sarawak and the White Rajahs through his son @-@ in @-@ law , Dr Lim Boon Keng . Disillusioned with the Qing Dynasty 's heavy handed approach against the Boxer Rebellion where Chinese Christians were specially targeted for murder , Wong Nai Siong decided to search for a new settlement overseas , focusing on areas in South East Asia . Previously , in September 1899 , he had searched fruitlessly in Malaya and Indonesia .
Wong got an approval from Charles Brooke to look for a new settlement in the Rajang basin . In April 1900 , Wong travelled 13 days up the Rajang River before he decided to choose Sibu as the new settlement for his Foochow clansmen , because the area near Rajang delta would be suitable for growing crops . An agreement was signed on 9 July 1900 between Wong Nai Siong and the Brooke government in Kuching to allow Chinese settlers into the area .
On 21 January 1901 , the first batch of 72 settlers arrived at Sibu and settled at the Sungai Merah area , about 6 km from the town of Sibu at that time . On 16 March 1901 , the second batch of 535 settlers arrived . This day has been called as the " New Foochow Resettlement Day " . In June 1901 , final batch of 511 settlers arrived in Sibu . Sibu has been commonly referred to " New Fuzhou " ( 新福州 ) since then . This brought the total number of Foochow settlers to 1 @,@ 118 . Wong Nai Siong was appointed as " Kang Choo " ( 港主 ) , meaning " port master " for the Foochow settlement in Sibu . The settlers planted sweet potatoes , fruits , sugar cane , vegetables , and coarse grains at high grounds and rice in wetlands . Following their work in Sibu , most settlers choose to stay and called the place as their new home . Together with American pastor , Reverend James Matthew Hoover , Wong was also involved in the building of schools and churches in Sibu such as the Methodist church in 1902 and Ying Hua Methodist school at Sungai Merah in 1903 . From 1903 to 1935 , James Hoover helped to build 41 churches and 40 schools in Sibu . Between 1902 and 1917 , 676 Cantonese people arrived in Sibu .
In 1904 , Wong opposed the sale of opium and the building of a casino in the Sibu area , proposed by the Brooke government . He was later expelled by the Sarawak government due to failure to repay debt . Wong and his family left Sibu in July 1904 . Rev. James Hoover took over Wong 's role to manage the Sibu settlement . He introduced the first rubber seedlings to Sibu in 1904 . He build a Methodist church in 1905 . The church was later renamed to Masland Methodist church in 1925 . Hoover stayed at the Rajang basin for another 31 years until his death from malaria in 1935 at Kuching general hospital . The construction of Lau King Howe Hospital was completed in 1936 to accommodate the growing population of Sibu . The hospital served Sibu people for 58 years until 1994 when a new hospital was constructed in Sibu .
By 1919 , the influence of Chinese Civil War had spread to Sarawak when Kuomintang set up its first branches in Sibu and Kuching . Charles Brooke opposed such political activity by the local Chinese and had expelled several local Kuomintang leaders . However , Charles Vyner Brooke was more receptive of such activities by local Chinese . The local Chinese also participated in a donation drive to aid Kuomintang in its fight against Japanese invasion on China mainland . After World War II ended , local Kuomintang leaders supported the cessation of Sarawak to British as Crown Colony but the local communist leaders were against it . Clashes between the communist and the Kuomintang supporters were common . The Kuomintang branches in Sarawak were finally dissolved in 1949 when the party lost a war on China mainland to the Communist party and retreated to Taiwan . However , clashes between the both sides continued until 1955 when Kuomintang 's newspaper was banned by the colonial British government in May 1951 ; while Communist 's newspapar ceased to exist in 1955 due to financial difficulties .
= = = Japanese occupation = = =
Japanese forces landed in Miri on 16 December 1941 . They conquered Kuching on 24 December 1941 . On 25 December 1941 , Sibu was bombed by 9 Japanese warplanes flown from Kuching . The Resident of Third Division , Andrew Macpherson believed that the Japanese would start to invade Sibu following the air attack . He and his officer later fled Sibu to the upstream of Rajang River . They planned to pass through Batang Ai and trek through the forests to reach Dutch Borneo . However , they were caught and killed by the Japanese at Ulu Moyan , Sarawak .
In the evening of 26 December 1941 , Sibu people started to ransack an unguarded government rice storeroom . Some villagers staying along the Rajang River also came to steal for daily necessities . The situation soon got out of control . British Sime Darby company , Borneo Company Limited , and Chinese businessmen became the victims of the riots . The Chinese businessman decided to form a security alliance to calm down the chaos . On 29 January 1942 , a Japanese advance team was invited from Kuching to restore order in Sibu . The advance team later fled Sibu and back to Kuching . The power vacuum continued to exist in the third division until 23 June 1942 , when the Japanese headquarter in Kuching sent Senda @-@ Ni @-@ Jiro ( 千田倪次郎 ) to become the new Resident of the Third Division of Sarawak . After he took office , he immediately declared that Imperial Japanese Army would take total control of people 's lives and property . On 8 August 1942 , Sibu was renamed to " Sibu @-@ shu " ( 志布州 ) .
The Japanese started to impose expensive taxes on Chinese people . The Japanese also started a Sook Ching operation ( 肃清行动 ) on suspected anti @-@ Japanese individuals . Under extreme torture , some Chinese individuals gave a false name @-@ list of anti @-@ Japanese groups . These lists of names would later led to death of innocent individuals at Bukit Lima execution ground while some individuals were sent to a prison at Kapit .
= = = British Crown Colony = = =
After the Japanese occupation of Sarawak ended in 1945 , the last Rajah of Sarawak , Charles Vyner Brooke , decided to cede the state as part of the British crown colony . This proposal had met with fierce opposition from the Sarawakians which later developed into the anti @-@ cession movement of Sarawak . Rosli Dhobi was a Sarawak nationalist from Sibu and a member of the Malay Youth Movement ( Gerakan Pemuda Melayu ) where the main objective of the movement was to achieve Sarawak independence from the British rule . At the age of 17 , he assassinated Sir Duncan George Stewart , the second governor of colonial Sarawak on 3 December 1949 . He and three of his friends ( Awang Ramli Amit , Bujang Suntong , and Morshidi Sidek ) were then sentenced to death by hanging and were buried at the Kuching Central Prison on 2 March 1950 .
After 46 years , his remains was moved from the Kuching Central Prison and buried at the Sarawak Heroes Mausoleum near Sibu Town Mosque on 2 March 1996 . To honour his involvement in the anti @-@ colonial movement against the British , he and his associates who were involved in the assassination were later given a full state funeral by Sarawak state government .
= = = Communist insurgency = = =
After the defeat of Kuomintang at mainland China in 1949 , Sibu communist members started to establish themselves in Sarawak in the early 1950s . Huang Sheng Zi ( 黄声梓 ) from Bintangor became the president of Borneo Communist Party ( BCP ) . BCP activities mostly concentrated in Sibu , Sarikei , and Bintangor . His brother , Huang Zeng Ting ( 黄增霆 ) , who was also a communist , played an important role in the formation of first political party in Sarawak , Sarawak United Peoples ' Party ( SUPP ) and became the party 's first executive secretary . Sarawak Liberation League ( SLL ) was formed in 1954 following the consolidation of BCP with several other communist organisations .
The expansion of communism in Sibu relied heavily on student movements in several schools such as Chung Hua Secondary School ( 中华中学 ) , Catholic High school ( 公教中学 ) , and Wong Nai Siong High School ( 黄乃裳中学 ) . Some of the communist strong points in Sibu were at Oya road and Queensway ( now Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg ) . The movement was also supported by the intelligentsia and workers in Sibu . For example , Dr Wong Soon Kai supported the movement by supplying free medication . Kampung Tanjung Kunyit villagers were among those being harassed into providing food and medical supplies to the communists . On 30 March 1971 , the communists launched an anti @-@ porn movement . In early 1973 , they launched another campaign which opposed tax increase and inflation of prices while endorsing an increase in workers ' wages . Some of the communist volunteers would start to distribute pamphlets at shophouses , schools , and the wharf terminal . The group also started military operation against police stations and naval bases . Communist guerillas would behead anyone who was suspected of being a government informant . The town was put under on @-@ and @-@ off 24 @-@ hour curfews for several months .
On 25 March 1973 , the Sarawak government , led by chief minister Abdul Rahman Ya 'kub started to clamp down on communist activities at the Rajang basin by setting up " Rajang Special Security Area " . A day later , Rajang Security Command ( RASCOM ) was formed as a result of co @-@ operation of civil , military , and police command headquarters . By August 1973 , several communist members were captured by the government . The captured members provided crucial details for the government to further impair the communist movement . On 22 September 1973 , Abdul Rahman started " Operation Judas " . A total of 29 people from the town of Sibu were captured . Among those captured were doctors , lawyers , businessmen , teachers , and one former member of parliament . Following the surrender of a communist movement in Sri Aman on 21 October 1973 , the communist activities at Rajang basin began to subside and would not be able to recover to its previous strength . Communist movement of Sarawak finally ended in 1990 .
= = = Recent developments = = =
On 1 November 1981 , the local council which administered the town of Sibu ( Sibu Urban District Council ) was upgraded to Sibu Municipal Council . The area of administration of Sibu expanded from 50 km2 to 129 @.@ 5 km2 . In 1994 , Sibu Airport and Sibu Hospital were constructed . In 2001 , Wisma Sanyan construction was completed . Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong of Malaysia , Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah visited Sibu from 16 to 17 September 2001 to close a month @-@ long Malaysian Independence Day Celebration at Sibu Town Square .
Between 1999 and 2004 , Sibu Municipal Council decided to adopt the swan as a symbol of Sibu to inspire the people to work towards the goal of becoming a city in the future . Since then , a Swan statue has been erected near the Sibu wharf terminal and another statue is located in the town centre . Sibu is also nicknamed as " Swan City " . This came from a legend where famine in Sibu ended when a flock of swans flew through the skies of Sibu . There is another story where the Sibu Chinese immigrants regarded Sibu Melanau people as " Go " people because a staple food of Melanau staple food was " Sago " . Coincidentally , " Go " pronunciation is similar to Hokkien pronunciation of " Swan " . This reminded Sibu Chinese immigrants of " Swan River " back in Fuzhou , China . Therefore , they decided to name the Rajang River as " Swan River " ( 鹅江 ) .
In 2006 , the Lanang Bridge connecting Sibu to Sarikei was opened . Sibu also functions as the gateway to Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy ( SCORE ) . The town of Sibu and its surrounding areas has been the subject of several developmental projects since 2008 . In 2011 , the 110th anniversary of Foochow settlement was celebrated in Sibu . However , Sibu 's population growth and economic development is relatively slow when compared to Miri and Bintulu .
= = Government = =
Sibu has two members of parliament representing the two parliamentary constituencies of the town : Lanang ( constituency no : P.211 ) and Sibu ( constituency no : P.212 ) . The town also elects five representatives into the Sarawak State Assembly : Bukit Assek , Dudong , Bawang Assan , Pelawan , and Nangka .
= = = Local authorities = = =
A local council was first set up in Sibu on 31 January 1925 during the era of Brooke administration . It was later upgraded to Sibu Urban District Council ( SUDC ) in 1952 . After 29 years of administration , SUDC was upgraded to Sibu Municipal Council ( SMC ) on 1 November 1981 . SMC administers the town with a jurisdiction area of 129 @.@ 5 km2 from the banks of Rajang River to Salim road uptown . SUDC and SMC headquarters were housed inside the Sibu Town Hall for 38 years from 1962 to 2000 . SMC headquarters was later relocated to Wisma Sanyan in 2001 . The chairman of SMC is Tiong Thai King . The outskirts of Sibu such as Sibu Jaya and Selangau District are administered by Sibu Rural District Council ( SRDC ) covering a total area of 6 @,@ 000 km2 . SRDC headquarters is also located inside the Wisma Sanyan tower .
Sibu Islamic Complex opened in September 2014 . It houses Sibu Resident Office , Sibu District Office , State Treasury Office , Social Welfare Department , and State Islamic Religious Department ( JAIS ) .
= = = International relations = = =
As of 2015 , Sibu is twinned to fifteen places in China :
= = Geography = =
Sibu town is located near the Rajang delta at the confluence of Rajang and Igan rivers . Peat swamp forests and alluvial plains are particularly prevalent in the Sibu Division . The Sibu town is located on a deep peat soil . This has caused problems in infrastructure development because buildings and roads will slowly sink into the ground after its construction completion . The location of Sibu in lowland peat swamps have subjected it to frequent floods which was about 1 to 3 times per year . Therefore , Sibu Flood Mitigation project was started to relieve the area from the floods . The highest elevation in Sibu is a peak at Bukit Aup Jubilee Park measuring 59 m above sea level .
= = = Climate = = =
Sibu has a tropical rainforest climate according to Köppen climate classification . The Sibu town has high temperatures of 30 – 33 ° C ( 86 – 91 ° F ) and low temperatures of 22 @.@ 5 – 23 ° C ( 72 @.@ 5 – 73 @.@ 4 ° F ) . Annual rainfall is approximately 3 @,@ 200 millimetres ( 130 in ) , with relative humidity between 80 and 87 % . Sibu receives between 4 and 5 hours of sunlight per day with yearly average daily values of global solar radiation of 15 @.@ 2 MJ / m2 . Cloud cover over Sibu reduces during the months of June and July ( 6 @.@ 75 Oktas ) but increases from November to February ( 7 Oktas ) .
= = Demographics = =
The change in Sibu 's population since 1947 is shown below :
= = = Ethnicity = = =
According to the 2010 Malaysian census , the town of Sibu ( excluding suburban area ) has total population of 162 @,@ 676 . Chinese ( 63 @.@ 4 % , 101 @,@ 019 ) is the largest ethnic group in the town , followed by indigenous people ( 35 @.@ 7 % , 56 @,@ 949 ) , Indians ( 0 @.@ 5 % , 598 ) , and non @-@ Malaysians ( 3 @,@ 236 ) . Among the indigenous tribes , there are Iban ( 26 @,@ 777 ) , Malays ( 16 @,@ 646 ) , Melanau ( 10 @,@ 028 ) , Bidayuh ( 1 @,@ 337 ) , and other indigenous tribes ( 874 ) . A majority of the non @-@ Malaysians are Indonesian workers employed at plywood and sawmills factories . There are also a number of illegal workers employed by syndicates to tap rubber . A number of foreign Chinese nationals and Indonesians are also working in massage parlours .
= = = Languages = = =
Since the majority of the town population is made up of Foochow and Hokkien Chinese , Mandarin Chinese , Fuzhou dialect and Hokkien Chinese are commonly spoken . The majority of Sibu Chinese are multilingual and are able to speak both Malay and English . Indigenous languages such as Sarawak Malay , Melanau , Bidayuh and Iban are also spoken .
= = = Religion = = =
The majority of the Chinese population in Sibu are Christians while other Chinese practice Buddhism , Taoism , and Confucianism . Some of the Iban in Sibu are Christians . Malays and Melanaus are Muslims . Respective religious groups are free to hold their processions in the town . Several notable religious buildings in the town are Sacred Heart Cathedral , Masland Methodist Church , Tua Pek Kong Temple , and An @-@ Nur Mosque . Yu Lun San Tien En Si ( 玉龙山天恩寺 ) or Jade Dragon Temple is located at KM26 Sibu @-@ Bintulu Road . The temple combined Buddhism , Taoism and Confucianism under one roof . It is claimed to be the largest temple in South East Asia .
= = Economy = =
In the early days , Chinese Foochow settlers in Sibu tried to convert the town into a rice cultivation centre . However , this vision did not materialise because the soil was not suitable for rice cultivation . In August 1909 , Charles Brooke agreed to grant land titles to Sibu Chinese farmers and encouraged them to cultivate rubber plantations . The rise of rubber prices from 1909 to 1911 had encouraged another 2 @,@ 000 Foochow settles to come to Sibu . The demand for rubber rose again during Korean War between 1950 and 1953 and has benefited Sibu rubber plantations . Local farmers later used the profits from rubber plantations into setting up shops at Sungai Merah and Durin bazaars and involve in more profitable timber industry . During the Sarawak Communist Insurgency in the 1970s , rural farmers had to abandon their rubber plantations because of martial law declared by the state government which forbade them for helping the communists operating in the jungles .
The timber industry in Sibu flourished during the 1940s and 1950s and its economic importance surpassed rubber plantations in the 1960s . Several global timber conglomerates such as the Rimbunan Hijau Group , Ta Ann Holdings Berhad , Sanyan Group , WTK , The Sarawak Company , and Asia Plywood Company set up their headquarters in Sibu . Timber processing and exports become the main economic driving force in Sibu . Development of the timber industry in Sibu has been supported by loans given by the earliest Chinese banks in Sibu such as Wah Tat Bank ( 1929 ) , Hock Hua Bank ( 1952 ) , and Kong Ming Bank ( 1965 ) . Following the introduction of " Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1989 " ( BAFIA ) by the Malaysian federal government , Kong Ming Bank was acquired by EON Bank in 1992 , followed by the merger of Wah Tat Bank with Hong Leong Bank and the merger of Hock Hua Bank with Public Bank Berhad in the year 2000 . In 1958 , HSBC started its banking operation in Kuching , followed by Sibu in 1959 . It was responsible for supporting several timber conglomerates in Sibu such as WTK and Ta Ann Holdings Berhad . In November 2013 , HSBC decided to close down all its commercial banking sectors in Sarawak after the bank was alleged for supporting non @-@ sustainable logging operations in Sarawak .
Shipbuilding business in Sibu started in the 1930s to supply wooden boats for river and coastal navigation . It flourished in 1970s and 1980s along with increase in exports of tropical timber from Sarawak . It later shifted its focus into steel boat building . Some of the vessels in demand are tug boats for towing logs , barges for carrying logs , anchor handlers , Offshore Support Vessels ( OSV ) , ferries , and express boats for carrying passengers . Most of the boats built are of small and medium in size . There are a total of 40 shipyards in Sibu . A majority of the workers are welders . In 2003 , 17 of the shipyards were relocated to Rantau Panjang Integrated Shipyard Shipbuilding Industrial Zone , Sibu . This included Yong Chin Kui , Far East , and TuongAik . The boats built in Sibu are often exported to neighbouring state of Sabah , Peninsular Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia and United Arab Emirates . In the year 1991 , a total of US $ 50 million was earned for shipbuilding business in Sibu . In 2011 , Sibu ship exports stood at RM 525 million . Sibu is also the only city in Sarawak to possess a vehicle assembly plant . The plant is operated by N.B. Heavy Industries Sdn . Bhd . , and it has been assembling BeiBen , International and JAC commercial vehicles since 2010 . Sibu has two industrial areas : Upper Lanang Industrial estate ( Mixed Light Industries ) and Rantau Panjang Ship Building Industrial Zone .
There are two river ports at Sibu : Sibu port and Sungai Merah port , located at 113 km and 116 km along from the mouth of the Rajang river , respectively . Sibu port has maximum gross register tonnage ( GRT ) of 10 @,@ 000 tonnes while Sungai Merah port has a maximum GRT of 2 @,@ 500 tonnes . Sibu port is used mainly for handling timber and agricultural products while Sungai Merah port is used for handling fuel oil products . Rajang Port Authority ( RPA ) is located at Sibu port operation centre . RPA has earned a total revenue of RM 30 @.@ 1 million for the financial year of 2012 .
= = Transport = =
= = = Land = = =
Roads in Sibu are under the jurisdiction of Sibu Municipal Council ( SMC ) . Some of the notable roads in Sibu are Brooke Drive , Archer Street , and Wong Nai Siong Street . Kwong Ann roundabout is located near Brooke Drive in town centre while Bukit Lima roundabout is located near Wong King Huo Street in the uptown area . Sibu is also connected to other major towns and cities in Sarawak such as Kuching by Pan Borneo Highway . In early 2011 , Sibu @-@ Tanjung Manis Highway was opened . In April 2006 , Lanang Bridge connecting Sibu to Sarikei and Bintangor across the Rajang River was opened . Toll @-@ free Durin Bridge was opened in October 2006 connecting Sibu to other places such as Julau . The Durin bridge is located near the satellite township of Sibu Jaya .
= = = = Public transport = = = =
The town of Sibu has two bus stations . The local bus station is located at the waterfront near the Sibu wharf terminal . The long @-@ distance bus station is located at Pahlawan Street , near the Sungai Antu region . Jaya Li Hua Commercial Centre and Medan Hotel are located next to the long @-@ distance bus station . The local bus station at the waterfront serves the town area , Sibu Airport , Sibu Jaya , Kanowit , and Sarikei . Lanang Bus serves the connection between the local bus station and the long @-@ distance bus station while Panduan Hemat buses serves Sibu Airport and satellite township of Sibu Jaya . On the other hand , the long @-@ distance bus station serves Kuching , Bintulu , and Miri via the Pan Borneo Highway . Some of the buses serving at the long @-@ distance bus station are Biaramas , Suria Bus , and Borneo Highway Express .
Taxis in Sibu operates 24 hours a day . Taxis can be found at the airport , big hotels , taxi stands at the wharf terminal , and at Lintang Street . Taxi services are also offered for travel to nearby regions such as Mukah , Bawang Assan , Sarikei , and Bintangor . Kong Teck car rental is available at the airport .
= = = Water = = =
Sibu wharf terminal is located at Kho Peng Long Street near the Rajang river waterfront . It provides an alternative means of transport for the people living along the Rajang River . Among the destinations that can be reached by express boats from Sibu includes Belaga , Dalat , Daro , Kapit , Kanowit , Kuching , Sarikei , and Song . Sibu floating market which is made up of several large boats can also be seen from the wharf terminal . The boats are responsible to carry groceries to rural communities living along the river and do not have access to roads . There used to be a Pandaw River Cruise which operated along the Rajang River from Sibu to Pelagus Rapids Resort but its operation was terminated in 2012 due to logistical and operational difficulties .
= = = Air = = =
Sibu Airport was built in 1994 , located at 25 km from the town of Sibu and 1 km from the satellite township of Sibu Jaya . In 2008 , the airport handled 831 @,@ 772 passengers on 14 @,@ 672 flights and 735 metric tonnes of cargo . In April 2010 , the airport was allocated RM130 million by the Malaysian federal government for the upgrade of the terminal building . The airport terminal building is the second largest in Sarawak after the Kuching International Airport . The airport has a 2 @.@ 75 km runway and it serves Malaysia Airlines , Air Asia , and MASWings with direct flights to all major towns in Sarawak , such as Miri , Bintulu , Kuching , Kota Kinabalu , Kuala Lumpur , and Johor Bahru . In October 2011 , Firefly airline terminated its services in Sarawak while Malindo Air terminated its services to Sibu Airport in June 2014 due to low number of passengers .
= = Other utilities = =
= = = Courts of law , legal enforcement , and crime = = =
The court complex is located at Tun Abang Haji Openg Street , Sibu . It contains the High Court , Sessions Court , and the Magistrate Court . The Sibu town also has a Syariah Court located at Kampung Nyabor Street with jurisdictions in Sibu , Kanowit and Selangau districts . There is one district police headquarters at Tun Abang Haji Openg Street . The Sibu central police station is located at Kampung Nyabor Street . Sungai Merah police station and Lanang police station are also located in Sibu town area . There is also a prison in Sibu .
Tiong King Sing , an MP from Bintulu , has voiced concerns about gangsterism in Sarawak especially the Sibu town back in 2007 . As a result , " Operation Cantas Kenyalang " was started in 2008 to clamp down gangsterism in Sarawak . In September 2013 , Sibu police chief announced that " Lee Long " , " Sungai Merah " , and " Tua Chak Lee " gangs ceased to exist and Sibu town is free from organised gangsterism . There were 25 gangster groups in Sibu back in 2007 ; there are 7 groups as of 9 October 2013 . In September 2014 , Royal Malaysian Police headquarter at Bukit Aman , Kuala Lumpur , stated that 16 local gangster groups are still active in Sarawak especially in Sibu but they do not pose any serious security threats . This raised new concerns that such groups still pose a serious security risk in Sibu town and Sarawak in general .
= = = Healthcare = = =
Sibu Hospital is the second largest hospital in Sarawak and the secondary referral hospital for the central region of Sarawak which includes 5 divisions : Sibu , Kapit , Mukah , Sarikei , and Betong . There are 8 district hospitals in these divisions that are referred to Sibu . Sibu Hospital is also a teaching hospital for undergraduates from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS ) . There are also two private medical centres in Sibu : KPJ Sibu Specialist Medical Centre and Rejang Medical Centre .
Lanang and Oya Polyclinics are located in Sibu . There are also five 1Malaysia clinics in Sibu . The Bandong 1Malaysia clinic became the first 1Malaysia Clinic nationwide to offer echocardiography screening . There are also several pharmacy outlets in Sibu : B Y Chan pharmacy , Central Pharmacy , Lot 9 Pharmacy near by Delta Mall and Cosway Pharmacy .
= = = Education = = =
Sibu has about 85 primary schools and 23 secondary schools . The Sibu primary and secondary schools under the National Education System are managed by Sibu District Education Office located at Brooke Drive , Sibu . The oldest school in Sibu is Sacred Heart High School which was formed in 1902 by Rev. Father Hopfgarther . This was followed by Rev James Hoover where he formed Methodist Anglo @-@ Chinese School in 1903 . The school later evolved into Methodist primary and secondary schools in 1947 . Uk Daik primary school , built in 1926 , is one of the oldest Chinese primary schools in Sibu . Built in 1954 , St Mary primary school is the oldest English stream school in Sibu Division . Sibu also has five Chinese independent schools . The most notable ones are Catholic High School ( 1961 ) and Wong Nai Siong High School ( 1967 ) . All the Chinese independent schools in Sibu are under the purview of The United Association of Private Chinese Secondary School , Sibu Division , which is in turn under the purview of Sarawak Dong Zong and Dong Zong headquarters in Selangor . All the Chinese independent schools students will sit for Unified Examination Certificate ( UEC ) In 2013 , Woodlands International School opened in Sibu offering Cambridge International Examinations ( CIE ) course .
In 1997 , United College Sarawak ( UCS ) was established in Sibu at Teku Street . It was renamed to Kolej Laila Taib ( KLT ) in 2010 . This college offers business , accounting , civil engineering , architecture , Electrical and Electronic Engineering and quantity surveying courses . University College of Technology Sarawak ( UCTS ) , located just opposite the KLT , commenced its maiden intake of new undergraduate students in September 2013 . This university is established to provide human capital for the development of Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy ( SCORE ) . In 1967 , Pilley Memorial Secondary School was established in Sibu . In April 1991 , the school was upgraded to Methodist Pilley Institute ( MPI ) and it started to offer accounting , business management , and computer science courses .
Sarawak Maritime Academy was formed under the Shin Yang Group of Companies . It offers Diploma in Nautical ( DNS ) and Diploma in Marine Engineering courses . Sacred Heart College started to offer Diploma in Hotel Management courses in 2010 . Rimbunan Hijau ( RH ) Academy was established in 2005 and it started to offer training in automotive , oil palm plantations , hospitality , and business management in 2007 . Sibu Nursing College and ITA college offers nursing @-@ related programmes . In 1954 , the Methodist Theological School was established in Sibu . It is affiliated with Methodist Church in Malaysia and is accredited by the Association for Theological Education in South East Asia ( ATESEA ) .
Long distance study centres ( Pendidikan Jarak Jauh , PJJ ) in Sibu are opened by Universiti Utara Malaysia ( UUM ) at Lanang and Universiti Putra Malaysia ( UPM ) at Sibu Jaya . Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ( UNIMAS ) opened its Centre for Academic Information Services ( CAIS ) - Integrated Learning Facilities ( ILF ) at Sibu for undergraduate medical students undergoing their training at Sibu Hospital . Open University Malaysia ( OUM ) also opens a Sibu Learning Centre .
= = = Libraries = = =
The first public library in Sibu was started as Methodist Missionary Library in the 1950s . It was taken over by Sibu Urban District Council ( SUDC ) in 1955 . It was moved to the present location at Keranji road in 1986 as SMC public library . The library underwent a major upgrade in 2014 . Another public library named " Ling Zi Ming Cultural centre " ( 林子明文化館 ) was established by the local Chinese community under the Sibu Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry ( SCCCI , 詩巫中華總商會 ) in 1980 . It houses Chinese books collections . Another library named Sibu Jaya public library is located at the satellite township of Sibu Jaya , 26 km from the town of Sibu .
= = Culture and leisure = =
= = = Attractions and recreational spots = = =
= = = = Cultural = = = =
Since 2005 , Borneo Cultural Festival ( BCF ) is held by Sibu Municipal Council ( SMC ) in July every year at Sibu Town Square , for a period of 10 days . It is a celebration of traditional music , dances , contests , beauty pageant , food stalls , fun fairs , and product exhibitions . There are 3 separate stages for Iban , Chinese , and Malay performances . It draws around 20 @,@ 000 people every year . BCF was stopped briefly in 2011 before it was resumed in 2012 . Sibu has hosted the National Chinese Cultural Festival ( 全國華人文化節 ) twice : in 2001 ( 18th Festival ) and 2009 ( 26th Festival ) which lasted for 3 days . Among the activities organised during this festival were cultural village ( a venue designated to showcase cultural heritages from various ethnicity ) , lantern riddles , cultural dances , Chinese songs , dragon dances , and Chinese calligraphy . Sibu International Dance Festival ( SIDF ) was started in 2012 . It is usually held between June to September every year , which lasted for 5 days . It attracted around 14 to 18 international dance troupes for performances in Sibu . It includes activities such as workshops , conferences , outdoor performances , and a dance concert .
There are 9 Bawang Assan Iban longhouses which are 40 minutes away from the town of Sibu . The longhouses can be dated back from 18th century traditional longhouses to present day modern longhouses . Visitors can enjoy traditional rice wine tuak and other delicacies such as sarang semut , kain kebat , and pansuh . These Iban longhouses showcase their lifestyles , customs , traditional dance , and music . Homestays are also available at these longhouses . There are 3 ceramic factories in Sibu . Ceramic designs mainly depicts traditional culture of the natives .
= = = = Historical = = = =
Sibu Heritage Trail was launched in 2012 to include 9 landmarks in Sibu , which are : Sibu Heritage Centre , Sibu Old Mosque ( Masjid Al @-@ Qadim , built in 1883 ) , Warriors Memorial Site ( present burial site of Rosli Dhobi , near An @-@ Nur Mosque ) , oldest Muslim cemetery , Lau King Howe Hospital Memorial Museum , Hoover Memorial Square , Tua Pek Kong Temple , and Sibu Central Market . All the 9 landmarks can be reached by 2 kilometres of walking distance from each other . Sibu Heritage Centre is housed in a former Sibu Town Hall . It displays the early beginnings of Sibu , Iban and Malay cultures , with Chinese porcelain and clay vases which can be dated back to the era of Imperial China . Tua Pek Kong Temple is a Buddhist and Taoist Temple which was established in 1870 . The 7 @-@ storey Guanyin Pagoda ( Goddess of Mercy ) was built in the 1980s . The Lau King Howe Hospital Memorial Museum is the only medical museum in Malaysia . It displays dental , surgical , and obstetric services offered by the hospital from the 1950s to 1990s . Sungai Merah ( Red River ) Heritage Walk is the landmark of the earliest settlement of Foochow Chinese in Sibu in 1901 . There is a walking trail at the Sungai Merah river front leading up to Wong Nai Siong Memorial Garden . James Hoover Memorial Garden is also located near the Sungai Merah Heritage Walk .
= = = = Leisure and conservation areas = = = =
Bukit Aup Jubilee Park was opened in March 1993 . It is located 10 km away from the town of Sibu . It has a total undulating land of 24 acres ( 0 @.@ 097 km2 ) . The park was the two consecutive winner of National Landscaping Competition Award in 1997 and 1998 . The highest peak in the park , Bukit Aup ( 59 m above sea level ) was originally a traditional burial ground for Iban warriors . The burial ground has since been relocated to a nearby village for the development of the park . However , the Iban community still regarded the peak as a sacred place and frequently brought offerings for the benevolent spirit named Nanga Bari .
Bukit Lima peat swamp forest reserve , covering 390 hectares ( 3 @.@ 9 km2 ) , was gazetted as protected area since October 1929 . In January 2001 , Bukit Lima Forest Park covering 219 hectares ( 2 @.@ 19 km2 ) was constructed in the peat swamp forest and opened to the public . It has two separate trails of wooden planks of 3 @.@ 5 km and 2 @.@ 5 km long respectively . The park also has a 3 @-@ storey concrete watchtower for sightseeing . The park is managed by Sarawak Forestry Corporation ( SFC ) .
Sibu has other urban and suburban parks such as Kutien Memorial Garden , Hin Hua Memorial Park , and Permai Lake Garden . The Kutien Memorial Garden located at Lanang Street is managed by Sibu Kutien Association . The Kutien Garden showcase the association 's history and events . The Hin Hua Memorial Park is established by Sibu Heng Hua community where their earliest arrival in Sibu was in 1911 . YMCA Camp Resort is located away from the town . It provides facilities for camping and retreat .
= = = = Sports = = = =
Sibu has one stadium named Tun Zaidi Stadium at Old Airport Road . A new indoor stadium construction is also planned to replace the old stadium .
Sibu BASE jump is an annual event that is held in September every year since 2009 , which lasts for 3 days . Night jumps are also performed if the weather is fair . The BASE jumping usually takes place from the top of Wisma Sanyan which is 126 m high and is the tallest building in Sarawak . The number of jumpers has increased from 11 jumpers in 2009 to 45 jumpers in 2014 . In 2013 , world 's first tandem BASE jumping from a building ( Wisma Sanyan in Sibu ) was done by Sean Chuma ( world @-@ renowned BASE jumper ) , carrying Rudy Anoi ( chief executive of Sarawak Tourism Board , Sibu branch ) with him .
Since 2001 , Sarawak Health Marathon is held every year at Bukit Aup Jubliee Park , Sibu . The run can be divided into 6 categories , including 21 km Men ’ s and Ladies ’ Open , 7 km Men ’ s Fun Run and Boys ’ Junior , 2 @.@ 5 km Girls ’ Junior , and 2 @.@ 5 km Ladies Fun Run .
= = = = Other sights = = = =
Sibu Gateway is a landmark at the downtown area which includes an illuminated fountain , a garden , and a Swan statue surrounded by 12 Chinese zodiac signs . Rajang Esplanade is one of the 22 community parks in Sibu , mostly donated by Chinese clan associations . Rajang Esplanade has a walkway along the Rajang riverfront from Sibu wharf terminal to Kingwood Hotel with Hii 's association playground along the way . It offers a scene of muddy river with timber barges , express boats , and fishing boats commuting on the river . Several mural paintings depicting historical lifestyles and local cuisines are found at various locations in Sibu .
= = = = Other events = = = =
Sibu Bike Week is an event that is held in December every year since 2011 . It is a 3 @-@ day event aimed to bring all the enthusiasts of motocyclists , cars , audio systems , BMX , Zumba , and paintball to share their hobbies and experiences . It has attracted about 2 @,@ 000 bikers around the world . Among the activities held during Sibu Bike Week are Miss Sibu Bike Week Pageant , Tattoo queen and King competition . Borneo Talent Award ( BTA ) is held every year in Sibu since 2011 at Sibu Civic Centre . It showcases performances of singing , dancing , acrobatics , mimicry , playing musical instruments , magic show , and art performances .
= = = = Shopping = = = =
Sibu features a number of shopping malls : Wisma Sanyan , Medan Mall , Sing Kwong Shopping Complex , Farley Departmental Store , Delta Mall , Star Mega Mall , Everwin and Giant Hypermarket .
The Sibu Night Market was established in 1973 . It was situated in the town centre . Local traders will usually set up their mobile stalls from 5 pm to 10 pm every day . The stalls offer household goods , footwear , fashion items , and varieties of food . In August 2012 , the market was relocated to Butterfly Garden at Cross Road near the Tua Pek Kong Temple to ease traffic jams .
The Sibu Central Market is the biggest indoor market in Sarawak . It is located at Channel Street , opposite the Sibu wharf terminal . The central market has food stalls on top floor with dry and wet market on the ground floor . Among the items on sale in this market are exotic fruits , jungle produce , handicrafts , Bario rice , and poultry . There are 1 @,@ 100 stalls in the market on weekdays and 400 @-@ 500 additional stalls on weekends when the indigenous people from the interior brought their jungle produce to the market .
= = Cuisine = =
The " Bandong walk " project was started in 2012 and is scheduled to be completed in 2015 . This project is set to make the Bandong area a halal food hub of local delicacies for the locals and the tourists . Common dishes in Sibu include :
Kam Pua noodle ( also known as 干盘面 ) — noodles tossed in pork lard or vegetable oil , fried shallots , spring onions and sometimes soy sauce and / or chili sauce . It is available at almost all coffee shops and food stalls . Halal kampua noodles are available .
Duёng Mian Ngu ( also known as 鼎边糊 ) — a savoury soup with soft rice cake is available at several stalls as a hefty breakfast or a late night supper . It is often served with fish balls and squid .
Bian Nyuk ( also known as 扁肉 , 雲吞 , or Wonton ) — a meat dumpling which can be served dry or in a soup .
Gom bian ( also known as 光饼 or Kompia ) — a Foochow delicacy made with flour , baked in an oven and eaten either with or without meat and gravy . It is somewhat similar to a bagel . However , it can be either in a crisp or soft version . Traditional soft kompia dipped in pork sauce can be sought from Chung Hua road and the Sunday Market at Pedada road . There are deep fried variations available throughout the town of Sibu .
You Zhar Gui ( also known as 油炸桧 , 油條 , Yau Char Kway , or Kueh Cakoi in Malay ) — deep fried twin dough batter often dipped in soup or chili sauce . It is often eaten together with porridge or " Bak Kut Teh " （ 肉骨茶 ） .
Bek Ding Yuok ( also known as 八珍药 or Pek Ting Ngor ) : The soup of eight essences — Chinese soup containing at least eight herbal ingredients .
Rojak Kassim — Indian @-@ style rojak ( also known as pasembur or Mamak Rojak ) .
= = Notable people = =
= = = Politics = = =
Tun Datuk Patinggi Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Abang Barieng , 3rd and 6th Governor of Sarawak .
Tun Datuk Patinggi Ahmad Zaidi Adruce , 5th Governor of Sarawak .
Tun Datuk Patinggi Tuanku Bujang Tuanku Othman , 2nd Governor of Sarawak .
YBhg . Tan Sri Dr. Wong Soon Kai , former Deputy Chief Minister of Sarawak and former President of Sarawak United People 's Party ( SUPP ) .
Datuk Robert Lau Hoi Chew , former Member of Parliament for Sibu and former Malaysian Deputy Minister of Transport .
YB Datuk Tiong Thai King , former Member of Parliament for Lanang and chairman of Sibu Municipal Council ( SMC ) .
Wong Ho Leng , former Member of Parliament for Sibu , Sarawak State Legislative Member for Bukit Assek and former Chairman of Sarawak Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) .
YB Datuk Seri Fadillah Yusof , Minister of Public Works and Member of Parliament for Petra Jaya , Kuching .
YBhg . Dato ' Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah , former Sarawak State Legislative Member for Nangka and former Chairman of Kuching Port Authority .
YBhg . Vincent Goh Chung Siong , former Sarawak State Legislative Member for Pelawan and Chairman of Rajang Port Authority .
YB Dr. Annuar Rapaee , Assistant Minister for Science Research and Biotechnology and Sarawak State Legislative Member for Nangka .
= = = Business = = =
Tan Sri Datuk Sir Tiong Hiew King , Chairman of Rimbunan Hijau Group and elder brother of Datuk Tiong Thai King . He was listed as one of the 10 richest Malaysians and also one of the Malaysians receiving the knighthood from the British Government .
Datuk Lau Hui Siong , Founder of See Hua Group which publishes See Hua Daily News , The Borneo Post , and Utusan Borneo .
= = = Others = = =
Ting Ming Siong , a food stall operator , known as the Guinness World Record Holder for the " Most wedding attended by a best man " . He attended 1 @,@ 393 weddings from September 1975 to 2 February 2006 )
Gloria Ting Mei Ru , Miss Malaysia World 2004 .
Datuk Dr. Matnor Daim , former Director of Education , Malaysia and recipient of National Education Leadership 2011 Award in conjunction of National Level Teachers Day 2011 in Kuching .
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= 1761 Milestone =
The 1761 Milestone is a milestone on 640 South Main Street in Woonsocket , Rhode Island . The stone originally marked the junction of a Colonial highway from Great Road and an east @-@ west route from Boston , Massachusetts , to the state of Connecticut . The stone was rediscovered during the installation of an electrical road ( likely a tram ) . In 1898 , the stone was reportedly restored to its original location by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The stone is embedded in a low retaining wall at the corner of South Main Street and Smithfield Road . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24 , 1982 , and is historically significant as Colonial @-@ era highway marker .
= = History = =
The 1761 Milestone is a historic marker that marked the junction of a Colonial highway . In 1761 , it was located at the intersection of Great Road , from Providence , Rhode Island , to Mendon , Massachusetts , and an east @-@ west route from Boston , Massachusetts , into Connecticut . Currently , the marker rests near the intersection of South Main Street and Smithfield Road ( previously Great Road ) and occupies the land designated by the Woonsocket Assessor as plat 4 @-@ C , lot 69 .
The 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) marker is described by the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) nomination form as an " odd @-@ shaped piece of grey slate , somewhat broken and effaced ... " It bears a boldly cut inscription of an unknown stonecutter ; the inscription is likened to 18th @-@ century handwriting and lacks a calligraphic pattern . The marker reads " Miles to [ B ] oston 1761 " , but according to Rhode Island : A Guide to the Smallest State it read , " Miles to Boston 47 " .
In 1898 , it was reported that the stone was unearthed during the installation of electrical road ( likely for a tram ) and restored to its original location by the Woonsocket chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . Sometime later , the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a bronze plaque on the stone , but it was absent at the time of its nomination in 1982 . The marker is currently mortared into a retaining wall at the edge of the sidewalk on 640 South Main Street at the intersection and has been since prior to 1982 . As of 2013 , a Daughters of the American Revolution plaque is present .
= = Importance = =
The National Register of Historic Places nomination states the marker is at its original site and is historically important because " [ t ] his milestone is the only extant Woonsocket property which well recalls this era in the early history of American overland transportation , and it is one of but a handful of such stones surviving in Rhode Island that marks inter @-@ colonial highways . " It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24 , 1982 .
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= The Mambo Kings =
The Mambo Kings is a 1992 French – American drama film directed by Arne Glimcher . It is an adaptation of Oscar Hijuelos 's 1989 Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love . The film stars Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas as Cesar and Nestor Castillo , brothers and aspiring musicians who flee from Cuba to America in the hopes of reviving their failed musical careers . The Mambo Kings marks the directing debut of Glimcher and features Banderas in his first English @-@ language role .
Glimcher purchased the film rights to Hijuelos 's novel in 1988 , before hiring Cynthia Cidre to write the screenplay . Various studios rejected the film , and after an unsuccessful pre @-@ production development at Universal Studios , the project moved to Warner Bros. , with Regency Enterprises and Le Studio Canal + agreeing to co @-@ finance the film . When Warner Bros. wanted Jeremy Irons and Ray Liotta in the lead roles , Glimcher had to convince executives to cast Assante and Banderas instead . Filming for The Mambo Kings took place in Los Angeles , on sets recreating 1950s New York .
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics , but underperformed at the box office , grossing only $ 6 @,@ 742 @,@ 168 during its domestic theatrical release . For its original song " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " , The Mambo Kings earned nominations from several groups , including the Academy Awards .
= = Plot = =
In the early 1950s , Cuban brothers and musicians Cesar ( Armand Assante ) and Nestor Castillo ( Antonio Banderas ) flee from Havana , Cuba after getting into a violent dispute with the mobster owners of a club where they performed . Eventually ending up in New York City , the brothers work at menial jobs while attempting to revive their musical careers . At a nightclub where Cesar briefly crashes the act of mambo star Tito Puente , they make new friends and connections , as well as meeting cigarette girl Lanna Lake ( Cathy Moriarty ) , who falls quickly into a love affair with Cesar .
Nestor , in the meantime , remains oblivious to other women while continually composing his ode to his lost Cuban love , Maria ( Talisa Soto ) . He writes version after version of the same ballad , " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " , until by chance one day he encounters Delores ( Maruschka Detmers ) , a shy but attentive young woman who wishes to become a schoolteacher . When she becomes pregnant , they decide to get married .
Fate intervenes one night at a club , where the Castillo brothers have a part @-@ time job . Nestor 's love ballad captures the interest of one of the customers , who turns out to be the Cuban bandleader and American television star Desi Arnaz ( played by his son , Desi Arnaz , Jr . ) . After a pleasant evening in Nestor and Delores 's home , Arnaz generously invites the struggling Castillos to sing and act on an episode of his smash sitcom series , I Love Lucy .
Fame does not last , however . Nestor is not as ambitious as his brother and desires nothing more than to own his own small club . He is in love with Delores , but lacks the passion he felt for his beloved Maria back home . Cesar , meantime , suppresses his true feelings , that a woman like Delores would actually be perfect for him . Cesar eventually reveals to Nestor that Maria left him for a Cuban mobster in exchange for cancelling a contract hit against Nestor .
There are tragic consequences one snowy night when the Castillo brothers ' car veers off the road and into a tree . Cesar , in the back seat of the vehicle , is barely hurt , but Nestor , having driven the car , is killed . The life of Cesar , shattered , is never the same . To honor his brother 's memory , Cesar opens his own small club , which is well received . Delores pays him a visit and asks him to sing Nestor 's song for her .
= = Cast = =
Armand Assante as Cesar Castillo
Antonio Banderas as Nestor Castillo
Cathy Moriarty as Lanna Lake
Maruschka Detmers as Delores Fuentes
Desi Arnaz , Jr. as Desi Arnaz , Sr.
Roscoe Lee Browne as Fernando Perez
Celia Cruz as Evalina Montoya
Vondie Curtis @-@ Hall as Miguel Montoya
Talisa Soto as Maria Rivera
Tito Puente as Himself
Thomas F. Duffy as Mulligan
Frank Grillo as Machito
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Arne Glimcher , an art dealer based in New York City and a fan of mambo music , learned that Oscar Hijuelos was writing a novel relating to the subject . In 1988 , Hijuelos sent Glimcher a manuscript of his novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love . Glimcher purchased the film rights before the novel was published one year later . He hired Cuban @-@ born screenwriter Cynthia Cidre to write the script . Cidre spent a year and a half working on the screenplay , and after 24 drafts , she had stripped the story down to cover only half of Hijuelos 's 407 @-@ page book . When asked about the modification of his novel in the film adaptation , Hijuelos said , " My only concern was that the Cuban culture be treated with respect and the music be authentic and accurate to the period . "
Various studios rejected the project , until Glimcher persuaded Tom Pollock , chairman of Universal Studios , to financially back the film on a low budget . Before production could begin however , Pollock insisted that footage from the television series I Love Lucy be a key part of the film . Following Lucille Ball 's death in 1989 , Glimcher was unable to secure the rights to use footage for the film . After Universal cancelled production of The Mambo Kings , the project moved to Warner Bros. ; Glimcher met with the studio 's president Terry Semel , who introduced him to producer Arnon Milchan , who agreed to co @-@ financed The Mambo Kings with his production company Regency Enterprises and the French @-@ based film studio Le Studio Canal + . The film was given a production budget of $ 15 @.@ 5 million .
= = = Casting = = =
Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas were Glimcher 's ideal choices for the roles of Cesar and Nestor Castillo . Prior to The Mambo Kings , Assante had appeared in a number of films but had not yet broken out as a major star ; Banderas , a Spanish actor , had moved to Los Angeles , California , hoping to make an international debut with his first English speaking role . Warner Bros. , however , wanted to cast Jeremy Irons as Cesar and Ray Liotta as Nestor . Both actors had received critical acclaim for their performances in Reversal of Fortune and Goodfellas respectively , and the studio felt that they would appeal to a wider audience .
Through a translator , Glimcher told Banderas to work on improving his English for one month before performing a screen test opposite Irons . The Spanish actor , lacking the ability to speak English , learned his lines phonetically . Despite Irons 's excellent screen test , Glimcher thought he was wrong for the part and insisted on Assante ; he thought the charm and seductiveness of Assante made him perfect for the role , and the studio eventually gave in .
Annabella Sciorra was originally cast as Nestor ’ s new love interest Delores , a role that eventually went to actress Maruschka Detmers when Sciorra was forced to pull out . Detmers was given the role just two weeks prior to filming . Glimcher cast Cathy Moriarty as Cesar 's girlfriend Lanna Lake based on the actress 's performance in Raging Bull .
Desi Arnaz , Jr. was chosen to portray his father , Desi Arnaz , in a scene in which the Castillo brothers appear on an episode of I Love Lucy . In preparing for his role , Arnaz , Jr. dyed his hair black and wore an ID bracelet , ring and pin , all of which had belonged to his late father . " I wasn 't trying to look exactly like him , " he explained . " It was more about getting his essence and mannerisms . " In an effort to re @-@ create the mambo world of the 1950s , Glimcher hired musicians Tito Puente and Celia Cruz to appear .
= = = Filming and design = = =
The Mambo Kings was filmed in Los Angeles , California , which was used to create a 1950s @-@ era New York City . The Palladium Ballroom , a long @-@ gone New York City concert hall , was recreated and serves as a centrepiece in the film . In describing the look of the film , production designer Stuart Wurtzel stated , " There are lots of photographs and some film from that period . ... There 's a film called Mambo Madness from 1955 with some footage of Tito Puente and Desi Arnaz we looked at , and we got pictures from the Cuban Society in New York and from libraries . The Cuban community has been enormously supportive of the film , so we 've also been privy to the private archives of many people . " Ann Roth served as costume designer , using vintage textiles to create the custom @-@ made wardrobe . The I Love Lucy segment of the film was filmed at Ren @-@ Mar Studios , the former site of Desilu Productions . The set of the Ricardos ' living room was re @-@ created , with film editors intercutting footage with Banderas , Assante and Arnaz , Jr. with an actual episode featuring Lucille Ball . "
= = = Music and soundtrack = = =
Assante and Banderas did their own singing , and studied to master the instruments their characters use in the film . Assante practiced on drums , preparing for a scene in which his character plays a musical number with Tito Puente . Banderas worked to mimic the correct posture and finger placements for his character 's trumpet performances , while the actual playing was performed by Arturo Sandoval .
Music supervisor Robert Kraft used existing music from the 1950s , all of which had to be re @-@ recorded , as they were originally recorded in mono sound . The song " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " was written for the film by Glimcher , and composed by Kraft . The motion picture soundtrack features a number of original master recordings , re @-@ recorded tracks and mambo music from Arturo Sandoval , Tito Puente and Celia Cruz . The soundtrack was released by Elektra Records .
= = Release = =
The Mambo Kings was distributed by one entity , Warner Bros. , who originally planned to release the film on December 25 , 1991 . It first premiered at the Miami Film Festival on February 7 , 1992 before being released theatrically on February 28 , 1992 .
The film was released on VHS and laserdisc on September 2 , 1992 , and on DVD on August 17 , 2005 . The DVD includes an unrated version of the film that restores one deleted scene . Other features include a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurette and an audio commentary by Arne Glimcher .
= = = Reception = = =
The Mambo Kings was well received by critics . The film currently holds an 83 % " fresh " rating on the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on a total of 24 reviews .
Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that the film " runs on pure emotion " , and that it " celebrates the mysterious power of a music that can make you feel like dancing and bring you to your knees . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times wrote that the film 's " story is as old as the movies , but The Mambo Kings is so filled with energy , passion and heedless vitality that it seems new , anyway . " Ebert and his colleague , Gene Siskel , gave the film a " Two Thumbs Up " rating on their syndicated television program , Siskel and Ebert and the Movies . Rita Kempley of The Washington Post praised the film 's director , writing that " Glimcher shows an epicure 's taste in his choice of both cast and crew . The look of " The Mambo Kings " is doubtless richer than the text , which is , however , strengthened by Glimcher 's nostalgia for the teenage , eager America of the 1950s . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , " The Mambo Kings is most fun when it practically dares you to swoon . It 's a movie you don 't have to believe to enjoy . " Betty Goodwin of the Los Angeles Times praised the film 's visual style : " The innocence of the pre @-@ MTV ' 50s mambo scene is expressed through meticulously real details and honest styling . "
Desson Howe of The Washington Post wrote a mixed review , writing that the film is " beautifully filmed and flashily edited " , but that it " has nothing to offer . " Vincent Canby of The New York Times , gave the film a negative review , writing , " There are times when the director doesn 't even seem to know where to put the camera . Scenes unravel without dramatic point . No amount of breathless editing and fancy graphics can disguise the amateur nature of the enterprise . " In The Philadelphia Inquirer , Roger E. Hernandez criticized the film for its portrayal of Cubans . Hernandez wrote , " The main problem here was the accents . The characters were supposed to be Cuban , but , with the exception of salsa star Celia Cruz , none sounded it . " Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times criticized Glimcher 's direction , writing in his review , " ... when it comes to directing dramatic sequences , he is on his own and lacking in resources to make what drama there is come to a coherent or meaningful point . "
Desi Arnaz , Jr. voiced his support of the film , stating that he and his sister Lucie Arnaz , " loved the story being told in this movie . " Arnaz , Jr. said , " It is an amazing saga of people in search of the American dream . It is my father`s story . It is the story of many people who came to this country with hopes and dreams . " Tito Puente praised the film prior to its theatrical release , stating , " I 've seen the movie twice , and I loved it the second time . The first time I couldn 't get into it . I was watching for too many details , I guess . But now I 've seen it a second time , and I think it 's great . "
= = = Box office = = =
In its first week of release , The Mambo Kings grossed $ 319 @,@ 793 , having been released in 32 theatres in North America . The film earned an additional $ 299 @,@ 418 in its second week . After three weeks of release , The Mambo Kings grossed $ 2 @,@ 192 @,@ 258 domestically . At the end of its theatrical run , the film had grossed $ 6 @,@ 742 @,@ 168 , well below its $ 15 @.@ 5 million budget .
= = = Nominations = = =
The song " Beautiful Maria of My Soul " received a Best Original Song nomination at the 65th Academy Awards . It was also nominated at the 50th Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song , and at the 35th Grammy Awards for " Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television " category . The film received a second Grammy nomination for " Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television " for the song " Mambo Caliente " which was composed by Arturo Sandoval .
= = Stage play = =
The Mambo Kings inspired a musical stage play of the same name in 2005 . It was produced by Daryl Roth and Jordan Roth , with lyrics by Arne Glimcher and music by Carlos Franzetti . The Mambo Kings premiered at the Golden Gate Theatre in San Francisco , California , opening on May 31 , 2005 . The stage version featured Esai Morales and Jaime Camil as Cesar and Nestor Castillo , with supporting performers including Christiane Noll , David Alan Grier , Cote de Pablo and Justina Machado . The production cancelled plans to open on Broadway theatre after a critically panned tryout engagement in San Francisco .
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= Hoysala architecture =
Hoysala architecture is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11th and 14th centuries , in the region known today as Karnataka , a state of India . Hoysala influence was at its peak in the 13th century , when it dominated the Southern Deccan Plateau region . Large and small temples built during this era remain as examples of the Hoysala architectural style , including the Chennakesava Temple at Belur , the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu , and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura . Other examples of Hoysala craftsmanship are the temples at Belavadi , Amruthapura , Hosaholalu , Mosale , Arasikere , Basaralu , Kikkeri and Nuggehalli . Study of the Hoysala architectural style has revealed a negligible Indo @-@ Aryan influence while the impact of Southern Indian style is more distinct .
Temples built prior to Hoysala independence in the mid @-@ 12th century reflect significant Western Chalukya influences , while later temples retain some features salient to Chalukyan art but have additional inventive decoration and ornamentation , features unique to Hoysala artisans . Some three hundred temples are known to survive in present @-@ day Karnataka state and many more are mentioned in inscriptions , though only about seventy have been documented . The greatest concentration of these are in the Malnad ( hill ) districts , the native home of the Hoysala kings .
The Karnata Dravida tradition which covers a period of about seven centuries began in the 7th century under the patronage of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami , developed further under the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta during the 9th and 10th centuries and the Western Chalukyas ( or Later Chalukyas ) of Basavakalyan in the 11th and 12th centuries . Its final development stage and transformation into an independent style was during the rule of the Hoysalas in the 12th and 13th centuries . Medieval inscriptions displayed prominently at temple locations give information about donations made toward the maintenance of the temple , details of consecration and on occasion , even architectural details .
= = Temple deities = =
Hinduism is a combination of secular and sacred beliefs , rituals , daily practices and traditions that has evolved over the course of over two thousand years and embodies complex symbolism combining the natural world with philosophy . Hindu temples began as simple shrines housing a deity and by the time of the Hoysalas had evolved into well articulated edifices in which worshippers sought transcendence of the daily world . Hoysala temples were not limited to any specific organised tradition of Hinduism and encouraged pilgrims of different Hindu devotional movements . The Hoysalas usually dedicated their temples to Shiva or to Vishnu ( two of the popular Hindu gods ) , but they occasionally built some temples dedicated to the Jain faith as well . Worshippers of Shiva are called Shaivas and worshippers of Vishnu are called Vaishnavas . While King Vishnuvardhana and his descendants were Vaishnava by faith , records show that the Hoysalas maintained religious harmony by building as many temples dedicated to Shiva as they did to Vishnu . Most of these temples have secular features with broad themes depicted in their sculptures . This can be seen in the famous Chennakesava Temple at Belur dedicated to Vishnu and in the Hoysaleswara temple at Halebidu dedicated to Shiva . The Kesava temple at Somanathapura is different in that its ornamentation is strictly Vaishnavan . Generally Vaishnava temples are dedicated to Keshava ( or to Chennakeshava , meaning " Beautiful Vishnu " ) while a small number are dedicated to Lakshminarayana and Lakshminarasimha ( Narayana and Narasimha both being Avatars , or physical manifestations , of Vishnu ) with Lakshmi , consort of Vishnu , seated at his feet . Temples dedicated to Vishnu are always named after the deity . The Shaiva temples have a Shiva linga , symbol of fertility and the universal symbol of Shiva , in the shrine . The names of Shiva temples can end with the suffix eshwara meaning " Lord of " . The name " Hoysaleswara " , for instance , means " Lord of Hoysala " . The temple can also be named after the devotee who commissioned the construction of the temple , an example being the Bucesvara temple at Koravangala , named after the devotee Buci . The most striking sculptural decorations are the horizontal rows of moldings with detailed relief , and intricately carved images of gods , goddesses and their attendants on the outer temple wall panels .
The Doddagaddavalli Lakshmi Devi ( " Goddess of Wealth " ) Temple is an exception as it is dedicated to neither Vishnu nor Shiva . The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty ( of present @-@ day south Karnataka ) by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism . However , two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli . The Hoysalas built Jain temples to satisfy the needs of its Jain population , a few of which have survived in Halebidu containing icons of Jain tirthankaras . They constructed stepped wells called Pushkarni or Kalyani , the ornate tank at Hulikere being an example . The tank has twelve minor shrines containing Hindu deities .
The two main deities found in Hoysala temple sculpture are Shiva and Vishnu in their various forms and avatars ( incarnations ) . Shiva is usually shown with four arms holding a trident and a small drum among other emblems that symbolize objects worshiped independently of the divine image with which they are associated . Any male icon portrayed in this way is Shiva although a female icon may sometimes be portrayed with these attributes as Shiva 's consort , Parvati . Various depictions of Lord Shiva exist : showing him naked ( fully or partially ) , in action such as slaying a demon ( Andhaka ) or dancing on the head of a slain elephant ( Gajasura ) and holding its skin up behind his back . He is often accompanied by his consort Parvati or shown with Nandi the bull . He may be represented as Bhairava , another of Shiva 's many manifestations .
A male figure depicted holding certain objects such as a conch ( symbol of eternal , heavenly space ) and a wheel ( eternal time and destructive power ) is Vishnu . If a female figure is depicted holding these objects , she is seen as his consort , Lakshmi . In all the depictions Vishnu is holding four objects : a conch , a wheel , a lotus and a mace . These can be held in any of the icon 's hands , making possible twenty @-@ four different forms of Vishnu , each with a unique name . Apart from these , Vishnu is depicted in any of his ten avataras , which include Vishnu sitting on Anantha ( the celestial snake and keeper of life energy also known as Shesha ) , Vishnu with Lakshmi seated on his lap ( Lakshminarayana ) , with the head of a lion disemboweling a demon on his lap ( Lakshminarasimha ) , with head of a boar walking over a demon ( Varaha ) , in the Krishna avatar ( as Venugopala or the cow herder playing the Venu ( flute ) , dancing on the head of the snake Kaliya , lifting a hill such as Govardhana ) , with his feet over head of a small figure ( Vamana ) , along with Indra riding an elephant , with Lakshmi seated on Garuda , and the eagle ( stealing the parijata tree ) .
= = Temple complex = =
The focus of a temple is the centre or sanctum sanctorum ( garbhagriha ) where the image of the deity resides , so temple architecture is designed to move the devotee from outside to the garbhagriha through ambulatory passageways for circumambulation and halls or chambers ( mantapas ) that become increasingly sacred as the deity is approached . Hoysala temples have distinct parts that are merged to form a unified organic whole , in contrast to the temples of Tamil country where different parts of a temple stand independently . Although superficially unique , Hoysala temples resemble each other structurally . They are characterised by a complex profusion of sculpture decorating all the temple parts chiseled of soft soapstone ( chloritic schist ) , a good material for intricate carving , executed mostly by local craftsmen , and exhibit architectural features that distinguish them from other temple architectures of South India .
Most Hoysala temples have a plain covered entrance porch supported by lathe turned ( circular or bell @-@ shaped ) pillars which were sometimes further carved with deep fluting and moulded with decorative motifs . The temples may be built upon a platform raised by about a metre called a " jagati " . The jagati , apart from giving a raised look to the temple , serves as a pradakshinapatha or " circumambulation path " for circumambulation around the temple , as the garbagriha ( inner sanctum ) provides no such feature . Such temples will have an additional set of steps leading to an open mantapa ( open hall ) with parapet walls . A good example of this style is the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura . The jagati which is in unity with the rest of the temple follows a star @-@ shaped design and the walls of the temple follow a zig @-@ zag pattern , a Hoysala innovation .
Devotees can first complete a ritual circumambulation on the jagati starting from the main entrance by walking in a clockwise direction ( towards the left ) before entering the mantapa , following the sculptural clockwise @-@ sequenced reliefs on the outer temple walls depicting a sequence of epic scenes from the Hindu epics . Temples that are not built on a jagati can have steps flanked by elephant balustrades ( parapets ) that lead to the mantapa from ground level . An example of a temple that does not exhibit the raised platform is the Bucesvara temple in Korvangla , Hassan District . In temples with two shrines ( dvikuta ) , the vimanas ( the shrines or cellae ) may be placed either next to each other or on opposite sides . The Lakshmidevi temple at Doddagaddavalli is unique to Hoysala architecture as it has four shrines around a common center and a fifth shrine within the same complex for the deity Bhairava ( a form of Shiva ) . In addition , four minor shrines exist at each corner of the courtyard ( prakaram ) .
= = Architectural elements = =
= = = Mantapa = = =
The mantapa is the hall where groups of people gather during prayers . The entrance to the mantapa normally has a highly ornate overhead lintel called a makaratorana ( makara is an imaginary beast and torana is an overhead decoration ) . The open mantapa which serves the purpose of an outer hall ( outer mantapa ) is a regular feature in larger Hoysala temples leading to an inner small closed mantapa and the shrine ( s ) . The open mantapas which are often spacious have seating areas ( asana ) made of stone with the mantapa 's parapet wall acting as a back rest . The seats may follow the same staggered square shape of the parapet wall . The ceiling here is supported by numerous pillars that create many bays . The shape of the open mantapa is best described as staggered @-@ square and is the style used in most Hoysala temples . Even the smallest open mantapa has 13 bays . The walls have parapets that have half pillars supporting the outer ends of the roof which allow plenty of light making all the sculptural details visible . The mantapa ceiling is generally ornate with sculptures , both mythological and floral . The ceiling consists of deep and domical surfaces and contains sculptural depictions of banana bud motifs and other such decorations .
If the temple is small it will consist of only a closed mantapa ( enclosed with walls extending all the way to the ceiling ) and the shrine . The closed mantapa , well decorated inside and out , is larger than the vestibule connecting the shrine and the mantapa and has four lathe @-@ turned pillars to support the ceiling , which may be deeply domed . The four pillars divide the hall into nine bays . The nine bays result in nine decorated ceilings . Pierced stone screens ( Jali or Latticework ) that serve as windows in the navaranga ( hall ) and Sabhamantapa ( congregation hall ) is a characteristic Hoysala stylistic element .
A porch adorns the entrance to a closed mantapa , consisting of an awning supported by two half @-@ pillars ( engaged columns ) and two parapets , all richly decorated . The closed mantapa is connected to the shrine ( s ) by a vestibule , a square area that also connects the shrines . Its outer walls are decorated , but as the size the vestibule is not large , this may not be a conspicuous part of the temple . The vestibule also has a short tower called the sukanasi or " nose " upon which is mounted the Hoysala emblem . In Belur and Halebidu , these sculptures are quite large and are placed at all doorways .
The outer and inner mantapa ( open and closed ) have circular lathe @-@ turned pillars having four brackets at the top . Over each bracket stands sculptured figure ( s ) called salabhanjika or madanika . The pillars may also exhibit ornamental carvings on the surface and no two pillars are alike . This is how Hoysala art differs from the work of their early overlords , the Western Chalukyas , who added sculptural details to the circular pillar base and left the top plain . The lathe @-@ turned pillars are 16 , 32 , or 64 @-@ pointed ; some are bell @-@ shaped and have properties that reflect light . The Parsvanatha Basadi at Halebidu is a good example . According to Brown , the pillars with four monolithic brackets above them carry images of salabhanjikas and madanikas ( sculpture of a woman , displaying stylized feminine features ) . This is a common feature of Chalukya @-@ Hoysala temples . According to Sastri , the shape of the pillar and its capital , the base of which is square and whose shaft is a monolith that is lathe turned to render different shapes , is a " remarkable feature " of Hoysala art .
= = = Vimana = = =
The vimana , also called the cella , contains the most sacred shrine wherein resides the image of the presiding deity . The vimana is often topped by a tower which is quite different on the outside than on the inside . Inside , the vimana is plain and square , whereas outside it is profusely decorated and can be either stellate ( " star @-@ shaped " ) or shaped as a staggered square , or feature a combination of these designs , giving it many projections and recesses that seem to multiply as the light falls on it . Each projection and recess has a complete decorative articulation that is rhythmic and repetitive and composed of blocks and mouldings , obscuring the tower profile . Depending on the number of shrines ( and hence on the number of towers ) , the temples are classified as ekakuta ( one ) , dvikuta ( two ) , trikuta ( three ) , chatushkuta ( four ) and panchakuta ( five ) . Most Hoysala temples are ekakuta , dvikuta or trikuta , the Vaishnava ones mostly being trikuta . There are cases where a temple is trikuta but has only one tower over the main shrine ( in the middle ) . So the terminology trikuta may not be literally accurate . In temples with multiple disconnected shrines , such as the twin temples at Mosale , all essential parts are duplicated for symmetry and balance .
The highest point of the temple ( kalasa ) has the shape of a water pot and stands on top of the tower . This portion of the vimana is often lost due to age and has been replaced with a metallic pinnacle . Below the kalasa is a large , highly- sculptured structure resembling a dome which is made from large stones and looks like a helmet . It may be 2 m by 2 m in size and follows the shape of the shrine . Below this structure are domed roofs in a square plan , all of them much smaller and crowned with small kalasas . They are mixed with other small roofs of different shapes and are ornately decorated . The tower of the shrine usually has three or four tiers of rows of decorative roofs while the tower on top of the sukanasi has one less tier , making the tower look like an extension of the main tower ( Foekema calls it the " nose " ) . One decorated roof tier runs on top of the wall of a closed mantapa above the heavy eaves of an open mantapa and above the porches .
Below the superstructure of the vimana are temple " eaves " projecting half a meter from the wall . Below the eaves two different decorative schemes may be found , depending on whether a temple was built in the early or the later period of the empire . In the early temples built prior to the 13th century , there is one eave and below this are decorative miniature towers . A panel of Hindu deities and their attendants are below these towers , followed by a set of five different mouldings forming the base of the wall . In the later temples there is a second eave running about a metre below the upper eaves with decorative miniature towers placed between them . The wall images of gods are below the lower eaves , followed by six different mouldings of equal size . This is broadly termed " horizontal treatment " . The six mouldings at the base are divided in two sections . Going from the very base of the wall , the first horizontal layer contains a procession of elephants , above which are horsemen and then a band of foliage . The second horizontal section has depictions of the Hindu epics and Puranic scenes executed with detail . Above this are two friezes of yallis or makaras ( imaginary beasts ) and hamsas ( swans ) . The vimana ( tower ) is divided into three horizontal sections and is even more ornate than the walls .
= = = Sculpture = = =
In Hoysala art Hardy identifies two conspicuous departures from the more austere Western ( Later ) Chalukya art : ornamental elaboration and a profusion of iconography with figure sculptures , both of which are found in abundance even on the superstructure over the shrine . Their medium , the soft chlorite schist ( Soapstone ) enabled a virtuoso carving style . Hoysala artists are noted for their attention to sculptural detail be it in the depiction of themes from the Hindu epics and deities or in their use of motifs such as yalli , kirtimukha ( gargoyles ) , aedicula ( miniature decorative towers ) on pilaster , makara ( aquatic monster ) , birds ( hamsa ) , spiral foliage , animals such as lions , elephants and horses , and even general aspects of daily life such as hair styles in vogue .
Salabhanjika , a common form of Hoysala sculpture , is an old Indian tradition going back to Buddhist sculpture . Sala is the sala tree and bhanjika is the chaste maiden . In the Hoysala idiom , madanika figures are decorative objects put at an angle on the outer walls of the temple near the roof so that worshipers circumambulating the temple can view them .
The sthamba buttalikas are pillar images that show traces of Chola art in the Chalukyan touches . Some of the artists working for the Hoysalas may have been from Chola country , a result of the expansion of the empire into Tamil @-@ speaking regions of Southern India . The image of mohini on one of the pillars in the mantapa ( closed hall ) of the Chennakeshava temple is an example of Chola art .
General life themes are portrayed on wall panels such as the way horses were reined , the type of stirrup used , the depiction of dancers , musicians , instrumentalists , and rows of animals such as lions and elephants ( where no two animals are identical ) . Perhaps no other temple in the country depicts the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics more effectively than the Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu .
Erotica was a subject the Hoysala artist handled with discretion . There is no exhibitionism in this , and erotic themes were carved into recesses and niches , generally miniature in form , making them inconspicuous . These erotic representations are associated with the Shakta practice .
Apart from these sculptures , entire sequences from the Hindu epics ( commonly the Ramayana and the Mahabharata ) have been sculpted in a clockwise direction starting at the main entrance . The right to left sequence is the same direction taken by the devotees in their ritual circumambulation as they wind inward toward the inner sanctum . Depictions from mythology such as the epic hero Arjuna shooting fish , the elephant @-@ headed god Ganesha , the Sun god Surya , the weather and war god Indra , and Brahma with Sarasvati are common . Also frequently seen in these temples is Durga , with several arms holding weapons given to her by other gods , in the act of killing a buffalo ( a demon in a buffalo 's form ) and Harihara ( a fusion of Shiva and Vishnu ) holding a conch , wheel and trident . Many of these friezes were signed by the artisans , the first known instance of signed artwork in India .
= = Research = =
According to Settar , surveys in modern times have indicated that 1000 – 1500 structures were built by the Hoysalas , of which about a hundred temples have survived to date . The Hoysala style is an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style , which was popular in the 10th and 11th centuries . It is distinctively Dravidian , and according to Brown , owing to its features , Hoysala architecture qualifies as an independent style . While the Hoysalas introduced innovative features into their architecture , they also borrowed features from earlier builders of Karnata like the Kadambas , Western Chalukyas . These features included the use of chloritic schist or soapstone as a basic building material . Other features were the stepped style of vimana tower called the Kadamba shikhara , which was inherited from the Kadambas . Hoysala sculptors made use of the effect of light and shade on carved walls , which poses a challenge for photography of the temples . The artistry of the Hoysalas in stone has been compared to the finesse of an ivory worker or a goldsmith . The abundance of jewellery worn by the sculpted figures and the variety of hairstyles and headdresses depicted give a fair idea of the lifestyles of the Hoysala times .
= = Notable craftsmen = =
While medieval Indian artisans preferred to remain anonymous , Hoysala artisans signed their works , which has given researchers details about their lives , families , guilds , etc . Apart from the architects and sculptors , people of other guilds such as goldsmiths , ivory carvers , carpenters , and silversmiths also contributed to the completion of temples . The artisans were from diverse geographical backgrounds and included famous locals . Prolific architects included Amarashilpi Jakanachari , a native of Kaidala in Tumkur district , who also built temples for the Western Chalukyas . Ruvari Malithamma built the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura and worked on forty other monuments , including the Amruteshwara temple at Amruthapura . Malithamma specialised in ornamentation , and his works span six decades . His sculptures were typically signed in shorthand as Malli or simply Ma . Dasoja and his son Chavana from Balligavi were the architects of Chennakesava Temple at Belur ; Kedaroja was the chief architect of the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu . Their influence is seen in other temples built by the Hoysalas as well . Names of other locals found in inscriptions are Maridamma , Baicoja , Caudaya , Nanjaya and Bama , Malloja , Nadoja , Siddoja , Masanithamma , Chameya and Rameya . Artists from Tamil country included Pallavachari and Cholavachari .
= = List of notable temples from the Hoysala era = =
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= All Around the World ( Justin Bieber song ) =
" All Around the World " is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . It was written by Bieber , Sir Nolan and Nasri of The Messengers in collaboration with Ludacris , who guest features . This was the second collaboration between Bieber and Ludacris , having previously collaborated on " Baby " ( 2010 ) . It was first released on June 4 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album . The song was released as the fourth international single , and the fifth and final US single on February 26 , 2013 . The Eurodance track features a similar instrumentation to songs by Britney Spears , Chris Brown and Usher . Lyrically , it features Bieber singing to his love interest that " all around the world , people want to be loved " . " All Around the World " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who welcomed the song 's Eurodance style . The song had moderate success worldwide , reaching the top ten in several countries , such as Belgium , Canada and Norway . Bieber promoted the song through live performances and a music video .
= = Background and composition = =
In late 2011 , Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album , which was originally going to be released in early 2012 . He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that Believe would surprise people in different ways , since it is musically a departure from his previous works . " All Around the World " was written and produced by The Messengers and Nolan Lambroza , while Bieber and Ludacris wrote additional lyrics . On May 25 , 2012 , an unmastered version of the track leaked online . The cover art for the promotional single was unveiled on June 4 , 2012 , and features Bieber holding an acoustic guitar over his shoulder , standing on the surface of the world , while the moon is glowing behind him . The same day , the track was released on iTunes Store through The Island Def Jam Music Group . The song was later released as the fourth international single , and the fifth and final US single on February 26 , 2013 .
It is an Eurodance song , which incorporates heavy synthpop elements in its instrumentation and is similar to previous works by producer David Guetta . Contemporary critics compared the track to Britney Spears ' " Till the World Ends " ( 2011 ) and Chris Brown 's " Beautiful People " ( 2011 ) . Lyrically , Bieber sings for his love interest and says that " all around the world , people want to be loved " . The track opens with he singing , " You 're beautiful , beautiful / You should know it / I think it 's time , think it 's time / That you show it " , lines that were compared to One Direction 's " What Makes You Beautiful " ( 2011 ) . As the track follows , Bieber encourages girls to release their inner beauty : " Light it up , so explosive / Why you acting so shy , holding back / DJ bring that back . " During the rap section , Ludacris references their previous collaboration on " Baby " ( 2010 ) , saying , " Once again , the dynamic duo is back at it ! / JB , Ludacris ! / I love everything about you / You 're imperfectly perfect / Everyone 's itching for beauty / But they 're just scratching the surface . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" All Around the World " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Jenna Rubenstein of MTV thought that the " fist @-@ pumping club banger " is a complete departure from Bieber 's previous work , while Diadem Pambid of the International Business Times stated that the singer joined the " ' synth @-@ pop ' bandwagon " along with Britney Spears , Chris Brown and Usher . Jocelyn Vena also of MTV stated that the song could have been recorded by Usher , due to its " grinding , fist @-@ pumping " background . Entertainment Weekly columnist Ray Rahman gave " All Around the World " a positive review , and stated : " a Euro beat worthy of The Wanted ? The vocal swagger of Chris Brown ? Lyrics smacking of One Direction ? Check , check , and check , please ! " Rick Florino of Artistdirect rated " All Around the World " five out of five stars , and commented that the track is not only a sequel to " Baby " , but is also " a whole new level for pop itself . " Becky Bain of Idolator explained that the song is a good example of how Bieber is taking " baby steps to ' swaggy ' adulthood through the evolution of his music — keep the content G @-@ Rated , but make the beat something the older club @-@ going crowd can enjoy . So far , it ’ s working . " Amy Sciaretto of Pop Crush gave the track a mixed review , and deemed it as highly similar to the work of Spears , stating : " If you told us this song was penned for Britney Spears for her last album Femme Fatale , we 'd Believe it , because the computerized style and the thick vocal effects remind us of recent Brit material . It 's safe to say that ' All Around the World ' is a club banger . And while we love Bieber , it 's not our favorite song on Believe so far . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
In the United States , " All Around the World " debuted at its peak number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 23 , 2012 , becoming the week 's best @-@ debuting single . On the Pop Songs chart , it peaked at number 19 . On the Canadian Hot 100 , it peaked at number ten . " All Around the World " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at its peak of number 30 , for the week ending June 16 , 2012 . In Denmark , it debuted at its peak of number seven , remaining five weeks on the chart . On the Norwegian Singles Chart , it peaked at number three . " All Around the World " debuted at number 56 on Sweden 's national singles chart , later peaking at number 41 and then fell out after two weeks . The track also peaked at number 34 in Australia and 15 in New Zealand , lasting for two weeks in both countries .
= = Music video = =
The official video was premiered on April 12 , 2013 . " Blessed and grateful to do what i do # AllAroundTheWorld . Thanks " , he wrote linking to the video . It is a " tour video " which is entirely composed of Bieber showing his point of view while he is touring the world and is largely based on his performance over Mexico City . It also illustrates vistas from the places he visited and documents national monuments including the Elizabeth Tower , the Eiffel Tower , the Sydney Opera House , Taj Mahal , pyramids of Giza , the Coliseum and Christ the Redeemer statue in Brazil . Ludacris , joins Bieber in the video during the rap portion of the song . It also included images of the singer posing with fans , and others crying and screaming for him .
Nardine Saad from Los Angeles Times noted that the video " briefly makes us sympathetic toward the Biebs and his eyebrow @-@ raising behavior this last year , which has included speeding , possibly smoking pot and frequently walking around shirtless " and named the fans ' part " memorable " . The same noted Ryan Seacrest 's website , saying " proves that no matter where he goes , there will always be plenty of fans to support him " . Entertainment Weekly notes that it " show off Justin Bieber in an all @-@ white suit and in a leather @-@ jacket outfit . Ludacris appears for a guest @-@ verse , indicating that this may all be a stealth prequel to Fast & Furious 6 " . Idolator 's Christina Lee described the video as " flashy " and wrote that it " offers a rose @-@ colored view of his superstar status " .
= = Live performances = =
Bieber performed " All Around the World " at the Capital FM Summertime Ball 2012 . For the performance , he sported fingerless gloves , a Union Jack tank with matching vest , and jeans . The singer also performed the track during a promotional concert in Europe on June 4 , 2012 , along with " Boyfriend " and " Die in Your Arms " . Bieber also performed " All Around the World " and " Boyfriend " at the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 17 . The song is also used as Bieber 's 2012 @-@ 13 Believe Tour 's opening song . Entering from the upper portion of the arena , Bieber was lowered onto the center of the stage wearing a massive pair of charcoal @-@ colored wings . He was quickly joined by a troupe of male backing dancers as the song was played . Fireworks exploded , laser lights shot wildly from the ceiling , confetti fell to the floor and plumes of smoke were released from the bottom of the stage . Sophie A. Schillaci from The Hollywood Reporter gave a negative review for the performance and wrote that " if you can move past Justin Bieber ’ s bizarre stage entrance , flying in on a set of ginormous metal wings to the tune of ' All Around the World ' , it 's hard not to smile at his show " .
= = Charts = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= = Release history = =
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= ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : SJ =
ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : SJ is the entry for Svalbard and Jan Mayen in ISO 3166 @-@ 2 , part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) . The standard defines codes for names of principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166 @-@ 1 . Svalbard and Jan Mayen does not exist as an administrative region , but rather consists of two separate parts of Norway under separate jurisdictions — Svalbard and Jan Mayen . Further subdivision for Svalbard and Jan Mayen occurs under Norway 's entry , ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : NO , namely NO @-@ 21 for Svalbard and NO @-@ 22 for Jan Mayen . There are currently no ISO 3166 @-@ 2 codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen .
= = Allocation = =
Svalbard and Jan Mayen constitute two outlying areas of Norway . Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole . The group of islands ranges from 74 ° to 81 ° north latitude , and from 10 ° to 35 ° east longitude . The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty , and the 1925 Svalbard Act established administration by the appointed Governor of Svalbard . Jan Mayen is a volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean located at the border of the Norwegian Sea and the Greenland Sea . Since 1994 , the island has been administrated by the County Governor of Nordland , with some authority delegated to the station commander .
Allocation of codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen occurs under Norway 's entry in ISO 3166 @-@ 2 , ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : NO . By virtue of the collective ISO 3166 @-@ 1 code SJ , Svalbard and Jan Mayen were grouped together and allocated the Internet country code top @-@ level domain ( ccTLD ) .sj. As with Bouvet Island 's TLD .bv , policy prohibits any registration with the .sj domain , forcing institutions connected to Svalbard to use Norway 's domain .no.
= = List of codes = =
There are currently no subdivisions assigned codes in ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : SJ . Svalbard and Jan Mayen are however given separate codes in Norway 's ISO 3166 @-@ 2 entry , ISO 3166 @-@ 2 : NO .
