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= Temple Sinai ( Oakland , California ) =
Temple Sinai ( officially the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland ) is a Reform synagogue located at 2808 Summit Street ( 28th and Webster Streets ) in Oakland , California , United States . Founded in 1875 , it is the oldest Jewish congregation in the East San Francisco Bay region .
Its early members included Gertrude Stein and Judah Leon Magnes , who studied at Temple Sinai 's Sabbath school , and Ray Frank , who taught them . Originally traditional , the temple reformed its beliefs and practices under the leadership of Rabbi Marcus Friedlander ( 1893 – 1915 ) . By 1914 , it had become a Classical Reform congregation . That year the current sanctuary was built : a Beaux @-@ Arts structure designed by G. Albert Lansburgh , which is the oldest synagogue building in Oakland .
The congregation weathered four major financial crises by 1934 . From then until 2011 , it was led by just three rabbis , William Stern ( 1934 – 1965 ) , Samuel Broude ( 1966 – 1989 ) , and Steven Chester ( 1989 – 2011 ) .
In 2006 Temple Sinai embarked on a $ 15 million capital campaign to construct an entirely new synagogue campus adjacent to its current sanctuary . Groundbreaking took place in October 2007 , and by late 2009 the congregation had raised almost $ 12 million towards the construction . As of 2015 , Temple Sinai had nearly 1 @,@ 000 member families . The rabbis were Jacqueline Mates @-@ Muchin and Yoni Regev , and the cantor was Ilene Keys . The synagogue has two emeritus rabbis , Samuel Broude and Steven Chester .
= = Early years = =
Founded in 1875 as the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland , Temple Sinai is the oldest synagogue in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area . It grew out of Oakland 's Hebrew Benevolent Society , which had been organized in 1862 by eighteen merchants and shopkeepers from several foreign countries — predominantly Polish Jews from Posen . Although Hebrew Benevolent Societies typically ceased operations upon the founding of a synagogue , Oakland 's was unusual in continuing to function independently for a number of years ( the two groups did not merge until 1881 ) .
By 1876 , the congregation had purchased land on the south side of 14th and Webster streets ; however , due to a severe recession in California at the time , the congregation did not construct a building until 1878 . The wooden structure , with Moorish Revival elements and onion domes , was completed at a cost of around $ 8 @,@ 000 ( today $ 196 @,@ 000 ) .
Services were initially traditional , following the Polish rite . Men and women sat separately , but the mehitza separating them was soon done away with . In 1881 the new president , David Hirschberg , led a campaign to modernize , and convinced a small majority to introduce a number of reforms , including the addition of a mixed choir of Christians and Jews and organ music , and the removal of the requirement for a minyan . Traditionalists — who mostly came from the Hebrew Benevolent Society — objected and withdrew , forming their own Orthodox minyan , which eventually became Oakland 's Congregation Beth Jacob .
= = Levy , Sessler eras : 1881 – 1892 = =
In 1881 , the congregation hired Oakland 's first rabbi , Meyer Solomon Levy . Born in England in January 1852 and raised there , he was the son of Rabbi Solomon Levy of Borough Synagogue in London . Meyer Solomon Levy had been ordained in England as an Orthodox rabbi before he was twenty , and moved to Australia as a young man . An early supporter of Zionism , he had served as a rabbi in Melbourne before moving to California in 1872 or 1873 , where he served as the rabbi of Temple Emanu @-@ El ( then Bickur Cholim ) in San Jose . Levy was paid $ 100 a month ( today $ 2 @,@ 450 ) , and donated a percentage to the poor .
Levy came into conflict with Oakland 's public schools , which refused to excuse Jewish students on High Holy Days . He petitioned that they be excused , but the superintendent and district went even further , and directed teachers not to schedule examinations for those days . Although sensitive to the needs of the members , Levy was more observant than his congregants , which also led to conflict . He accepted the reforms of shortening the Shabbat services , and facing the congregation ( rather than the ark ) during prayer , but he successfully resisted attempts to adopt Isaac Mayer Wise 's 1885 " Minhag America " Prayer @-@ Book .