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= HMS Howe ( 32 ) =
HMS Howe ( pennant number 32 ) was the last of the five British King George V @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy . Built by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , she was laid down on 1 June 1937 and launched 9 April 1940 . She was originally to have been named Beatty but this was changed to Howe , after Admiral Richard Howe . Howe was completed on 29 August 1942 after her building time was extended , as needed war supplies were diverted to work of a higher priority such as the construction and repair of both merchant ships and escort ships . Like her sister @-@ ship Anson , Howe would spend most of her career in the Arctic providing cover for Russian convoys .
In 1943 Howe took part in Operation Husky and bombarded Trapani naval base and Favignana in support of the allied invasions . Along with King George V , Howe escorted two surrendered Italian battleships to Alexandria . Howe was also sent to the Pacific and attached to Task Force 113 , where she provided naval bombardments for the Allied landings at Okinawa on 1 April 1945 .
Following the end of the war , Howe spent four years as flagship of the Training Squadron at Portland , before she was placed in reserve in 1950 . The battleship was marked for disposal in 1957 , sold for scrap in 1958 , and completely broken up by 1961 .
= = Construction = =
In the aftermath of the First World War , the Washington Naval Treaty was drawn up in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain , Japan , France , Italy and the United States . This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the tonnage of all capital ships at 35 @,@ 000 tons . These restrictions were extended in 1930 through the Treaty of London , however , by the mid @-@ 1930s Japan and Italy had withdrawn from both of these treaties and the British became concerned about a lack of modern battleships within their navy . As a result , the Admiralty ordered the construction of a new battleship class : the King George V class . Due to the provisions of both the Washington Naval Treaty and the Treaty of London , both of which were still in effect when the King George Vs were being designed , the main armament of the class was limited to the 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) guns prescribed under these instruments . They were the only battleships built at that time to adhere to the treaty and even though it soon became apparent to the British that the other signatories to the treaty were ignoring its requirements , it was too late to change the design of the class before they were laid down in 1937 .
The keel of the Howe , the last ship of the King George V class , was laid on 1 June 1937 at the Fairfield Shipyard in Govan . She was originally to have been named HMS Beatty , after Admiral David Beatty , commander of the British battlecruiser squadron at the Battle of Jutland , but the name was changed to HMS Howe , after Admiral Richard Howe . Howe was launched on 9 April 1940 and completed on 20 August 1942 . She carried improved anti @-@ aircraft armament and radar equipment as a result of lessons already learned in World War II .
= = Design = =
Howe displaced 39 @,@ 150 long tons ( 39 @,@ 780 t ) as built and 44 @,@ 510 long tons ( 45 @,@ 220 t ) fully loaded . She had an overall length of 744 feet 11 @.@ 5 inches ( 227 @.@ 1 m ) , a beam of 103 feet ( 31 @.@ 4 m ) and a draught of 29 feet 6 inches ( 9 @.@ 0 m ) . Her designed metacentric height was 6 feet 1 inch ( 1 @.@ 85 m ) at normal load and 8 feet 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 46 m ) at deep load .
The ship was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving four propeller shafts . Steam was provided by eight Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers , which normally delivered 100 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 75 @,@ 000 kW ) but could produce 110 @,@ 000 shp ( 82 @,@ 000 kW ) at emergency overload . This gave Howe a top speed of 27 @.@ 62 knots ( 51 @.@ 15 km / h ; 31 @.@ 78 mph ) . The ship carried 4 @,@ 210 long tons ( 4 @,@ 300 t ) of fuel oil . She also carried 183 long tons ( 200 t ) of diesel oil , 262 long tons ( 300 t ) of reserve feed water and 442 long tons ( 400 t ) of freshwater . At full speed Howe had a range of 2 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Howe mounted 10 BL 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) Mk VII guns . The 14 @-@ inch guns were mounted in one Mark II twin turret forward and two Mark III quadruple turrets , one forward and one aft . The guns could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees . Training arcs were : turret " A " , 286 degrees ; turret " B " , 270 degrees ; turret " Y " , 270 degrees . Training and elevating was done by hydraulic drives , with rates of two and eight degrees per second , respectively . A full gun broadside weighed 15 @,@ 950 pounds ( 7 @,@ 230 kg ) , and a salvo could be fired every 40 seconds . The secondary armament consisted of 16 QF 5 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 133 mm ) Mk I guns which were mounted in eight twin mounts , weighing 81 tons each . The maximum range of the Mk I guns was 24 @,@ 070 yd ( 22 @,@ 010 m ) at 45 degrees with HE shell at 2 @,@ 672 ft / s ( 814 m / s ) , the anti @-@ aircraft ceiling was 49 @,@ 000 feet ( 14 @,@ 935 @.@ 2 m ) . The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees . The nominal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute , but in practice the guns could only fire seven to eight rounds per minute . Upon commissioning , along with her main and secondary batteries , Howe carried 48 QF 2 pdr 1 @.@ 575 @-@ inch ( 40 @.@ 0 mm ) Mk.VIII " pom @-@ pom " anti @-@ aircraft guns and 18 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon AA guns
= = Operational history = =
= = = Home Fleet = = =
Howe joined the Home Fleet on 30 August 1942 , her building time extended , owing to more urgent demands of the industry . Like her sister ship Anson , she was to spend the early years of her combat career in Arctic waters , covering convoys bound for Russia . On 31 December 1942 , Howe and her sister ship King George V provided distant cover for convoy RA.51 , which safely arrived in Loch Ewe on 9 January 1943 . Howe and King George V also provided distant cover for convoy RA.53 on 1 March 1943 and helped to recover merchantmen whose ships had been sunk . In 1943 , however , Howe was transferred to Gibraltar with King George V to take part in Operation Husky , the Allied invasion of Sicily ; the US battleships Alabama and South Dakota substituted for their absence from the Home Fleet . The two British ships shelled Trapani naval base and Favignana during 11 – 12 July . Based in Algiers , the pair also offered cover during Operation Avalanche @-@ the Allied landings at Salerno @-@ setting out on 7 September . On 14 September Howe and King George V escorted the surrendered Italian battleships Vittorio Veneto and Italia to Alexandria .
By the end of October 1943 , Howe and King George V had returned to Britain . At the end of year , Howe underwent a long overhaul at Devonport , where a number of alterations were made . Her anti @-@ aircraft armament was increased , changes were made to her radar , and her watertight integrity in the stern was improved . Modifications were accomplished in the officers and crew quarters for operations in tropical climates ; these included changes in insulation , and the extensive use of air @-@ conditioning equipment .
= = = Pacific operations = = =
On 8 August 1944 , Howe arrived at Trincomalee in Ceylon to join the Eastern Fleet @-@ she was the first modern British battleship to be deployed in eastern waters since the loss of Prince of Wales in December 1941 . Howe was put into action quickly , providing cover for carrier based air operations against targets in Sumatra . In December she moved to Sydney , where she sailed to Auckland , New Zealand , for a flag @-@ waving visit . In February 1945 , Howe and King George V sailed from Sydney to begin operations in earnest in the Pacific theatre ; together with four carriers , five cruisers and fifteen destroyers , they made up Task Force 113 .
The first major undertaking for Task Force 113 ( now redesignated TF.57 ) was Operation Iceberg @-@ offshore support for the US landings at Okinawa @-@ which got under way on 1 April 1945 . The force was subjected to sporadic Japanese kamikaze attacks , but the two ships emerged unscathed from these actions . Howe 's anti @-@ aircraft batteries also succeeded in shooting down an attacking kamikaze plane . The two ships ' principal roles were air defence and land bombardment , the latter being carried out very accurately , particularly by Howe against anti @-@ aircraft installations on the island of Miyako , half way between Okinawa and Formosa .
= = = Post war = = =
By the first week of June 1945 , Howe was back in Sydney , and almost immediately it was decided to send her for a refit in Durban . It was here that she saw out the remainder of the war . She was relocated back to Portsmouth by January 1946 . In 1951 , Howe was placed in reserve and towed to Devonport . She was ordered to be scrapped in 1957 . On 27 May 1958 , Howe was towed to Inverkeithing to be broken up by T. W. Ward and Co . The Royal Navy presented the ship 's bell to St Giles ' Cathedral in Edinburgh . In 2012 , it was reported that parts from one of the gun turrets may still exist , having been re @-@ used as a turntable at Dounreay nuclear laboratory .
= = Refits = =
During her career , Howe was refitted on several occasions to bring her equipment up to date :
= = Artefacts = =
The ship 's bell ( inscribed " HMS Howe 1942 " ) is preserved in St Giles Cathedral , Edinburgh .
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= Via Negativa ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Via Negativa " is the seventh episode of the eighth season and the 168th episode overall of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode first aired in the United States and Canada on December 17 , 2000 on Fox and subsequently aired in the United Kingdom . It was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz and directed by Tony Wharmby . It is a Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week episode , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 3 and was viewed by 12 @.@ 37 million viewers . It was generally well received by television critics , with many positively commenting on the " eerie " atmosphere of the dream sequences ; one critic referred to it as a " superb X @-@ Files episode . "
The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and her new partner John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) — following the alien abduction of her former partner , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) — who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Scully takes time off to deal with the early stages of her pregnancy , and Doggett and Walter Skinner attempt to avert the mysterious murder spree of a religious cult leader who kills his victims in their sleep . Eventually , the cult leader 's essence of evil possesses Doggett , who is urged to murder Scully while he sleeps .
Spotnitz was inspired to write the episode after being intrigued by the mental image of a tube of toothpaste that , when opened , oozed blood . Because Gillian Anderson was not available for the majority of filming , the recurring characters of Walter Skinner and The Lone Gunmen were brought in . The episode 's title , " Via Negativa " — which means " Negative Way " in Latin — is a theology that attempts to describe God by characterizing what God is not .
= = Plot = =
In Pittsburgh , two FBI agents , Angus Stedman ( Lawrence LeJohn ) and James Leeds ( Kevin McClatchy ) , are observing a house when Leeds falls asleep . When he awakes , he discovers that the front door of the house is open . The two agents investigate and stumble upon a room filled with dead bodies . Suddenly , a man wielding an axe and possessing a third eye murders both agents with a blow to the head .
The following day , Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) calls John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) to inform him about the case and says she will not be joining him , due to personal matters . Doggett visits the crime scene , where he meets up with his boss , Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) . Skinner tells him about the cult and how the victims died . Leeds ' body is found in his car , but his partner , Stedman , is missing , along with cult leader Anthony Tipet ( Keith Szarabajka ) : the man with the third eye . The FBI later finds Stedman at his locked @-@ up condo with a fatal blow to the head . Meanwhile , Tipet is searching for a pharmacist and stumbles into a phone booth to call an unnamed person . When a tramp asks him for change , Tipet attacks the tramp , trapping him in the pavement and axing his forehead .
At the FBI , Skinner briefs Alvin Kersh ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and other agents about the case . He tells them that Tipet used a hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga to bring himself closer to God using a combination of Christian and Eastern religious practices called the via negativa , meaning the " negative way " in Latin . Tracing Tipet 's earlier call leads Doggett and Skinner to Andre Bormanis ( Grant Heslov ) , a drug dealer . Bormanis is arrested , and put in a cell at the local police department . At the jail , Doggett has a vision of him holding Scully 's severed head in his hands . After waking , Doggett realizes his vision was a bad dream . Meanwhile , in his cell , Bormanis has fallen asleep , and is dreaming of being attacked by rats . Doggett and the other officers find Bormanis ' gnawed up @-@ body .
Doggett returns to the X @-@ Files office , where , to his surprise , he meets The Lone Gunmen . They tell him about the history of the third eye . While coming to the same conclusion , they are convinced that Tipet is projecting himself into peoples dreams and killing them there . Returning to the warehouse where they found Bormanis , Skinner and Doggett meet Tipet , who is trying to take his own life by pushing his head through a table saw . They rush him to the hospital , where Doggett by surprise finds Scully 's name on the register . With Tipet in a coma , Kersh decides to pull the plug on the case , saying they 've found the main suspect . But Doggett and Skinner are not satisfied , saying there are no explanations for the various murders and events surrounding the case .
The next day , Doggett wakes up and discovers that he now has a third eye in the middle of his forehead . Suddenly , it vanishes . At the FBI building , he talks to Skinner , hoping for reassurance . He expresses his fear that , despite Tipet being in a coma , Tipet may still be able to enter into his dreams . Skinner , however , dismisses his concerns and sends him home . While leaving , Doggett has a hallucination of Tipet , ordering him to kill Scully . Suddenly , Doggett finds himself in front of Scully . Rather than kill his partner , he turns the axe upon himself . Doggett is immediately awakened from his dark reverie and finds himself in his bedroom , with Scully standing over his bed . He begins to thank her for saving his life , but she informs him that Tipet died due to his coma .
= = Production = =
Frank Spotnitz , the writer of the episode , was inspired to write the episode after a rafting trip . During the trip , Spotnitz met a " friend of a friend , " who constantly mentioned an " image that freaked him out . " The man explained that the image was a tube of toothpaste that , when opened , would have " blood come out . " The mental image intrigued Spotnitz , who later postulated , " How could you create a story where blood comes out of a tube of toothpaste ? " Due to the strangeness of the idea , Spotnitz was unable to think of any real @-@ world scenarios having likeness to the image , so he began to look into " dreams and nightmares . " He eventually came up with the idea of a cult trying to reach a higher plane of existence , but instead stumbling into a " lower place , a darker plane . " Spotnitz later explained : " What if the higher plane is a darker plane , what if we think we 're reaching up but we 're reaching down . " Complementarily , the episode 's title , " Via Negativa , " means " Negative Way " in Latin . This type of theology , more commonly referred to as apophatic theology , attempts to describe God by expanding upon what God is not .
Gillian Anderson 's character Dana Scully would not be available , since the writing staff had decided before the episode was written that she would spend most of her time in the hospital . As the writing staff had a hard time coming up with a story , Spotnitz saw this as an opportunity to further evolve Doggett , the new character introduced at the beginning of the eighth season . In order to fill Anderson 's void , two recurring groups of characters were brought in : Walter Skinner and The Lone Gunmen . Spotnitz noted that , " we were eager to get Skinner out from behind the desk , and we were always looking for opportunities to get him out of that office and get him into the field . " Mitch Pileggi , who portrayed Walter Skinner , was pleased with the final product . He later complimented the work of Robert Patrick , who played Doggett , saying , " It was a big hole when Mulder was gone , but I thought that Robert came in and did a wonderful job . He brought a really good energy to the set , and it was a lot of fun getting to know and work with him . " In addition , Spotnitz was also eager to use The Lone Gunmen in the episode , since this the episode would mark their first scene together with Doggett . Robert Patrick called the episode his " favorite episode , " because the writers saw a chance to really create a " vulnerable " moment for the his character , John Doggett .
The character of Andre Bormanis was named after one of Spotnitz 's childhood friends , who went on to become one of the science consultants for both Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . In preparing the character 's death scene the director , Tony Wharmby spent a whole day shooting inserts of rats . In total , the film crew used 500 rats . Initially , Wharmby had an issue getting the rats in the middle of the room being shot . In order to fix this , animal trainers continuously released more rats until the middle part of the room was finally covered . The crew later spent many hours " painting out rat droppings in that shot . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Via Negativa " premiered on December 17 , 2000 on American television on Fox . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 3 , meaning that it was seen by 7 @.@ 3 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 36 million households and 12 @.@ 37 million viewers . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " They say if you die in a dream ... you will never wake up . "
= = = Reviews = = =
" Via Negativa " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Michael Roffman of Time named it the " best post @-@ Mulder " episode , stating that " episodes like this proved there were just enough thrills to get by without Spooky " . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A – " and noted that the episode had an " undeniable power that took me almost entirely off @-@ guard " . Although cautioning that " Via Negativa " is not " some kind of lost classic " and that the story itself was not " all that impressive " , he praised the atmosphere of the episode , describing it as " heavy , doom @-@ laden , and frequently bizarre " . In fact , he argued that it largely " makes up for any shortcomings in the script " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode five stars out of five and called it " one of the best standalone X @-@ Files in years . "
George Avaros and Michael Liedtke from the Contra Costa Times were overall positive towards the episode , saying it had all the features which created a " superb X @-@ Files episode " . They further stated that it had an " eerie , almost surreal quality sprinkled with pithy dialogue , comic relief and cryptic insights into key characters that left us wondering what sort of trouble might be around the bend " . Avaros and Liedtke also reacted positively to the numerous references to Fox Mulder . Finally , the episode was compared to the work of David Lynch in his series , Twin Peaks . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She noted that , " ' Via Negativa ' is short on plot but makes up for it by being long on atmosphere and mood , conjuring up a number of disgusting , eerie images " .
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= Kamloops Airport =
Kamloops Airport ( IATA : YKA , ICAO : CYKA ) , also known as Fulton Field or Davie Fulton Airport , is a regional airport located 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ; 6 mi ) west northwest of Kamloops , British Columbia , a city in the Thompson region of Canada . It is owned by the Kamloops Airport Authority Society , while operated by Kamloops Airport Limited , serving the North Okanagan , Nicola and Shuswap areas . Initial examination for the airport 's construction began in June 1931 , when the city leased 46 acres ( 19 ha ) from fruit @-@ growing company BC Fruitlands .
Along with an air show presentation , the airport publicly opened on August 5 , 1939 . It has 2 @,@ 780 by 49 ft ( 847 by 15 m ) and 8 @,@ 000 by 148 ft ( 2 @,@ 438 by 45 m ) runways aligned 04 / 22 and 08 / 26 , and served approximately 263 @,@ 290 passengers in 2011 . The airfield maintains a restaurant , The Bread Garden , as well as a medical facility , accommodation areas and administrative buildings ; food and snacks are also offered . Its terminal , runway and navigation aids were expanded and upgraded by 2009 . It has seen one accident throughout its history .
The airport has daily scheduled flights to 9 destinations in Canada provided by Air Canada Express , Central Mountain Air and WestJet . The terminal handled 312 @,@ 895 passengers in 2014 , an increase of 7 @.@ 2 % over the 290 @,@ 394 passengers in 2013 .
= = History = =
Initial examination for constructing an airport in Kamloops began in June 1931 , when the city leased 46 acres ( 19 ha ) from fruit @-@ growing company BC Fruitlands . The airport 's development started in 1936 and the gravel runway completed in 1938 . That same year , Kamloops acquired another 30 acres ( 12 ha ) , as well as land for airport use . The Department of Transport , now known as Transport Canada , granted money for airport development in 1939 , with the airfield 's runway finishing in that year . On April 13 , 1939 , an Aeronca aircraft made the first official landing on the runway . The airport was publicly opened on August 5 , 1939 , along with an air show presented at the structure itself with over 30 aircraft . Later that month , it was classified as a port of entry by the Canadian government . During World War II , additional activity occurred at the airport . In April 1942 , Vancouver @-@ based Gilbert Flight School transferred its service to Kamloops , as civil flights provided in British Columbia 's Lower Mainland were canceled .
In addition , the airport was used by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) as an alternate route for the no longer existent Air Transport Command ( ATC ) for flights to the Soviet Union . During the war Kamloops gained access to 861 acres ( 348 ha ) for further airport expansion , as well as the addition of taxi and apron services . However , after World War II , part of the airport 's land were sold to Canada 's Department of Agriculture , with the size reducing to 570 acres ( 230 ha ) . In May 1944 , the Governor General of Canada at that time , Earl of Athlone , entitled the structure Fulton Field , in honor of John Fulton , a Wing Commander server born in Kamloops . This was confirmed by George H. Greer , the secretary of the Kamloops Board of Trade at the time . Throughout its history , a number of airlines have served it . Canadian Pacific Air Lines provided daily flights in 1950 connecting to the communities of Quesnel , Prince George , Williams Lake and Vancouver .
By 1951 , the airport founded and became headquarters of Central British Columbia Airways , which was later known as Pacific Western Airlines , but is no longer existent . However , the following year , its headquarters was transferred to Richmond 's Vancouver International Airport . The federal Department of Transport regained rights to the airport in 1961 , beginning an expansion program . The airfield saw its runways expand in 1963 and 1964 , and the first air traffic controllers started working at Kamloops Airport in 1967 . That year the airport served approximately 29 @,@ 200 passengers .
There had previously been proposals for relocating the airport due to low public visibility during the fall and winter seasons of a specific year . The move was never carried out become another location could not be found . Instead the airport was expanded by 1969 . This saw its administrative buildings , offices , baggage area and coffee shop being improved , costing $ 85 @,@ 000 . There was a flood threat aimed close to the airport in 1972 , while in the following year , the airfield 's runways were extended . Obtaining 149 @,@ 027 passengers by 1974 , more considered the airport reliable , as it was improved with the addition of more general services .
Kamloops Airport 's telecommunication equipment was provided at a separate building in 1977 , with 235 @,@ 600 passengers garnered from it that same year . The airport saw the start of its runways and terminals expansion in 1982 and 1984 , while the following year this was completed . During 1986 and 1987 , the former terminal building was changed to serve as an operation structure . Air BC , Pacific Western Airlines and Time Air served as the airport 's airlines in the 1980s ; all three airlines no longer exist . In 1988 , the amount of passengers dropped to 137 @,@ 579 . The runway has been used by Aeroncas , Airbus 320s , Boeing 727 @-@ 200s , Boeing 737 @-@ 400s , Boeing 737 @-@ 700s , Cessna 150s and Grumman TBF Avenger since historical dates .
However , by 2009 , its terminal , runway and navigation aids were upgraded with about $ 25 million , which was funded by the British Columbia government , who gave $ 4 million , the Canadian government , who gave $ 6 @.@ 6 million and the airport itself for the remaining money and announced in 2007 ; $ 13 million was used to upgrade the runway , $ 3 million was used to expand the navigation aid , while $ 4 million was used for terminal improvements . The city 's intention was to expand and upgrade the airport in order for the economy and tourism to expand . City mayor Peter Milobar and members of the Kamloops Indian Band praised its expansion . Its catchment area has a population of approximately 138 @,@ 000 residents .
Kelowna International Airport , an international airport operated in nearby city of Kelowna , has had a small impact on this airport , since they both share the same catchment area . About 13 percent of the local residents in 2007 choose the Kelowna International Airport over the Kamloops Airport to fly to regional destinations , specifically due to its significant growth . Despite this , some Kelowna residents choose the Kamloops Airport over their local airport .
= = Facilities = =
The airport is located on 3035 Airport Road in the Brocklehurst neighbourhood of north Kamloops , 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ; 6 mi ) west northwest of city centre and Selkirk Mountains , situated off Tranquille Road on the Fraser Plateau . It is located 307 kilometres ( 191 mi ) north of the Canada – United States border and opposite the Kamloops Golf & Country Club and Kamloops Lake attractions , which is a lake and country club situated in the city . Paid parking , taxis , car rentals and bus service are available . Car rentals are provided by Budget Rent a Car , Enterprise Rent @-@ A @-@ Car and National Car Rental , which have offices located at the airport , while its bus service is offered by the Kamloops Transit System , which is operated by BC Transit . There are 389 parking stalls , but 150 more spaces are expected . Due to its location , the airport is commonly used to gain access to Sun Peaks , British Columbia , and Sun Peaks Resort .
Food and snacks are available at this airport 's terminal , as well as a medical facility , accommodation areas and administrative buildings . There is a restaurant provided at the airport 's terminal , The Bread Garden , as well as Canada Revenue Agency and Nav Canada offices . Its terminal , which is 1 @,@ 500 square metres ( 16 @,@ 000 sq ft ) , has been considered for further expansion , with the North Shore Business Improvement Association helping this expansion . The city 's intention was to expand and upgrade the airport in order for the economy and tourism to expand . City mayor Peter Milobar and members of the Kamloops Indian Band praised its expansion . The airport 's aircraft obtain their fuel from Shell Canada , which is located on site and serves as an aviation dealer for the Kamloops Airport . The airfield has 2 @,@ 780 by 49 feet ( 847 by 15 m ) and 8 @,@ 000 by 148 feet ( 2 @,@ 438 by 45 m ) asphalt runways aligned 04 – 22 and 08 – 26 , which are appraised every five years .
Formerly known as the Kamloops Aero Club , the Kamloops Flying Club operates at the airport , which is a club where children receive a flight in an airplane with the pilot and learn about the airplanes themselves . In addition , the flight school Canadian Flight Centre is based on site ; the branch based in Boundary Bay , Delta opened a location in Kamloops in May 2012 and uses Cessna aircraft for its lessons . Canadian Helicopters operates a training facility for the Kamloops Airport Other related facilities include Astaris Canada , CC Helicopters , Highland Helicopters and WestAir Aviation . Formerly , Flight Discovery operated as a flight school at the airport , but the owner was deemed a fraud artist .
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) operates an A @-@ Star helicopter at the airport , while the BC Forest Service occasionally uses the airfield with their helicopters . It maintains an aircraft maintenance centre , while aircraft parts are sold by Inland Communications , Mountainaire Services , Progressive Air Services , Pro Aero Engines , Spring Aviation and Westcan Aircraft Sales & Salvage . Meanwhile , packages can be delivered through FedEx at the Kamloops Airport , while custom and security services are provided by Canada Border Services Agency and Garda Security Screening . There is a radio navigation aid provided at the Kamloops Airport which is used by pilots on aircraft coming from other nearby airports to determine their location . The navigation system is owned by Nav Canada , which operate an air traffic control system at it . The Airside Business Park and Fulton Industrial Park are the airport 's development areas .
The local and upcoming weather of Kamloops is observed at this airport 's weather station , referred to as the Kamloops Airport Weather Station . Nav Canada has noted that most of the aircraft winds near the Kamloops Airport blow east and west . It has been classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency . An aircraft at this airport may handle no more than 30 passengers . Skydiving can be performed at the airport through Skydive Kamloops . Passengers may also board a courtesy shuttle to other nearby municipalities , such as Blue River , British Columbia .
It has a number of employees available , with Fred Legace serving as airport manager and a number of maintenance workers serving the airport ; Ed Ratuski also manages it . The Kamloops Airport has been owned by a number of companies since its opening . It was initially owned by the RCAF , but later there was a proposal led the RCAF to transfer airport ownership to Kamloops itself , hence why the name was changed to the Kamloops Airport , although it is commonly referred to as Fulton Field or Fulton Airport . During the 1990s , Transport Canada , the owner at that time , began a program to transfer ownership of selected regional airports and the ownership of the Kamloops Airport was transferred to the then @-@ new Kamloops Airport Authority Society by August 1997 which is a department of the Kamloops City Council and was composed of its members ; it was deemed a commercial operation . Kamloops Airport Authority Society have a contract with the Vancouver Airport Authority , which allow them to manage and operate the airport . It is operated by Kamloops Airport Limited .
= = Airlines and destinations = =
As of 2012 , the Kamloops Airport offers scheduled flights to the Calgary International Airport and Vancouver International Airport , which are provided by Air Canada Express and operated by Jazz Air . In addition , Central Mountain Air flights are offered to the Prince George Airport , along with WestJet flights , which were added in November 2009 , to the Calgary International Airport and Edmonton International Airport ; the latter has been serviced since January 2010 . All of these flights are provided daily .
Kamloops Airport has provided flights to several destinations by charter airlines as well , including the Denver International Airport , San Diego International Airport , San Jose International Airport and Seattle – Tacoma International Airport . In 2010 , the airport garnered 36 @,@ 094 aircraft movements , while in 2012 , it served approximately 275 @,@ 424 passengers , representing a 4 @.@ 4 percent increase from the 2011 amount of about 263 @,@ 290 passengers . The majority of this increase occurred in December 2012 , which the Canadian Flight Centre contributed to .
= = = Cargo = = =
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On July 31 , 2010 , a Convair CV @-@ 580 airtanker operated by Conair Aviation as Flight 448 , on route to the Kamloops Airport , crashed and was destroyed due to a local forest fire on the British Columbia Ministry of Forests land near Siwash Road , some 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of Lytton , British Columbia , a town in the Thompson region , along with Kamloops . Both crew members were killed in the accident .
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= Fair catch kick =
The fair catch kick is a rule at the professional and high school levels of American football that allows a team that has just made a fair catch to attempt a free kick from the spot of the catch . The kick must be either a place kick or a drop kick , and if it passes over the crossbar and between the goalposts of the defensive team 's goal , a field goal , worth three points , is scored to the offensive team .
The fair catch kick has its origins in rugby football . The rule is considered to be obscure and unusual , as most fair catches are made well out of field goal range , and in most cases a team that has a fair catch within theoretical range will attempt a normal drive to score a touchdown . The fair catch kick is generally used when a team has fair caught a ball within field goal range and there is insufficient time to score a touchdown . At the professional level , the last successful fair catch kick was made in 1976 .
= = Rule = =
The fair catch kick rule states that , after a player has successfully made a fair catch or has been awarded a fair catch ( as the result of a penalty such as kick catch interference ) , their team can attempt a kick from the spot of the catch ; the NFHS also allows a kick to be made if the down following the fair catch or awarded fair catch has to be replayed . Prior to the kick , the opposing team must be lined up at least ten yards beyond the spot of the ball . The kick itself can be either a place kick or drop kick ; a kicking tee cannot be used at the professional level , but use of a tee up to two inches in height is permitted at the high school level . Like other field goal attempts , the kicking team is awarded three points if the kick goes above the crossbar and between the goalposts of the opposing team 's goal and did not touch a player of the offensive team after the kick . If the attempt fails , the opposing team is awarded control of the ball from the spot of the kick . The opposing team can also return the kick if it does not go out of bounds .
In the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) rulebook , the fair catch kick is specifically defined as a free kick . The National Football League ( NFL ) rulebook specifically states that the fair catch kick is not a free kick , instead considering the fair catch kick to be a distinct type of kick . Despite this , reporters at both levels describe the fair catch kick as a free kick .
= = History = =
The fair catch kick found in American football originated in rugby football . A similar rule in rugby , the goal from mark , allowed a player who had fair caught a ball to attempt an uncontested free kick from the spot of the fair catch . Both major codes of rugby have eliminated the rule ; rugby league abolished the goal from mark in 1922 , and rugby union removed it in 1977 . Australian rules football has retained the rule , and it is a vital part of the Australian game ; a " fair catch " of a ball kicked more than 15 metres in the air is called a " mark " , and the player making the mark is then awarded a free kick . The fair catch kick has been present in the National Football League ( NFL ) rulebook since the league 's inception , and also remains in the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) rulebook . The fair catch kick is not legal in National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) football ; the NCAA abolished the fair catch in 1950 , but re @-@ added it a year later . When the fair catch returned to the rulebook , however , the option to attempt a kick after the fair catch was removed .
= = Usage = =
The fair catch kick rule is very rarely invoked , and is one of the rarest plays in football . The rule has been regarded as " obscure " , " bizarre " , and " quirky " . A unique set of circumstances is required for a fair catch kick to be a viable option . For one , the fair catch would need to be made at a point on the field where a field goal attempt has a reasonable chance of being successful ; most fair catches are made well outside of field goal range ( even more so since 1974 , when the goal posts were moved back to the end line , adding 10 yards to such attempts ) . Furthermore , for a fair catch kick to be a viable option near the end of the fourth quarter , the team attempting the kick needs to be either tied or behind by three points or less . In exceptional circumstances a team might try the kick at the end of the first half if only a few seconds remained , but Art McNally , who led the officiating department of the National Football League from 1968 to 1990 , notes that , even in the event a fair catch is made within field goal range , most teams would attempt to score a touchdown unless there is not enough time left to score one . Accordingly , most fair catch kick attempts occur when a team has fair caught a ball from a punt from deep in their opponent 's territory , and there is not enough time left in the half to go for a touchdown .
Despite its drawbacks , there are several advantages to using the fair catch kick . Because the defense is required to be ten yards beyond the spot of the kick , the kicker can take a running start before kicking as opposed to the typical two steps taken on regular field goal attempts . Similarly , the kicker does not have to worry about a low snap because the ball is not snapped . The defense is not able to block the kick , allowing the kicker to give the ball a lower trajectory than usual . The fair catch kick would also be of a shorter distance than a normal field goal attempt from the same spot , because the fair catch kick is taken from the spot of the catch , while a typical field goal is taken seven yards back from the line of scrimmage .
= = Known attempts in the NFL = =
The following tables contain all confirmed fair catch kick attempts in the NFL ; the NFL does not keep a record of fair catch kick attempts , so the true number of attempts is unknown . Out of the twenty @-@ four recorded fair catch kick attempts in non @-@ exhibition games , only six were successful ; all five known attempts in exhibition games were unsuccessful . With the exception of the second recorded attempt , which was made in the 3rd quarter , all fair catch kick attempts were made within the last thirty seconds of either the 2nd or 4th quarter . The last successful attempt was made in 1976 by Ray Wersching of the San Diego Chargers ( 45 yards ) , and the longest successful attempt was made in 1964 by Paul Hornung of the Green Bay Packers ( 52 yards ) . The most recent fair catch kick attempt was by San Francisco 49ers kicker Phil Dawson , who missed a 71 @-@ yard fair catch kick on September 26 , 2013 .
= = = Regular season and post @-@ season games = = =
= = = Exhibition games = = =
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= Ketuanan Melayu =
Ketuanan Melayu ( Jawi script : كتوانان ملايو ; literally " Malay dominance " ) is a political concept emphasising Malay preeminence in present @-@ day Malaysia . The Malays of Malaysia claimed a special position and special rights owing to their long domicile and the fact that the present Malaysian state itself evolved from a Malay polity . The oldest political institution in Malaysia is the system of Malay rulers of the nine Malay states . British colonial government transformed the system and turned it first into a system of indirect rule , then in 1948 , using this culturally based institution , they incorporated the Malay monarchy into the blueprints for the independent Persekutuan Tanah Melayu .
The term Tanah Melayu in its name which literally means " Malay homeland " , assumes proprietorship of the Malay states . In this way Britain strengthened Malay ethno @-@ nationalism , Malay ethnicity and culture and Malay sovereignty in the new nation @-@ state . Though other cultures would continue to flourish , the identity of the emerging political community was to be shaped by the " historic " political culture of its dominant Malay ethnic group . The Chinese and Indian immigrants who form a significant minority in Malaysia , are considered beholden to the Malays for granting them citizenship in return for special privileges as set out in Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia . This quid pro quo arrangement is usually referred to as the Malaysian social contract . The concept of ketuanan Melayu is usually cited by politicians , particularly those from the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the most influential political party in Malaysia .
Although the idea itself predates Malaysian independence , the phrase ketuanan Melayu did not come into vogue until the early 2000s decade . Historically , the most vocal political opposition towards the concept has come from non @-@ Malay @-@ based parties , such as the Malaysian People 's Movement Party ( Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ) and Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) ; in the 2000s decade , the multiracial People 's Justice Party ( Parti Keadilan Rakyat , or PKR ) also positioned itself against ketuanan Melayu , advocating instead ketuanan rakyat ( supremacy of the people ) . The idea of Malay supremacy gained attention in the 1940s , when the Malays organised themselves to protest the Malayan Union 's establishment , and later fought for independence . During the 1960s , there was a substantial effort challenging ketuanan Melayu led by the People 's Action Party ( PAP ) of Singapore — which was a state in Malaysia from 1963 to 1965 — and the DAP after Singapore 's secession . However , the portions of the Constitution related to ketuanan Melayu were " entrenched " after the race riots of 13 May 1969 , which followed an election campaign focused on the issue of non @-@ Malay rights and ketuanan Melayu . This period also saw the rise of " ultras " who advocated a one @-@ party government led by UMNO , and an increased emphasis on the Malays being the " definitive people " of Malaysia — i.e. only a Malay could be a true Malaysian .
The riots caused a major change in the government 's approach to racial issues , and led to the introduction of an aggressive affirmative action policy strongly favouring the Malays , the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) . The National Culture Policy , also introduced in 1970 , emphasised an assimilation of the non @-@ Malays into the Malay ethnic group . However , during the 1990s Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad rejected this approach , with his Bangsa Malaysia policy emphasising a Malaysian instead of Malay identity for the state . During the 2000s decade politicians began stressing ketuanan Melayu again , and publicly chastised government ministers who questioned the social contract .
= = Malaysian Malay = =
Ethnic Malays which make up the majority population of Malaysia at 50 @.@ 4 % , are an ethnic group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula , including the southernmost parts of Thailand , the east coast of Sumatra , the coast of Borneo , and the smaller islands which lie between these locations . The true origin of ethnic Malays is still the subject of studies among historians , anthropologists and linguists . A popular theory suggested that the people who spoke Austronesian languages first arrived in Maritime Southeast Asia between 2,500BCE and 1,500BCE , as a part of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to South East Asia .
However , a recent genetic studies carried out by HUGO ( Human Genome Organization ) involving almost 2000 people across Asia , points to another theory of Asian migration pattern . The HUGO findings support the hypothesis that Asia was populated primarily through a single migration event from the south and that the South East Asian region was populated first which contained the most diversity , then continuing slowly North with its diversity being lost .
Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent . The beginning of the first Millennium saw the rise of ancient Malay states in the coastal areas of Malay peninsular , notably the Red Earth Kingdom ( 1st century ) , Gangga Negara ( 2nd century ) , Langkasuka ( 2nd century ) , and Kedah ( 2nd century ) . Between 7th and 13th centuries , many of these small , often prosperous peninsular maritime trading states became part of the Srivijaya empire , a Malay kingdom centred in Palembang and Kadaram .
By 15th century , the Malacca Sultanate , whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay archipelago , had become the centre of Islamization in the east . The Malaccan tradition was transmitted onwards and fostered a vigorous ethos of Malay identity . Since this era , the Islamic faith became closely identified with Malay society and played a significant role in defining the Malay identity . The close identification of the Malays with Islam continued until the 20th century and was finally entrenched in the Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia as well as in the national philosophy of Brunei known as the Malay Islamic Monarchy .
The present day Malaysian Malays are divided broadly into " Malays proper " or " Peninsular Malays " ( Melayu Anak Jati or Melayu Semenanjung ) and " foreign Malays " ( Melayu Anak Dagang ) . The Malays proper consist of those individuals who adhere to the Malay culture which has developed in the Malay peninsula . Among notable groups are Kedahan Malays , Kelantanese Malays and Terengganuan Malays . The foreign Malays consist of descendants of immigrants from other part of Malay archipelago who became the citizens of the Malay sultanates and were absorbed and assimilated into Malay culture at different times , aided by similarity in lifestyle and common religion ( Islam ) . Among notable groups are the Javanese , Minangkabau and Bugis Malays .
Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines a Malay as a Malaysian citizen born to a Malaysian citizen who professes to be a Muslim , habitually speaks the Malay language , adheres to Malay customs , and is domiciled in Malaysia or Singapore . Though this definition is not according to ancestry lineage , it is however correct in the sense of social behaviours . Culture , which controls a great proportion of general mentality and social behaviour , is succeeded through the mother tongue and religion . Article 160 unites Malays from different ethnic groups as the prevailing race and thus embraces them with the political prowess to dominate and rule over other races : Chinese , Indians , Kadazan , Iban , Orang Asli etc . This is also apparent from the name of UMNO ( United Malays National Organisation ) , who are a staunch political proponent of this role .
= = Pre @-@ independence = =
= = = Early Malay nationalism = = =
Malay nationalism as an organised political movement existed since the invasion by foreign powers . However , the ethnic Chinese and Indian immigrants , forming a minority of the population , did not see themselves as Malayans . A report by the British Permanent Under @-@ Secretary of State for the Colonies in the early 1930s found that " the number of non @-@ Malays who have adopted Malaya as their home is only a very small proportion of the whole population " .
Although the British effectively ruled Malaya , de jure the Malays were coerced under fictitious agreements to accept the British administration through a residence system . British High Commissioner Sir Hugh Clifford , demonstrated the British ideology which rationalised colonialism in Malaya when he urged " everyone in this country [ to ] be mindful of the fact that this is a Malay country , and we British came here at the invitation of Their Highnesses the Malay Rulers , and it is our duty to help the Malays to rule their own country . "
Ostensibly the British adopted an open " Pro @-@ Malay " policy so the Malays could , in the words of High Commissioner Sir Laurence Guillemard , be equipped " to take their proper place in the administrative and commercial life of these States . " In reality , the non @-@ elite Malays felt marginalised by the economic and political policies of the colonial government , whereas in fact they were the backbone of British rule , and both educational and occupational policies were segregated according to ethnic lines .
The local @-@ born non @-@ Malay communities soon began the fight for self @-@ rule . In 1936 , the Malayan @-@ born Indian community asked High Commissioner Sir Shenton Thomas to grant them a share of administrative appointments . Thomas rejected the request , referring to the local @-@ born Indians as " foreigners " . Although the British appeared to view the Chinese as a " transient labor force , " with statistics indicating most Chinese migrants eventually returned home , critics contend that the local @-@ born Chinese population was steadily growing . Nevertheless , the British insisted it would be dangerous to consider the Chinese as having " a tendency to permanent settlement " ; the locally born Indian community — comprising 20 % of the Indian population , the rest being manual labourers having migrated for similar reasons as the Chinese at around the same time — was likewise largely ignored .
The British relegated the Malays to their " traditional " peasant lifestyle as far as possible , restricting movement , economic enterprises and education . This policy was maintained in the belief that education of Bengalis in India had led to discontent and rebellion . They involved only the Malay ruling class in government and administrative issues . Despite the exclusion of non @-@ Malays from positions of ostensible authority , much of the civil service rank and file comprised non @-@ Malays , many of them Indians who were specifically brought in for this purpose . A number of historians have described the pro @-@ Malay policies as designed merely to preserve the position of the British , rather than to strengthen that of the Malays ; many characterised the British approach as one of " divide and rule " , keeping " the races at just the right distance from each other to have the disparate elements of Malaya work in remote harmony " .
In the 1920s , the local @-@ born Chinese , who retained significant economic power , began pushing for a greater role in Malayan government . Much of the Chinese community , which now made up 45 % of the Malayan population , still comprised transient labourers . Nevertheless , the Straits Chinese — which comprised the bulk of local @-@ born Chinese — wanted to be given government positions and recognised as Malayans . One Straits Chinese leader asked , " Who said this is a Malay country ? ... When Captain [ Francis ] Light arrived , did he find Malays , or Malay villages ? Our forefathers came here and worked hard as coolies — weren 't ashamed to become coolies — and they didn 't send their money back to China . They married and spent their money here , and in this way the Government was able to open up the country from jungle to civilization . We 've become inseparable from this country . It 's ours , our country ... " Malay intellectuals objected to this reasoning , claiming that such reasoning is totally absurd and proposing an analogy with the Chinese as masons and Malaya as a house . A paid mason , they argued , was not entitled to a share in the ownership rights to a home he built . As such , they opposed any attempt to grant the Chinese citizenship or other political rights .
A number of Indonesian ethnic groups such as the Javanese and Bugis had migrated within the Malay Archipelago throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , and were most quickly assimilated into the Malay cultural identity . Eventually , the Chinese @-@ Malayan appeals appeared to have some impact on the British . In 1927 , the Governor of the Straits Settlements referred to the Chinese as " indigenous inhabitants of British Malaya " .
Just before World War II , Malay nationalism began emphasising ketuanan Melayu , which had once been taken for granted . It was feared that British policies now seemed geared towards creating a common Malayan nationality inclusive of the Chinese and Indians . Some Malays thus sought to preserve the status quo with the British as a bulwark against the non @-@ Malays . Others began calling for an independent and sovereign Malay nation , such as " Greater Indonesia " .
= = = The Malayan Union ( 1946 – 48 ) = = =
After World War II , the British announced the establishment of the Malayan Union , which would loosen immigration policies , reduce the sovereignty of the Malay rulers , and not recognise Malay supremacy , establishing Malaya as a protectorate of the United Kingdom . As local @-@ born residents , most Chinese and Indians qualified for citizenship under the Union 's principle of jus soli . With equal rights guaranteed to all , the Malays became dissatisfied with that . Even their traditional stronghold , the civil service , would be open to all Malayans . In the first place , the Malays did not consider themselves to be included under the label of " Malayans " .
The Malays became politically conscious , protesting the Union 's formation . At one gathering , placards declared that " Malaya Belongs to the Malays . We do not want the other races to be given the rights and privileges of the Malays . " One Malay organisation told the British that the Union 's citizenship provisions would lead to " the wiping from existence of the Malay race along with their land and Rulers " . A group of Malay royalists and civil servants led by Dato ' Onn Ja 'afar formed the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) to protest the Malayan Union 's formation .
Although the Union was established as planned , the campaign continued ; in 1948 , the British replaced the Malayan Union with the Federation of Malaya . The Federation restored sovereignty to the Malay rulers , tightened immigration and citizenship restrictions , and gave the Malays special privileges . Nevertheless , the avowed goal of the British remained the same as in 1946 : to introduce " a form of common citizenship open to all those , irrespective of race , who regarded Malaya as their real home and as the object of their loyalty . "
Limited opposition to ketuanan Melayu and UMNO during this period came from a coalition between the All @-@ Malaya Council of Joint Action ( AMCJA ) and the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat ( PUTERA ) . Although one of PUTERA 's constituent organisations had insisted on ketuanan Melayu as a " National Birthright " of the Malays , PUTERA joined the AMCJA in championing equal political rights for non @-@ Malays . After the British refused to heed the PUTERA @-@ AMCJA coalition , it pulled out of talks with the British , later launching a major hartal ( general strike ) to protest perceived defects in the new polity . After the Federation was formed over their objections , the coalition disbanded .
Prior to the Federation , non @-@ Malays were generally uninvolved in Malayan politics and nationalism , both essentially Malay in nature ; being more interested in the politics of their respective homelands , non @-@ Malays never significantly backed the Malayan Union openly but their silence was a support to it . The AMCJA , though mostly non @-@ Malay , did not represent a large section of the non @-@ Malay communities in Malaya . The lack of interest in or loyalty to Malaya amongst the non @-@ Malays seemed to justify ketuanan Melayu — Malay self @-@ rule .
Some historians have argued the Union 's failure made the Chinese aware of the need for political representation . The Malayan Chinese Association ( MCA ) — a communal political party campaigning for Chinese political rights — was formed soon after the Federation 's formation . Others claim that the main driving force behind non @-@ Malay involvement in Malayan politics , and their assertion of certain rights , was the increasing number of local @-@ born non @-@ Malays . The same report from the British Permanent Under @-@ Secretary of State for the Colonies cited earlier stated that Malayan @-@ born non @-@ Malays " have never seen the land of their origin and they claim that their children and their children 's children should have fair treatment . " The inaugural President of the MCA was Tan Cheng Lock , a local @-@ born Chinese who had led the AMCJA until its breaking up .
= = = Towards independence = = =
Its initial goals achieved , UMNO established itself as a political party to fight for independence . At the same time , the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ) launched an armed insurgency to form a communist government in Malaya , culminating in the Malayan Emergency which lasted until after independence . The insurgency was marked by a clear racial divide ; opposition to the insurrection was almost entirely Malay , while Chinese dominated the communist ranks . The British encouraged the establishment of the Communities Liaison Committee ( CLC ) , comprising the top echelon of Malayan politicians from different communities , to address sensitive issues , especially those related to race . Compromises on a number of issues , including citizenship , education , democracy , and Malay supremacy , were agreed on . Eventually , a " bargain " between the Malays and non @-@ Malays was formulated ; in return for giving up ketuanan Melayu , the Malays would be assisted in closing the economic gap between the Malay and non @-@ Malay communities . CLC member E.E.C. Thuraisingham later said , " I and others believed that the backward Malays should be given a better deal . Malays should be assisted to attain parity with non @-@ Malays to forge a united Malayan Nation of equals . "
Problems continued to crop up . Many Chinese Malayan youths drafted into the army to stave off communist attacks fled the country ; most participants were English- and not Chinese @-@ educated . To the Malays , this indicated that the Chinese had no particular loyalty towards Malaya and justified ketuanan Melayu , heightening similar perceptions caused by the apparent racial dichotomy between those in fierce opposition to the communists and those supporting the MCP .
In the early 1950s , Onn Ja 'afar proposed to open UMNO membership to all Malayans , and renaming it the United Malayan National Organisation , which would have diluted its identity as a champion of ketuanan Melayu . Defeated in an internal power struggle , he resigned in 1951 to found the Independence of Malaya Party ( IMP ) . He was succeeded by Tunku Abdul Rahman ( often known as " the Tunku " ) , who insisted on initial Malay sovereignty . Expressing concern over a lack of loyalty to Malaya among non @-@ Malays , he demanded they clarify their allegiance before being accorded citizenship , going on to state : " For those who love and feel they owe undivided loyalty to this country , we will welcome them as Malayans . They must truly be Malayans , and they will have the same rights and privileges as the Malays . " Not long after , in 1952 , however , he appeared to contradict himself , and insisted that Malays safeguard their special position : " Malaya is for the Malays and it should not be governed by a mixture of races . "
During this period , some Straits Chinese began taking interest in local politics , especially in Penang , where there was an active Chinese secessionist movement . Identifying more with the British than the Malays , they were especially angered by references to them as pendatang asing ( foreigners ) . Avoiding both UMNO and the MCA , they believed that while UMNO and Malay extremists were intent on extending Malay privileges and restricting Chinese rights , the MCA was too " selfish " , and could not be relied on . Uncomfortable about the merger of the Straits Settlements with Malaya , they did not feel a sense of belonging in a " Malaya for the Malays " where they were not considered bumiputra ( " sons of the soil " ) . One Straits Chinese leader indignantly declared , " I can claim to be more anak Pulau Pinang [ a son of Penang ] than 99 per cent of the Malays living here today . " With the government 's stout rejection of secession , the movement eventually petered out .
Some suggested that the non @-@ Malays did not feel loyal to Malaya because they did not consider themselves to be of Malayan nationality and adhere strictly to their own ethnic cultural backgrounds . To counter this , in 1952 citizenship was granted to nearly all local @-@ born non @-@ Malays , and dual citizenship prohibited , forcing non @-@ Malays to choose between their ancestral homeland and Malaya . In contrast to the Malay 's hypothesis , a majority of the non @-@ Malays remained , thus proving their allegiance to Malaya . They are the ancestor of modern @-@ day non @-@ Malay Malaysian .
As Malaya moved to self @-@ government , the British initiated the Member System , modelled on the cabinet system ; like the CLC , it drew on members of different communities , and was later described as setting a precedent for the power @-@ sharing multiracial Malayan and Malaysian cabinets post @-@ independence . At the same time , the British also began laying the framework for a national education system that would create " a sense of common citizenship " . The Barnes Report that they commissioned , however , was strongly objected to by the Chinese community for being " saturated with Malay nationalism " and bolstering ketuanan Melayu . The Fenn @-@ Wu Report , favoured by the Chinese , did not meet with Malay approval . In the end , the Barnes Report 's recommendations for English @-@ medium " national schools " were implemented by the 1952 Education Ordinance , over vocal Chinese protests , who were upset by the lack of provision for non @-@ Malay vernacular schools . In 1956 , a committee headed by Tun Abdul Razak re @-@ evaluated the education system . The " Razak Report " recommended that vernacular primary schools be permitted to continue , but share a common syllabus with national schools . Vernacular secondary schools would not be sanctioned ; only national secondary schools would be funded . The Chinese community strenuously objected to the Razak Report as well , launching an organised campaign against it ; the MCA 's refusal to oppose the Report cost it politically in some Chinese constituencies . Nevertheless , the Razak Report 's recommendations were largely successful , and many of them remain in place as of 2006 .
= = = Possible origins of ketuanan Melayu = = =
According to many historians , the root cause of ethnic strife and ketuanan Melayu was a lack of mixing between the Malays and non @-@ Malays . An exception to this were the Straits Chinese , who managed to assimilate reasonably well , despite the assimilation taking 600 years including intermarriage . According to the Ming Shi @-@ lu , the ancestors of the Straits Chinese were " gifts " given to the Sultan of Malacca as a recognition of both bilateral ties between the Ming Dynasty and the sultanate , and of Malay sovereignty . At the time , most were rich merchants during British rule instead of manual labourers and many habitually spoke Malay , dressed in the Malay style , and preferred Malay cuisine .
The British educational policies segregating the different races — providing minimal public education for Malays , and leaving non @-@ Malays to their own devices — did not help matters . The Malays , predominantly rural @-@ dwellers , were not encouraged to socialise with the more urban non @-@ Malays . The economic impoverishment of the Malays which set them apart from the better @-@ off Chinese also fanned racial sentiments .
Another contributing factor to ketuanan Melayu was the World War II Japanese occupation . The war " awakened a keen political awareness among Malayan people by intensifying communalism and racial hatred " . Japanese policies " politicised the Malay peasantry " , intentionally fanning the flames of Malay nationalism . Two Malay historians wrote that " The Japanese hostile acts against the Chinese and their apparently more favourable treatments of the Malays helped to make the Chinese community feel its separate identity more acutely ... " A foreign commentator agreed , stating that " During the occupation period ... Malay national sentiment had become a reality ; it was strongly anti @-@ Chinese , and its rallying cry [ was ] ' Malaya for the Malays ' ... "
= = = The Alliance - 1955 Federal Legislative Council elections = = =
Although UMNO supported ketuanan Melayu , it formed an " Alliance " with the MCA and the Malayan Indian Congress ( MIC ) to contest the 1955 Federal Legislative Council elections . This took many by surprise , as the MCA had strenuously insisted on equal political rights for all citizens . Its President , Tan Cheng Lock , was himself a Straits Chinese , albeit not as extremist as the secessionists . Although initially dismissed as a marriage of convenience , the Alliance won 51 out of 52 seats available . The sole remaining seat went to the Pan @-@ Malayan Islamic Party ( PMIP ; later known as PAS ) , a Malay @-@ based party and strong advocate of ketuanan Melayu . The total defeat of non @-@ communal parties led the Alliance to perceive the political atmosphere as inhospitable for multi @-@ racial parties . A coalition government comprising mono @-@ racial parties in which party leaders privately brokered compromise decisions was thought more stable and better suited to Malayan politics .
Prior to the election , Dato ' Onn Ja 'afar had changed his approach , forming the Parti Negara after IMP suffered crushing losses to the Alliance in local elections . Advocating stronger pro @-@ Malay policies recognising Malay political dominance , the Parti Negara failed to shake the Alliance 's grip on power . However , some believe Parti Negara 's proposals helped sway UMNO politicians towards more radically pro @-@ Malay policies . The British themselves insisted on handing over power only to a multiracial government , and the Alliance was considered to meet this requirement .
= = Independence and Malaysia = =
= = = Independence and the Constitution = = =
The Federation of Malaya became officially independent of the British Empire in 1957 . The new state 's Constitution contained provisions , such as Article 153 , guaranteeing the Malays certain privileges as a form of affirmative action . The Reid Commission , which drafted the Constitution , stated that Article 153 was to be temporary in nature , and should be reviewed by Parliament 15 years after independence . The Constitution itself did not explicitly state this , however , nor did it clarify the purpose of Article 153 . It did declare all Malayans equal under the law , without mention of " Malay sovereignty " or any other ideas related to ketuanan Melayu . Jus soli citizenship — the granting of citizenship to anyone born in the Federation — was also granted , albeit without retrospective effect ; it was a major concession by the Malays , who had vigorously campaigned against jus soli citizenship in the Malayan Union .
On the other hand , Malay and Islam became the national language and official religion , while the Malay rulers remained . This was taken to mean that the Malays were accorded deference as the definitive people of Malaya — i.e. being a Malayan would be the same as being a Malay — and in the eyes of many , gave Malaya a Malay identity . One academic suggested that " The Malays have a deep @-@ rooted feeling that they alone are the bumiputras , the sons of the soil , and as such have certain special rights over the land . " Indeed , the Tunku said in 1964 that " It is understood by all that this country by its very name , its traditions and character , is Malay . ... In any other country where aliens try to dominate economic and other fields , eventually there is bitter opposition from the indigenous people . But not with the Malays . Therefore , in return , they must appreciate the position of the Malays ... " It has been suggested that a Malaysian nationality did not emerge because " all the national symbols in Malaysia were derived from the Malay tradition " .
The Constitutional restraint on the size of rural Parliamentary constituencies was later removed , providing what one commentator called " an indirect buttress " to Malay special rights ; as Malays were concentrated in rural areas , this indirectly enhanced Malay political power . The original Constitution had implicitly followed " one man , one vote " . The change was denounced as " giving one man one vote , another a number of votes : not on the basis of , say , intellectual ability or geographical accident , but in order to ensure the dominance of a particular group . "
The constitutional provisions , which have been referred to as the " Malay Agenda " , evoked little sentiment from non @-@ Malays , despite most of them gaining citizenship and thus becoming theoretically equal to Malay citizens under the Constitution . This could be attributed to acceptance of the social contract , of which one historian wrote : " At the elite level , non @-@ Malays recognized that Malays were politically superior by virtue of their indigenous status and that the Malaysian polity would have a Malay character ... Malays were to be assured of safe majorities in both the state and federal parliament ... Malays would control the highest positions of the government and ... dominate members of the federal cabinet . " A Malay historian wrote that " In return the Chinese gained more than overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia had dreamed of — equal citizenship , political participation and office holding , unimpaired economic opportunity , and tolerance for their language , religion , and cultural institutions . "
Some expressed trepidation at Article 153 ; shortly before independence , the China Press suggested that while special rights " may be excusable at the start of the building of a nation , " if " the period of ' special rights ' is not restricted , or the scope of special rights is not clearly defined , then endless disputes ... will arise later on , " and argued that special rights would eventually divide instead of unite Malayans . Nevertheless , at the time of independence , some historians assert , " there was a genuine sense of common citizenship , common aspirations , a common destiny . " This was about to change .
= = = Merger = = =
In 1961 , when the Malayan government began discussing a possible merger with neighbouring Singapore , Sabah , Sarawak and Brunei , problems of ethnic power relations arose again . The " Malaysia " proposal sans Sabah and Sarawak went back more than a decade ; earlier negotiations had proved fruitless . The Singaporeans themselves were not anxious to be ruled by what they considered a Malay government . By 1961 , however , Singapore had grown receptive to the idea of joining Malaysia , largely because of the prevailing idea at the time that industrial Singapore could not survive without access to Malayan markets .
The Malayan government was not keen on having the Chinese Singaporean population push the Malays into a minority position in the new Malaysia . Many Malays felt that upsetting the Malay @-@ dominated nature of the armed forces and police might place them in a dangerous situation . It was also argued that the inferior economic position of the Malays would be emphasised by the entry of even more rich Chinese , setting the stage for major discontent . The Malayans decided to resolve this by merging with Sabah and Sarawak ; both British colonies had large native populations whom the government considered " Malay " . Under Article 160 of the Constitution , most of them were not Malay ; the natives were mainly animists or Christians instead of Muslims as required . To resolve this issue , the government expanded its informal definition of " Malay " to include these people .
Sabahans and Sarawakians could not see how they would benefit from merger . Many regarded Malaya as being only for the Malays , a group they did not include themselves in . The spectre of " Malaysia " — the inclusion of the phrase " Malay " being considered frightening — with its official religion of Islam and official language of Malay , did nothing to soothe their fears of " Malay domination " . For merger to come about , they insisted the natives of Sabah and Sarawak be awarded the same privileges as Malays . A 20 @-@ point agreement between Sabah and the Malayan government , and a slightly different 18 @-@ point agreement by Sarawak , was later agreed upon . After much negotiation and a show of support from the British for merger , the impasse was resolved . Although natives of Borneo were denied the privileges of Malays , merger was effected on 16 September 1963 .
= = = " Malaysian Malaysia ! " = = =
In the 1963 Singapore state elections , the Alliance challenged the governing People 's Action Party ( PAP ) through the Singapore Alliance Party . UMNO politicians actively campaigned in Singapore for the Singapore Alliance , contending that Singaporean Malays were being treated as second @-@ class citizens under the Chinese @-@ dominated , though ostensibly multiracial , PAP government . However , all of the UMNO @-@ backed Malay candidates lost to the PAP . The PAP politicians , who saw this as a betrayal of an earlier agreement with the Alliance not to contest elections in Malaya and Singapore ( respectively ) , decided to run on the mainland in the 1964 general election . Although the PAP attracted large crowds at its rallies , it won only one seat — that by Devan Nair , who represented the Bangsar constituency . It is thought by some historians that Finance Minister and MCA President Tan Siew Sin 's appeal to the Chinese to avoid challenging the Malay special rights and risk merger with Indonesia helped the MCA retain its status as the " undisputed leader of the Chinese in the Malayan peninsula " . Nevertheless , UMNO leaders were furious with the PAP .
New problems soon cropped up . Lee Kuan Yew , the leader of the Singaporean government and the PAP , declared his open opposition to ketuanan Melayu , calling for a " Malaysian Malaysia " instead of the implied Malay Malaysia . He argued that " Malays began to migrate to Malaysia in noticeable numbers only about 700 years ago . Of the 39 % Malays in Malaysia today , about one @-@ third are comparatively new immigrants like ( Syed Jaafar Albar ) , who came to Malaya from Indonesia just before the war at the age of more than thirty . Therefore it is wrong and illogical for a particular racial group to think that they are more justified to be called Malaysians and that the others can become Malaysian only through their favour . "
Lee later lamented : " Malaysia — to whom does it belong ? To Malaysians . But who are Malaysians ? I hope I am , Mr Speaker , Sir . But sometimes , sitting in this chamber , I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian . This is the doubt that hangs over many minds , and ... [ once ] emotions are set in motion , and men pitted against men along these unspoken lines , you will have the kind of warfare that will split the nation from top to bottom and undo Malaysia . " At times , however , Lee worsened things by making racial comments of his own . Many of his speeches harped on the ethnic composition of Malaysia , reminding listeners that the non @-@ Malays were now in the majority , with 61 % of the population to the Malays ' 39 % asking at one point , " Why should we go back to old Singapore and once again reduce the non @-@ Malays in Malaya to a minority ? " Lee exacerbated deteriorating PAP @-@ UMNO relations by constantly demanding that the federal government " smack down their ' ultras ' " , whose ranks included prominent UMNO leaders such as Syed Jaafar Albar and Syed Nasir Ismail .
Lee 's statements upset many , especially Alliance politicians . Tan Siew Sin called him the " greatest , disruptive force in the entire history of Malaysia and Malaya . " The Tunku considered Lee too extremist in his views , while other UMNO politicians thought Lee was simply pandering to Malaysian Chinese with his rhetoric . Lee 's statement about allegedly recent Malay migration met with stinging rebuttals ; Albar declared : " To say that the Malays are in the same category as other races is an insult ... " The UMNO newspaper Malaya Merdeka warned : " If the Malays are hard @-@ pressed and their interests are not protected , " they would merge Malaysia with Indonesia . It was this that the Tunku feared the most . To him , the ultras were not the real extremists — it was those who sought a " Greater Indonesia " to " fix " the Chinese that were the real threat .
The strain in race relations led to the Singaporean 1964 Race Riots , which PAP Malay politician Othman Wok later insinuated were planned beforehand by the ultras . In the year following the riots , tension continued growing . Syed Jaafar Albar declared that " Wherever I am , I am a Malay " , drawing harsh return fire from Lee , who stated in Parliament : " If I had been going round and saying what [ he ] has been saying — wherever I am , I am a Chinese — where would we be ? But I keep on reminding the people that I am a Malaysian . I am learning Bahasa Kebangsaan [ Malay , the national language ] and I accept Article 153 of the Constitution . "
Lee insisted that he was not opposed to Malay special rights or Article 153 , saying : " if the immigrant communities ... do not see the problems , if they can 't feel what it is like to be a poor Malay , and don 't feel for him , then I can say very soon he will manifest his disaffection in a very decisive way and the whole country will be thrown into turmoil . " Few from the Alliance took this claim seriously . UMNO politicians insisted that a " Malaysian Malaysia " implied total equality , entailing the removal of Malay privileges . Senu Abdul Rahman , a federal Minister , felt Lee 's advocacy of equality would deny the Malays the possibility of economic participation : " What we want is opportunity , the opportunity to obtain economic wealth for our people . " Condemning Lee for stating he was a Malaysian by his own right , Senu asked : " The right which Lee is enjoying today did not fall from the sky or out of the blue . It was given to him . Doesn 't he have some feeling of gratitude to the natives of this country ? " Lee answered : " No , I am not enjoying anyone 's hospitality . I am here as of right . And 61 per cent of the people of Malaysia have to stand by that or it is lost . Without it they would have no future . " Some , such as Syed Jaafar Albar , took Senu 's stance further and referred to the Malays , as the Bumiputra , as " masters of the house " , whose hospitality was being abused by the bangsa asing ( aliens ) or orang tumpangan ( lodgers ) such as Lee . This provoked a response from Cabinet member Lim Swee Aun insisting " we are co @-@ owners , not lodgers , not guests . "
Some went against the common view held in UMNO . Ismail Abdul Rahman told Parliament that " ... both the Alliance and the PAP subscribe to the concept of a Malaysian Malaysia , " but differed in their methods . Ismail characterised the PAP 's approach as " non @-@ communalism straightaway , " while the Alliance required " two steps . First , inter @-@ racial harmony ; second , and ultimate state of non @-@ communalism . " Such statements were dismissed by Lee as lip service that could not be taken seriously unless the ultras were reined in .
= = = Separation = = =
Lee continued his campaign , forming the Malaysian Solidarity Council ( MSC ) comprising multi @-@ racial parties such as the PAP , the People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) and the United Democratic Party ( UDP ) in 1965 . At the MSC 's first and only general meeting , several leaders from these parties gave speeches supporting a Malaysian Malaysia . D.R. Seenivasagam of the PPP accused the Alliance of using Article 153 to " bully non @-@ Malays " , while Ong Kee Hui of the Sarawak United People 's Party ( SUPP ) said that " We see an attitude of intolerance and mounting signs of denial of political equality to people who are non @-@ Malays . For the sake of our country and ourselves , this must be stopped and the drift to narrow racialism checked . Political equality should be accorded to all who live here and make this country their home , irrespective of their racial origin . "
Soon after , UMNO backbencher Mahathir bin Mohamad attacked Lee in Parliament : " [ The Singaporean Chinese ] have never known Malay rule and cannot bear the idea that the people they have so long kept under their heels should now be in a position to rule them . " Lee responded with an unscripted speech made entirely in Malay opposing the government 's pro @-@ Malay policies : " Of course there are Chinese millionaires in big cars and big houses . Is it the answer to make a few Malay millionaires with big cars and big houses ? ... If we delude people into believing that they are poor because there are no Malay rights or because opposition members oppose Malay rights , where are we going to end up ? You let people in the villages believe that they are poor because we don 't speak Malay , because the government does not write in Malay , so he expects a miracle to take place [ when Malay becomes the sole national language ] . The moment we all start speaking Malay , he is going to have an uplift in the standard of living , and if doesn 't happen , what happens then ? Meanwhile , whenever there is a failure of economic , social and educational policies , you come back and say , oh , these wicked Chinese , Indian and others opposing Malay rights . They don 't oppose Malay rights . They , the Malay , have the right as Malaysian citizens to go up to the level of training and education that the more competitive societies , the non @-@ Malay society , has produced . That is what must be done , isn 't it ? Not to feed them with this obscurantist doctrine that all they have got to do is to get Malay rights for the few special Malays and their problem has been resolved . "
Eventually , the Tunku — fed up with all the politicking and convinced that any further clashes of rhetoric would only degenerate into violence — asked Singapore to secede . Singapore became an independent nation in 1965 , with Lee as its first Prime Minister . Although Article 152 of the Constitution of Singapore names the Malays as " indigenous people " of Singapore and mandates special safeguarding of their rights and privileges , the article does not specify any policies for such safeguarding .
Some later blamed the formation of Malaysia for strengthening ketuanan Melayu : " A reinforcement of Malay rights — which during the previous five or six years [ prior to the formation of Malaysia ] had been withering away as the Reid Commission might have suspected they would — took place against a background of general unequal treatment " after Malaysia 's formation .
= = 13 May and the New Economic Policy = =
= = = Issues of language = = =
The Constitution specified a ten @-@ year delay after independence in changing the national language from English to Malay . As the scheduled date in 1967 drew near some Chinese began to agitate for a more liberal language policy permitting some instances of Mandarin in public affairs . Extremists from UMNO and PAS lashed out against them , but the Alliance proposed a compromise in the National Language Bill establishing Malay as the official language , but permitting English under certain circumstances and the use of non @-@ Malay languages for non @-@ official purposes . The Tunku described it as " a course guaranteeing peace " , but the Bill was widely derided by many Malays , who formed the National Language Action Front in hope of repealing or amending it . The leadership of the Tunku was also openly questioned .
= = = 13 May = = =
In 1969 , a general election was held . It was the first to be contested on a major scale by non @-@ Malay @-@ based opposition parties , other than the 1964 election where the PAP challenged the Alliance in Peninsular Malaysia . The two main opposition parties on this front in 1969 were the Democratic Action Party ( DAP ) — the Malaysian successor to the PAP , widely seen as Chinese @-@ based — and the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( Gerakan ) , an ostensibly multiracial party led by former MCA stalwart , Lim Chong Eu , and other middle @-@ class intellectuals like Tan Chee Khoon and Syed Hussein Alatas . Both proposed policies on language , education , and Malay rights that were diametrically opposed to those of the government , with the DAP continuing where Lee Kuan Yew had left off with the " Malaysian Malaysia " campaign . Some , mostly from the DAP , called for the elevation of English , Mandarin and Tamil to official language status , along with Malay . Stronger government support for the Chinese education stream was also demanded .
PAS , on the other hand , attempted to garner votes by accusing UMNO of selling out the Malays ' indigenous rights to " pendatang asing " . When the results were released , PAS had made minor inroads , but the DAP and Gerakan managed to topple the Alliance from power in three states , and nearly eradicated the Alliance 's traditional two @-@ thirds majority in Parliament . A large part of these gains came at the expense of the MCA , which soon announced that it would not participate in the new government after the election , as the MCA no longer had a mandate to represent Chinese interests in the government . The jubilant DAP and Gerakan organised victory parades in the national capital of Kuala Lumpur on 11 and 12 May , where participants taunted the Malays while bearing slogans such as " Semua Melayu kasi habis " ( " Finish off all the Malays " ) . An apology was issued soon after the rallies . Nevertheless , the shocked Malays blamed Chinese voters for betraying " the Alliance formula by voting for an opposition that had revived fundamental questions of language and Malay special rights " .
Malay extremists welcomed the MCA 's move , feeling an UMNO- and Malay @-@ dominated government would better serve their purposes . UMNO held its own rally , which soon became a riot , on 13 May . This would later be euphemistically labelled as the " 13 May Incident " . UMNO supporters gathered at Harun 's house on the evening of 13 May , where the rally was due to start , with many brandishing parangs ( machetes ) and other weapons . Some leaders condemned the " insults " of the " infidels " at the previous victory parades , calling the counter @-@ rally a means " to teach the Chinese a lesson " for challenging Malay supremacy . Soon , the crowd began attacking passing Chinese motorists , and launched arson attacks on Chinese homes and shops . The rioting spread , and , despite the military being called in , continued for another two days .
As a result of the riots , Parliament was suspended , and a state of national emergency was declared . A National Operations Council ( NOC ) was formed to oversee the administration of the country under emergency rule . Although the rioting had died down , tensions continued to simmer . A non @-@ Malay boycott of Malay goods and services received " near total " support , while many Malays , such as Mahathir Mohamad and Raja Muktaruddin Daim began calling for an autocracy led by UMNO alone , and the removal of the Tunku . According to some sources , one group of " ultras " , comprising Syed Nasir Ismail , Musa Hitam , and Tengku Razaleigh , felt that the power @-@ sharing Constitution had failed , and agreed that the country had to be " returned " to the Malays . They allegedly agreed to summon Mahathir to Kuala Lumpur , where he led his anti @-@ Tunku campaign .
Mahathir wrote an open letter to the Tunku , accusing him of " giving the Chinese what they demand ... you have given them too much face . " Soon , students at higher educational institutions across the country began to hold mass demonstrations , calling for the Tunku to step down in favour of a leader who would restore " Malay sovereignty " . Sporadic rioting , believed to have been instigated by the Tunku 's opponents , broke out .
Instead of bowing to their demands , the Tunku had Mahathir and Musa Hitam expelled from UMNO . The Minister of Home Affairs , Ismail Abdul Rahman , alleged that " These ultras believe in the wild and fantastic theory of absolute dominion by one race over the other communities , regardless of the Constitution . ... Polarisation has taken place in Malaysian politics and the extreme racialists among the ruling party are making a desperate bid to topple the present leadership . "
= = = The Malay Dilemma and New Economic Policy = = =
Mahathir spent his political exile writing The Malay Dilemma , where he contended " that the Malays are the original or indigenous people of Malaya and the only people who can claim Malaya as their one and only country . In accordance with practice all over the world , this confers on the Malays certain inalienable rights over the forms and obligations of citizenship which can be imposed on citizens of non @-@ indigenous origin . " ( Referring to the social contract . )
Mahathir expressed discomfort with " far too many non @-@ Malay citizens who can swamp the Malays " when " ... suddenly it has dawned upon the Malay that he cannot even call Malaya his land . There is no more Tanah Melayu — land of the Malays . He is now a different person , a Malaysian , but a Malay Malaysian whose authority in Malaya — his land — is now not only shared with others , but shared unequally . And as if this is not enough , he is being asked to give up more and more of his share of influence . " Mahathir 's defence of Malay rights focused both on the " definitive people " line of reasoning and the argument in favour of affirmative action , which the Reid Commission had chosen : " It is not ... for reasons of Malay superiority that preferential treatment for Malays in scholarship awards was insisted upon . ... They are a means of breaking down the superior position of the non @-@ Malays in the field of education . The Malays are not proud of this treatment . " Shortly after becoming Prime Minister , Mahathir denied he had altered any of his views since he wrote the book .
Mahathir and Musa Hitam later rejoined UMNO and the government under Tun Abdul Razak , the second Prime Minister , whose New Economic Policy ( NEP ) , was based on some of the reforms Mahathir 's book had advocated . The NEP 's stated goal was elimination of " the identification of race with economic function " . To achieve this , it targeted a 30 % share of the economy for the " Bumiputra " — " sons of the soil , " a term referring to Malays and other indigenous peoples — by 1990 . This became known as the " 30 per cent solution " setting the " Bumiputra quota " for many items , including new public share listings and new private housing schemes . Certain commentators alleged that this fostered " a close to ' zero @-@ sum ' attitude chiefly between the Malays and Chinese " . The NEP 's stated aim , however , was not to directly redistribute wealth but to enlarge the economic pie while providing a larger share of the gains for Malays , thus increasing participation in the economy for all .
The main rationale for the NEP as set out in the Second Malaysia Plan was to address the " economic imbalance " between the Chinese and Malays . In 1969 , the Malay share of equity reportedly stood at 1 @.@ 5 % while the Chinese held 22 @.@ 8 % ; the rest was largely in foreign hands . Some detractors argued that while the Chinese share of the economy had increased at the Malays ' expense , more significant growth in inequality had occurred between the richest and poorest Malays — between 1957 and 1970 , the wealthiest 20 % of Malays ' share in the Malay portion of the economy reportedly increased from 42 @.@ 5 % to 52 @.@ 5 % while the poorest 40 % saw a decrease from 19 @.@ 5 % to 12 @.@ 7 % .
The NOC issued a report of its own analysing the root causes of the 13 May violence , suggesting that even in the civil service , a traditional Malay employer , non @-@ Malays outnumbered the Malays in many areas , with substantial Malay majorities only in the Police and Armed Forces . The report concluded : " Allegations that the non @-@ Malays are excluded are regarded by the Malays as deliberate distortion . The Malays who already felt excluded in the country 's economic life , now began to feel a threat to their place in the public services . No mention was ever made by non @-@ Malay politicians of the almost closed @-@ door attitude to the Malays by non @-@ Malays in large sections of the private sector in this country . "
According to the Second Malaysia Plan , the NEP aimed to " create a Malay commercial and industrial community " through " wholly owned enterprises and joint ventures " . Prior to this , the government had , in the words of a local economist , played " administrative , supportive , and regulatory " roles in attempting to address the economic imbalance , but avoided " represent [ ing ] direct and active efforts in promoting " Malay interests . Now , the government would not only " [ limit ] access of the Chinese and Indian population to universities , public jobs and public money , " but also actively intervene in the economy to give " [ the Bumiputra ] a bigger piece of the business action " . One criticism of this increased intervention was that UMNO supposedly " became a major beneficiary of the expanded role of the state " .
There had been limited affirmative action programmes before . However , these mostly focused on the civil service , as Article 153 of the Constitution did . Admission to higher education was largely merit @-@ based . The Tunku government preferred laissez @-@ faire policies , minimising economic intervention . Although some agencies , such as the Rural Industrial Development Agency ( RIDA ) , which attempted to aid Malay entrepreneurs , existed , their programs were criticised as being based on handouts and favouring the politically connected . RIDA was renamed as the Majlis Amanah Rakyat ( The Indigenous People 's Trust Council ) or MARA in 1965 , and came to symbolise the development of Malay entrepreneurship .
Although the NEP was aimed at addressing economic imbalances , it soon became associated with ketuanan Melayu . While the two were rarely directly equated , they were often mentioned together , with the implication that the NEP was derived from ketuanan Melayu . The NEP 's greater intervention in the economy led some to " equate UMNO 's monolithic image as the undisputed champion of Malay supremacy with the party 's ability to shore up lucrative business deals . "
= = = Constitutional amendments and other policy changes = = =
Parliament finally reconvened again in 1971 . Although the NEP was passed without its approval , Parliament 's consent was required to amend the Constitution . The government @-@ tabled Constitution ( Amendment ) Act 1971 , in conjunction with some amendments to the Sedition Act , limited freedom of speech on " sensitive issues " such as the national language , Malay special rights , the Malay rulers , and the provisions for citizenship . These restrictions also applied to Members of Parliament , over @-@ ruling their previous Parliamentary immunity . The amendments also clarified Article 152 's meaning , and included the " natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak " under Article 153 , extending the formerly Malay @-@ only rights to all Bumiputra . In addition , the Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong ( King ) could now direct any university or college to implement a proportion @-@ based quota system favouring the Bumiputra . All higher educational institutions immediately enacted quota systems on the orders of the Education Ministry ; some later questioned the move 's constitutionality on the grounds that the King himself had not issued any directive .
To cap all this , the amendment of articles touching on the " sensitive issues " mentioned , as well as the clause governing this rule on amendments , was forbidden without the consent of the Conference of Rulers . Effectively entrenching the " sensitive " Articles , this was heavily criticised by opposition MPs . It was claimed that if Parliament could be prevented from discussing particular issue , Parliamentary sovereignty was undermined . It was also unclear if the ban from speaking on " sensitive issues " applied to the ban itself . Nevertheless , the provisions were passed . The Internal Security Act ( ISA ) , which effectively allows the government to detain anyone it deems a threat to national security for an indefinite period without judicial review , was also amended in 1971 to stress the " preservation of intercommunal harmony " .
Many of these changes saw fierce opposition in Parliament and abroad . When the proposed changes were first announced , the British press charged they would " preserve as immutable the feudal system dominating Malay society " by " giving this archaic body of petty constitutional monarchs incredible blocking power " . The censorship of sensitive issues was labelled as paradoxical when contrasted with Tun Abdul Razak 's speaking of " the full realization that important matters must no longer be swept under the carpet ... " Other critics argued that Article 153 was nothing more than a " paper rice bowl " , and in any case , did not even include the orang asli ( literally Malay for " native people " ) or aborigines within the scope of its privileges , rendering its rationale somewhat suspect .
Another important policy change came in the field of education . In 1970 , the government made Malay the medium of instruction for primary , secondary , and tertiary education , replacing English . Although government funding for the Chinese and Tamil education streams continued , many non @-@ Malays considered this new policy to be " the most discriminatory " thus far . The government 's rationale was that this would provide better educational opportunities for the Malays , especially those who formerly had to make the transition from Malay @-@ medium primary and secondary schools to English @-@ medium universities . It was also argued that uniting students under one language would provide for greater racial harmony , while indirectly underscoring the " Malay nature of the state " .
The same year that the medium of instruction was changed to Malay , the National Culture Policy ( NCP ) was announced . Syed Nasir Ismail described the government 's policies as aimed at creating a " Bumiputra Muslim identity " ( identiti Islam Kebumiputraan ) for Malaysians . In essence , the NCP 's goal was to eventually assimilate the non @-@ indigenous peoples into an indigenous Malaysian identity . Despite stiff opposition from Chinese pressure groups , the government refused to withdraw the NCP . To foster national unity , the Rukunegara , or national ideology , was also introduced . Although the Rukunegara itself contains no references to ketuanan Melayu or the social contract , a government commentary mentioned the " position of Malays and other Natives , the legitimate interests of the other communities , and the conferment of citizenship " as key aspects of the Constitution while insisting : " No citizen should question the loyalty of another citizen on the ground that he belongs to a particular community . " One political pundit described it as a formal declaration of the social contract or " Racial Bargain " .
= = = Politics and " Malay dominance " = = =
The old Alliance model , where each race was represented by one party , was repudiated with the formation of the Barisan Nasional ( BN , or the National Front ) in 1974 . Several former opposition parties , including Gerakan , the PPP and PAS , joined the UMNO @-@ led BN . Although the MCA and MIC were included , their influence was diluted by other non @-@ Malay parties in the coalition . In 1977 , PAS ' expulsion left UMNO as the sole Malay representative in BN , although some ostensibly multiracial parties provided token Malay representation . After its departure , PAS took a different approach to Malay privileges , denouncing the NEP as racial discrimination and " unIslamic " .
In 1974 , Mahathir was appointed as a Minister in Tun Razak 's Cabinet . He became the Deputy Prime Minister just two years later , under Tun Hussein Onn , who had succeeded Tun Razak upon the latter 's sudden death .
During the 1970s — the heyday of the NEP — " Malay dominance " was a largely accepted fact of life for Malaysians . Whereas the 1957 to 1969 period was viewed as a time when " Malay dominance " was at least tempered by a form of " inter @-@ ethnic bargaining " within the Alliance government , from the 13 May Incident onwards , political pundits argued that the political environment was now under marked " hegemonic control " from the Malays and UMNO ; in 1970 , one Cabinet member pronounced that Malay special rights would remain for " hundreds of years to come " . The Tunku observed in 1977 that " it appears in the minds of the non @-@ Bumiputras that they are being turned into second @-@ class citizens in the country . " The government 's ethnic policies continued to be based on and justified by the two basic arguments Mahathir had applied in his Dilemma ; the " historical " status of Malay primacy over Malaya , and the " special needs " of the Malays . As public discussion or questioning of these issues had been criminalised , there were few locally published works critically discussing Malay supremacy , complicating attempts to evaluate it or establish further grounds for government policy beyond the main two traditionally put forth .
The ultras who had allegedly plotted to exploit the post @-@ 13 May chaos were now in control of the country . Razaleigh , the Finance Minister , was hailed as the " Father of the Bumiputra Economy " . Musa Hitam and Mahathir , both rising stars on the political scene , maintained their image as " ultras " , although it is unclear if this was their intention . Journalist K. Das once claimed Musa had told him " that a young Malaysian politician has to play the race card to the hilt even if there was not a single chauvinistic bone in his body . " After retiring , Musa said that " the national leaders tend to look for a scapegoat when faced with a desperate crisis situation " and use racial tactics to fill their " empty stomach " .
UMNO Youth in particular maintained its " ultra " image from the 1960s . One of its Vice @-@ Presidents said in response to discussion of opening different teams in UMNO based on political ideology that " The original cause of UMNO is to fight for the interests of the Malay race and this must continue . We do not want factions in UMNO . " In 1980 , Tun Hussein Onn announced that he would be handing power over to Mahathir due to poor health . Mahathir took office in 1981 , with Musa Hitam as his deputy .
= = Mahathir administration = =
= = = Affirmative action and Chinese protests = = =
The affirmative action policies of the NEP continued under Mahathir . Political pundits considered this administration , in its early period , to be a continuation of the " hegemonic control " of Malaysian politics by the Malays , and by UMNO in particular . During this time , Mahathir focused on consolidating his power within UMNO and the government . As a result , there was little active confrontation between the Malays and the non @-@ Malays on the issue of ketuanan Melayu at the time .
In 1981 , the MCA assessed the NEP and other government policies from a Chinese point of view . Its findings expressed concern over a number of problems , including alleged disrespect of the citizenship of the Malaysian Chinese and the Malay @-@ dominated civil service , claiming the NEP 's goal of eradicating identification of race with economic function had been abrogated . In addition , it was argued that non @-@ Malays were under @-@ represented in Parliament and the Cabinet because of gerrymandering ; mostly Malay rural Parliamentary constituencies outnumbered heterogeneous urban constituencies , despite the total population of urban constituencies exceeding that of rural ones . However , UMNO avoided directly confronting the MCA over the issue .
Tensions rose after the 1986 general election when it appeared that UMNO on its own commanded a working Parliamentary majority , allowing it to govern without the support of other parties . Several UMNO leaders seriously discussed the possibility of governing alone ; one , Abdullah Ahmad , publicly espoused permanent Malay supremacy and relegating non @-@ Malays to second @-@ class citizenship . Such calls for unilateralism were eventually disregarded , and the Barisan Nasional government continued . However , some UMNO officials warned non @-@ Malay parties to avoid " playing with fire " by questioning the Malays ' special rights and privileges or Hak Keistimewaan Orang Melayu . At the UMNO General Assembly that year , Mahathir stated : " We do not wish to rob other people of their rights . But let no one try to rob us of our rights . " When Parliament reconvened , the DAP began raising objections to what they alleged was the division of Malaysians into " first and second class citizens " . In response , some UMNO MPs began referring to the non @-@ Malays as pendatang asing ( foreign immigrants , or aliens ) in Parliament . When the DAP attempted to enquire about the distribution of economic equity among the races to evaluate the NEP 's progress , the Standing Orders of Parliament were amended to forbid such inquiries . This led the DAP to allege that the NEP 's aims had been met , and that it could be allowed to expire in 1990 .
Some , such as Petaling Jaya city councillor Richard Yeoh , believe that Abdullah Ahmad , an aide of Mahathir 's , was the first to use the term " ketuanan Melayu " . Yeoh described the context in which Ahmad used it as " a fairly benign speech and most of us might have had no problem with it , but it has been taken to mean Malay supremacy by some Umno leaders who don 't necessarily know what it means . "
Ethnic tension continued to grow shortly after Mahathir narrowly defeated Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah for the UMNO Presidency in 1987 . Around this time , several deposit @-@ taking co @-@ operatives ( DTCs ) , some associated with the MCA , collapsed . To save Chinese investors , the MCA asked the government to bail out the DTCs , citing a previous bailout of Bumiputra financial institutions . UMNO 's reluctance to acquiesce led MCA Deputy President Lee Kim Sai to warn that the MCA might quit the government . Later that year , the government posted several non @-@ Chinese @-@ educated staff to senior positions in Chinese vernacular schools . Anwar Ibrahim , then Education Minister , refused to yield to protests from the MCA , and stated that the decision was final , despite a previous informal agreement on the issue between the Malay and Chinese communities .
The Gerakan , MCA and DAP held rallies and boycotted classes in Chinese primary schools to protest the move ; UMNO Youth held its own rallies to assert ketuanan Melayu , hosting banners with slogans such as " revoke the citizenship of those who opposed the Malay rulers " , " 13 May has begun " , and " soak it [ the keris , a Malay dagger ] with Chinese blood " . Future Deputy Prime Minister and then UMNO Youth Chief Najib Razak ( the son of Tun Razak ) threatened to bathe a keris with Chinese blood . The flames were fanned further when in an unrelated incident , a Malay soldier ran amok in a predominantly Chinese area , killing one and injuring another two .
The government then launched Operation Lalang ( Weeding Operation ) , detaining 55 people under the ISA . More were arrested over the next few months . Although most were opposition politicians — including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang — a few from BN were included . All BN politicians were released from detention after two months , while those from the opposition remained in custody for much longer . The government later justified these detentions on grounds of security , stating that the detainees had played up the issue of Chinese education to incite racial sentiment . Some of Mahathir 's supporters saw this as a vindication of his rejection of the Tunku 's " compromise " with the non @-@ Malays , teaching the non @-@ Malays not to criticise the government and its pro @-@ Malay policies .
Many critics did not take this explanation seriously . UMNO was in crisis at the time , with Mahathir 's faction narrowly defeating Razaleigh 's in the party elections . Razaleigh 's supporters filed a lawsuit alleging irregularities in the election process which appeared likely to succeed , triggering new party elections . In this context , one MCA politician charged that the government had pursued a " hidden agenda , " deflecting public attention from UMNO 's crisis with a " deviation in the implementation of the Chinese education policy . " The Tunku himself claimed that Mahathir used the issue to mobilise the Malays " as a united force to a common enemy — and the imaginary enemy in this case was the Chinese community . "
In the end , Mahathir 's camp " won " the court case when it was held that as the party was an illegal organisation under the Societies Act due to some of its branches not being formally registered , the plaintiffs ' case was invalid ; an illegal society could not hold new elections for its leaders . Mahathir immediately set up " UMNO ( Baru ) " ( New UMNO ) , transferring all of old UMNO 's assets to the new party . Most of his supporters also joined UMNO ( Baru ) , and eventually the " ( Baru ) " was dropped , making it , for all intents and purposes , the same as the old UMNO . When the Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal on the case , the government suspended and later sacked Lord President Salleh Abas and five other Supreme Court judges , triggering the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis . The new Supreme Court later dismissed the case .
Razaleigh then formed the Semangat 46 ( Spirit of ' 46 ) party to challenge the government . In the 1990 general election , ketuanan Melayu was used as an issue , with UMNO accusing Semangat 46 , PAS , the DAP and other opposition parties of conspiring to end Malay supremacy . The government also repeatedly warned that the 13 May riots would be repeated if it did not maintain its two @-@ thirds majority in Parliament . Full @-@ page advertisements depicting bloodshed and carnage were published in major national newspapers . Tensions rose further when the Tunku called on voters to support Semangat 46 instead of the new UMNO , with several UMNO politicians demanding that his title of " Bapa Kemerdekaan " ( Father of Independence ) be withdrawn , and his statue removed from Parliament House . Despite this , the government retained its two @-@ thirds Parliamentary majority , with Semangat 46 winning only eight seats .
= = = Reviewing and reworking economic policies = = =
Prior to the expiration of the NEP in 1990 , there was much debate over whether the policy should be renewed , replaced , or scrapped altogether . The government organised an official review of the NEP in the years leading up to its expiration . The NEP had been faced with a number of criticisms throughout its lifetime , most of them related to political corruption and other inefficiencies .
One point of dispute was the calculation of Malay equity . Although officially , as of 1992 , the Malays controlled 18 % of the economy , some dismissed this figure as misleading . It was argued that as in reality , much of this amount comprised equity held by government agencies , therefore it belonged to Malaysians as a whole . The practice of awarding public works contracts mainly to Bumiputras was argued to be stifling Malay competency by providing little incentive to improve . Many Bumiputra contractors in turn subcontracted their jobs to others , who were in some cases Chinese ; " Ali Baba " arrangements with " the Malay [ Ali ] using his privileges to acquire licences and permits denied the non @-@ Malay , then accepting a fee to be the front @-@ man while the non @-@ Malay [ Baba ] ran the business , " were prevalent . Some suggested that the NEP " might have worked , if the Malay had actually wanted to learn the ropes . But more often than not , he just wanted to be rich . "
Some said the disbursement of shares favoured the politically connected , many of whom immediately sold the shares at market price , reaping the arbitrage instead of holding on and increasing the Malay share of equity , which the policy was intended to do . Although the NEP managed to create a class of Malay millionaires , it was charged that this was mainly due to cronyism , benefiting only the politically connected . Some agreed , but argued against taking action ; one PAS politician stated : " The Malays do not want justice to affect their interests . " Other commentators have suggested that although most of the benefits under the NEP accrued to the politically connected , the government intended for them to " trickle down to the Malay masses " , and also for the Malay nouveau riche to provide " entrepreneurial role models " for other Malays .
During the 1980s , concern continued to grow about discrimination in higher education . At this point , the Education Minister told Parliament of " dissatisfaction " and " disappointment " among non @-@ Malays concerning " lessening opportunities " for higher education . Later in 1997 , then Education Minister Najib Tun Razak defended the quotas as necessary , claiming that only 5 % of all local undergraduates would be Malays if quotas were abolished .
Another criticism was that the NEP and other affirmative action had actually reduced the Malays ' self @-@ confidence , despite Mahathir 's intention of building a Malay business class to serve as role models for impoverished Malays . One Malay journalist opined : " [ U ] nder this New Economic Policy , no Bumiputra could ever be sure that such ' victories ' as came his way were fully deserved . " The NEP was also criticised for seeking to improve the Malays ' overall share of the economy , even if this share were to be held by a small number of Malays . Some quarters accused the NEP of being too heavy @-@ handed in its approach towards affirmative action , maintaining it had " deprived qualified non @-@ Malays of opportunities for higher education and job promotions " and forcing many non @-@ Malays to emigrate instead . This , combined with the impressions of the NEP as corrupt and associated with ketuanan Melayu , led to " deep resentment " , particularly among the Chinese . The NEP was criticised as " set [ ting ] those Malaysians so honoured with it above the rest , granting them the preferential treatment of the NEP , " while " divid [ ing ] Malaysians into first- and second @-@ class citizens " .
In 1990 , the NEP was replaced by the National Development Policy ( NDP ) , which continued most of the NEP @-@ era policies . The Malay share of the economy , though substantially larger , was not near the 30 % target according to government figures . In its review of the NEP , the government found that although income inequality had been reduced , some important targets related to overall Malay corporate ownership had not been met . Both Mahathir and the Tunku had expressed concern that the Malays remained too reliant on the Chinese economically .
Claims that the NEP had retarded economic growth were dismissed ; it was posited that the NEP had managed to avert further racial rioting , which would have hurt economic growth more than the NEP . The NEP was also defended as having created a Malay middle class and improving standards of living without compromising the non @-@ Bumiputra share of the economy in absolute terms ; statistics indicated that the Chinese and Indian middle classes also grew under the NEP , albeit not as much as the Malays ' . The overall Malaysian poverty rate had shrunk from 50 % at independence to 7 % . It was also argued that ethnic stereotypes had been largely stamped out due to the NEP 's success in creating a Malay upper class . Although many of the NEP 's goals were restated by the NDP , the new policy appeared to be geared more towards wealth retention and creation , as opposed to simple redistribution . Nevertheless , many of the policies from the NEP era were retained under the NDP , which was set to expire in 2020 .
= = = Bangsa Malaysia and political liberalisation = = =
During the 1990s , Mahathir and UMNO made a public about @-@ face on the government 's cultural policies , with the formation of the Wawasan 2020 ( Vision 2020 ) and Bangsa Malaysia ( Malaysian Race ) plans . Mahathir named one obstacle to establishing Malaysia as a developed nation by the year 2020 as : " the challenge of establishing a matured , liberal and tolerant society in which Malaysians of all colours and creeds are free to practice and profess their customs , cultures and religious beliefs and yet feeling that they belong to one nation . " Mahathir proposed the establishment of " one Bangsa Malaysia with political loyalty and dedication to the nation " . After the government 's 1995 general election victory , Mahathir elaborated : " Bangsa Malaysia means people who are able to identify themselves with the country , speak Bahasa Malaysia ( the Malaysian or Malay language ) and accept the Constitution . "
Mahathir later explained that " The idea before was that people should become 100 per cent Malay in order to be Malaysian . We now accept that this is a multi @-@ racial country . We should build bridges instead of trying to remove completely the barriers separating us . " Such a dramatic change was perceived by the non @-@ Malay communities as a " complete retraction " of earlier policies emphasising assimilation of non @-@ Malays . The government took measures to stress this change , decreasing emphasis on Malay as the one and only national language by permitting local universities to use English as the medium of instruction for certain subjects . Diplomas from the MCA @-@ sponsored and Chinese @-@ majority Tunku Abdul Rahman College ( TARC ) were officially recognised by the government for employment in the civil service . For the first time , religions other than Islam were given airtime on state radio and television , although they were not allowed to proselytise . Lion dances — a traditional Chinese performance which had been banned for decades — were not only permitted but even attended by Mahathir and other top government officials .
Although the early 1990s saw marked economic growth , commentators suggested that Mahathir 's liberal policies had played the key role in his popularity and the Barisan Nasional 's landslide 1995 election victory . One pundit wrote that " Most Malaysians could not remember a time of greater prosperity or lesser inter @-@ ethnic recrimination . ... Economic indicators alone would not have captured the pride that Malaysians had discovered , perhaps for [ the ] first time , in being Malaysian . "
Lim Kit Siang attributed the opposition 's defeat to Mahathir 's liberalism and the government 's adoption of the DAP 's stance on issues like " language , culture and education " . Some , however , doubted Mahathir 's sincerity . One UMNO Youth official suggested that " The Barisan government 's flexible move ... only shows that we are enjoying the highest level of tolerance purely based on the level of confidence in terms of political and economic position of the Malays . We share the political power with the Chinese . When they need to increase their political support from their community it is very important for them to serve the main concerns of the Chinese . So , why shouldn 't we allow that ? We can ... achieve a win @-@ win situation . This is a purely political move . ... Similarly we UMNO Youth have to be often seen as a very racialist political group fighting for the Malay interests . ... However , those finished agendas that we have done , such as Islam , Bahasa Melayu [ the Malay language ] and the special status of the Malays , should not be questioned in any circumstance because these are very sensitive issues . "
In the latter part of the 1990s , government policies were loosened to combat the Asian economic crisis by encouraging foreign investment . In 1999 , a new opposition party supported by Mahathir 's former deputy , Anwar Ibrahim ( who had been jailed for sodomy after his controversial sacking ) led to a revival of the " 13 May " warnings . However , the government maintained its Parliamentary majority . In 2003 , Mahathir officially resigned as Prime Minister , and was succeeded by his deputy , Abdullah Ahmad Badawi .
= = Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , meritocracy , and ketuanan Melayu = =
= = = A new Prime Minister = = =
Prior to Abdullah 's ascension in 2003 , although ketuanan Melayu had been enunciated by several prominent Malay leaders , it had not been given a proper name . Around this time , the term " ketuanan Melayu " — " tuan " being the Malay word for " lord " or " master " — came into common usage , even entering the government @-@ approved secondary school curriculum . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia professor of sociology Norani Othman has said that the term is evocative of " notions of enslavement , " since " In Malay classical terms , the word ' ketuanan ' implies lordship over captives , which is a pre @-@ feudal concept that is out of sync in 1957 , 1963 and today . "
A government @-@ approved secondary school history textbook published in 2004 by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka , the government @-@ owned publishing company , defined ketuanan Melayu as :
Semangat cinta akan apa saja yang berkaitan dengan bangsa Melayu seperti hak politik , bahasa , kebudayaan , warisan , adat istiadat dan tanah air . Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dianggap sebagai tanah pusaka orang Melayu .
Its English translation is as follows :
A passion for all that is related to the Malay race , such as political rights , language , culture , heritage , tradition and the homeland . The Malay peninsula is regarded as the Malays ' land by birthright .
In 2003 , the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) political party Youth Information Chief Azimi Daim stated : " In Malaysia , everybody knows that Malays are the masters of this land . We rule this country as provided for in the federal constitution . Any one who touches upon Malay affairs or criticizes Malays is [ offending ] our sensitivities . "
Although its proponents claimed that ketuanan Melayu was directly derived from Article 153 of the Constitution , the Reid Commission which drafted the framework for the Constitution had stated that the provisions for Malay privileges were to be temporary in nature , and eventually abolished , citing the only reason for their existence as tradition and economic necessity as a form of affirmative action for the Malays . Despite this , those who challenge ketuanan Melayu or " Malay rights " were still often berated , especially by politicians from UMNO . Many UMNO politicians continued referring to non @-@ Malays as " orang pendatang " or " pendatang asing " ( foreign immigrants ) .
= = = Meritocracy = = =
Before leaving office , Mahathir had condemned Malays who relied on their privileges . Abdullah continued this , warning Malays to learn to live without crutches or end up in wheelchairs . His administration began the practice of meritocracy , which Mahathir had tentatively proposed , and university admissions quotas were eliminated . However , some charged that this did not eliminate discrimination in education . The pre @-@ university stream was divided into two ; one course prepared students for the Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia ( STPM ) standardised examination , lasting two years , while the other comprised various matriculation courses graded by individual lecturers , typically lasting a year .
Critics dismissed meritocracy as a sham , arguing that it was unfair to consider the two streams equivalent for admissions purposes . Though ostensibly open to non @-@ Bumiputra , critics alleged that most who took matriculation were Malays .
Previously , the constitutionality of Malay- or Bumiputra @-@ only matriculation courses had been questioned , as the amended Article 153 prohibited refusal of admission to students on grounds of race alone . As a result , matriculation courses were opened to non @-@ Bumiputra . However , some in UMNO considered meritocracy too harsh on rural Malay students , disadvantaging them compared to their urban counterparts , and called for the restoration of quotas to avoid an " uneven playing field " .
At the 2004 UMNO General Assembly , Deputy Permanent Chairman Badruddin Amiruldin waved a book on 13 May Incident , warning : " Fifty @-@ eight years ago we had an agreement with the other races , in which we permitted them to menumpang [ reside temporarily ] on this land . ... Let no one from the other races ever question the rights of Malays on this land . Don 't question the religion , because this is my right on this land . " Then Higher Education Minister Shafie Salleh also declared at the assembly that non @-@ Bumiputras would never be permitted to enter the Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ) , which is Bumiputra @-@ only : " I will not compromise on this matter . "
Then at the following year 's General Assembly , Education Minister and UMNO Youth head Hishammuddin Hussein — the son of Tun Hussein Onn — brandished the keris while calling for the restoration of the NEP as part of the National Development Policy ( NDP ) that Mahathir had initiated . According to Hishammuddin , the keris symbolised the role of UMNO Youth in championing the Malay race . Meanwhile , his deputy , Khairy Jamaluddin — Abdullah Badawi 's son @-@ in @-@ law — discussed the revival of the NEP in the form of a separate entity titled as the New National Agenda ( NNA ) . Hishammuddin would later describe the keris as a " unifying symbol " , stating that " The young people today no longer see it as a symbol to uphold ketuanan Melayu . "
= = = " Racial politics " = = =
Chinese politicians within the government raised issues with the Constitution in late 2005 . Lim Keng Yaik of Gerakan asked for a re @-@ examination of the social contract to ascertain whether Bangsa Malaysia could be achieved . Lim was severely criticised by many prominent Malay politicians , including Khairy Jamaluddin and Ahmad Shabery Cheek . The Malay press , mostly owned by UMNO , also ran articles condemning the questioning of the social contract . Lim responded : " How do you expect non @-@ Malays to pour their hearts and souls into the country , and to one day die for it if you keep harping on this ? Flag @-@ waving and singing the ' Negaraku ' ( national anthem ) are rituals , while true love for the nation lies in the heart . "
A year earlier , Abdullah had mentioned the most " significant aspect " of the social contract as " the agreement by the indigenous peoples to grant citizenship to the immigrant Chinese and Indians " . Although Abdullah went on to state that the character of the nation changed to " one that Chinese and Indian citizens could also call their own , " the speech went largely unremarked . Finally , Lim stated that the Malay press had blown his comments out of proportion and misquoted him . The issue ended with UMNO Youth chief Hishammuddin Hussein warning people not to " bring up the issue again as it has been agreed upon , appreciated , understood and endorsed by the Constitution . "
In January 2006 , the government announced a Rukunegara awareness campaign . The government press agency , BERNAMA , quoted the Tunku as saying in 1986 that " The Malays are not only the natives but also the lords of this country and nobody can dispute this fact " . The articles of the Constitution touching on the official religion of Islam , the monarchy , the status of Malay as the national language , and Malay special rights were described as " clearly spell [ ing ] out the acknowledgment and recognition that the Malays are the indigenous ' pribumi ' [ natives ] of this land . " It was then stated that the new emphasis on the Rukunegara was to prevent further questioning of the social contract , which " decides on the political polarity and socio @-@ economic standing of Malaysians " .
Later , a survey of Malaysians found that 55 % of respondents agreed politicians should be " blamed for segregating the people by playing racial politics " . Mukhriz Mahathir — Mahathir 's son and an UMNO Youth leader — defended UMNO 's actions because of economic disparities , insisting that " As long as that remains , there will always be people to champion each race to equalise things . " Shahrir Abdul Samad , the chairman of the BN Backbenchers ' Club , argued that politicians were simply responding to " a country ... divided into different races , " asking , " if you talk about Malay issues to the Malay community , is that playing racial politics ? " M. Kayveas , the President of the PPP , disagreed : " Every 12 months , the parties go back to one race championing their own causes and , at the end of the day , when the general election comes , we talk about ' Bangsa Malaysia ' . "
Reflecting the mutual climate of distrust and racialist policies in both Singapore and Malaysia ( in Singapore , the policies allegedly being pro @-@ Chinese ) , Lee Kuan Yew sparked another debate in September on the role of Malay primacy in Malaysian politics , stating that the Chinese had been " systematically marginalised " in both Malaysia and Indonesia . The resulting diplomatic incident , with ensuing denials of marginalisation from Malaysian government politicians , led to Lee issuing an apology for his remarks which also attempted to justify them . Abdullah indicated he was not satisfied with what he referred to as a " qualified apology " , but the Malaysian government accepted it nevertheless .
The following month , a controversy arose after the Asian Strategic and Leadership Institute ( ASLI ) issued a report calculating Bumiputra @-@ held equity at 45 % — a stark difference from the official figure of 18 @.@ 9 % , used by politicians to justify the retention or revival of the NEP . One local analyst suggested that " If Bumiputra equity is 45 per cent , then surely the next question is , why the need for Bumiputera rights ? It has implications for government policy and it ( removing indigenous rights ) is one thing UMNO will never accept at present . " The report 's methodology was criticised for using market value instead of par value for its calculations of equity , and limiting its scope to a thousand publicly listed companies . It also included government @-@ linked companies ( GLCs ) as Bumiputra @-@ owned companies . Some , however , criticised the government , alleging that par value did not accurately reflect the value of the enterprises studied , and claimed that a portion of GLC equity should be considered Bumiputra @-@ held . The report was later withdrawn , but the controversy continued after an independent media outlet cited a study following the government methodology that indicated Bumiputra equity had passed the 30 % mark in 1997 .
At the Johor UMNO convention that same month , Johor Menteri Besar ( Chief Minister ) , Abdul Ghani Othman , criticised the Bangsa Malaysia and " meritocracy " policies . Ghani described Bangsa Malaysia as a threat to the Malays and their Constitutional position , suggesting it could " threaten national stability " as well . Ghani insisted that the policy " be applied in the context ... with the Malays as the pivotal race " , and described meritocracy as a " form of discrimination and oppression " because rural Malay students could not compete with their urban counterparts . In the resulting controversy about his remarks , several federal ministers criticised Ghani , with one saying that Bangsa Malaysia " has nothing to do with one race given a pivotal role over others " , and another arguing that " It does not impinge on the rights of Bumiputeras or other communities . " Ghani stood by his comments , declaring that the proponents of Bangsa Malaysia were also advocating a " Malaysian Malaysia " , as Lee Kuan Yew had , even though " the government has rejected it from the start . " Najib , the Deputy Prime Minister , suggested that any effort to define Bangsa Malaysia politically would be fruitless , and as such the debate was unnecessary ; he also insisted that " It does not question the special rights of the Malays , our quota or anything of that sort . " The UMNO Annual General Assembly that year was the first to be televised in full ; it became a subject of controversy when delegates such as Hashim Suboh made speeches utilising heavy racial rhetoric ; Hishammuddin , who had brandished the kris again , was asked by Hashim when he would " use it " . After the assembly , Hishammuddin insisted that the kris was not a symbol of Malay supremacy .
In October 2007 , Lee provoked more debate after suggesting that " If they ( Malaysia ) would just educate the Chinese and Indians , use them and treat them as their citizens , they can equal us ( Singapore ) and even do better than us and we would be happy to rejoin them . " UMNO Information Chief Muhammad Muhammad Taib responded , telling the press that Malaysia implemented policies to assist economically disadvantaged Malays , instead of neglecting them as Singapore did , stating also that at one point the Malays would have to compete on a level playing field with other Malaysians .
= = = Political watershed = = =
In the 2008 general election , BN was returned to power for the first time without its customary 2 / 3 supermajority in the Dewan Rakyat , meaning it could no longer pass constitutional amendments without the support of opposition parties . The election results were widely seen as reflecting discontent about the state of the country 's economy and increasing ethnic tensions within the country ; the three main opposition parties had campaigned on a platform condemning the NEP and the government 's response to widening economic disparities . The month after , the Crown Prince of Kelantan Tengku Faris Petra said during an assembly organised by the newly formed Malay Unity Action Front that since the Malays had given in to granting the non @-@ Malays citizenship , the latter should not seek equality or special treatment . In his speech , the prince also called for Malay unity to ensure that Malay sovereignty and supremacy was preserved .
Anwar Ibrahim , former UMNO deputy President and former Deputy Prime Minister , whose Parti Keadilan Rakyat became the second @-@ largest party in Parliament after the elections , and the de facto leader of the opposition Pakatan Rakyat coalition , chose to instead reject ketuanan Melayu in favour of " ketuanan rakyat " ( people 's supremacy ) . Celebrating the end of his five @-@ year ban from political activity on 15 April 2008 , he told reporters : " We are here to counter the massive propaganda campaign by Umno leaders , who are talking on Malay supremacy . And giving clear definitive answer in reply of this , to say that what we want , what we desire for is a new Malaysia , is supremacy for all Malaysians . " A week later , his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail , president of PKR , told the press that " we should not keep talking about Malay supremacy or marginalising a certain race , which is not what the people want to see , " urging instead the adoption of ketuanan rakyat .
Not long thereafter , Hishammuddin himself apologised for his brandishing of the keris at the three previous UMNO annual general assemblies , saying he was sorry " if it had affected the non @-@ Malays " . He refused to comment on whether he would repeat the act in the future . His conditional apology was met with heavy criticism from within UMNO ; one media outlet described the reaction as such : " The sentiment among many in the party is that the Chinese and Indians betrayed the BN when they voted for Pakatan Rakyat . There is hurt . There is anger . So why should Hishammuddin be too concerned about what non @-@ Malays think of the keris act ? " Many felt that the apology itself threatened Malay supremacy . Abdullah welcomed the apology , saying it was brave and " made it clear to the non @-@ Malays the important role the keris had in the Malay community " . In response to questions about the diminishing of Malay supremacy post @-@ elections , he said that it was more about parity for the Bumiputra communities , rejecting the notion of political dominance :
So when we talk about ( Malay supremacy ) , we mean we must be successful in many fields . It is never about ruling over others , or forcing our power upon them ... We are not going to be a race that dominates others . We want to be a party that represents the Malays and that is ready to co @-@ operate for the future of Malays and the people , as Malays will also succeed when all Malaysians are successful . ... That is Malay supremacy and I hope people will understand it .
Shortly thereafter , Information Minister Ahmad Shabery Cheek insisted that ketuanan Melayu did not imply a master @-@ slave relationship in any sense between the Malays and non @-@ Malays . Instead , he suggested , it referred to the institution of the Malay monarchs , who had once been the " masters " , but gave up their primacy when the Federal Constitution was adopted at independence . Shabery cited Article 182 of the Constitution , which grants the royalty certain legal immunities , as an example of Malay supremacy . However , some prominent members of the royalty such as the Raja of Perlis and former Yang di @-@ Pertuan Agong Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Putra Syed Jamalullail have themselves been critical of ketuanan Melayu ; in early 2009 , the Raja stated that " In Malaysia , every race is tuan [ master ] ... I believe that if everyone understands that every individual of any race , should not be deprived of their rights , then the efforts of certain parties who think that the supremacy or rights should only be given to a particular race can be stopped . "
In late 2009 , the Cabinet decided to change the curriculum of Biro Tata Negara ( National Civics Bureau , or BTN ) programmes , which are mandatory for public servants and students studying on public funds . Many , especially politicians from Pakatan Rakyat , had previously criticised BTN programmes as propaganda for ketuanan Melayu ; citing this , the Selangor state government banned its civil servants and students from attending BTN courses . Some Ministers and former Prime Minister Mahathir defended BTN as necessary to imbue participants with the values of discipline and honesty , denying they had anything to do with ketuanan Melayu . Minister in the Prime Minister 's Department Nazri Aziz insisted the Cabinet was right to demand a change in BTN , calling Mahathir a racist and saying :
They all know what the syllabus is all about so who are we to say that it did not happen ? You want to lie ? You make people laugh . I mean there are people who attended the courses who came out very angry . There were many instances of the use of words like ketuanan Melayu . It is ridiculous ...
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= The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter ( Once Upon a Time ) =
" The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " is the seventh episode of the first season of the American fairy tale / drama television series Once Upon a Time , and the seventh overall . The episode was co @-@ written by series creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis , while being directed by David M. Barrett . Horowitz and Kitsis had intended to kill off Graham since the pilot episode was picked up , believing that it would add " stakes " to the series and show viewers that the story is " not in Henry 's head . " The episode is considered significant , as Graham 's death reveals that Regina is aware of her fairytale past .
The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the " real world " town by a powerful curse . This episode 's story follows Sheriff Graham ( Jamie Dornan ) as he remembers his fairytale counterpart , leading to significant consequences that parallel his previous life as the Huntsman . It first aired in the United States on ABC on December 11 , 2011 . An estimated 8 @.@ 91 million viewers watched the episode , placing third in its timeslot behind NBC and CBS . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics , as some praised Dornan 's character but were divided on the ending sequence . It was the series ' mid @-@ season finale .
= = Plot = =
= = = Opening Sequence = = =
A wolf is shown in the forest .
= = = In Storybrooke = = =
In Granny 's Cafe , Sheriff Graham ( Jamie Dornan ) throws darts at a picture of a deer very accurately . Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) arrives but leaves immediately because she has not forgiven him for hiding his relationship with Regina ( Lana Parrilla ) . Emma attempts to avoid conversation , but Graham is insistent on explaining to her he feels nothing for Regina . He kisses Emma and suddenly sees a vision of a wolf , only to have Emma push him away . Frustrated by Emma 's lack of understanding , Graham later sleeps with Regina . During the night , he awakens abruptly from a dream of a deer and a wolf . When Graham tells Regina that the dream felt like a memory , Regina tries to convince him to stay , but Graham leaves . As Graham attempts to get to his car , the wolf from his visions appears next to him , startling him before it leaves . As he tries to find the wolf in the woods , he runs into Mr. Gold ( Robert Carlyle ) . Graham tells him about the wolf , and Mr. Gold suggests to him that dreams are memories from another life .
The following morning , Emma discovers flowers on the table and throws them out , assuming they are from Graham , but Mary Margaret ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) says that they were hers from Dr. Whale ( David Anders ) , with whom she had a one @-@ night stand . Emma is glad to hear that Mary Margaret appears to be getting over David ( Josh Dallas ) . Mary Margaret tells Emma that it is obvious that she has feelings for Graham , but does not acknowledge them because she is putting up a " wall " to keep herself from getting hurt .
The sheriff finds the wolf in the woods , and when he whistles , the wolf goes to him . As he pets the wolf 's head , he sees himself holding a knife , about to hurt the woman he only knows as Mary Margaret . Graham pays a visit to her classroom , telling her that he believes they know each other from another life , before Storybrooke . Mary Margaret assumes that the sheriff has been talking to Henry , and while this is not the case , this gives Graham the idea to consult Henry about his book . Meanwhile , at the sheriff 's office , Regina shows up and warns Emma to stay away from Graham , apparently jealous of his connection with Emma .
Graham visits Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ) and describes his visions to Henry , to which Henry replies that he must be the queen 's Huntsman . The Huntsman was hired by the Evil Queen to remove Snow White 's heart and bring it back to her , but when he does not do so , she removes his heart . Graham later attempts to explain to Emma that he could not feel anything with Regina because he does not have a heart . Graham and Emma then encounter the wolf from Graham 's visions , and follow it to a graveyard and vault marked with a symbol Graham saw in his visions and in Henry 's book . Looking for his heart , Graham fervently searches the vault , which turns out to be the tomb of Henry Mills . Regina arrives to place flowers on her father 's grave and is furious to find them there .
Regina accuses Emma of stealing the sheriff from her , and Emma responds that Regina has chased everyone away . Graham defends Emma , and the women exchange blows . Later , while Graham cleans Emma 's wounds , Regina pushes aside the stone inside the vault , which turns out not to be a tomb after all ; the stone reveals a staircase . Emma realizes her feelings for Graham and the two kiss just as Regina opens a storage box in the hidden room and clutches Graham 's heart , crushing it to dust , showing that she remembers being the Evil Queen . Before he collapses and dies , Graham 's last words to Emma are " I remember ! Thank you . "
= = = In the Characters ' Past = = =
In the Enchanted Forest , the Evil Queen mourns the death of her husband , Snow White 's father , although she herself is responsible for his death . Snow ( Goodwin ) and the Queen seemingly comfort each other over the loss . The Queen consults her magic mirror ( Esposito ) to ask how she can kill Snow , who is beloved by the people but a threat to her bid for the throne . She says that the king 's knights will not kill his daughter , and the mirror tells her that she needs a huntsman . As Graham saw in his flashbacks , the Huntsman ( Dornan ) and his brother wolf seem to enjoy living a peaceful life in the woods . The Huntsman kills only for himself to live , and has no compassion for humans , who do not understand the wild . As the Huntsman and his wolf enter a tavern , the other patrons begin harassing him , prompting him to successfully defend himself . His performance is viewed in the magic mirror by the Queen , who is greatly impressed . She summons the Huntsman to offer him anything he wants on the condition that he brings her Snow 's heart . He agrees to this deal , in return asking for the protection of all the wolves in the Enchanted Forest .
Snow and the Huntsman walk together in the forest , and she sees through his disguise and correctly guesses that he was sent by the Queen to kill her . Snow flees , but as the Huntsman catches up with her , he finds her writing a letter , which she requests he deliver to the queen after she is killed . The Huntsman takes out his knife , but instead of killing her , he fashions a whistle out of a bamboo stick , telling her that it will summon help and then telling her to run . The Huntsman then returns to the queen with a deer heart , hoping that she will not know the difference . The queen asks him to read her the letter , which is an apology for past wrongs as well as a request from Snow that her stepmother rule the kingdom with compassion . The queen burns the letter and takes the box with the heart in it to store in her vault . When she cannot open one of her storage safes , it proves that the Huntsman lied to her ; the heart is not human . The Queen has her guards drag him down to the vault and she yanks his glowing heart out of his body . She tells the Huntsman that from now on he will be her pet and will do her bidding forever , and if he ever betrays her , all she has to do is squeeze .
= = Production = =
The episode was co @-@ written by co @-@ creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz , and was directed by The Mentalist veteran David M. Barrett . Guest actor Giancarlo Esposito made his second appearance in the series as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass . Meghan Ory returned as Ruby / Red Riding Hood , while Scott Heindl made his only appearance for the series as Bartholomew . Leading up to the episode broadcast , Kitsis and Horowitz noted that " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " would feature consequences of events that occurred in the previous episode . Horowitz explained , " Emma is in a raw emotional place , trying to come to terms with her feelings about what she discovered about Graham . Graham is also in a very raw emotional place because he 's clearly conflicted and it 's this cauldron of emotions that leads to the kiss . " Kitsis added that , " We 're really excited that the kiss that you 've seen is really just the jumping off point of the story we 're telling . It 's not like it ends with the kiss , it starts with that and it takes us somewhere that we 're excited to show you . "
In the episode , the character of Sheriff Graham was killed off , something that actor Jamie Dornan had known would happen since ABC picked up the pilot . It was the first major death of the series . In an interview with E ! reporter Kristin Dos Santos , Dornan hinted that while his counterpart in Storybrooke has died , the huntsman could return at some point , as Dornan is still a regular on the series . As much of the episode involves Graham discovering his fairytale past , the writers designed the episode to mislead viewers by having them invest in the character . Kitsis and Horowitz commented that while the death made them " sad , " the battle between Emma and Regina requires " stakes and unfortunately , sometimes stakes are people 's lives . " They also decided to kill the character relatively early in the series in order to show viewers that " it 's real . It 's not in Henry 's head . " Kitsis continued , " It ’ s interesting , but part of the intent was to make you love him and we loved him very much . And the fact that the audience seems to have loved him means a lot to us , in that we feel like we succeeded on that front . If you don ’ t feel sad , then it was a failure of the execution of the story . "
Actress Lana Parrilla believed that Graham helped fill a void for her character , commenting that his loss " was not easy for [ Regina ] . That ’ s why , when she crushes his heart , there ’ s a tear coming out of her eye . She didn ’ t want to do it , but she had no choice — almost like how she had no choice to kill her father . I ’ m not saying I agree with it , but for the character , it ’ s what she had to do . " Parrilla also cited " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " as the first episode where viewers see " how the two worlds collided , " a reference to Regina 's ability to kill Graham by squeezing the heart of his fairytale counterpart . The revelation of the vault , Kitsis and Horowitz explained , " is a very important thing for us in terms of moving forward in the season in that we wanted to send a very clear message that Regina knows what ’ s going on and has some very clear intentions in Storybrooke . " The episode was included in Reawakened : A Once Upon a Time Tale – a novelization of the first season – which was published by Hyperion Books in 2013 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
For the third week in a row , the ratings once again slipped , as it placed 2 @.@ 9 / 7 among adults aged 18 – 49 and a 5 @.@ 2 / 8 overall , with only 8 @.@ 91 million viewers tuning in . It ranked third in its timeslot , being beaten by Football Night In America on NBC and 60 Minutes on CBS but ahead of The Simpsons on the Fox network . " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " served as the series ' mid @-@ season finale , as the next episode aired on January 8 , 2012 . In Canada , the episode finished in twelfth place for the week with an estimated 1 @.@ 6 million viewers , a slight increase from the 1 @.@ 55 million of the previous episode .
= = = Reviews = = =
" The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " received mixed reviews from television critics .
TV Fanatic writer C. Orlando enjoyed the episode , remarking " I love Once Upon a Time because it 's like a mini @-@ movie every week and I 'm completely enthralled by this intriguing other world filled with characters that feel familiar yet completely new . " He called the ending scene " heartbreaking . " IGN writer Amy Ratcliffe rated the episode 9 / 10 , giving particular praise to Jamie Dornan 's ability to be " magnetic in every scene . " Ratcliffe called his backstory her favorite fairytale of the series up to that point . Television Without Pity 's Cindy McLennan wished they had not killed Graham , but gave credit to the writers for making her care about him . She concluded , " Episodes like this give me strong hope for the second part of this season , one @-@ nighters and all . Bring on the pain , boys . " She graded the episode with an A.
Blast Magazine columnist Christopher Peck was disappointed that the writers had not yet revealed the reason for the Evil Queen 's grudge , commenting , " If the thing that sticks out most about an episode of television is what I didn ’ t get out , that ’ s an ominous sign : a foreshadowing that the show has no goddamn clue where it ’ s headed . " He did however enjoy seeing Graham 's memories , calling them and the other series flashbacks " the freshest and most thrilling part of the show . " While describing Graham 's death as " heartbreaking , " Peck felt that it " completely nullifies any advancement the episode made . " He graded the episode with a C + .
Entertainment Weekly 's Shaunna Murphy was a little more critical of the episode , though she did call it " game @-@ changing . " Noting that it " felt rushed , " she " would have preferred a slow @-@ burning mystery spread out over several episodes over this dramatic , Nikki and Paulo @-@ style stand @-@ alone sendoff . " Murphy however concluded that Graham 's death was " one of the coolest sequences we 've seen so far on this show . " The A.V. Club columnist Oliver Sava graded " The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter " with a C. He also noted negative similarities to the television series Lost , explaining , " Remember when Jack , Sawyer , and Kate were stuck in the polar @-@ bear cages , and the plot just wandered in an aimless haze ? The time when a bunch of viewers started jumping off because the writers kept adding questions without ever giving answers ? What took Lost 44 episodes , OUAT has done in seven . " Unlike other reviewers , Sava called the ending a " frustrating conclusion , " and believed that " Horowitz and Kitsis [ took ] one step forward and two steps back with this development . "
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= SOS ( Rihanna song ) =
" SOS " is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her second studio album A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) . It was written by Jonathan " J.R. " Rotem , E. Kidd Bogart and Ed Cobb , with production was handled by Rotem , Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers . It was released on February 14 , 2006 , as the lead single from the album . " SOS " is a dance song which samples taken from Soft Cell 's 1981 recording of " Tainted Love " , a song written by Cobb in 1965 . Critical reception of " SOS " was generally positive , with the majority of music critics praising the inclusion of the " Tainted Love " sample . Some critics compared " SOS " to Rihanna 's debut single , " Pon de Replay " ( Music of the Sun , 2005 ) .
" SOS " became a commercial success . In the United States , it topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's first number one single on the chart . " SOS " peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and Mainstream Top 40 chart . " SOS " was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies . The song was also successful in Europe as well as Australia , where it spent eight consecutive weeks at number one .
Three music videos were shot for " SOS " ; aside from the official music video , directed by Chris Applebaum , promotional campaign videos were shot for lingerie brand Agent Provocateur and Nike . " SOS " was performed live at the 2006 MTV EMA awards in Copenhagen , Denmark . " SOS " was included on the set list of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour ( 2007 – 09 ) and the Last Girl on Earth ( 2010 – 11 ) , which saw Rihanna perform a rock @-@ inspired version of the song . The Chipettes covered the song for the 2011 film Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked and its soundtrack .
= = Background and conception = =
" SOS " was written by J. R. Rotem , Evan " Kidd " Bogart and Ed Cobb , with production helmed by Rotem . The song was recorded at Bartmitzvah Hall Studios , Century City , California , and Loft Recording Studios , Bronxville , New York . " SOS " contains a sample of " Tainted Love " , written by Ed Cobb in 1965 , and popularized by English synthpop duo Soft Cell in 1981 . In an interview with HitQuarters , Rotem explained the song 's conception , saying " I heard ' Tainted Love ' and wanted to take the bass line and update it with a new swing . When I gave the track to Evan [ Bogart ] , the 80s feeling was already in the track . " Rotem was asked how he felt about working with singers who became successful international recording artists after he had worked with them in an interview with William E. Ketchum for HipHopDX in May 2011 , and referred to Rihanna and writing " SOS " in his response , saying :
I did [ Rihanna ] ' s song “ [ SOS ] , ” and it wasn 't her first song , but it was her first number one . Since then , she 's obviously one of the biggest stars in the world . But I never look at it like that 's because of me or something like that . I just look at it like it was amazing to have worked with her at that time , and I would like to work with her again .
Originally , " SOS " was intended to be given to and recorded by former Def Jam Recordings label mate Christina Milian , for her third studio album , So Amazin ' ( 2006 ) , but Milian turned down the song and former Def Jam CEO and chairman L.A. Reid offered the song to Rihanna instead . After the release of So Amazin ' , Milian was dropped from Def Jam due to poor album sales .
= = Production and mixing = =
The background vocals in the song were compressed using a compressor program called Waves Renaissance Compressor , which was used in order to create an enhanced polished effect . In an interview with Sound on Sound , mixing engineer Phil Tan , who carried out the audio mixing on " SOS " , explained that he compressed the background vocals because " SOS " is a " high energy track " , and he wanted the vocals to complement it . Tan also noted that the background vocals were pitch shifted to increase tonal quality and create an enhanced effect during the chorus . The pitch shifting consisted of making the left vocals flat and the right vocals sharp , with varying degrees of delay , and later mixing them together . When asked about the production of the lead vocals , Tan described the song as " a pounding type of song , and the lyrics are a cry for help , so the vocals need to be ' in your face ' , almost aggressive , " and said that he wanted the vocals to remain constant . As with the background vocals , the lead vocals were compressed using the Waves Renaissance Compressor . Tan continued to note that the lack of reverb included on " SOS " was largely due to the fact that being an uptempo song , there was not a lot of room left to add anything else . Tan explained the production process of sampling " Tainted Love " , as well as the changes which were made :
This song uses a stereo two @-@ bar loop from Soft Cell 's song ' Tainted Love ' as its basis . JR played the additional parts with a combination of soft and hardware synths . There were probably 30 to 40 tracks in total . JR tends to give you [ Pro Tools ] Sessions that have a clear direction : there 's not much guesswork . I didn 't change or add much , just a bass drum and taking out the loop a couple of times for additional breaks . There was never any doubt that it was going to be a clubby song , so it had to be very immediate and hard @-@ hitting .
= = Composition = =
" SOS " is an up @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop song . The song includes synth riffs and machine beats as part of its instrumental . The lyrical content of the song is based around the theme of a " boy meets girl " scenario ; Quentin B. Huff of Popmatters provided a synopsis of the lyrical content , writing that " SOS " is a " classic tale of girl @-@ sees @-@ boy , girl @-@ falls @-@ head @-@ over @-@ heels , girl @-@ dreams @-@ of @-@ boy @-@ so @-@ much @-@ she @-@ loses @-@ herself , girl @-@ sings @-@ catchy @-@ pop @-@ song @-@ about @-@ boy , girl @-@ sells @-@ lots @-@ of @-@ records " . The song 's instrumental composition is built around a prominent sample of " Tainted Love " , which was originally written by Ed Cobb in 1965 and popularised by English synthpop duo Soft Cell , when they released their cover version in 1981 .
The use of the ' Tainted Love ' sample was well received by critics . Ruth Jamieson of The Observer commented that the sample was an " outrageously hooky Soft Cell rhythm " . Jazzily Bass of Contactmusic.com complimented the inclusion of the " Tainted Love " sample , describing " SOS " as " superbly infectious " . Bass continued to praise the song for not making the sample too obvious , writing " I was accepting it to sound like every other song that has sampled the hook . " Kelefah Sanneh of The New York Times described the inclusion the " Tainted Love " sample as being " brazen " and " astute " .
= = Release = =
" SOS " was first released in France on March 27 , 2006 , as a physical maxi single . The maxi single included both the radio edit and instrumental versions of " SOS " , as well as the album track " Break It Off " , which features Jamaican reggae singer Sean Paul . In Australia , the song was released to download digitally through the iTunes Store on April 3 , 2006 , with non @-@ single track " Let Me " featuring as the B @-@ side . In the United States , " SOS " was released on April 11 , 2006 , as a CD single . In Germany , the song was released on April 15 , 2006 , also as a physical maxi single . The package consisted of the radio edit and instrumental versions of " SOS " and " Break It Off " , in addition to the music video for " SOS " . In the United Kingdom , " SOS " was released on April 17 , 2006 , as a CD single .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon the release of the album , " SOS " garnered positive reviews from music critics . Bill Lamb of About.com praised the sampling of Cobb 's " Tainted Love " and Rihanna 's vocal performance , with specific regard to her lower register . However , Lamb criticized Rihanna for not displaying any sense of originality . Additionally , Lamb compared Rihanna 's vocal performance in the song to Beyoncé , writing " The echoes of Beyonce in the higher register are weaker . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the sample and noted that " SOS " rivals Rihanna 's debut single " Pon de Replay " ( Music of the Sun , 2005 ) . Despite praising " SOS " , Cinquemani continued to write that it was the only song on A Girl Like Me which displayed a high level of " audacity " . David Jeffries of AllMusic described " SOS " as a " sexy club tune " . Quentin B. Huff of Popmatters was complimentary of the song , writing , " all things considered , ' [ SOS ] ' is a decent song , brimming with energy and perfectly suited to Rihanna ’ s layered vocals . " Rolling Stone called the song " clever pop " and found its melody similar to the work of Destiny 's Child .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " SOS " peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the chart issue dated May 13 , 2006 , leaping 33 positions from the previous week , and became the singer 's first number one single on the Hot 100 . " SOS " experienced a surge in sales the week prior to reaching the summit of the chart , due to Def Jam holding off of releasing the song to digital outlets before the release of A Girl like Me . The song displaced Daniel Powter " s " Bad Day " from number one , which had spent the previous five weeks atop the chart . " SOS " stayed atop the Hot 100 for a further two weeks , spending three consecutive weeks at number one . " SOS " also peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs and Pop Songs charts . The song also peaked at number seven on the Radio Songs chart and peaked at number 40 on the Adult Contemporary chart . On January 7 , 2007 , " SOS " was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies .
In Europe , " SOS " achieved moderate chart success in multiple territories . In Belgium ( Flanders ) , the song debuted at number 18 on April 22 , 2006 , and peaked at number two in its fourth week charting . In Switzerland , " SOS " debuted and peaked at number three on May 21 , 2006 , and stayed inside the top @-@ ten of that countries singles chart for the following nine weeks . In Finland , the song spent two weeks on the countries singles chart ; " SOS " debuted and peaked at number two on April 24 , 2006 , and fell to number 14 to following week . In Norway , " SOS " debuted at number 16 on April 17 , 2006 , and peaked at number three in its third week charting . Elsewhere , the song attained top @-@ five positions on the singles charts of Austria and Belgium ( Wallonia ) , peaking at numbers four and five , respectively . " SOS " attained top @-@ ten positions in The Netherlands and Italy , peaking at numbers six and seven , respectively . The song failed to chart within the top @-@ ten in France and Sweden , peaking at number 12 on both countries singles charts .
In the United Kingdom , " SOS " debuted at number five on April 22 , 2006 . The following week , the song rose to number two , being held off of the number one position by Gnarls Barkley 's " Crazy " . In its third week charting , both " SOS " and " Crazy " retained their respective chart positions . Over the following weeks , " SOS " began to descend down the top @-@ ten of the chart , falling to number five for two weeks , whilst " Crazy " retained its number one position . In Australia , " SOS " debuted at number one on April 30 , 2006 , a position it held for eight consecutive weeks . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number 37 on April 10 , 2006 , and spent the following five weeks fluctuating in the lower region of the top @-@ 40 singles . In its seventh week charting , the song leaped to a peak of number three for two weeks .
= = Music videos = =
" SOS " received two separate treatments for the music video , each serving a different purpose . In addition to the official music video , another version was shot for a Nike campaign . The official music video and Nike versions were directed by Chris Applebaum , who later directed the music video for " Umbrella " ( Good Girl Gone Bad , 2007 ) . These videos was edited by Nabil Mechi from Murex , who later edit the music videos for " Umbrella " and " Rockstar 101 " .
= = = Official music video = = =
The video begins with Rihanna singing the hook while wearing a low cut cut green dress and dancing in front of tropical plants on a beach , whilst singing the hook . Key lighting is used to place emphasis on Rihanna , whilst the backdrop remains virtually dark and unseeable . For the first verse , Rihanna is featured dancing against a plain grey background , wearing a white top and silver glitter mini @-@ skirt , whilst flirtatiously dancing with the male dancer . Halfway through the verse , another scene is introduced , with Rihanna wearing a pink dress in a mirrored room , showing multiple reflections of the singer from different angles . For the first chorus , Rihanna is mainly featured wearing the green dress on the beach , but a new scene of Rihanna wearing black lace is introduced toward the end of the chorus , where she , as well as four male dancers , perform a choreographed dance routine . Scenes of Rihanna in the mirrored room are intercut with the previous scene for the duration of the chorus . For the second verse , a further scene of Rihanna is depicted , this time featuring the scenes performing a dance routine with a group of female dancers , in the same setting as the one at the start of the video . For the second chorus , another scene of the singer sitting on a chair whilst listening to music is shown . For the remainder of the video , including the bridge and final chorus , all scenes featured in the video are intercut with one and other , displaying a total of five different scenes and settings .
= = = Nike version = = =
The video begins with a long shot of a group of dancers who have just finished rehearsing a dance routine . As the dancers walk out of view , Rihanna walks onto the middle of the floor , where the singer turns , and faces the camera , and closes her eyes . Standing still , Rihanna begins to click her fingers , whereby the screen begins to cut between a scene of Rihanna , who is noticeably in a different setting , and black fades . As the song 's audio begins to play , it becomes apparent that the setting has changed from a rehearsal studio into a nightclub , which Rihanna in the centre . The scene is fairly dark with different colour lights projected into different areas of the nightclub , as dancers infiltrate the dance floor surrounding Rihanna . This scene is used for the first verse @-@ chorus @-@ verse part of the song , but changes to a scene of Rihanna , accompanied by several dancers , situated in a gym locker room for the second chorus . For the bridge , the scene changes back to Rihanna in the nightclub , but this time in a different change of attire . This scene is used for the final chorus . The video ends with a close @-@ up of Rihanna in the nightclub standing still as the audio finishes , where she closes her eyes , which prompts the scene to change back to Rihanna in the middle of the rehearsal studio from the beginning of the video , to which she walks out of view of the camera .
= = Accolades = =
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording and sample
Recorded at Bartmitzvah Hall Studios , Century City , California , and Loft Recording Studios , Bronxville , New York .
Contains elements from the composition " Tainted Love " , written by Ed Cobb under Embassy Music Corporation ( BMI ) .
Personnel
Songwriting – J. R. Rotem , Evan " Kidd " Bogart , Ed Cobb
Production – Johnathan " J.R " Rotem
Recording – Johnathan " J.R " Rotem , Al Hemberger
Mixing – Phil Tan
Assistant mixing engineer – Rob Skipworth
Vocal production – Evan Rogers , Carl Sturken
Lead and Background vocals – Rihanna , Evan Rogers
Credits adapted from the liner notes of A Girl Like Me , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Batman : Arkham Knight =
Batman : Arkham Knight is a 2015 action @-@ adventure video game developed by Rocksteady Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . Based on the DC Comics superhero Batman , it is the successor to the 2013 video game Batman : Arkham Origins , and the fourth main installment in the Batman : Arkham series . Arkham Knight was released worldwide on June 23 , 2015 .
Written by Sefton Hill , Ian Ball and Martin Lancaster , Arkham Knight is based on the franchise 's long @-@ running comic book mythos . Set one year after the events of 2011 's Batman : Arkham City , the game 's main storyline follows Batman as he confronts Scarecrow , who has launched an attack on Gotham City , causing a city @-@ wide evacuation . Scarecrow , with the help of the mysterious Arkham Knight , is also able to unite Batman 's greatest foes in an attempt to finally destroy Batman .
The game is presented from a third @-@ person perspective , with a primary focus on Batman 's melee combat , stealth abilities , detective skills , and gadgets . Arkham Knight also introduces the Batmobile as a playable vehicle , which is used for transportation , puzzle solving and combat . The game expands Batman 's arsenal of gadgets and combat attacks and offers a more open world structure , allowing the player to complete side missions away from the primary storyline .
The console versions of Arkham Knight received positive reviews , particularly for its narrative , visuals , gameplay , combat , and world designs , with most criticism given to the emphasis on the Batmobile . The Windows version , however , became the subject of intense criticism due to major performance issues , even on high @-@ end graphics hardware , prompting Warner Bros. to temporarily withdraw that version of the game from sale . Upon its release , the game was the fastest selling game of 2015 , and the fastest selling game in the Arkham series , reaching over 5 million units sold globally by October 2015 . Rocksteady released additional content for the game , including story @-@ driven missions , challenge maps , and skins for Batman and his allies , as well as new Batmobiles from Batman 's history and custom racetracks for them .
= = Gameplay = =
Batman : Arkham Knight is set within Gotham City , which is open to the player from the beginning of the game , allowing them to travel freely anywhere within its boundaries without any loading transitions . Many of the gadgets and the gameplay elements from the previous Arkham games return , including the grapnel gun , line launcher , batarangs , the countering system , Detective Vision and the Remote Hacking Device . The Disruptor receives upgrades from previous games , becoming a rifle that can be used to disable or detonate enemy weapons and drone turrets , booby @-@ trap weapon crates to shock enemies who attempt to arm themselves , and tag vehicles for Batman to track . The remote controlled batarang is similarly upgraded to include a scanner that can be thrown out to gain information on the surrounding area . New gadgets include the Voice Synthesiser , which can be used to imitate other characters ' voices such as Harley Quinn and the Arkham Knight to direct thugs into traps .
The player can fly Batman throughout the city using his cape , with gliding now allowing for faster , longer sustained flights , steeper dives , and higher climbs . Batman can use some gadgets while gliding , such as batarangs or the line @-@ launcher . The grapnel gun can now be used to instantly switch directions during a glide , as well as being fired twice while in the air to chain grappling moves together .
The game 's ' FreeFlow ' combat system allows for basic attacks including strikes , counters , and dodging which can be combined to keep Batman attacking while moving between enemies and avoiding being attacked himself . Basic enemies include enemies armed with shields and shock batons , while others are armed with guns which significantly damage Batman . These enemies can perform a charge and tackle attack only used by larger enemies in previous games ; precision timed dodging , and a batarang can instantly defeat some charging enemies . The system adds the ability to combine attacks on prone enemies without interrupting a combo streak . Batman can counter enemy attacks and throw them into other enemies for increased damage . Batman is also capable of disarming enemies wielding items like baseball bats and using the acquired weapon on several foes before it breaks . Arkham Knight introduces " Dual Play " , in which players can seamlessly switch control of Batman to one of his allies : Robin , Nightwing or Catwoman while in FreeFlow Combat , which the player enters when they have accumulated an uninterrupted combat streak . Each successful , uninterrupted attack adds to the player 's combat score , which carries over between each controlled character and unlocks double @-@ team takedowns on opponents at higher scores .
Arkham Knight introduces enemy medics who can shield enemies in electrified fields and revive unconscious ones , sword @-@ wielding enemies , and brutes who are resistant to damage and must be stunned before they can be attacked ; brutes wielding Gatling guns , tasers , and blades require additional steps to defeat . Enemies are capable of employing tactics to counter Batman 's various skills , including deploying landmines , controlling hovering drones , disabling vents if Batman is found using them , and detecting his location if Batman uses Detective Vision for too long .
Throughout the city , Batman encounters enemy watchtowers , guard posts , aerial drones , and explosive mines embedded in the city streets . Some drones can be hacked and turned against their allies by using the Remote Hacking Device . Arkham Knight introduces the " Fear Takedown " , where Batman can subdue up to five enemies simultaneously as long as he remains undetected ; time is slowed after each takedown , allowing the player to target the next enemy . Hazardous items such as power generators can be used in combat for environmental attacks . Combat is rewarded with experience points , which are used to unlock gadget abilities , combat moves , and health upgrades . Batman can now access grates from afar , allowing him to roll forward and immediately get under the grate if in range instead of having to be right on top of them , while also initiating multiple takedowns from within them . Some enemies carry devices capable of blocking Batman 's Detective Vision .
Arkham Knight features side missions , known as " Most Wanted " missions , which can be attempted at any time and feature prominent characters from the Batman universe . One such character , the Riddler , provides 243 optional " Riddler challenges " to solve . These challenges consist of collecting trophies hidden throughout the city , through the use of gadgets or Batman 's car , the Batmobile , to disable traps and barriers , and completing timed races . The player can mark Riddler trophies on the in @-@ game map once found if they do not initially have the necessary equipment to complete the puzzle , and learn of additional locations for collectables by interrogating the Riddler 's henchmen .
Batman can investigate crimes such as murders , using his Detective Vision to reconstruct the crimes to locate clues and identify the perpetrators , or use his Tissue Scanner to investigate a victim 's skin , muscle , and bones for clues . Completing the story mode unlocks a New Game Plus mode , enabling the player to replay the game with all of the gadgets , experience , abilities , and Riddler collectables that they have obtained . The completion of some tasks is reflected in the Gotham City Police Department , with thugs and supervillains becoming incarcerated , and criminal memorabilia from missions and previous games being collected in the evidence room .
= = = Batmobile = = =
The game introduces the Batmobile as a drivable vehicle . The bulletproof Batmobile can be summoned to the player 's location while on foot or , if the player is airborne , summoned to meet Batman as he lands . The vehicle features the ability to perform jumps , speed boosts , rotate on the spot , smash through objects like barricades and trees , and fire missiles that can immobilize enemy vehicles . Batman can eject from the Batmobile and immediately begin gliding around Gotham City .
Most enemies will run away at the sight of the vehicle , eliminating the need for Batman to fight them , and enemies attacking the car can be subdued by its automated taser defenses . Like Batman , the Batmobile can be upgraded with new abilities . Riddler challenges also feature objectives requiring the Batmobile , such as timed races in tunnels beneath Gotham City , where the environmental obstacles change during each lap , and invisible question marks that must be revealed using the Batmobile 's scanner .
The Batmobile has two modes , which can be switched at any time : Pursuit and Battle . Pursuit is for moving from area to area and completing specific driving challenges . In Battle mode , the Batmobile becomes more tank than car , allowing a full 360 @-@ degree range of movement , including strafing in any direction , while revealing the multiple weapon systems on board , including a Vulcan chain gun for quick damage , a 60mm hypervelocity cannon for fire support , anti @-@ tank guided missiles for wide @-@ ranging damage against multiple targets , and a non @-@ lethal riot suppressor .
Additional upgrades to the vehicle include an EMP device , which releases an electric pulse used to temporarily stun enemy drones ; and the " drone virus " , which allows the player to override the weapon systems of enemy vehicles and cause them to attack each other . The Batmobile can also be controlled remotely , driven in indoor locations , and used in solving the game 's puzzles , such as lowering an inaccessible elevator with its attached winch or obtaining a Riddler trophy . The Batwing is used in conjunction with the Batmobile to deliver upgrades .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Characters = = =
Arkham Knight features a large ensemble cast of characters from the history of Batman comics . The main character is Batman ( Kevin Conroy ) — a superhero trained to the peak of human physical and mental perfection and an expert in martial arts . He is supported by his allies , Robin ( Matthew Mercer ) , Nightwing ( Scott Porter ) , Catwoman ( Grey DeLisle ) , Barbara Gordon ( Ashley Greene ) — who assists Batman covertly as the hacker Oracle , and her father police commissioner James Gordon ( Jonathan Banks ) . Batman 's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth and Wayne Enterprises colleague Lucius Fox ( Dave Fennoy ) provide Batman with tactical support , and the holy warrior Azrael ( Khary Payton ) aims to replace Batman as Gotham 's protector .
Throughout the city , Batman is faced with several supervillains : he must overcome Scarecrow 's ( John Noble ) plot to threaten Gotham City , dismantle the Penguin 's ( Nolan North ) weapon dealing operation , put an end to Two @-@ Face 's ( Troy Baker ) bank heists , conquer the Riddler 's ( Wally Wingert ) challenges , capture the plant @-@ controlling Poison Ivy ( Tasia Valenza ) , and subdue Harley Quinn ( Tara Strong ) , who wants revenge against Batman for the death of the Joker ( Mark Hamill ) , Batman 's psychopathic nemesis .
The game introduces the villain Arkham Knight ( also voiced by Baker ) , a character created specifically for the game by Rocksteady , DC Comics CCO and comic @-@ book writer Geoff Johns , and DC co @-@ publisher and comic artist Jim Lee . The Arkham Knight is a militarized version of Batman , with the " A " logo of the Arkham Asylum facility worn as an emblem on his chest . Other villains include the pyromaniac Firefly , the beastly Man @-@ Bat ( Loren Lester ) , the assassin mercenary Deathstroke , the serial killer Professor Pyg , the religious fanatic Deacon Blackfire , and Hush , who is impersonating Batman 's alter @-@ ego as Bruce Wayne .
Arkham Knight also features appearances by various characters drawn from the history of Batman comics and the previous Arkham games , including : pharmaceutical businessman Simon Stagg , reporters Vicki Vale and Jack Ryder , police officer Aaron Cash , corporate businessman Lex Luthor , crimefighter Kate Kane , serial killer Calendar Man , and mutated gangster Killer Croc , while the game 's downloadable content features appearances by Black Mask , Starro , Mad Hatter , Mr. Freeze , Ra 's al Ghul , Nyssa Raatko , and Nora Fries . The game also makes references to many characters from the history of Batman and DC Comics .
= = = Setting = = =
One year after the death of the Joker during the events of Arkham City , Batman is struggling to come to terms with the absence of his nemesis and the uncomfortable feeling that the pair shared a bond deeper than either could admit . Without the Joker 's chaotic presence , Gotham 's citizens have never felt safer , and crime in the city has dramatically declined . However , this gives Batman 's enemies , including Penguin , Two @-@ Face , and Harley Quinn , a chance to unite with the singular goal of killing Batman .
On Halloween night , Scarecrow threatens the city with his newly created strain of fear toxin and bombs planted throughout Gotham , forcing the evacuation of the city 's six million civilians . Only criminals remain in the city , leaving Commissioner Gordon and the Gotham City Police Department outnumbered . Anticipating a new threat , Batman continues to develop crime @-@ fighting technology and maintains a vigil over the city .
Arkham Knight 's Gotham City is approximately five times the scale of the open @-@ air Arkham City prison in Arkham City . The game takes place in the center of the city , which is split into three islands : Bleake , Founders , and Miagani , with various districts such as the neon @-@ tinged Chinatown , and the industrial shipping yard . Bleake Island features shorter buildings , disheveled areas , and abandoned docks , while Founders Island is a modern development of skyscrapers built on the ruins of Gotham slums , and Miagani Island is an older metropolis with Wayne Tower at its center . Oracle has set up her communications headquarters in the Gotham clock tower , which also houses a makeshift Batcave .
= = = Plot = = =
On Halloween , Scarecrow forces the civilian evacuation of Gotham City after threatening to unleash his potent new fear toxin . Batman tracks Scarecrow to a hideout where he rescues the imprisoned Poison Ivy , who had refused to join Batman 's other rogues in Scarecrow 's plot . Batman meets with Oracle , who identifies Ace Chemicals as the source of Scarecrow 's toxin . Batman investigates the facility but encounters the Arkham Knight and his heavily @-@ armed militia . Batman overcomes the forces and locates Scarecrow , who has transformed the entire building into a toxin bomb . Scarecrow reveals that he has kidnapped Oracle , and exposes Batman to the toxin before escaping . Batman inhibits the bomb 's blast radius before he is confronted by the Joker .
A flashback reveals that before the Joker died , his infected blood was used in blood transfusions , infecting five people including Batman ; Batman , concealing his infection from others , imprisoned the four other recipients who were physically and mentally transforming into the Joker . The Joker , now existing as a mental projection produced by the infected blood and fear toxin , frequently appears to taunt Batman , and manipulate his perception of the world around him . After Batman escapes the exploding Ace Chemicals , he alerts Gordon to Oracle 's kidnapping , who angrily leaves to find Scarecrow .
Batman learns that Scarecrow recruited businessman Simon Stagg to build the " Cloudburst " — a mass dispersal device for the fear toxin . Batman interrogates Stagg and then confronts Scarecrow aboard Stagg 's airship , and a dose of fear toxin allows the Joker to temporarily assume control of Batman 's body while the Arkham Knight extracts the Cloudburst . Recovering , Batman locates Oracle in Scarecrow 's hideout , but when he arrives she is exposed to the fear toxin , and commits suicide in terror . Harley Quinn seizes Batman 's base in the Panessa movie studio to rescue the Joker @-@ ized patients . Batman and Robin capture Harley and the infected , but one of the patients kills the others , before committing suicide , believing that Batman will become the perfect Joker . Realizing that Batman is infected , Robin attempts to imprison him before the Joker takes control , but is instead imprisoned by Batman , who refuses to stop until Scarecrow is caught .
The Arkham Knight activates the Cloudburst , flooding the city with fear toxin . Batman destroys the Cloudburst and convinces Ivy to empower an ancient tree that can neutralize the toxin ; she succeeds and saves Gotham , but the strain kills her , while Batman 's exposure to the toxin strengthens Joker 's control . Batman pursues the Arkham Knight to a construction site to rescue Gordon . The Knight reveals himself as Jason Todd , the previous Robin , who was seemingly murdered by the Joker , and has been left traumatized by torture at the Joker 's hands . Todd blames Batman for abandoning him , and although Batman offers to help Todd recover , he escapes . Batman and Gordon confront Scarecrow on the building 's roof , where Oracle is revealed to be alive , and her suicide the result of a hallucination . Batman rescues Oracle and returns her to the Gotham City Police Department ( GCPD ) , but Scarecrow escapes with Gordon . Using the remaining militia , Scarecrow assaults the GCPD to eliminate Batman 's allies . Batman and Oracle neutralize the militia , but Scarecrow uses the distraction to kidnap Robin .
To save Robin and Gordon , Batman surrenders to Scarecrow and is taken to the ruins of Arkham Asylum . Scarecrow reveals Batman 's secret identity to the world on television , before repeatedly injecting Batman with the fear toxin to break him before the public . Batman and the Joker then battle for control inside Batman 's mind ; Joker attempts to weaken Batman by recounting the people who have suffered and died because of Batman 's crusade , but Batman triumphs and locks the pleading Joker away in his mind forever to be forgotten — the Joker 's only fear . Todd arrives and saves Batman , who subdues Scarecrow with his own fear toxin .
After Batman ensures that Gotham is safe , Gordon dispatches the police to reclaim the streets , and Batman activates the " Knightfall " protocol to protect his loved ones . Surrounded by reporters , Batman returns home to Wayne Manor where he is greeted by Alfred . As the pair enter the manor , it explodes , seemingly killing them both . Gordon , now Gotham 's mayor , prepares to attend Oracle and Robin 's wedding . Elsewhere , two criminals attack a family in an alley but are confronted by a nightmarish silhouette resembling Batman .
= = Development = =
In August 2012 , Paul Dini , writer of the first two games in the Arkham series , said he would not be involved in writing a sequel to Arkham City . He did not write that game 's story @-@ based " Harley Quinn 's Revenge " downloadable content , and said that Warner Bros. and Rocksteady suggested he accept other work if offered . Rocksteady opted to use its own team of writers , headed by game director Sefton Hill and designer Ian Ball , with script elements by Martin Lancaster ; Geoff Johns served as a consultant on the plot .
Arkham Knight was announced in March 2014 , following leaked marketing material at the end of February , with series creators Rocksteady Studios returning to develop the game , following the development of 2013 's Batman : Arkham Origins by WB Games Montréal . Arkham Knight is described as the concluding chapter of the Arkham series from Rocksteady ; they had a finale for the series in mind since the development of Arkham City . Kevin Conroy returns as the voice of Batman , having done so in Arkham Asylum and Arkham City , after stating at the 2013 Dallas Comic Con that he had been working on " the next Arkham " . This statement led to speculation that he would reprise his role as Batman in Arkham Origins , the only Arkham game known to be in development at the time , which was not the case .
Rocksteady decided early on in development to make Arkham Knight only for the then @-@ upcoming next @-@ generation of consoles , which was considered to allow them to focus on using the system resources to their fullest without reining in their ideas to accommodate the older generation systems . The game allows for up to five times the number of on @-@ screen enemies as were possible in Arkham City , and riots can feature up to fifty on @-@ screen enemies interacting with the environment to smash items , and spray graffiti . The technical changes also allowed for cutscenes to be rendered in real time in the game engine , where previous installments had used pre @-@ rendered videos to compensate . Describing the scale of difference between Arkham Knight and earlier games , lead character artist Albert Feliu said that a single character model in Arkham Knight could contain the same amount of polygons used to render the entirety of Arkham Asylum 's environment . Arkham Knight is the first in the series to use the Apex physics simulation engine to have items like cloth , such as Batman 's cape , react realistically to movement or wind . Warner Bros. supported Rocksteady 's concept for the game , but both parties felt that three years was too long to wait between games , so WB Games Montréal was tasked with creating the prequel , Arkham Origins , to fill the gap .
Unlike Arkham Origins , the game does not feature a multiplayer component . As Hill explained , the development team knew the single @-@ player game would take the team 's full effort , with their " focus on making the best single @-@ player experience we can . We [ did not ] feel that it [ needed ] a multiplayer element . Warner Bros. backed that up right at the start . "
= = = Design = = =
Batman 's Batmobile was an aspect of the character that Rocksteady had wanted to include in its other Arkham games , but were limited by technical constraints . The designers , who worked in conjunction with DC , chose to look at their earlier design from Arkham Asylum , instead of models from the history of Batman comics and media , and evolve that to meet the necessary gameplay requirements . The vehicle was designed to integrate with Batman 's on @-@ foot traversal without being a burden ; Hill stated , " We didn 't want it to be like , ' Okay , the Batmobile is so good I 'll just stay in that all the time . ' or ' Batman is so powerful gliding around I won 't be using the Batmobile . ' There 's a definite need to use both of those . " The world 's challenges were set out on the vertical and horizontal plane of the map to discourage players from using only one form of movement , with the Batmobile providing a faster method for moving large distances over gliding . Unlike Arkham Origins , Arkham Knight does not feature a fast travel system as the designers considered traversal to be part of the game , and allowing players to skip that would detract from the experience . Buildings hit by the vehicle suffer cosmetic damage without slowing the car , as it was considered that being impeded by a collision while turning a corner would diminish the power fantasy of driving the Batmobile .
During early development , Rocksteady placed a prototype Batmobile in the existing Arkham City map , and learned that the claustrophobic city designed for Batman to glide and grapple did not work well for driving a vehicle . Gotham City was thus redesigned with wider streets to allow space for the Batmobile and other street traffic to drive without colliding into walls , and buildings were made taller to accommodate the vehicle 's ejection ability . To redesign Gotham City , the designers attempted to build on the previous games ' gothic architecture while making a more believable and dense city . Alongside minor elements like neon lights , billboard advertising , and American @-@ style cars , the team developed ideas for shops that could be found in the city , while retaining a grimy , dystopian theme . Describing the design , Hego said : " every kind of element we 've added in there ... makes the entire experience feel a little out of time . You couldn 't pinpoint whether it 's twenty years ago , now or in ten years time . " The designers valued making an open world that was " rich , vibrant , dense ... and full of interesting things to do " over it just being large .
In writing for Batman , Hill considered that a fundamental aspect of the character was how he interacts with his villains , allies , and the city around him . Hill said : " You know , what does it mean to be Batman ? ... How does it affect Batman when things happen to him ? What is his psychological make up ? Those are the influences behind the game ... you actually delve into the psyche of what makes him what he is , which is where I think so much of the interest in Batman is . " Batman 's armor was redesigned to match that of the Batmobile to make them appear visually similar — featuring the same shapes and material textures — and appear functionally compatible with the high @-@ speed methods in which the character enters and exits the vehicle . The design also added armor over Batman 's shoulders , covering the previously exposed cape , to make it appear more feasible that it could hold Batman 's weight without failing during gliding . For other returning characters , art director David Hego said that the designs were conceived to keep them interesting after players had seen them several times before in previous games , while the game 's autumnal setting also necessitated a change in character clothing over the winter setting of Arkham City . The Penguin lost his long coat , and was made to look dirtier , his clothing showing signs of sweat and food stains , and his head was shaved . For Two @-@ Face , the designers felt the character did not require changing significantly , and instead emphasized existing character traits , particularly his disfigured flesh , using references of burnt flesh as inspiration . Similarly , they wanted to retain the typical Riddler characterizations like green shirts emblazoned with question marks , but instead had the character design evolve throughout the game , modifying his own costume in response to the events of the plot .
= = = Music = = =
Nick Arundel returned to compose the music for the game , having worked on Arkham Asylum and Arkham City previously . Arundel is helped by composer David Buckley , replacing Ron Fish who had worked with Arundel on the previous games . Arundel stated , " One of the good things about doing a sequel , is you get the opportunity to redo [ things you wished you changed ] , to revisit things ... We have a set of material that we want to keep consistent , like the Batman theme ... We wanted to keep [ that ] theme and tailor it more to the story for this game . How can we get the Scarecrow element out of that one theme . " Arundel added that Buckley was willing to work within the music he had already created , as opposed to wanting to add his own personal touch to it . Buckley received Arundel 's work from Arkham Asylum to help create new variations on the chords and melody from the original theme . Volume 1 of the official soundtrack was released from WaterTower Music alongside the game on June 23 , 2015 .
= = Release = =
Batman : Arkham Knight was released on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows on June 23 , 2015 . The game was originally scheduled to be released on October 14 , 2014 , which in turn was delayed to June 2 , 2015 . On the first delay , Rocksteady marketing game manager Guy Perkins stated , " If we didn ’ t give the team more time to do it , then we would be releasing something that we weren ’ t happy with . We want to make sure we ’ re absolutely nailing it 100 % . " A quality assurance tester for the game added , " Getting [ the game ] to work on consoles was impossible for months . That ’ s part of why the game got delayed so many times , [ Rocksteady was ] totally unprepared for how hard it was on next @-@ gen consoles . " In the UK , the Microsoft Windows version is only available as a digital release . Additionally , an OS X and Linux version of the game developed by Feral Interactive was scheduled for release in early 2016 after originally being scheduled to release in late 2015 ; it was cancelled in February 2016 . Feral stated the original delay was to " ensure good performance and wide @-@ ranging support " for the two platforms .
Two Collector 's Edition editions were also announced : the Limited edition contains the game in a Steelbook case , an 80 @-@ page concept art book , an Arkham Knight issue # 0 comic book , alternate costumes for Batman , Robin and Nightwing based on DC Comics ' The New 52 , and a statue of Batman . The Batmobile edition contains the Limited edition items , but replaces the Batman statue with a transformable Batmobile statue . However , on June 17 , consumers who purchased the " Batmobile Collector 's Edition " were notified that the edition had been cancelled due to a quality issue with the Batmobile statue from designer Project Triforce . Consumers were able to receive a refund or have their purchase transferred to another collector 's edition . Two days later , it was revealed that the Limited edition was delayed for release in Europe until mid @-@ July 2015 due to a packaging quality issue . In addition , a Serious Edition Comic Bundle was released , exclusively on Amazon.com. The edition featured the game , the " First Appearance " skin ( based on Batman 's first appearance in Detective Comics # 27 ) , and a limited edition 25th anniversary version of Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , the graphic novel for which the Batman : Arkham series is loosely based . A limited edition PlayStation 4 was also released , featuring a " Steel Gray " console and controller with a custom Batman faceplate .
In February 2015 , it was revealed that Arkham Knight had received a " Mature " rating from the ESRB , rather than the " Teen " ratings previous installments in the franchise held . Sefton Hill and the Rocksteady team were caught off guard by the rating ; Hill explained that they did not create the game with a specific rating in mind , but that " It 's unavoidable that some bad stuff is going to happen . But that doesn 't mean we changed our approach . We 're not including gratuitous blood or swearing . We want to deliver a true end with no compromises , and it takes us to some dark places . " Although he did not elaborate which content in particular triggered the " M " rating , Hill did note that a " ratings analysis " by Warner Bros. indicated that the content of certain " key " scenes in the game could affect its rating . The team decided to maintain the offending content so that it would not " jeopardize " their vision for the game and its thematics . In an in @-@ depth explanation of the game 's content , the ESRB revealed the existence of scenes where players can " shoot unarmed characters and a hostage " , and torture scenes taking place on a " bloody operating table " as well as using a vehicle 's wheel .
Free updates to the game were released to provide fixes and updates to the game , some based on community feedback . These included : a Big Head mode , which makes all characters in the game have disproportionate heads ; a photo mode , which allows players to edit photos taken during gameplay ; the ability to use the original voice cast , with localized subtitles ; and updates to the game 's AR challenges . These included the ability to select all playable characters from the game and its downloadable content ( DLC ) to be used in all combat and predator challenge maps . Previously , each map had predefined character selection ; the addition of a harder difficulty setting on combat challenges ; more round @-@ based challenges as well as interior map locations ; and the removal of the blue wall around the challenges , which players found distracting .
= = = Additional content = = =
Harley Quinn is a playable character via downloadable content ( DLC ) in a story @-@ driven mission , that follows the character as she infiltrates the city of Blüdhaven to assault the police station and rescue her partner @-@ in @-@ crime Poison Ivy . Jason Todd as Red Hood is also a playable character via downloadable content in a story @-@ driven mission , in which Red Hood goes up against Black Mask . The " WayneTech Booster Pack " provides the player with four upgrades for Batman and the Batmobile on the onset , as opposed to earning them by progressing through the game . The " Scarecrow Nightmare " DLC , exclusive to the PlayStation 4 , depicts a Gotham City that has succumbed to the Scarecrow 's fear gas transforming it into a twisted nightmare image of itself , overseen by a towering Scarecrow and his undead army .
Additional content was made available via the game 's season pass , which includes story @-@ driven missions ; challenge maps for Batman and his allies ; new Batmobiles from Batman 's history and custom racetracks for them ; skins for Batman and his allies ; and all pre @-@ order retailer content once their timed exclusivity expired in August and September 2015 . The story @-@ driven missions include " The Season of Infamy " , new " Most Wanted " missions played through the main game , where the player as Batman goes up against " legendary super @-@ villains invading Gotham City , with new story arcs , missions and gameplay features " , and " Arkham Episodes " , where players control Batman 's allies in short story missions that take place before and after the events of Arkham Knight to further expand their narratives .
" Batgirl : A Matter of Family " , which was developed by WB Games Montréal , is an " Arkham Episode " featuring Barbara Gordon as Batgirl set before the events of Arkham Asylum . Set in the Seagate Amusement Park , a nautical theme park built on top of an oil rig , Batgirl teams up with Robin to save her father , Commissioner Gordon , who has been kidnapped by the Joker and Harley Quinn . The content carries over the Dual Play function and hacking ability , which allows Batgirl to take down enemies , control objects , and solve puzzles . Design producer Justin Vazquez said , " Hacking is really what separates her from the other characters ... Our intention was that Batgirl should be less powerful than Batman , but that Batgirl plus hacking could give her opportunities to do things that not even Batman can pull off . " The content was released on July 14 , 2015 , for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , with the Windows release on October 28 , 2015 .