Although traditional in some ways , Levy was progressive in others . " Deeply affected by the enlightened spirit of his day " , according to historian Fred Rosenbaum , he " delivered lectures with titles such as ' Progress of Science ' and , while at the First Hebrew Congregation , he invited Oakland 's Unitarian minister to give a series of talks at the synagogue . Levy in turn was well received at the Unitarian Church , where he spoke on the theory of evolution . "
In 1885 , the synagogue burned down , although the Torah scrolls were saved by a congregant who entered the burning building to retrieve them . Levy made prodigious efforts to raise funds for a new building , traveling as far away as Vancouver . The synagogue 's female members also raised significant funds through a " Grand Fair " . Their combined efforts were successful , and by 1886 a new building had been erected at 13th and Clay streets . The structure had " Moorish elements inspired by Isaac Mayer Wise 's Plum Street Temple in Cincinnati " .
The tensions between liberal @-@ minded members and the traditional Levy were never resolved , and in 1891 , the rabbi moved to San Francisco 's Congregation Beth Israel . That year the women of the congregation formed the Ladies Auxiliary ( Temple Sisterhood ) , whose initial mandate was to assist the work of the synagogue 's Sunday school , and increase its enrollment .
During Levy 's tenure , the synagogue had several congregants who were famous , or would become so . Ray Frank , the first Jewish woman to preach formally from a pulpit in the United States , settled in Oakland around 1885 , and taught Hebrew Bible studies and Jewish history at First Hebrew Congregation 's Sabbath school , where she was superintendent . Her students there in the 1880s included Gertrude Stein , later to become a famous writer , and Judah Leon Magnes , who would become a prominent Reform rabbi . Magnes 's views of the Jewish people were strongly influenced by First Hebrew 's Rabbi Levy , and it was at the building on 13th and Clay that Magnes first began preaching — his bar mitzvah speech of 1890 was quoted at length in The Oakland Tribune .
Morris Sessler succeeded Levy as rabbi in 1892 . He had served at Congregation of the Sons of Israel and David in Providence , Rhode Island , from 1887 to 1892 . His tenure lasted only six months , as " his ideas did not harmonize with those of the congregation " . He became rabbi of Congregation Gates of Prayer in New Orleans that same year , where he served until 1904 .
= = Friedlander , Franklin eras : 1893 – 1919 = =
The congregation hired Marcus Friedlander of Congregation Baith Israel in Brooklyn , New York in 1893 . Soon after he was hired , California experienced another economic downturn , which hurt the finances of members of the congregation . The congregation sold its property at 13th and Clay ( which had become the heart of the business district ) in 1895 , and moved to a less expensive location at the northwest corner of 12th and Castro streets , and renovated the building there in 1896 . Over 500 people , both Jews and non @-@ Jews , were sheltered in the building for days after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The synagogue had 95 members by 1907 , with annual revenues of $ 6 @,@ 000 ( today $ 152 @,@ 000 ) .
Friedlander and former congregation president Abraham Jonas persuaded the congregation to introduce a number of significant reforms in the service : they first adopted the Jastrow prayer book , and later the Reform movement 's Union Prayer Book ( though in a revised , less radical version published specifically for First Hebrew , and authorized by the Central Conference of American Rabbis ) . By 1908 , the congregation had eliminated the second day of Rosh Hashanah , and few men wore head coverings in the service , and by 1914 the congregation had moved completely to the radicalism of " Classical Reform " .
In 1910 , First Hebrew bought a lot on Telegraph Avenue at Sycamore Street , near 26th Street , for $ 28 @,@ 000 ( today $ 710 @,@ 000 ) , and sold its property at 12th and Castro for the same amount . The congregation , however , decided not to build there . In 1912 it found a better location , and purchased its current site at 28th and Webster for $ 12 @,@ 050 ( today $ 310 @,@ 000 ) . Groundbreaking took place on October 26 , 1913 , and the building was completed there in 1914 at a cost of $ 100 @,@ 000 ( today $ 2 @.@ 4 million ) . Fourteen thousand dollars ( today $ 340 @,@ 000 ) of the costs were raised by the Ladies Auxiliary , which also purchased a new Austin pipe organ for the sanctuary at a cost of $ 5 @,@ 000 ( today $ 120 @,@ 000 ) . The new building was called " Temple Sinai " , and thereafter the congregation itself became known as " Temple Sinai " , although it retained the official name of " First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland " .
Designed by noted American architect G. Albert Lansburgh , the Beaux @-@ Arts structure had six tall stained glass windows , an " elliptical dome " , and an entrance characterized by " graceful Corinthian columns supporting a Greco @-@ Roman portico " . Carved into the entablature above the entrance was the Biblical verse " MY HOUSE SHALL BE CALLED A HOUSE OF PRAYER FOR ALL PEOPLE " ( Isaiah 56 : 7 ) . More modest in size than most Beaux @-@ Arts buildings , it nevertheless had features typical of that style , including its " cross @-@ axial composition " . However , it was adorned with " simpler materials such as pressed brick and carved wood " , rather than the usual " florid Classical design elements " . Along with the sanctuary , the building included a social hall and classrooms . It is the only example of Lansburgh 's work in Oakland , and one of about 150 Oakland buildings given an " A " or " Highest Importance " rating by the Oakland Cultural Heritage Survey , which signifies " outstanding architectural example or extreme historical importance " . The building has a status code of " 3S " in the California Historical Resource Information System database , indicating that it " appears eligible for the National Register of Historic Places " ( NRHP ) .
The outbreak of World War I , and the costs of the new mortgage , placed a significant financial strain on the members , and in 1915 they decided to release Friedlander from his contract . Temple Sinai hired Harvey B. Franklin as rabbi in 1917 , but his tenure there was only two years . During his term , the congregational school held classes twice a week , and had 285 students and 8 teachers . Franklin next served at Bickur Cholim in San Jose — the congregation from which Temple Sinai 's first rabbi , Myer Solomon Levy , had come .
= = Coffee era : 1921 – 1933 = =
After going without a rabbi for another two years , in 1921 Temple Sinai hired Rudolph I. Coffee , an Oakland native and cousin of Judah Leon Magnes . Coffee was outspoken , and passionately advocated liberal causes : he supported disarmament , birth control , and separation of church and state , and opposed prohibition , antisemitism , and Tammany Hall . Along with other local rabbis Jacob Nieto and Jacob Weinstein , he demanded the release of labor leaders and accused bombers Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings . He also supported California 's compulsory sterilization of the mentally ill and mentally retarded , and eugenicist E. S. Gosney 's advocacy on this issue .
Coffee was involved in the California State Prison System , and during his tenure at Temple Sinai he was head of the Jewish Committee of Personal Service , a California @-@ wide organization that " ministered to Jews in state prisons " . In January 1924 , California 's governor appointed Coffee to the State Board of Charities and Corrections , which was responsible for supervising California 's state prisons .
In 1931 , Coffee opposed California legislation intended to regulate the kosher food industry and prohibit fraudulent claims that foods were kosher . In a letter to state senator E.H. Christian he stated :
... I am unalterably opposed to this bill because Judaism need not call upon the State to settle its own internal affairs . We are starting a dangerous precedent in California which can only lead to evil consequences .
Four years ago you assisted in preventing an increase of " wine rabbis . " The law relative to sacramental wine was properly surrounded , and California Jews do not suffer the disgrace which eastern brethren feel .
This will bring a " meat rabbi " into existence . New York state has this kosher law and yet it did not prevent the terrible scandal which was uncovered last month in New York City . Use your best influence to prevent it .
If Judaism has not enough inner resources to meet present day conditions , the sooner it passes away the better .
Despite Coffee 's opposition , the legislation was enacted .
Coffee 's advocacy , and Temple Israel 's financial instability , eventually contributed to his dismissal from Temple Sinai in 1933 ; at the same time that the membership was experiencing financial distress due to the Great Depression , Coffee was advocating higher salaries for government employees . After leaving Temple Sinai , he became chaplain at San Quentin State Prison .