Additional content released in August 2015 included : the " 1989 Movie Batmobile " pack , which includes a skin based on the suit worn by Michael Keaton from Batman , the Batmobile from the film , and two racetracks based on the film and its sequel , Batman Returns ; the " Bat @-@ family Skins " pack , which includes six character skins based on alternate timelines ; and content previously released as pre @-@ order bonuses . For September 2015 , Rocksteady released two " Crime Fighter Challenge Packs " , featuring 11 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters and one for the Batmobile ; the " 2008 Tumbler Batmobile " pack , which included the Tumbler Batmobile and two racetracks based on The Dark Knight ; the Arkham Asylum skin for Batman ; and " GCPD Lockdown " , an " Arkham Episode " for Nightwing set after the events of Arkham Knight , in which Nightwing must stop the Penguin from breaking out of the GCPD .
For October 2015 , the additional content included : a third " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , featuring 6 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters and the Batmobile ; the " Batman Classic TV Series Batmobile " pack , which includes the 1960s TV series Batmobile , skins for Catwoman and Robin based on the series , and two racetracks inspired by the series ; and a 1970s Batman @-@ themed Batmobile skin . For November 2015 , Rocksteady released the " 2016 Batman v Superman Batmobile " pack , which included a skin based on the suit worn by Ben Affleck in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and the Batmobile from the film ; the " Wayne Tech " pack , with two Batmobile racetracks ; " Catwoman 's Revenge " , an " Arkham Episode " for Catwoman set after the events of the main game , in which Catwoman gets her revenge on the Riddler . The pack also included two challenge maps ; " A Flip of a Coin " , an " Arkham Episode " for Robin set after the events of the main game , in which Robin hunts down Two @-@ Face . The pack also included two challenge maps ; challenge maps for " GCPD Lockdown " ; the original Tim Drake skin for Robin , and a Robin @-@ themed and Riddler @-@ themed Batmobile skins ; and a fourth " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , featuring 6 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters .
The final month of additional content release , December 2015 , saw the release of the Christian Bale Batsuit from The Dark Knight , due to a multitude of fan requests since it was not featured in the Tumbler pack in September 2015 ; the original Arkham Asylum Batmobile ; a fifth " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , featuring 6 AR combat and predator challenges for all playable characters ; a skin for Harley Quinn based on her classic look and the Arkham Knight skin for Red Hood ; a Rocksteady @-@ themed Batmobile skin ; a Batman : Noël skin ; and four " Season of Infamy " missions , which see Mad Hatter playing sinister mind @-@ games with Batman , with members of the GCPD caught in the middle ; Killer Croc escaping from his maximum security cell and wreaking havoc on a crashed airship ; the League of Assassins returning to Gotham City in order to restore Ra 's al Ghul 's health ; and Mister Freeze returning to Gotham City , where the Arkham Knight 's militia kidnaps Freeze 's wife Nora in exchange for his help capturing Batman . The " Season of Infamy " missions add new areas to the main game , including a new wing at the GCPD and the interior of Elliot General Hospital , new enemies such as assassins from the League of Assassins , and new gameplay mechanics .
In January 2016 , Rocksteady released a sixth " Crime Fighter Challenge Pack " , originally named the " Community Challenge Pack " in response to players ' help in providing feedback to get the Windows version fixed and for submitting requests for the challenge maps in the pack . Include in the pack were five challenge maps from previous Arkham games , a combat map for " Crime Alley " from Arkham Knight and an " endless wave " predator map , " Endless Knight " . The returning predator maps include " Wayne Manor Main Hall " and " Batcave " from Arkham City and " Sanatorium , Medical Facility " from Arkham Asylum , while the combat maps include " Iceberg Lounge " and " Monarch Theatre " from Arkham City . The pack was released on Windows a week before coming to consoles . A skin based on Batman Incorporated was also released in the month .
A number of alternate outfits and designs were made available for Batman , Robin , Nightwing , Catwoman and the Batmobile . Batman 's skins include designs worn in the 1960s TV series ; Justice League 3000 ; Batman Beyond ; The Dark Knight Returns ; the " First Appearance " design ; The New 52 ; Flashpoint ; Batman : Gotham Knight ( Anime Batman ) ; Earth 2 ; Arkham Origins ; " Iconic Grey and Black " ; 1970s Batman ; the 1989 film ; Zur @-@ En @-@ Arrh ; Arkham Asylum ; The Dark Knight film ; Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ; Batman : Noël ; and Batman Incorporated . Robin 's skins include designs based on The New 52 ; One Year Later ; the 1960s TV series ; and the original Tim Drake design . Nightwing 's skins include designs based on The New 52 ; and Arkham City . Catwoman 's skins include designs based on the 1990s Catwoman , and the 1960s TV series . Harley Quinn and Red Hood have skins based on her classic look and the Arkham Knight uniform , respectively , available to players who have access to the characters . Designs for the standard Batmobile include ones based on the 1960s TV series ; a prototype version ; 1970s Batman @-@ themed ; Robin @-@ themed ; Riddler @-@ themed ; and Rocksteady @-@ themed .
All @-@ new , drivable Batmobiles include : the 1989 film , Tumbler , 1960s TV series , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , and the original Arkham Asylum Batmobiles . These Batmobiles do not feature a tank mode and can only be used in the main game after all tanks have been eliminated and on certain additional Batmobile challenge maps . In terms of design , the 1989 film and 1960 TV series ones are longer and narrower with better handling than the standard Arkham Knight Batmobile . Racetracks for the Batmobile include two based on Batman and Batman Returns ; two based on The Dark Knight ; two based on the 1960s TV series ; and two WayneTech tracks .
= = = Marketing = = =
The game was originally scheduled to be released during Batman 's 75th Anniversary celebration in 2014 , and as a result , DC presented the " Cape / Cowl / Create " art exhibit in London in June 2014 , and at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in July 2014 . The exhibit featured contemporary artists painting on a cape and cowl designed by Asher Levine and based on the batsuit from the game . In May 2015 , a life @-@ size replica of the Batmobile from the game , designed by West Coast Customs , was on display at MCM London Comic Con. Starting on May 8 , 2015 , until the release of the game , Rocksteady released weekly behind @-@ the @-@ scenes videos called " Arkham Insider " , featuring Rocksteady staff describing various aspects of Arkham Knight 's gameplay as well as answering fan questions . " Arkham Insider " returned in August 2015 to highlight the monthly DLC releases , with the series running until December 2015 over a total of 11 episodes . Various products were developed based on the game including clothing , hats , calendars , posters , headphones , and " The Riddler 's Gambit " , a 320 @-@ page novel written by Alexander C. Irvine , that serves as a prequel to the story of Arkham Knight and follows Batman 's conflict with the Riddler .
= = = Comics = = =
In December 2014 , a prequel digital @-@ first comic was announced , written by Peter J. Tomasi , with art by Viktor Bogdanovic and Art Thibert , and covers by Dan Panosian . The comic picks up after the events of Arkham City and was released digitally in February 2015 , with the first print release featuring a collection of the digital issues in March 2015 . Tomasi said the comic has " contained arcs , but there ’ s an over @-@ arcing story that [ goes ] right to the launch of the game and beyond . " A novelization of the game , written by comic book writer Marv Wolfman , was released alongside the game . In April 2015 , a second comic , Batman : Arkham Knight – Genesis , was announced centered around the origin of the Arkham Knight . The six @-@ issue monthly miniseries , written once again by Tomasi with art by Alisson Borges , was released starting in August 2015 .
= = Reception = =
Aggregating review website Metacritic calculated an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 89 reviews for the PlayStation 4 version , 85 out of 100 based on 16 reviews for the Xbox One version , and 70 out of 100 based on 14 reviews for the Microsoft Windows version .
Dan Stapleton of IGN rated the game a score of 9 @.@ 2 out of 10 , praising the graphics , gameplay variety , detail of the open world , the voice acting performances ( particularly of Kevin Conroy as Batman and John Noble as Scarecrow ) and the overall improvement in the combat and predator systems . He criticized the Batmobile 's Battle mode as " weird " and " about as un @-@ Batman an activity as [ he could ] imagine , " as well as the difficulty of managing the vehicle 's default controls , though praised the tank battles as " good fun " . Polygon 's Justin McElroy , giving the game a 10 out of 10 , stating that the game " ticks all the boxes for the fourth entry in a AAA franchise . " He lauded the intricacy and intuition of the game 's puzzles , noting how they make the players think on a significantly higher level than past entries in the series , calling the game " nothing short of revolutionary " and " the best game of this console generation . " Steve Tilley of The Toronto Sun deemed the game " fantastic , if a little formulaic " . He felt it a satisfying and appropriately large @-@ scale conclusion to Rocksteady 's Arkham games , praising the surprises in the plot , as well as the graphics , combat , and the Batmobile 's range of abilities .
Andrew Reiner of Game Informer awarded Arkham Knight a 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 , calling it a " narrative juggernaut " with " the mother of all plot twists . " He described the game 's Gotham City as " a beautifully realized playground for Batman " , highlighting the distinctive boroughs and added that the Batmobile " packs a satisfying punch " with its cannon , with additional praise to the Riddler racetracks and game variety . He felt though , that the combat was somewhat easier than previous games , most notably due to the game 's " Dual Play " mechanic . Simon Miller , writing for VideoGamer.com , gave the game a 10 out 10 score and called it " the best Batman game ever made and a classic in its own right ; " a " masterpiece " . Despite the perfect score , Miller did name the Batmobile as one of the game 's faults , though lauded the " rush of adrenaline " invoked while driving the car through the streets of the city .
Eurogamer 's Dan Whitehead recommended the game , giving high praise to the detail of the open world and the characterization of Batman , but again criticizing the Batmobile 's battle mode feature as one of the weaker aspects of the game . GamesTM gave Arkham Knight a 9 out of 10 , praising the game for functioning without the presence of the Joker , and praising the story for its intimacy and inviting , epic @-@ scale nature . The Batmobile gameplay was described as " thrilling " , though the " least immersive " part of the game . The " Dual Play " elements were also hailed as the best aspect of the game in addition to their involvement with the Riddler challenges . Chris Carter of Destructoid , conversely was heavily critical of the Riddler challenges and their requirement for the game 's full ending , finding many to be " tedious " while others lacked any resemblance of actual riddles , such as the breakable objects . He felt that the puzzles driven by intuition were the better elements of the mission .
Kevin VanOrd , writing for GameSpot , awarded the game a 7 out of 10 , praising the game 's " terrific " amount of variety , its improvement of past games ' elements , the cleverness of the game 's puzzles , and the " Dual Play " mechanics . VanOrd reacted positively to the segments involving the Batmobile 's Battle mode , calling it a " delight " , and called the vehicle 's driving " slick and satisfying " . However , VanOrd found fault with some of the game 's logic , particularly the clash between Batman 's no @-@ kill rule and the Batmobile 's significant predilection for destruction . He also noted how the story 's thematic elements and repeated metaphors became exhaustingly redundant , mentioning its " ham @-@ fisted storytelling " and describing the game overall as " only as good as the world allows it to be . " Sam Roberts from GamesRadar noted the game 's satisfying cinematic value , particularly moments in which it felt like Batman : The Animated Series . However , Roberts did reserve some criticisms , calling some of the Batmobile 's additions " slippery " and deemed it a " mixed affair " ; the campaign was described as full of " generally wonky storytelling , sometimes hammy dialogue and unconvincing duo of primary villains . " Roberts praised the " gorgeous " open world and its side missions as " almost universally fantastic " , finding fault with the Firefly missions among others . The Riddler 's Batmobile racetracks were considered " beyond silly , " though he still commended the character for his increased involvement in the story .
Additionally , Stapleton and Paul Tassi of Forbes both took issue to Rocksteady 's marketing of the Arkham Knight as an original character , as the moniker was original but the character in the role was not . Stapleton felt the problem was that the marketing for the character indicated it was a " big mystery " to his identity , but any " moderately knowledgeable Batman fan could reasonably " deduce the identity : " We all already knew who the Arkham Knight was ; we were just hoping it wasn ’ t true because we wanted the original story we ’ d been promised . " Tassi criticized Rocksteady for promising a new character and insisting the identity " would shock and amaze us all " when it turned out to essentially be " a renamed and recostumed version of a character that has already existed for years . "
= = = Additional content = = =
Carter was critical of the Harley Quinn and Red Hood story packs , both originally pre @-@ order bonuses before being released as purchasable DLC . Carter called both " painfully " and " disgustingly " short , respectively , with the Harley pack lasting around 30 minutes , and the Red Hood around 10 minutes . He added that he expected more from the downloadable content , hoping additional " Arkham Stories " would feature more content .
For the " Batgirl : A Matter of Family " story pack , Stapleton offered a mixed reaction , giving the DLC a 6 @.@ 3 out of 10 , praising the unique design and atmosphere of the theme park setting , and also commenting positively on the story , the variation in combat , Batgirl 's character design , and Mark Hamill 's performance as the Joker . A prominent concern , however , was the short length of the campaign and lack of replay value aside from the rather simple collectables found around the map . He added , " worse , there ’ s no new AR challenge map where you can play as Batgirl , which means her great @-@ looking character model is trapped in this single piece of story content . Considering Arkham Knight is fairly stingy in the challenge map department , that ’ s another big missed opportunity . " Reiner felt the pack would only be of value to players who enjoy the Arkham story , stating , " Developer WB Montreal can be commended for creating a wonderfully realized version of Batgirl , who is resourceful and capable of striking fear into Joker 's henchmen , but the mission she embarks on lacks creativity and ranks among the Arkham series ' worst . " He did , however , praise the side story involving Edward Burke , the person who built the amusement park where the story takes place , calling it " twisted and dark " and shedding " new light on one of the series ' mainstays . "
Aoife Wilson of Eurogamer was critical of Batgirl 's characterization , calling it a " bland , no @-@ frills reading of the character , to be frank , which focuses on her familial connections rather than her youthful exuberance . " Wilson also lamented that the emphasis on Batgirl 's hacking abilities proved to be no more than a simple extension of Arkham Knight 's remote hacking environmental puzzles . She offered words similar to Stapleton 's on how the lack of additional challenge maps confines the Batgirl character model to only the DLC . Wilson was skeptical as to whether the future season pass DLC would be worth purchasing unless there was an increase in production value and a real introduction to new gadgets and gameplay variety . Carter gave the DLC a 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 , reacting positively to the confinement to the " good bits " of Arkham Knight , more specifically the lack of the Batmobile and an emphasis on puzzle @-@ solving - he also compared it favorably to the Harley Quinn and Red Hood story packs towards which he previously gave negative reviews . In contrast to Stapleton , Carter felt that not many of the environments were particularly memorable , and also felt the length was sufficient compared to the game 's previous story packs . Carter pointed out that a benefit to the game would be a free @-@ roaming option involving the downloadable characters . Meanwhile , Erik Kain of Forbes felt that the DLC should have been provided free of charge , remarking on the campaign 's shortness and calling it " straightforward " and " lackluster " . He also criticized Warner Bros. for their marketing campaign with Arkham Knight and its DLC , commenting on their sacrificing quality over quantity to continuously charge customers for rather mediocre content .
Carter awarded the " Season of Infamy " content a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 . He felt that the Mad Hatter mission was " the weakest link in the chain , " calling it " a neat concept but it 's so fleeting that I barely had time to digest it . " For Killer Croc 's , Carter said the mission was " a predictable storyline " since Killer Croc is generally portrayed as a " one @-@ dimensional " foe , though " [ i ] t works better than Mad Hatter 's portion ... because most of it isn 't comprised of re @-@ used environments , and there is a nice brief reunion with Nightwing . " Speaking of the Mister Freeze mission , Carter called the exploration of Freeze 's relationship with his wife Nora " compelling " and enjoyed the fact it was the only " Season of Infamy " mission to feature a predator challenge . Additionally , he added that the Batmobile sequence had " more of a reason to exist than most of the ones in the campaign . " Finally , Carter called the Ra 's al Ghul mission " the other highlight of the pack " and felt the choice the mission gave players at the end was " pretty interesting " . He also added the setting of Elliot General Hospital was a good way to highlight Hush 's family legacy since his " part in [ the main game ] was extremely disappointing " .
= = = Technical issues on Windows version = = =
The Windows version of the game was poorly received , with criticism aimed mostly at the technical issues present at the time of the game 's release , ultimately leading to sales being suspended . On June 23 , 2015 , the launch day for Arkham Knight , thousands of users reported major technical flaws and performance problems with the Windows version of the game , with some saying it seemed like the optimization phase of the game 's development was skipped . Steam users immediately wrote scathing reviews of the game 's performance , including reports of frame rate being capped at 30 frames per second ( which could be raised , though with potential side effects ) and dropping as low as 10 frames per second while gliding or using the Batmobile .
Even high @-@ end graphics cards such as Nvidia 's GeForce GTX 970 were unable to handle the game well , with users reporting frequent frame rate dips and stutters . Nvidia and AMD released new device drivers optimized for the game in an attempt to address the performance issues , with Steam " strongly recommending " their download . The developer , Rocksteady , issued a statement saying they were aware of the issues and were " working closely with [ their ] external PC development partner " , Iron Galaxy Studios , to resolve them .
On June 24 , 2015 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment announced that it would suspend sales of the Windows version of Arkham Knight in order to work on addressing the performance issues to satisfy the company 's quality standards . They also offered refunds for anyone who already purchased the game . Three days later , a patch was released which fixed some crash @-@ causing problems . Rocksteady noted that they were continuing to focus on the frame rate problem , the low @-@ resolution texture , and overall performance problems , among other issues needing fixes . In early July 2015 , Kotaku reported that Warner Bros. were aware of the issues on the Windows version , with their sources stating they chose to ship the game as it was , " not to maniacally screw over customers — but because they believed it was good enough . " Kotaku Australia additionally reported that the issues would not be fixed until at least September 2015 , and that all stock retail versions were being recalled . By the middle of July , Warner Bros. announced they were " targeting an interim patch update for existing players to be released in August . "
On August 21 , 2015 , Warner Bros. revealed the first interim patch was being tested , with a hope " to issue the patch in the next few weeks . " The patch addresses frame rate hitches , optimization for graphics cards , the ability to change the max frames per second to 30 , 60 , and 90 , additional granular settings for motion blur , film grain , and chromatic aberration , more texture options , and other settings , and a problem with the game running on mechanical hard drives versus solid state . Lesser priorities intended to be covered include the photo mode and downloadable content . The patch was released on September 4 , 2015 . Rocksteady and Warner Bros. announced that the game would be available for sale again on October 28 , 2015 , along with a patch updating the game to include all previously released DLC and content updates , except console exclusives . After the game was made available again , it was still criticized for lingering technical issues , resulting in Warner Bros. offering full refunds for the game as well as the game 's season pass until the end of 2015 , regardless of how long the game was owned . Warner Bros. also stated they would continue to address issues with the Windows version for those who chose to keep the game .
= = = Sales = = =
Batman : Arkham Knight was the highest selling game for June 2015 , became the fastest selling game of 2015 , beating the record previously held by The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt , the second best selling game of 2015 behind Mortal Kombat X , and the fastest selling game of the Arkham franchise . The PlayStation 4 sales were the highest for a single SKU across any Batman game since the NPD Group began tracking the industry . By October 2015 , the game had sold over 5 million units globally .
= = = Accolades = = =
Batman : Arkham Knight received Game Informer 's award for Best Action Game seen at E3 2014 in June 2014 . It also received IGN 's Best Xbox One Game for their E3 2014 awards , while becoming runner up for Game of Show and Best PlayStation 4 Game . The 2014 Game Critics Awards awarded Arkham Knight as the Best Action / Adventure Game , while nominating it for Best of Show and Best Console Game . At the 2014 Golden Joystick Awards , Arkham Knight was nominated for Most Wanted game . In December 2014 , the UK publication MCV reported that Arkham Knight was the most anticipated title for the region 's retailers , ahead of Halo 5 : Guardians , Evolve , The Order : 1886 , and Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End .
The game received five nominations for Golden Joystick Awards , including : Best Storytelling , Best Visual Design , Best Audio , Best Gaming Moment for the " return " of the Joker , and Game of the Year . Mark Hamill also received a nomination for Performance of the Year for voicing the Joker . The game also received two nominations for The Game Awards 2015 , including Best Art Direction and Best Action / Adventure Game , while Hamill received a nomination for Best Performance for voicing the Joker .
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= Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna =
Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna is the debut extended play ( EP ) by the cast of the musical television series Glee . It contains eight songs from the season one Glee episode , " The Power of Madonna " , which was a tribute episode dedicated to American recording artist Madonna . She had sold the rights to her entire catalog of music to Glee in 2009 , and producers of the show developed the episode called " The Power of Madonna " ; the show featured a number of cover versions of Madonna 's songs by the cast . The accompanying EP released with the airing of the show was called Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna .
After its release , it received generally positive reviews from the critics , who frequently cited Glee 's cover version of Madonna 's " Like a Prayer " as a stand @-@ out track from the album . The EP debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart , with 98 @,@ 000 copies in the first week in the United States , the highest debut for a Glee soundtrack . It also reached the top of the chart in Canada , and the top ten in Australia , Ireland and the United Kingdom . The release of the EP saw an increase in the catalog sales of Madonna 's albums too . All songs from The Power of Madonna were released as singles with the exception of " Burning Up " . " Like a Prayer " charted highest in all regions , reaching number 27 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and selling 87 @,@ 000 digital downloads there .
= = Background = =
In 2009 , Madonna granted Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music , and the producers planned an episode which would feature Madonna songs exclusively . Series creator Ryan Murphy had worked with Madonna in the past , and wished to produce a Glee tribute to her . Madonna agreed and " cooperated in every way possible " , for the episode " The Power of Madonna " . The episode featured the show 's fictional glee club director Will Schuester , portrayed by actor Matthew Morrison , assigning the students in the club to sing Madonna songs because the girls were being subjected to sexist treatment by the boys ; he hoped the entire glee club would learn from the messages of girl @-@ power and equality in such Madonna songs as " Express Yourself " .
Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna , an extended play ( EP ) containing studio recordings of songs performed in the episode , was released on April 20 , 2010 . Its tracklist encompasses " Express Yourself " , a mash @-@ up of " Borderline " and " Open Your Heart " , " Vogue " , " Like a Virgin , " 4 Minutes " , " What It Feels Like for a Girl " , and " Like a Prayer " . The iTunes edition featured a bonus track , " Burning Up " , which was not performed in the episode . Although they were not performed by the show 's cast , Madonna 's " Ray of Light " , " Burning Up " , " Justify My Love " , and " Frozen " were also used as backing tracks in the episode .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The album has received generally positive reviews from critics . Fraser McAlpine of the BBC wrote : " At its best , it 's a loving homage ; at worst it 's like the re @-@ made pop music retailers play in shops to avoid paying proper royalties . " He felt that : " As they are essentially photocopies of the originals , the songs depend on the context of the show to make sense . So listening to the album on musical merits alone is close to pointless . " AllMusic 's Andrew Leahey rated the album 3 @.@ 5 / 5 , writing : " It 's a short release , but it also holds its ground against the two albums that preceded it , namely because the material is so compatible with the show itself . Madonna 's music has always thrived on drama , and it lends itself well to Glee 's theater @-@ pop approach , which tends to bring out the cheese in even the most serious of songs . " Nick Levine of Digital Spy rated the EP 4 / 5 , praising the " imaginative reworking " of " What It Feels Like For a Girl " , and noting : " if the Glee treatment encourages a few younger pop fans to invest in Madonna 's stellar recent hits collection , it can only be viewed as a good thing . And for those in the know , hearing five members of this thoroughly likable cast trilling " Like A Virgin " in harmony is so downright gleeful , well , it 's almost like being touched for the very first time . "
Sahar Ghosh from Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer felt that the best songs on the EP were " What It Feels Like for a Girl " and " Like a Prayer " , saying that " the lyrics Madonna sang in 2001 [ for ' What It Feels Like for a Girl ' ] still ( unfortunately ) ring true today , but they acquire a new poignancy as they are sung by the boys in Glee Club . [ ... ] But the best performance of the album is definitely ' Like a Prayer ' . The talented voices of the Glee cast , backed by a full choir , masterfully carry the lyrics to greater heights . " Mikael Wood from Entertainment Weekly gave it an " A " rating , explaining " Sue hilariously revises the spoken @-@ word bit on ' Vogue ' , and the Glee guys give a surprisingly tender reading of ' What It Feels Like for a Girl ' . Go ahead — open your heart . " David Hiltbrand from Star Tribune gave a negative review of the EP saying that " things go downhill as soon as Jane Lynch starts camping up the spoken portion of ' Vogue ' . By the time you get to ' Like a Virgin ' and ' 4 Minutes ' , the songs sound overproduced and melodramatic , more show tune than disco . "
= = = Commercial performance = = =
In its first week of release in the United States , Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna reached number one on the Billboard 200 , with 98 @,@ 000 copies sold . It became the first album by the Glee cast to debut at the top of the chart , also the first number one album consisting totally of covers of one artist 's songs , since the all @-@ ABBA Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack reigned for a week in August 2008 . According to Nielsen SoundScan , 75 percent of the sales were due to digital downloads from online stores . It was also the Top Digital and Top Soundtrack album of the week . The release of the EP also had its impact on Madonna 's own catalog . Her Celebration greatest hits album re @-@ entered Billboard 200 at number 86 with sales of 6 @,@ 000 ( up 219 % ) . Her total catalog of albums saw a 44 % jump in sales , selling 17 @,@ 000 that week . Her digital song download tally also got a boost with total tracks sold being 108 @,@ 000 , up 169 % compared to the week previous ( 40 @,@ 000 ) . Her two biggest @-@ selling songs of the week were " 4 Minutes " and " Like a Prayer " — each selling 12 @,@ 000 with gains of 183 % and 267 % , respectively .
In Canada , the album debuted at the top of the Canadian Albums Chart , with sales of 23 @,@ 000 according to Nielsen SoundScan . In Australia , the EP debuted at number 14 on the Australian Albums Chart . After two weeks it reached a peak of number 10 , and was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart . In Belgium 's Wallonia region and in the Netherlands , the EP charted at the lower strata of the chart . It was more successful in Mexico , where it debuted at number 47 on the Mexican Albums Chart , and reached a peak of 34 , the next week , staying on the chart for a total of eight weeks . After its release in United Kingdom , Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna entered The Official UK Albums Chart at number four . However , it had sharp drops for the next weeks , and was present for a total of eight weeks . In Ireland the EP debuted at number 22 on the Albums Chart , and moved to its peak of number five the next week .
= = Singles = =
All songs on the EP , apart from the bonus track , were also released as singles , available for digital download . Among the releases , Glee 's version of " Like a Prayer " became the highest selling song of the bunch . It sold 87 @,@ 000 copies of digital downloads to enter the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 10 , also charting on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 27 . " Like a Prayer " also charted at number 27 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and number 28 in Australia . " Like a Prayer " was also successful in the United Kingdom , where it reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart , and was present for four weeks . Other songs charting there included " 4 Minutes " , " Like a Virgin " and " Borderline / Open Your Heart " at positions 42 , 58 and 66 respectively .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted as per Allmusic credit notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Sonic Adventure 2 =
Sonic Adventure 2 ( ソニックアドベンチャー2 ( ツー ) , Sonikku Adobenchā Tsū ) is a 2001 video game developed by Sonic Team USA and published by Sega for the Dreamcast as part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series . It was released as the last Sonic game for a Sega console after the company decided to leave the console hardware business . A port for the Nintendo GameCube , Sonic Adventure 2 Battle , was first released in Japan in December 2001 , with new content . The game was later released digitally for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows in 2012 .
The sequel to Sonic Adventure , Adventure 2 features two good @-@ vs.-evil stories : a hero story of Sonic the Hedgehog , Miles " Tails " Prower and Knuckles the Echidna as they attempt to save the world , and a dark story following Shadow the Hedgehog , Doctor Eggman and Rouge the Bat in their attempt to conquer it . The stories are divided into three gameplay styles : traditional , fast @-@ paced platforming for Sonic and Shadow ; multi @-@ directional shooting for Tails and Eggman ; and action @-@ exploration for Knuckles and Rouge . The game also includes an extensive Chao @-@ raising system .
Sonic Adventure 2 was announced in October 1999 and exhibited at E3 2000 . The game 's development took 18 months , and it was designed to be faster @-@ paced and more action @-@ oriented than the original Adventure . Its scenery was influenced by U.S. locations such as San Francisco and Yosemite National Park . Adventure 2 received critical acclaim , with critics praising its gameplay variety , visuals and music but criticizing its camera , voice acting and plot . Although critical enthusiasm had waned by the release of Battle , this version sold over 1 @.@ 44 million copies and the game as a whole received a number of accolades .
= = Gameplay = =
Sonic Adventure 2 is a 3D game with six playable characters , divided into two campaigns : Hero ( with Sonic , Tails and Knuckles , where the player battles to save the world ) and Dark ( with Shadow , Eggman and Rouge , where they battle to conquer it ) . Each character on each side has a playing style similar to the other characters on the side . The player moves through the Hero and Dark campaigns , switching between them at will . Each campaign cycles through levels of its three characters , telling different sides of the story . Levels have a variety of themes ( such as cities , jungles , desert pyramids and outer space ) , with some followed by boss fights . Completing both the Hero and Dark campaigns unlocks a Last Story with all six characters , culminating in a final boss fight .
Sonic and Shadow play fast @-@ paced levels , emphasizing platforming and gameplay . Their homing attack can lock onto robots created by Eggman and G.U.N. , and they can grind on rails . Tails ' and Eggman 's levels are slower and oriented towards multi @-@ directional shooting ; they are confined to mechs in which they can jump short heights , hover and shoot enemies . Knuckles ' and Rouge 's levels are open and feature action @-@ adventure gameplay with treasure hunting ; in each level , they must find three shards of the Master Emerald . Their search is guided by radar and puzzle @-@ based clues from harmless robots . Knuckles and Rouge can glide , defeat enemies with punches and kicks and scale walls , digging into them to find power @-@ ups .
Adventure 2 has the health system found in many other Sonic games . The player collects rings scattered throughout the levels ; being hit by an enemy while holding rings causes the player to drop them all , while being hit without rings causes them to lose a life . Tails and Eggman have the customary health bar , which is slowly refilled by collecting rings . Dying with no lives results in a game over screen . The characters are aided by occasional upgrades ; in one , Sonic and Shadow can bounce up and down to reach higher areas and in another , Knuckles and Rouge can kick powerfully enough to break certain containers . Chaos Drives can be used with the player 's Chao ( small , anthropomorphic animals ) .
Separate from the main campaigns , the player can raise Chao as virtual pets . They have five attributes ( Swim , Fly , Run , Power and Stamina ) and a moral continuum from Hero to Dark . From the moment they hatch their stats can be increased with Chaos Drives , empowering them to compete in karate and racing minigames . Their alignment gradually changes , based on their affection for a characters ; for example , a Chao which likes Tails will gradually become more heroic . Playing with Chao increases affection , and when a Chao becomes fully Hero or Dark it assumes that form permanently . Although Chao eventually die , if they received enough affection during their lives they reincarnate .
Adventure 2 has 180 emblems , earned for a variety of tasks . Each level has five missions ; only the first is required to continue the campaign , and other missions include completing a harder version of a level and collecting 100 rings . The player earns emblems by completing missions and other tasks , many related to Chao raising . Collecting all the emblems unlocks a 3D version of the Green Hill Zone from the original Sonic the Hedgehog .
The game has several two @-@ player modes . Players may race on foot through new ( or altered ) levels , have shoot- ' em @-@ up battles in mechs , hunt for Master Emerald shards or race in go @-@ karts . A few characters are playable in these modes , but not in the main game ; Tikal and Chaos from the original Sonic Adventure is playable in the treasure @-@ hunting game , as are Amy and Metal Sonic in the foot @-@ racing levels .
= = Plot = =
After learning about a secret weapon from the diary of his late grandfather , Professor Gerald Robotnik , Eggman infiltrates a high @-@ security G.U.N. facility to find it , and uses a Chaos Emerald to free it . This weapon , a black hedgehog and self @-@ proclaimed " Ultimate Life Form " named Shadow , offers to help Eggman take over the world , telling him to rendezvous at the abandoned Space Colony ARK with more Chaos Emeralds . Shadow then goes to Central City , where he steals a second Emerald and encounters some soldiers of the military group G.U.N. He flashes back to the death of a girl , Maria , who begs him to fulfill an unspecified promise he interprets as one of revenge . Shadow blasts through the military force and meets Sonic , who the military mistook for Shadow . After a brief confrontation , Shadow escapes and G.U.N. arrests Sonic .
Knuckles and Rouge are fighting over the Master Emerald , when Eggman suddenly grabs the Master Emerald with a large claw , and begins to fly off in his Eggmobile . After Knuckles leaps into the air , shattering the Emerald to prevent this , he looks for the scattered shards . Rouge intends to collect the shards for herself , but - as a government spy - she also must spy on Eggman . This mission leads her to Eggman 's base and , eventually , the ARK . On board , Shadow shows Eggman a superweapon known as the Eclipse Cannon , also created by Gerald Robotnik . Shadow discloses the plan : to charge the Eclipse Cannon with Chaos Emeralds and use it to take over the world . Rouge appears and feigns her allegiance to Shadow and Eggman , offering them a third Emerald to gain their trust .
Tails and Amy infiltrate G.U.N. ' s island base and rescue Sonic , while Eggman , Shadow and Rouge collect three more Emeralds on the island before blowing it up . Eggman broadcasts his threat around the world , demonstrating the cannon 's power by destroying half of the Moon . Sonic , Tails , Amy and Knuckles use their Chaos Emerald to track down the other six . They infiltrate Eggman 's base , boarding his shuttle as it launches into space . Knuckles ' Emerald shards are spilled along the way , and he leaves to collect them . He again meets and fights Rouge , but when he saves her from falling into a lava pit , she surrenders her shards and Knuckles restores the Master Emerald .
On the ARK , Tails reveals that he has designed a counterfeit Chaos Emerald to reverse the energy fields of the real ones . Just as Sonic is about to put the fake Emerald into the cannon , Eggman tells him that he has captured Tails and Amy , forcing him to return with the Chaos Emerald and rescue them . Sonic tries to trick Eggman with the fake Emerald , but Eggman traps and jettisons him in an escape pod rigged with explosives . Using the fake , Sonic performs Chaos Control and escapes ; Tails , thinking Sonic is dead , defeats Eggman , but Eggman sneaks away with the real Emerald when Tails is distracted . Rouge hacks into the ARK 's computers for information on the Ultimate Life Form project , suggesting Shadow is not the Ultimate Life Form , and attempts to retake the other Emeralds , but is caught and found out by Shadow before he is sent to stop Sonic from reaching the Eclipse Cannon . Sonic defeats Shadow and uses the fake Emerald to destroy the Cannon .
When Eggman loads the last Emerald into the cannon and tries to fire it at full power , the ARK begins falling toward Earth and a recorded message from Gerald Robotnik , Eggman 's grandfather , is broadcast worldwide : he programmed the ARK to inevitably collide with Earth , destroying it in revenge against humanity . His diary reveals that this hatred began when the government condemned his research and killed a number of his colleagues , along with his granddaughter Maria , in an attempt to shut the ARK down , and he programmed his Ultimate Life Form , Shadow , to carry out his plan of revenge . Eggman determines that the Emeralds ' energy is making the ARK fall , and everyone works to access the cannon 's core and neutralize it .
Shadow declines to help the others , but Amy urges him to help , making him remember Maria 's real request : for him to help mankind . With this knowledge , he races for the core , where Sonic and Knuckles encounter the Biolizard , the prototype of the Ultimate Life Form . Shadow arrives and holds it at bay , allowing Knuckles to deactivate the Chaos Emeralds using the Master Emerald . The Biolizard then uses Chaos Control to fuse with the cannon , becoming the Finalhazard and continuing the ARK 's collision course .
Sonic and Shadow use the Chaos Emeralds to transform into their super forms , Super Sonic and Super Shadow , defeating the Finalhazard and using Chaos Control to teleport the ARK into a stable orbit around Earth . This depletes Shadow 's energy and he plummets to Earth , content that he has fulfilled his promise to Maria , and is presumed dead . As the people of Earth celebrate , the teams reflect on what has happened ; as they leave the station , Sonic bids Shadow a final farewell by saying " Sayonara , Shadow the Hedgehog . " .
= = Development = =
Sonic Adventure 2 was developed by Sonic Team USA , the now @-@ defunct U.S. division of Sonic Team , and published by Sega . The game , directed by longtime series contributor Takashi Iizuka , was developed over an 18 @-@ month period beginning shortly after the release of the American version of Sonic Adventure in 1999 . It was designed to be more action @-@ oriented than the slower @-@ paced , more story @-@ driven Adventure . The development team ran the game at 60 frames per second with " tempo " , giving Sonic a variety of actions rather than focusing on speed alone . Its levels facilitated this flow , making Sonic seem faster than he was .
For the game 's levels and environments the developers were inspired by San Francisco ( their headquarters ) and other American locations , such as Yosemite National Park ( where they vacationed during its development ) and the San Francisco Bay Area . Compared to Adventure , the sequel was intended to have " more of an American flavor " . Although the game 's level design prioritized the frame rate , it was more streamlined than Adventure because of the team 's experience with Dreamcast hardware .
Iizuka described the Chao as a " relative neutral entity " in Sonic Adventure . In the sequel the developers expanded the creatures ' presence , adding the ability to raise " Hero " and " Dark " Chao to reflect the conflict between good and evil . For the same reason , all six playable characters have roughly equal gameplay time ( unlike Adventure , where Big the Cat 's and E @-@ 102 Gamma 's stories were short ) . In Adventure 2 Chao have the ability to socialize , so they resemble a " real artificial life form . "
Sega announced a follow @-@ up to Sonic Adventure and a spinoff ( which would become Sonic Shuffle ) on October 4 , 1999 . The newly named Sonic Adventure 2 appeared at E3 2000 , with Sonic Team adding video shown there to its website on June 30 . Sonic Team posted a trailer and a number of screenshots on May 30 , 2001 , with Sega promoting Sonic Adventure 2 as the last Sonic game for the Dreamcast and as marking the series ' 10th anniversary . Sega held a 10th @-@ anniversary party for Sonic in June 2001 , at which attendees could compete in a battle tournament ; the winner played against Iizuka .
= = = Music = = =
Jun Senoue returned as lead composer and sound director for Adventure 2 , with assistance from Fumie Kumatani , Tomoya Ohtani , and Kenichi Tokoi . The soundtrack is primarily melodic rock , with some hip @-@ hop and orchestral tracks . As in Adventure , each character has a musical theme . The game features performances by returning vocalists Tony Harnell , Ted Poley , Marlon Saunders , Nikki Gregoroff and Johnny Gioeli , and new vocalists Tabitha Fair , Todd Cooper , Paul Shortino , Everett Bradley , Kaz Silver and Hunnid @-@ P. Crush 40 ( consisting of Senoue and Gioeli ) debuted on the game 's main theme , " Live & Learn " .
Several soundtrack albums for the game were released . Sonic Adventure 2 Multi @-@ Dimensional Original Soundtrack was released in Japan by Marvelous Entertainment on September 5 , 2001 . Sonic Adventure 2 Vocals Collection : Cuts Unleashed ( ソニックアドベンチャー2 カッツ ・ アンリッシュド ヴォーカル ・ コレクション ) , with character theme tracks by Senoue and Tokoi , was released by MMV in Japan on August 21 , 2001 . For the twentieth anniversary of the Sonic series , Sonic Adventure 2 Original Soundtrack 20th Anniversary Edition was released on iTunes on June 22 , 2011 . On October 29 , 2014 , a two volume original soundtrack was also released on iTunes .
= = Alternate versions and releases = =
= = = GameCube port = = =
A Nintendo GameCube port , Sonic Adventure 2 Battle ( ソニックアドベンチャー2 バトル ) — the first game in the series for a Nintendo console — was released on December 20 , 2001 in Japan , February 11 , 2002 in North America , and May 3 , 2002 in PAL regions . This port upgraded much of the Chao @-@ raising system , with a Chao 's stats viewable within the game . A player can transfer one Chao from Sonic Adventure 2 : Battle to the Tiny Chao Garden section in Sonic Advance , Sonic Advance 2 , and Sonic Pinball Party with the GameCube @-@ Game Boy Advance link cable . If a Game Boy Advance is connected without a GBA game inserted , a version of the Tiny Chao Garden can be copied temporarily into the Game Boy Advance 's memory . This version also introduced the Chao Karate feature . The Battle multiplayer options were expanded in the GameCube version , including new abilities and upgrades to multiplayer @-@ exclusive characters and removing online play . One character , Big the Cat , was replaced by a Dark Chao in multiplayer mode . Battle also has more detailed textures and additional scenery .
= = = Downloadable re @-@ releases = = =
Sonic Adventure 2 was re @-@ released in high @-@ definition video , with additional content from the Battle edition available as downloadable content . This version was released on the PlayStation Network in North America on October 2 , 2012 , in Europe on October 3 , 2012 and in Japan on October 4 , 2012 . It was released worldwide on the Xbox Live Arcade on October 5 , 2012 and on Microsoft Windows via Steam on November 19 , 2012 .
= = Reception = =
Sonic Adventure 2 received critical acclaim , with scores of 89 percent and 83 @.@ 3 percent from review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings . Critics appreciated the game 's multiple playing styles . According to Edge and reviewer Four @-@ Eyed Dragon of GamePro , the core game 's three styles and bonus features such as Chao gardens made the game engaging to play . Johnny Liu of Game Revolution praised its replay value of multiple playing styles and 180 different goals . Anthony Chau of IGN called it " one of the best Sonic games ever " : " If this is the last Sonic game in these declining Dreamcast years , it 's satisfying to know that the DC didn 't go out with a bang , but with a sonic boom . "
Shahed Ahmed of GameSpot criticized Adventure 2 's camera for the " cardinal sin " of 3D platformers : forcing a player to jump to an out @-@ of @-@ frame platform . Ahmed wrote that although a player can re @-@ orient the camera with the trigger buttons , it reverts when the character moves . According to Chau and Liu , camera issues were absent in Tails ' and Eggman 's levels and insignificant in Sonic 's and Shadow 's , but searching for Emerald shards and items in cramped sections of Knuckles ' and Rouge 's levels was frustrating . Edge found camera problems permeating the game , with no significant improvement from Adventure .
Liu called the graphics " sweet , sweet eye @-@ crack " . Four @-@ Eyed Dragon wrote : " Sonic [ Adventure ] 2 is simply jaw @-@ dropping beautiful " , citing its detailed backgrounds and scenery and the playable characters ' and enemies ' extensive color palettes . According to Chau , the game had " some of the best textures ever seen " and was one of the most beautiful Dreamcast games . Edge was impressed by the texture detail and draw distance , and Chau , Liu and Ahmed praised its 60 @-@ frame @-@ per @-@ second rendering speed .
According to Ahmed , the game 's music was a step up from Adventure 's " campy glam @-@ rock and J @-@ pop soundtrack " , with less emphasis on lyrics , and Liu appreciated its more " understated " approach . Four @-@ Eyed Dragon called Adventure 2 's music " an eclectic mix of orchestrated masterpieces , guitar tunes , and melodic hip @-@ hop voices gracefully fill the game 's ambiance to a perfect pitch . " Reaction to the voice acting was mixed ; although Ahmed said " The voice acting , and the lip @-@ synching in particular , is executed quite well " , Liu and Chau thought the English voices were inferior to the Japanese ones .
Ahmed criticized Adventure 2 's plot : " Throughout the game the plot becomes more and more scattered and lackluster " , not focusing long enough on one element to execute it meaningfully . Although Liu agreed that despite the game 's ambitious scope and themes it failed to advance the series ' core plot beyond the Sega Genesis Sonic games , Edge appreciated the story 's presentation from both perspectives : hero and villain .
Despite high review scores for the Dreamcast version and the GameCube version six months later , Battle received poorer reviews : respective Metacritic and GameRankings scores of 73 percent and 72 @.@ 33 percent . Critics generally felt that although the game was still enjoyable , it was not significantly improved from the Dreamcast original . However , Shane Bettenhausen of GameSpy saw Battle as noticeably superior ; in addition to its upgrades , its action was better suited to the GameCube 's controller than the Dreamcast 's . The game sold almost 50 @,@ 000 copies in its first week in Japan and 1 @.@ 44 million copies in the United States by December 2007 , making it one of the best @-@ selling GameCube versions .
Sonic Adventure 2 received several accolades , including the 2001 IGN 's Editors ' Choice Award . ScrewAttack called it the fifth @-@ best Dreamcast game , and GamesRadar rated it the tenth @-@ greatest Dreamcast game out of 25 : " Despite trailing off significantly in recent years , the 3D side of the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise had a surprisingly stellar start with the Sonic Adventure entries , and the 2001 sequel really amped up the action " . In February 2014 , IGN 's Luke Karmali called Battle his tenth @-@ favorite game of all time .
= = Legacy = =
Shadow and Rouge , who debuted in Adventure 2 , have become recurring characters in the Sonic franchise . With new character E @-@ 123 Omega they were Team Dark ( a playable character team ) in 2003 's Sonic Heroes , the follow @-@ up to Adventure 2 . Shadow 's own game , Shadow the Hedgehog ( 2005 ) , expands many of Adventure 2 's plot points and has a similar 3D platforming gameplay style .
With a few modifications , the plots of Adventure and Adventure 2 were used in the second season of the anime Sonic X ( 2003 – 06 ) . Although the American licensing corporation 4Kids Entertainment hired a new voice cast for the English version , the Japanese cast of the games reprised their original roles .
Sonic Generations ( 2011 ) , released for the series ' twentieth anniversary , contains gameplay elements and levels from Sonic games . Elements from Sonic Adventure 2 included remakes of the City Escape stage in the console versions and the Radical Highway stage in the Nintendo 3DS version . Both versions include a remade boss fight with Shadow , in which he battles Sonic on the Space Colony Ark , and the Biolizard boss is recreated in the 3DS version .
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= Chinese corvette Yangwu =
Yangwu ( Chinese : 揚武 ; also Yang @-@ wu or Yang Woo ) was a wooden corvette built for the Imperial Chinese Navy . She was built in 1872 at the Foochow Arsenal , and was the largest ship built there from the shipbuilding programme of 1868 – 75 . During her early career , she was used as a training ship and under the command of English captains . She later saw action in the Battle of Fuzhou in 1884 , the opening action of the Sino @-@ French War , where she acted as the flagship of the Fujian Fleet . Shortly after the start of the battle , she was damaged by a spar torpedo , causing a large explosion and the loss of the majority of her crew ; she was sunk shortly afterwards by enemy fire .
= = Design = =
Yangwu was a unique showpiece at the Foochow Arsenal . She was 190 feet 2 inches ( 57 @.@ 96 m ) long overall , had a beam of 36 feet ( 11 m ) and an average draft of 16 feet 65 inches ( 6 @.@ 53 m ) . She displaced 1 @,@ 393 long tons ( 1 @,@ 415 t ) . The propulsion system consisted of a 250 @-@ horsepower ( 190 kW ) steam engine , built by John Inglis and Company , equipped with four boilers and a retractable funnel . Her engines produced a cruising speed of 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) .
Yangwu was armed with a battery of four 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) 70 @-@ pounder guns on each side , and two further mounted as chase guns at the bow and stern . These were each built by the British firm Armstrong 's . A further 6 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 170 mm ) 150 @-@ pounder at amidships and two 24 @-@ pounder long guns rounded out her armament . She was equipped with two gunpowder magazines , located at fore and aft .
= = Construction and career = =
Yangwu was a wooden corvette , built at the Foochow Navy Yard and launched on April 23 , 1872 . She was the seventh vessel built as part of a larger shipbuilding program at the Foochow Arsenal , and cost 254 @,@ 000 taels ( 353 @,@ 000 silver dollars ) for her construction . She was the largest warship built between 1868 – 75 out of the 19 vessels planned . The shipyard was overseen by Imperial commissioner Shen Baozhen but led by staff from Western nations , who advised the Chinese to continue building wooden @-@ hulled ships despite them being made obsolete by the construction of ironclads by those nations . Chinese officials would later blame the French , in particular Prosper Giquel , for purposely providing them with out @-@ of @-@ date equipment and designs .
After being launched in 1872 , she served as a training vessel from 1875 in the South China Sea , making at least one journey to Japan . Yangwu was equipped with a classroom for the training of Chinese midshipmen and officers . At the time of a report in the Shanghai Courier in June 1876 , there were 30 such sailors under tuition . She had been recently commanded by the Captain Tracey , an Englishman , but he had been recalled to the Royal Navy and promoted to Post @-@ captain . He was replaced with his fellow countryman , Captain Luxmore . There were two further English members of the crew , both officers , while the rest were Chinese .
During the summer of 1876 , Yangwu visited the Australian colonies , and later in the year the Chinese ambassadors to Great Britain , Kwoh Song Tao and Liu @-@ Si @-@ hung , visited Yangwu via mail steamer in December while she was in Singapore . Following the visit , she sailed to Manila . When she arrived in February 1877 , an accident occurred as the crew were preparing a gun salute for her entrance to the harbour . As the crewman loaded the charge into one of the guns , it detonated , throwing him from the ship and killing him . The crewman was subsequently buried in the city . Yangwu proved to be a spectacle for the inhabitants of the city , particularly the Chinese , some of whom had sailed out to greet her arrival in small boats and others who watched her from the mound on which the lighthouse sat overlooking the bay .
On June 23 , 1884 , as tensions were rising between the French Empire and Imperial China , Yangwu was part of the Chinese fleet at Chefoo ( now known as Yantai ) which met with a French squadron comprising two cruisers and a sloop . During the course of the meeting , the French demonstrated the firepower of their cruisers , which were nearly two and a half times the size of Yangwu , which in turn was the largest of the Chinese vessels . During the demonstration , the French showed they could hit targets more than 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 yd ) away . Afterwards , Yangwu headed to the naval yard at Foochow ( now Fuzhow ) , while the remaining Chinese ships steamed to the port of Tianjin .
= = = Battle of Fuzhou = = =
On August 9 , 1884 , French naval forces attacked and captured Keelung on the island of Formosa in response to Chinese involvement in the Tonkin Campaign and specifically the Bắc Lệ ambush . Shortly afterwards , a French Squadron under Rear Admiral Amédée Courbet comprising the cruisers Duguay @-@ Trouin , Villars , and d 'Estaing along with a number of smaller vessels , was sent up the Min River to attack the arsenal at Fuzhou . As they travelled upriver , the Chinese declared war on the French , officially marking the start of the Sino @-@ French War .
Yangwu led the Fujian Fleet protecting Fuzhou under the command of Captain Chang Cheng , which otherwise comprised three sloops in addition to a variety of gunboats , transports , launches and war junks . The Royal Navy and US Navy vessels in the port made certain to anchor a distance away from where the engagement was expected to take place . The vessels faced off for several days before the French forces made their attack , as they were awaiting reinforcement by the ironclad Triomphante . They planned to attack just before 2pm on August 23 , with two torpedo boats tasked with engaging Yangwu and the gunboat Fusheng on the first signal .
Just prior to 2pm on August 23 , the attack began after a broadside from the gunboat Zhenwei at the French gunboat Lynx . This was the signal for the small boats to move forward , and some 27 seconds later a massive explosion erupted from Yangwu . Boat No. 46 had impacted with her spar torpedo just below the waterline amidships . The detonation was so large that only fifteen of the crew survived and it was claimed that bodies launched into the air were found on the rooftops of houses over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away , although this was later considered to be an outlandish claim . The number of survivors was likewise questioned by eyewitnesses on board USS Enterprise , as the official report claimed that the senior officers survived whereas the witnesses suggested that the only possible survivors would have been those who threw themselves into the river prior to the explosion .
A report appeared following the battle of an interview with Mr. Yung , who claimed to have survived the Yangwu explosion having been stationed at the stern of the vessel . He explained that the ship had returned fire to the French cruiser Volta before being hit by the spar torpedo , and orders were given to continue firing after the explosion . Fire from Hotchkiss guns on French vessels made this difficult . But , despite this Yangwu disabled the other torpedo boat . The Captain handed Yung a floatation device and decided that the junior crew member should jump first , with the Captain following . As he swam away , Yung saw the Captain helping an engineer who had suffered severe burns but shortly afterwards the fore gunpowder magazine detonated , destroying the rest of the ship .
The wreck of Yangwu drifted as the French fired on her as she caught fire and sank . The victory of the French forces at Fuzhou was decisive , with losses estimated either at six or 12 personnel with 27 missing . The Chinese losses were far greater , at 521 killed , 150 wounded and a large number missing after the battle . The bombardment of the arsenal lasted for two days before the French ships headed back down the river , destroying any forts they encountered on the way .
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= USS Monitor =
The USS Monitor was an iron @-@ hulled steamship . Built during the American Civil War , she was the first ironclad warship commissioned by the Union Navy . Monitor is most famous for her central role in the Battle of Hampton Roads on 9 March 1862 , where , under the command of Lieutenant John Worden , she fought the casemate ironclad CSS Virginia ( built on the hull of the former steam frigate USS Merrimack ) to a standstill . The unique design of the ship , distinguished by its revolving turret which was designed by American inventor Theodore Timby , was quickly duplicated and established the Monitor type of warship .
The remainder of the ship was designed by the Swedish @-@ born engineer and inventor John Ericsson and hurriedly built in Brooklyn in only 101 days . Monitor presented a new concept in ship design and employed a variety of new inventions and innovations in ship building that caught the attention of the world . The impetus to build Monitor was prompted by the news that the Confederates were building an ironclad warship , named Virginia , that could effectively engage the Union ships blockading Hampton Roads and the James River leading to Richmond and ultimately advance on Washington , D. C. and other cities , virtually unchallenged . Before Monitor could reach Hampton Roads , the Confederate ironclad had destroyed the sail frigates USS Cumberland and USS Congress and had run the steam frigate USS Minnesota aground . That night Monitor arrived and the following morning , just before Virginia was about to finish off Minnesota , the new Union ironclad confronted the Confederate ship , preventing her from wreaking further destruction on the wooden Union ships . A four @-@ hour battle ensued , both ships pounding the other with close @-@ range cannon fire , although neither ship could destroy or seriously damage the other . This was the first @-@ ever battle fought between two armored warships and marked a turning point in naval warfare .
After the Confederates were forced to destroy Virginia as they withdrew in early May , Monitor sailed up the James River to support the Union Army during the Peninsula Campaign . The ship participated in the Battle of Drewry 's Bluff later that month and remained in the area giving support to General McClellan 's forces on land until she was ordered to join the blockaders off North Carolina in December . On her way there she foundered while under tow , during a storm off Cape Hatteras on the last day of the year . Monitor 's wreck was discovered in 1973 and has been partially salvaged . Her guns , gun turret , engine and other relics are on display at the Mariners ' Museum in Newport News , Virginia .
= = Conception = =
While the concept of ships protected by armor existed before the advent of the ironclad Monitor , the need for iron plating on ships only arose after the shell @-@ firing cannon was introduced to naval warfare in the 1820s . The use of heavy iron plating on the sides of warships was not practical until steam propulsion matured enough to carry its great weight . Developments in gun technology had progressed by the 1840s so that no practical thickness of wood could withstand the power of a shell . In response , the United States began construction in 1854 of a steam @-@ powered ironclad warship , the Stevens Battery , but work was delayed and the designer , Robert Stevens , died in 1856 , stalling further work . Since there was no pressing need for such a ship at the time , there was little demand to continue work on the unfinished vessel . It was France that introduced the first operational armored ships as well as the first shell guns and rifled cannons . Experience during the Crimean War of 1854 – 55 showed that armored ships could withstand repeated hits without significant damage when French ironclad floating batteries defeated Russian coastal fortifications during the Battle of Kinburn . Ericsson claimed to have sent the French Emperor Napoléon III a proposal for a monitor @-@ type design , with a gun turret , in September 1854 , but no record of any such submission could be found in the archives of the French Ministry of the Navy ( Ministre de la Marine ) when they were searched by naval historian James Phinney Baxter III . The French followed those ships with the first ocean @-@ going ironclad , the armored frigate Gloire in 1859 , and the British responded with HMS Warrior .
The Union Navy 's attitude towards ironclads changed quickly when it was learned that the Confederates were converting the captured USS Merrimack to an ironclad at the naval shipyard in Norfolk , Virginia . Subsequently the urgency of Monitor 's completion and deployment to Hampton Roads was driven by fears of what the Confederate ironclad , now renamed Virginia , would be capable of doing , not only to Union ships but to cities along the coast and riverfronts . Northern newspapers published daily accounts of the Confederates ' progress in converting the Merrimack to an ironclad ; this prompted the Union Navy to complete and deploy Monitor as soon as possible .
Word of Merrimack 's reconstruction and conversion was confirmed in the North in late February 1862 when Mary Louveste of Norfolk , a freed slave who worked as a housekeeper for one of the Confederate engineers working on Merrimack , made her way through Confederate lines with news that the Confederates were building an ironclad warship . Concealed in her dress was a message from a Union sympathizer who worked in the Navy Yard warning that the former Merrimack , renamed Virginia by the Confederates , was nearing completion . Upon her arrival in Washington Mary managed to meet with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles and informed him that the Confederates were nearing the completion of their ironclad , which surprised Welles . Convinced by the papers Mary was carrying he had production of Monitor sped up . Welles later recorded in his memoirs that Mrs. Louveste encountered no small risk in bringing this information ...
= = Approval = =
After the United States received word of the construction of Virginia , Congress appropriated $ 1 @.@ 5 million on 3 August 1861 to build one or more armored steamships . It also ordered the creation of a board to inquire into the various designs proposed for armored ships . The Union Navy advertised for proposals for " iron @-@ clad steam vessels of war " on 7 August and Welles appointed three senior officers as the Ironclad Board the following day . Their task was to " examine plans for the completion of iron @-@ clad vessels " and consider its costs .
Ericsson originally made no submission to the board , but became involved when Cornelius Bushnell , the sponsor of the proposal that became the armored sloop USS Galena , needed to have his design reviewed by a naval constructor . The board required a guarantee from Bushnell that his ship would float despite the weight of its armor and Cornelius H. DeLamater of New York City recommended that Bushnell consult with his friend Ericsson . The two first met on 9 September and again on the following day , after Ericsson had time to evaluate Galena 's design . During this second meeting Ericsson showed Bushnell a model of his own design , the future Monitor , derived from his 1854 design . Bushnell got Ericsson 's permission to show the model to Welles , who told Bushnell to show it to the board . Upon review of Ericsson 's unusual design , the board was skeptical , concerned that such a vessel would not float , especially in rough seas , and rejected the proposal of a completely iron laden ship . President Lincoln , who had also examined the design , overruled them . Ericsson assured the board his ship would float exclaiming , " The sea shall ride over her and she shall live in it like a duck " . On 15 September , after further deliberations , the board accepted Ericsson 's proposal . The Ironclad Board evaluated 17 different designs , but recommended only three for procurement on 16 September , including Ericsson 's Monitor design .
The three ironclad ships selected differed substantially in design and degree of risk . Monitor was the most innovative design by virtue of its low freeboard , shallow @-@ draft iron hull , and total dependence on steam power . The riskiest element of its design was its rotating gun turret , something that had not previously been tested by any navy . Ericsson 's guarantee of delivery in 100 days proved to be decisive in choosing his design despite the risk involved .
= = Design and description = =
Monitor was an unusual vessel in almost every respect and was sometimes sarcastically described by the press and other critics as " Ericsson 's folly " , " cheesebox on a raft " and the " Yankee cheesebox " . The most prominent feature on the vessel was a large cylindrical gun turret mounted amidships above the low @-@ freeboard upper hull , also called the " raft " . This extended well past the sides of the lower , more traditionally shaped hull . A small armored pilot house was fitted on the upper deck towards the bow , however , its position prevented Monitor from firing her guns straight forward . One of Ericsson 's prime goals in designing the ship was to present the smallest possible target to enemy gunfire . The ship was 179 feet ( 54 @.@ 6 m ) long overall , had a beam of 41 feet 6 inches ( 12 @.@ 6 m ) and had a maximum draft of 10 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) . Monitor had a tonnage of 776 tons burthen and displaced 987 long tons ( 1 @,@ 003 t ) . Her crew consisted of 49 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was powered by a single @-@ cylinder horizontal vibrating @-@ lever steam engine , also designed by Ericsson , which drove a 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) propeller , whose shaft was nine inches in diameter . The engine used steam generated by two horizontal fire @-@ tube boilers at a maximum pressure of 40 psi ( 276 kPa ; 3 kgf / cm2 ) . The 320 @-@ indicated @-@ horsepower ( 240 kW ) engine was designed to give the ship a top speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) , but Monitor was 1 – 2 knots ( 1 @.@ 9 – 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 3 mph ) slower in service . The engine had a bore of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) and a stroke of 22 inches ( 559 mm ) . The ship carried 100 long tons ( 100 t ) of coal . Ventilation for the vessel was supplied by two centrifugal blowers near the stern , each of which was powered by 6 @-@ horsepower ( 4 @.@ 5 kW ) steam engine . One fan circulated air throughout the ship , but the other one forced air through the boilers , which depended on this forced draught . Leather belts connected the blowers to their engines and they would stretch when wet , often disabling the fans and boilers . The ship 's pumps were steam operated and water would accumulate in the ship if the pumps could not get enough steam to work .
Monitor 's turret measured 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in diameter and 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) high , constructed with 8 inches ( 20 cm ) of armor ( 11 inches in front at the gun ports ) rendering the overall vessel somewhat top heavy . Its rounded shape helped to deflect cannon shot . A pair of donkey engines rotated the turret through a set of gears ; a full rotation was made in 22 @.@ 5 seconds during testing on 9 February 1862 . Fine control of the turret proved to be difficult as the engine would have to be placed in reverse if the turret overshot its mark or another full rotation could be made . The only way to see out of the turret was through the gun ports ; when the guns were not in use , or withdrawn for reloading during battle , heavy iron port stoppers would swing down into place to close the gunports . Including the guns , the turret weighed approximately 160 long tons ( 163 t ) ; the entire weight rested on an iron spindle that had to be jacked up using a wedge before the turret could rotate . The spindle was 9 inches ( 23 cm ) in diameter which gave it ten times the strength needed in preventing the turret from sliding sideways . When not in use , the turret rested on a brass ring on the deck that was intended to form a watertight seal . In service , however , this proved to leak heavily , despite caulking by the crew . The gap between the turret and the deck proved to be a problem as debris and shell fragments entered the gap and jammed the turrets of several Passaic @-@ class monitors , which used the same turret design , during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863 . Direct hits at the turret with heavy shot also had the potential to bend the spindle , which could also jam the turret . To gain access to the turret from below , or to hoist up powder and shot during battle , the turret had to rotate facing directly to starboard , which would line up the entry hatch in the floor of the turret with an opening in the deck below . The roof of the turret was lightly built to facilitate any needed exchange of the ship 's guns and to improve ventilation , with only gravity holding the roof plates in place .
The turret was intended to mount a pair of 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore Dahlgren guns , but they were not ready in time and 11 @-@ inch ( 280 mm ) guns were substituted . Each gun weighed approximately 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) . Monitor 's guns used the standard propellant charge of 15 pounds ( 6 @.@ 8 kg ) specified by the 1860 ordnance for targets " distant " , " near " , and " ordinary " , established by the gun 's designer Dahlgren himself . They could fire a 136 @-@ pound ( 61 @.@ 7 kg ) round shot or shell up to a range of 3 @,@ 650 yards ( 3 @,@ 340 m ) at an elevation of + 15 ° .
The top of the armored deck was only about 18 inches ( 460 mm ) above the waterline . It was protected by two layers of 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ inch ( 13 mm ) wrought iron armor . The sides of the " raft " consisted of three to five layers of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) iron plates , backed by about 30 inches ( 762 mm ) of pine and oak . Three of the plates extended the full 60 @-@ inch ( 1 @,@ 524 mm ) height of the side , but the two innermost plates did not extend all the way down . Ericsson originally intended to use either six 1 @-@ inch plates or a single outer 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) plate backed by three 3 ⁄ 4 @-@ inch ( 19 mm ) plates , but the thicker plate required too much time to roll . The two innermost plates were riveted together while the outer plates were bolted to the inner ones . A ninth plate , only 3 ⁄ 4 inch ( 19 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) wide , was bolted over the butt joints of the innermost layer of armor . Glass portholes in the deck provided natural light for the interior of the ship ; in action these were covered by iron plates .
After the duel between the two ironclads at Hampton Roads there was concern by some Navy officials who witnessed the battle that Monitor 's design might allow for easy boarding by the Confederates . In a letter dated 27 April 1862 Lieutenant Commander O.C. Badger wrote to Lieutenant H. A. Wise , Assistant Inspector of Ordnance , advising the use of " liquid fire " , scalding water from the boiler through hoses and pipes , sprayed out via the vents and pilothouse window , to repel enemy boarders . Wise who was aboard and inspected Monitor after the battle responded in a letter of 30 April 1862 : " With reference to the Monitor , the moment I jumped on board of her after the fight I saw that a steam tug with twenty men could have taken the upper part of her in as many seconds ... I hear that hot water pipes are arranged so as to scald the assailants when they may dare to set foot on her . " The chance to employ such a tactic never arose . There are conflicting accounts as to whether such an anti @-@ personnel provision was installed .
= = Construction = =
Commodore Joseph Smith , Chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks , sent Ericsson formal notice of the acceptance of his proposal on 21 September 1861 . Six days later , Ericsson signed a contract with Bushnell , John F. Winslow and John A. Griswold which stated that the four partners would equally share in the profits or the losses incurred by the construction of the ironclad . There was one major delay , however , over the signing of the actual contract with the government . Welles insisted that if Monitor didn 't prove to be a " complete success " , the builders would have to refund every cent to the government . Winslow balked at this draconian provision and had to be persuaded by his partners to sign after the Navy rejected his attempt to amend the contract . The contract was finally signed on 4 October for a price of $ 275 @,@ 000 to be paid in installments as work progressed .
Preliminary work had begun well before that date , however , and Ericsson 's consortium contracted with Thomas R. Rowland of the Continental Iron Works at Greenpoint , Brooklyn on 25 October for construction of Monitor 's hull , with her keel being laid on that same day . The turret was built and assembled at the Novelty Iron Works in Manhattan , disassembled and shipped to Greenpoint where it was reassembled . The ship 's steam engines and machinery were constructed at the DeLamater Iron Works , also in Manhattan . Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers , who once served aboard Merrimack , was appointed Superintendent of the ship while she was undergoing construction . Although never formally assigned to the crew , he remained aboard her as an inspector during her maiden voyage and battle .
Construction progressed in fits and starts , plagued by a number of short delays in the delivery of iron and occasional shortages of cash , but they did not significantly delay the ship 's progress by more than a few weeks . The hundred days allotted for her construction passed on 12 January , but the Navy chose not to penalize the consortium . The name " Monitor " , meaning " one who admonishes and corrects wrongdoers " , was proposed by Ericsson on 20 January 1862 and approved by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox . While Ericsson stood on its deck in defiance of all his critics who thought she would never float , Monitor was launched on 30 January 1862 to the cheers of the watching crowd , even those who had bet that the ship would sink straight to the bottom , and commissioned on 25 February .
Even before Monitor was commissioned , she ran an unsuccessful set of sea trials on 19 February . Valve problems with the main engine and one of the fan engines prevented her from reaching the Brooklyn Navy Yard from Greenpoint and she had to be towed there the next day . These issues were easily fixed and Monitor was ordered to sail for Hampton Roads on 26 February , but her departure had to be delayed one day to load ammunition . On the morning of 27 February the ship entered the East River preparatory to leaving New York , but proved to be all but unsteerable and had to be towed back to the navy yard . Upon examination , the steering gear controlling the rudder had been improperly installed and Rowland offered to realign the rudder , which he estimated to take only a day . Ericsson , however , preferred to revise the steering gear by adding an extra set of pulleys as he believed it would take less time . His modification proved to be successful during trials on 4 March . Gunnery trials were successfully performed the previous day , although Stimers twice nearly caused disasters as he did not understand how the recoil mechanism worked on Ericsson 's carriage for the 11 @-@ inch guns . Instead of tightening them to reduce the recoil upon firing , he loosened them so that both guns struck the back of the turret , fortunately without hurting anybody or damaging the guns .
Ericsson 's revolutionary turret , although not without flaws , was a unique concept in gun mounting that was soon adapted and used on naval ships around the world . His Monitor design employed over forty patented inventions and was completely different from any other naval warship at the time . Because Monitor was an experimental craft , urgently needed , hurriedly constructed and almost immediately put to sea , a number of problems were discovered during her maiden voyage to Hampton Roads and during the battle there . Yet Monitor was still able to challenge Virginia and prevent her from further destroying the remaining ships in the Union flotilla blockading Hampton Roads .
During the " boom time " of the Civil War , Ericsson could have made a fortune with his inventions used in Monitor , but instead gave the U.S. government all his Monitor patent rights saying it was his " contribution to the glorious Union cause " .
= = Crew = =
Monitor 's crew were all volunteers and totaled 49 officers and enlisted men as the warship required ten officers : A commander , an executive officer , four engineers , one medical officer , two masters and a paymaster . Before Worden was allowed to select , assemble , and commit a crew to Monitor , the vessel had to be completed . The original officers at the time of Monitor 's commissioning were :
Four of the officers were of the line and responsible for the handling of the vessel and operation of guns during battle , while the engineering officers were considered a class unto themselves . In Monitor 's turret , Greene and Stodder supervised loading and firing of the two 11 @-@ inch Dahlgrens . Each gun was crewed by eight men . Thus , during battle , at least 18 men were present in the turret . In Worden 's report of 27 January 1862 to Welles , he stated he believed 17 men and 2 officers would be the maximum number in the turret that allowed the crew to work without getting in each other 's way .
Monitor also required petty officers : among them was Daniel Toffey , Worden 's nephew . Worden had selected Toffey to serve as his Captain 's Clerk . Two black Americans were also among the enlisted men in the crew . During Monitor 's service , commanders and several officers were replaced because of injuries or for other reasons .
Living quarters for the senior officers consisted of eight separate well @-@ furnished cabins , each provided with a small oak table and chair , an oil lamp , shelves and drawers and a canvas floor covering covered with a rug . The entire crew were given goat @-@ skin mats to sleep on . Lighting for each living area was provided by small skylights in the deck above , which were covered by an iron hatch during battle . The officer 's wardroom was located forward of the berth deck where officers would eat their meals , hold meetings or socialize during what little spare time they had . It was well furnished with an oriental rug , a large oak table and other such items . Ericsson had personally paid for the costs of all the officer 's furnishings .
Many details of Monitor 's history and insights of everyday crew life have been discovered from correspondence sent from the various crew members to family and friends while serving aboard the ironclad . In particular the correspondence of George S. Geer , who sent more than 80 letters , often referred to as The Monitor Chronicles , to his wife Martha during the entire time of Monitor 's service provide many details and insights into every chapter of the ironclad 's short lived history , offering a rare perspective of a sailor 's experience on the naval front during the Civil War . The letters of Acting Paymaster William F. Keeler to his wife Anna also corroborate many of the accounts of affairs that took place aboard the Monitor . The letters of Geer and Keeler are available for viewing and are housed at the Mariners ' Museum in Virginia . Other crew members were interviewed later in life , like Louis Stodder , who was one of the last crew members to abandon Monitor minutes before she sank in a storm at sea , was the last surviving crew member of Monitor and lived well into the 20th century .
= = Service = =
On 6 March , the ship departed New York bound for Fort Monroe , Virginia , towed by the ocean @-@ going tug Seth Low and accompanied by the gunboats Currituck and Sachem . Worden , not trusting the seal between the turret and the hull , and ignoring Ericsson 's advice , wedged the former in the up position and stuffed oakum and sail cloth in the gap . Rising seas that night washed the oakum away and water poured underneath the turret , as well as through the hawsepipe , various hatches , ventilation pipes , and the two funnels , so that the belts for the ventilation and boiler fans loosened and fell off and the fires in the boilers were nearly extinguished over the course of the next day ; this created a toxic atmosphere in the engine room that knocked out most of the engine @-@ room crew . First Assistant Engineer Isaac Newton ordered the engine room abandoned and had the able @-@ bodied crew drag the afflicted engine room hands to the top of the turret where the fresh air could revive them . Both Newton and Stimers worked desperately to get the blowers to work , but they too succumbed to the noxious fumes and were taken above . One fireman was able to punch a hole in the fan box , drain the water , and restart the fan . Later that night , the wheel ropes controlling the ship 's rudder jammed , making it near impossible to control the ship 's heading in the rough seas . Monitor was now in danger of foundering , so Worden signaled Seth Low for help and had Monitor towed to calmer waters closer to shore so she was able to restart her engines later that evening . She rounded Cape Charles around 3 : 00 pm on 8 March and entered Chesapeake Bay , reaching Hampton Roads at 9 : 00 pm , well after the first day 's fighting in the Battle of Hampton Roads had concluded .
= = = Battle of Hampton Roads = = =
On 8 March 1862 , CSS Virginia , commanded by Commander Franklin Buchanan , was ready to engage the Union flotilla blockading the James River . Virginia was powered by Merrimack 's original engines , which had been condemned by the Union Navy before her capture . The ship 's chief engineer , H. Ashton Ramsay , served in Merrimack before the Civil War broke out and knew of the engine 's unreliability , but Buchanan pushed forward undaunted .
The slow moving Virginia attacked the Union blockading squadron in Hampton Roads , Virginia , destroying the sail frigates Cumberland and Congress . Early in the battle , the steam frigate USS Minnesota ran aground while attempting to engage Virginia , and remained stranded throughout the battle . Virginia , however , was unable to attack Minnesota before daylight faded . That day Buchanan was severely wounded in the leg and was relieved of command by Catesby ap Roger Jones .
Days before the battle a telegraph cable was laid between Fortress Monroe , which overlooked Hampton Roads , and Washington. where Washington was immediately informed of the dire situation after the initial battle . Many were now concerned Virginia would put to sea and begin bombarding cities such as New York while others feared she would ascend the Potomac River and attack Washington . In an emergency meeting among President Lincoln , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton , Secretary Welles and other senior naval officers , inquiries were made about Monitor 's ability to stop Virginia 's prospect of further destruction . When the temperamental Stanton learned that Monitor had only two guns he expressed contempt and rage as he paced back and forth , further increasing the anxiety and despair among members of the meeting . Assurances from Admiral Dahlgren and other officers that Virginia was too massive to effectively approach Washington and that Monitor was capable of the challenge offered him no consolation . After further deliberations Lincoln was finally assured but Stanton remained almost in a state of terror and sent telegrams to various governors and mayors of the coastal states warning them of the danger . Subsequently Stanton approved a plan to load some sixty canal boats with stone and gravel and sink them in the Potomac , but Welles was able to convince Lincoln at the last moment that such a plan would only prevent Monitor and other Union ships from reaching Washington and that the barges should only be sunk if and when Virginia was able to make her way up the Potomac .
About 9 : 00 pm , Monitor finally arrived on the scene only to discover the destruction that Virginia had already wrought on the Union fleet . Worden was ordered upon reaching Hampton Roads to weigh anchor alongside the USS Roanoke and report to Captain John Marston where Worden was briefed of the situation and received further orders to protect the grounded Minnesota . By midnight , under the cover of darkness , Monitor quietly pulled up alongside and behind the Minnesota and waited .
= = = = Duel of the ironclads = = = =
The next morning at about 6 : 00 am Virginia , accompanied by Jamestown , Patrick Henry and Teaser , got underway from Sewell 's Point to finish off Minnesota and the rest of the blockaders , but were delayed sailing out into Hampton Roads because of heavy fog until about 8 : 00 am . In Monitor Worden was already at his station in the pilot house while Greene took command of the turret . Samuel Howard , Acting Master of Minnesota who was familiar with Hampton Roads with its varying depths and shallow areas , had volunteered to be the pilot the night before and thus was accepted , while Quarter Master Peter Williams steered the vessel throughout the battle ( Williams was later awarded the Medal of Honor for this act ) . The speaking tube used to communicate between the pilothouse and the turret had broken early in the action so Keeler and captain 's clerk Daniel Toffey had to relay commands from Worden to Greene . As Virginia was approaching she began firing at Minnesota from more than a mile away , a few of her shells hitting the vessel . When the firing was heard in the distance , Greene sent paymaster Keeler to the pilot house for permission to open fire as soon as possible where Worden ordered ,
Tell Mr. Green not to fire till I give the word , to be cool and deliberate , to take sure aim and not waste a shot .
Monitor , to the surprise of Virginia 's crew , had emerged from behind Minnesota and went straight for the approaching Virginia and positioned herself between her and the grounded Minnesota , preventing the Confederate ironclad from further engaging the vulnerable wooden ship at close range . At 8 : 45 am Worden gave the order to fire where Greene fired the first shots of the battle between the two ironclads which harmlessly deflected off the Confederate ironclad . During the battle Monitor fired solid shot , about once every eight minutes , while Virginia fired shell exclusively . The ironclads generally fought at close range for about four hours , ending at 12 : 15pm , ranging from a few yards to more than a hundred . Both ships were constantly in motion , maintaining a circular pattern . Because of Virginia 's weak engines , massive size and weight and with a draft of 22 ft ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) , she was slow and difficult to maneuver , taking her half an hour to complete a 180 @-@ degree turn .
During the engagement , Monitor 's turret began to malfunction , making it extremely difficult to turn and stop at a given position , so the crew simply let the turret continuously turn and fired their guns " on the fly " as they bore on Virginia . Several times , Monitor received direct hits on the turret , causing some bolts to violently shear off and ricochet around inside . The deafening sound of the impact stunned some of the crew , causing nose and ear bleeding . However , neither vessel was able to sink or seriously damage the other . At one point , Virginia attempted to ram , but only struck Monitor a glancing blow and did no damage . The collision did , however , aggravate the damage to Virginia 's bow from when she had previously rammed Cumberland . Monitor was also unable to do significant damage to Virginia , possibly due to the fact that her guns were firing with reduced charges , on advice from Commander John Dahlgren , the gun 's designer , who lacked the " preliminary information " needed to determine what amount of charge was needed to " pierce , dislocate or dislodge iron plates " of various thicknesses and configurations . During the battle Stodder was stationed at the wheel that controlled the turning of the turret but at one point when he was leaning against its side the turret received a direct hit directly opposite to him which knocked him clear across the inside , rendering him unconscious , at where he was taken below to recover and relieved by Stimers .
The two vessels were pounding each other at such close range , they also managed to collide with one another at five different times . By 11 : 00 am Monitor 's supply of shot in the turret had been used up . With one of the hatches to the gun ports damaged and jammed shut she hauled off to shallow waters to resupply the turret and effect repairs to the damaged hatch , which could not be repaired . During the lull in the battle Worden climbed through the gun port out onto the deck to get a better view of the overall situation . Virginia , seeing Monitor turn away turned her attention to the Minnesota and fired shots that set the wooden vessel ablaze , also destroying the nearby tugboat Dragon . When the turret was resupplied with ammunition Worden returned to battle with only one gun in operation .
Towards the end of the engagement , Worden directed Williams to steer Monitor around the stern of Confederate ironclad , where Lieutenant Wood fired his 7 @-@ inch Brooke gun at the vessel 's pilothouse , striking the forward side directly beneath the sight hold , cracking the structural " iron log " along the base of the narrow opening just as Worden was peering out . Worden was heard to have cried out , My eyes — I am blind ! Others in the pilothouse had also been hit with fragments and were also bleeding . Temporarily blinded by shell fragments and gunpowder residue from the explosion and believing the pilothouse to be severely damaged , Worden ordered Williams to sheer off into shallow water , where Virginia with her deep draft could not follow . There Monitor drifted idly for about twenty minutes . At the time the pilothouse was struck Worden 's injury was only known to those in the pilothouse and immediately nearby . With Worden severely wounded , command passed to the Executive Officer , Samuel Greene . Taken by surprise and confused he hesitated briefly and was undecided as to what action to take next , but after assessing the damage soon ordered Monitor to return to the battle area .
Shortly after Monitor withdrew , Virginia had run aground at which time Commander Jones came down from the spar deck only to find the gun crews not returning fire . Jones demanded to know why and was briefed by Lieutenant Eggleston that powder was low and precious and given Monitor 's resistance to shot after two hours of battle , maintained that continued firing at that point would only be a waste of ammunition . Virginia soon managed to break away and headed back towards Norfolk , believing that Monitor had withdrawn from battle . Greene , now in command , did not pursue Virginia and , like Worden , was under orders to stay with and protect Minnesota , an action for which he was later criticized .
As a result of the duel between the two ironclads , Monitor had been struck twenty @-@ two times , including nine hits to the turret and two hits to the pilothouse . She had managed to fire forty @-@ one shots from her pair of Dahlgren guns . Virginia had sustained ninety @-@ seven indentations to her armor from the fire of Monitor and other ships . Neither ship had sustained any significant damage , and there were no casualties incurred on either side . In the opinion of Virginia 's commander Jones and her other officers , Monitor could have sunk their ship had she hit the vessel at the waterline .
After an informal war council with his officers , Virginia 's captain decided to return to Norfolk for repairs . Monitor arrived back on the scene as Virginia was leaving . Greene , under orders to protect Minnesota , did not pursue .
Strategically , the battle between these two ships was considered the most definitive naval battle of the Civil War . The battle itself was largely considered a draw , though it could be argued Virginia did slightly more damage . Monitor did successfully defend Minnesota and the rest of the U.S. blockading force , while Virginia was unable to complete the destruction she started the previous day . The battle between the two ironclads marked a turning point in the way naval warfare would be fought in the immediate future and beyond . Strategically , nothing had changed : the Union still controlled Hampton Roads and the Confederates still held several rivers and Norfolk , making it a strategic victory for the North . The battle of the ironclads led to what was referred to as " Monitor fever " in the North . During the course of the war other and improved Monitor designs emerged with a total of 60 ironclads built .
= = = = Events after the battle = = = =
Immediately following the battle Stimers telegraphed Ericsson , congratulating and thanking him for making it possible to confront the Confederate ironclad and for " saving the day " . No sooner than Monitor had weighed anchor , numerous small boats and spectators on shore flocked around the ship to congratulate the crew for what they regarded as their victory over Virginia . Assistant Secretary Fox , who observed the entire battle from aboard Minnesota came aboard Monitor and jokingly told her officers , " Well gentlemen , you don 't look as though you just went through one of the greatest naval conflicts on record " . A small tug soon came alongside and the blinded Worden was brought up from his cabin while crew members and spectators cheered . He was taken directly to Fort Monroe for preliminary treatment , then to a hospital in Washington shortly thereafter .
Engineers Stimers and Newton soon began repairing the damage to the pilot house and reconfigured the sides from an upright position to a slope of thirty degrees to deflect shot . During this time , Mrs. Worden personally brought news of her husband 's progress and recovery and was optimistic , informing the crew his eyesight would soon return but he would be laid up for some time . She also informed them President Lincoln had personally paid Worden a visit extending his gratitude . However Worden was later taken to his summer home in New York and remained unconscious for three months but never fully recovered .
The Confederates were also celebrating what they considered a victory , as crowds of spectators gathered along the banks of the Elizabeth River , cheering and waving flags , handkerchiefs and hats as Virginia , displaying the captured ensign of Congress , passed along up the river . The Confederate government was ecstatic and immediately promoted Commander Buchanan to Admiral .
Both the Union and Confederacy soon came up with plans for defeating the other 's ironclad . Oddly , these did not depend on their own ironclads . The Union Navy chartered a large ship ( the sidewheeler USS Vanderbilt ) and reinforced her bow with steel specifically to be used as a naval ram , provided Virginia steamed far enough out into Hampton Roads .
On 11 April , Virginia , accompanied by a number of gunboats , steamed into Hampton Roads to Sewell 's Point at the southeast edge , almost over to Newport News , in a challenge to Monitor in an attempt to lure the Union ironclad into battle .
Virginia fired a few shots ineffectively at very long range , however , while Monitor returned fire , she stayed near Fort Monroe , ready to fight if Virginia came to attack the Federal force congregated there . Furthermore , Vanderbilt was in position to ram Virginia if she approached the fort . Virginia did not take the bait . In a further attempt to entice Monitor closer to the Confederate side , so she could be boarded , the James River Squadron moved in and captured three merchant ships , the brigs Marcus and Sabout , and the schooner Catherine T. Dix . These had been grounded and abandoned when they sighted Virginia entering the Roads . Their flags were then hoisted " Union @-@ side down " to taunt Monitor into a fight as they were towed back to Norfolk . In the end both sides had failed to provoke a fight on their terms .
The Confederate Navy originally had devised a plan where the James River Squadron would swarm Monitor with a party of men with the intention of capturing the vessel by boarding and disabling her by using heavy hammers to drive iron wedges under and disabling the turret and by covering the pilot house with a wet sail effectively blinding the pilot . Others would throw combustibles down the ventilation openings and smoke holes . At one point Jones made such an attempt to board the vessel but she managed to slip away around the stern of Virginia in time .
A second meeting occurred on 8 May , when Virginia came out while Monitor and four other Federal ships bombarded Confederate batteries at Sewell 's Point . The Federal ships retired slowly to Fort Monroe , hoping to lure Virginia into the Roads . She did not follow , however , and after firing a gun to windward as a sign of contempt , anchored off Sewell 's Point . Later when Confederate forces abandoned Norfolk on 11 May 1862 , they were forced to destroy Virginia .
= = = Battle of Drewry 's Bluff = = =
After the destruction of Virginia , Monitor was free to assist the Union Army and General McClellan 's campaign against Richmond . As the Navy always gave command to officers based on seniority Greene was passed over the day after the battle and was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas O. Selfridge . Two days later , Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers on 15 May 1862 . Monitor was now part of a flotilla under the command of Admiral John Rodgers aboard Galena , along with three other gunboats which steamed up the James River and engaged the Confederate batteries at Drewry 's Bluff . The force had instructions to coordinate their efforts with McClellan 's forces on land and push on towards Richmond to bombard the city into surrender if possible . Without any assistance , the task force got within 8 mi ( 13 km ) of the Confederate capital but could not proceed further because of sunken vessels and debris placed in the river blocking further passage . There were also artillery batteries at Fort Darling overlooking and guarding the approach , along with other heavy guns and sharpshooters positioned along the river banks . The fort was strategically situated on the west bank of the James River atop of a bluff some 200 ft ( 61 m ) above and overlooking the bend in the river . Monitor was of little help in the assault because the confinement and small gun ports of her turret would not allow her to elevate her guns sufficiently to engage the Confederate batteries at close range , so she had to fall back and fire at a greater distance , while the other gunboats were unable to overcome the fortifications on their own . After Monitor received only a few hits , without incurring any damage , the Confederates , many former crew members of Virginia well aware of her ability to withstand cannon shot even at close range , concentrated their guns on the other ships , especially Galena , which sustained considerable damage and loss of crew members . After a near four @-@ hour artillery duel and sustaining numerous hits overall , the flotilla was unable to neutralize the fortification and had to turn back . Not a single Union ship reached Richmond until near the end of the war , when the city was finally evacuated by the Confederates .
After the battle at Drewry 's Bluff Monitor remained on the James River providing support , along with the Galena and other gunboats , to McClellan 's troops at various points along the river including Harrison 's Landing which ended in August . However most of the time spent on the river was marked with inactivity and hot weather which had a negative effect on the morale of Monitor 's crew . During the long hot summer several crew members took sick and were transferred to Hampton Roads while various officers were replaced including Monitor 's first Engineer Isaac Newton , while Commander Jeffers was replaced by Commander Thomas H. Stevens , Jr. on 15 August . By the end of August Monitor was ordered back to Hampton Roads and dropped anchor nearby the sunken Cumberland at Newport News Point on 30 August , much to the approval of the crew . Monitor 's sole purpose now was to blockade the James River from any advances made by the newly constructed Virginia II , an ironclad ram .
= = = Repairs and refit = = =
In September Captain John P. Bankhead received orders to take command of Monitor , relieving commander Thomas Stevens , and was sent to Hampton Roads to take charge of the vessel . Shortly after command was passed on to Bankhead Monitor 's engines and boilers were condemned by a board of survey which recommended that they be overhauled completely . On 30 September the ironclad was sent to the Washington Navy Yard for repairs arriving there on 3 October 1862 .
Upon arrival at Washington Monitor and her crew were greeted by a crowd of thousands of cheering admirers who came to see the ship that " saved the nation " . The Monitor now being a premier tourist attraction the crowd was soon allowed on board to tour the vessel . During this time the vessel was picked clean of artifacts for souvenirs by the touring civilians that came aboard . When Stodder and others came to close up the dock and ship one evening Stodder noted , When we came up to clean that night there was not a key , doorknob , escutcheon – there wasn 't a thing that hadn 't been carried away .
Before Monitor was put into dry dock for repairs President Lincoln , Navy Secretary Fox , various officials and a few of Worden 's close friends arrived to ceremoniously review the vessel and pay respect to the crew and former commander Worden , who after a long and partial recovery arrived for the occasion . Entire regiments were also directed to come by the naval yard and review the ship and honor the crew . Monitor 's crew assembled on deck in formation with their officers in front , while Lincoln , Fox and other guests stood near the turret . When Worden , with part of his face blacked from the wounds he received at Hampton Roads , came aboard , the heavy guns in the navy yard were fired in salute . President Lincoln came forward and greeted Worden and then introduced him to some of the others . After Lincoln 's formal greeting the crew swarmed around Worden and embraced and shook hands with their former commander and thanked God for his recovery and return . Worden called each of them by name and spoke friendly to and complimented each of them personally . When order was restored the President gave a short speech about Worden 's career . At Fox 's request , Worden gave a speech to the gathering about his voyage from New York to Hampton Roads , the trials they were faced with along the way and of the epic battle between Monitor and Virginia , while paying tribute to many of the officers and men involved . In closing he gave special thanks to Ericsson , Lincoln , Welles and all who made construction of Monitor possible .
While Monitor was undergoing repairs her crew was put aboard the USS King Philip and were eventually granted a furlough by Bankhead who himself went on leave . For approximately six weeks the vessel remained in drydock while her bottom was scraped clean of barnacles and other sea growth while the engines and boilers were overhauled and the entire vessel cleaned , painted , and a number of improvements made , including an iron shield around the top of the turret . To make the vessel more seaworthy a 30 feet ( 9 m ) funnel shaped smokestack was placed over the smoke outlet while taller fresh air vents were installed . The berth deck below was also enlarged and raised by removing some of the side storerooms and placing them below , thus reducing the height of the interior which now barely allowed the crew to stand upright . Several cranes were also added while interior improvements were made making the confining environment more livable . A large blower that operated with its own engine was installed which drew fresh air down through the pilothouse . During this time the two Dahlgren guns were each engraved with large letters , MONITOR & MERRIMAC – WORDEN and MONITOR & MERRIMAC – ERICSSON , respectively . Additional iron plates were installed covering where dents were made during the previous battles . Each plate was inscribed with the name of the source from where the shell causing the dent was made. i.e. Merrimack , Fort Darling , etc . Stanchions were also installed around the perimeter of the freeboard with a rope strung through each making it safer to walk about the deck amid stormy weather and rough seas . Monitor was finally taken out of drydock on 26 October . By November the ship was fully repaired and refitted , resupplied and ready to return to service .
= = = Final voyage = = =
On 24 December 1862 , orders were issued directing Monitor to Beautfort , North Carolina to join USS Passaic and USS Montauk for a joint Army @-@ Navy expedition against Wilmington , North Carolina , where she would join the blockade off Charleston . The orders were received by the crew on Christmas Day , some of whom were aboard Monitor on her harrowing journey from New York to Hampton Roads in March , and were not pleased with the prospect of taking to the high seas once again . Dana Green remarked I do not consider this steamer a sea going vessel .
The crew celebrated Christmas aboard Monitor while berthed at Hampton Roads in what was described as a most merry fashion , while many other celebrations were occurring along the shore . The ship 's cook was paid one dollar to prepare a meal for the crew befitting the day ; it was received with mixed opinion . That day , Monitor was made ready for sea , her crew under strict orders not to discuss the impending voyage with anyone , but bad weather delayed her departure until 29 December .
While the design of Monitor was well @-@ suited for river combat , her low freeboard and heavy turret made her highly unseaworthy in rough waters . Under the command of John P. Bankhead , Monitor put to sea on 31 December , under tow from USS Rhode Island , when a heavy storm developed off Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . Using chalk and a blackboard , Bankhead wrote messages alerting the Rhode Island that if Monitor needed help she would signal with a red lantern .
Monitor was soon in trouble as the storm increased in ferocity . Large waves were splashing over and completely covering the deck and pilot house so the crew temporarily rigged the wheel atop the turret which was manned by Helmsman Francis Butts . Water continued flooding into the vents and ports and the ship began rolling uncontrollably in the high seas . Sometimes she would drop into a wave with such force the entire hull would tremble . Leaks were beginning to appear everywhere . Bankhead ordered the engineers to start the Worthington pumps , which temporarily stemmed the rising waters , but soon Monitor was hit by a squall and a series of violent waves and water continued to work its way into the vessel . Right when the Worthington pump could no longer keep pace with the flooding a call came from the engine room that water was gaining there . Realizing the ship was in serious trouble , Bankhead signaled Rhode Island for help and hoisted the red lantern next to Monitor 's white running light atop the turret . He then ordered the anchor dropped to stop the ship 's rolling and pitching with little effect making it no easier for the rescue boats to get close enough to receive her crew . He then ordered the towline cut and called for volunteers , Acting Master Stodder , along with crewmates John Stocking , and James Fenwick volunteered and climbed down from the turret , but eyewitnesses said that as soon as they were on the deck Fenwick and Stocking were quickly swept overboard and drowned . Stodder managed to hang on to the safety lines around the deck and finally cut through the 13 in ( 33 cm ) towline with a hatchet . At 11 : 30 p.m. Bankhead ordered the engineers to stop engines and divert all available steam to the large Adams centrifugal steam pump ; but with reduced steam output from a boiler being fed wet coal it too was unable to stem the rapidly rising water . After all steam pumps had failed , Bankhead ordered some of the crew to man the hand pumps and organized a bucket brigade , but to no avail .
Officers Greene and Stodder were among the last men to abandon ship and remained with Bankhead who was the last surviving man to abandon the sinking Monitor . In his official report of Monitor to the Navy Department Bankhead praised Green and Stodder for their heroic efforts and wrote ,
I would beg leave to call the attention of the Admiral and of the Department of the particularly good conduct
of Lieutenant Greene and Acting Master Louis N. Stodder , who remained with me until the last ,
and by their example did much toward inspiring confidence and obedience on the part of the others .
After a frantic rescue effort , Monitor finally foundered and sank approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) southeast off Cape Hatteras with the loss of sixteen men , including four officers , some of whom remained in the turret and went down with the ironclad , while forty @-@ seven men were rescued by the life boats from Rhode Island . Bankhead , Green and Stodder barely managed to get clear of the sinking vessel and survived the ordeal but suffered from exposure from the icy winter sea . After his initial recovery , Bankhead filed his official report , as did the commanding officers of the Rhode Island , stating officers and men of both Monitor and Rhode Island did everything within their ability to keep Monitor from sinking . The Navy did not find it necessary to commission a board of inquiry to investigate the affair and took no action against Bankhead or any of his officers .
Some time later a controversy emerged over why Monitor sank . In the Army and Navy Journal Ericsson accused the crew of drunkardness during the storm , being consequently unable to prevent the vessel from sinking . Stodder vigorously defended the crew and rebuked Ericsson 's characterization of the crew and events and wrote to Pierce that Ericsson cover 's up defects by blaming those that are now dead , pointing out that there were a number of unavoidable events and circumstances that led to the ship 's sinking , foremost being the overhang between the upper and lower hulls which came loose and partially separated during the storm from slamming into the violent waves . Stodder 's account was corroborated by other shipmates .
= = Rediscovery = =
After months of investigation , research and one false positive , Monitor was rediscovered off Cape Hatteras at a depth of 220 feet ( 67 @.@ 1 m ) , 111 years after her sinking . The Navy tested an " underwater locator " in August 1949 by searching an area south of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse for the wreck of Monitor . It found a 140 @-@ foot ( 42 @.@ 7 m ) long object bulky enough to be a shipwreck , in 310 feet ( 94 @.@ 5 m ) feet of water that was thought to be Monitor , but powerful currents negated attempts by divers to investigate . Retired Rear Admiral Edward Ellsberg proposed using external pontoons to raise the wreck in 1951 , the same method of marine salvage he had used on the sunken submarine S @-@ 51 , for the cost of $ 250 @,@ 000 . Four years later , Robert F. Marx claimed to have discovered the wreck based on the idea she had drifted into shallow water north of the lighthouse before sinking . Marx claimed to have dived on the wreck and to have placed a Coke bottle with his name on it in one of the gun barrels , although he never provided any proof of his story .
Interest in locating the ship revived in the early 1970s and Duke University , the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation sponsored an expedition in August 1973 to search for the wreck using a towed sonar system . On 27 August , they discovered the wreck at coordinates 35 ° 0 ′ 6 ″ N 75 ° 24 ′ 23 ″ W. They sent a camera down to photograph the wreck , but the pictures were so fuzzy as to be useless ; on a second attempt the camera snagged something on the wreck and was lost . The sonar images did not match what they expected the wreck to look like until they realized that the sinking vessel had turned over while descending and was resting at the bottom upside down . The team announced their discovery on 8 March 1974 . Another expedition was mounted that same month to confirm the discovery and the research submersible Alcoa Sea Probe was able to take still photos and video of the wreck that confirmed it was Monitor .
These photos revealed that the wreck was disintegrating and the discovery raised another issue . Since the Navy had formally abandoned the wreck in 1953 , it could be exploited by divers and private salvage companies as it lay outside North Carolina 's territorial limits . To preserve the ship , the wreck , and everything around it , a .5 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 93 km ; 0 @.@ 58 mi ) radius was designated as the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary , the first U.S. marine sanctuary on 30 January 1975 . Monitor was also designated a National Historic Landmark on 23 June 1986 .
In 1977 , scientists were finally able to view the wreckage in person as the submersible Johnson Sea Link was used to inspect it . The Sea Link was able to ferry divers down to the sunken vessel and retrieve small artifacts . U.S. Navy interest in raising the entire ship ended in 1978 when Captain Willard F. Searle , Jr. calculated the cost and possible damage expected from the operation : $ 20 million to stabilize the vessel in place , or as much as $ 50 million to bring all of it to the surface . Research continued and artifacts continued to be recovered , including the ship 's 1 @,@ 500 @-@ pound ( 680 kg ) anchor in 1983 . The growing number of relics required conservation and a proper home so the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , in charge of all U.S. marine sanctuaries , selected the Mariners ' Museum on 9 March 1987 after considering proposals from several other institutions .
= = = Recovery = = =
Initial efforts in 1995 by Navy and NOAA divers to raise the warship 's propeller were foiled by an abnormally stormy season off Cape Hatteras . Realizing that raising the whole wreck was impractical for financial reasons as well as the inability to bring up the wreck intact , NOAA developed a comprehensive plan to recover the most significant parts of the ship , namely her engine , propeller , guns , and turret . It estimated that the plan would cost over 20 million dollars to implement over four years . The Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program contributed $ 14 @.@ 5 million . The Navy divers , mainly from its two Mobile Diving and Salvage Units , would perform the bulk of the work necessary in order to train in deep sea conditions and evaluate new equipment .
Another effort to raise Monitor 's propeller was successful on 8 June 1998 , although the amount of effort required to work in the difficult conditions off Cape Hatteras was underestimated and the fewer than 30 divers used were nearly overwhelmed . The 1999 dive season was mostly research oriented as divers investigated the wreck in detail , planning how to recover the engine and determining if they could stabilize the hull so that it would not collapse onto the turret . In 2000 the divers shored up the port side of the hull with bags of grout , installed the Engine Recovery System , an external framework to which the engine would be attached , in preparation for the next season , and made over five times as many dives as they had the previous season .
The 2001 dive season concentrated on raising the ship 's steam engine and condenser . Hull plates had to be removed to access the engine compartment and both the engine and the condenser had to be separated from the ship , the surrounding wreckage and each other . A Mini Rover ROV was used to provide visibility of the wreck and divers to the support staff above water . The engine was raised on 16 July and the condenser three days later by the crane barge Wotan . Saturation diving was evaluated by the Navy that dive season on Monitor and proved to be very successful , allowing divers to maximize their time on the bottom . The surface @-@ supplied divers evaluated the use of heliox due to the depth of the wreck . It also proved to be successful once the dive tables were adjusted .
Much like the previous year , the 2002 dive season was dedicated to lifting the 120 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 120 t ) turret to the surface . Around 160 divers were assigned to remove the parts of the hull , including the armor belt , that lay on top of the turret using chisels , exothermic cutting torches and 20 @,@ 000 psi ( 137 @,@ 895 kPa ; 1 @,@ 406 kgf / cm2 ) hydroblasters . They removed as much of the debris from inside the turret as possible to reduce the weight to be lifted . This was usually concreted coal as one of the ship 's coal bunkers had ruptured and dumped most of its contents into the turret . The divers prepared the turret roof for the first stage of the lift by excavating underneath the turret and placed steel beams and angle irons to reinforce it for its move onto a lifting platform for the second stage . A large , eight @-@ legged lifting frame , nicknamed the " spider " , was carefully positioned over the turret to move it onto the platform and the entire affair would be lifted by the crane mounted on the Wotan . The divers discovered one skeleton in the turret on 26 July before the lift and spent a week carefully chipping about half of it free of the concreted debris ; the other half was inaccessible underneath the rear of one of the guns .
With Tropical Storm Cristobal bearing down on the recovery team , and time and money running out , the team made the decision to raise the turret on 5 August 2002 , after 41 days of work , and the gun turret broke the surface at 5 : 30 pm to the cheers of everyone aboard Wotan and other recovery ships nearby . As archaeologists examined the contents of the turret after it has been landed aboard Wotan , they discovered a second skeleton , but removing it did not begin until the turret arrived at the Mariners ' Museum for conservation . The remains of these sailors were transferred to the Joint POW @-@ MIA Accounting Command ( JPAC ) at Hickam Air Force Base , Hawaii , in the hopes that they could be identified .
Only 16 of the crew were not rescued by the Rhode Island before Monitor sank and the forensic anthropologists at JPAC were able to rule out the three missing black crewmen based on the shape of the femurs and skulls . Among the most promising of the 16 candidates were crew members Jacob Nicklis , Robert Williams and William Bryan , but a decade passed without their identities being discovered . On 8 March 2013 their remains were buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors .
In 2003 NOAA divers and volunteers returned to the Monitor with the goal of obtaining overall video of the site to create a permanent record of the current conditions on the wreck after the turret recovery . Jeff Johnston of the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary ( MNMS ) also wanted a definitive image of the vessel 's pilothouse . During the dives , the Monitor 's iron pilothouse was located near the bow of the vessel and documented for the first time by videographer Rick Allen , of Nautilus Productions , in its inverted position .
Conservation of the propeller was completed nearly three years after its recovery and it is on display in the Monitor Center at the Mariners ' Museum . As of 2013 , conservation of the engine , its components , the turret and the guns continues . The Dahlgren guns were removed from the turret in September 2004 and placed in their own conservation tanks . Among some of the artifacts recovered from the sunken vessel was a red signal lantern , possibly the one used to send a distress signal to the Rhode Island and the last thing to be seen before Monitor sank in 1862 – it was the first object recovered from the site in 1977 . A gold wedding band was also recovered from the hand of the skeletal remains of one of Monitor 's crew members found in the turret .
Northrop Grumman Shipyard in Newport News constructed a full @-@ scale non @-@ seaworthy static replica of Monitor . The replica was laid down in February 2005 and completed just two months later on the grounds of the Mariners ' Museum . The Monitor National Marine Sanctuary conducts occasional dives on the wreck to monitor and record any changes in its condition and its environment .
= = Memorials = =
The Greenpoint Monitor Monument in McGolrick Park , Brooklyn depicts a sailor from Monitor pulling on a capstan . The sculptor Antonio de Filippo was commissioned by the State of New York in the 1930s for a bronze statue to commemorate the Battle of Hampton Roads , John Ericsson , and the crew of the ship . It was dedicated on 6 November 1938 . A vandal doused it with white paint on 7 January 2013 .
In 1995 the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating USS Monitor and CSS Virginia depicting the two ships while engaged in their famous battle at Hampton Roads . For an image of the stamp , see footnote link .
The 150th anniversary of the ship 's loss prompted several events in commemoration . A memorial to Monitor and her lost crew members was erected in the Civil War section of Hampton National Cemetery by NOAA 's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries , together with the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , and dedicated on 29 December 2012 . The Greenpoint Monitor Museum commemorated the ship and her crew with an event on 12 January 2013 at the grave sites of those Monitor crew members buried in Green @-@ Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn , followed by a service in the cemetery 's chapel .
New Jersey @-@ based indie rock band Titus Andronicus named their critically acclaimed sophomore album , 2010 's The Monitor , for the ship . Featured on the album 's sleeve are the crewmen of the Monitor , taken from a tintype portrait . The album 's interwoven references to the Civil War include speeches and writings from the period , as well as the side @-@ long closing track " The Battle of Hampton Roads . " The latter refers to the Monitor 's encounter with the CSS Virginia in prominent detail . Singer / guitarist Patrick Stickles commented while making the album that he was inspired by Ken Burns 's The Civil War and the ship itself so much that he decided to name Titus Andronicus 's second album in its honor .
= = Legacy = =
Monitor gave her name to a new type of mastless , low @-@ freeboard warship that mounted its armament in turrets . Many more were built , including river monitors , and they played key roles in Civil War battles on the Mississippi and James Rivers . The breastwork monitor was developed during the 1860s by Sir Edward Reed , Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy , as an improvement of the basic Monitor design . Reed gave these ships a superstructure to increase seaworthiness and raise the freeboard of the gun turrets so they could be worked in all weathers . The superstructure was armored to protect the bases of the turrets , the funnels and the ventilator ducts in what he termed a breastwork . The ships were conceived as harbor defense ships with little need to leave port . Reed took advantage of the lack of masts and designed the ships with one twin @-@ gun turret at each end of the superstructure , each able to turn and fire in a 270 ° arc . These ships were described by Admiral George Alexander Ballard as being like " full @-@ armoured knights riding on donkeys , easy to avoid but bad to close with " . Reed later developed the design into the Devastation class , the first ocean @-@ going turret ships without masts , the direct ancestors of the pre @-@ dreadnought battleships and the dreadnoughts .
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= Sekula Drljević =
Sekula Drljević ( 7 September 1884 – 10 November 1945 ) was a Montenegrin politician and lawyer . Born in the town of Kolašin , he earned a doctorate degree in law and became the Minister of Justice and Finance in the Kingdom of Montenegro before the outbreak of World War I. During the interwar period , he was a leading member of the " Greens " ( zelenaši ) , a Montenegrin separatist movement . A proponent of the theory that Montenegrins were an ethnic group distinct from Serbs , he also founded and became the leader of the Montenegrin Federalist Party .
Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , Drljević began cooperating with the Italian authorities occupying Montenegro . In July , he proclaimed the reestablishment of the Kingdom of Montenegro , but his attempt to establish an Axis @-@ aligned puppet state triggered an immediate uprising . That September , Italian authorities sent him to an internment camp in Italy after the oubreak of an anti @-@ fascist revolt . Drljević escaped the camp several months later and made his way into the German @-@ held half of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) . In the summer of 1944 , he created the Montenegrin State Council in Zagreb . Drljević moved back to Montenegro in 1945 and agreed to the formation of the Montenegrin National Army with Chetnik commander Pavle Đurišić . Đurišić and several other Chetnik commanders were later ambushed and murdered on behalf of Drljević and the NDH . Đurišić 's men later joined Drljević 's Montenegrin National Army and withdrew with him towards the Austrian border . In mid @-@ 1945 , Drljević crossed over into Austria with his wife , and the two ended up in a camp for displaced persons in Judenburg . Three Chetnik agents discovered them there in November 1945 and slit their throats .
= = Early life and political career = =
Sekula Drljević was born on 7 September 1884 in the village of Ravno , near the town of Kolašin . Having finished law school in Zagreb and earned a doctorate degree , he became the Minister of Justice and Finance in the Kingdom of Montenegro in 1909 . His brother Janko Drljević was at that time an MP from the loyalist True People 's Party . Drljević also became an MP , and also served as a minister in King Nikola 's cabinet during the Balkan wars , and was renowned for his rhetorical skills . During World War I , he was captured by Austro @-@ Hungarian forces and interned at the Boldagason internment camp in Hungary , where he grew strongly opposed to the leader of Montenegro , King Nicholas I. He was released after the war and moved to Zemun and worked as a lawyer there . He also became a leading member of the " Greens " ( zelenaši ) , a Montenegrin separatist movement which sided with the Yugoslav Federalist Party . During this time , he cooperated frequently with Croatian politicians such as Stjepan Radić , Vlatko Maček , and Ante Pavelić , with whom he became good friends . In the mid @-@ 1920s , Drljević founded the Montenegrin Federalist Party . He quickly became the party 's sole leader and foremost theoretician . He expressed support for the unity of Yugoslavia and stressed Montenegro 's loyalty to Serbian nationhood , but argued that a nation did not necessarily need to be part of a single state and hinted that he would support the restoration of Montenegro 's independence . Consequently , the " Greens " demanded that Yugoslavia 's internal boundaries be organized to match the borders of the Balkan states as they were prior to 1918 .
Drljević and Mihailo Ivanović had first attempted to found the Montenegrin Party for the 1920 election of a Constitutional Assembly , but were unable to do so due to a lack of time and resistance by the authorities . Drljević ran unsuccessfully for the Montenegrin Federalist Party in the 1923 elections in both the counties of Nikšić and Kolašin . He ran again in Kolašin in 1925 and was successfully elected to the National Assembly . In 1927 , Drljević was elected representative of the Zemun District on the electoral list of the Croatian Peasant Party ( HSS ) . Afterwards , he helped solve a political rift between Radić and Serb politician Svetozar Pribićević , resulting in the formation of an HSS – Democratic Party coalition . The following year , Drljević unsuccessfully attempted to dissuade Radić from attending the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes prior to his assassination by Serb politician Puniša Račić .
= = World War II = =
= = = Montenegrin leader = = =
On 6 April 1941 , Axis forces invaded Yugoslavia . Montenegro was invaded by the forces of Germany and Italy , with the Germans attacking from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Italians from Albania . The Germans later withdrew , leaving the Italians to occupy the area . In the western portion of Yugoslavia , Pavelić , who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini 's Italy , was appointed Poglavnik ( leader ) of an Ustaše @-@ led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia ( often called the NDH , from the Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska ) . The NDH combined almost all of modern @-@ day Croatia , all of modern @-@ day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern @-@ day Serbia into an " Italian @-@ German quasi @-@ protectorate " . NDH authorities , led by the Ustaše Militia , subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb , Jewish and Romani population living within the borders of the new state .
The creation of an Axis puppet @-@ state known as the Kingdom of Montenegro was proclaimed on 12 July 1941 . The state was to be headed by an Italian regent and led by Drljević and his supporters . By 13 July , this proclamation prompted the outbreak of an anti @-@ Italian uprising in Montenegro led by local communists ( Partisans ) and Serb nationalists ( Chetniks ) . Having assumed power the previous day , Drljević established the Provisional Administrative Committee of Montenegro , a collaborationist entity which was a territorial component of the Italian Empire . He also organized his followers to fight against Montenegrin Chetniks and the Yugoslav Partisans . In September , he was dismissed from office by the Italians . Believing that his life was endangered by the revolt , they sent him to an internment camp in Italy . The idea of an independent Montenegro was abandoned , and the Italians opted for a military governorate . Several months later , Drljević escaped and smuggled himself into the German @-@ controlled area of the NDH . With the surrender of Italy in September 1943 , he moved back to Zemun . Here , he became the administrator of the German @-@ run Sajmište concentration camp . In the summer of 1944 Drljević relocated to Zagreb , where he created a Montenegrin State Council in the NDH with the assistance of the Germans and Croats . He also published a pamphlet in Zagreb titled Who are the Serbs ? ( Croatian : Tko su Srbi ? ) . In it , he blamed supposedly " aggressive " Serb policies for all past and modern problems in the Balkans , presented ethnic Serbs as a " degenerate race " and pointed out their similarities with Jews . Drljević had become a proponent of the theory that Montenegrins were an ethnic group distinct from Serbs following the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia . As early as 1921 , he had stated that Serb and Montenegrin " mentalities " were diametrically opposed . He stated : " The mentalities of Serbians and Montenegrins are irreconcilable . The visage of the former was speckled with [ Ottoman ] slavery ; liberty gave the latter a new visage . " It was not until 1941 that Drljević advanced the notion that Montenegrins were not Slavs at all , but Dinaric people descended from the ancient Illyrians . He wrote :
Races are communities of blood , whereas people are creatures of history . With their language , the Montenegrin people belong to the Slavic linguistic community . By their blood , however , they belong [ to the Dinaric peoples ] . According to the contemporary science of European races , [ Dinaric ] peoples are descended from the Illyrians . Hence , not just the kinship , but the identity of certain cultural forms among the Dinaric peoples , all the way from Albanians to South Tyroleans , who are Germanized Illyrians .
= = = Retreat and death = = =
In the spring of 1945 , Drljević visited parts of Montenegro held by the Chetniks of Pavle Đurišić . It was here that Đurišić made a safe @-@ conduct agreement with Drljević and with elements of the Armed Forces of the NDH . Although the details of the agreement are unknown , it appears to have been agreed that Đurišić and his men were to move into the NDH and cross the Sava River into Slavonia where they would be aligned with Drljević as the Montenegrin National Army , with Đurišić retaining operational command . Suspicious of Drljević 's intentions , Đurišić tried to outsmart him and his forces by sending only his sick and wounded across the Sava , keeping his fit troops south of the river . Following his defeat at the Battle of Lijevče Field , north of Banja Luka , and the defection of one of his sub @-@ units to Drljević , Đurišić was forced to negotiate directly with the leaders of the NDH forces about the further movement of his units towards Slovenia . This appears to have been a trap , as he was attacked and captured by them on his way to the meeting . On 20 April , Đurišić , Petar Baćović , Dragiša Vasić and Zaharije Ostojić were taken to the Stara Gradiška prison , near Jasenovac . The Ustaše gathered them in a field alongside 5 @,@ 000 other Chetnik prisoners and arranged for Drljević and his followers to select 150 Chetnik officers and non @-@ combatant intellectuals for execution . Đurišić , Baćović , Vasić and Ostojić were amongst those selected . They and the others were loaded onto boats by the Ustaše and taken across the Sava River , where they were killed either in the Jasenovac concentration camp itself or in a nearby marsh . Both the NDH forces and Drljević had reasons for ensnaring Đurišić . The NDH forces were motivated by the mass terror committed by Đurišić on the Muslim population in Sandžak and southeastern Bosnia while Drljević was opposed to Đurišić 's support of a union of Serbia and Montenegro which ran counter to Drljević 's separatism . Left without a leader , the majority of Đurišić 's men were integrated into Drljević 's Montenegrin National Army and withdrew with him towards the Austrian border .
In the second half of May , the troops of the Montenegrin National Army surrendered to the British and were quickly turned back into Yugoslavia and into the hands of the communists . Drljević managed to evade capture , and he and his wife sought refuge at a camp for displaced persons in the Austrian town of Judenburg . On 10 November 1945 , three of Đurišić 's followers discovered them there and murdered them by slitting their throats .
= = Legacy = =
In 1944 , Drljević rearranged the lyrics of the Montenegrin patriotic song " Oj , svijetla majska zoro " to celebrate the creation of the Montenegrin puppet regime that had been established in July 1941 . He was declared a war criminal at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 . When " Oj , svijetla majska zoro " was chosen as the national anthem of Montenegro in 2006 with Drljević 's additions intact , many Montenegrin Serbs and unionists protested the selection due to its alleged fascist connotations .
= = Works = =
Borba za carinsku , vojnu i diplomatsku uniju između Crne Gore i Srbije ( 1914 ) ( A battle for a custom , military and diplomatic union between Montenegro and Serbia )
Centralizam ili federalizam ( 1926 ) ( Centralism or federalism )
Balkanski sukobi 1905 – 1941 ( 1944 ) ( Balkan conflicts 1905 @-@ 1941 )
Tko su Srbi ? ( 1944 ) ( Who are the Serbs )
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= Surfacing ( album ) =
Surfacing is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer @-@ songwriter Sarah McLachlan . Released in 1997 , it was produced by McLachlan 's frequent collaborator , Pierre Marchand . McLachlan set about writing Surfacing in 1996 , after two and a half years touring for her previous album , 1994 's Fumbling Towards Ecstasy . Mentally exhausted , she found it difficult to concentrate on her new album and took six months off in Vancouver . After that she completed the ten songs for the album and went to Marchand 's Quebec studio to record .
Surfacing was released in July 1997 , coinciding with the start of McLachlan 's Lilith Fair tour . The album was a commercial success worldwide , reached the top position on the Canadian RPM 100 Albums chart and number two on the US Billboard 200 . Critical reviews were mixed ; some of the more positive reviews praised the songwriting , while the album 's detractors criticized it as banal and slow . The album spawned two Billboard Hot 100 top @-@ five hits , " Adia " and " Angel " , the top @-@ 15 hit " Building a Mystery " , and the top @-@ 30 hit " Sweet Surrender " . A radio @-@ only song , " I Love You " , was released in 2000 .
The album won four Juno Awards including for Album of the Year . " Building a Mystery " was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , while the instrumental @-@ only song " Last Dance " won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance .
= = Background = =
Following the 1993 release of her third album , Fumbling Towards Ecstasy , McLachlan spent two and a half years touring . This long period on the road finished in January 1996 ; she was due to begin work on her fourth album in April of that year , but was mentally exhausted . She later said " When I got off the road , I thought Fumbling was my swan song , [ and ] I 'd never make another record ever again . I couldn 't imagine writing another song in my life . I had a huge psychological block for a long time . " She spent time working in the studio in Quebec but struggled to produce anything for her new album . At her manager 's suggestion , she returned home to Vancouver and took six months off . She said that after this break — and some time spent in therapy — she began to feel more in control of her creativity and started writing material for the album .
One of the first songs written for the album was " Angel " . McLachlan said that writing the song was easy , " a real joyous occasion . " It was inspired by articles that she read in Rolling Stone about musicians who turned to heroin to cope with the pressures of the music industry and subsequently overdosed . She said that she identified with the feelings that might lead someone to use heroin : " I 've been in that place where you 're so fucked up and you 're so lost that you don 't know who you are anymore , and you 're miserable — and here 's this escape route . I 've never done heroin , but I 've done plenty of other things to escape . " She said that the song is about " trying not to take responsibility for other people 's shit and trying to love yourself at the same time . " Another song that she found easy to write was " Building a Mystery " , co @-@ written with her regular collaborator , Canadian musician and producer Pierre Marchand . Marchand heard her playing a guitar riff and suggested adding some lyrics that he had already written . They came up with the rest of the lyrics together , according to McLachlan , " pretty darn quickly . " When the album was finished , McLachlan commented , " I was so happy when I could let it go . I didn 't give it another thought when it was done . "
= = Recording and release = =
Like most of McLachlan 's albums , Surfacing was recorded at Marchand 's Wild Sky Studios in Morin @-@ Heights , Quebec . Marchand , who produced , engineered and mixed the album , recorded it on an Otari RADAR recorder and a Neumann 149 microphone . McLachlan played piano , acoustic guitar and electric guitar and Marchand played keyboards , bass and a drum machine as well as providing background vocals . The other musicians on the album were Jim Creeggan on upright bass , Yves Desrosiers on guitar , musical saw , lap steel guitar and slide bass , Brian Minato on bass and electric guitar , Michel Pepin on electric guitar and Ashwin Sood ( whom McLachlan married in 1997 ) on percussion and drums .
The album was released on July 15 , 1997 , on Nettwerk and Arista Records , reaching No. 1 on the Canadian RPM 100 Albums chart and No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 . The release of the album coincided with the inaugural tour of McLachlan 's Lilith Fair in mid @-@ 1997 . The first single from the album was " Building a Mystery " , released on August 19 ; it reached No. 1 on the Canadian singles chart and No. 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . " Sweet Surrender " was released March 10 , 1998 , and reached No. 2 on the Canadian chart and No. 28 on the Hot 100 . The third single released from the album was " Adia " on May 4 . It peaked at No. 3 on both the Canadian singles chart and the Billboard Hot 100 . " Angel " followed on November 24 , reaching No. 9 in Canada , and No. 4 on the Hot 100 . " I Love You " charted at No. 23 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs in April 2000 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical = = =
Writing for The New York Times , Sia Michel called the album " lushly atmospheric " but also ambivalent . She said that while the album paints a " vivid emotional landscape " , it is at odds with McLachlan 's statement that the album was about " ' facing ugly things ' about herself " ; not revealing anything particularly dark . Michel also noted certain old @-@ fashioned ideas in the album , particularly in " Sweet Surrender " , that contrast with the work of contemporaries such as Ani Difranco and PJ Harvey . She cited " Witness " as the highlight and said of the album , " [ p ] erhaps she hasn 't found what she 's looking for , but at least she 's trying . " Elysa Gardner of Los Angeles Times gave the album two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four and said it " Showcases her considerable strengths--a shimmering soprano voice and a knack for intelligent , emotionally forthright lyrics but also suffers from a lack of compelling craftsmanship and textural daring . "
Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a mixed review , with a C- rating . He said that although he had stayed away from McLachlan 's music in the past , " between her Lilith Fair counterpalooza and ' Building a Mystery ' bonanza , [ he ] had to dive in , and got less than [ he 'd ] bargained for . " He criticized McLachlan 's " monumental banality " and summed the album up as " renormalized pop at its most unnecessary . " A reviewer for Rolling Stone criticized the album 's slow tempo , commenting that " if you want a piece of her nirvana , you have to go along at her protracted , glacial pace . " They said that McLachlan is too " rigid in her introspection " and that they would like to hear her " work up a good head of steam " .
AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three stars out of five and compared it unfavorably to McLachlan 's previous album Fumbling Towards Ecstasy . He said that some of the songs were good , and praised " Building a Mystery " in particular , but said that the album offered nothing new . He also noted that the timing of the release , coinciding with the launch of Lilith Fair and the publicity that McLachlan received from that , helped sales of the album . Jom , a staff reviewer for Sputnikmusic , gave the album a positive review , calling it " one of [ McLachlan 's ] best albums " and praising her " tremendous growth as a songwriter and a musician " . In interviews , American hip hop artist Darryl McDaniels of Run @-@ D.M.C. has said that hearing " Angel " on the radio , and subsequently listening to more of McLachlan 's music , helped him though a period of depression .
= = = Starr report = = =
The album was mentioned in the Starr Report , the late @-@ 1990s account of Independent Counsel Ken Starr 's investigation of the Monica Lewinsky scandal . After a visit to the White House in November 1997 , Lewinsky wrote that she " noticed you ( President Clinton ) had the new Sarah McLachlan CD " and that " whenever I listen to song # 5 ( Do What You Have to Do ) I think of you . " . McLachlan 's representatives had no comment on the matter .
= = = Awards = = =
At the Juno Awards of 1998 , McLachlan won four awards : Best Female Vocalist , Songwriter of the Year ( with Pierre Marchand , for " Building a Mystery " ) , Best Album ( for Surfacing ) and Single of the Year ( for " Building a Mystery " ) . The following year , she did not win any awards , but was nominated for Single of the Year ( for " Adia " ) and Best Video ( for " Sweet Surrender " ) .
At the 40th Grammy Awards in 1998 , McLachlan was nominated for three awards ; she won the awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ( for " Building a Mystery " ) and Best Pop Instrumental Performance ( for " Last Dance " ) . In 1999 , she received one more nomination for the album , Best Female Pop Vocal Performance ( for " Adia " ) ; she lost to Celine Dion .
= = Track listing = =
Early editions sold in the U.S. and Canada included a two @-@ song bonus disc containing an alternate mix of " Sweet Surrender " and a rendition of " The Prayer of St. Francis " . Both of these tracks appeared on the Japanese edition of the album as well .
" Full of Grace " previously appeared on the collection Rarities , B @-@ Sides and Other Stuff . Song was also featured in the final moments of the second season finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer .
" I Love You " would later be covered by Ellen Greene of Little Shop of Horrors fame for her album In His Eyes .
= = Personnel = =
Jim Creeggan — upright bass
Yves Desrosiers — electric guitars , lapsteel , slide bass , saw
Pierre Marchand — bass , drum machine , background vocals , keyboards
Sarah McLachlan — vocals , acoustic and electric guitars , piano
Brian Minato — bass , electric guitar
Michel Pepin — electric guitars
Ashwin Sood — drums , percussion , piano , background vocals
= = Charts = =
Album
Singles
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= HMS Cardiff ( D58 ) =
HMS Cardiff was a C @-@ class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was one of the five ships of the Ceres sub @-@ class and spent most of her career as a flagship . Assigned to the Grand Fleet during the war , the ship participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in late 1917 . Cardiff was briefly deployed to the Baltic in late 1918 supporting anti @-@ Bolshevik forces during the British campaign in the Baltic during the Russian Civil War .
She was then was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in early 1919 and spent most of the rest of the year in the Adriatic Sea . In early 1920 , the ship was in the Black Sea supporting the Whites against the Bolsheviks . Cardiff spent most of the rest of her time between the world wars overseas or in reserve . The ship played a minor role in World War II as she was initially assigned to the Northern Patrol , but became a training ship in late 1940 and continued in that role for the rest of the war . Cardiff was sold for scrap in early 1946 and subsequently broken up .
= = Design and description = =
The C @-@ class cruisers were intended to escort the fleet and defend it against enemy destroyers attempting to close within torpedo range . The Ceres sub @-@ class was a slightly larger and improved version of the preceding Caledon sub @-@ class . The ships were 450 feet 3 inches ( 137 @.@ 2 m ) long overall , with a beam of 43 feet 5 inches ( 13 @.@ 2 m ) and a mean draught of 14 feet 8 inches ( 4 @.@ 5 m ) . Displacement was 4 @,@ 190 long tons ( 4 @,@ 260 t ) at normal and 5 @,@ 020 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) at deep load . Cardiff was powered by two geared Parsons steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , which produced a total of 40 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) . The turbines used steam generated by six Yarrow boilers which gave her a speed of about 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) . She carried 935 long tons ( 950 t ) tons of fuel oil . The ship had a crew of about 460 officers and other ranks .
The main armament of the Ceres @-@ class ships consisted of five BL 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Mk XII guns that were mounted on the centreline . While identical in number to the Caledons , the layout was considerably improved by moving the gun formerly between the bridge and fore funnel to a superfiring position over the forward gun with wider firing arc than in its old position , one was aft of the rear funnel , and the last two were in the stern , with one gun superfiring over the rearmost gun . The two QF 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 20 @-@ cwt anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns were positioned abreast the fore funnel . The torpedo armament of the Ceres 's was identical to that of the Caledons , with eight 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes in four twin mounts , two on each broadside . The Ceres class was protected by a waterline belt : 1 @.@ 5 – 3 in ( 38 – 76 mm ) thick and had a protective deck that was 1 in ( 25 mm ) thick over the steering gear . The walls of the conning tower had a thickness of 3 inches .
= = Construction and career = =
Cardiff , the second ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy , was ordered in March – April 1916 as part of the Repeat War Programme . The ship was laid down by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company at their Govan shipyard on 22 July 1916 . She was launched on 12 April 1917 and completed on 25 June 1917 . She became flagship of the 6th Light Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet the following month . Cardiff participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight on 17 November 1917 . This was a successful attempt by the British to intercept German minesweeping forces that were clearing British minefields in the North Sea . The 6th LCS screened the two light Courageous @-@ class battlecruisers of the 1st Cruiser Squadron during the battle together with the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron . The British lost the German minesweepers in the smoke screen laid by the four German light cruisers and pursued the latter ships for most of the battle , although they inflicted little damage in the poor visibility caused by the German smoke . Cardiff fired the most of any ship in her squadron , but did not hit any German ships . She was , however , hit four or five times herself , killing seven crewmen and wounding thirteen , but was only lightly damaged . Based at Scapa Flow and Rosyth during 1918 , the ship spent the remainder of the war escorting convoys and training in the northern portion of the North Sea . By 21 November 1918 the war was over , and Cardiff had the honour of leading the German High Seas Fleet to the Firth of Forth to be interned .
A few days later , the 6th LCS , under the command of Rear @-@ Admiral Edwyn Alexander @-@ Sinclair , was ordered to the Baltic Sea to support the Baltic States as they attempted to secure their independence from Russia . Together with her half @-@ sister Caradoc and five destroyers , the ship bombarded Bolshevik positions east of Reval ( Tallinn ) , Estonia , on 14 December and brought the Russian offensive to a halt after they destroyed the one bridge connecting them with Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg ) , Russia . The next day , her starboard AA gun was dismounted and given to the Estonians . The 6th LCS was recalled in early January 1919 and arrived back in Rosyth on 10 January .
Cardiff arrived at Portsmouth on 11 January to begin a refit that lasted until 27 February . Her conning tower may have been removed at this time and the bridge enlarged . On 10 March , she sailed for Malta to join her squadron , which had been renumbered as the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron ( 3rd LCS ) and assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet while the ship was refitting , where she arrived on six days later . The squadron was assigned peacekeeping duties in the Adriatic for most of 1919 and Cardiff spent the time visiting various Adriatic ports or in Malta . She became the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral George Hope on 1 September .
By 30 January 1920 , the ship was in Constantinople and Cardiff arrived at Odessa on 4 February and Admiral Hope concurred in the decision to evacuate the city in the face of the advancing Bolsheviks . The ship departed the city the next day , but returned on 11 February and Hope assumed command of all British forces in the city . By late March , the ship was stationed in the Crimea until the Whites were forced to evacuate in November . On 6 November , Cardiff picked up Charles I of Austria , the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , and his wife , Zita at Sulina , Romania , and conveyed them to their exile in the Portuguese island of Madeira , where they arrived on 19 November . The ship was present during the Great Fire of Smyrna almost a year later in mid @-@ September 1922 , close to the end of the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1919 – 22 . She remained in the Mediterranean until 1929 when she went home for a lengthy refit . During Cardiff 's time in the Mediterranean , she was fitted with a pair of 2 @-@ pounder ( 40 mm ) Mk II " pom @-@ pom " AA guns in 1923 – 24 and her original 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) rangefinders was exchanged for 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) models during the mid @-@ 1920s . From 1931 to May 1933 , she was assigned to the Africa Station as the flagship of the 6th Cruiser Squadron . The ship returned home that month and replaced her half @-@ sister Cambrian as flagship of the Nore Reserve in July . The following year , she was transferred to the Chatham Reserve as their flagship and participated in the Silver Jubilee Fleet review for King George V on 16 July 1935 . Cardiff was also present for the Coronation Fleet Review for King George VI on 20 May 1937 . The ship was considered for conversion into an anti @-@ aircraft cruiser in June 1938 , but programme delays caused the conversion to be pushed back . A month later , Cardiff was recommissioned for service with the 5th Cruiser Squadron on the China Station . The ship departed Hong Kong on 29 April 1939 for the UK where she was again placed in reserve .
= = = Second World War = = =
On the first day of the war on 3 September 1939 , Cardiff was assigned to the 12th Cruiser Squadron which was fruitlessly searching for returning German merchant ships in the North and Norwegian Seas . Several days later , she was assigned to patrol the gaps between the Shetland and Faeroe Islands and between the Faeroes and Iceland as part of the Northern Patrol . In late November , she fruitlessly searched for the German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst after they sank the armed merchant cruiser , Rawalpindi , on the 23rd . On 12 June , Cardiff was tasked to suppress the German artillery batteries overlooking Saint @-@ Valery @-@ en @-@ Caux to prevent them from firing on British ships as they evacuated the troops there , but they were no longer visible from the sea when the ship arrived . The cruiser received six wounded men from the coaster Cameo and returned to Portsmouth . Cardiff was converted for use as a gunnery training ship in October and served in that capacity for the rest of the war . The ship was fitted with six 20 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon light AA guns and a Type 290 surface @-@ search radar by April 1942 . By late 1943 a Type 273 long @-@ range search radar had also been fitted . Cardiff was paid off on 3 September 1945 and sold for scrap to Arnott Young on 23 January 1946 . The ship was broken up in Dalmuir , Scotland , after she arrived there on 18 March .
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= Stargate : Continuum =
Stargate : Continuum is a 2008 Canadian @-@ American military science fiction direct @-@ to @-@ video film in the Stargate franchise . It is the second sequel to television series Stargate SG @-@ 1 following The Ark of Truth . It is directed by Martin Wood , director and producer of many episodes of Stargate SG @-@ 1 and Stargate Atlantis , written by SG @-@ 1 and Atlantis creator Brad Wright , and produced by Wright and Ark of Truth director Robert C. Cooper .
The film is a time @-@ travel adventure in which Ba 'al travels back to 1939 to create an alternate timeline in which Earth never establishes their Stargate program , and to take control of the Goa 'uld Empire . The only people to remember the truth , the SG @-@ 1 team attempts to reinstate the original timeline . The film stars the main cast of the show 's last season , with the return of Richard Dean Anderson as Jack O 'Neill .
Continuum has garnered generally positive reviews from critics , earning both praise and criticism for its atmosphere , story , characters and graphic content . The production budget was $ 7 million and the film grossed over $ 8 million USD , less than the previous film that grossed over $ 13 million . The film was released on both DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the US on July 29 , 2008 and elsewhere in August 2008 , followed by a TV premiere on Sci @-@ Fi channel on April 3 , 2009 .
= = Plot = =
SG @-@ 1 and Jack O 'Neill attend a Tok 'ra extraction ceremony for Ba 'al , the last of the Goa 'uld System Lords . Ba 'al claims , however , that he is merely the last clone and that the real Ba 'al has a fail @-@ safe plan . The real Ba 'al travels back in time to 1939 Earth and massacres the crew of the Achilles , the ship carrying the Stargate to the United States ; the captain lives long enough to drop the bomb Ba 'al left overboard and keep the ship from being destroyed . In the present , people and objects start disappearing , including Vala Mal Doran and Teal 'c . Jack is killed by the clone , but Samantha Carter , Daniel Jackson and Cameron Mitchell reach the Stargate . They are surprised to emerge inside the derelict Achilles , which has drifted to the Arctic — Ba 'al 's actions have created a timeline in which the Stargate Program never happened . After escaping from the sinking Achilles , they are rescued by a team led by Colonel Jack O 'Neill . Although General Landry believes their story ( after intensive interrogation ) , they are denied permission to change the timeline . In the alternate timeline , Daniel is still trying to convince people about his theories of the pyramids , Carter died in a space shuttle accident and Mitchell does not exist at all because his grandfather was the Achilles captain . The three are separated and given new lives to lead .
A year passes , and SG @-@ 1 is called back into action when Goa 'uld scoutships appear . Ba 'al has brought the other System Lords under his control and now stands ready to conquer Earth , with Qetesh , still residing in Vala 's body , as his queen and Teal 'c as his First Prime . SG @-@ 1 is brought to President Henry Hayes and General George Hammond , who inform them that , based on SG @-@ 1 's accounts , they have recovered the Antarctic Stargate and are excavating the Antarctic Ancient outpost to reach the weapon that saved Earth in the original timeline . SG @-@ 1 is sent in F @-@ 15s to McMurdo Station to gate to Proclarush Taonas , another Ancient outpost , to retrieve a Zero Point Module to power the Antarctic outpost .
Above Earth , Ba 'al 's armada arrives . To the displeasure of his subordinates , the other System Lords , Ba 'al announces that he will treat the Tau 'ri leniently . Suspicious about Ba 'al 's thorough knowledge of Earth , Qetesh betrays him and forces him to tell her everything . She orders the destruction of McMurdo and the Ancient outpost in Ba 'al 's name , but she kills Ba 'al when Teal 'c discovers what she is doing . As Teal 'c escapes to an Al 'kesh , Qetesh orders the fleet to bombard Earth , while she goes to secure Ba 'al 's time machine .
Amidst the massive Goa 'uld attack , SG @-@ 1 is rerouted to Russia , as the Russians had retrieved the Achilles ' Stargate from the ocean floor . Teal 'c arrives at the facility as well , seeking to use the Stargate to reach the time machine before Qetesh . The two sides agree to a truce and arrive together at Ba 'al 's time machine : a vast underground supercomputer connected to hundreds of satellites that monitor solar flares that could intersect the wormhole formed by the Stargate ; the flares are necessary for time travel . SG @-@ 1 must wait for the right flare with which to journey to the past , but when Qetesh 's troops attack , they are forced to dial the Stargate to the year 1929 - ten years before their target date . Sam and Daniel are killed in the firefight , and only Mitchell reaches the Stargate before Teal 'c , mortally wounded , blows himself and Qetesh up . After a decade of waiting , an older Mitchell stows away on the Achilles and kills Ba 'al and his troops when they come through the Stargate . In the now @-@ restored timeline , SG @-@ 1 , completely unaware of the previous events , watch the extraction proceed without incident . On Earth , Daniel wonders what Ba 'al meant by his fail @-@ safe .
= = Cast = =
Ben Browder as Colonel Cameron " Cam " Mitchell and Mitchell 's grandfather , the captain of the Achilles
Amanda Tapping as Colonel Samantha " Sam " Carter
Christopher Judge as Teal 'c
Michael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson
Claudia Black as Vala Mal Doran and Qetesh
Beau Bridges as Major General Henry " Hank " Landry
Richard Dean Anderson as Major General ( & Colonel ) Jonathan " Jack " O 'Neill
Cliff Simon as Ba 'al
Don S. Davis as Lieutenant General George Hammond
William Devane as President Henry Hayes
= = Production = =
Stargate : Continuum was written by Brad Wright and directed by Martin Wood . Some scenes for this film were already shot at the end of March 2007 , but the original start date was set for May 22 , 2007 at Vancouver 's Bridge Studios . The production budget was US $ 7 million . Due to the postponement of this film until the 5th season of Stargate Atlantis was airing , there is a continuity error with Carter and Mitchell 's rank . In the ending credits they are listed as lieutenant colonels . However , when they fly the F @-@ 15s they are each wearing the rank of colonel . This is due to the fact that during filming producers realized that the film would probably be released after Carter character had been promoted on Atlantis . In the season 5 premiere of that show , Sam , already a colonel , leaves Atlantis to attend the extraction , thus setting this film about a year after The Ark of Truth .
The original draft for the film started with a view of the Tok 'ra city , but Brad Wright eventually decided that the film should start in Stargate Command ( SGC ) to show what SG @-@ 1 represented . When writing lines for the character Jack O 'Neill , Wright tried to write lines that felt " natural " and not " forced , " saying it was of major importance . The inclusion of many recurring characters from the series Stargate SG @-@ 1 was decided on to make old fans feel more " welcome " to the new film . The unnamed Captain of the Achilles ' dead body was originally supposed to be revealed when SG @-@ 1 traveled back to Earth ; Wright commented on the case , calling it " gross " . Richard Dean Anderson was not supposed to appear at the start of the film , where he was killed . According to Wright , he was only set to appear in the alternate timeline in Antarctica because that 's what Wright " asked him to do . "
Due to a scheduling conflict , actor Michael Shanks was unavailable to shoot the scenes in the Arctic . However , Jackson was on the boat with Cameron Mitchell and Samantha Carter in the preceding scenes . In order to make his disappearance plausible , Wright decided that Jackson would develop frostbite after stepping in water and be unable to continue with the others . When commenting on the dialogue scenes , Wright commented that scenes like that would be " cut off " because of the time constraints in the Stargate SG @-@ 1 and Atlantis episodes , and further commented that they could keep these scenes since the film is " longer " than the episodes .
The film includes scenes filmed at the U.S. Navy 's Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station in the Arctic , 200 nautical miles ( 230 mi ; 370 km ) north of Prudhoe Bay , Alaska . These scenes feature Richard Dean Anderson , Amanda Tapping and Ben Browder . They were filmed from March 23 to 29 , 2007 . The film also features the USS Alexandria ( SSN @-@ 757 ) . The Arctic filming included scenes shot on the ice , scenes shot with the Alexandria as a backdrop , scenes shot on board the Alexandria , and shots of the Alexandria surfacing and submerging . Because of the minimal facilities , the Arctic scenes were filmed with only the three actors and a four @-@ man crew . Director Martin Wood worked as an extra in one scene ( as " Major Wood " ) , as did another member of the film crew . The captain of the Alexandria , Cmdr. Mike Bernacchi , and members of her crew played themselves . Barry L. Campbell , head of operations at the San Diego @-@ based U.S. Navy Arctic Submarine Laboratory , who had arranged the opportunity to film in Arctic , also appeared as a seaman . Writer Brad Wright also had a cameo appearance , as an F @-@ 15 pilot .
The film is dedicated to the memory of Paul McCann and Anthony Huntrod , who lost their lives during an accident under the ice cap on the submarine HMS Tireless ( S88 ) at the time of filming . The film took 19 days to shoot , plus five days of shooting in the Arctic ( they were there for seven days ) . The film , Continuum was placed in Guinness World Records in the category for farthest north film shoot .
= = Release and reception = =
The film premiered at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International on July 25 , 2008 , attended by the cast . The film was released on both DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc on July 29 , 2008 . The film was also released on August 6 , 2008 in Australia and was released in the United Kingdom on August 18 , 2008 after being broadcast on the British TV channel , Sky1 on August 12 . On its debut in the United Kingdom and Ireland Stargate : Continuum received 543 @,@ 000 viewers , placing the film first in the top ten broadcasts for Sky One . The film would go on to gross over US $ 8 million in the United States . The film premiered on Sci @-@ Fi Channel in the US on April 3 , 2009 .
A reviewer for Sky1 called the film a " thoroughly enjoyable romp . " Nix from Sci Fi Cool said in his review , " it ends exactly the same way that most , if not all , SG1 episodes usually end : It leaves you satisfied , and wanting more . " Reviewer Christopher Monfette of IGN gave the film 7 out of 10 and said it was a decent film , but ultimately did not meet the " level of great science fiction " . Don Houston from DVD Talk commented that the " budget was too low " for the writers to " support the ideas at hand " . Mark Wilson from About.com said the film was just another way for the producers to return to some of their favorite characters , but concluded that it was a " solid " film . Darren Sumner and David Read from GateWorld called it a " great movie " , and said it was even better than Stargate : The Ark of Truth . Dean Winkelspecht said it was " one of the better direct @-@ to @-@ video " releases that year .
Stargate : Continuum won the High @-@ Def Disc Awards 2008 category for Best Nontheatrical Blu @-@ ray . The film was nominated for 6 Constellation Awards in 2008 , the results were announced on July 11 , 2009 . The film won one award out of six nominations . Claudia Black received the award for " Best Female Performance in a 2008 Science Fiction Film , TV Movie , or Mini @-@ Series " for her portrayal of Vala Mal Doran . The film was also nominated for a total of 11 Leo Awards in 2009 . The results were announced on May 8 and 9 , 2009 , the film won three awards : Brad Wright won in the category " Best Screenwriting in a Feature Length Drama " , Michael Shanks won " Lead Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama " for his portrayal of Daniel Jackson and the three production crew members Paul Sharpe , Iain Pattison and Graeme Hughes won " Best Overall Sound in a Feature Length Drama " .
The two Stargate direct @-@ to @-@ DVD movies to date , Stargate : Continuum and Stargate : The Ark of Truth , were re @-@ released in the United States as a Double @-@ Pack DVD on March 3 , 2009 ; the Double @-@ Pack is also available on Blu @-@ ray . A third Stargate SG @-@ 1 film to follow Continuum has been permanently shelved . If made , it would have reportedly centered on the character of Jack O 'Neill and would be titled Stargate : Revolution .
= = Awards = =
In 2009 , Stargate : Continuum was nominated for 11 Leo awards and won three of them .
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= Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company =
The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company ( 1852 – 1952 ) , also known as TCI and the Tennessee Company , was a major American steel manufacturer with interests in coal and iron ore mining and railroad operations . Originally based entirely within Tennessee , it relocated most of its business to Alabama in the late nineteenth century . With a sizable real estate portfolio , the company owned several Birmingham satellite towns , including Ensley , Fairfield , Docena , Edgewater and Bayview .
At one time the second largest steel producer in the USA , TCI was listed on the first Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896 . However , in 1907 , the company was merged with its principal rival , the United States Steel Corporation . The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company was subsequently operated as a subsidiary of U. S. Steel for 45 years until it became a division of its parent company in 1952 .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company was founded as the Sewanee Furnace Company , a small mining concern established in 1852 by Nashville entrepreneurs seeking to exploit Tennessee 's rich coal reserves and the 19th century railroad boom . After losing money , the business was sold to New York investors in 1859 and reorganized as the Tennessee Coal and Rail Company , but the outbreak of the Civil War the following year saw the fleeting company repossessed by local creditors . It became Tennessee 's leading coal extractor over the next decade , mining and transporting coal around the towns of Cowan and Tracy City in the Cumberland Mountains , and soon branched out into coke manufacture . This practice of both extracting and moving coal to market by building private rail tracks was not unusual at the time , as by owning the tracks that served their mines , businesses could undercut rivals at market by saving money on transportation . A Thomas O 'Connor purchased the company in 1876 and expanded the business into iron manufacture in order to stimulate coke sales , building a blast furnace near Cowan . The business was subsequently renamed the Tennessee Coal , Iron , and Railroad Company . TCI never again changed its name , despite a later expansion into Alabama following the 1886 purchase of the Birmingham @-@ based Pratt Coal and Iron Company . Such was the industrial importance of Alabama to TCI that in 1895 , the company relocated its offices to Birmingham , relegating its native state to relative unimportance .
Canny investments and the purchase of major competitors in 1888 and 1892 under the direction of financier Hiram Bond , TCI Corporate General Superintendent , saw the firm grow rapidly . The corporation was for several decades one of the few major heavy industries based in the largely agricultural Southern United States , by a wide margin the largest blast furnace operator in the South and at one time the second largest steel producer on the continent . Its 1900 asset sheet listed 17 blast furnaces , 3256 beehive coke ovens , 120 Solvay coke ovens , 15 red ore mines , as well an extensive network of railroads , although following the panic of 1893 the company shifted its primary interests from railroads to steel . TCI 's largest industrial plant was located in Ensley , a company town founded in 1886 on the outskirts of Birmingham , Alabama , by company president Enoch Ensley . Ensley ( map of ) was served by the sizable Birmingham Southern Railroad , one of TCI 's early acquisitions , and from 1899 contained four 200 @-@ ton blast furnaces . In 1906 two more furnaces were constructed , and 40 @,@ 000 tonnes of steel were produced that year , feeding Ensley 's integrated rail , wire and plate mills . The company was fiercely competitive with the larger Pittsburgh steel businesses to the north , owing to the remarkable fact that all the natural resources required to produce steel were located in abundance within a relatively small radius of the Birmingham mills .
= = = From forced labor to paternalism = = =
The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company was one of the largest users of prison laborers , mostly Blacks convicted of petty crimes , as a method for paying fines . This practice was common for obtaining coal mining labor in Alabama at the close of the Reconstruction era . The number of convicts employed increased after U.S. Steel acquired TCI in 1907 , as did the brutality of the conditions in which they labored . In 1908 , the first full year of U. S. Steel 's ownership of TCI , almost 60 prison workers died from workplace @-@ related accidents .
In the 1910s , TCI undertook a comprehensive program to stabilize its labor force , excluding prison laborers , by developing rigorously @-@ planned " model villages " , thereby improving worker health , welfare and loyalty . This paternalistic approach carried with it obvious benefits for workers and their families , but also drew criticism for limiting the free movement and organization of labor .
= = = Listing on the Dow Jones Index and merger with U. S. Steel = = =
The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company 's status was bolstered when it became one of the first 12 companies to be listed on the inaugural Dow Jones Industrial Average , compiled in May 1896 . However , it was not long before TCI was eclipsed by its principal competitor , the United States Steel Corporation , a huge conglomerate formed in 1901 out of the enormous Carnegie and Federal steel empires . By the time of the Panic of 1907 , U. S. Steel felt confident enough to launch a takeover bid of its Southern rival . On the morning of Saturday November 2 , banker and tycoon J. P. Morgan , one of the founders of U. S. Steel , convened a meeting in his library and there suggested that U. S. Steel purchase the stock of an insolvent Wall Street brokerage firm , Moore and Schley , which had secured huge loans against 6 million TCI shares . This was not an entirely selfish gesture , as Morgan recognised that the failure of Moore and Schley would send investor confidence in the markets into a nose @-@ dive . E. H. Gary , president of U. S. Steel , agreed in principle to this transaction , yet argued that without careful political maneuvering the deal would be seen by Congress as an effort to create a monopoly and thereby encounter troublesome federal anti @-@ trust litigation . Morgan himself had been burnt by crusading Washington trust @-@ busters in 1902 when his Northern Securities Company had been forcibly broken up by the government in a landmark test case .
In response to his concerns , Morgan sent Gary on an urgent mission to Washington that Sunday so that the deal might be vetted by President Theodore Roosevelt himself before the stock exchange opened the next day . Convinced by Gary that U. S. Steel only wished to purchase Moore and Schley 's stock in order to inject liquidity into the firm and thereby shore up investor confidence in the wider economy , Roosevelt granted the transaction antitrust immunity in November 1907 , a decision for which he was later derided by critics as a hypocrite . Indeed , in 1911 the federal government sought to undo what it perceived to be Roosevelt 's mistake and ( without success ) sued U. S. Steel . In the meantime , Moore and Schley was saved from collapse , the panic soon subsided and U. S. Steel was rewarded with a valuable prize - a controlling stake in TCI . U. S. Steel immediately replaced the Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company on the Dow Jones Index , where it remained until 1991 .
= = = U. S. Steel = = =
TCI was not fully incorporated into U. S. Steel , and continued to operate as an extremely profitable subsidiary of its parent company well into the 20th century . Immediately following the merger , a venture was launched to create a new , larger TCI plant to the west of Ensley and at the center of a new company town , and so in 1910 work on the planned community of Corey , Alabama , began . Named after an executive who later committed suicide , Corey was soon renamed Fairfield , and the steel works there opened in 1917 . With the discovery of new coking coal and ore deposits in the region , and with the aid of U. S. Steel 's enormous capital , the Fairfield works were quickly expanded with the construction of new steel mills and rail links . Several rolling mills were completed in 1917 , which produced ship materials for the nearby shipbuilding plants in Chickasaw , Alabama , in support of America 's sudden entry into World War I. In 1920 a direct rail line between Fairfield and Birmingport , the new port of Birmingham on the Warrior River was opened . This was followed by the completion of the ' High Ore Line Railroad ' , which connected the Red Mountain and the Fairfield works ; trains literally rolled down the hill from mine to mill . In 1923 a merchant steel mill was completed , followed by the opening of a sheet products mill in 1926 .
TCI proved to be so efficient at making cheap steel that a post @-@ merger internal tariff ( the ' Pittsburgh Tariff ' ) was levied by U. S. Steel from 1909 on all steel coming out of the Birmingham region . This was an effort to negate the competitive edge of Birmingham steel over U.S. Steel 's own Pittsburgh product .
TCI 's independence as a separate legal entity from its parent corporation ended in 1952 , a century after the founding of the Sewanee Furnace Company , when the it became the Tennessee Coal & Iron Division of U. S. Steel . The memory of the historic importance of TCI was not lost when a short book to celebrate the Tennessee Company 's centenary was published by U. S. Steel in 1960 : Biography of a Business . Stagnation and decline began in 1962 when a majority of the mines in the Birmingham region were closed as domestic ores and coal were superseded by cheaper foreign products , especially from Venezuela . The 1970s and 80s brought about a downsizing and eventual consolidation of the Fairfield and Ensley works , mirroring the general decline of heavy industry in the USA throughout those decades .
= = Current operations = =
The last relic of the Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company , the Fairfield Plant , continues to be operated by U. S. Steel as one of its five integrated steel mills in the USA . It is the largest steel @-@ making plant in Alabama , employing 2 @,@ 000 workers as of September 2006 , down from a peak of 45 @,@ 000 during World War II . With a single blast furnace and three basic oxygen process furnaces , amongst other various mills and production facilities , the plant produces 2 @.@ 4 million tons of raw steel per annum and 640 @,@ 000 tons of seamless tubular and sheet products , mainly for purchase by the booming oil industry .
August 17 , 2015 , U. S. Steel President and CEO Mario Longhi announced , " We have determined that the permanent shut @-@ down of the Fairfield Works blast furnace , steelmaking and most of the finishing operations is necessary . " The decision does not impact Fairfield Tubular Operations or the electric arc furnace ( EAF ) construction project . 1 @,@ 600 workers will be laid off by November 17 , 2015 .
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= A Fish Called Selma =
" A Fish Called Selma " is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons ' seventh season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 24 , 1996 . The episode features Troy McClure , who attempts to resurrect his acting career by marrying Selma Bouvier . Show runners Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein were fans of Phil Hartman and wished to produce an episode that focused on his character McClure . Freelance writer Jack Barth wrote the episode , and Mark Kirkland directed it .
Barth 's script underwent a substantial rewrite in the show 's writing room , including the expansion of the Planet of the Apes musical and addition of the song " Dr. Zaius " . The episode ran too long because of the slow pace of Troy and Selma 's speech . Consequently , guest star Jeff Goldblum rerecorded his dialogue as MacArthur Parker at a faster speed . The episode received generally positive reviews , with particular praise given to Hartman and the musical . Entertainment Weekly placed the episode eighth on their list of the top 25 The Simpsons episodes .
= = Plot = =
Chief Wiggum pulls Troy McClure over for dangerous driving . Not wishing to be required to wear his glasses while driving , Troy goes to the DMV to get his license changed to remove the requirement . He offers to take DMV employee Selma Bouvier to dinner if she lets him pass the eye test , to which she agrees . After dinner , photographers notice Troy leaving with a human woman ( rumors about a sexual abnormality concerning fish had essentially destroyed Troy 's career ) and the story hits the news . The next day , Troy 's agent , MacArthur Parker , calls and says that he can get work again if he continues seeing Selma . Troy continues to date her and his career begins to recover . On his agent 's advice , Troy asks Selma to marry him ; overjoyed , she agrees .
The night before the wedding , a drunk Troy tells Homer the reason for his marriage : he doesn 't really love Selma , and he just plans to use her as a sham wife to help further his career . Although Homer fails to act , Marge and Patty try to explain it to Selma , who accuses them of just being envious . She confronts Troy , who shamelessly admits that their marriage is a sham . Troy explains to Selma that even though their marriage is a sham , she has everything she could want and will be " the envy of every other sham wife in town " . Selma has doubts , but accepts the situation because she fears being alone . Parker thinks he can get Troy the part of McBain 's sidekick in McBain IV : Fatal Discharge , but concludes he will have a better chance if he has a family . Troy and Selma try to conceive a child , but neither feels comfortable with their situation , and Selma finally leaves after deciding that bringing a child into a loveless family is wrong . Troy turns down the role of McBain 's sidekick to direct and star in his own film , The Contrabulous Fabtraption of Professor Horatio Hufnagel .
= = Production = =
Show runners Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein were fans of actor Phil Hartman , who had been a recurring guest star since the second season . They decided to produce an episode entirely about his character Troy McClure to give Hartman as much to do as possible . Oakley wanted to explore Troy 's character because he had never interacted with the show 's other characters before , only appearing on television . The writers chose the plot idea of Troy 's marriage to Selma Bouvier because she was " always marrying people " . The episode 's first draft was written by freelance writer Jack Barth , although the rest of the writing staff rewrote it . One aspect of the rewrite was the song " Dr. Zaius " from the Planet of the Apes musical , which the staff consider to be one of the greatest musical numbers ever written for The Simpsons . Weinstein pitched it in the writer 's room as " Rock Me Dr. Zaius " , in parody of the 1985 song " Rock Me Amadeus " by Falco . It expanded into a full song primarily concocted by George Meyer , who included " corny " aspects of vaudeville . The line " From chimpan @-@ A to chimpan @-@ Z " in the final song of the musical was written by David Cohen . Oakley commented that he has heard the line " all over the world " . Director Mark Kirkland was pleased that Troy was the star of the episode ; he enjoyed interpreting Hartman 's voice performance because it allowed him and the other animators to " open [ McClure ] up visually as a character " . Due to the slow talking speed of Troy and Selma , the episode 's audio track was 28 minutes long which meant that multiple scenes had to be cut , including Troy 's bachelor party . After the cast had completed their original recording , guest star Jeff Goldblum rerecorded his dialogue as MacArthur Parker at a faster speed to further shorten it . His character 's design was loosely modeled on him , as well as a real @-@ life " sleazy Hollywood agent " . The animators watched several of Goldblum 's films , including The Tall Guy , in order to get a better representation of his performance .
Throughout " A Fish Called Selma " it is hinted that Troy engages in strange sexual activity . The writers initially did not know what the " unsavory " sexual preference would be , but eventually decided on a fish fetish , a suggestion from executive producer James L. Brooks , since it was " so perverted and strange , that it was over the top " . At the episode 's table reading , a female staff member demanded the line , " From now on she 's smoking for two " , be removed from the script ; however , her request was denied . On the walls of the Pimento Grove restaurant , the animators placed caricatures of every single guest star who had appeared on the show up to that point , as well as pictures of the fictional celebrities of the show .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode 's title is a reference to the film A Fish Called Wanda , while the opening scene features a parody of The Muppets . McClure appears in a musical version of Planet of the Apes ; the song " Dr. Zaius " is a parody of " Rock Me Amadeus " by Falco . The scene with Selma and Troy smoking is similar to Now , Voyager . The house that McClure lives in is based on the Chemosphere in California and his car is a DeLorean DMC @-@ 12 . The showbiz news anchors , voiced by Hank Azaria and Pamela Hayden , are based on Entertainment Tonight hosts John Tesh and Mary Hart , respectively . McClure describes Jub @-@ Jub the iguana as " Everywhere You Want to Be " in reference to a Visa commercial . Ken Keeler pitched the name MacArthur Parker , in reference to the song " MacArthur Park " , written by Jimmy Webb and first recorded by Richard Harris . Selma 's costumes are modeled on the clothes of Marilyn Monroe . At the wedding , Homer sings " Rock and Roll Part 2 " by Gary Glitter in his head .
The rumours of Troy McClure having a bizarre fetish for marine life mirror sex rumours about Richard Gere and a hamster .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " A Fish Called Selma " finished tied for 66th place in the weekly ratings for the week of March 18 – March 24 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 8 . It was the sixth @-@ highest rated show on the Fox Network that week . Entertainment Weekly placed the episode eighth on their list of the top 25 The Simpsons episodes . IGN named the episode the best of the seventh season , stating that it seemed the " obvious pick " . They called the musical the best moment of the episode and " maybe even the whole show " . In a later review , IGN 's Robert Canning praised Phil Hartman 's performance as " simply the best of any guest appearance on The Simpsons " . He concluded by saying : " Sure , [ the episode 's ] writing is smart and the jokes are funny , but without Phil Hartman as Troy McClure , ' A Fish Called Selma ' would only be good . With Hartman , it 's fantastic ! " Michael Moran of The Times ranked the episode as the best in the show 's history . In 2012 , Johnny Dee of The Guardian listed it as one of his five favorite episodes in the history of The Simpsons , noting that " Key to The Simpsons longevity is the minor characters who only crop up every season or so . And none more so than Troy McClure " .
Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , were pleased that " Troy McClure gets a starring role at last " . Empire called the episode the " high point " of the show 's " long @-@ standing love affair with The Planet of the Apes " , and cited it as McClure 's " finest hour " . Kimberly Potts of AOL Television named the episode the 14th best episode of the show . Dave Foster of DVD Times praised the episode , as well as Jeff Goldblum 's participation on the audio commentary . He stated : " for those yet to witness Troy McClure 's musical take on Planet of the Apes , well , you might say you haven 't lived ! Musical parody at its very best , the visuals and aural delights in this one brief sequence guarantee this season a recommendation being one of the most inspired moments of The Simpsons many seasons . "
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= Spark the Fire =
" Spark the Fire " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani . The song was released on December 1 , 2014 . It was originally intended to be featured on Stefani 's third studio album This Is What the Truth Feels Like , but it was scrapped in favor of new material . Stefani wrote " Spark the Fire " in collaboration with the song 's producer Pharrell Williams . It is a dance @-@ pop and hip hop track that incorporates funk . Along with the previous single , " Baby Don 't Lie " , the track was marketed as Stefani 's musical comeback as a solo artist .
Critical responses to " Spark the Fire " were mixed with critics negatively comparing it to Stefani and Williams ' previous collaboration " Hollaback Girl " , while others favored it compared to " Baby Don 't Lie " . Lyrically , the song serves as a " comeback " , discussing topics such as partying , having a good time , and feminism . " Spark the Fire " charted on Russia 's music chart at number 326 , failing to impact any other country 's main chart , managing only to peak on the lower ends of the US Dance Club and Pop Digital Songs charts . Stefani performed the song live during various public appearances , including The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where she performed it alongside a medley mix of her previous singles .
= = Background = =
After releasing two solo albums , Love . Angel . Music . Baby ( 2004 ) and The Sweet Escape ( 2006 ) , Stefani returned to work with her band No Doubt , and in 2012 they released their sixth studio album , Push and Shove . During that time , she claimed , " I never need to do that or want to do it again . I 'm happy being in No Doubt . " However , after an appearance during Pharrell Williams ' performance at the 2014 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , Pharrell teased that the rare live appearance from Stefani was the start of a comeback effort for the singer . Shortly after her Coachella performance , Stefani performed " Hollaback Girl " live on The Voice to further promote her upcoming role on the show .
During an interview for MTV News during New York Fashion Week , Stefani confirmed that she was working on new material for a solo album and a No Doubt album ; she also stated , " I 'm going into the studio tonight with Pharrell [ Williams ] , I 'm going to be writing and also just seeing what comes along my way . I 've been recording a few things . " Williams completed , " When I tell you she 's killing it , it 's another level . " In an interview with the Windy City Media Group , Stefani said " [ the song ] was so perfect for my story @-@ for what I was feeling in my own personal life @-@ that I didn 't even get it as a feminist anthem . I thought it was just about me ! I was just feeling me . " After the release of " Baby Don 't Lie " a month prior , " Spark the Fire " was released on December 1 , 2014 .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Spark the Fire " was written by Stefani and Pharrell Williams ; Williams serves as the track 's sole producer . The song is a dance @-@ pop and hip hop track , with inclusions of funk music and heavy percussion . August Brown of the Los Angeles Times described the song as " full of vintage Pharrell moves : pep @-@ band drum lines , percussive blips and a lot of open space for Stefani 's gum @-@ smacking shouts " . Lyrically , the song discusses several different themes ; Feminism and " girl power " is made clear in the lyric " It is time for the girl species to grow / I am a Libra / Let 's balance the scales " , while partying and clubbing is made clear in the lyric " Who got the lighter ? / Let 's spark the fire " . In a 2014 interview with Scott T. Sterling , Williams stated that the " coolest part " of the song was " the sound and direction " , particularly the song 's lyrics dicscussing " feminism and women standing up for themselves , and standing together " . He described the song as inspired by his feeling that " the female species has been suppressed long enough " , calling the lyric " Enough 's enough . Who 's got the lighter ? / Let 's spark the fire " Stefani 's way of demanding more respect for women . In an interview with PopSugar 's Lindsay Miller , Stefani identified the song as being " a very personal song " and " my journey " instead of a feminist anthem , but supported Williams ' interpretation , saying " I love when people discover their own opinions about a song " . Miller described Stefani 's hesitation with the word feminism as " com [ ing ] more from a place of humility than an attempt to avoid controversy " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Spark the Fire " received mixed reviews from critics . August Brown , writing for the Los Angeles Times , praised the single for being " a welcome return to the studio styles " of both Stefani and Williams . Hayden Manders of Refinery29 gave the single a positive review , calling it " a throwback for the modern age " and " a song of unity " . BreatheHeavy 's Jordan Miller praised the song for having " that typical Gwen sass combined with Pharrell ’ s signature quirky beats and rhythm " . Miller chose the lyrics " get off my cloud " as an exampe of Stefani 's vocal delivery being " rap @-@ sing @-@ talking business " . However , he later criticized both " Spark the Fire " and " Baby Don 't Lie " for being " bland " .
With a more divided opinion , Slant Magazine 's Alexa Camp called the song " an attempt to repeat those past hits than update the singer 's sound for ' 2015 ' " , but described it as an improvement over the previous single " Baby Don 't Lie " , while Eliza Berman of Time said that " though it 's more repetitive and packs less oozing attitude than " Hollaback Girl " , it should serve the club nearly as well . " In a negative review , Lucas Villas of AXS described the song as " a dud " and viewed it as " a whole lot of hot air " that failed in its attempt of " rekindling [ the ] past magic " behind Stefani and Williams ' 2005 collaboration " Hollaback Girl " . Marc Hogan of Wondering Sound was critical of the song 's lyrics , saying " a look at Stefani ’ s prior discography might suggest there ’ s not much fuel left for this particular theme " , and compared them to her previous work with No Doubt on the song " Start the Fire " from the 2001 album Rock Steady .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and synopsis = = =
The music video was released on December 1 , 2014 on Stefani 's official YouTube account . The video was produced by Stefani 's long @-@ time collaborator , Sophie Muller . At the beginning of the video , Stefani is shown floating on a cloud over an animated cityscape . For the video 's remainder , Stefani parties in an underground nightclub with friends while groups of animated emoticons and animated figures flash on the screen . During the song 's bridge before the last chorus , Stefani visually acts out the song 's lyrics with the help of several emoticons . Scott Lapatine of Stereogum described the video 's storyline as " a cartoon universe and an underground club with pop @-@ up video @-@ style graphics flying by " ; Lapatine further stated that the video also includes glimpses of " a conspicuous workstation that prints pizza and a Chrysler Fiat 500L " .
= = = Reception = = =
The video received predominantly positive reviews from critics . Eliza Berman of Time magazine gave the video a positive review , saying " it comes to life in the colorful blend of animation and reality " . Berman described the video 's feminist message as " consist [ ed ] of bringing together a bunch of attractive dancers dressed in L.A.M.B. , burning down the club with confidence " . Erin Strecker from Billboard compared the music video to the video for " Baby Don 't Lie " , stating " Stefani dons black and white in an animated , colorful world " .
= = Live performances = =
Stefani and Williams performed the song live on the December 1 , 2014 episode of The Voice . The performance opened with Stefani floating down to the stage on a huge , animated cloud head and dressed in a powder @-@ blue , cloud @-@ decorated jumpsuit . Williams also joined her on the stage , wearing a dark blue Adidas tracksuit . Stefani then performed " Spark the Fire " on New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly on December 31 , 2014 . On February 2 , 2015 , Stefani performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , along with a medley of her previous singles " Rich Girl " , " What You Waiting For ? " , and " The Sweet Escape " .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Joseph Smith =
Joseph Smith , Jr . ( December 23 , 1805 – June 27 , 1844 ) was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement . When he was twenty @-@ four , Smith published the Book of Mormon . By the time of his death fourteen years later , he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present .
Smith was born in Sharon , Vermont , but by 1817 , he had moved with his family to the burned @-@ over district of western New York , a site of intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening . According to Smith , he experienced a series of visions , including one in which he saw " two personages " ( presumably God the Father and Jesus Christ ) and others in which an angel named Moroni directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo @-@ Christian history of an ancient American civilization of Israelites who traveled to the Americas from Jerasalem six centuries before the birth of Christ . In 1830 , Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates , the Book of Mormon . The same year he organized the Church of Christ , calling it a restoration of the early Christian church . Members of the church were later called " Latter Day Saints " , or " Mormons " , and in 1838 , Smith announced a revelation that renamed the church as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints .
In 1831 , Smith and his followers moved west , planning to build a communalistic American Zion . They first gathered in Kirtland , Ohio , and established an outpost in Independence , Missouri , which was intended to be Zion 's " center place " . During the 1830s , Smith sent out missionaries , published revelations , and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple . Nevertheless , the collapse of the church @-@ sponsored Kirtland Safety Society and violent skirmishes with non @-@ Mormon Missourians caused Smith and his followers to establish a new settlement at Nauvoo , Illinois , where he became a spiritual and political leader . In 1844 , Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non @-@ Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smith 's power and practice of polygamy . After Smith was imprisoned in Carthage , Illinois , he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse .
Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture . His teachings include unique views about the nature of God , cosmology , family structures , political organization , and religious collectivism . His followers regard him as a prophet comparable to Moses and Elijah , and several religious denominations consider themselves the continuation of the church he organized , including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints and the Community of Christ .
= = Life = =
= = = Early years ( 1805 – 27 ) = = =
Joseph Smith , Jr. was born on December 23 , 1805 , in Sharon , Vermont , to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. , a merchant and farmer . After suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven , the younger Smith hobbled around on crutches for three years . In 1816 – 17 , after an ill @-@ fated business venture and three years of crop failures , the Smith family moved to the western New York village of Palmyra , and eventually took a mortgage on a 100 @-@ acre ( 40 ha ) farm in the nearby town of Manchester .
During the Second Great Awakening , the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm ; and between 1817 and 1825 , there were several camp meetings and revivals in the Palmyra area . Although Smith 's parents disagreed about religion , the family was caught up in this excitement . Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve ; without doubt , he participated in church classes and read the Bible . As a teenager , he may have been sympathetic to Methodism . With other family members , Smith also engaged in religious folk magic , not an uncommon practice at the time . Both his parents and his maternal grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God . Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul , he was confused by the claims of competing religious denominations .
Years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion . While praying in a wooded area near his home , he said that God , in a vision , had told him his sins were forgiven and that all contemporary churches had " turned aside from the gospel . " Smith said he told the experience to a preacher , who dismissed the story with contempt ; but the experience was largely unknown , even to most Mormons , until the 1840s . Although Smith may have understood the event as a personal conversion , this " First Vision " later grew in importance among Mormons , who today see it as the first event in the " restoration of the Gospel " .
Smith said that in 1823 while praying one night for forgiveness from his sins , he was visited by an angel named Moroni , who revealed the location of a buried book made of golden plates , as well as other artifacts , including a breastplate and a set of interpreters composed of two seer stones set in a frame , which had been hidden in a hill in Manchester near his home . Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him . Smith reported that during the next four years , he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates .
Meanwhile , the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smith 's oldest brother Alvin , who had assumed a leadership role in the family . Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers , a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period . Smith was said to have an ability to locate lost items by looking into a seer stone , which he also used in treasure hunting , including several unsuccessful attempts to find buried treasure sponsored by a wealthy farmer in Chenango County , New York . In 1826 , Smith was brought before a Chenango County court for " glass @-@ looking " , or pretending to find lost treasure . The result of the proceeding remains unclear as primary sources report various conflicting outcomes .
While boarding at the Hale house in Harmony , Pennsylvania , Smith began courting Emma Hale . When Smith proposed marriage , Emma 's father Isaac Hale objected because Smith was " a stranger " who had no means of supporting his daughter other than money digging , of which he disapproved . Smith and Emma eloped and were married on January 18 , 1827 , after which the couple began boarding with Smith 's parents in Manchester . Later that year , when Smith promised to abandon treasure seeking , Hale offered to let the couple live on his property in Harmony and help Smith get started in business .
Smith said that he made his last annual visit to the hill on September 22 , 1827 , taking Emma with him . This time , he said he retrieved the plates and put them in a locked chest . He said the angel commanded him not to show the plates to anyone else but to publish their translation , reputed to be the religious record of early indigenous Americans who were Israelites who had come to the Americas from Jerusalem . Smith said that the plates were engraved in an unknown language , reformed Egyptian , and he told associates that he was capable of reading and translating them.No archaeological , linguistic , or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America has been discovered . Although Smith had left his treasure hunting company , his former associates believed he had double @-@ crossed them by taking for himself what they considered joint property . After they ransacked places where a competing treasure @-@ seer said the plates were hidden , Smith decided to leave Palmyra .
= = = Founding a church ( 1827 – 30 ) = = =
In October 1827 , Smith and his pregnant wife moved from Palmyra to Harmony ( now Oakland ) , Pennsylvania , aided by money from a relatively prosperous neighbor , Martin Harris . Living near his in @-@ laws , Smith transcribed some characters that he said were engraved on the plates , and then dictated a translation to his wife .
In February 1828 , Martin Harris arrived to assist Smith by transcribing his dictation . Harris also took a sample of the characters to a few prominent scholars , including Charles Anthon , who Harris said initially authenticated the characters and their translation but then retracted his opinion after learning that Smith was supposed to have received the plates from an angel . Anthon denied Harris 's account of the meeting , claiming instead that he had tried to convince Harris that he had been the victim of a fraud . Nevertheless , Harris returned to Harmony in April 1828 , encouraged to continue as Smith 's scribe .
Smith continued to dictate to Harris until mid @-@ June 1828 , when Harris began having doubts about the project , fueled in part by his wife 's skepticism . Harris convinced Smith to let him take the existing 116 pages of manuscript to Palmyra to show a few family members , including his wife . Harris lost the manuscript — of which there was no other copy — at about the same time Smith 's wife , Emma , gave birth to a son , Alvin , who died the same day . Smith said that as punishment for losing the manuscript the angel took away the plates and revoked his ability to translate . During this dark period Smith briefly attended Methodist meetings with his wife until a cousin of hers objected to inclusion of a " practicing necromancer " on the Methodist class roll .
Smith said that the angel returned the plates to him on September 22 , 1828 , and he resumed dictation in April 1829 , after he met Oliver Cowdery , who replaced Harris as his scribe . They worked full time on the manuscript between April and early June 1829 , and then moved to Fayette , New York , where they continued to work at the home of Cowdery 's friend Peter Whitmer . When the narrative described an institutional church and a requirement for baptism , Smith and Cowdery baptized each other . Dictation was completed around July 1 , 1829 .
Although Smith had previously refused to show the plates to anyone , he told Martin Harris , Oliver Cowdery , and David Whitmer that they would be allowed to see them . These men , known collectively as the Three Witnesses — along with a later group of Eight Witnesses composed of male members of the Whitmer and Smith families — signed statements testifying that they had seen the golden plates ; the eight witnesses also said they had actually handled the plates . According to Smith , the angel Moroni took back the plates once Smith finished using them .
The completed work , the Book of Mormon , was published in Palmyra on March 26 , 1830 , by printer E. B. Grandin , Martin Harris having mortgaged his farm to finance it . Soon after , on April 6 , 1830 , Smith and his followers formally organized the Church of Christ , and small branches were established in Palmyra , Fayette , and Colesville , New York . The Book of Mormon brought Smith regional notoriety and opposition from those who remembered his money @-@ digging and the 1826 Chenango County trial . After Cowdery baptized several new members , the Mormons received threats of mob violence ; and before Smith could confirm the newly baptized members , he was arrested and brought to trial as a disorderly person . He was acquitted , but both he and Cowdery had to flee Colesville to escape a gathering mob . In probable reference to this period of flight , Smith said that Peter , James , and John had appeared to him and had ordained him and Cowdery to a higher priesthood .
Smith 's authority was undermined when Oliver Cowdery , Hiram Page , and other church members also claimed to receive revelations . In response , Smith dictated a revelation which clarified his office as a prophet and an apostle and which declared that only he held " the keys of the mysteries , and the revelations " with the ability to inscribe scripture for the church . Shortly after the conference , Smith dispatched Cowdery , Peter Whitmer , and others on a mission to proselytize Native Americans . Cowdery was also assigned the task of locating the site of the New Jerusalem .
On their way to Missouri , Cowdery 's party passed through northeastern Ohio , where Sidney Rigdon and over a hundred followers of his variety of Campbellite Restorationism converted to Mormonism , more than doubling the size of the church . Rigdon soon visited New York and quickly became Smith 's primary assistant . With growing opposition in New York , Smith gave forth as revelation that Kirtland was the eastern boundary of the New Jerusalem and that his followers must gather there .
= = = Life in Ohio ( 1831 – 38 ) = = =
When Smith moved to Kirtland , Ohio , in January 1831 , he encountered a religious culture that included enthusiastic demonstrations of spiritual gifts , including fits and trances , rolling on the ground , and speaking in tongues . Smith tamed these outbursts by producing two revelations that brought the Kirtland congregation under his own authority . Rigdon 's followers had also been practicing a form of communalism , and this Smith adopted , calling it the United Order . Smith had promised church elders that in Kirtland they would receive an endowment of heavenly power , and at the June 1831 general conference , he introduced the greater authority of a High ( " Melchizedek " ) Priesthood to the church hierarchy .
Converts poured into Kirtland . By the summer of 1835 , there were fifteen hundred to two thousand Mormons in the vicinity , many expecting Smith to lead them shortly to the Millennial kingdom . Though the mission to the Indians had been a failure , the missionaries sent on their way by a government Indian agent , Cowdery reported that he had found the site of the New Jerusalem in Jackson County , Missouri . After Smith visited in July 1831 , he agreed , pronouncing the frontier hamlet of Independence the " center place " of Zion . Nevertheless , Rigdon disapproved , and for most of the 1830s the church remained divided between Ohio and Missouri . Smith continued to live in Ohio , but visited Missouri again in early 1832 in order to prevent a rebellion of prominent church members , including Cowdery , who believed the church in Missouri was being neglected . Smith 's trip was hastened by a mob of Ohio residents who were incensed over the United Order and Smith 's political power ; the mob beat Smith and Rigdon unconscious , tarred and feathered them , and left them for dead .
In Jackson County , Missouri residents resented the Mormon newcomers for both political and religious reasons . Tension increased until July 1833 , when non @-@ Mormons forcibly evicted the Mormons and destroyed their property . Smith advised them to bear the violence patiently until they were attacked a fourth time , after which they could fight back . After armed bands exchanged fire and one Mormon and two non @-@ Mormons were killed , the old settlers brutally expelled the Mormons from the county .
Smith ended the communitarian experiment and changed the name of the church to the " Church of Latter Day Saints " before leading a small paramilitary expedition , later called Zion 's Camp , to aid the Missouri Mormons . As a military endeavor , the expedition was a failure ; the men were outnumbered and suffered from dissension and a cholera outbreak . Nevertheless , Zion 's Camp transformed Mormon leadership , and many future church leaders came from among the participants . After the Camp returned , Smith drew heavily from its participants to establish five governing bodies in the church , all originally of equal authority to check one another ; among these five groups was a quorum of twelve apostles . Smith gave a revelation saying that to redeem Zion , his followers would have to receive an endowment in the Kirtland Temple , and in March 1836 , at the temple 's dedication , many participants in the promised endowment saw visions of angels , spoke in tongues , and prophesied .
In late 1837 , a series of internal disputes led to the collapse of the Kirtland Mormon community . Smith was blamed for having promoted a church @-@ sponsored bank that failed and accused of engaging in a sexual relationship with his serving girl , Fanny Alger . Building the temple had left the church deeply in debt , and Smith was hounded by creditors . Having heard of a large sum of money supposedly hidden in Salem , Massachusetts , Smith traveled there and received a revelation that God had " much treasure in this city " . But after a month , he returned to Kirtland empty @-@ handed .
In January 1837 , Smith and other church leaders created a joint stock company , called the Kirtland Safety Society , to act as a quasi @-@ bank . The company issued bank notes capitalized in part by real estate . Smith encouraged the Latter Day Saints to buy the notes and invested heavily in them himself , but the bank failed within a month . As a result , the Latter Day Saints in Kirtland suffered intense pressure from debt collectors and severe price volatility . Smith was held responsible for the failure , and there were widespread defections from the church , including many of Smith 's closest advisers . After a warrant was issued for Smith 's arrest on a charge of banking fraud , Smith and Rigdon fled Kirtland for Missouri on the night of January 12 , 1838 .
= = = Life in Missouri ( 1838 – 39 ) = = =
By 1838 , Smith had abandoned plans to redeem Zion in Jackson County . After Smith and Rigdon arrived in Missouri , the town of Far West became the new Mormon " Zion " . In Missouri , the church also received a new name , the " Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints " , and construction began on a new temple . In the weeks and months after Smith and Rigdon arrived at Far West , thousands of Latter Day Saints followed them from Kirtland . Smith encouraged the settlement of land outside Caldwell County , instituting a settlement in Adam @-@ ondi @-@ Ahman , in Daviess County .
During this time , a church council expelled many of the oldest and most prominent leaders of the church , including John Whitmer , David Whitmer , W. W. Phelps , and Oliver Cowdery . Smith explicitly approved of the expulsion of these men , who were known collectively as the " dissenters " .
Political and religious differences between old Missourians and newly @-@ arriving Mormon settlers provoked tensions between the two groups , much as they had years earlier in Jackson County . By this time , Smith 's experiences with mob violence led him to believe that his faith 's survival required greater militancy against anti @-@ Mormons . Around June 1838 , recent convert Sampson Avard formed a covert organization called the Danites to intimidate Mormon dissenters and oppose anti @-@ Mormon militia units . Though it is unclear how much Smith knew of the Danites ' activities , he clearly approved of those of which he did know . After Rigdon delivered a sermon that implied dissenters had no place in the Mormon community , the Danites forcibly expelled them from the county .
In an oration given at the town 's Fourth of July celebration , Rigdon declared that Mormons would no longer tolerate persecution by the Missourians and spoke of a " war of extermination " if Mormons were attacked . Smith implicitly endorsed this speech , and many non @-@ Mormons understood it to be a thinly @-@ veiled threat . They unleashed a flood of anti @-@ Mormon rhetoric in newspapers and in stump speeches given during the 1838 election campaign .
On August 6 , 1838 , non @-@ Mormons in Gallatin tried to prevent Mormons from voting , and the election @-@ day scuffles initiated the 1838 Mormon War . Non @-@ Mormon vigilantes raided and burned Mormon farms , and Danites and other Mormons pillaged non @-@ Mormon towns . During this period Smith 's heated rhetoric encouraged some of his followers to take aggressive measures Smith himself might not have approved . Under the impression that an approaching group of armed men were a band of vigilantes , Mormons attacked the Missouri state militia in what became known as the Battle of Crooked River . Governor Lilburn Boggs then ordered that the Mormons be " exterminated or driven from the state " . Even though they were yet unaware of Boggs 's order , on October 30 a party of Missourians surprised and killed seventeen Mormons in the Haun 's Mill massacre .
The following day , the Latter Day Saints surrendered to 2 @,@ 500 state troops and agreed to forfeit their property and leave the state . Smith was immediately brought before a military court , accused of treason , and sentenced to be executed the next morning ; but Alexander Doniphan , Smith 's former attorney and a brigadier general in the Missouri militia , refused to carry out the order . Smith was then sent to a state court for a preliminary hearing , where several of his former allies testified against him . Smith and five others , including Rigdon , were charged with " overt acts of treason " , and transferred to the jail at Liberty , Missouri , to await trial .
Smith 's months in prison with an ill and whining Rigdon strained their relationship . Meanwhile Brigham Young , then @-@ president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , rose to prominence among the Mormon faithful when he organized the move of about 14 @,@ 000 Saints to Illinois and eastern Iowa . Smith bore his imprisonment stoically . Understanding that he was effectively on trial before his own people , many of whom considered him a fallen prophet , he wrote a personal defense and an apology for the activities of the Danites . " The keys of the kingdom , " he wrote , " have not been taken away from us " . Though he directed his followers to collect and publish their stories of persecution , he also urged them to moderate their antagonism toward non @-@ Mormons . On April 6 , 1839 , after a grand jury hearing in Davis County , Smith and his companions escaped custody , almost certainly with the connivance of the sheriff and guards .
= = = Life in Nauvoo , Illinois ( 1839 – 44 ) = = =
Many American newspapers criticized Missouri for the Haun 's Hill massacre and the state 's expulsion of the Latter Day Saints , and Illinois accepted Mormon refugees who gathered along the banks of the Mississippi River , where Smith purchased high @-@ priced , swampy woodland in the hamlet of Commerce . Smith also attempted to portray the Latter Day Saints as an oppressed minority and unsuccessfully petitioned the federal government for help in obtaining reparations . During the summer of 1839 , while Latter Day Saints in Nauvoo suffered from a malaria epidemic , Smith sent Brigham Young and other apostles to missions in Europe , where they made numerous converts , many of them poor factory workers .
Smith also attracted a few wealthy and influential converts , including John C. Bennett , the Illinois quartermaster general . Bennett used his connections in the Illinois legislature to obtain an unusually liberal charter for the new city , which Smith named " Nauvoo " ( Hebrew נָאווּ , meaning " to be beautiful " ) . The charter granted the city virtual autonomy , authorized a university , and granted Nauvoo habeas corpus power — which allowed Smith to fend off extradition to Missouri . Though Mormon authorities controlled Nauvoo 's civil government , the city promised an unusually liberal guarantee of religious freedom . The charter also authorized the Nauvoo Legion , an autonomous militia whose actions were limited only by state and federal constitutions . " Lieutenant General " Smith and " Major General " Bennett became its commanders , thereby controlling by far the largest body of armed men in Illinois . Smith made Bennett Assistant President of the church , and Bennett was elected Nauvoo 's first mayor . In 1841 , Smith began revealing the doctrine of plural marriage to a few of his closest male associates , including Bennett , who used it as an excuse to seduce numerous women wed and unwed . When embarrassing rumors of " spiritual wifery " got abroad , Smith forced Bennett 's resignation as Nauvoo mayor . In retaliation , Bennett wrote " lurid exposés of life in Nauvoo " .
The early Nauvoo years were a period of doctrinal innovation . Smith introduced baptism for the dead in 1840 , and in 1841 , construction began on the Nauvoo Temple as a place for recovering lost ancient knowledge . An 1841 revelation promised the restoration of the " fulness of the priesthood " ; and in May 1842 , Smith inaugurated a revised endowment or " first anointing " . The endowment resembled rites of freemasonry that Smith had observed two months earlier when he had been initiated into the Nauvoo Masonic lodge . At first , the endowment was open only to men , who were initiated into the Anointed Quorum . For women , Smith introduced the Relief Society , a service club and sorority within which Smith predicted women would receive " the keys of the kingdom " . Smith also elaborated on his plan for a millennial kingdom . No longer envisioning the building of Zion in Nauvoo , Smith viewed Zion as encompassing all of North and South America , with Mormon settlements being " stakes " of Zion 's metaphorical tent . Zion also became less a refuge from an impending tribulation than a great building project . In the summer of 1842 , Smith revealed a plan to establish the millennial Kingdom of God , which would eventually establish theocratic rule over the whole earth .
By mid @-@ 1842 , popular opinion had turned against the Mormons . After an unknown assailant shot and wounded Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs in May 1842 , anti @-@ Mormons circulated rumors that Smith 's bodyguard , Porter Rockwell , was the shooter . Though the evidence was circumstantial , Boggs ordered Smith 's extradition . Certain he would be killed if he ever returned to Missouri , Smith went into hiding twice during the next five months before the U.S. district attorney for Illinois argued that Smith 's extradition to Missouri would be unconstitutional . ( Rockwell was later tried and acquitted . ) In June 1843 , enemies of Smith convinced a reluctant Illinois Governor Thomas Ford to extradite Smith to Missouri on the old charge of treason . Two law officers arrested Smith , but were intercepted by a party of Mormons before they could reach Missouri . Smith was then released on a writ of habeas corpus from the Nauvoo municipal court . While this ended the Missourians ' attempts at extradition , it caused significant political fallout in Illinois .
In December 1843 , Smith petitioned Congress to make Nauvoo an independent territory with the right to call out federal troops in its defense . Smith then wrote to the leading presidential candidates and asked them what they would do to protect the Mormons . After receiving noncommittal or negative responses , Smith announced his own third @-@ party candidacy for President of the United States , suspended regular proselytizing , and sent out the Quorum of the Twelve and hundreds of other political missionaries . In March 1844 , following a dispute with a federal bureaucrat , Smith organized the secret Council of Fifty with authority to decide which national or state laws Mormons should obey . The Council was also to select a site for a large Mormon settlement in Texas , California , or Oregon , where Mormons could live under theocratic law beyond other governmental control .
= = = Death = = =
By the spring of 1844 , a rift developed between Smith and a half dozen of his closest associates . Most notably , William Law , Smith 's trusted counselor , and Robert Foster , a general of the Nauvoo Legion , disagreed with Smith about how to manage Nauvoo 's economy . Both also said that Smith had proposed marriage to their wives . Believing the dissidents were plotting against his life , Smith excommunicated them on April 18 , 1844 . These dissidents formed a competing church and the following month , at Carthage , the county seat , they procured indictments against Smith for perjury and polygamy .
On June 7 , the dissidents published the first ( and only ) issue of the Nauvoo Expositor , calling for reform within the church and appealing to the political views of the county 's anti @-@ Mormons . The paper decried Smith 's new " doctrines of many Gods " , alluded to Smith 's theocratic aspirations , and called for a repeal of the Nauvoo city charter . It also attacked Smith 's practice of polygamy , implying that Smith was using religion as a pretext to draw unassuming women to Nauvoo in order to seduce and marry them .
Fearing the newspaper would bring the countryside down on the Mormons , the Nauvoo city council declared the Expositor a public nuisance and ordered the Nauvoo Legion to destroy the press . Smith , who feared another mob attack , supported the action , not realizing that suppression of the press would sooner incite an attack than libel would .
Destruction of the newspaper provoked a strident call to arms from Thomas C. Sharp , editor of the Warsaw Signal and longtime critic of Smith . Fearing an uprising , Smith mobilized the Nauvoo Legion on June 18 and declared martial law . Officials in Carthage responded by mobilizing their small detachment of the state militia , and Governor Thomas Ford appeared , threatening to raise a larger militia unless Smith and the Nauvoo city council surrendered themselves . Smith initially fled across the Mississippi River , but shortly returned and surrendered to Ford . On June 23 , Smith and his brother Hyrum rode to Carthage to stand trial for inciting a riot . Once the Smiths were in custody , the charges were increased to treason .
On June 27 , 1844 , an armed mob with blackened faces stormed Carthage Jail where Joseph and Hyrum were being held . Hyrum , who was trying to secure the door , was killed instantly with a shot to the face . Smith fired a pepper @-@ box pistol that a friend had lent him for self @-@ defense , then sprang for the window . He was shot multiple times before falling out the window , crying , " Oh Lord my God ! " He died shortly after hitting the ground , but was shot several times more before the mob dispersed . Five men were later tried for his murder , but all were acquitted . Smith was buried in Nauvoo , and is currently interred there at the Smith Family Cemetery .
Throughout his life Smith had been sharply criticized by newspaper editors , and after his death newspapers were almost unanimous in portraying Smith as a religious fanatic . Conversely , within Mormonism , Smith was memorialized first and foremost as a prophet , martyred to seal the testimony of his faith .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Impact = = =
Smith attracted thousands of devoted followers before his death in 1844 and millions in the century that followed . Among Mormons , he is regarded as a prophet on par with Moses and Elijah . In a 2015 compilation of the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time , Smithsonian magazine ranked Smith first in the category of religious figures .
Mormons and ex @-@ Mormons have produced a large amount of scholarly work about Smith , and to a large extent the result has been two discordant pictures of very different people : a man of God on the one hand , and on the other , a fraud preying on the ignorance of his followers . Believers tended to focus on his achievements and religious teachings , deemphasizing his personal defects , while detractors focused on his mistakes , legal troubles , and controversial doctrines . During the first half of the 20th century , some writers suggested that Smith might have suffered from epileptic seizures or from psychological disorders such as paranoid delusions or manic @-@ depressive illness that might explain his visions and revelations . Many modern biographers disagree with these ideas . More nuanced interpretations range from viewing Smith as a prophet who had normal human weaknesses , a " pious fraud " who believed he was called of God to preach repentance and felt justified inventing visions in order to convert people , or a gifted " mythmaker " who was the product of his Yankee environment . Biographers , Mormon and non @-@ Mormon , agree that Smith was one of the most influential , charismatic , and innovative figures in American religious history .
Memorials to Smith include the Joseph Smith Memorial Building in Salt Lake City , Utah , the Joseph Smith Building on the campus of Brigham Young University , and a granite obelisk marking his birth place .
= = = Religious denominations = = =
Smith 's death resulted in a succession crisis . Smith had proposed several ways to choose his successor , but had never clarified his preference . Smith 's brother Hyrum , had he survived , would have had the strongest claim , followed by Smith 's brother Samuel , who died mysteriously a month after his brothers . Another brother , William , was unable to attract a sufficient following . Smith 's sons Joseph III and David also had claims , but Joseph III was too young and David was yet unborn . The Council of Fifty had a theoretical claim to succession , but it was a secret organization . Some of Smith 's chosen successors , such as Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer , had left the church .
The two strongest succession candidates were Brigham Young , senior member and president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , and Sidney Rigdon , the senior member of the First Presidency . In a church @-@ wide conference on August 8 , most of the Latter Day Saints elected Young , who led them to the Utah Territory as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Membership in Young 's denomination surpassed 14 million members in 2010 . Smaller groups followed Sidney Rigdon and James J. Strang , who had based his claim on an allegedly @-@ forged letter of appointment . Others followed Lyman Wight and Alpheus Cutler . Many members of these smaller groups , including most of Smith 's family , eventually coalesced in 1860 under the leadership of Joseph Smith III and formed what was known for more than a century as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( now Community of Christ ) , which now has about 250 @,@ 000 members . As of 2013 , members of the denominations originating from Smith 's teachings number approximately 15 million .
= = Family and descendants = =
The first of Smith 's wives , Emma Hale , gave birth to nine children during their marriage , five of whom died before the age of two . The eldest , Alvin ( born in 1828 ) , died within hours of birth , as did twins Thaddeus and Louisa ( born in 1831 ) . When the twins died , the Smiths adopted another set of twins , Julia and Joseph , whose mother had recently died in childbirth ; Joseph died of measles in 1832 . In 1841 , Don Carlos , who had been born a year earlier , died of malaria . In 1842 , Emma gave birth to a stillborn son . Joseph and Emma had four sons who lived to maturity : Joseph Smith III , Frederick Granger Williams Smith , Alexander Hale Smith , and David Hyrum Smith ( born in 1844 after Smith 's death ) . As of 2013 , DNA testing had provided no evidence that Smith had fathered any children by women other than Emma .
Throughout her life , Emma Smith frequently denied that her husband had ever taken additional wives . Emma said that the very first time she ever became aware of a polygamy revelation being attributed to Smith by Mormons was when she read about it in Orson Pratt 's periodical The Seer in 1853 . Emma campaigned publicly against polygamy , and was the main signatory of a petition in 1842 , with a thousand female signatures , denying that Smith was connected with polygamy . As president of the Ladies ' Relief Society , Emma authorized publishing a certificate in the same year denouncing polygamy , and denying her husband as its creator or participant . Even on her deathbed , Emma denied Joseph 's involvement with polygamy , stating , " No such thing as polygamy , or spiritual wifery , was taught , publicly or privately , before my husband 's death , that I have now , or ever had any knowledge of ... He had no other wife but me ; nor did he to my knowledge ever have " .
After Smith 's death , Emma Smith quickly became alienated from Brigham Young and the church leadership . Young , whom Emma feared and despised , was suspicious of her desire to preserve the family 's assets from inclusion with those of the church , and thought she would be even more troublesome because she openly opposed plural marriage . When most Latter Day Saints moved west , she stayed in Nauvoo , married a non @-@ Mormon , Major Lewis C. Bidamon , and withdrew from religion until 1860 , when she affiliated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , first headed by her son , Joseph Smith III . Emma never denied Smith 's prophetic gift or repudiated her belief in the authenticity of the Book of Mormon .
= = Revelations = =
According to Richard Bushman , the " signal feature " of Smith 's life was " his sense of being guided by revelation " . Instead of presenting ideas with logical arguments , Smith dictated authoritative revelations and let people decide whether to believe . Smith 's teachings came primarily through his revelations , which read like scripture : oracular and open to interpretation . Smith and his followers viewed his revelations as being above teachings or opinions , and Smith 's actions seemed to indicate that he believed in his revelations as much as his most loyal followers .
Smith 's first recorded revelation was a rebuke from God for having let Martin Harris lose 116 pages of Book of Mormon manuscript , chastising him for " fearing man more than God " . The revelation was given in the voice of God rather than as a declaration mediated through Smith ; and subsequent revelations assumed a similar authoritative style , often opening with words such as " Hearken O ye people which profess my name , saith the Lord your God . "
= = = Book of Mormon = = =
The Book of Mormon has been called the longest and most complex of Smith 's revelations . It is organized as a compilation of smaller books , each named after its main named narrator or a prominent leader . It tells the story of the rise and fall of a religious civilization beginning around 600 BC and ending in 421 AD . The story begins with a family that leaves Jerusalem , just before the Babylonian captivity . They eventually construct a ship and sail to a " promised land " in the Western Hemisphere . There , they are divided into two factions : Nephites and Lamanites . The Nephites become a righteous people who build a temple and live the law of Moses , though their prophets teach a Christian gospel . The book explains itself to be largely the work of Mormon , a Nephite prophet and military figure . The book closes when Mormon 's son , Moroni , finishes engraving and buries the records written on the golden plates .
Christian themes permeate the work ; for instance , Nephite prophets in the Book of Mormon teach of Christ 's coming , and talk of the star that will appear at his birth . After the crucifixion and resurrection in Jerusalem , Jesus appears in the Americas , repeats the Sermon on the Mount , blesses children , and appoints twelve disciples . The book ends with Moroni 's exhortation to " come unto Christ " .
Early Mormons understood the Book of Mormon to be a religious history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas . Smith 's followers view it as a companion to the Bible and an additional witness of Christ , akin to a large apocryphal work . Modern historian Fawn Brodie has called the Book of Mormon a response to pressing cultural and environmental issues of Smith 's times , saying that Smith composed the Book of Mormon drawing from scraps of information available to him ; Dan Vogel , another historian , says that the work is autobiographical in nature .
Smith never said how he produced the Book of Mormon , saying only that he translated by the power of God and implying that he had transcribed the words . The Book of Mormon itself states only that its text will " come forth by the gift and power of God unto the interpretation thereof " . As such , considerable disagreement about the actual method used exists . For at least some of the earliest dictation , Smith is said to have used the " Urim and Thummim " , a pair of seer stones he said were buried with the plates . Later , however , he is said to have used a chocolate @-@ colored stone he had found in 1822 that he had used previously for treasure hunting . Joseph Knight said that Smith saw the words of the translation while he gazed at the stone or stones in the bottom of his hat , excluding all light , a process similar to divining the location of treasure . Sometimes , Smith concealed the process by raising a curtain or dictating from another room , while at other times he dictated in full view of witnesses while the plates lay covered on the table . After completing the translation , Smith gave the brown stone to Cowdery , but continued to receive revelations using another stone until about 1833 when he said he no longer needed it .
Although the Book of Mormon drew many converts to the church , Fawn Brodie argued in 1945 that the " book lives today because of the prophet , not he because of the book . " Smith had assumed a role as prophet , seer , and apostle of Jesus Christ , and by early 1831 , he was introducing himself as " Joseph the Prophet " . The language of authority in Smith 's revelations was appealing to converts , and the revelations were given with the confidence of an Old Testament prophet .
= = = Moses and Abraham = = =
Smith said that in June 1830 , he received a " revelation of Moses " in which Moses saw " the world and the ends thereof " and asked God questions about the purpose of creation and man 's relationship to God . This revelation initiated a revision of the Bible on which Smith worked sporadically until 1833 and which remained unpublished at his death . Smith said that he believed the Bible had been corrupted through the ages , and that his revision worked to restore the original intent ; it added long passages rewritten " according to his inspiration " . While many changes involved straightening out seeming contradictions or making small clarifications , other changes added large " lost " portions to the text . For instance , Smith 's revision nearly tripled the length of the first five chapters of Genesis in what would become the Book of Moses .
The Book of Moses begins with Moses ' inquiring of God as to the purpose of creation , and is told in this account that God made the earth and heavens to bring humans to eternal life . The book also provides an enlarged account of the Genesis creation narrative and expands the story of Enoch , the ancestor of Noah . In the narrative , Enoch speaks with God , receives a prophetic calling , and eventually builds a city of Zion so righteous that it was taken to heaven . The book also elaborates and expands upon foreshadowing and " types " of Christ , in effect Christianizing the Old Testament .
In 1835 Smith encouraged some Latter Day Saints in Kirtland to purchase rolls of ancient Egyptian papyri from a traveling exhibitor . Over the next several years , Smith worked off and on as events allowed , to produce a supposed translation of one of these rolls , which he published in 1842 as the Book of Abraham . The Book of Abraham speaks of the founding of the Abrahamic nation , astronomy , cosmology , lineage and priesthood , and gave another account of the creation story . The papyri from which Smith dictated the Book of Abraham were thought to have been lost in the Great Chicago Fire , but several fragments were rediscovered in the 1960s , were translated by Egyptologists , and were determined to be part of the Book of the Dead with no connection to Abraham .
= = = Other revelations = = =
According to Parley P. Pratt , Smith dictated revelations orally , and they were recorded by a scribe without revisions or corrections . Revelations were immediately copied , and then circulated among church members . Smith 's revelations often came in response to specific questions . He described the revelatory process as having " pure Intelligence " flowing into him . Smith , however , never viewed the wording to be infallible . The revelations were not God 's words verbatim , but " couched in language suitable to Joseph 's time " . In 1833 Smith edited and expanded many of the previous revelations , publishing them as the Book of Commandments , which later became part of the Doctrine and Covenants .
Smith gave varying types of revelations . Some were temporal , while others were spiritual or doctrinal ; some were received for a specific individual , while others were directed at the whole church . Notable revelations include an 1831 revelation called " The Law " containing directions for missionary work , rules for organizing society in Zion , a reiteration of the Ten Commandments , an injunction to " administer to the poor and needy " , and an outline for the law of consecration . An 1832 revelation called " The Vision " added to the fundamentals of sin and atonement , introduced doctrines of life after salvation , the theme of exaltation , and a heaven with degrees of glory . Another 1832 revelation " on Priesthood " was the first to explain priesthood doctrine . Three months later , Smith gave a lengthy revelation called the " Olive Leaf " containing themes of cosmology and eschatology , and discussing subjects such as light , truth , intelligence , and sanctification ; a related revelation given in 1833 put Christ at the center of salvation .
Also in 1833 , at a time of temperance agitation , Smith delivered a revelation called the " Word of Wisdom , " which counseled a diet of wholesome herbs , fruits , grains , a sparing use of meat , and recommended that Latter Day Saints avoid " strong " alcoholic drinks , tobacco , and " hot drinks " ( later interpreted to mean tea and coffee ) . The Word of Wisdom was not originally framed as a commandment , but a recommendation . As such , Smith and other Latter Day Saints did not strictly follow this counsel , though it later became a requirement in the LDS Church . In 1835 Smith gave the " great revelation " that organized the priesthood into quorums and councils , and served as a complex blueprint for church structure . Smith 's last revelation on the " New and Everlasting Covenant " was recorded in 1843 , and dealt with the theology of family , the doctrine of sealing , and plural marriage .
Before 1832 , most of Smith 's revelations dealt with establishing the church , gathering his followers , and building the City of Zion , while later revelations dealt with the priesthood , endowment , and exaltation . The revelations slowed in Kirtland during the autumn of 1833 , and again after the dedication of the Kirtland Temple , as Smith relied more heavily on his own teachings . Smith moved away from written revelations opening with " verily thus saith the Lord " and taught more in sermons , conversations , and letters . For instance , the doctrines of baptism for the dead and the nature of God were introduced in sermons , and one of Smith 's most famed statements about there being " no such thing as immaterial matter " was recorded from a casual conversation with a Methodist preacher .
= = Views and teachings = =
= = = Cosmology and theology = = =
Smith taught that all existence was material , including a world of " spirit matter " so fine that it was invisible to all but the purest mortal eyes . Matter , in Smith 's view , could neither be created nor destroyed ; the creation involved only the reorganization of existing matter . Like matter , Smith saw " intelligence " as co @-@ eternal with God , and taught that human spirits had been drawn from a pre @-@ existent pool of eternal intelligences . Nevertheless , spirits could not experience a " fullness of joy " unless joined with corporeal bodies , according to Smith . The work and glory of God , then , was to create worlds across the cosmos where inferior intelligences could be embodied .
Though Smith initially viewed God the Father as a spirit , he eventually began teaching that God was an advanced and glorified man , embodied within time and space . By the end of his life , Smith was teaching that both God the Father and Jesus were distinct beings with physical bodies , but the Holy Spirit was a " personage of Spirit " . Through the gradual acquisition of knowledge , according to Smith , those who received exaltation could eventually become like God . These teachings implied a vast hierarchy of gods , with God himself having a father . In Smith 's cosmology , those who became gods would reign , unified in purpose and will , leading spirits of lesser capacity to share immortality and eternal life .
In Smith 's view , the opportunity to achieve exaltation extended to all humanity ; those who died with no opportunity to accept saving ordinances could achieve exaltation by accepting them in the afterlife through ordinances performed on their behalf . Smith said that children who died in their innocence would be guaranteed to rise at the resurrection and receive exaltation . Apart from those who committed the eternal sin , Smith taught that even the wicked and disbelieving would achieve a degree of glory in the afterlife .
= = = Religious authority and ritual = = =
Smith 's teachings were rooted in dispensational restorationism . He taught that the Church of Christ restored through him was a latter @-@ day restoration of the early Christian faith , which had been lost in the Great Apostasy . At first , Smith 's church had little sense of hierarchy ; his religious authority was derived from visions and revelations . Though Smith did not claim exclusive prophethood , an early revelation designated him as the only prophet allowed to issue commandments " as Moses " . This religious authority encompassed economic and political as well as spiritual matters . For instance , in the early 1830s , he temporarily instituted a form of religious communism , called the United Order , that required Latter Day Saints to give all their property to the church , which was divided among the faithful . He also envisioned that the theocratic institutions he established would have a role in the worldwide political organization of the Millennium .
By the mid @-@ 1830s , Smith began teaching a hierarchy of three priesthoods — the Melchizedek , the Aaronic , and the Patriarchal . Each priesthood was a continuation of biblical priesthoods through patrilineal succession or ordination by biblical figures appearing in visions . Upon introducing the Melchizedek or " High " Priesthood in 1831 , Smith taught that its recipients would be " endowed with power from on high " , thus fulfilling a need for a greater holiness and an authority commensurate with the New Testament apostles . This doctrine of endowment evolved through the 1830s , until in 1842 , the Nauvoo endowment included an elaborate ceremony containing elements similar to Freemasonry and the Jewish tradition of Kabbalah . The endowment was extended to women in 1843 , though Smith never clarified whether women could be ordained to priesthood offices .
Smith taught that the High Priesthood 's endowment of heavenly power included the sealing powers of Elijah , allowing High Priests to effect binding consequences in the afterlife . For example , this power would enable proxy baptisms for the dead and priesthood marriages that would be effective into the afterlife . Elijah 's sealing powers also enabled the second anointing , or " fulness [ sic ] of the priesthood " , which , according to Smith , sealed married couples to their exaltation .
= = = Theology of family = = =
During the early 1840s , Smith unfolded a theology of family relations called the " New and Everlasting Covenant " that superseded all earthly bonds . He taught that outside the Covenant , marriages were simply matters of contract , and that in the afterlife individuals married outside the Covenant or not married would be limited in their progression . To fully enter the Covenant , a man and woman must participate in a " first anointing " , a " sealing " ceremony , and a " second anointing " ( also called " sealing by the Holy Spirit of Promise " ) . When fully sealed into the Covenant , Smith said that no sin nor blasphemy ( other than the eternal sin ) could keep them from their exaltation in the afterlife . According to Smith , only one person on earth at a time — in this case , Smith — could possess this power of sealing .
Smith taught that the highest level of exaltation could be achieved through " plural marriage " ( polygamy ) , which was the ultimate manifestation of this New and Everlasting Covenant . Plural marriage , according to Smith , allowed an individual to transcend the angelic state and become a god , accelerating the expansion of one 's heavenly kingdom .
= = = = Polygamy = = = =
Smith had by some accounts been teaching a polygamy doctrine as early as 1831 , and there is unconfirmed evidence that Smith was a polygamist by 1835 . Although the church had publicly repudiated polygamy , in 1837 there was a rift between Smith and Oliver Cowdery over the issue . Cowdery suspected that Smith had engaged in a relationship with his serving girl Fanny Alger . Smith never denied a relationship , but insisted it was not adulterous , presumably because he had taken Alger as a plural wife .
In April 1841 , Smith wed Louisa Beaman ; and during the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years he married or was sealed to about 30 additional women , ten of whom were already married to other men ( this was generally done with the knowledge and consent of their husbands , and the records and circumstances of several of these unions support that they may have been considered " eternity @-@ only " sealings ) . Ten of Smith 's plural wives were between the ages of fourteen and twenty ; others were over fifty . The practice of polygamy was kept secret from both non @-@ Mormons and most members of the church .
Polygamy caused a breach between Smith and his first wife , Emma . Although Emma knew of some of her husband 's marriages , she almost certainly did not know the extent of his polygamous activities . In 1843 , Emma temporarily accepted Smith 's marriage to four women boarded in the Smith household , but she soon regretted her decision and demanded that the other wives leave . In July , Smith dictated a revelation directing Emma to accept plural marriage , but the two were not reconciled until September , after Emma began participating in temple ceremonies .
= = = Political views = = =
While campaigning for President of the United States in 1844 , Smith had opportunity to take political positions on issues of the day . Smith considered the U.S. Constitution , and especially the Bill of Rights , to be inspired by God and " the [ Latter Day ] Saints ' best and perhaps only defense . " . He believed a strong central government was crucial to the nation 's well @-@ being and thought democracy better than tyranny — although he also taught that a theocratic monarchy was the ideal form of government . In foreign affairs , Smith was an expansionist , though he viewed " expansionism as brotherhood " .
Smith favored a strong central bank and high tariffs to protect American business and agriculture . He disfavored imprisonment of convicts except for murder , preferring efforts to reform criminals through labor ; he also opposed courts @-@ martial for military deserters . He supported capital punishment but opposed hanging , preferring execution by firing squad or beheading .
Smith published a pro @-@ slavery essay in 1836 but later opposed the practice . During his presidential campaign , he proposed abolishing it by 1850 and compensating slaveholders through sale of public lands . Smith said he did not believe blacks to be inherently inferior to whites ; he welcomed both freemen and slaves into the church . However , he opposed baptizing slaves without permission of their masters , and he opposed miscegenation .
Smith declared that he would be one of the instruments in fulfilling Nebuchadnezzar 's statue vision in the Book of Daniel : that secular government would be destroyed without " sword or gun " , and would be replaced with a " theodemocratic " Kingdom of God . Smith taught that this kingdom would be governed by theocratic principles , but that it would also be multidenominational and democratic , so long as the people chose wisely .
= = = Ethics and behavior = = =
A succinct statement of ethics by Smith is found in his 13th Article of Faith :
We believe in being honest , true , chaste , benevolent , virtuous , and in doing good to all men ; indeed , we may say that we follow the admonition of Paul — We believe all things , we hope all things , we have endured many things , and hope to be able to endure all things . If there is anything virtuous , lovely , or of good report or praiseworthy , we seek after these things .
Smith said his ethical rule was , " When the Lord commands , do it " .
He also taught :
that which is wrong under one circumstance , may be and often is , right under another . God said thou shalt not kill — at another time he said thou shalt utterly destroy . This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted — by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the elders of the kingdom are placed . Whatever God requires is right ... even things which may be considered abominable to all those who do not understand the order of heaven .
Beginning in the mid @-@ 1830s and into the 1840s , as the Mormon people became involved in conflicts with the Missouri and Illinois state governments , Smith taught that " Congress has no power to make a law that would abridge the rights of my religion , " and that they were not under the obligation to follow laws they deemed as being contrary to their " religious privilege " . Smith may have thus felt justified in promoting polygamy despite its violation of some traditional ethical standards .
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= Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) =
" Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was written and produced by Carey , Jermaine Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , with additional writing credits and features by American rappers Rick Ross and Meek Mill . Released on August 3 , 2012 , Carey revealed that she wrote the song during difficult and personal experiences in her life , and that through writing , helped alleviate the pain . She later stated that " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was written when her husband Nick Cannon was in the hospital with acute kidney failure in early 2012 , and was also inspired by the death of her past collaborator and friend , Whitney Houston .
The song is a midtempo R & B and hip hop ballad that " mixes a soft beat with piano accompaniment . " Its lyrics convey a message of self @-@ worth and perseverance , with Carey urging listeners to " Reach for the stars / Be all that you are . " The song made little impact commercially ; many felt the singer was overshadowed by the hip @-@ hop duo , and should have had more presence on her comeback single . Two accompanying versions were released alongside the original , titled the " Pulse Club " and " Vintage Throwback " remixes . Like the reception , commercial impact has been generally low . Most critics attribute this to the song 's low appeal to Top 40 formats and mainstream channels .
An accompanying music video for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was shot in New York City . Directed by Nick Cannon , it officially premiered on August 21 , 2012 on Carey 's official website and the following day digitally . The video , featuring a victorious boxing theme , portrays Carey and Ross as promoters as they cheer Mill during his match . The clip was generally well received , due to its cinematography and ties with the song 's theme of perseverance and being " triumphant " . Carey performed the song live for the first time on September 5 , 2012 at Rockefeller Center . The performance marked the beginning of the new NFL season , starting with the New York Giants Vs . Dallas Cowboys game at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey .
= = Background and production = =
In September 2011 , less than six months after giving birth to twins , Carey tweeted a picture of herself and Jermaine Dupri in a recording studio working on new material for her currently untitled upcoming fourteenth studio album , with the picture 's caption reading " So happy to be back in the studio with the one & only @ Mr _ Dupri aka Jermash ! We are back together . " Following more speculation of the singer 's return to the studio , Carey posted photos of herself and Rick Ross in Miami during late April , where the song was produced . Later revealed as the lead single from the singer 's upcoming , yet @-@ untitled fourteenth studio album , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was written and produced by Carey , Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , with Ross and Meek Mill providing their verses . Relaying several hints regarding the song to the media , Carey explained the song 's conception in a series of tweets on July 30 , 2012 : " I wrote Triumphant when I was going through a difficult time and it helped me get through it . When u hear it , pay attention to the lyrics . " In an interview with MTV , Cox explained what fans would be able to expect from the song and why he felt Ross and Mill were " the perfect fit . " He expressed how the " inspirational song " is close to Carey 's heart and thought fans would become " emotionally attached " to it . Cox also added that Carey had committed herself to working on the album before she knew she was pregnant , but decided to halt its production until after she had given birth . With regard to the inclusion of the hip @-@ hop duo , he explained how they became involved with the project :
I think that Rick Ross is resilient , and Meek Mill [ is ] a new hot rapper , who 's really hot , one of my favorite new hip hop artists . Rick Ross , who 's always been one of my favorites , he 's resilient . I think that , through the years , people try to count him out , and he always comes back , comes back harder , comes back with bigger and better records . So I think that the theme of ' Triumphant , ' I think that he fits the theme of that whole concept the best , really , because through it all , Rick Ross always comes out on top .
In a conference call with Billboard , Carey revealed that she wrote " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " while her husband , Nick Cannon , was hospitalized receiving medical treatment for mild kidney failure , saying " There 's a lot of things you can take from there that can keep you going in a tough situation . " Carey also added that the song was written around the time her friend , singer Whitney Houston , had died . " ' We were actually in the hospital together when we saw it on TV . ' [ ... ] It was important for me to write something that would ... help me get through the moment . That ’ s where ‘ Stay triumphant , keep on living ’ came from . " Carey also expressed why she chosen Ross and Mill , or any hip @-@ hop artist in general on the track , claiming that they are " different " and how she is always experimenting on collaborations with varying and new artists . When asked why she chose not to release a lead single which was dance influenced , Carey explained how she felt regarding the current music scene ; " I think it would be incredible if we could bring back the days when R & B records didn 't have to cross over but be massive hits on their own , " and that was the reason why she did not want to conform to what is currently on trend . Additionally , she felt that " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " , potentially , would be able to generate cross @-@ appeal , and not only cater Mainstream Top 40 . With specific emphasis on the dance music scene and its popularity , Carey stated that while she was pregnant , the vast majority of music that was being released was dance and electronic music , saying " I was pregnant forever , and I was being tortured day and night by techno music . I was complaining to everyone who was listening . One time I made dinner for L.A. Reid , and we were both sitting there like ' What happened ? ' " It saddened Carey that R & B and hip @-@ hop music was being " bowled over " by dance music , and therefore wanted to remain true to herself by making traditional R & B music :
" I 'm collaborating with a lot of my favorite people but the main thing is [ that ] I 'm not trying to follow any particular trend . I want it to be well received . I want to stay true to myself and the music that I love and make the fans happy . It would be incredible if we can bring back the days where R & B songs didn 't have to cross over . It makes me sad that there are so many talented R & B artists that don 't get the chance that they should . "
= = Artwork and release = =
Carey revealed the single 's artwork via her Instagram account on July 30 , 2012 . Iona Kirby for The Daily Mail wrote that Carey is known for her " powerful voice , diva tendencies and voluptuous figure " and that she has managed to combine all three qualities in the artwork for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " . She continued describing Carey 's gown as a " flesh @-@ coloured dress with cut @-@ out panels and a saucy split up one side . " Kirby was complimentary of the artwork , writing that Carey " sizzles " on the cover and that the " strapless frock leaves very little to the imagination as she smoulders for the camera . " A critic for the Belfast Telegraph also noted that Carey poses " seductively " for the shot . Robbie Daw for Idolator noted that it appeared as though the artwork had been photoshopped and that it is reminiscent of the cover art of Carey 's tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . Ayeesha Walsh for The Sun also noted a resemblance to the latter cover , writing " The cover shots for ' Triumphant ' are somewhat reminiscent ... which also sees her wearing a figure hugging gold dress while she strikes a similar pose . " A writer from MTV found the shot " endlessly entertaining " , while Declan Cashin of The Independent wrote : " Carey is depicted in golden hues as if she 's radiating the precious shimmering element from her very being . "
On August 1 , a 30 @-@ second low quality snippet of Ross ' verse was released , only one day prior to its scheduled release . Carey later confirmed via her official Twitter account that " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " would make its premiere on August 2 , 2012 at 3 : 45pm on the B96 Chicago radio station . However , the station failed to premiere the song , and instead made its official debut on her website . The song received its official radio release later that day at 6 : 20pm CST on the B96 radio station , almost three hours later than scheduled . It was made available to download digitally via iTunes on August 3 , 2012 , in The Netherlands , Belgium , Ireland , Italy , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . On August 7 , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " made its stateside digital download premiere . Island / Def Jam serviced the hip @-@ hop version to R & B / hip @-@ hop radio on August 13 , and currently " mapping out strategies to deliver other versions across dance formats . "
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " is a midtempo R & B and hip hop ballad that " mixes a soft beat with piano accompaniment . " Written during a difficult time in Carey 's personal life , the song boasts inspirational lyrics of self @-@ worth and achievement . The song begins with an introductory verse from Mill , followed by Ross on the second verse . Though " cooing " throughout the chorus , Carey 's begins singing during the song 's bridge and final crescendo , where she displays her whistle register . The track opens with Mill , whose verse quickly sums up the theme of the track : " The only way to make it to the top is if you go and get it from the bottom ... I remember they said that it ain 't my turn / Just look at me now / Try to hold me down , but I ain 't gonna stop / ' Cause I 'm gonna climb to the mountaintop . " During the song 's chorus , Carey sings of not being able to be torn down by others and " staying triumphant " , before continuing : " Don 't let ' em ever count you out / Realize all things are possible / In your heart who 's the greatest / Reach for the stars / Be all that you are . "
During the second verse , Ross ' lyrics are somewhat different , " Red bottom Bawse house big as Baltimore " and " With a blonde bombshell trying to bond with your boy . " Additionally , he makes reference to strippers , as well as driving with a suspended drivers ' license . Throughout the bridge , Carey sings about achieving despite surrounding odds : " In spite of the chains that bind you / You can see the mountain top / It ’ s not too far . " Additionally , towards the last chorus , the singer releases a series of her " signature " high notes . During an August 2 , conference call , Carey described how she felt working with the duo , and how she felt Ross ' voice blended well with her own : " Working with Ross and Meek on the same record was incredible . Obviously Ross is a star and everybody loves him . I 'm a fan of his music , " said Carey on the collaboration . " I really , really wanted to work with him . I love the tone of his voice . I think the contrast of his voice and mine would be something special . I always like to do collaborations that people might think are different . "
= = Remixes = =
After the original version of " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was released , Carey 's official website premiered two other versions of the song , the " Vintage Throwback Remix " and the " Pulse Club Remix " . While the song 's initial release was tepidly received by critics , reviewers were more favorable towards the remixes . The remixes only feature Carey and eliminate the extensive rap verses with which many critics took issue . According to Carey 's manager , Randy Jackson , three versions of the song were released in order to monopolize all radio formats and cater to multiple audiences . In an interview with Billboard , Jackson expressed how they would remind Carey 's fans of her earlier remixes , which she would always re @-@ do her vocals : " The vintage throwback mix will remind fans of remixes she did years ago , and she 's had a lot of Billboard No. 1 dance hits as well . She went in and re @-@ sang the vocals , knowing that the two verses on this first version of this single with Meek and Ross were going to be hip @-@ hop verses where people were rapping . We wanted to have something for all of her fans . "
During a press release for the single and its accompanying remixes , Carey said the following regarding the re @-@ recorded vocals : " I ’ ve always had so much fun re @-@ singing my songs for the club / dance mixes . It gives me the freedom to sing as powerfully as I want and to rewrite the songs specifically for the genre . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine , who was critical of the song 's original version , praised the " Vintage Throwback Remix " . He felt it was more of what the original " should have been " and concluded : " a rousing vocal arrangement at the song 's climax sells Mariah 's inspirational message of perseverance and harks back to her ' 90s heyday . " Idolator 's Becky Bain called the remix far more " captivating " than the original , and felt its re @-@ recorded vocals showcased the singer 's " one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind range . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical = = =
While some critics appreciated the features and urban appeal of " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " , many criticized Carey 's lack of presence on the song . While describing the singer as taking the " back @-@ seat " throughout a large portion of the song , Becky Bain from Idolator complimented Carey 's vocal runs towards the bridge and final chorus . Spin 's Julianne Shepherd felt that while a strong release , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " didn 't feature enough of Carey , given the near three @-@ year gap between her last release , Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel ( 2009 ) . A writer from Rolling Stone described the singer as " bewilderingly AWOL " throughout most of the song , but felt that she was " on @-@ point " during her part . In a similar vein , Robert Conrey from Digital Spy was disappointed with the song 's " lack of Mariah Carey . "
While Rap @-@ Up hailed " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " as an " uplifting anthem " , Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the song the " worst lead single ( possibly the worst single , period ) of her two @-@ decade @-@ plus career . " He criticized Carey 's lack of originality with the song ; describing its production as " dated " . Leah Collins of the The Vancouver Sun felt the track 's lyrics lacked inspiration , comparing them to poems from Hallmark Cards . A critic from Artistdirect awarded the song five out of five stars , writing , " with soulful swagger and classic R & B poise , she delivers the track 's stadium @-@ size hook over bombastic , orchestral production . "
= = = Commercial = = =
Following in suit of its lukewarm critical response , " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " has made little impact since its release . The song made its chart debut on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart on August 9 , 2012 , at number 97 . It debuted on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart for the issue dated August 25 , 2012 , at number 15 , representing the 25 songs charting under the Billboard Hot 100 . During the week dated August 11 , 2012 , the single debuted at number three on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , with 35 @,@ 870 digital download sales . " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " entered the UK Singles Chart issue dated at number 144 on August 15 , 2012 , and at number 29 on the UK R & B Chart . Similarly , it charted at number 135 during its debut week on the French Singles Chart . In Spain , the song debuted at number 36 on August 12 , 2012 . Critics have attributed the song 's initial weak charting to its urban sound , describing it as having little Mainstream Top 40 or crossover appeal . According to The Huffington Post , due to radio 's bias against artists over age 40 , " It ’ s not like people are listening to the song and deciding they don ’ t like it ; [ with Mariah ] they are not even listening . If radio isn ’ t playing it , then that ’ s a problem . "
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
An accompanying music video for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was shot on July 29 and July 30 , 2012 , in New York City . It was directed and produced by Carey 's husband Nick Cannon . Described as a " tease " by Rap @-@ Up , Carey tweeted a picture of herself on set of the music video . Dressed in a red satin gown and " dripping with diamonds " , Carey was photographed lying on a sofa . Three days prior to the video 's release , Carey released a promotional still on her official Instagram account . Featuring Mill with his back towards the camera , the word " TRIUMPHANT " was splayed across his golden robe . Another photo surfaced later on that day , revealing the trio 's entrance into the boxing auditorium . Reviewing the second still , MTV 's Julia Brokow described Carey 's ensemble as " ever @-@ glamorous " , and assured the video would not disappoint . After viewing the shots , Jocelyn Vena , also from MTV , felt the video 's theme was a " fitting metaphor for the song . " The video premiered on BET 's 106 & Park on August 21 , 2012 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video revolves around a boxing match theme . Mill portrays an underground boxer , while Carey and Ross , presumably as promoters . Opening with the entrance of the trio , the video begins with a hooded Mill entering a large dark auditorium . As he walks towards the ring , Carey and Ross accompany him on each side . As the video progresses into the first verse , close @-@ up shots of Mill during the match are shown , as a large audience cheers them on . Additionally , Mill can be seen rapping to the song 's lyrics as the camera zooms on him during each round recovery . During the chorus , Carey makes a secondary appearance in a floor @-@ length copper gown , while standing on a large golden and lightened platform . During Ross ' verse , DJ Khaled makes a cameo appearance as the former is shown on the golden stage , as well as ringside . As the song progresses , Carey is shown as a " ring girl " , walking around with several numbered signs . Towards the end of the match , scenes are interspersed with Carey standing alone in the ring belting the remainder of the song . During the video 's climax , confetti falls to the ground as she completes the song and walks to the ring 's edge .
= = = Reception = = =
Following its premiere , the video for " Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " was generally well received by critics . E ! ' s Bruna Nessif commended Carey 's " post @-@ baby body " , and wrote " [ the singer ] made sure to let us know that her comeback isn 't only in the music world , but physically , too . " Tanner Stransky from Entertainment Weekly felt the video was " very fitting " for the song 's vibe , and felt it presented " a distinct level of Mimi fabulosity . " A reporter from the Daily Mail called the visuals " sizzling " , and complimented the singers moments on the golden stage as " glittering " and " fabulous " . The Hollywood Reporter 's David Lipshutz described the video as a " glitzy clip " . Additionally , he outed its final segment of " Carey singing while confetti rain down " as the video 's highlight . While noting the video 's " classic Mimi fashions " , MTV 's Jocelyn Vena expressed how Carey 's ringside singing during the finale truly tied in with the song 's message of " overcoming adversity " . Marc Hogan of Spin noted it as " expensive @-@ looking and cinematic " , while a writer from CNN described the singer as " glamorous as ever . "
= = Live performance = =
Carey performed the song live only one time on September 5 , 2012 at Rockefeller Center . Sharing the stage with both No Doubt and Cee Lo Green , the hour long program was filmed live at 7 : 30PM EST on NBC . The performances marked the beginning of the new NFL season , starting with the New York Giants Vs . Dallas Cowboys at the MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . According to the CBS News , Carey says she 's " thrilled to be performing in New York – her hometown – and adds she 's looking forward to making the season launch ' even more festive . ' "
= = Track listing and formats = =
Digital download
" Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) " [ featuring Rick Ross and Meek Mill ] — 4 : 10
Digital download – Pulse Club Remix
" Triumphant " ( Pulse Club Remix Extended ) — 5 : 27
Digital download – Vintage Throwback Mix
" Triumphant " ( Vintage Throwback Mix ) — 4 : 53
= = Credits = =
Personnel
Songwriting – Mariah Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , William L. Roberts II , Robert R. Williams
Production – Mariah Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox
Credits adapted from Rap @-@ Up .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Jeanne Calment =
Jeanne Louise Calment ( French pronunciation : [ ʒan lwiz kalmɑ ̃ ] ; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997 ) was a French supercentenarian who has the longest confirmed human lifespan on record , living to the age of 122 years , 164 days . She lived in Arles , France , for her entire life , outliving both her daughter and grandson by several decades . Calment became especially well known from the age of 113 , when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit brought reporters to Arles . Her lifespan has been thoroughly documented by scientific study .
= = Early life = =
Calment was born in Arles on 21 February 1875 . Her father , Nicolas Calment ( 28 January 1838 – 22 January 1931 ) , was a shipbuilder , and her mother , Marguerite Gilles ( 20 February 1838 – 18 September 1924 ) , was from a family of millers . She had an older brother , François ( 25 April 1865 – 1 December 1962 ) . Some of her close family members also lived an above @-@ average lifespan , although none lived anywhere near as long as Jeanne : her older brother François lived to the age of 97 , her father to six days shy of 93 , and her mother to 86 .
= = Personal life = =
In 1896 , at the age of 21 , she married her double second cousin , Fernand Nicolas Calment , a wealthy store owner . Their paternal grandfathers were brothers , hence the same surname , and their paternal grandmothers were also sisters . His wealth made it possible for Calment never to have to work ; instead she led a leisured lifestyle , pursuing hobbies such as tennis , cycling , swimming , rollerskating , piano , and opera . Fernand died in 1942 at the age of 73 after suffering from a bout of food poisoning .
Their only child , a daughter named Yvonne Marie Nicolle Calment ( 19 January 1898 – 19 January 1934 ) , produced a grandson , Frédéric Billiot , on 23 December 1926 . Yvonne died on her 36th birthday from pneumonia , after which Calment raised Frédéric herself . Frédéric became a doctor , but died at age 36 in an automobile accident on 13 August 1963 .
In 1965 , at age 90 and with no heirs , Calment signed a deal to sell her apartment to lawyer André @-@ François Raffray , on a contingency contract . Raffray , then aged 47 years , agreed to pay her a monthly sum of 2 @,@ 500 francs ( € 381 @.@ 12 ) until she died . Raffray ended up paying Calment the equivalent of more than € 140 @,@ 000 which was more than double the apartment 's value . After Raffray 's death from cancer at the age of 77 , in 1995 , his widow continued the payments until Calment 's death . During all these years , Calment used to say to them that she " competed with Methuselah " .
= = Recognition = =
In 1985 , Calment moved into a nursing home , having lived on her own until age 110 . Her international fame escalated in 1988 , when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit to Arles provided an occasion to meet reporters . She said at the time that she had met Van Gogh 100 years before , in 1888 , as a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old girl in her father 's fabric shop , where he wanted to buy some canvas , later describing him as " dirty , badly dressed and disagreeable " , and " very ugly , ungracious , impolite , sick " . Calment recalled selling coloured pencils to Van Gogh , and seeing the Eiffel Tower being built . At the age of 114 , she appeared briefly in the 1990 film Vincent and Me as herself , becoming the oldest actress ever to appear in a motion picture .
A documentary film about her life , entitled Beyond 120 Years with Jeanne Calment , was released in 1995 . In 1996 , Time 's Mistress , a four @-@ track CD of Calment speaking over a background of rap , was released . On her 122nd birthday on 21 February 1997 , it was announced that she would make no more public appearances , as her health had seriously deteriorated . Jean @-@ Marie Robine , the French demographer and gerontologist , said that this " allowed her to die , as the attention had kept her alive . " She died on 4 August of that same year of unknown causes .
Both before and after Calment 's death , there have been several claims to have surpassed her age ( see Unverified longevity claims ) , but none of these have been proven and Calment therefore continues to hold the record for the oldest verified person ever .
= = Record breaking = =
After her 1988 interview , at age 113 , Calment was given the Guinness title " world 's oldest living person " . However , in 1989 , the title was withdrawn and given to Carrie C. White of Florida , who claimed to have been born in 1874 , although this has been discounted by subsequent census research . On White 's death on 14 February 1991 , Calment , then a week shy of 116 , became the oldest recognized living person .
On 17 October 1995 , Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the " oldest person ever " according to Guinness , surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan , whose claim ( 120 years 237 days old at the time of his death on 21 February 1986 , Calment 's 111th birthday ) was discounted in February of 2011 , more than thirteen years after Calment 's death .
= = Health and lifestyle = =
Calment 's remarkable health presaged her later record . At age 85 ( 1960 ) , she took up fencing , and continued to ride her bicycle up until her 100th birthday ( 1975 ) . She was reportedly neither athletic nor fanatical about her health . Calment lived on her own until shortly before her 110th birthday , when it was decided that she needed to be moved to a nursing home after starting a small fire in her house , caused by a cooking accident , which has been attributed to complications with sight . However , Calment was still in good shape , and continued to walk until she fractured her femur during a fall at age 114 years 11 months ( January 1990 ) , which required surgery .
It has been claimed that Calment smoked cigarettes from the age of 21 ( 1896 ) to 117 ( 1992 ) . According to one source , she smoked no more than two cigarettes per day . After her operation , Calment needed to use a wheelchair . In 1994 , age 119 , she weighed 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) .
Calment ascribed her longevity and relatively youthful appearance for her age to a diet rich in olive oil ( which she also rubbed onto her skin ) , as well as a diet of port wine , and ate nearly one kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of chocolate every week . She also credited her calmness , saying , " That 's why they call me Calment . " Calment reportedly remained mentally intact until her very end .
= = Death = =
On 4 August 1997 , around 10 AM Central European Time , Calment died at age 122 of natural causes . After her death , 116 @-@ year @-@ old Marie @-@ Louise Meilleur became the oldest recognized living person .
= = Verification = =
Exceeding any other longevity case reported , Calment establishes the record as the most @-@ verifiable supercentenarian ever recorded . Beginning with the 1876 census ( Calment is listed as a one @-@ year @-@ old ) , she was indexed within fourteen census documents until 1975 ( conducted sometime after she celebrated her 100th birthday ) . She was still managing independently at the time .
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= John Horsefield =
John Horsefield ( 18 July 1792 – 6 March 1854 ) was an English handloom weaver and amateur botanist after whom the daffodil Narcissus ' Horsfieldii ' is named . Horsefield had little formal schooling , and acquired most of his botanical knowledge through self @-@ study and involvement in local botanical groups , which provided a venue for working class people to share knowledge , in part by pooling money to purchase books .
Horsefield founded one such society , the Prestwich Botanical Society , and was later president of a larger botanical society covering a wide area around north Manchester . He made several botanical discoveries and cultivated two new plants . A number of his writings about the working class and also some poetry were published , but nothing concerning botany other than in connection with the subject of the working class . He lived most of his life near Whitefield in Lancashire , in dire poverty . At the time of his death he had been married for 42 years and had fathered eleven children .
= = Early life = =
Born on 18 July 1792 , John Horsefield was the eldest son of Charles Horsefield , a barely literate man from whom he received encouragement in his early botanical interests . He reminisced in later life that both his father and his grandfather had been interested in botany and in floriculture . His birthplace was probably Besses o ' th ' Barn in Whitefield close to Prestwich , which became his home . His mother claimed he was born " dead " and had to be revived ; his childhood was dogged by poor health .
Horsefield learned to read during a single year 's attendance at school when he was six , after which he went to work for a gingham weaver . His education continued with twice @-@ weekly evening tuition in writing and arithmetic until he was around 15 years old . James Cash , a journalist , amateur botanist and the first chairman of the Manchester Cryptogamic Society , says Horsefield received some education for a short time when he started work : the weaver for whom he served charged two shillings ( 10p ) per calendar quarter to instruct his young employees in reading . This instruction took the form of the employees reading out lessons to him while they worked at their handlooms . An avid reader , his interest in botany was piqued when he obtained a copy of Nicholas Culpeper 's 1653 book , The Complete Herbal , of which he said , " The wonderful properties that are there ascribed to plants excited in me a strong desire to get acquainted with the plants themselves . " Thereafter he attended working @-@ men 's botanical societies and meetings in public houses , thus meeting a broad church of people with interests not only in the science of botany but also in floriculture , herbalism and horticulture .
Horsefield and his father were members of an early @-@ 19th century loose grouping of Mancunian amateur botanists , and of a short @-@ lived botanical society for working men in Whitefield . Horsefield attended meetings of the former group in 1808 , which was referred to as the " Manchester Society of Botanists " or the " Botanist Society " . Anne Secord , a historian of 19th century popular science , quotes an attendee of the society , Thomas Heywood , who describes it as being " without any regular place of meeting , without funds , without books and without rules ; a sort of members , but no body , having only one object in common – their love of plants " .
The Whitefield society arranged for funds to be pooled to buy books for communal use , enabling the 16 @-@ year @-@ old Horsefield to read James Lee 's 1760 work , An Introduction to Botany . It provided information on Linnaean taxonomy as it applied to plants , and from it Horsefield copied details onto a piece of paper he pinned to his loom to commit them to memory while he was working . He earned the respect of other botanists for his abilities in the sphere of collection and identification of species and was the first to find the Entosthodon templetoni moss in England .
Horsfield met his future wife Esther Eccorsley ( 1793 / 94 – 1872 ) at a botanical meeting in 1812 . The couple were married on 20 December 1812 at St Mary 's Church , Oldham .
= = Leadership = =
The meetings he attended in his early life were a part of a movement in the study of botany by artisans . This had been initiated by George Caley , James Crowther , John Dewhurst , John Mellor and Edward Hobson , the last of whom Horsefield met in 1809 at a meeting held at Radcliffe Bridge and whose knowledge he held in high regard . It was part of a broader working class movement involving the study of nature and natural history that developed in the late 18th century and continued into the next .
There is some evidence to suggest that in the period of social unrest that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars , and which saw the introduction of the Seditious Meetings Act , gatherings of botanists may have been used as cover for the activities of politically radical reformers such as Samuel Bamford . Horsefield , who witnessed the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 , had such sympathies and recounted that
With politics I had little to do practically ; but in 1816 , after the war was over – an event which I had been taught to look to for the restoration of good trade – finding ourselves disappointed , that year of dear provisions and no work turned all my neighbours , as well as myself , into a kind of politicians . " Parliamentary Reform " was the cry . I attended several reform meetings in 1816 , and for a few years after . I attended one at Bury and one at Middleton , at each of which Samuel Bamford presided .
The Peterloo Massacre was the last political meeting Horsefield attended , although he retained a general interest in the subject of radical politics . He attended the Manchester Mechanics ' Institute , supported the idea of self @-@ education and , according to Harvey Taylor , a historian , " typified the Lancashire autodidactic seeker after self @-@ culture . " Having obtained his own garden in 1819 , he promoted his interests by founding the Prestwich Botanical Society on 11 September 1820 , presiding over meetings in a pub where plant specimens were brought together for identification and where those who could not read were taught the science of botany by those who could . He was president of the society for 32 years , during which time at least 131 books were purchased by the society for communal use . Writing in December 1829 , Horsefield explained that the Prestwich Society met on the second Monday of each month and usually had between 12 and 20 members , who were charged a monthly 6d . ( 2 ½ p ) subscription . The subscription , which was common to such societies , was intended to pay for books and create a fund for the purchase of drink ; the pub landlord provided the meeting and storage space at no charge as long as sufficient drink was consumed , a practice known as " wet rent " .
In 1830 he succeeded Hobson as president of an organisation with a wider geographical base and which held Sunday meetings in pubs for the purpose of educating the amateur artisan botanists . The Manchester botanist Leo Grindon ( 1818 – 1904 ) described this body as " the united societies of the whole district " , while another , Richard Buxton , who led an impoverished life like Horsefield , referred to it as the " General Botanical Meetings " whose gatherings took place at venues between Clayton , Eccles , Manchester , Middleton , Newton Heath and Radcliffe . Horsefield explained the didactic purpose of these societies as
[ W ] e instruct one another by continually meeting together ; so that the knowledge of one becomes the knowledge of all , and we make up for the deficiency of education by constant application to the subject .
He noted how the procedure for imparting the knowledge had to be changed such that , certainly by the 1850s and possibly as early as 1830 , the president 's role was to select specimens from those brought to the meeting and identify them to the attendees , who sat in silence . Horsefield describes this change as being necessary because previously the president
taking a specimen off the table ... gave it to the man on his left hand , telling him at the same time its generic and specific name ; he passed it on to another , and so on round the room ; and all the other specimens followed in a similar manner . But , from the noise and confusion caused by each person telling his neighbour the name of the specimen , some being unable to pronounce it , some garbling it , and all talking at once , we have been constrained of late years to adopt another method .
He championed these working people in print , praising their self @-@ taught skills , demanding they be accorded the respect of others working in the botanical field and using them as an example to counter generalised accusations such as those made by John Claudius Loudon that the textile workers of Lancashire were ignorant and degraded . He composed verses , including The Botanists ' Song , which acknowledged the conviviality obtained from meeting in pubs with the words " science circles with the glass " . But he did not produce any written works directly relating to botany , and in 1847 turned down the opportunity to write on the flora of Manchester with Buxton , whom he met in 1826 while they were independently studying plant life on Kersal Moor and whom he introduced to the Prestwich Botanical Society . Buxton was of the opinion that Horsefield was " not a mere country herbalist , but an excellent scientific botanist " , and the 1826 meeting presented Buxton with opportunities to meet a like @-@ minded circle of men where previously his had been a solitary pursuit .
Horsefield did not confine his scientific interests to botany , as he also studied algebra , mensuration and astronomy . Charles Horsefield had also encouraged his son in the last pursuit , taking him to meet Robert Ward , an astronomer in Blackley who had a telescope . John Horsefield developed an interest in the subject to the extent that he constructed an orrery , much to the bewilderment of his neighbours .
Cash notes that when constructing his orrery , Horsefield asked a local man to manufacture a golden ball to represent the sun and the man replied that " Aw 'll mak ' thee one an ' charge thee now 't for 't ; but , let me tell thee , fancy folk like thee ' re a 'lus poor " . Indeed , he was : all of his interests were indulged despite a background of dire poverty , and he remarked of his celebrity in botanical circles that " fame is not bread " . He remained a gingham weaver and during his lifetime the sole financial benefit from his interests came when he raised a new hybrid lily – Tigridia conchiflora – in his garden and sold it to a Manchester nurseryman , Thomas Watkinson , for £ 10 . His poverty caused him to be exempted from contributing to the book fund of the Prestwich Botanical Society from the mid @-@ 1820s , and he was later exempted from paying into the liquor funds of both that society and the wider @-@ based group . These concessions demonstrate the extent to which his knowledge was appreciated and occurred despite the teetotal Hobson having to pay into a liquor fund of which by definition he took no advantage . Horsefield received £ 13 10s. from a subscription that was started in 1853 in another attempt to alleviate his penurious state . After his death on 6 March 1854 , Esther , with whom he had six sons and five daughters , received £ 37 from this fund , and he left 37 bulbs of one of the earliest hybrid daffodils to be cultivated , Narcissus horsefieldii , that raised another £ 2 11s ( £ 2 @.@ 55 ) . N. horsefieldii became one of the most popular and extensively grown varieties of daffodil .
= = Death = =
John Horsefield died on 6 March 1854 , aged 62 , probably as a consequence of a strangulated hernia that had been masked by a tumour . He was buried on 10 March 1854 at the St. Mary 's Church , Prestwich , although at some point in his life it seems that he had upset the authorities of the established church for reasons unknown . His table tomb was listed as a Grade II monument by English Heritage in 2012 .
The epitaph on his tomb was written by Charles Swain ( 1807 – 1874 ) . It reads :
Bamford commemorated him in a poem written in 1855 , and Grindon wrote in 1882 that Horsefield was " one of the most celebrated of the old Lancashire operative botanists " . Esther died on 17 June 1872 . Their son , James , and his wife , Alice , are also commemorated on the headstone .
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= Mind Over Murder =
" Mind Over Murder " is the fourth episode of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 25 , 1999 . The episode features Peter after he is placed under house arrest , and decides to open his own bar in the family 's basement . The bar immediately becomes a success among Peter 's male friends when his wife , Lois , begins to sing and dance in front of them while wearing revealing clothing . Meanwhile , Stewie attempts to create a time travel device in order to escape the pain of teething .
The episode was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan and directed by Roy Allen Smith , all series firsts . Much of the episode 's humor is structured around cutaway sequences that parody popular culture , including those centered on The Chronicles of Narnia , Sesame Street , Homicide : Life on the Street , Mentos , and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . The title " Mind Over Murder " was inspired by 1930s and 1940s radio programs , particularly the radio thriller anthology Suspense , which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder . The episode featured performances by guest stars Carlos Alazraqui , Butch Hartman , Alex Rocco , Leslie Uggams and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring voice actors for the series . It was rated TV @-@ 14 ( D , L ) in the United States and 12 in the United Kingdom .
The episode received praise from IGN television critic Ahsan Haque for its storyline and use of cultural references .
= = Plot = =
Stewie is in terrible pain from teething and cannot find comfort anywhere . When his mother Lois tells him that his pain will ultimately pass , it gives him the idea to build a machine that will move time forward to the point where his teething will have already stopped . Meanwhile , Lois tells Peter to drive their other son Chris to his soccer match , then come right back to look after Stewie . However , Peter 's friend Quagmire is there , and has brought beer , so Peter decides to ignore Lois and stay at the game . While there , another member of the crowd insults Chris . Angered , Peter punches this person in the face , only to discover that it is a pregnant woman who looks and sounds like a man .
Peter is put under house arrest for assault and soon begins to miss his friends . Peter has a vision of the Pawtucket Patriot , a fictional ale mascot , from his ale can label and on his advice opens a bar in his basement so that his friends can come to visit . The basement bar soon becomes a local hotspot . Lois is upset about this , until she gets a chance to sing on stage before an appreciative crowd . As she savors the spotlight over the next few days , Peter becomes increasingly uncomfortable with the attention she is getting , especially from the male patrons . Peter demands that she quit singing , but she refuses .
Peter is soon cornered by the neglected wives of his bar 's patrons , and invites them to drag their husbands out from his bar . Meanwhile , Stewie ’ s time machine plans are accidentally discovered by Lois , who shows them around to the bar 's patrons . Angered and upset that his plans have been discovered , Stewie runs upstairs . Soon after , the wives storm the bar and Lois tells them that she only wants to feel appreciated and special , something to which all the other women relate . Meanwhile , Quagmire accidentally starts a fire .
Upstairs , Stewie takes drastic measures to protect his plans , programming the machine to go back in time before he drew them up . In the bar , Peter and Lois have a heart @-@ to @-@ heart conversation , and they do not immediately notice that the bar is burning . When they try to escape , the stairs become blocked and they are trapped . Stewie reverses time just as Peter is having an epiphany about how poorly he treats Lois , and seconds before the basement bar goes up in flames . They all travel back in time , to when Lois asked Peter to take Chris to the game . While he is getting ready , Peter trips on Stewie 's time machine , destroying it and injuring his leg , thus preventing him from taking Chris to his soccer match , while Stewie is left to suffer with more teething pain .
= = Production = =
" Mind Over Murder " was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan and directed by Roy Allen Smith , all of whom made their series debut with this episode . Peter Shin , who has since supervised other episodes of the show , acted as supervising director . Writer Andrew Gormley and voice actor Mike Henry acted as staff writers in this episode , while Ricky Blitt and Chris Sheridan worked as the story editors . In addition to the regular cast , the episode featured the voices of actors Leslie Uggams , Wally Wingert , Alex Rocco and Carlos Alazraqui . Recurring guest voice actors included actress Lori Alan and writer and animator Butch Hartman .
The title " Mind Over Murder " , like the titles of the first three episodes of the season , was inspired by 1930s and 1940s radio programs , particularly the radio thriller anthology Suspense , which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder . This convention was dropped in the fifth episode of the season , " A Hero Sits Next Door " , partly to make the episodes easier to distinguish by their titles .
= = Cultural references = =
When Lois confronts Peter about the mess he is making in their house , he says he is terrible at housework . From this comes a cutaway which shows Peter doing the laundry . When he climbs into the machine in search of a missing sock , he falls into a wintry world where he encounters Mr. Tumnus from The Chronicles of Narnia .
While Peter is under house arrest he states that he is becoming bored of everything in the house including the television shows , which he feels have blended together . A cutaway features Bert and Ernie from the children 's television series Sesame Street , in a mix with the crime drama Homicide : Life on the Street .
When the Griffin family is watching television they see a commercial for Mentos @-@ brand mints , which features the American stage actor John Wilkes Booth as he attempts to assassinate Abraham Lincoln .
When Stewie starts to feel pain around the inside of his mouth , Lois notices and states that he is teething . Stewie quickly responds by asking her to kill him , or to shake him like a British nanny , a reference to the Louise Woodward case .
= = Reception = =
In his 2008 flashback review , Ahsan Haque of IGN praised the episode , rating it a 9 / 10 , praising the " integration between the random jokes and the storyline " , in comparison to later episodes . He criticized the " one @-@ dimensional " nature of Stewie 's character , but was impressed by the amount of story featured in this half @-@ hour episode . In another article , Haque named Stewie 's time machine plan from " Mind Over Murder " number five in his list of " Stewie 's Top 10 Most Diabolical Evil Plans " .
Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a mixed review , giving it a 55 % . Pierson praised the episode 's plot , the handling of Peter and Stewie , and some of the cutaways . He criticized the relationship between Lois and Peter as unconvincing . At the end of his review he stated , " Family Guy doesn ’ t seem to have found the right balance yet between silliness and seriousness . So far its plots have been either irrelevant or emotionally unappealing . This was also a bit short on good jokes . "
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= German U @-@ boat bases in occupied Norway =
German U @-@ boat bases in occupied Norway operated between 1940 and 1945 , when the Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) , converted several naval bases in Norway into submarine bases . Norwegian coastal cities became available to the Kriegsmarine after the invasion of Denmark and Norway in April 1940 . Following the conclusion of the Norwegian Campaign ( June 1940 ) , the occupying Germans began to transfer U @-@ boats stationed in Germany to many Norwegian port cities such as Bergen , Narvik , Trondheim , Hammerfest and Kirkenes . Initial planning for many U @-@ boat bunkers began in late 1940 . Starting in 1941 , the Todt Organisation began the construction of bunkers in Bergen and Trondheim . These bunkers were completed by Weyss & Freytagg AG between 1942 and 1943 .
The Kriegsmarine generally used U @-@ boats stationed in Norway to extend its range of operation in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans . The Norwegian bases housed U @-@ boats that took part in the interception of Allied convoys crossing the Arctic Ocean to the Soviet Union . Following the liberation of France by the Western Allies in 1944 , U @-@ boat activity in many Norwegian ports increased . With the French ports captured or cut off , many German U @-@ boats re @-@ located to Norwegian port cities .
During the German occupation of Norway , the Kriegsmarine stationed over 240 U @-@ boats in the Nordic country at one time or another , most of them members of the 11th U @-@ boat Flotilla , which had 190 U @-@ boats in its fleet during the flotilla 's entire career . Other well @-@ known flotillas in Norway included the 13th and 14th Flotillas .
= = German invasion of Norway = =
Germany invaded both Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940 . Norway was very important to Germany for two reasons : firstly as a base for naval units to harass Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans , and secondly to secure shipments of iron ore coming in from Sweden through the port of Narvik . During Operation Weserübung , Denmark fell in less than a day , becoming the briefest invasion in recorded military history . The Norwegians put up a stiffer resistance to the invading German forces . Nonetheless , by May the southern half of Norway was under German control . Following the German invasion of France and the Low Countries , the Allies were forced to evacuate Narvik , leaving the country to the Germans who would occupy it until the end of the war . After the invasion , Vidkun Quisling led the collaborationist government of Norway , based around the fascist Nasjonal Samling ( " National Gathering " ) party .
= = German use of Norwegian ports = =
During the occupation , several of the nation 's naval ports were turned into U @-@ boat bases that were used to harass Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans . These included Bergen , Narvik , Trondheim , Hammerfest and Kirkenes . Over 240 U @-@ boats were stationed in Norway at various times during the war , most of them were members of the 11th U @-@ boat Flotilla which had 190 U @-@ boats in its fleet during the flotilla 's career . Other well @-@ known flotillas in Norway included the 13th and 14th flotillas .
= = = Bergen = = =
The southern port of Bergen was captured by the Germans on 9 April 1940 , on the first day of the invasion . The Germans immediately saw the potential for several Norwegian harbours and ports to function as bases of operation for the Kriegsmarine 's U @-@ boats patrolling the North Sea and the Arctic Ocean . It would become the home of the 11th U @-@ boat Flotilla .
Bergen was the first Norwegian port to be established as a U @-@ boat base . From July 1940 to the end of the war in May 1945 , 270 U @-@ boat patrols originated in Bergen . Bergen was also the site where the only type XXI submarine left for a patrol in the war ; U @-@ 2511 left the port on 3 May 1945 .
Planning for the first U @-@ boat bunker in Bergen began in late 1940 and was undertaken by the German military engineering group , the Todt Organisation . It coordinated the building of the first U @-@ boat bunker in Bergen , codenamed Bruno , as well as several other U @-@ boat bunkers along the Norwegian coast . The construction of Bruno began in 1941 . When it was completed it had seven pens , three of which were " dry " docks and three of which were " wet " docks . The seventh pen was used for storing fuel , torpedoes and other essentials . The bunker itself had a roof up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) thick and was 131 metres ( 430 ft ) by 143 metres ( 469 ft ) in area . Once Bruno was completed , it could hold up to 9 U @-@ boats .
Bergen remained a quiet base during the first few years of the occupation , experiencing only one large Allied air attack . In 1943 , the U @-@ boat base added two new bunkers , U @-@ Stützpunkt Prien and U @-@ Stützpunkt Weddingen along with a shipyard named Danziger Werft .
The U @-@ boat base at Bergen grew exponentially after the liberation of France by the Western Allies , when the senior commanding officer of U @-@ boat operations in the west ( " FdU West " ) was moved from Angers , France to the city . A large expansion program was conducted at the base and several new anti @-@ aircraft guns were set up to protect the U @-@ boat bunkers . More engineers and technicians were moved to Bergen to accommodate the increased technical requirements of the base as well . Two more bunkers named Werft Gemeinschaftslager 1 and Gemeinschaftslager 2 were also built during this time .
In late 1944 several British air attacks damaged the U @-@ boat bases in Bergen . During one of these attacks , a ' Tallboy ' bomb went straight through the roof of pen 3 , damaging it beyond repair and putting it out of action for the remainder of the war . The base was handed over to the Allies , along with the rest of occupied Norway , on 8 May 1945 when all German forces in Europe surrendered . As a result of the intensive bombing of the city in late 1944 and 1945 , the Bergen area was one of the worst damaged regions in the south of Norway at the conclusion of the war .
= = = Trondheim = = =
Trondheim was an important U @-@ boat base in Norway during the war . It was the home of the 13th flotilla and sent out around 55 U @-@ boat patrols between June 1940 and the end of the war in May 1945 .
The list of surrenderred U @-@ boats in Trondheim included following : U @-@ 310 , U @-@ 315 , U @-@ 483 , U @-@ 773 , U @-@ 775 , U @-@ 861 , U @-@ 953 , U @-@ 978 , U @-@ 994 , U @-@ 995 , U @-@ 1019 , U @-@ 1064 and U @-@ 1203 .
Two U @-@ boat bunkers , codenamed " Dora I " and " Dora II " , were planned to be built in Trondheim to provide additional repair facilities outside Germany itself . Like the bunkers in Bergen , the two bunkers in Trondheim came under the control of the Todt Organisation . Only " Dora I " , which the Kriegsmarine took charge of in 1943 , was completed before the end of the war . At 153 feet ( 47 m ) long and 105 feet ( 32 m ) wide it had five pens with space to hold seven U @-@ boats . Construction of " Dora II " began in 1942 but was never completed . If finished it would have been 168 feet ( 51 m ) long by 102 feet ( 31 m ) wide , with four pens capable of holding six U @-@ boats .
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= Littlest Pet Shop ( 2012 TV series ) =
Littlest Pet Shop is a Canadian – American children 's animated television series developed by Julie McNally @-@ Cahill and Tim Cahill for Hasbro Studios . Based on the Littlest Pet Shop and Blythe toys owned by Hasbro , the show follows a Blythe Baxter , a teenage girl who , after moving into an apartment in a metropolitan area , gains the ability to communicate with animals . Located below her apartment is the eponymous pet store where Blythe works and talks to a group of pets who regularly reside at a day care in the shop . Worried that a corrupt rival business will drive their shop out of business , the pets depend on Blythe to drive business into the store with her pet fashion designs .
The show debuted on November 10 , 2012 , and ran for four season and 104 episodes . Littlest Pet Shop is produced by Hasbro Studios and DHX Media . Animated using Flash , completion of a single episode takes roughly one year , with several in production at once . The show has received mixed reception ; it has been criticised for its embedded marketing , while reviewers have given praise to the writing . Several crew members have additionally received accolades for their work on the show . The series finale aired on June 4 , 2016 .
The series is a part of the company 's franchise reboot , where Hasbro released a new line of Littlest Pet Shop toys designed to more closely resemble the characters on the show . A mobile game and comic book adaptation were also commissioned .
= = Plot and cast = =
The series follows Blythe Baxter ( Ashleigh Ball ) , a teenage girl living with her air pilot father , Roger ( Michael Kopsa ) . Forced to move out from her suburban hometown following her father 's promotion , she moves into an apartment located in a crowded city . Their complex is located above the eponymous Littlest Pet Shop — a pet store that also serves as a day camp for numerous pets — where Blythe works as a fashion designer . Her adventure begins when she discovers that she alone can miraculously understand and talk to the pets that regularly stay at the shop , in addition to most other animals on the planet . As she and the pets spend time together , they find the pet shop jeopardized by larger pet store managed by Fisher Biskit ( Samuel Vincent ) and his snooty twin daughters , Whittany and Brittany Biskit ( Shannon Chan @-@ Kent ) . To avoid being dispersed , the pets convince Blythe to remain an employee .
The pets who reside in the day camp of the store are Pepper ( Tabitha St. Germain ) , a wisecracking skunk passionate about comedy ; Minka ( Kira Tozer ) , a bouncy spider monkey with a flair for painting and visual arts ; Penny Ling ( Jocelyne Loewen , Laura Hastlings in song ) , a sensitive giant panda interested in rhythmic gymnastics ; Russell ( Vincent ) , a hedgehog who is often the self @-@ appointed leader of his animal bunkmates ; Sunil ( Peter New ) , a mongoose and magician hopeful ; Vinnie ( Kyle Rideout ) , a clumsy gecko obsessed with dancing ; and Zoe ( Nicole Oliver , Kylee Epp in song ) , a diva @-@ like dog with a talent for singing . Other human characters include Mrs. Twombly ( Kathleen Barr ) , owner of the shop and Blythe 's boss , and Youngmee Song ( Chan @-@ Kent ) , Sue Patterson ( Tozer ) , and Jasper Jones ( Barr ) , Blythe 's schoolmates .
= = Background = =
Hasbro owns the rights of both Blythe and Littlest Pet Shop , toy lines respectively introduced in 1972 and 1992 . Manufactured through their Kenner Products division , Hasbro acquired the Cincinnati @-@ based company , then owned by Tonka , in 1991 . Hasbro sold these toys under the name of this division until they closed down Kenner 's original Cincinnati headquarters in 2000 . Claster Television had produced an earlier animated show based on Littlest Pet Shop in 1995 for Hasbro , but the 2012 Littlest Pet Shop series marked the first adaptation of the Blythe doll to a character on television . A prior incarnation of such a character is the protagonist of Littlest Pet Shop Presents , an unrelated animated miniseries produced by Cosmic Toast Studios . This series was released by Hasbro exclusively on the Internet .
Julie McNally @-@ Cahill and Tim Cahill developed Littlest Pet Shop , having joined Hasbro Studios in September 2011 . The two serve as both executive producers and story editors on the show ; also working as executive producers are Chris Bartleman and Kirsten Newman . The show was announced in March 2011 , based on Hasbro 's 2010 introduction of the Blythe Loves Littlest Pet Shop toy line . Margaret Loesch , then the CEO of the Hub Network — a network partly owned by Hasbro and Discovery Communications — commissioned the series .
= = Production = =
Given Hasbro 's framework for Littlest Pet Shop , the developers Cahills pitched their adaptation of the property . Hasbro originally felt discouraged over having the show set at the pet store , finding the exchange of animals they thought would come from that disconcerting . The Cahills saw the studio 's definition of such stores as antiquated , convincing them that most modern locations provide grooming and day care services as opposed to merely selling pets . Production followed quickly , much to their surprise .
The studio defined only Blythe and the pets as characters , so the Cahills sought to expand the human character 's fictional universe , designing Blythe 's friends , Mrs. Twombly , and the Biskit twins . Julie explained that she and her husband 's preference for quirky comedy inspired that of the show . While the show is aimed at a demographic of young girls , Julie said that she and the writers attempt to cater to boys of the same age and parent viewers simultaneously . Original music for the show is accomplished by film and television composers Daniel Ingram and Steffan Andrews . Ingram wrote that the urban setting of Littlest Pet Shop prompted the use of a modern style of music . The score incorporates pop and other cultural influences for the same reason . Ingram found Hasbro 's pushing of the limitations for music in daytime television a source of pride .
Each 22 @-@ minute episode takes approximately a year to complete ; three to four episodes are produced simultaneously . Storyboard artists depict scenes using SketchBook Pro . Adapting these boards to limited animation , studio DHX Media handles the designs , poses and key frames of movement for each character appearing in a given scene for an episode , as well as background art . DHX hands these assets to a separate studio , where the remaining animation is finished using Adobe Flash . The speed of production is throttled slightly by Blythe having two unique outfits per episode , according to director Joel Dickie . Supervising director Dallas Parker similarly explained that the variety of assets created for each episode challenged the process of Flash animation in reusing movements .
= = Release = =
The Hub Network aired the first two episodes of Littlest Pet Shop in succession on November 10 , 2012 . The network scheduled these episodes to succeed the third season premiere of Friendship Is Magic , based on the My Little Pony toy line , also owned by Hasbro . The network ordered 26 episodes for its first season , concluding it on April 27 , 2013 . A second season , also of 26 episodes , premiered on November 2 , 2013 , and concluded on April 12 , 2014 . A third season of the same amount of episodes aired from May 31 , 2014 , to March 7 , 2015 . During this season , the network shifted management and was renamed to Discovery Family . According to show writer Roger Eschbacher , a fourth and final season will be aired , beginning November 7 , 2015 .
= = Related products = =
= = = Mobile game = = =
As part of a contractual agreement with Hasbro , Gameloft developed a mobile game based on the show . Released in the same year the show premiered , on November 22 , the game is of the city @-@ building genre . The game , Littlest Pet Shop , is freemium software — microtransactions allows users to speed up the progression of the game . The game provides over 150 animal companions for users to collect ; minigames allow players to take care of these pets . Its initial release was for the iOS platform . An Android port was released shortly afterwards .
Writing in TouchArcade , Jared Nelson wrote that the game is unexceptional for players who are not fans of the toy line . While in the United Kingdom the game was subject of controversy concerning its incorporation of in @-@ app purchases , the Advertising Standards Authority deemed it acceptable . The organization found that the instructions detailing purchases did not coerce players to make such purchases .
= = = Comic book = = =
IDW Publishing was commissioned to adapt Littlest Pet Shop to a comic book . An adaptation made up of five issues , released from May 7 to September 17 , 2014 , was written by Georgia Ball and Matt Anderson and illustrated by Nico Peña and Antonio Campo . Anderson had worked on the shorter , contained stories , while Ball had scripted the remainder of each issue .
Different from the other Hasbro properties Ball had worked on , she explained that Hasbro wanted the comic to entertain readers rather than be morally didactic . She likened this to the principle of " no hugging , no learning " coined on the set of Seinfeld . Apart from that , the studio gave Ball license to give Blythe hobbies not depicted on the show . Ball focused on writing stories that would appeal to readers transitioning from primary to secondary education . She described the structure for the comic as a daily drama , while Anderson thought of it as slice of life .
= = = Home media = = =
Shout ! Factory has secured North American distribution rights for programs broadcast by the Hub Network and Discovery Family , releasing several DVD sets for Littlest Pet Shop . Primal Screen , a distributor located in the United Kingdom , obtained the rights for its first two seasons for most of Western Europe and the Middle East . Beyond Home Entertainment handles distribution in Australia .
= = Reception = =
Littlest Pet Shop became one of the Hub Network 's top programs in 2013 . Both the show and Friendship Is Magic were outperforming shows aimed at similar demographics internationally , according to Stephen Davis , president of Hasbro Studios . Hasbro rebooted their toy line in accordance with the show ; newer collections features customizable sets for fans to " create , decorate and personalize their own scenes " inspired by episodes .
Writing for the parent @-@ focused organization Common Sense Media , Emily Ashby found the show unimpressive . She praised Blythe as a model of " integrity , self @-@ confidence , loyalty , and creativity " but found fault with product placement and the " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill " pet characters . Mercedes Milligan of Animation Magazine , however , described the varied personalities of the pet characters as the most endearing trait of the show . Writing in Entertainment Weekly , Hillary Busis found the Biskit twins amusing as characters . Busis praised the twenty @-@ first episode of the first season in particular , which contains a parody of both Toddlers & Tiaras and the Christopher Guest – directed film Best in Show . An homage to Star Trek was singled out by Hanh Nguyen in TV Guide .
Tori Michel of About Entertainment gave praise to a DVD set containing five episodes of the first season . She wrote that despite the intended demographic , older children in elementary and middle school would find the writing humorous , while girls would find the pet characters entertaining the most . The Dove Foundation member Donna Rolfe gave the same set a full five stars .
The show was nominated at the 40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for the song " If You 're a Guy " in 2013 , but it lost this to 3rd & Bird . Oliver 's portrayal of Zoe won her an award from ACTRA and the Union of British Columbia Performers . New , who voices Sunil , was nominated for this but lost to Oliver . Ingram and Andrews were nominated for Leo Awards for their work as composers of the episode " Lights , Camera , Mongoose ! " in 2014 . The duo later won this nomination in common .
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= Maryland Route 177 =
Maryland Route 177 ( MD 177 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known as Mountain Road , the highway runs 10 @.@ 92 miles ( 17 @.@ 57 km ) from MD 2 in Pasadena east to Gibson Island . MD 177 serves as an arterial highway through Pasadena , Jacobsville , and the Lake Shore area of northeastern Anne Arundel County . The highway is paralleled by MD 100 through Pasadena and Jacobsville . MD 177 originally began near what is now its western intersection with MD 648 , which was originally part of MD 2 . A short section of the highway was built in Pasadena in the early 1910s . MD 177 was extended east through Jacobsville in the early 1920s and to Gibson Island in the late 1920s . The highway was extended west in the late 1930s after MD 2 was relocated to its present four @-@ lane divided highway . A freeway section of MD 177 was constructed between MD 3 in Glen Burnie and MD 2 in the mid @-@ 1960s ; the freeway was renumbered MD 100 when that highway was completed from Pasadena to Jacobsville in the early 1970s . Congestion east of MD 100 led to the addition of a reversible lane in 1999 .
= = Route description = =
MD 177 begins at an intersection with MD 2 ( Governor Ritchie Highway ) in Pasadena just north of MD 2 's interchange with MD 100 ( Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway ) . The state highway heads east as a six @-@ lane divided highway which drops to four lanes at its intersection with a ramp from southbound MD 10 ( Arundel Expressway ) and ramps to and from westbound MD 100 . MD 177 passes under MD 10 , spawns a ramp onto northbound MD 10 , and meets the southern end of MD 648 ( Baltimore – Annapolis Boulevard ) at Lipin 's Corner . At the next intersection , unsigned MD 915 ( Long Hill Road ) splits to the south . MD 177 continues east as a two @-@ lane road that regularly gains a center turn lane . The state highway intersects another section of MD 648 ( Waterford Road ) , Catherine Avenue , and Edwin Raynor Boulevard on its way to Jacobsville . In the center of Jacobsville , MD 177 intersects MD 607 , which heads south as Magothy Bridge Road and north as Hog Neck Road .
East of Jacobsville , MD 177 receives the eastern end of MD 100 . There is no direct access from eastbound MD 100 to westbound MD 177 . The state highway becomes a three @-@ lane road with the center lane controlled by lane use signals . During rush hours , there are two lanes in the relevant direction ; at all other times , the center lane serves as a center left turn lane . The eastern end of the three @-@ lane section is at South Carolina Avenue in the community of Lake Shore . MD 177 continues east as a two @-@ lane road and passes a loop of Old Mountain Road . At Pinehurst Road , which leads to Downs Memorial Park , the route veers southeast toward Gibson Island . MD 177 reaches its eastern terminus at the gatehouse that guards the private island community on the north side of the mouth of the Magothy River at the Chesapeake Bay .
MD 177 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from MD 100 in Jacobsville to Pinehurst Road near Gibson Island .
= = History = =
The first portion of MD 177 to be constructed was the portion of the Baltimore – Annapolis Boulevard between what are now MD 648 and MD 915 at Lipin 's Corner . That highway , which was designated MD 2 in 1927 , was paved as a 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide macadam road in 1911 and 1912 . This segment of the Boulevard was widened to 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) with a pair of 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) concrete shoulders by 1926 . Mountain Road itself was paved as a 14 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wide concrete road from Lipin 's Corner east to just east of the modern Waterford Road segment of MD 648 . By 1921 , the concrete road was extended east to Jacobsville . The paved portion of Mountain Road was extended east to near Woods Road by 1923 . MD 177 was completed as a concrete highway to Gibson Island in 1928 . MD 177 was widened to at least 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) from Lipin 's Corner to Gibson Island by 1930 . After MD 2 was relocated to Governor Ritchie Highway in 1936 , MD 177 was extended west from Lipin 's Corner to the new four @-@ lane divided highway by 1939 . MD 177 was reconstructed from Lipin 's Corner to east of Jacobsville to ameliorate curves in 1952 .
A westward freeway extension of MD 177 was under construction from MD 3 ( Glen Burnie Bypass ) east to MD 2 by 1963 . The freeway opened as MD 177 in 1964 with intermediate interchanges at MD 174 and Oakwood Road . In 1966 , the freeway was extended slightly east to terminate at Mountain Road at an intersection at the site of today 's ramps to and from westbound MD 100 . By 1967 , an extension of the freeway east to beyond Jacobsville was proposed . The eastward freeway extension opened in 1971 ; however , the extension and the freeway west to MD 3 were designated MD 100 . MD 177 was expanded to a divided highway from MD 2 to MD 10 when the latter freeway was extended south from MD 648 to MD 100 between 1987 and 1989 . The divided highway was extended east to Lipin 's Corner in 1997 . Since the late 1970s , heavy traffic on MD 177 east of MD 100 has spurred efforts to build a bypass of the Lake Shore section or widen the highway , projects that have been opposed by residents who fear increased development on the peninsula . Congestion on the highway was eased significantly when lane use signals were added to allow the center lane of the highway to become a travel lane during rush hours in July 1999 .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Anne Arundel County .
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= Congolese Independence Speech =
The Speech at the Ceremony of the Proclamation of the Congo 's Independence was a short political speech given by Patrice Lumumba on 30 June 1960 . The address marked the independence of Congo @-@ Léopoldville ( the modern @-@ day Democratic Republic of the Congo ) from Belgium and became a famous example of an attack on colonialism .
Lumumba , the first Congolese Prime Minister , gave the address during the official independence commemorations at the Palais de la Nation in Léopoldville ( modern @-@ day Kinshasa ) . The ceremony was intended to mark the harmonious end of Belgian rule and was attended by both Congolese and Belgian dignatories , including King Baudouin . Lumumba 's speech , which was itself unscheduled , was in large part a response to Baudouin 's speech which argued that the end of colonial rule in the Congo had been depicted as the culmination of the Belgian " civilising mission " begun by Leopold II in the Congo Free State .
Lumumba 's speech , broadcast live on the radio across the world , denounced colonialism and was interpreted as an affront to Belgium and Baudouin personally . While it was well @-@ received within the Congo , it was widely condemned internationally as unnecessarily confrontational and for showing ingratitude at a time when Belgium had granted independence to the state . The speech nearly provoked a diplomatic incident between the Congo and Belgium and Lumumba later gave further speeches attempting to adopt a more conciliatory tone .
The speech itself has since been praised for its use of political rhetoric , and is considered a landmark moment in the independence of the Congo . It has also been cited as a contributory factor to the subsequent Congo Crisis and in Lumumba 's murder in 1961 . Since its deliverance , the speech has been widely reprinted and has been depicted in paintings and film .
= = Background = =
Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century . King Leopold II of Belgium , frustrated by Belgium 's lack of international power and prestige , attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then @-@ largely unexplored Congo Basin . The Belgian government 's ambivalence about the idea led Leopold to eventually create the colony on his own account . With support from a number of Western countries , who viewed Leopold as a useful buffer between rival colonial powers , Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony , the Congo Free State , in 1885 . By the turn of the century , however , the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country , which it did in 1908 , creating the Belgian Congo .
Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the " colonial trinity " ( trinité coloniale ) of state , missionary and private company interests . The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised . On many occasions , the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers imposed by the indigenous population . The country was split into nesting , hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions , and run uniformly according to a set " native policy " ( politique indigène ) — in contrast to the British and the French , who generally favoured the system of indirect rule whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight . There was also a high degree of racial segregation . Large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum , but were nonetheless always treated as superior to blacks .
An African nationalist movement developed in the Belgian Congo during the 1950s , primarily among the black middle @-@ class évolués . The movement was divided into a number of parties and groups which were broadly divided on ethnic and geographical lines and opposed to one another . The largest , the Mouvement National Congolais ( MNC ) , was a united front organisation dedicated to achieving independence " within a reasonable " time and was led by , among others , Patrice Lumumba . The MNC 's main rival was the Alliance des Bakongo ( ABAKO ) , led by Joseph Kasa @-@ Vubu , who advocated a more radical ideology than the MNC , based around calls for immediate independence and the promotion of regional identity . In the aftermath of rioting in the capital Léopoldville ( modern @-@ day Kinshasa ) in 1959 , the independence of the Congo was agreed at the 30 June 1960 and a constitution ( loi fondamentale ) was agreed , creating a semi @-@ presidential constitution . Kasa @-@ Vubu was proclaimed President , and Lumumba Prime Minister .
= = The speech = =
= = = Background and context = = =
The speech was given as part of the official ceremony held at the Palais de la Nation in Léopoldville ( modern @-@ day Kinshasa ) marking the end of Belgian colonial rule in the country .
The official programme for the Independence Day celebrations began with a Te Deum at the Cathedral of Notre @-@ Dame @-@ du @-@ Congo . The service began at 9 : 00 am , after which delegates returned to the Palais de la Nation which had been the residency of the Belgian Governor @-@ General of the Congo . Some leading Congolese musicians , notably Joseph Kabaselleh and his band , Le Grand Kallé et l 'African Jazz , performed specially @-@ written songs commemorating independence there until 11 : 00 am . These included Indépendance Cha Cha , one of Kabaselleh 's best @-@ known works . After this , the official speeches - the main component of the day 's festivities - began . In the audience were dignitaries from both Belgium and the Congo as well as the international press .
King Baudouin , representing Belgium , gave the first speech in which he praised the " genius " of his ancestor , King Leopold II , who begun the colonisation of the Congo on his own initiative in the 1880s . Baudouin depicted the end of colonial rule in the Congo as the culmination of the Belgian " civilising mission " and spoke of the close relations he hoped would be maintained between the two countries . Following the end of the King 's speech , Kasa @-@ Vubu gave a short and uncontroversial address thanking the King for his attendance and for his best wishes . Both speeches were applauded vigorously . In a change to the schedule , Joseph Kasongo , the President of the Congolese Assembly who was presiding over the ceremonies , invited Lumumba to give an address as Lumumba had requested him to do so . The invitation came as a surprise to the audience , who had not expected Lumumba to take any part in the ceremony .
Kasongo and Thomas Kanza , a member of Lumumba 's government , had been requested to visit Lumumba at his house on the morning of 30 June before the start of the ceremonies to look over an early draft of Lumumba 's planned speech . The Belgian pacifist , Jean Van Lierde , may also have been present at the meeting . Kanza had also spent the car journey to the Te Deum re @-@ reading the speech and making corrections . Lumumba then made his own alterations to the script during the speeches given by Baudouin and Kasa @-@ Vubu .
= = = Content = = =
The speech begins with Lumumba addressing his speech to the Congolese people and praising independence as the culmination of the struggle of the nationalist movement , rather than the result of Belgian concessions .
The speech continued , outlining the personal suffering of the nationalists during the course of the struggle . Lumumba then turned to enumerating the suffering of ordinary Congolese people under colonialism , through forced labour , systematic racial discrimination , land seizure , wealth disparity and physical maltreatment at the hand of the colonial state .
Independence , Lumumba argued , had brought the end to these forms of suffering . Through its democratic institutions , Congolese self @-@ government would deliver social justice and fair wages . Racial discrimination and repression would be abolished and the Congo would become " the pride of Africa " and an example to the Pan @-@ African movement . Lumumba called upon other states , particularly Belgium , to support the Congo to establish mutually beneficial relations between the " two equal and independent countries " . He also appealed to the Congolese to abandon internecine tribal factionalism .
Concluding , Lumumba appealed to all the Congolese to make sacrifices for the future of the Congo . Lumumba finally called for Congolese people to respect the rights of non @-@ indigenous settlers in the country , and warned that if they breached Congolese laws they would be exiled . The speech finishes with the observation that " the Congo 's independence is a decisive step towards the liberation of the whole African continent " and the exclamations " Long live independence and African unity ! Long live the independent and sovereign Congo ! "
The speech was originally delivered in French language .
= = = Analysis = = =
The speech has been praised for its use of political rhetoric . In particular , the speech has been cited as exemplifying the three functions of rhetoric ; by the way it was framed within the independence proceeding , its deliberative function and oratorical vibrancy . Others have argued that the dynamics between Lumumba , Kasa @-@ Vubu and Baudouin during the ceremony " represent a microcosm of the relations between Africans and Europeans " in early post @-@ colonial Africa , with each representing a different stance towards the others .
The speech has been hailed as a " classic of African nationalism " and praised for providing a response to the " patronizing " speech given by Baudouin or as an example of speaking the truth to power It was also praised as a public exposé of traits of colonialism glossed over during the independence ceremonies .
Jean @-@ Claude Willame argued that the speech was the result of Lumumba 's growing frustration with the process of independence which he believed might represent a purely nominal change in government with no real effects . Lumumba blamed Kasa @-@ Vubu and his colleagues for failing to publicly oppose this situation . Gender historians have therefore argued that the speech was the result of Lumumba 's growing feeling of emasculation . Others have pointed to the influence of Belgian Socialist delegates and representatives of the Guinean President , Ahmed Sékou Touré , who had a strongly Marxist ideology , all of whom hoped a public and international denouncement of colonialism would help them politically .
David Van Reybrouck praised the speech as " memorable " , but argued that it damaged Lumumba 's own legacy . Since Lumumba and his party represented only a third of Congolese popular opinion , Van Reybrouck accused Lumumba 's claim to speak for all Congolese people " divisive " and questioned whether it was appropriate given the context : " Lumumba 's address contained more of a look back than a look forward , more rage and hope , more rancour than magnanimity , and therefore more rebellion than statesmanship " . He also compared it to the Communist Julien Lahaut 's republican heckling of Baudouin 's corronation in 1950 . Like Lumumba , Lahaut was subsequently murdered after he had " claimed all the attention " at the public event .
= = Reception = =
The speech was applauded by Congolese delegates in the audience at the Palais de la Nation and broadcast by radio across the country . It was also broadcast live in Belgium by the state broadcaster , RTBF . After its delivery , the ceremonies were halted . Baudouin marched out of the room . A short inspection of local sites was arranged with Kasa @-@ Vubu and lunch was served to cover the delay and an official lunch was held by the Congo River . After the break , Lumumba was persuaded by the outgoing Belgian resident , Walter Ganshof van der Meersch , to give a second speech which attempted to strike a more conciliatory tone between the two countries . In his second speech , Lumumba praised Baudouin and stated that " I would not wish my feelings to be wrongly interpreted " . After Lumumba 's second speech , the official act of independence was signed by Lumumba and the Belgian Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens , as well as by the Foreign Ministers of both countries , bringing the official ceremonies to an end . The delegates then visited a performance of Congolese folklore at the Roi Baudouin Stadium before heading to an evening reception . At this event , Lumumba gave a further conciliatory speech the same evening , written for him by Eyskens and drank a toast to Baudouin . The King , and much of the Belgian delegation , returned to Brussels on 1 July .
The majority international reaction was extremely critical of Lumumba . Lumumba 's attack on colonialism was especially interpreted as an attack on Belgium itself and nearly provoked a diplomatic incident between the two countries . International observers though the speech unwise , ungrateful and tactless . The confrontational attitude taken by Lumumba appeared to confirm Belgian and American suspicions that Lumumba was a dangerous radical . Between September 1960 and January 1961 , partly at the instigation of the two countries , Lumumba was deposed from power , arrested and executed with the complicity of both the Congolese and Katangese governments .
The initial address received a mixed reception within the Congo . In some quarters it was widely supported . However , some believed that it merely highlighted the fact that Lumumba was inexperienced ( and overly provocative ) in comparison with Kasa @-@ Vubu 's measured and diplomatic approach . Members of Lumumba 's own party , including Kanza , praised the speech itself but believed that the venue in which it had been delivered was inappropriate . Lumumba 's address was also notably acclaimed by figures within the international Pan @-@ African and Black Power movements including Malcolm X. The speech may have further heightened racial violence between white settlers and native Congolese which were already distrustful . As a result of the threat to its expatriates , Belgium deployed troops to the country and , amid mounting violence , several regions of the Congo , notably Katanga , seceded and declared their own independence , starting five @-@ years of violence and political unrest known as the Congo Crisis .
= = Legacy = =
While the speech was filmed during its delivery , the film of the speech has only survived as fragments and in some sections only the original audio survives . Transcriptions of the speech were later published in multiple print editions , some of which were altered as propaganda to show Lumumba in a better light after his death in 1961 . The main collected edition of Lumumba 's speeches , Lumumba Speaks , was prefaced by the French philosopher Jean @-@ Paul Satre . Today , the speech forms an important part of Congolese popular memory , particularly among " Lumumbists " who claim to represent Lumumba 's ideological position in modern Congolese politics .
The scene was painted by the noted Congolese artist Tshibumba Kanda @-@ Matulu in his distinctive cartoon @-@ like style . The result , entitled TKM Lumumba Indépendance and painted in 1972 or 1973 , hangs in the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam . The speech itself was dramatized in the 2000 film , Lumumba , directed by Raoul Peck in which Eriq Ebouaney played the role of Lumumba . It was backed by a specially composed score , entitled Le Discours ( " The Speech " ) , by the French composer Jean @-@ Claude Petit .
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= Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events =
Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a 2004 American black comedy fantasy film directed by Brad Silberling . It is a film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket , covering the first three books The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , and The Wide Window . The film stars Jim Carrey as the villainous Count Olaf who adopts three wealthy orphan siblings in an attempts to steal their late parents ' fortune . Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to Daniel Handler 's book series in 2000 and soon began development of a film with Barry Sonnenfeld attached to direct . Handler adapted the screenplay and courted Jim Carrey for Count Olaf . Sonnenfeld eventually left over budget concerns in January 2003 and Brad Silberling took over . Robert Gordon rewrote Handler 's script , and principal photography started in November 2003 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was entirely shot using sound stages and backlots at Paramount Pictures and Downey Studios . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics , grossed approximately $ 209 million worldwide , and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup .
= = Plot = =
Lemony Snicket ( Jude Law ) is documenting the whereabouts of the Baudelaire children from inside a clock tower . Violet Baudelaire ( Emily Browning ) , her intelligent brother Klaus ( Liam Aiken ) , and their baby sister Sunny ( Kara and Shelby Hoffman ) are orphaned when a mysterious fire destroys their house and kills their parents . Mr. Poe ( Timothy Spall ) , in charge of the Baudelaire fortune , entrusts them to their closest relative , Count Olaf ( Jim Carrey ) , who only wants their money and makes them do harsh chores .
On the day that Olaf receives full custody , he drives to a gas station claiming that he is buying soda . However , it turns out that he parked the car , with the children inside , directly on a railroad crossing next to the gas station in the hope of it getting hit by a train . Thankfully , Violet and Klaus are able to throw a nearby switch in the tracks , causing the train to miss them . Mr. Poe then arrives at the scene , mistakenly thinking that Sunny was driving the car , and takes the children away . Olaf promises that he will find them .
The orphans are then taken to stay with their uncle , Dr. Montgomery Montgomery ( Billy Connolly ) , a kind , caring , and rather lonely ( until the children came along ) herpetologist , who is planning to take the children with him on a study in Peru . However , Olaf arrives in disguise as an Italian scientist named Stephano . Violet tries to tell Monty the truth , but he thinks that Stephano is after a snake called The Incredibly Deadly Viper . Monty is found dead the following morning and the authorities have been tricked into thinking that the viper was responsible , but Sunny is able to prove it is actually a friendly , harmless creature .
Mr. Poe then takes the children to live with their Aunt Josephine ( Meryl Streep ) , an irrationally afraid woman who is obsessed with proper grammar . While shopping at a market , Violet and Klaus encounter Olaf , disguised as a sailor named Captain Sham who pretends to be romantically interested in Josephine . When the Baudelaires get home after shopping , Josephine is gone and a hurricane is approaching . Klaus decodes a note left by Josephine and discovers that she is in Curdled Cave . During the hurricane , the children discover in a secret room that there were people investigating fires . The children escape the house before it falls in to the lake .
The children sail on Lake Lachrymose , finding Josephine . Before they reach civilization , their boat is attacked by leeches ; Olaf appears , takes the children away and abandons Josephine in the boat to be eaten alive by the leeches .
The Baudelaires are then placed back in Olaf 's custody after he " rescued " them . Olaf and Violet are then immediately involved in a play called The Marvelous Marriage , which involves their characters being married . However , Olaf has set up the performance to be an actual legal marriage because the law states that if relatives are married they are entitled to their spouses ' money . Olaf enlists the help of his neighbor Justice Strauss ( Catherine O 'Hara ) to perform in the " play " and unwittingly officiate the marriage . Olaf explains to Violet that Sunny is being held hostage in a cage and if Violet does not say her " lines " or finds a loophole , Sunny will fall to her death . The ceremony goes as Olaf planned and he reveals that the marriage is legal , to the horror of the judge and audience .
Klaus escapes and finds a secret part of Olaf 's estate . After adjusting an eye @-@ shaped window , Klaus realizes that it was Olaf that caused their family mansion to catch fire . Klaus uses the window to burn the marriage certificate , foiling the Count 's plans . Olaf is tried for his action and sentenced to be put through the hardships he had caused the children , and a life sentence in prison . However , when a jury of his peers overturn his sentence , Olaf escapes . Violet , Klaus and Sunny are allowed to visit their old home one last time . A letter lost in the mail finally arrives , and inside is a spyglass announcing their family 's secret society . Snicket recounts that despite the children 's misfortune , they still had each other thus making them " Very Fortunate Indeed " .
= = Cast = =
The film featured uncredited appearances by Jane Lynch as a realtor , Helena Bonham Carter as Beatrice Baudelaire , and Dustin Hoffman as a critic .
Author Daniel Handler initially viewed Count Olaf as being a James Mason @-@ type . Carrey was not familiar with the book series when he was cast , but he became a fan of the series . " Handler 's books are just a bold and original way to tell a children 's story , " the actor explained . Carrey was also attracted to the role despite self @-@ parody concerns . Director Brad Silberling was open to Carrey 's idea of improvisation for various scenes , especially the Stephano and Captain Sham alter egos . To make his prosthetic makeup more comfortable and easier to apply , Carrey shaved his head bald for the part . The actor 's inspiration for Olaf 's voice was combining the voices of Orson Welles and Béla Lugosi .
Emily Browning was cast as Violet Baudelaire when she auditioned at a casting call in Australia . She was sent Handler 's original script when Barry Sonnenfeld was planning to direct , and she screen tested for the part using an English accent . The actor was not cast until Silberling took over ; her character 's accent was then changed to American . Browning became a fan of the books after reading Handler 's original script .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights of the A Series of Unfortunate Events book series in May 2000 . Paramount Pictures , owner of Nickelodeon Movies , agreed to co @-@ finance , along with Scott Rudin . Various directors , including Terry Gilliam and Roman Polanski , were interested in making the film . One of author Daniel Handler 's favorite candidates was Guy Maddin . In June 2002 , Barry Sonnenfeld was hired to direct . He was chosen because he previously collaborated with Rudin and because of his black comedy directing style from The Addams Family , Addams Family Values and Get Shorty . Sonnenfeld referred to the Lemony Snicket books as his favorite children 's stories . The director hired Handler to write the script with the intention of making Lemony Snicket as a musical , and cast Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in September 2002 .
The film suffered setbacks in development in December 2002 . Rudin left Unfortunate Events over budget concerns . While Sonnenfeld and Carrey remained , Sonnenfeld admitted he was skeptical of Paramount 's $ 100 million budget . The studio decided that changing the shoot from Hollywood to Wilmington , North Carolina would be less expensive . The April 2003 start date was also pushed back . Paramount eventually settled the situation in January 2003 by enlisting help from DreamWorks to co @-@ finance the film , but Sonnenfeld vacated the director 's position . Rudin and Sonnenfeld had no involvement with the film afterward , but were credited as executive producers . Carrey remained with approval over the hiring of the next director .
Brad Silberling signed on to direct in February 2003 . He was not familiar with the book series when he was first approached . He quickly read the first three books and was excited that " Hollywood was taking a chance to put over $ 100 million to adapt these inventive children 's books onto screen " . Handler , who wrote eight drafts of the script for Sonnenfeld , was replaced by Robert Gordon in May 2003 . Handler approved of the changes that were made to his original screenplay . " I was offered credit on the film for screenwriting by the Writers Guild of America , " Handler continued , " but I didn 't take it because I didn 't write it . I felt like it would be an insult to the guy who did . "
= = = Filming = = =
Filming was set to begin in October 2003 , but it was pushed back . Principal photography for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events began on November 10 , 2003 , using the sound stages and backlot at Paramount Studios in Hollywood . Director Brad Silberling avoided using too many digital or chroma key effects because he wanted the younger actors to feel as if they were working in a realistic environment . Olaf 's mansion occupied two sound stages , while the graveyard and the ruins of the Baudelaire mansion were constructed on the Paramount back lot . After 21 weeks of shooting at Paramount , production then moved to Downey Studios , a former NASA facility in Downey , California , for eight more weeks . Downey housed the circular railroad crossing set complete with forced perspective scenery , as well as a newly constructed water tank complete with over one million gallons of water . The water tank was instrumental in filming scenes set at Briny Beach , Lake Lachrymose , Damocles Dock and Curdled Cave . Filming for A Series of Unfortunate Events ended on May 29 , 2004 .
= = = Design = = =
Silberling , production designer Rick Heinrichs and costume designer Colleen Atwood all aimed for the film 's setting to be ambiguous , giving it a " timeless " feel . Heinrichs also added steampunk designs to the period . To contribute to the setting , Silberling hired Emmanuel Lubezki as the cinematographer because he was impressed with the trio 's work on Sleepy Hollow .
Lubezki compared the cinematic similarities to Sleepy Hollow , notably the monochromatic look of both films . He also chose a specific color palette backdrop for A Series of Unfortunate Events . " The story is very episodic , so we picked a different color scheme for each section . For example " , Lubezki continued , " Count Olaf 's house has a lot of greens , blacks and grays ; the house of Uncle Monty has a lot of greens and browns and a bit of yellow ; and the house of Aunt Josephine has blues and blacks . " The railroad crossing set was constructed on a cyclorama , which was the most ambitious setpiece for the art department on using elements of " in house " special effects and matte paintings .
= = = Visual effects = = =
Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , supervised by Stefen Fangmeier , created the film 's 505 visual effects @-@ shots . The filmmakers used as few digital effects as possible , though the train and smoke for the railroad crossing scene was entirely created using computer animation . ILM also used color grading techniques for the Lake Lachrymose scene , which required complete animation for the leeches . The digital animators studied footage of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season to accurately depict Hurricane Herman , which was ILM 's most ambitious use of computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) for the film . Nexus Productions designed the opening " Littlest Elf " animated sequence by modeling it after stop motion animation and completing it with computer animation . The snakes at Uncle Monty 's house were a combination of real snakes and animatronics . The animatronics , primarily the Incredibly Deadly Viper , were used as reference models that ILM later enhanced using CGI . Because working with infants was sometimes risky in producing a film , four scenes involving Sunny Baudelaire required CGI with motion capture technology . Among these are the shot of Sunny hanging on to a table by her teeth , catching a spindle with her mouth and the scene where she is entangled with the Incredibly Deadly Viper . Animation supervisor Colin Brady used his baby daughter for motion capture recording . A remote controlled animatronic of Sunny was also designed by Kevin Yagher .
= = Release = =
= = = Marketing = = =
In October 2002 , Nickelodeon Movies hired Activision ( who actually had a partnership with DreamWorks ) to create the film 's tie @-@ in video game . The agreement also included options for sequels . Director Brad Silberling delivered his first cut of the film to the studio in August 2004 . Fearing his original version was " too dark " , Paramount and DreamWorks conducted test screenings . The film was then re @-@ edited over family @-@ friendliness concerns . Given its December release , the film 's marketing campaign was criticized for being a deliberately anti @-@ holiday comedy with taglines like , " Taking the cheer out of Christmas " and " Mishaps . Misadventures . Mayhem . Oh Joy . " The premiere for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events was held at the Cinerama Dome on December 13 , 2004 . A 20 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) tent display on Vine Street was decorated with pieces from the film 's sets .
= = = Home media = = =
Lemony Snicket 's a Series of Unfortunate Events was released on DVD and VHS on April 26 , 2005 . A Portuguese @-@ labeled All @-@ Region Blu @-@ ray was released in 2012 and then an American Region A Blu @-@ ray was released on September 9 , 2014 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
The film was released in the United States and Canada on December 17 , 2004 in 3 @,@ 620 theaters , earning $ 30 @,@ 061 @,@ 756 in its opening weekend . In its run , A Series of Unfortunate Events managed to stay in the number one position for its first week , before facing competition from Meet the Fockers , The Aviator and Coach Carter . The film eventually grossed $ 118 @,@ 634 @,@ 549 in US totals and $ 90 @,@ 439 @,@ 096 elsewhere , coming to a worldwide total of $ 209 @,@ 073 @,@ 645 . It was the highest grossing film under the Nickelodeon Movies banner until being surpassed by The Last Airbender , Rango , The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water .
= = = Critical response = = =
Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 72 % , based on 160 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Although it softens the nasty edges of its source material , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a gothic visual treat , and it features a hilariously manic turn from Jim Carrey as the evil Count Olaf . " On Metacritic , gave the film a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune praised Rick Heinrichs 's production design and Jim Carrey for having a balanced performance as a scene stealer . Elder called the film " exceptionally clever , hilariously gloomy and bitingly subversive . " Desson Thomson from The Washington Post reasoned over a fellow film @-@ goer 's characterization of Count Olaf , " Olaf is a humorless villain in the book . He 's not amusing like Carrey at all . To which I would counter : If you can 't let Carrey be Carrey , put someone boring and less expensive in the role . In his various disguises he 's rubbery , inventive and improvisationally inspired . I particularly liked his passing imitation of a dinosaur . " Ty Burr , writing in The Boston Globe , observed , " Director Brad Silberling has essentially made a Tim Burton movie without the weird shafts of adolescent pain . At the same time , Silberling 's not a hack like Chris Columbus , and Snicket has more zip and inspired filmcraft than the first two Harry Potter films . The film 's no masterpiece , but at least you 're in the hands of people who know what they 're doing . The movie , like the books , flatters children 's innate sense that the world is not a perfect place and that anyone who insists otherwise is trying to sell you something . How you deal with the cognitive dissonance of a $ 125 million Hollywood picture telling you this is up to you . At least there are no Lemony Snicket Happy Meals . Yet . " Internet reviewer James Berardinelli felt that " the film is first and foremost a fantasy , but there are dark currents running just beneath the surface . I give Silberling credit for not allowing them to swallow the film . Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events manages to remain witty throughout . " Roger Ebert gave a mixed review : " Jim Carrey is over the top as Count Olaf , but I suppose a character named Count Olaf is over the top by definition . I liked the film , but I 'll tell you what . I think this one is a tune @-@ up for the series , a trial run in which they figure out what works and what needs to be tweaked . The original Spider @-@ Man was a disappointment , but the same team came back and made Spider @-@ Man 2 , the best superhero movie ever made . " Scott Foundas of Variety gave a negative review , criticizing the filmmakers for sacrificing the storyline in favor of visual elements such as set design and cinematography . He wrote , " A Series of Unfortunate Events suggests what Mary Poppins might have looked like had Tim Burton directed it . Not surprisingly , Burton 's longtime production designer Rick Heinrichs was responsible for the sets , while ace Emmanuel Lubezki ( Burton 's Sleepy Hollow ) contributed the expressionistic lighting schemes . "
= = = Awards = = =
Makeup designer Valli O 'Reilly and Bill Corso won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . Production designer Rick Heinrichs and set decorator Cheryl Carasik ( Art Direction ) , Colleen Atwood ( Costume Design ) and composer Thomas Newman ( Original Music Score ) were also nominated for their work at 77th Academy Awards . The film lost the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film to Spider @-@ Man 2 , but was honored for its DVD special edition release . O 'Reilly and Corso were also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Make @-@ up , but lost to Hellboy .
= = Cancelled franchise and future = =
Paramount Pictures , DreamWorks Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies hoped the film would become a franchise like the Harry Potter film series . Jim Carrey thought his character would be good as the basis for a film franchise since it would allow him to dive into a new role . " I don 't have a deal [ for a sequel ] , but it 's one that I wouldn 't mind doing again because there are so many characters , " the actor explained in December 2004 . " I mean , it 's just so much fun . It 's so much fun being a bad actor playing a character ... " In May 2005 , producer Laurie MacDonald said " Lemony Snicket is still something Paramount is interested in pursuing and we 're going to be talking with them more . "
In October 2008 , Daniel Handler said that " a sequel does seem to be in the works . Paramount has had quite a few corporate shakeups , which has led to many a delay . Of course , many , many plans in Hollywood come to naught , but I 'm assured that another film will be made . Someday . Perhaps . " In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . " In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now I 'm afraid I ’ m going to have to show you the real thing . ' "
In November 2014 , Netflix was in talks of creating an online television series for all of the books . Barry Sonnenfeld , who was in original talks to direct the film , will direct the series , which is set to be released online in 2016 . Neil Patrick Harris has been cast to play Count Olaf .
= = Video game = =
A video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and the PC as Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the hook @-@ handed man , the white @-@ faced women , and the bald @-@ headed man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game , there are some references to V.F.D. , such as in the first level where a package is delivered from the " Very Fast Delivery Service . " The note attached to the package also reads at the end , " P.S. The world is quiet here " , which is the motto of V.F.D.
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= Medusa ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Medusa " is the twelfth episode of the eighth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 11 , 2001 . The episode was written by Frank Spotnitz and directed by Richard Compton . " Medusa " is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . The episode received a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 2 and was viewed by 13 @.@ 8 million viewers . Overall , the episode received mixed reviews from critics .
The series centers on FBI special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and her new partner John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) — following the alien abduction of her former partner , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) — who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , a string of bizarre deaths in the tunnels of the Boston subway system sees Doggett join a team of professionals underground to investigate . Meanwhile , Scully has to defy the train authorities above land , who are determined to get the trains up and running within hours .
" Medusa " was allotted a " huge budget " , due mostly to the fact that a replica of the Boston subway had to be recreated . Robert Patrick later called the eventual set " the biggest damned thing I 'd seen in my life . " Cheri Montesanto @-@ Medcalf and Matthew Mungle , the show 's make @-@ up effect producers , used several unorthodox ingredients to create the effect of melted flesh ; in addition to the use of normal prosthetic make @-@ up , the two also used a combination of figs and Fruit Roll @-@ Ups .
= = Plot = =
In Boston , an undercover cop waits for the subway , alone . Suddenly , a suspicious man appears , jumping the fare barrier . Eventually , they both get onto a train and the police officer draws his gun as the man starts to walk towards him from behind . Suddenly , the subway comes to a screeching halt , flashes of light are seen , and the train loses power . Later , when the train is back up and running , a batch of commuters enter the subway car and find the undercover cop with the flesh on half his face and his left arm stripped down to the bone .
Agents Scully and Doggett arrive at the operations center to investigate . However , they are rudely greeted by Deputy Chief Karras and Lieutenant Bianco of the transit police ; the two eagerly want the FBI to get the job done fast in order that subways can be reopened in five hours , and Karras is also irritated that Scully performed an autopsy on the body . Even after an autopsy , Scully has no idea what killed the man , and the CDC is unable to find any biological or chemical agents in the subway .
Doggett and Scully are soon introduced to a strike @-@ force that will be going into the subway to investigate . The group includes Steven Melnick , a structural engineer and Dr. Hellura Lyle , CDC employee specializing in pathogens . Scully , however , decides the plan will work better if Doggett acts as her eyes and ears while she analyzes the situation from up in the CDC . Using cameras and microphones , she will watch and hear what is happening . After the plans are made . Doggett leads the team into the dark tunnel .
While in the tunnels , Melnick gets a burn on the back of his neck suggesting a chemical leak . However , the test of the nearby puddle shows nothing dangerous : It is just salt water . Melnick mentions that the tunnels run along the harbor in some places and that they get sea water leakages from time to time . Moving ahead , the team finds an abandoned section of the subway tunnels . Out of the tunnel bursts a man with his rib cage and teeth exposed who knocks Doggett down : he is the suspected robber , eaten away like the other man . His condition proves that he did not kill the man and that there may , in fact , might be a contagion . While looking around , the teams discover three bodies with the same gruesome injuries , wrapped in plastic . It soon becomes clear that someone is covering up the problem in the subway .
Lyle spots an unknown person running away from them in the subway and the team follows . When the group approaches the spot where the train lost power , Melnick starts crying out in pain . Visible electrical flashes start destroying the skin on his left arm . Scully tells Doggett to pour water on it , which stops the flashes . Lyle takes the badly injured Melnick to the surface and Doggett continues onward with Bianco . When Melnick returns to the surface , he seems to be getting worse , but Lyle appears healthy . Scully then sees the three bodies being taken away by non @-@ CDC hazmat people . When Scully confronts Karras about this , he says that he is organizing it . Scully tells Karras that she has already organized the CDC to collect the bodies and accuses Karras of attempting a cover @-@ up . Although Karras tries to deny his involvement , he eventually allows her to send the bodies to the actual CDC .
Back in the tunnels , Doggett notices a green glow on Bianco in a dimly lit former subway station . As such , he refuses to allow the lieutenant to leave . Bianco runs away , forcing Doggett to give chase . He learns from Scully that Karras has gone ahead of plan and allowed the passengers onto the platforms and the subway will start back up , despite the danger . After analyzing various water samples found at the scene , Scully meets with Dr. Kai Bowe , a marine biologist , who explains that the sample contains a unique microscopic sea creature called a medusa which are made out of calcium and are bioluminescent . However , Bowe does not know why the electrical reaction happens . When Doggett finds the wounded Bianco , he finds that his condition has gotten worse . Doggett then carries Bianco on his back and helps him continue through the tunnels . They soon encounter a boy with no signs of the luminous green substance on him . Scully realizes that sweat is causing the chemical electrical reaction since it is conductive to calcium ions . The boy does not have well developed sweat glands yet so the medusas are not affecting him . Doggett follows the boy to a major leak from the bay with the green glow on all the walls . Suddenly , an oncoming subway approaches the group — Karras has allowed the subway to resume schedule . Doggett uses Bianco ’ s gun to connect the third rail with the water and kill the medusas , preventing further exposure .
Later , Scully comes to see Doggett in the hospital . Scully informs him that Bianco and Melnick are with plastic surgeons , the boy is with social services , and no criminal charges will be pressed against Karras since the electrical charge of the third rail destroyed the proof of the medusas in the tunnel .
= = Production = =
" Medusa " was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz and directed by Richard Compton . Reportedly , because of the scope of the episode , a " huge budget " was allotted for the entry . Because the episode was written to take place in a subway system , a set meeting the requirements of the script had to be created . The eventual set was designed to mirror the actual Boston subway , a system that serves more than 700 @,@ 000 people a day . According to star Robert Patrick , " They got us in there , and we did it , and they built a huge subway tunnel set on a soundstage . " Patrick later described the set as " the biggest damned thing I 'd ever seen in my life . " In real life , the Boston subway system is " fondly " called the T , short for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . In " Medusa " , the " T " , was changed to an " M " " for fictional purposes " .
Cheri Montesanto @-@ Medcalf and Matthew Mungle , the show 's make @-@ up effect producers , used several unorthodox ingredients to create the effect of melted flesh ; in addition to the use of normal prosthetic make @-@ up , the two also used a combination of figs and Fruit Roll @-@ Ups . Several of the characters in the episode were named after real @-@ life individuals . The characters of Hellura Lyle and Kai Bowe were named after two Writers Guild trainees on The X @-@ Files staff who served during the first part of the eighth season . Furthermore , the character Steven Melnick is named after the Vice President of Media Relations for 20th Century Fox Television . Melnick had formerly served as the publicist for the series .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Medusa " first aired on Fox on February 11 , 2001 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 2 , meaning that it was seen by 8 @.@ 2 % of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was viewed by 8 @.@ 27 million households , and 13 @.@ 8 million viewers . The episode ranked as the 41st most @-@ watched episode for the week ending February 11 . The episode subsequently debuted in the United Kingdom on the BBC Two on May 26 , 2002 . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Underneath the street lies the ultimate in terror . "
Critical reception to the episode was mostly mixed . Television Without Pity writer Jessica Morgan rated the episode a " B " . Despite the moderate praise , however , Morgan did make a jest at the portrayal of the subway in the show , noting that it was not realistic ; she wrote that the set was the " cleanest , emptiest subway station in world [ … ] No urine . No trash . It 's nicer than my apartment , really . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen gave the episode a mixed review and rated it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . Despite writing that " on paper [ ' Medusa ' is ] the right episode at the right time " , the two criticized the episode , noting that " the teaser never really makes sense in light of the relations offered , the appearance of the mute boy is a messy contrivance , and the ending is too abrupt . "
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " B – " . While noting that the episode possessed " a few decent ideas , and a wasted setting " , the " story never sparks " . He largely blamed the episode 's antagonistic organism , noting that they are not " all that memorable " and " not even all that monster @-@ y " . Despite this , he wrote positively of the show 's use of Scully , arguing that , " the fun of the episode is watching Scully watch Doggett and his team … slowly work through the closed off subway tunnels , finding bodies wrapped in plastic and other mysteries beside . "
Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a slightly negative review and awarded it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Despite noting , " after episodes about butt @-@ crawling and vomiting , it 's a relief to have one in which people die when their skin and muscles are fried away by microscopic sea creatures called medusas " , Vitaris was critical of the plot , likening it to " cliche [ d ] " 1970 's movies that featured the " obstreperous official insisting the plane must fly or the skyscraper is fire @-@ proof , even when the potential for catastrophe is staring him in the face . " Spotnitz later admitted during a Reddit IAmA that the episode was his least @-@ favorite that he had written because " the concept just wasn 't clear or compelling enough to sustain the hour . "
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= Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer =
Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer ( 16 February 1922 – 15 July 1950 ) was a German Luftwaffe night fighter pilot and is the highest scoring night fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare . A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during combat . All of his 121 victories were claimed during World War II at night , mostly against British four @-@ engine bombers , for which he was awarded the coveted Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ) on 16 October 1944 , Germany 's highest military decoration at the time . He was nicknamed " The Spook of St. Trond " , from the location of his unit 's base in occupied Belgium .
Born in Calw , Schnaufer grew up in the Weimar Republic and Third Reich as the first of four children of Alfred Schnaufer and his wife Martha . The family owned and operated a winery business . Schnaufer , a good student and already a glider pilot at school , began military service in the Wehrmacht by joining the Luftwaffe in 1939 . After training at various pilot and fighter @-@ pilot schools , he was posted to Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 ( NJG 1 — 1st Night Fighter Wing ) , operating on the Western Front , in November 1941 . He flew his first combat sorties in support of Operation Cerberus , the breakout of the German ships Scharnhorst , Gneisenau , and Prinz Eugen from Brest . Schnaufer participated in the Defence of the Reich campaign from 1942 onwards , in which he would achieve most of his success . He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 1 / 2 June 1942 . As the war progressed , he accumulated further victories and he later became a squadron leader and group commander . He was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 31 December 1943 for reaching 42 aerial victories .
Schnaufer achieved his 100th aerial victory on 9 October 1944 and was awarded the Diamonds to his Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 16 October . He was appointed Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 ( NJG 4 ) on 4 November 1944 . By the end of hostilities , Schnaufer 's night fighter crew held the unique distinction that every member — radio operator and air gunner — was decorated with the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . Schnaufer was taken prisoner of war by British forces in May 1945 . After his release a year later , he returned to his home town and took over the family wine business . He sustained injuries in a road accident on 13 July 1950 during a wine @-@ purchasing visit to France , and died in a Bordeaux hospital two days later .
= = Early life = =
Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer was born on 16 February 1922 in Calw , located in the Free People 's State of Württemberg of the German Reich , during the Weimar Republic era . He was the first of four children of mechanical engineer ( Diplom @-@ Ingenieur ) and merchant Alfred Schnaufer and his wife Martha , née Frey . The other three children were his brother Manfred , his sister Waltraut and his brother Eckart . His father owned and operated the family business , the winery Schnaufer @-@ Schlossbergkellerei ( lit . " Schnaufer 's Castle Mountain Winery " ) , in the Lederstraße , Calw .
The winery had been founded by both his father and his grandfather , Hermann Schnaufer , in 1919 , shortly after World War I. Following the death of his grandfather in 1928 the winery was run by his father alone . When his father unexpectedly died in 1940 , his mother ran the business until the children took over the winery after World War II . The company then expanded the business and in addition to the winery offered wine imports , sparkling wines , and a distillery for wine and liqueur . The distribution channel worked with agents and sales offices throughout Germany .
Schnaufer , at the age of six , went to the local Volksschule ( primary school ) at Calw . After completing his fourth grade , he received two years of schooling at the Oberschule , also in Calw . At an early age he expressed his wish to join an organisation of military character and joined the Deutsches Jungvolk ( German Youth ) in 1933 . After completing his sixth grade at school he took and passed the entry examination at the Backnang National Political Institutes of Education ( Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt — Napola ) , a secondary boarding school founded under the recently established Nazi state . The goal of the Napola schools was to raise a new generation for the political , military and administrative leadership of the Third Reich . Schnaufer was considered a very good student , finishing top of his class every year . Aged seventeen he graduated with his Abitur ( diploma ) in November 1939 with distinction . At the Napola school he also received the Reich Youth Sports Badge ( Reichsjugendsportabzeichen ) , the base @-@ certificate of the German Life Saving Association ( Deutsche Lebens @-@ Rettungs @-@ Gesellschaft ) , the bronze Hitler Youth @-@ Performance Badge ( HJ @-@ Leistungsabzeichen ) , and completed his B @-@ license to fly glider aircraft . In 1939 Schnaufer was one of two students posted to the Napola in Potsdam . The Flying Platoon ( Fliegerzug ) stationed in Potsdam centralised all the destined flyers from all the Napolas . Here he learned to fly glider aircraft , at first short hops on the DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter , and later on the two @-@ seater Göppingen Gö 4 which was towed by a Klemm Kl 25 . During his stay at Potsdam , the film producer Karl Ritter was making the Ufa film Cadets in Potsdam . The Napola had detached two companies to work on the film , among them Schnaufer . It remains unclear exactly what role he played in this film .
Following his graduation from school , Schnaufer passed his entry exams for officer cadets of the Luftwaffe . He joined the Luftwaffe on 15 November 1939 and underwent his basic military training at the Fliegerausbildungsregiment 42 ( 42nd Flight Training Regiment ) at Salzwedel . Schnaufer was appointed as Fahnenjunker ( cadet ) on 1 April 1940 . He then received his flight training at the Flugzeugführerschule A / B 3 ( FFS A / B 3 — flight school for the pilot license ) at Guben , now the Cottbus @-@ Drewitz Airport . He completed his A / B flight training on 20 August 1940 . He was trained to fly the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 44 , Fw 56 and Fw 58 , and the Heinkel He 72 , HD 41 and He 51 , the Bücker Bü 131 , the Klemm Kl 35 , the Arado Ar 66 and Ar 96 , the Gotha Go 145 and the Junkers W 34 and A 35 .
Schnaufer then attended the advanced Flugzeugführerschule C 3 ( FFS C 3 — advanced flight school ) at Alt Lönnewitz near Torgau and the blind flying school Blindflugschule 2 ( BFS 2 — 2nd blind flying school ) at Neuburg an der Donau from August 1940 to May 1941 . This qualified him to fly multi @-@ engine aircraft . During this assignment he was promoted to Fähnrich ( cadet sergeant ) on 1 September 1940 , to Oberfähnrich ( rank equivalent to Company Sergeant Major ) on 1 February 1941 and to the officer rank of Leutnant ( second lieutenant ) on 1 April 1941 . He was then posted for ten weeks to the Zerstörerschule ( destroyer school ) at Wunstorf near Hanover . At Wunstorf , Schnaufer and the radio operator ( Bordfunker ) Friedrich Rumpelhardt were assigned as an aircrew team on 3 July 1941 . Schnaufer 's previous radio operator had proved unable to cope with aerobatics , and Schnaufer thoroughly tested Rumpelhardt 's ability to cope with aerobatics before they teamed up . Here the two decided to volunteer to fly night fighters to defend against the increasing Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Bomber Command offensive against Germany . Following their training at Wunstorf , the two were sent to the Nachtjagdschule 1 ( 1st night fighter school ) at Schleißheim near Munich , formerly the Zerstörerschule 1 ( ZS 1 — 1st destroyer school ) , to learn the rudiments of night @-@ fighting . The night fighter training was carried out on the Ar 96 , the Fw 58 and the Messerschmitt Bf 110 . Training at night focused on night takeoffs and landings , cooperation with searchlights , radio @-@ beacon direction finding and cross country flights .
= = World War II = =
In November 1941 , Schnaufer was posted to the II . Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 ( II . / NJG 1 — 2nd group of the 1st Night Fighter Wing ) at the time based at Stade near Hamburg . Here , Schnaufer was assigned to the 5 . Staffel ( 5 . / NJG 1 — 5th squadron of 1st Night Fighter Wing ) . The Bf 110 's of II . / NJG 1 at the time were not equipped with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar . Night fighter intercept tactics had matured since their early beginnings in July 1940 , and II . Gruppe had already been credited with 397 victories . Missions against enemy bombers at the time were usually flown by means of ground @-@ controlled interception , although the Luftwaffe was already experimenting with airborne radar . This air defence system , consisting of a series of radar stations with overlapping coverage , layered three deep , was conceived by Generalleutnant ( lit . Lieutenant General ; equivalent to Major General ) Josef Kammhuber and was organised in the so @-@ called Kammhuber Line . Conceptually , the system was based on a combination of ground @-@ based radar stations , search lights and a Jägerleitoffizier ( fighter pilot control officer ) . The Jägerleitoffizier had to vector the airborne night fighter by means of radio communication to a point of visual interception of the illuminated bomber . These interception tactics were referred to as the Himmelbett ( canopy bed ) procedure .
On 15 January 1942 , II . / NJG 1 transferred to Sint @-@ Truiden — Saint @-@ Trond in the French pronunciation — in Belgium . Schnaufer entered front @-@ line service at a time when the RAF was reassessing the air offensive against Germany . The effectiveness of British Bomber Command to accurately hit German targets had been questioned by the War Cabinet Secretary David Bensusan @-@ Butt who published the Butt Report in August 1941 . The report in parts concluded that the British crews failed to navigate to , identify , and bomb their targets . Although the report was not widely accepted by senior RAF commanders , Prime Minister Winston Churchill , instructed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief Richard Peirse that during the winter months only limited operations were to be conducted . Flight operations were also hindered by bad weather in the first months of 1942 , so II . / NJG 1 only saw very limited action during that period .
= = = Channel Dash and night fighter pilot = = =
On 8 February 1942 , II . Gruppe was transferred to Koksijde Air Base without having scored any victories while stationed at Sint @-@ Truiden . The objective of this assignment was to give the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen fighter protection in the breakout from Brest to Germany . The Channel Dash operation ( 11 – 13 February 1942 ) by the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) was codenamed Operation Cerberus by the Germans . In support of this , the Luftwaffe under the leadership of General der Jagdflieger ( General of the Fighter Force ) Adolf Galland , formulated an air superiority plan dubbed Operation Donnerkeil for the protection of the three German capital ships . II . / NJG 1 was briefed of these plans on the early morning on 12 February . The plan called for protection of the German ships at all costs . The crews were told that if they ran out of ammunition they must ram the enemy aircraft . To the relief of the night fighters they were assigned to the first @-@ line reserves . The operation , which surprised the British , was successful and the night fighters were kept in their reserve role . On the evening of 12 February , II . / NJG 1 was relocated to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . On the afternoon of 13 February , Schnaufer flew a reconnaissance mission over the Zuiderzee and the North Sea and then relocated to Westerland on the island of Sylt . They then relocated again to Aalborg @-@ West in Denmark from where they made a low @-@ level flight in close formation over the Skaggerak , landing at Stavanger @-@ Sola . Over the following days they operated from the airfield at Forus , making a short term landing at Bergen @-@ Herdla . In total , Schnaufer made two operational flights without contact with the enemy . Following this assignment they relocated to 5 . Staffel 's new base in Germany at Bonn @-@ Hangelar via Oslo @-@ Gardermoen , Aalborg , and Lüneburg .
Following the analysis of the Butt Report , the British High Command made a number of decisions in February 1942 that changed the nature of the bomber war against Germany . On 14 February , Air Chief Marshal Norman Bottomley issued the " Area Bombing Directive " , which lifted the restrictions placed on the bombers in 1941 . Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris , commonly known as " Bomber " Harris , was appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Bomber Command . These decisions , coupled with the introduction of Gee , a radio navigation system which enabled better target @-@ finding and bombing accuracy , led to the first Allied 1 @,@ 000 bomber raid . In Operation Millennium , the RAF targeted and bombed Cologne on the night of 30 / 31 May 1942 . Schnaufer did not participate in the missions in defence of Cologne . The Himmelbett procedure had limitations in the number of aircraft which can be controlled . Therefore , only the most experienced crews were deployed , and Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer , who had yet to achieve their first aerial victory , were left out . Prior to Operation Millennium , Schnaufer had been appointed Technischer Offizier ( TO — Technical Officer ) on 10 April 1942 and was located at Sint @-@ Truiden again . As a Technical Officer , Schnaufer was responsible for the supervision of all technical aspects such as routine maintenance , servicing and modifications of the Gruppe . In this role he was no longer a member of the 5 . Staffel but was then a member of the Stab ( staff ) of II . / NJG 1 .
Schnaufer claimed his first aerial victory on their thirteenth combat mission flown one day after the attack on Cologne on the night 1 / 2 June 1942 . Nominally this was the RAF 's second 1 @,@ 000 bomber raid against Germany , although the attacking force actually numbered 956 aircraft . Schnaufer shot down a Handley Page Halifax south of Louvain in Belgium . The aircraft probably was a Halifax from No. 76 Squadron piloted by Sergeant Thomas Robert Augustus West , which was shot down at 01 : 55 on 2 June 1942 and crashed at Grez @-@ Doiceau , 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) south of Louvain . West and another member of the crew were killed . This victory was achieved by ground @-@ controlled interception through the Kammhuber Line . Once near to the target , Rumpelhardt had visually found the bomber and directed Schnaufer into attack position from below and astern . The Halifax caught on fire after two firing passes . During this mission the Himmelbett flight officer vectored them to a second bomber , a Bristol Blenheim . The attack had to be aborted after Hauptmann ( Captain ) Walter Ehle shot down the bomber from a more favourable attack position . Shortly before 03 : 00 , they were then flying in the vicinity of Ghent , they spotted another target . Schnaufer made two unsuccessful attacks . During their third attack , which closed the distance to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) , they were hit by the defensive gunfire . Schnaufer was hit in his left calf , the port engine was burning , the rudder control cables were severed , and an electrical short circuit caused the landing lights to be permanently on . Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer considered bailing out but decided to make an attempt for their home airfield after they managed to put out the flames and restart the engine . While Rumpelhardt made radio contact with the Sint @-@ Truiden airbase , Schnaufer landed the aircraft without rudder control and on ailerons and engine @-@ power alone . This was the only time that their aircraft sustained damage in combat or any member of the crew was wounded . Both Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer were awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 2 . Klasse ) for their first aerial victory . Schnaufer had hoped that he could stay on active duty and that the bullet lodged in his calf would isolate itself . However , he had to be admitted to a hospital in Brussels from 8 – 25 June for surgery . Rumpelhardt was given home leave until 26 June while Schnaufer was in the hospital .
Schnaufer had to wait two months to achieve another victory , claiming the destruction of two Vickers Wellingtons and one Armstrong Whitworth Whitley within the space of 62 minutes in the early hours of 1 August . Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer flew their first combat mission with the Lichtenstein radar on the night 5 / 6 August 1942 . Though they managed to make contact with an enemy aircraft they failed to shoot it down . On the night of the 24 / 25 August 1942 , Schnaufer became an ace ( his fifth aerial victory ) , when he filed a claim for another Wellington . This was the first time Rumpelhardt had guided him into contact using the Lichtenstein airborne radar . His next claim was made on the night of 28 / 29 August . This was probably a No. 78 Squadron Halifax II W7809 , piloted by Sergeant John A. B. Marshall of the Royal Australian Air Force , on a secondary attack against Saarbrücken . The primary attack force was targeting Nuremberg that night . On the night of the 21 / 22 December 1942 , Schnaufer shot down an Avro Lancaster ; his first victory against this type . It was Schnaufer 's seventh victory . Schnaufer may also have been responsible for the destruction of another Lancaster that night . Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer had attacked a Lancaster and observed it catching fire followed by the aircraft plunging earthwards . Hauptmann Wilhelm Herget from I. / Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 ( I. / NJG 4 — 1st group of the 4th Night Fighter Wing ) had also attacked a four @-@ engined bomber in the same vicinity . The draw decided in favour of Herget who was given credit for the destruction of the Lancaster .
= = = Rumpelhardt is absent = = =
By the end of 1942 , Schnaufer 's total stood at seven , with three victories recorded on the night of 1 August , which had earned him the Iron Cross 1st Class ( Eisernes Kreuz 1 . Klasse ) in early September 1942 . From 29 November to 16 December 1942 , Rumpelhardt was confined to the hospital bed with high fever . Rumpelhardt then attended various officer training courses from February to October 1943 . Between 14 May to 3 October 1943 , Schnaufer claimed 21 further aerial victories in Rumpelhardt 's absence ; 12 with Leutnant Dr. Leo Baro , five with Oberfeldwebel Erich Handke , two with Oberleutnant Freymann and two with Unteroffizier Heinz Bärwolf as his radio operators . Unteroffizier Heinz Wenning had also flown with Schnaufer on three flights while Rumpelhardt was out ill .
II . / NJG 1 saw little action in the first few months of 1943 , and Schnaufer did not claim his next aerial victory until 14 May 1943 . II . / NJG 1 Himmelbett control areas were located to catch the bombers heading for the Ruhr Area . Bomber Command had only made ten major attacks in that region from January to April 1943 . Consequently , II . / NJG 1 claimed no victories in January , two in February , one in March and three in April . Schnaufer 's number of aerial victories increased again during the Battle of the Ruhr . Schnaufer , with Baro as his radio operator , shot down a No. 214 Squadron Short Stirling R9242 at 02 : 14 on 14 May 1943 on an attack mission against Bochum . Four members of the crew , including pilot Sergeant R. M. Gibney , lost their lives . His next victory on the same mission at 03 : 07 , his 9th overall , was a No. 98 Squadron Halifax JB873 returning from Bochum . The captain , Sergeant G. Dane and 2nd pilot Sergeant J. H. Body were killed in the crash . On the night of 29 / 30 May , Bomber Command attacked Wuppertal . Schnaufer and Baro took off on the first wave at 23 : 51 on 29 May and returned at 02 : 31 on the 30 May . They shot down two Stirlings , one at 00 : 48 and the other at 02 : 22 , and one Halifax at 01 : 43 .
In June 1943 , Schnaufer filed claims for a further five aerial victories . Schnaufer and Baro were scrambled on 11 / 12 June in Bomber Command 's attack on Düsseldorf , and on 16 / 17 June in defence of Cologne . However , in both missions they failed to make contact with the enemy . Their next success came when they shot down a Stirling from No. 218 Squadron on 22 June 1943 at 01 : 33 . With Baro on the radio and radar , they managed another victory over a Wellington on 25 June 1943 at 02 : 58 . On 29 June 1943 , the two shot down three bombers in another attack on Cologne , a Lancaster and two Halifax bombers at 01 : 25 , 01 : 45 and 01 : 55 respectively . This brought the number of aerial victories he was credited with up to seventeen . Schnaufer was promoted to Oberleutnant ( first lieutenant ) on 1 July 1943 . He had been eligible for this promotion since April 1943 , why he was overlooked at the time remains unknown .
Schnaufer claimed his last two aerial victories with Baro operating the radio on the night of 3 / 4 July , Bomber Command had again targeted Cologne . Their victims were a No. 196 Squadron Wellington shot down at 00 : 48 and a No. 149 Squadron Stirling at 02 : 33 , bringing his total to 19 victories . His next radio operator was Oberleutnant Freymann , the signals operator of II . Gruppe . Under Himmelbett control they shot down a No. 49 Squadron Lancaster , on another Cologne bombing mission , on 9 July 1943 at 02 : 33 . He was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe ( Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe ) on 26 July 1943 .
In mid @-@ July , the Battle of the Ruhr was coming to an end and Bomber Command refocused its efforts on the port city of Hamburg in northern Germany . The codename for the attack was Operation Gomorrah ; the objective was the destruction of Hamburg . The operations began on 24 July 1943 and during four major night @-@ attacks by the RAF and two minor day @-@ attacks by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) between 40 @,@ 000 and 50 @,@ 000 civilians were killed . To counter the mounting success of the German night fighter force , which was directly attributed to the introduction of the Lichtenstein radar , the RAF introduced Window ( Chaff or Düppel to the Germans ) . Window was a radar countermeasure in which aircraft spread a cloud of small , thin pieces of aluminium which effectively made it impossible for the German radar operator to identify the genuine target . Saturation of the Himmelbett control areas by a bomber stream and the introduction of Window practically made the previous Himmelbett procedure obsolete . This was also evident to the German high command . To counter these British measures two new strategies were pursued , Wilde Sau ( Wild Boar ) and Zahme Sau ( Tame Boar ) . Wilde Sau , conceived by Hans @-@ Joachim Herrmann , was a technique by which the RAF bombers were mainly engaged by single @-@ seat fighter planes , illuminated by searchlights , over the target area . The Zahme Sau procedure , proposed by Viktor von Loßberg , called for a night fighter to infiltrate the bomber stream . The position , altitude , and general direction was then broadcast . The information was received by other night fighters , who navigated to the bomber stream by themselves . In Zahme Sau , the German night fighters were tracked and radio @-@ controlled by means of Y @-@ Verfahren ( Y @-@ Control ) . Schnaufer did not make any claims during Operation Gomorrah . Their next success came when he and Freymann shot down a Lancaster on 10 / 11 August 1943 at 00 : 32 . The target that night was Nuremberg and it was the first aerial victory of the entire German night fighter force achieved by Y @-@ Control . This was also the last victory with Freymann and his last as a member of II . Gruppe .
= = = Squadron leader of the 12 . / NJG 1 = = =
Schnaufer was transferred to IV Gruppe of NJG 1 ( IV . / NJG 1 — 4th group of the 1st Night Fighter Wing ) , based in the Netherlands at Leeuwarden Air Base , where he was appointed Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of the 12 . Staffel ( 12 . / NJG 1 — 12th squadron of 1st Night Fighter Wing ) on 13 August 1943 . He took over command from Oberleutnant Eberhard Gardiewski , who had been taken prisoner of war . At the time , IV . / NJG 1 was under the leadership of Gruppenkommandeur ( Group Commander ) Hauptmann Hans @-@ Joachim Jabs . Jabs ' first impression of Schnaufer was not entirely favourable . Shortly after Schnaufer 's arrival , on one of his first missions in Leeuwarden , Schnaufer had taken right of way during taxiing . This forced Jabs into second place in order of takeoff , an act of insubordination and perceived as arrogant by Jabs .
Schnaufer , who had received the German Cross in Gold ( Deutsches Kreuz in Gold ) on 16 August 1943 , flew his first operational mission with 12 . / NJG 1 on the night of 17 / 18 August 1943 . Although uncertain , it is assumed that Handke was Schnaufer 's radio and radar operator on this mission . Bomber Command had targeted Peenemünde and the V @-@ weapons test centre that night . Schnaufer , who had been tasked with leading one of the first Zahme Sau missions under Y @-@ Control , had to abort the mission early due to engine trouble .
Around mid @-@ September 1943 , the two @-@ man Bf 110 crew was augmented by a third member , sometimes referred to as Bordmechaniker ( air mechanic ) or Bordschütze ( air gunner ) . The reason for this was that the decline of the Himmelbett procedure , the introduction of the broadcast procedure Zahme Sau , and the growing threat of RAF intruder night fighter operations , had necessitated the need for another pair of watchful eyes to the rear . Unteroffizier Wilhelm Gänsler , who had already contributed to 17 claims made by Hauptmann Ludwig Becker , was Schnaufer 's new lookout . With Handtke and Gänsler as his crew , Schnaufer claimed his 26th aerial victory on 23 September 1943 over a No. 218 Squadron Stirling during a Wilde Sau intercept mission .
In the second half of 1943 , Schnaufer and his crew began experimenting with upward @-@ firing autocannons , dubbed Schräge Musik . This allowed the night fighter to approach and attack the bombers from below — outside the enemy crew 's usual field of view . An attack by a Schräge Musik @-@ equipped night fighter typically came as a complete surprise to the bomber crew , who only realised a night fighter was close by when they came under fire . It is not exactly known when Schnaufer 's Bf 110 was equipped with Schräge Musik . Rumpelhardt stated that the weapons system was installed prior to his return from officer training . It is also not exactly known how many of his victories had been claimed using the upwards firing cannons . According to Fritz Engau , who had known Schnaufer since Flugzeugführerschule C 3 , 20 to 30 of Schnaufer 's aerial victories had been claimed using upwards firing guns .
Rumpelhardt had returned from his officer training courses in early October 1943 and rejoined Schnaufer 's crew . Gänsler , Rumpelhardt and Schnaufer claimed aerial victories 29 and 30 on 9 October . Oberleutnant Schnaufer was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) for 42 victories on 31 December 1943 . The presentation was made by Generalmajor ( lit . Major General ; equivalent to Brigadier ) Joseph Schmid , commanding general of the I. Jagdkorps ( 1st Fighter Corps ) , on 3 January 1944 .
On the night before his 22nd birthday , on 15 February 1944 , Schnaufer and his crew claimed aerial victories 45 to 47 . Bomber Command had sent 561 Lancasters and 314 Halifax four @-@ engined bombers , supported by de Havilland Mosquito night @-@ fighters and bombers , destined for Berlin . Schnaufer , who had been suffering from stomach pains all day , and his crew returned to Leeuwarden at 00 : 14 . Rumpelhardt had been the first to congratulate him on his birthday over the intercom . Their fellow airmen had prepared a birthday celebration . The stomach pains had become unbearable and Schnaufer was taken to a hospital with appendicitis . He stayed in the hospital for about two weeks before , together with Rumpelhardt , he went on vacation back home . Carelessly lifting his suitcase , the stitches burst , mandating further hospitalisation . He flew his first mission after these events on 19 March 1944 .
= = = Group commander of the IV . / NJG 1 = = =
Schnaufer was appointed Gruppenkommandeur IV . / NJG 1 on 1 March 1944 , taking over command of the Gruppe from Jabs who was given command of NJG 1 . He was promoted to Hauptmann on 1 May 1944 . Schnaufer became an ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day for the first time on 25 May 1944 when he claimed five RAF bombers shot down between 01 : 15 and 01 : 29 for victories 70 to 74 . The bombers had targeted the railway marshalling yard at Aachen .
On 6 June 1944 , the Western Allied forces landed in Normandy , during Operation Overlord . In support of the invasion of Normandy General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander , assigned Bomber Command to support the ground forces . On the night of 12 / 13 June , Schnaufer claimed his first victory following the invasion when 671 bombers attacked various railway targets in France . Schnaufer claimed three bombers shot down that night , the first as a Lancaster and the second and third as a Lancaster or Halifax , between 00 : 27 and 00 : 34 .
Hauptmann Schnaufer was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 24 June following four aerial victories claimed on 22 June , which took his total to 84 victories . For Schnaufer , July 1944 was less successful than the previous three months . He claimed two bombers on the night of 20 / 21 July and three on 28 / 29 July , taking his total to 89 aerial victories . One day later , on 30 July , he received a letter from Göring telling him that he had been awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ) . Hitler himself made the presentation . It is said that when he came to the presentation his first words were , " Where is the night fighter ? " Shortly following the presentation of the Schwerter both Rumpelhardt and Gänsler received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 8 August . His crew was the only night fighter crew in the entire Luftwaffe of which all crew members wore this decoration .
In early September 1944 , NJG 1 was forced to abandon its airfields in the Netherlands and Belgium . Continuous heavy attacks by RAF and USAAF bombers and strafing by Allied fighter @-@ bombers rendered the airfields unsuitable for operations . On 2 September , VI . / NJG 1 relocated from Sint @-@ Truiden to Dortmund @-@ Brackel . Schnaufer achieved his 100th victory on 9 October 1944 , when he claimed two bombers shot down from an attack force of 415 bombers targeting Bochum . In recognition of this achievement , he was honourably mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 10 October 1944 and awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ) on 16 October 1944 . He was the 94th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark .
= = = Wing commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 = = =
Schnaufer was then appointed Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 ( NJG 4 — 4th Night Fighter Wing ) on 20 November 1944 ; the youngest Geschwaderkommodore in the Luftwaffe at the age of 22 . The Geschwaderstab and the II . Gruppe were stationed at Gütersloh . He flew his first combat mission as Geschwaderkommodore on the 22 November 1944 from Gütersloh and claimed two victories in the area of Dortmund . Schnaufer and his crew flew from Gütersloh to Berlin @-@ Staaken on 27 November 1944 for the official presentation of the Diamonds to the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords by Hitler . Following the official photo session by Hitler 's photographer Heinrich Hoffmann , Schnaufer met with Oberst ( Colonel ) Nicolaus von Below , Hitler 's Luftwaffe adjutant , at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium ( Ministry of Aviation ) . Here Schnaufer and his crew were filmed for the German newsreels Die Deutsche Wochenschau . Three days later they returned to Gütersloh .
Schnaufer became the leading night fighter pilot on 9 November 1944 . Schnaufer surpassed Oberst Helmut Lent 's record of 102 night @-@ time victories , after he claimed three Lancasters shot down from a force of 235 Lancasters from No 5 . Group which attacked the Dortmund @-@ Ems Canal . Schnaufer , whose victory total stood at 106 at the end of 1944 , failed to shoot down a single bomber in January 1945 . It was his first month without filing a claim since April 1943 .
Schnaufer was ordered to Carinhall , the residence of the Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , on 8 February 1945 . Göring informed him about the intent to appoint him as Inspekteur der Nachtjäger ( Inspector of the night fighter force ) , a role held by Oberst Werner Streib at the time . Schnaufer pushed back , not wanting to push out his friend and mentor from this position . He argued that he would better serve the German cause fighting the enemy . Göring was convinced and Schnaufer remained in his position as Geschwaderkommodore .
The British propaganda radio station Soldatensender Calais ( Soldiers ' Radio Calais ) congratulated Schnaufer on account of his 23rd birthday on 16 February 1945 . The radio station explicitly addressed the soldiers of NJG 4 stationed in Gütersloh followed by the song " Das Nachtgespenst " [ The Bogeyman ] praising him for the honorary title given to him by the British bomber crews " The spook of St. Trond " .
Schnaufer 's greatest one @-@ night success and the second time he became an ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day was on 21 February 1945 , when he claimed nine Lancaster heavy bombers in the course of one day . Two were claimed in the early hours of the morning and a further seven , in just 19 minutes , in the evening between 20 : 44 and 21 : 03 . On 7 / 8 March , he claimed three RAF four @-@ engine bombers for victories 119 to 121 . These were his last victories of the war . He was then banned from further combat flying and was given the task of evaluating the then new Dornier Do 335 , a twin @-@ engine heavy fighter with a unique " push @-@ pull " layout , for its suitability as night fighter . Disobeying his ban from combat flying , he flew his last mission of the war on 9 April 1945 . Attempting to chase a Lancaster , he took off from Faßberg Air Base at 22 : 00 and landed after 79 minutes at 23 : 19 without success .
= = Prisoner of war = =
Schnaufer was taken prisoner of war by the British Army in Schleswig @-@ Holstein in May 1945 . According to Schumann , he was taken to England for interrogation . In this account British authorities were especially interested in knowing whether his achievements had been made under the influence of methamphetamine or other stimulating psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both . He was released later that year in November following a bout of diphtheria .
According to Hinchliffe , this is an incorrect statement . Hinchliffe based his account on Rumpelhardt 's testimony who claims that Schnaufer was never taken to England . Rumpelhardt was released on 4 August 1945 and soon after Schnaufer was admitted to a hospital in Flensburg , ill with a combination of diphtheria and scarlet fever . Interrogation had begun in late May 1945 by a team of twelve officers from the Department of Air Technical Intelligence ( DAT ) , led by Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm . The German prisoners were brought to Eggebek . Here they conducted a number of interviews with various members of the night fighter force .
= = Later life and death = =
Following his release from the hospital and as a prisoner of war — the exact date is unknown — Schnaufer took over the family wine business . He had never planned to run the family winery as his ambition had always been to pursue an officer 's career in the Luftwaffe . However , in the immediate aftermath of World War II the business had virtually ceased to exist and Schnaufer was given the task of rebuilding it from scratch . He had to re @-@ establish business links to suppliers and customers and to consolidate them . Then he had to make new contacts in order to facilitate expansion and growth of the business . Lastly , he had to create an infrastructure which supported the growth of the business .
As the wine business began to prosper , Schnaufer also gave thought to alternative employment possibilities in peacetime aviation . With his wartime friend Hermann Greiner , he traveled from Weil am Rhein to Bern in Switzerland to meet South American diplomats ; the two hoped to find employment as pilots in South America . To get to Bern , they crossed the Swiss @-@ German border illegally . The meeting was a failure . As they returned to Germany , they were caught by Swiss border guards attempting to make a second illegal border crossing . The Swiss handed them over to the French occupation authorities and they were imprisoned in Lörrach , where they remained until Schnaufer managed to make contact with a French general , who was a customer of the Schnaufer winery and had them released . This misadventure kept him away from his business for about half a year .
In July 1950 , Schnaufer was on a wine buying visit to France . On the afternoon of the 13 July , he was heading south on the Route Nationale No. 10 in his Mercedes @-@ Benz 170 convertible with a registration number " AWW 44 @-@ 3425 " . Just south of Bordeaux , at about 18 : 30 , he was involved in a collision with a Renault 22 truck . The accident occurred at the intersection of road D1 , present @-@ day D211 , and the N10 , present @-@ day D1010 , in Cestas ( 44 ° 42 ′ 04 ″ N 0 ° 42 ′ 20 ″ W ) . The truck , driven by Jean Antoine Gasc , was carrying a 6 metric tons ( 5 @.@ 9 long tons ; 6 @.@ 6 short tons ) load of empty gas cylinders . The collision ruptured the fuel tank of the Mercedes and ignited the petrol . Witnesses to the accident quickly put out the flames . Alice Ducourneau gave first aid to Schnaufer , who was bleeding from a wound from the back of his head . The police appeared at the scene of the accident at about 19 : 30 , followed by an ambulance shortly thereafter . Schnaufer had suffered a fractured skull , and was immediately taken to the Saint @-@ André Hôpital in Bordeaux .
Schnaufer never regained consciousness and succumbed to his injuries at the hospital two days later on 15 July 1950 . The investigation into the accident concluded that though the impact of the two vehicles was severe , it seemed unlikely that the collision itself was the cause of his injuries . It was speculated that at least one of the truck 's cargo of 30 empty gas cylinders , which were thrown off by the collision , had struck Schnaufer on the head . Subsequently the truck driver was charged with manslaughter and breach of traffic regulations before a court at Jauge , Cestas . The hearing began on 29 July 1950 and concluded with his conviction on 16 November 1950 . Gasc was found guilty of not yielding the right of way , and his speed was considered too high . It was ruled that as a consequence of not observing the law , he involuntarily caused the death of Schnaufer .
Schnaufer 's Messerschmitt Bf 110 G @-@ 4 / U 8 was brought to England after the war . The aircraft was displayed in London 's Hyde Park . The port @-@ side vertical stabiliser of this twin tailed aircraft , tallying all his victories , is preserved at the Imperial War Museum in London . A fin from another Bf 110 flown by Schnaufer is at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra . The street " Heinz @-@ Schnaufer @-@ Straße " in Calw was named after him .
= = Aerial victory credits = =
Heinz @-@ Wolfgang Schnaufer was the top @-@ scoring night fighter pilot of World War II . He was credited with 121 aerial victories claimed in just 164 combat missions . His victory total includes 114 RAF four @-@ engine bombers ; arguably accounting for more RAF casualties than any other Luftwaffe fighter pilot and becoming the third highest Luftwaffe claimant against the Western Allied Air Forces . His flight book indicated 2 @,@ 300 takeoffs and 1 @,@ 133 flying hours .
Until late 1944 , Schnaufer documented his aerial victories with detailed geographical locations . After this date , he claimed his victories over territory occupied by the Allies , and his victories were logged in a Planquadrat ( grid reference ) , for example " KP @-@ IP " . The grid map was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude , an area of about 360 square miles ( 930 km2 ) .
This and the ♠ ( Ace of spades ) indicates those aerial victories which made Schnaufer an ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day , a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day . This along with the + ( plus ) indicates almost certain identification . This along with the * ( asterisk ) indicates probable identification . This along with the ? ( question mark ) indicates possible identification .
= = Awards = =
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters in Gold
Combined Pilots @-@ Observation Badge
Wound Badge in Black
Iron Cross ( 1939 )
2nd Class ( 2 June 1942 )
1st Class ( 19 October 1942 )
Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe ( Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe ) on 26 July 1943 as Leutnant and pilot
German Cross in Gold on 16 August 1943 as Oberleutnant in the II . / NJG 1
Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds
Knight 's Cross on 31 December 1943 as Oberleutnant and Staffelführer of 12 . / NJG 1
507th Oak Leaves on 24 June 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of IV . / NJG 1
84th Swords on 30 July 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of IV . / NJG 1
21st Diamonds on 16 October 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of IV . / NJG 1
Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht on 10 October 1944
= = = Wehrmachtbericht reference = = =
= = Dates of rank = =
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= Max Weber =
Karl Emil Maximilian " Max " Weber ( German : [ ˈmaks ˈveːbɐ ] ; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920 ) was a German sociologist , philosopher , jurist , and political economist whose ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research . Weber is often cited , with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx , as among the three founders of sociology .
Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism , arguing for the study of social action through interpretive ( rather than purely empiricist ) means , based on understanding the purpose and meaning that individuals attach to their own actions . Unlike Durkheim , he did not believe in monocausality and rather proposed that for any outcome there can be multiple causes .
Weber 's main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation , secularisation , and " disenchantment " that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity , and which he saw as the result of a new way of thinking about the world .
Weber is best known for his thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion , elaborated in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , in which he proposed that ascetic Protestantism was one of the major " elective affinities " associated with the rise in the Western world of market @-@ driven capitalism and the rational @-@ legal nation @-@ state . He argued that it was in the basic tenets of Protestantism to boost capitalism . Thus , it can be said that the spirit of capitalism is inherent to Protestant religious values .
Against Marx 's historical materialism , Weber emphasised the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of capitalism . The Protestant Ethic formed the earliest part in Weber 's broader investigations into world religion ; he went on to examine the religions of China , the religions of India and ancient Judaism , with particular regard to their differing economic consequences and conditions of social stratification .
In another major work , Politics as a Vocation , Weber defined the state as an entity that successfully claims a " monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory " . He was also the first to categorise social authority into distinct forms , which he labelled as charismatic , traditional , and rational @-@ legal . His analysis of bureaucracy emphasised that modern state institutions are increasingly based on rational @-@ legal authority .
Weber also made a variety of other contributions in economic history , as well as economic theory and methodology . Weber 's analysis of modernity and rationalisation significantly influenced the critical theory associated with the Frankfurt School .
After the First World War , Max Weber was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party . He also ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and served as advisor to the committee that drafted the ill @-@ fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919 . After contracting Spanish flu , he died of pneumonia in 1920 , aged 56 .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and family background = = =
Karl Emil Maximilian Weber was born in 1864 , in Erfurt , Province of Saxony , Prussia . He was the oldest of the seven children of Max Weber Sr. , a wealthy and prominent civil servant and member of the National Liberal Party , and his wife Helene ( Fallenstein ) , who partly descended from French Huguenot immigrants and held strong moral absolutist ideas . Weber Sr. ' s involvement in public life immersed his home in both politics and academia , as his salon welcomed many prominent scholars and public figures . The young Weber and his brother Alfred , who also became a sociologist and economist , thrived in this intellectual atmosphere . Weber 's 1876 Christmas presents to his parents , when he was thirteen years old , were two historical essays entitled " About the course of German history , with special reference to the positions of the Emperor and the Pope " , and " About the Roman Imperial period from Constantine to the migration of nations " . In class , bored and unimpressed with the teachers – who in turn resented what they perceived as a disrespectful attitude – he secretly read all forty volumes of Goethe , and it has been recently argued that this was an important influence on his thought and methodology Before entering the university , he would read many other classical works . Over time , Weber would also be significantly affected by the marital tension between his father , " a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures " , and his mother , a devout Calvinist " who sought to lead an ascetic life " .
= = = Education = = =
In 1882 Weber enrolled in the University of Heidelberg as a law student . After a year of military service , he transferred to the University of Berlin . After his first few years as a student , during which he spent much time " drinking beer and fencing " , Weber would increasingly take his mother 's side in family arguments and grew estranged from his father . Simultaneously with his studies , he worked as a junior lawyer . In 1886 Weber passed the examination for Referendar , comparable to the bar association examination in the British and American legal systems . Throughout the late 1880s , Weber continued his study of law and history . He earned his law doctorate in 1889 by writing a dissertation on legal history titled Development of the Principle of Joint Liability and the Separate Fund in the Public Trading Company out of Household and Trade Communities in Italian Cities . This work was used as part of a longer work On the History of Trading Companies in the Middle Ages , based on South @-@ European Sources , published in the same year . Two years later , Weber completed his Habilitationsschrift , Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law , working with August Meitzen . Having thus become a Privatdozent , Weber joined the University of Berlin 's faculty , lecturing and consulting for the government .
= = = Early work = = =
In the years between the completion of his dissertation and habilitation , Weber took an interest in contemporary social policy . In 1888 he joined the Verein für Socialpolitik , a new professional association of German economists affiliated with the historical school , who saw the role of economics primarily as finding solutions to the social problems of the age and who pioneered large scale statistical studies of economic issues . He also involved himself in politics , joining the left @-@ leaning Evangelical Social Congress . In 1890 the Verein established a research program to examine " the Polish question " or Ostflucht : the influx of Polish farm workers into eastern Germany as local labourers migrated to Germany 's rapidly industrialising cities . Weber was put in charge of the study and wrote a large part of the final report , which generated considerable attention and controversy and marked the beginning of Weber 's renown as a social scientist . From 1893 to 1899 Weber was a member of the Alldeutscher Verband ( Pan @-@ German League ) , an organization that campaigned against the influx of the Polish workers ; the degree of Weber 's support for the Germanisation of Poles and similar nationalist policies is still debated by modern scholars . In some of his work , in particular his provocative lecture on " The Nation State and Economic Policy " delivered in 1895 , Weber criticises the immigration of Poles and blames the Junker class for perpetuating Slavic immigration to serve their selfish interests .
Also in 1893 he married his distant cousin Marianne Schnitger , later a feminist activist and author in her own right , who was instrumental in collecting and publishing Weber 's journal articles as books after his death , while her biography of him is an important source for understanding Weber 's life . They would have no children and it is usually acknowledged that their marriage was never consummated . The marriage granted long @-@ awaited financial independence to Weber , allowing him to finally leave his parents ' household . The couple moved to Freiburg in 1894 , where Weber was appointed professor of economics at the university , before accepting the same position at the University of Heidelberg in 1896 . There Weber became a central figure in the so @-@ called " Weber Circle " , composed of other intellectuals such as his wife Marianne , Georg Jellinek , Ernst Troeltsch , Werner Sombart , Marc Bloch , Robert Michels and György Lukács . Weber also remained active in the Verein and the Evangelical Social Congress . His research in that period was focused on economics and legal history .
In 1897 Max Weber Sr. died two months after a severe quarrel with his son that was never resolved . After this , Weber became increasingly prone to depression , nervousness and insomnia , making it difficult for him to fulfill his duties as a professor . His condition forced him to reduce his teaching and eventually leave his course unfinished in the autumn of 1899 . After spending months in a sanatorium during the summer and autumn of 1900 , Weber and his wife travelled to Italy at the end of the year and did not return to Heidelberg until April 1902 . He would again withdraw from teaching in 1903 and not return to it till 1919 . Weber 's ordeal with mental illness was carefully described in a personal chronology that was destroyed by his wife . This chronicle was supposedly destroyed because Marianne Weber feared that Max Weber 's work would be discredited by the Nazis if his experience with mental illness were widely known .
= = = Later work = = =
After Weber 's immense productivity in the early 1890s , he did not publish any papers between early 1898 and late 1902 , finally resigning his professorship in late 1903 . Freed from those obligations , in that year he accepted a position as associate editor of the Archives for Social Science and Social Welfare , where he worked with his colleagues Edgar Jaffé and Werner Sombart . His new interests would lie in more fundamental issues of social sciences ; his works from this latter period are of primary interest to modern scholars . In 1904 , Weber began to publish some of his most seminal papers in this journal , notably his essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , which became his most famous work and laid the foundations for his later research on the impact of cultures and religions on the development of economic systems . This essay was the only one of his works from that period that was published as a book during his lifetime . Some other of his works written in the first one and a half decades of the 20th century – published posthumously and dedicated primarily from the fields of sociology of religion , economic and legal sociology – are also recognised as among his most important intellectual contributions .
Also in 1904 , he visited the United States and participated in the Congress of Arts and Sciences held in connection with the World 's Fair ( Louisiana Purchase Exposition ) in St. Louis . A monument to his visit was placed at the home of relatives whom Weber visited in Mt . Airy , North Carolina .
Despite his partial recovery evident in America , Weber felt that he was unable to resume regular teaching at that time and continued on as a private scholar , helped by an inheritance in 1907 . In 1909 , disappointed with the Verein , he co @-@ founded the German Sociological Association ( Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie , or DGS ) and served as its first treasurer . He would , however , resign from the DGS in 1912 . In 1912 , Weber tried to organise a left @-@ wing political party to combine social @-@ democrats and liberals . This attempt was unsuccessful , in part because many liberals feared social @-@ democratic revolutionary ideals .
= = = Political involvements = = =
At the outbreak of World War I , Weber , aged 50 , volunteered for service and was appointed as a reserve officer and put in charge of organizing the army hospitals in Heidelberg , a role he fulfilled until the end of 1915 . Weber 's views on the war and the expansion of the German empire changed during the course of the conflict . Early on he supported the nationalist rhetoric and the war effort , though with some hesitation as he viewed the war as a necessity to fulfill German duty as a leading state power . In time , however , Weber became one of the most prominent critics of German expansionism and of the Kaiser 's war policies . He publicly attacked the Belgian annexation policy and unrestricted submarine warfare and later supported calls for constitutional reform , democratisation and universal suffrage .
Weber joined the worker and soldier council of Heidelberg in 1918 . He then served in the German delegation to the Paris Peace Conference and as advisor to the Confidential Committee for Constitutional Reform , which drafted the Weimar Constitution . Motivated by his understanding of the American model , he advocated a strong , popularly elected presidency as a constitutional counterbalance to the power of the professional bureaucracy . More controversially , he also defended the provisions for emergency presidential powers that became Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution . These provisions were later used by Adolf Hitler to subvert the rest of the constitution and institute rule by decree , allowing his regime to suppress opposition and gain dictatorial powers .
Weber also ran , unsuccessfully , for a parliamentary seat , as a member of the liberal German Democratic Party , which he had co @-@ founded . He opposed both the leftist German Revolution of 1918 – 1919 and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles , principled positions that defied the political alignments in Germany at that time , and which may have prevented Friedrich Ebert , the new social @-@ democratic President of Germany , from appointing Weber as minister or ambassador . Weber commanded widespread respect but relatively little influence . Weber 's role in German politics remains controversial to this day .
In the case of Weber 's critique of the left , he complained that the leaders of the leftist Spartacus League which was led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and controlled the city government of Berlin while Weber was campaigning for his party : " We have this [ German ] revolution to thank for the fact that we cannot send a single division against the Poles . All we see is dirt , muck , dung , and horse @-@ play — nothing else . Liebknecht belongs in the madhouse and Rosa Luxemburg in the zoological gardens . ” Weber was at the same time critical of the Versailles Treaty which he believed unjustly assigned " war guilt " to Germany when it came to World War I. Weber believed that many countries were guilty of starting World War I , not just Germany . In making this case , Weber argued that “ In the case of this war there is one , and only one power that desired it under all circumstances through its own will and , according to their political goals required : Russia . . . . It never crossed [ my ] mind that a German invasion of Belgium [ in 1914 ] was nothing but an innocent act on the part of the Germans . "
Later that same month , in January 1919 , after Weber and Weber 's party were defeated for election , Weber delivered one of his greatest academic lectures Politics as a Vocation which was a reflection on the inherent violence and dishonesty found among the politicians , a profession in which only recently Weber was so personally active . About the nature of politicians , he concluded that " In nine out of ten cases they are windbags puffed up with hot air about themselves . They are not in touch with reality , and they do not feel the burden they need to shoulder ; they just intoxicate themselves with romantic sensations . "
= = = Last years = = =
Frustrated with politics , Weber resumed teaching during this time , first at the University of Vienna , then , after 1919 , at the University of Munich . His lectures from that period were collected into major works , such as the General Economic History , Science as a Vocation and Politics as a Vocation . In Munich , he headed the first German university institute of sociology , but never held a professorial position in sociology . Many colleagues and students in Munich attacked his response to the German Revolution and some right @-@ wing students held protests in front of his home . Max Weber contracted the Spanish flu and died of pneumonia in Munich on 14 June 1920 . At the time of his death , Weber had not finished writing his magnum opus on sociological theory : Economy and Society . His widow Marianne helped prepare it for its publication in 1921 – 22 .
= = Max Weber 's thought = =
Max Weber 's bureaucratic theory or model is sometimes also known as the " Legal @-@ Rational " model . The model tries to explain bureaucracy from a rational point of view via nine main characteristics or principles ; these are as follows :
= = = Max Weber 's Bureaucratic Model ( Legal @-@ Rational Model ) = = =
Weber wrote that the modern bureaucracy in both the public and private sector relies on the following principles .
" First , it is based on the general principle of precisely defined and organized across @-@ the @-@ board competencies of the various offices . These competencies are underpinned by rules , laws , or administrative regulations . " For Weber , this means
A rigid division of labor is established which clearly identifies the regular tasks and duties of the particular bureaucratic system .
There are firmly established chains of command , and the duties and capacity to coerce others to comply is described by regulation .
Regular and continuous execution of the assigned duties is undertaken by hiring people with particular qualifications which are certified .
Weber notes that these three aspects " constitute the essence of bureaucratic administration ... in the public sector . In the private sector , these three aspects constitute the essence of a bureaucratic management of a private company . "
Main Principles ( Characteristics ) :
Specialized roles .
Recruitment based on merit ( e.g. tested through open competition ) .
Uniform principles of placement , promotion , and transfer in an administrative system .
Careerism with systematic salary structure .
Hierarchy , responsibility and accountability .
Subjection of official conduct to strict rules of discipline and control .
Supremacy of abstract rules .
Impersonal authority . ( e.g. Office bearer does not bring the office with him ) .
Political neutrality .
Merits : Max Weber himself noted , real bureaucracy will be less optimal and effective than his ideal type model . Each of Weber 's principles can degenerate , more so , when it is utilized to analyze the individual level in the organization . But when implemented in a group setting in an organization , some form of efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved , especially with regards to better output . This is especially true when the Bureaucratic model emphasizes qualification ( merits ) , specialization of job @-@ scope ( labour ) , hierarchy of power , rules and discipline .
Demerits : However , competencies , efficiency and effectiveness can be unclear and contradictory especially when dealing with oversimplified matters . In a dehumanized bureaucracy , inflexible in distributing the job @-@ scope , with every worker having to specialize from day one without rotating tasks for fear of decreasing output , tasks are often routine and can contribute to boredom . Thus , employees can sometimes feel that they are not part of the organization 's work vision and missions . Consequently , they do not have any sense of belonging in the long term . Furthermore , this type of organization tends to invite exploitation and underestimate the potential of the employees , as creativity of the workers is brushed aside in favour of strict adherence to rules , regulations and procedures .
= = = Inspirations = = =
Weber 's thinking was strongly influenced by German idealism and particularly by neo @-@ Kantianism , to which he had been exposed through Heinrich Rickert , his professorial colleague at the University of Freiburg . Especially important to Weber 's work is the neo @-@ Kantian belief that reality is essentially chaotic and incomprehensible , with all rational order deriving from the way in which the human mind focuses its attention on certain aspects of reality and organises the resulting perceptions . Weber 's opinions regarding the methodology of the social sciences show parallels with the work of contemporary neo @-@ Kantian philosopher and pioneering sociologist Georg Simmel .
Weber was also influenced by Kantian ethics , which he nonetheless came to think of as obsolete in a modern age lacking in religious certainties . In this last respect , the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche 's philosophy is evident . According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , the " deep tension between the Kantian moral imperatives and a Nietzschean diagnosis of the modern cultural world is apparently what gives such a darkly tragic and agnostic shade to Weber 's ethical worldview " . Another major influence in Weber 's life was the writings of Karl Marx and the workings of socialist thought in academia and active politics . While Weber shares some of Marx 's consternation with bureaucratic systems and maligns them as being capable of advancing their own logic to the detriment of human freedom and autonomy , Weber views conflict as perpetual and inevitable and does not host the spirit of a materially available utopia . Though the influence of his mother 's Calvinist religiosity is evident throughout Weber 's life and work , and though he maintained a deep , lifelong interest in the study of religions , Weber was open about the fact that he was personally irreligious .
As a political economist and economic historian , Weber belonged to the " youngest " German historical school of economics , represented by academics such as Gustav von Schmoller and his student Werner Sombart . But , even though Weber 's research interests were very much in line with that school , his views on methodology and the theory of value diverged significantly from those of other German historicists and were closer , in fact , to those of Carl Menger and the Austrian School , the traditional rivals of the historical school . ( See section on Economics . )
= = = Methodology = = =
Unlike some other classical figures ( Comte , Durkheim ) Weber did not attempt , consciously , to create any specific set of rules governing social sciences in general , or sociology in particular . In comparison with Durkheim and Marx , Weber was more focused on individuals and culture and this is clear in his methodology . Whereas Durkheim focused on the society , Weber concentrated on the individuals and their actions ( see structure and action discussion ) and whereas Marx argued for the primacy of the material world over the world of ideas , Weber valued ideas as motivating actions of individuals , at least in the big picture .
Sociology , for Max Weber , is :
... a science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects .
Weber was concerned with the question of objectivity and subjectivity . Weber distinguished social action from social behavior , noting that social action must be understood through how individuals subjectively relate to one another . Study of social action through interpretive means ( Verstehen ) must be based upon understanding the subjective meaning and purpose that individuals attach to their actions . Social actions may have easily identifiable and objective means , but much more subjective ends and the understanding of those ends by a scientist is subject to yet another layer of subjective understanding ( that of the scientist ) . Weber noted that the importance of subjectivity in social sciences makes creation of fool @-@ proof , universal laws much more difficult than in natural sciences and that the amount of objective knowledge that social sciences may achieve is precariously limited . Overall , Weber supported the goal of objective science , but he noted that it is an unreachable goal – although one definitely worth striving for .
There is no absolutely " objective " scientific analysis of culture .... All knowledge of cultural reality ... is always knowledge from particular points of view .... an " objective " analysis of cultural events , which proceeds according to the thesis that the ideal of science is the reduction of empirical reality to " laws " , is meaningless ... [ because ] ... the knowledge of social laws is not knowledge of social reality but is rather one of the various aids used by our minds for attaining this end .
The principle of " methodological individualism " , which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities ( such as nations , cultures , governments , churches , corporations , etc . ) solely as the result and the context of the actions of individual persons , can be traced to Weber , particularly to the first chapter of Economy and Society , in which he argues that only individuals " can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable action " . In other words , Weber argued that social phenomena can be understood scientifically only to the extent that they are captured by models of the behaviour of purposeful individuals , models that Weber called " ideal types " , from which actual historical events will necessarily deviate due to accidental and irrational factors . The analytical constructs of an ideal type never exist in reality , but provide objective benchmarks against which real @-@ life constructs can be measured .
We know of no scientifically ascertainable ideals . To be sure , that makes our efforts more arduous than in the past , since we are expected to create our ideals from within our breast in the very age of subjectivist culture .
Weber 's methodology was developed in the context of a wider debate about methodology of social sciences , the Methodenstreit . Weber 's position was close to historicism , as he understood social actions as being heavily tied to particular historical contexts and its analysis required the understanding of subjective motivations of individuals ( social actors ) . Thus Weber 's methodology emphasises the use of comparative historical analysis . Therefore , Weber was more interested in explaining how a certain outcome was the result of various historical processes rather than predicting an outcome of those processes in the future .
= = = Rationalisation = = =
Many scholars have described rationalisation and the question of individual freedom in an increasingly rational society , as the main theme of Weber 's work . This theme was situated in the larger context of the relationship between psychological motivations , cultural values and beliefs ( primarily , religion ) and the structure of the society ( usually determined by the economy ) .
By rationalisation , Weber understood first , the individual cost @-@ benefit calculation , second , the wider , bureaucratic organisation of the organisations and finally , in the more general sense as the opposite of understanding the reality through mystery and magic ( disenchantment ) .
The fate of our times is characterised by rationalisation and intellectualisation and , above all , by the " disenchantment of the world "
Weber began his studies of the subject in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in Protestantism and especially in ascetic Protestant denominations , particularly Calvinism , shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed at achieving economic gain . In Protestant religion , Christian piety towards God was expressed through one 's secular vocation ( secularisation of calling ) . The rational roots of this doctrine , he argued , soon grew incompatible with and larger than the religious and so the latter were eventually discarded .
Weber continued his investigation into this matter in later works , notably in his studies on bureaucracy and on the classification of legitimate authority into three types – Rational @-@ legal , traditional and charismatic – of which the rational @-@ legal ( through bureaucracy ) is the dominant one in the modern world . In these works Weber described what he saw as society 's movement towards rationalisation . Similarly , rationalisation could be seen in the economy , with the development of highly rational and calculating capitalism . Weber also saw rationalisation as one of the main factors setting the European West apart from the rest of the world . Rationalisation relied on deep changes in ethics , religion , psychology and culture ; changes that first took place in the Western civilisation .
What Weber depicted was not only the secularisation of Western culture , but also and especially the development of modern societies from the viewpoint of rationalisation . The new structures of society were marked by the differentiation of the two functionally intermeshing systems that had taken shape around the organisational cores of the capitalist enterprise and the bureaucratic state apparatus . Weber understood this process as the institutionalisation of purposive @-@ rational economic and administrative action . To the degree that everyday life was affected by this cultural and societal rationalisation , traditional forms of life – which in the early modern period were differentiated primarily according to one 's trade – were dissolved .
Features of rationalisation include increasing knowledge , growing impersonality and enhanced control of social and material life . Weber was ambivalent towards rationalisation ; while admitting it was responsible for many advances , in particular , freeing humans from traditional , restrictive and illogical social guidelines , he also criticised it for dehumanising individuals as " cogs in the machine " and curtailing their freedom , trapping them in the bureaucratic iron cage of rationality and bureaucracy . Related to rationalisation is the process of disenchantment , in which the world is becoming more explained and less mystical , moving from polytheistic religions to monotheistic ones and finally to the Godless science of modernity . Those processes affect all of society , removing " sublime values ... from public life " and making art less creative .
In a dystopian critique of rationalisation , Weber notes that modern society is a product of an individualistic drive of the Reformation , yet at the same time , the society created in this process is less and less welcoming of individualism .
How is it at all possible to salvage any remnants of " individual " freedom of movement in any sense given this all @-@ powerful trend ?
= = = Sociology of religion = = =
Weber 's work in the field of sociology of religion started with the essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and continued with the analysis of The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism , The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism and Ancient Judaism . His work on other religions was interrupted by his sudden death in 1920 , which prevented him from following Ancient Judaism with studies of early Christianity and Islam . His three main themes in the essays were the effect of religious ideas on economic activities , the relation between social stratification and religious ideas and the distinguishable characteristics of Western civilisation .
Weber saw religion as one of the core forces in society . His goal was to find reasons for the different development paths of the cultures of the Occident and the Orient , although without judging or valuing them , like some of the contemporary thinkers who followed the social Darwinist paradigm ; Weber wanted primarily to explain the distinctive elements of the Western civilisation . In the analysis of his findings , Weber maintained that Calvinist ( and more widely , Protestant ) religious ideas had had a major impact on the social innovation and development of the economic system of the West , but noted that they were not the only factors in this development . Other notable factors mentioned by Weber included the rationalism of scientific pursuit , merging observation with mathematics , science of scholarship and jurisprudence , rational systematisation and bureaucratisation of government administration and economic enterprise . In the end , the study of the sociology of religion , according to Weber , focused on one distinguishing part of the Western culture , the decline of beliefs in magic , or what he referred to as " disenchantment of the world " .
Weber also proposed a socioevolutionary model of religious change , showing that in general , societies have moved from magic to polytheism , then to pantheism , monotheism and finally , ethical monotheism . According to Weber , this evolution occurred as the growing economic stability allowed professionalisation and the evolution of ever more sophisticated priesthood . As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups , a hierarchy of gods developed and as power in the society became more centralised , the concept of a single , universal God became more popular and desirable .
= = = = The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism = = = =
Weber 's essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is his most famous work . It is argued that this work should not be viewed as a detailed study of Protestantism , but rather as an introduction into Weber 's later works , especially his studies of interaction between various religious ideas and economic behaviour as part of the rationalisation of the economic system . In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , Weber put forward the thesis that Calvinist ethic and ideas influenced the development of capitalism . He noted the post @-@ Reformation shift of Europe 's economic centre away from Catholic countries such as France , Spain and Italy , and toward Protestant countries such as the Netherlands , England , Scotland and Germany . Weber also noted that societies having more Protestants were those with a more highly developed capitalist economy . Similarly , in societies with different religions , most successful business leaders were Protestant . Weber thus argued that Roman Catholicism impeded the development of the capitalist economy in the West , as did other religions such as Confucianism and Buddhism elsewhere in the world .
The development of the concept of the calling quickly gave to the modern entrepreneur a fabulously clear conscience – and also industrious workers ; he gave to his employees as the wages of their ascetic devotion to the calling and of co @-@ operation in his ruthless exploitation of them through capitalism the prospect of eternal salvation .
Christian religious devotion had historically been accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs , including economic pursuit . Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism – notably Calvinism – were supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities dedicated to it , seeing them as endowed with moral and spiritual significance . Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the Reformation . In particular , the Protestant ethic ( or more specifically , Calvinist ethic ) motivated the believers to work hard , be successful in business and reinvest their profits in further development rather than frivolous pleasures . The notion of calling meant that each individual had to take action as an indication of their salvation ; just being a member of the Church was not enough . Predestination also reduced agonising over economic inequality and further , it meant that a material wealth could be taken as a sign of salvation in the afterlife . The believers thus justified pursuit of profit with religion , as instead of being fuelled by morally suspect greed or ambition , their actions were motivated by a highly moral and respected philosophy . This Weber called the " spirit of capitalism " : it was the Protestant religious ideology that was behind – and inevitably led to – the capitalist economic system . This theory is often viewed as a reversal of Marx 's thesis that the economic " base " of society determines all other aspects of it .
Weber abandoned research into Protestantism because his colleague Ernst Troeltsch , a professional theologian , had begun work on the book The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches and Sects . Another reason for Weber 's decision was that Troeltsch 's work already achieved what he desired in that area : laying the groundwork for a comparative analysis of religion and society .
The phrase " work ethic " used in modern commentary is a derivative of the " Protestant ethic " discussed by Weber . It was adopted when the idea of the Protestant ethic was generalised to apply to the Japanese people , Jews and other non @-@ Christians and thus lost its religious connotations .
= = = = The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism = = = =
The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism was Weber 's second major work on the sociology of religion . Hans H. Gerth edited and translated this text into English , with an introduction by C. K. Wang . Weber focused on those aspects of Chinese society that were different from those of Western Europe , especially those aspects that contrasted with Puritanism . His work also questioned why capitalism did not develop in China . He focused on the issues of Chinese urban development , Chinese patrimonialism and officialdom and Chinese religion and philosophy ( primarily , Confucianism and Taoism ) , as the areas in which Chinese development differed most distinctively from the European route .
According to Weber , Confucianism and Puritanism are mutually exclusive types of rational thought , each attempting to prescribe a way of life based on religious dogma . Notably , they both valued self @-@ control and restraint and did not oppose accumulation of wealth . However , to both those qualities were just means to the final goal and here they were divided by a key difference . Confucianism 's goal was " a cultured status position " , while Puritanism 's goal was to create individuals who are " tools of God " . The intensity of belief and enthusiasm for action were rare in Confucianism , but common in Protestantism . Actively working for wealth was unbecoming a proper Confucian . Therefore , Weber states that it was this difference in social attitudes and mentality , shaped by the respective , dominant religions , that contributed to the development of capitalism in the West and the absence of it in China .
= = = = The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism = = = =
The Religion of India : The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism was Weber 's third major work on the sociology of religion . In this work he deals with the structure of Indian society , with the orthodox doctrines of Hinduism and the heterodox doctrines of Buddhism , with modifications brought by the influence of popular religiosity and finally with the impact of religious beliefs on the secular ethic of Indian society . In Weber 's view , Hinduism in India , like Confucianism in China , was a barrier for capitalism . The Indian caste system made it very difficult for individuals to advance in the society beyond their caste . Activity , including economic activity , was seen as unimportant in the context of the advancement of the soul .
Weber ended his research of society and religion in India by bringing in insights from his previous work on China to discuss similarities of the Asian belief systems . He notes that the beliefs saw the meaning of life as otherworldly mystical experience . The social world is fundamentally divided between the educated elite , following the guidance of a prophet or wise man and the uneducated masses whose beliefs are centered on magic . In Asia , there was no Messianic prophecy to give plan and meaning to the everyday life of educated and uneducated alike . Weber juxtaposed such Messianic prophecies ( also called ethical prophecies ) , notably from the Near East region to the exemplary prophecies found on the Asiatic mainland , focused more on reaching to the educated elites and enlightening them on the proper ways to live one 's life , usually with little emphasis on hard work and the material world . It was those differences that prevented the countries of the Occident from following the paths of the earlier Chinese and Indian civilisations . His next work , Ancient Judaism was an attempt to prove this theory .
= = = = Ancient Judaism = = = =
In Ancient Judaism , his fourth major work on the sociology of religion , Weber attempted to explain the factors that resulted in the early differences between Oriental and Occidental religiosity . He contrasted the innerworldly asceticism developed by Western Christianity with mystical contemplation of the kind developed in India . Weber noted that some aspects of Christianity sought to conquer and change the world , rather than withdraw from its imperfections . This fundamental characteristic of Christianity ( when compared to Far Eastern religions ) stems originally from ancient Jewish prophecy .
Weber claimed that Judaism not only fathered Christianity and Islam , but was crucial to the rise of the modern Occidental state ; Judaism 's influence was as important as Hellenistic and Roman cultures .
Weber 's premature death in 1920 prevented him from following his planned analysis of Psalms , the Book of Job , Talmudic Jewry , early Christianity and Islam .
= = = = Economy and Society = = = =
Weber 's magnum opus Economy and Society is a collection of his essays which he was working on at the time of his death in 1920 . After his death , the final organization and editing of the book fell to his widow Marianne Weber . The final German form published in 1921 reflected very much Marianne Weber 's work and intellectual commitment . Beginning in 1956 , the German jurist Johannes Wincklemann began editing and organizing the German edition of Economy and Society based on his study of the papers that Weber left at his death .
English versions of Economy and Society were published as a collected volume in 1968 as edited by Gunther Roth and Claus Wittich . As a result of the various editions in German and English , there are differences between the organization of the different volumes .
Economy and Society includes a wide range of essays dealing with Weber 's views regarding Sociology , Social Philosophy , Politics , Social Stratification , World Religion , Diplomacy , and other subjects . The book is typically published in a two volume set in both German and English , and is more than 1000 pages long .
= = = = Theodicy of Fortune and Misfortune = = = =
The Theodicy of fortune and misfortune within sociology is the theory , as Weber suggested , of how " members of different social classes adopt different belief systems , or theodices , to explain their social situation " .
The concept of theodicy was expanded mainly with the thought of Weber and his addition of ethical considerations to the subject of religion . There is this ethical part of religion , including " ( 1 ) soteriology and ( 2 ) theodicy . These mean , respectively , how people understand themselves to be able to be in a correct relationship with supernatural powers , and how to explain evil – or why bad things seem to happen to those who seem to be good people " . There is a separation of different theodicies with regard to class . " Theodicies of misfortune tend to the belief that wealth and other manifestations of privilege are indications or signs of evil .... In contrast , theodicies of fortune emphasise the notion that privileges are a blessing and are deserved . " Weber also writes that " the affluent embrace good fortune theodicies , which emphasise that prosperity is a blessing of God ... [ while ] theodices of misfortune emphasise that affluence is a sign of evil and that suffering in this world will be rewarded in the next . " Thus these two distinctions can be applied not only to class structure within society but denomination and racial segregation within religion .
Weber defines the importance of societal class within religion by examining the difference between the two theodicies and to what class structures they apply . The concept of " work ethic " is attached to the theodicy of fortune ; thus , because of the Protestant " work ethic " , there was a contribution of higher class outcomes and more education among Protestants . Those without the work ethic clung to the theodicy of misfortune , believing wealth and happiness were granted in the afterlife . Another example of how this belief of religious theodicy influences class , is that those of lower status , the poor , cling to deep religiousness and faith as a way to comfort themselves and provide hope for a more prosperous future , while those of higher status cling to the sacraments or actions that prove their right of possessing greater wealth .
These two theodicies can be found in the denominational segregation within the religious community . The main division can be seen between the mainline Protestant and evangelical denominations and their relation to the class into which their particular theodicy pertains . For example , mainline churches , with their upper class congregations , " promote [ d ] order , stability , and conservatism , and in so doing proved to be a powerful source of legitimation of the status quo and of existing disparities in the distribution of wealth and power " because much of the wealth of the church comes from the congregation . In contrast , Pentecostal churches adopted the theodicy of misfortune . They instead " advocated change intended to advance the cause of justice and fairness " . Thus the learned and upper class religious churches who preach the theodicy of fortune , ultimately support capitalism and corporation , while the churches who adopted the theodicy of misfortune , instead preached equality and fairness .
= = = Politics and government = = =
In political sociology , one of Weber 's most influential contributions is his " Politics as a Vocation " ( Politik als Beruf ) essay . Therein , Weber unveils the definition of the state as that entity that possesses a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force . , Weber wrote that politics is the sharing of state 's power between various groups , and political leaders are those who wield this power . A politician must not be a man of the " true Christian ethic " , understood by Weber as being the ethic of the Sermon on the Mount , that is to say , the injunction to turn the other cheek . An adherent of such an ethic ought rather to be understood to be a saint , for it is only saints , according to Weber , that can appropriately follow it . The political realm is no realm for saints ; a politician ought to marry the ethic of attitude and the ethic of responsibility ( " Verantwortungsethik vs Gesinnungsethik " ) and must possess both a passion for his vocation and the capacity to distance himself from the subject of his exertions ( the governed ) .
Weber distinguished three ideal types of political leadership ( alternatively referred to as three types of domination , legitimisation or authority ) :
charismatic domination ( familial and religious ) ,
traditional domination ( patriarchs , patrimonialism , feudalism ) and
legal domination ( modern law and state , bureaucracy ) .
In his view , every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of this tripartite distinction . He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to " routinise " into a more structured form of authority . In a pure type of traditional rule , sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a " traditional revolution " . The move towards a rational @-@ legal structure of authority , utilising a bureaucratic structure , is inevitable in the end . Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the social evolutionism theory . This ties to his broader concept of rationalisation by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction .
Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge .
Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in his masterpiece Economy and Society ( 1922 ) . His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work . It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term . Many aspects of modern public administration go back to him and a classic , hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type is called " Weberian civil service " . As the most efficient and rational way of organising , bureaucratisation for Weber was the key part of the rational @-@ legal authority and furthermore , he saw it as the key process in the ongoing rationalisation of the Western society .
Weber listed several preconditions for the emergence of the bureaucracy : The growth in space and population being administered , the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out and the existence of a monetary economy – these resulted in a need for a more efficient administrative system . Development of communication and transportation technologies made more efficient administration possible ( and popularly requested ) and democratisation and rationalisation of culture resulted in demands that the new system treat everybody equally .
Weber 's ideal bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical organisation , by delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity , by action taken ( and recorded ) on the basis of written rules , by bureaucratic officials needing expert training , by rules being implemented neutrally and by career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations , not by individuals .
The decisive reason for the advance of the bureaucratic organisation has always been its purely technical superiority over any other form of organisation .
While recognising bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organisation and even indispensable for the modern state , Weber also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms and the ongoing bureaucratisation as leading to a " polar night of icy darkness " , in which increasing rationalisation of human life traps individuals in the aforementioned " iron cage " of bureaucratic , rule @-@ based , rational control . In order to counteract bureaucrats , the system needs entrepreneurs and politicians .
= = = = Social stratification = = = =
Weber also formulated a three @-@ component theory of stratification , with social class , social status and political party as conceptually distinct elements . The three @-@ component theory of stratification is in contrast to Karl Marx simpler theory of social class which ties all social stratification to what people own . In Weber 's theory , issues of honor and prestige are important . This distinction is most clearly described in Weber 's essay " Classes , Staende , Parties " which was first published in his book Economy and Society . The three components of Weber 's theory are :
Social Class which is based on economically determined relationship to the market ( owner , renter , employee etc . ) .
Status ( or in German Stand ) which is based on non @-@ economic qualities like honour , prestige and religion .
Party which refers to affiliations in the political domain .
All three dimensions have consequences for what Weber called " life chances " ( opportunities to improve one 's life ) .
Weber scholars recognize that it is important to maintain a sharp distinction between the terms " status " and " class , " even though they tend to be used interchangeably in popular usage .
= = = Study of the city = = =
As part of his overarching effort to understand the unique development of the Western world , Weber produced a detailed general study of the city as the characteristic locus of the social and economic relations , political arrangements , and ideas that eventually came to define the West . This resulted in a monograph titled The City , which was probably compiled from research conducted in 1911 – 1913 , and which was published posthumously in 1921 . In 1924 it was incorporated into the second part of his Economy and Society , as chapter XVI , " The City ( Non @-@ legitimate Domination ) " .
According to Weber , the city as a politically autonomous organisation of people living in close proximity , employed in a variety of specialised trades , and physically separated from the surrounding countryside , only fully developed in the West and to a great extent shaped its cultural evolution :
The origin of a rational and inner @-@ worldly ethic is associated in the Occident with the appearance of thinkers and prophets [ ... ] who developed in a social context that was alien to the Asiatic cultures . This context consisted of the political problems engendered by the bourgeois status @-@ group of the city , without which neither Judaism , nor Christianity , nor the development of Hellenistic thinking are conceivable .
Weber argued that Judaism , early Christianity , theology , and later the political party and modern science , were only possible in the urban context that reached a full development in the West alone . He also saw in the history of medieval European cities the rise of a unique form of " non @-@ legitimate domination " that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination ( traditional , charismatic , and rational @-@ legal ) that had prevailed until then in the Medieval world . This new domination was based on the great economic and military power wielded by the organised community of city @-@ dwellers ( " citizens " ) .
= = = Economics = = =
Weber regarded himself primarily as a " political economist " , and all of his professorial appointments were in economics , though today his contributions in that field are largely overshadowed by his role as a founder of modern sociology . As an economist , Weber belonged to the " youngest " German historical school of economics . The great differences between that school 's interests and methods on the one hand and those of the neoclassical school ( from which modern mainstream economics largely derives ) on the other , explain why Weber 's influence on economics today is hard to discern .
Max Weber was a pioneer in delineating a connection between capitalism and exceptionalism . In earlier texts , Maximiliano Korstanje explores the American exceptionalism and its effects on the current means of productions . This contribution to the existent literature is of paramount importance because of two main reasons . The first and most important , he relates capitalism to Protestantism . This is of course nothing new , since Max Weber did it in the past . However , Korstanje adds , though Weber was in the correct side by confirming the connection of Reform and Capitalism , the key role played by Norse Mythology was left behind . In effect , the concept of predestination as it has been discussed by Weber did not come from Luther alone . It was rather enrooted in the core of Norse Culture . Secondly , this impossibility to understand the future led to English speaking societies to construct a risk @-@ prone culture , which resulted in what Ulrich Beck dubbed the “ Risk Society ” . The criticism exerted in the uneven distribution of Capitalism should be explained by the “ economy of salved peoples ” formulated by Weber .
= = = = Methodological individualism = = = =
Though his research interests were always in line with those of the German historicists , with a strong emphasis on interpreting economic history , Weber 's defence of " methodological individualism " in the social sciences represented an important break with that school and an embracing of many of the arguments that had been made against the historicists by Carl Menger , the founder of the Austrian School of economics , in the context of the academic Methodenstreit ( " debate over methods " ) of the late 19th century . The phrase " methodological individualism " , which has come into common usage in modern debates about the connection between microeconomics and macroeconomics , was coined by the Austrian @-@ American economist Joseph Schumpeter in 1908 as a way of referring to the views of Weber . According to Weber 's theses , social research cannot be fully inductive or descriptive , because understanding some phenomenon implies that the researcher must go beyond mere description and interpret it ; interpretation requires classification according to abstract " ideal ( pure ) types " . This , together with his antipositivistic argumentation ( see Verstehen ) , can be taken as a methodological justification for the model of the " rational economic man " ( homo economicus ) , which is at the heart of modern mainstream economics .
= = = = Marginalism and psychophysics = = = =
Unlike other historicists , Weber also accepted the marginal theory of value ( also called " marginalism " ) and taught it to his students . In 1908 , Weber published an article in which he drew a sharp methodological distinction between psychology and economics and attacked the claims that the marginal theory of value in economics reflected the form of the psychological response to stimuli as described by the Weber @-@ Fechner law . Max Weber 's article has been cited as a definitive refutation of the dependence of the economic theory of value on the laws of psychophysics by Lionel Robbins , George Stigler , and Friedrich Hayek , though the broader issue of the relation between economics and psychology has come back into the academic debate with the development of " behavioral economics " .
= = = = Economic history = = = =
Weber 's best known work in economics concerned the preconditions for capitalist development , particularly the relations between religion and capitalism , which he explored in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as well as in his other works on the sociology of religion . He argued that bureaucratic political and economic systems emerging in the Middle Ages were essential in the rise of modern capitalism ( including rational book @-@ keeping and organisation of formally free labour ) , while they were a hindrance in the case of ancient capitalism , which had a different social and political structure based on conquest , slavery , and the coastal city @-@ state . Other contributions include his early work on the economic history of Roman agrarian society ( 1891 ) and on the labour relations in Eastern Germany ( 1892 ) , his analysis of the history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages ( 1889 ) , his critique of Marxism , the discussion of the roles of idealism and materialism in the history of capitalism in his Economy and Society ( 1922 ) and his General Economic History ( 1923 ) , a notable example of the kind of empirical work associated with the German Historical School .
Although today Weber is primarily read by sociologists and social philosophers , Weber 's work did have a significant influence on Frank Knight , one of the founders of the neoclassical Chicago school of economics , who translated Weber 's General Economic History into English in 1927 . Knight also wrote in 1956 that Max Weber was the only economist who dealt with the problem of understanding the emergence of modern capitalism " from the angle which alone can yield an answer to such questions , that is , the angle of comparative history in the broad sense " .
= = = = Economic calculation = = = =
Weber , like his colleague Werner Sombart , regarded economic calculation and especially the double @-@ entry bookkeeping method of business accounting , as one of the most important forms of rationalisation associated with the development of modern capitalism . Weber 's preoccupation with the importance of economic calculation led him to develop a critique of socialism as a system that lacked a mechanism for allocating resources efficiently in order to satisfy human needs . Socialist intellectuals like Otto Neurath had realised that in a completely socialised economy , prices would not exist and central planners would have to resort to in @-@ kind ( rather than monetary ) economic calculation . According to Weber , this type of coordination would be inefficient , especially because it would be incapable of solving the problem of imputation ( i.e. of accurately determining the relative values of capital goods ) . Weber wrote that , under full socialism ,
In order to make possible a rational utilisation of the means of production , a system of in @-@ kind accounting would have to determine " value " – indicators of some kind for the individual capital goods which could take over the role of the " prices " used in book valuation in modern business accounting . But it is not at all clear how such indicators could be established and in particular , verified ; whether , for instance , they should vary from one production unit to the next ( on the basis of economic location ) , or whether they should be uniform for the entire economy , on the basis of " social utility " , that is , of ( present and future ) consumption requirements [ ... ] Nothing is gained by assuming that , if only the problem of a non @-@ monetary economy were seriously enough attacked , a suitable accounting method would be discovered or invented . The problem is fundamental to any kind of complete socialisation . We cannot speak of a rational " planned economy " so long as in this decisive respect we have no instrument for elaborating a rational " plan " .
This argument against socialism was made independently , at about the same time , by Ludwig von Mises . Weber himself had a significant influence on Mises , whom he had befriended when they were both at the University of Vienna in the spring of 1918 , and , through Mises , on several other economists associated with the Austrian School in the 20th century . Friedrich Hayek in particular elaborated the arguments of Weber and Mises about economic calculation into a central part of free market economics 's intellectual assault on socialism , as well as into a model for the spontaneous coordination of " dispersed knowledge " in markets .
= = Legacy = =
The prestige of Max Weber among European social scientists would be difficult to over @-@ estimate . He is widely considered the greatest of German sociologists and ... has become a leading influence in European and American thought .
Weber 's most influential work was on economic sociology , political sociology , and the sociology of religion . Along with Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim , he is commonly regarded as one of the founders of modern sociology . But whereas Durkheim , following Comte , worked in the positivist tradition , Weber was instrumental in developing an antipositivist , hermeneutic , tradition in the social sciences . In this regard he belongs to a similar tradition as his German colleagues Werner Sombart , Georg Simmel , and Wilhelm Dilthey , who stressed the differences between the methodologies appropriate to the social and the natural sciences .
Weber presented sociology as the science of human social action ; action that he separated into traditional , affectional , value @-@ rational and instrumental .
[ Sociology is ] the science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give a causal explanation of the way in which the action proceeds and the effects which it produces . By " action " in this definition is meant the human behaviour when and to the extent that the agent or agents see it as subjectively meaningful [ ... ] the meaning to which we refer may be either ( a ) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases , or ( b ) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents , as types , in a pure type constructed in the abstract . In neither case is the " meaning " to be thought of as somehow objectively " correct " or " true " by some metaphysical criterion . This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action , such as sociology and history and any kind of a priori discipline , such as jurisprudence , logic , ethics , or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject @-@ matter " correct " or " valid " meaning .
In his own time , however , Weber was viewed primarily as a historian and an economist . The breadth of Weber 's topical interests is apparent in the depth of his social theory :
The affinity between capitalism and Protestantism , the religious origins of the Western world , the force of charisma in religion as well as in politics , the all @-@ embracing process of rationalisation and the bureaucratic price of progress , the role of legitimacy and of violence as the offspring of leadership , the " disenchantment " of the modern world together with the never @-@ ending power of religion , the antagonistic relation between intellectualism and eroticism : all these are key concepts which attest to the enduring fascination of Weber 's thinking .
Many of Weber 's works famous today were collected , revised and published posthumously . Significant interpretations of his writings were produced by such sociological luminaries as Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills . Parsons in particular imparted to Weber 's works a functionalist , teleological perspective ; this personal interpretation has been criticised for a latent conservatism .
Weber has influenced many later social theorists , such as Theodor Adorno , Max Horkheimer , György Lukács and Jürgen Habermas . Different elements of his thought were emphasised by Carl Schmitt , Joseph Schumpeter , Ludwig Lachmann , Leo Strauss , Hans Morgenthau , and Raymond Aron . According to Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises , who had met Weber during his time at the University of Vienna ,
The early death of this genius was a great disaster for Germany . Had Weber lived longer , the German people of today would be able to look to this example of an " Aryan " who would not be broken by National Socialism .
Weber 's friend , the psychiatrist and existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers , described him as " the greatest German of our era " . Weber 's untimely death felt to Jaspers " as if the German world had lost its heart " .
= = Critical responses to Weber = =
Weber 's explanations are highly specific to the historical periods he analysed . Others though disagree , pointing out that despite the fact that Weber did write in the early twentieth century , his ideas remain alive and relevant for understanding issues like politics , bureaucracy , and social stratification today .
Many scholars , however , have disagreed with specific claims Weber makes in his historical analysis . For example , the economist Joseph Schumpeter argued that capitalism did not begin with the Industrial Revolution but in 14th century Italy . In Milan , Venice and Florence the small city @-@ state governments led to the development of the earliest forms of capitalism . In the 16th century Antwerp was a commercial centre of Europe . Also , the predominantly Calvinist country of Scotland did not enjoy the same economic growth as the Netherlands , England and New England . It has been pointed out that the Netherlands , which had a Calvinist majority , industrialised much later in the 19th century than predominantly Catholic Belgium , which was one of the centres of the Industrial Revolution on the European mainland . Emil Kauder expanded Schumpeter 's argument by arguing the hypothesis that Calvinism hurt the development of capitalism by leading to the development of the labour theory of value .
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= Russian monitor Edinorog =
Edinorog ( Russian : Единорог ) was an Uragan @-@ class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic @-@ class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was struck from the Navy List in 1900 , converted into a storage hulk for mines in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 4 . The ship survived World War II and was stricken in 1957 , although her ultimate fate is unknown .
= = Description = =
Edinorog was 201 feet ( 61 @.@ 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 @.@ 0 m ) and a draft of 10 @.@ 16 – 10 @.@ 84 feet ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 1 @,@ 500 – 1 @,@ 600 long tons ( 1 @,@ 500 – 1 @,@ 600 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 .
The ship was fitted with a two @-@ cylinder , horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engine built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 – 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 – 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Edinorog 's sea trials on 19 June 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 5 @.@ 75 knots ( 10 @.@ 65 km / h ; 6 @.@ 62 mph ) , the second slowest ship in the class . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 @,@ 440 nmi ( 2 @,@ 670 km ; 1 @,@ 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) .
Edinorog was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine @-@ inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license @-@ built 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading Rodman guns in 1867 – 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine @-@ inch rifled guns .
All of the wrought @-@ iron armor that was used in the Uragan @-@ class monitors was in 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic @-@ class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Edinorog was modified for the addition of 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) armor plates after completion , but it is unknown if they were ever fitted . They were , however , manufactured and then placed in storage .
= = Construction and career = =
Construction of the ship began on 13 June 1863 by S. G. Kudriavtsev at the state @-@ owned Galeryni Island Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Edinorog was laid down on 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 2 June 1864 . She entered service on 27 July 1865 and cost a total of 1 @,@ 141 @,@ 800 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 @,@ 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July – August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich .
Sometime after Edinorog was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward @-@ curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s .
Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Edinorog was reclassified as a coast @-@ defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . The ship was converted into a mine storage hulk in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 4 on 10 July of that year . She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk , but she was later returned by the Finns . The ship was redesignated as Blokshiv No. 2 on 1 January 1932 and survived World War II to be renamed BSh @-@ 2 on 16 May 1949 . She was stricken on 27 June 1957 and turned over to the Kronstadt Yacht Club . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
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= Tyler Ulis =
Tyler Ulis ( born January 5 , 1996 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats . At Kentucky in 2015 , he led his team in assists , he made the 2015 SEC All @-@ Freshman Team and led the 2014 – 15 Kentucky team that won its first 38 games before losing to Wisconsin in the final four of the 2015 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . As a sophomore , Ulis was a Consensus first team All @-@ American and earned the Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year and the Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Defensive Player of the Year recognition .
He played for Marian Catholic High School in Chicago Heights , Illinois . He was selected to play in both the 2014 McDonald 's All @-@ American Game and the 2014 Jordan Brand Classic . As a high school junior , he was a first team All @-@ state selection , but he was overlooked by most top scouts until after his junior year of high school due to his height .
= = Early life = =
Ulis was born in Southfield , Michigan , and lived in Lima , Ohio , with his mother . He ran track as a youth , competing in the 800 meters and 1500 meters . He trained for basketball with his cousin and 2009 Big Ten Conference Defensive Player of the Year Travis Walton . Another of his cousins is Shareese Ulis , point guard for Cincinnati Lady Bearcats , who had been a two @-@ time Toledo Blade Player of the Year .
= = High school career = =
For high school , Ulis moved to Matteson , Illinois , where he lived with his father , James . In Ohio , he had been used to winning a high percentage of his games . When he arrived at Marian Catholic , he started his first game as a freshman against future Illinois Fighting Illini men 's basketball starting guard Tracy Abrams . He did not initially enjoy team success . As a freshman he was 5 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 60 m ) tall and was being recruited by opposing high schools . He reached 5 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 73 m ) by late in his sophomore year and began being recruited by college basketball teams . By the beginning of his junior season , Marian Catholic was regarded as a serious contender thanks to Ulis .
Because of his height , Ulis was overlooked until well into the recruiting process for top basketball schools . He was not highly recruited until his 2013 – 14 senior year of high school . Among schools regarded as high @-@ major programs , only Iowa and DePaul made him offers during his junior year . His other offers were from Dayton , Colorado State , Loyola , Northern Illinois and Oregon State . During his junior season , his stock soared and Marian Catholic started winning . In the March 2013 Illinois High School Association Class 4A sectional round , Marian Catholic vied against Bloom High School and then played Edwardsville High School in the supersectional round . Although Marian lost to a much taller Edwardsville team , it established a school record for wins with a 29 – 4 record and it won its IHSA sectional for the first time . Ulis finished fourth in the Illinois Mr. Basketball balloting behind Jabari Parker , Jahlil Okafor and Malcolm Hill . He was a first team All @-@ state selection by the Chicago Tribune along with Parker , Okafor , Cliff Alexander and Jalen Brunson .
By August 8 , 2013 , when he was ranked as the 38th best prospect in the national class of 2014 and its 8th best point guard by ESPN , he had several offers and named Iowa , Kentucky ( although he did not have an offer from them at the time ) , Michigan State and USC as his finalists ( eliminating DePaul , Florida State , Northwestern and Purdue ) . Walton had played for Michigan State . He received an official offer from Kentucky on August 16 . In early September , Ulis announced that he would not take an official visit to USC and had eliminated them from consideration . On September 13 , Ulis committed to Kentucky . Subsequently , Tyus Jones canceled his September 27 – 29 official visit to Kentucky .
Ulis entered his senior season as one of the five favorites to win Illinois Mr. Basketball ( along with Okafor , Alexander , Brunson and Keita Bates @-@ Diop ) . On December 7 , 2013 at the UIC Pavilion in the Chicago Elite Classic , Ulis and Marion suffered one of their only two regular season losses to USC @-@ bound guard Jordan McLaughlin and Etiwanda High School , which was ranked number 6 nationally by USA Today . Ulis had 30 points , 7 assists and 5 rebounds . The January 25 , 2014 , matchup against junior Brunson and Stevenson High School was widely anticipated in the local press as the matchup of the two best point guards in the state . Stevenson won as Brunson had 32 points on 9 @-@ for @-@ 15 field goal shooting and an 11 @-@ for @-@ 14 free throw performance . Ulis had 23 points and 9 assists , including 18 points and 3 assists in the final eight minutes , but was only 5 @-@ for @-@ 20 from the field for the game . Ulis posted a career @-@ high 42 points on February 22 against Lake Forest High School to go along with 6 steals , 6 rebounds and 5 assists .
During his senior year , Marian was the number 1 seed in the Thornton sectional of the IHSA Class 4A tournament . On March 11 , Ulis had 40 points to lead Marian past Bloom High School 66 – 45 . In the game , which was a rematch from the prior year , he made his first six shots , all three @-@ pointers . On March 18 , Marian lost its supersectional rematch against Edwardsville in overtime , again falling one game short of reaching the final four in Peoria , Illinois and finishing with a 28 – 3 record . In the game , Ulis , who had 23 points and 4 assists , tied the score with 21 seconds in regulation and with 50 seconds left in overtime . In the April 18 Jordan Brand Classic , Ulis posted 9 points and 9 assists .
= = = Awards and honors = = =
He was selected to the 2014 McDonald 's All @-@ American Game on January 29 ( along with fellow Chicagoans Okafor and Alexander as well as along with fellow Kentucky commits Karl @-@ Anthony Towns , Trey Lyles , and Devin Booker ) . On March 10 he was one of 26 players selected for the April 18 , 2014 Jordan Brand Classic again along with fellow Chicagoans Okafor and Alexander as well as along with fellow Kentucky commits Towns , Lyles , and Booker . He was named Associated Press Class 4A 1st team All @-@ state with Alexander , Brunson , Okafor and Sean O 'Mara . Ulis finished third to Okafor and Alexander in the Illinois Mr. Basketball voting . He was the runner @-@ up in both the skills competition and the three @-@ point contest at the McDonald 's All @-@ American Game . He was a 2014 USA Today third team All @-@ USA Boys Basketball Team selection .
The decision by Andrew Harrison and Aaron Harrison on whether to enter the 2014 NBA draft would be the determining factor on whether Ulis became an immediate starter or not . Many thought Andrew would be Calipari 's seventh consecutive point guard to declare for the NBA Draft after his freshman season , but that Ulis would likely last much longer at Kentucky . On April 25 , the Harrisons announced that they would be returning to Kentucky .
= = College career = =
= = = Freshman year = = =
Ulis was also named to the 36 @-@ man 2014 – 15 Bob Cousy Award Preseason Watch List and the Wayman Tisdale Award Watch List . Ulis quickly earned a reputation as a difference maker whose contributions may not be obvious in the statistics . On December 10 , he was sidelined with an injury . Ulis posted a career high 14 @-@ points on December 27 against Louisville in the Kentucky – Louisville rivalry game known as the The Battle For The Bluegrass , earning the MVP of the game from the The Bluegrass Sports Commission . On December 29 , his effort was recognized with an SEC Freshman of the Week honor . Ulis did not start in any his 37 games played as a freshman , but averaged 23 @.@ 8 minutes played . Following the season , he was named to the 8 @-@ man 2015 SEC All @-@ Freshman Team . Kentucky went undefeated in its first 38 games before losing to Wisconsin in the Final Four of the 2015 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Ulis led the team in assists per game .
= = = Sophomore year = = =
Ulis was a selection to the 20 @-@ man Bob Cousy Award preseason watchlist , and the 30 @-@ man Lute Olson Award preseason watchlist . He was also a 2015 – 16 Southeastern Conference preseason first team All @-@ conference selection by the media . In preseason top 100 player rankings Ulis was ranked 5 by ESPN and 22 by NBC Sports . During the preseason , Mike Rutherford of SB Nation selected Ulis as one of its 10 most important college basketball players for 2015 @-@ 16 . He made the initial 50 @-@ man John R. Wooden Award watch list on November 17 . On December 2 , Ulis earned recognition on the 50 @-@ man Naismith College Player of the Year watchlist and 33 @-@ man Robertson Trophy watchlists .
Ulis opened the season in the starting lineup against the Albany Great Danes on November 13 . On November 17 , Ulis posted game @-@ high and career @-@ high 18 points as well as game @-@ high 6 assists with no turnovers in 40 minutes of play in a victory over the defending national champion Duke Blue Devils in the Champions Classic . He posted a game @-@ high and career @-@ high 21 points as well as a game @-@ high 5 assists on November 21 against Wright State . As a result , on November 23 , he earned SEC Co @-@ Player of the Week ( along with Kenny Gaines ) . In Kentucky 's 2015 – 16 Southeastern Conference men 's basketball season opener against the Ole Miss Rebels on January 2 , Ulis posted 20 points and 10 assists . The game marked Ulis ' first collegiate double @-@ double and Kentucky 's first 20 @-@ point and 10 @-@ assist performance since John Wall posted one on November 21 , 2009 . On January 5 , Ulis posted his third straight 20 @-@ point performance with a career @-@ high 23 points in a loss against the Ben Simmons @-@ led LSU Tigers . On January 13 , Ulis was among the 25 players included in the John R. Wooden Award Midseason Top 25 Watch List . On January 21 , Ulis went 14 – 15 from the free throw line and 2 – 3 on three @-@ point shots to post 24 against Arkansas . Ulis was named to the January 25 20 @-@ man Oscar Robertson Trophy midseason watch list . On January 30 , Ulis posted a career @-@ high 26 points and 8 assists against # 4 @-@ ranked Kansas , but Kentucky lost in overtime . On February 1 , Ulis was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Point Guard of the Year Award . Entering play on February 13 , Kentucky and South Carolina were tied atop of the 2015 – 16 Southeastern Conference standings . In a game between the two , Ulis posted new career highs with 27 points and 12 assists , leading the team to an 89 – 62 victory , after coach Calipari was ejected early . He was named to the 35 @-@ man midseason watchlist for the Naismith Trophy on February 11 . Ulis was included in the Wooden Award Late season Top 20 Watch List on February 12 . On February 15 , Ulis earned SEC Player of the Week honors again . On February 29 , Ulis was among the 11 finalists for the Robertson Trophy . On March 5 , Ulis closed out the regular season with a career @-@ high 14 assists and 14 points against the LSU Tigers .
Following the 2015 – 16 Southeastern Conference men 's basketball season , Ulis was named the SEC Player of the Year by both SEC head coaches and the Associated Press , and was also named by the coaches as SEC Defensive Player of the Year ( the AP does not select this award , or an SEC all @-@ defensive team ) . He placed on both voting bodies ' All @-@ Conference first teams , and was named to the coaches ' All @-@ SEC defensive team . He was the second player ( after Anthony Davis ) to earn both the SEC Player of the Year and SEC Defensive Player of the Year honors in the same season . Ulis earned broad 2016 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ Americans recognition . He was a first team selection by USA Today , ESPN , Sports Illustrated , NBC Sports , Associated Press , CBS Sports , and Sporting News ; He was a second team selection by the USBWA and NABC . Ulis was named one of four finalists for the Naismith Trophy on March 20 . He was named one of 10 finalists for the Wooden Award on March 29 . When naming Ulis to its All @-@ American team , Associated Press described Ulis as the shortest All @-@ American since Johnny O 'Brien in 1953 . Ulis won the Bob Cousy Award .
In the 2016 SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament , Ulis scored 25 points and had 4 assists in the semifinal victory over Georgia on March 12 . In the finals against regular season co @-@ champion Texas A & M on March 13 , Ulis posted a career @-@ high 30 points . He played all 45 minutes of the overtime contest . Ulis was tournament MVP . In the 2016 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , Kentucky renewed its rivalry with Indiana in the round of 32 on March 20 . Ulis posted 27 points in the 73 – 67 loss to the 2015 – 16 Hoosiers .
= = Professional career = =
At the conclusion of his sophomore season , Ulis announced his intention to forgo his final two seasons of eligibility and enter the 2016 NBA draft . During the 2016 NBA Draft Combine , Ulis was not only the second @-@ shortest player to participate in the event ( behind only Kahlil Felder , who measured at 5 ' 9 @.@ 5 " with shoes on ( 5 ' 8 @.@ 5 " without shoes ) as opposed to an even 5 ' 10 " with shoes on ( 5 @.@ 8 @.@ 75 " without them ) ) , but he was also the lightest recorded player in draft combine history at 149 pounds . Furthermore , about two weeks before the draft began , it was revealed that Ulis had a problem with his hip that may one day require surgery . As a result , his draft stock declined from being an expected mid @-@ first round selection to being either a late @-@ first round or early @-@ second round selection . Ulis downplayed the issue , claiming that his hip was just fine . However , Ulis was selected by the Phoenix Suns in the second round with their 34th selection , being reunited with his best friend and former college teammate Devin Booker in the process . He became the fifth Kentucky player on the Suns ' roster along with fellow guards Eric Bledsoe , Archie Goodwin , Brandon Knight , and Booker . On July 7 , he signed with the Suns and joined the team for the 2016 NBA Summer League . Ulis received the equivalent of a late first @-@ round pick 's contract , starting at around $ 1 million and having the same two guaranteed years with two team option years . Over six games at the Las Vegas Summer League , he averaged 14 @.@ 5 points and 6 @.@ 3 assists per game , subsequently earning All @-@ NBA Summer League Second Team honors .
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= Bob Fires the Kids =
" Bob Fires the Kids " is the third episode of the third season of the American animated comedy series Bob 's Burgers . Written by Lizzie and Wendy Molyneux , the episode sees Bob Belcher ( H. Jon Benjamin ) firing his children Tina ( Dan Mintz ) , Gene ( Eugene Mirman ) , and Louise ( Kristen Schaal ) from the family restaurant for the summer , not wanting to deprive them of normal childhood experiences as his own father did . However , when the children grow bored of summer activities , they seek employment at a local farm , which unbeknownst to them grows marijuana .
The episode also sees the return of the bank robber Mickey , voiced by guest actor Bill Hader , who is hired by Bob at the restaurant in his children 's absence . Other guest voice actors include Megan Mullally and Nick Offerman of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation as the hippie farming couple Beverly and Cooper , Doug Benson as an undercover DEA agent , and Kevin Kline as recurring series character Calvin Fischoeder .
After its original scheduled air date was preempted by Fox for a National League Championship Series broadcast , the episode aired on the network on November 4 , 2012 . It was watched by 3 @.@ 92 million viewers and received positive reviews from critics , who praised its combination of subplots involving the Belcher parents and children and the incorporation of the character Mickey ; positive comparisons to The Simpsons were also drawn .
= = Plot = =
Bob receives a package containing his childhood toys , which consist of nothing more than a scouring pad , a rusted spatula , and a dog @-@ shaped soap bar . The toys make Bob recall memories of constantly working at his father 's restaurant , and he realizes that his job deprived him of a normal childhood . Worried that he is doing the same to his own children , he fires Tina , Gene and Louise and encourages them to enjoy their summer vacation . In their place , he hires newly released bank robber Mickey , whom the family had previously befriended , to do various jobs around the restaurant , in exchange for free meals and shelter in the basement .
Meanwhile , the children find outdoor summer activities unsatisfying and soon grow bored . They later wander into a blueberry farm and meet its elderly owners , the hippie couple Beverly and Cooper , who offer to hire Gene and Louise to " pick weeds " and Tina as a blueberry delivery girl . With the promise of a daily $ 10 salary , the children accept and soon become unsuspecting accomplices in a marijuana delivery business . One night Bob discovers Mickey making a hole in the basement , and Mickey reveals his plan to dig his way into the same bank he previously robbed , believing that the double jeopardy defense will clear him of any crime . Bob explains to Mickey that he can , in fact , be jailed again , and promptly fires him .
Bob attempts to rehire his children the next day , explaining that he now realizes that he is a better parent than his distant , alcoholic father , only to discover that they have found other work . A customer of the farm delivery service later walks into the restaurant looking for Tina , leaving behind a box of blueberries . Bob and his wife Linda ( John Roberts ) discover marijuana hidden in the box and set off to find the children , with Mickey leading them to the farm 's location . As they arrive and take back the children , a SWAT team – led by the aforementioned customer , who is actually an undercover DEA agent – shows up and arrests the hippies . The scene cuts to Wagstaff School , where Louise has narrated the episode 's events to her class for her report on how she spent her summer vacation .
= = Production = =
" Bob Fires the Kids " was written by Lizzie and Wendy Molyneux , and directed by Boohwan and Kyounghee Lim . Despite airing as a part of the show 's third season , it was actually produced as the twelfth episode of its second season , hence bearing the production code 2ASA12 . The episode 's title was first revealed in a February 2012 post on the official Bob 's Burgers writers ' blog alongside its accompanying script cover , designed by series storyboard artist Tony Gennaro .
The episode guest stars actor and comedian Bill Hader , reprising his role as the bank robber Mickey from the second season episode " Bob Day Afternoon " . Megan Mullally , who voices the character Aunt Gayle in the series , also makes a guest appearance in the episode with her husband and Parks and Recreation co @-@ star Nick Offerman as the hippie couple Beverly and Cooper . Comedian Doug Benson voices an undercover DEA agent , while Kevin Kline voices recurring series character Calvin Fischoeder in a brief appearance .
During the recording of the episode , Hader ad @-@ libbed calypso scat singing , which series creator Loren Bouchard cited as an " amazing [ example of ] when a person comes in and ad @-@ libs music . " Bouchard further stated : " There 's something so musical about it and he 's clearly so talented , but it 's also silly and in character . It 's nice to have your cake and eat it , too . " Hader 's singing is incorporated into a scene in the episode where Mickey sings while making a hole in Bob 's basement wall , and is later reprised in the episode 's end credits . The same scene sees Mickey attempting to cover up the hole with a Big film poster , which serves as a reference to the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption .
= = Reception = =
" Bob Fires the Kids " first aired in the United States on November 4 , 2012 on Fox , as a part of the Animation Domination programming block . It had originally been scheduled to air on October 21 , but was preempted for Fox 's broadcast of game six of the 2012 National League Championship Series . The episode was watched by 3 @.@ 92 million viewers and received a 1 @.@ 8 / 4 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , becoming the fourth most @-@ watched program of the Animation Domination block for the night . It was surpassed in ratings by Sunday Night Football and The Amazing Race , which aired on NBC and CBS respectively in the same time slot .
Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave " Bob Fires the Kids " a B + rating , calling its premise and structure " reminiscent of classic Simpsons style " and writing that the episode " is effective because it doesn 't just divide the kids and the parents : it sets them against one another . " He added that while the main plot " loses some momentum at the conclusion , [ the episode ] keeps from sinking thanks to a steady stream of great lines going throughout . " Kowan concluded his review by stating that he was " perfectly happy to laugh throughout an episode as a fan , even though as a critic [ he ] might occasionally want just a little bit more . "
Ross Bonaime of Paste wrote : " As great as an episode of Bob 's Burgers can be when the kids and the adults are given their own separate stories ... there 's something much more rewarding about a storyline that combines the two groups in an almost Simpson @-@ ian manner . " He also praised the episode 's guest voice actors , citing in particular Bill Hader 's character Mickey as " very odd , but so much fun " ; Bonaime gave " Bob Fires the Kids " an overall grade of 8 @.@ 3 out of 10 . Jen Johnson , writing for Den of Geek , also cited Mickey as a highlight of the episode , stating : " I would say that I hope this is the end of Mickey and the chaos he brings to the Belcher family , but [ the episode ] was just too much fun . I hope he comes back . "
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