= = Stern era : 1934 – 1965 = =
In 1934 , Temple Sinai hired William M. Stern ( originally Sternheser ) as rabbi . A San Francisco native and son of an Orthodox rabbi , he had been persuaded by Rabbi Martin Meyer of the Reform Congregation Emanu @-@ El to attend Hebrew Union College ( HUC ) , where Stern received his ordination . He served as rabbi at a number of Southern and Midwestern synagogues in the 1920s and early 1930s .
Much less formal than his predecessor Coffee , Stern was seen as a poker @-@ playing , cigar @-@ smoking " regular guy " , and he focused on combating the spread of antisemitism . His wife Rae was also very active in the congregation . She taught at the synagogue 's Hebrew school , and led the sisterhood .
Although originally anti @-@ Zionist , Stern 's views changed in the 1940s , and by 1942 he was strongly supported Jewish nationalism . When an Oakland branch of the anti @-@ Zionist American Council for Judaism formed in 1944 , Stern opposed its creation , even though many members , including its president , were leading members of Temple Sinai . By 1948 , however , the congregation had also become supportive of Zionism .
During Stern 's tenure Temple Sinai expanded its facilities , adding a religious school building , offices , and a chapel in 1947 – 1948 , and moving the main entrance to Summit Street . The main building 's interior was also significantly remodeled , aside from the sanctuary . The congregation also built the Temple House ( called Covenant Hall ) , in 1950 . The following year the synagogue put on an exhibition called " Arts in Action " , " that included sculptors , weavers , filmmakers , ceramists , and others . " The event 's director asked poet , artist and art critic Weldon Kees to jury a show of paintings ; Kees ended up having to find the paintings as well . When the Temple 's board saw the selected works , they did not want display all of them , but acquiesced after " a strong protest " .
In 1965 , the congregation bought land in Oakland Hills , anticipating a future move . In December of that year Stern died unexpectedly . Following his death , Temple Sinai held for many years an annual Stern Lecture series in his memory .
= = Broude era : 1966 – 1989 = =
In 1966 , the congregation hired Samuel Broude as rabbi . A graduate of the University of Chicago , in the late 1940s he had worked in Pasadena at a Reconstructionist synagogue , as a part @-@ time cantor and Hebrew teacher , and then in the early 1950s as cantor of Reform University Synagogue of Los Angeles . After completing his rabbinic training , he became associate rabbi at Congregation Ansche Chesed in Cleveland , where he served under Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld for six years before coming to Temple Sinai .
Like Temple Sinai 's previous rabbis , Broude passionately supported liberal causes , opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , and taking part in Civil Rights marches . Although he was a Reform rabbi , he had gone to an Orthodox yeshiva as a boy , and religiously he was in many ways more traditional than his predecessors . He re @-@ introduced ritual into the synagogue , but more contentiously opposed intermarriage . His immediate predecessor , Stern , had officiated at intermarriages " under certain conditions " . Broude initially did so as well , under " extenuating circumstances " ( e.g. if the bride were pregnant ) . His position later hardened , and he refused to perform such marriages under any circumstances . He even refused to allow other rabbis who would be willing to do so officiate at intermarriages at Temple Sinai . The issue eventually came to a congregational vote in 1972 , which supported Broude , although the debate was never completely settled .
Broude was , however , not opposed to all religious innovations . Under his leadership , Temple Sinai began holding monthly fine arts performances as part of the Friday night service , in place of the usual sermon . In December 1970 , the Temple 's fine arts committee commissioned an original dance work from Anna Halprin and her multi @-@ racial dance troupe . For the next two months Broude met weekly with Halprin , educating her regarding the Friday night prayers . The completed work , titled Kadosh , included a candlelight vigil , and dancers tearing their clothes and shouting questions at Broude that reframed the classic question about God and The Holocaust in terms of the Vietnam War : " How can there be a God if He allows all the suffering of the Vietnam War to continue ? " The performance engendered passionate responses from the congregation ; according to Broude " I don 't know if anyone was neutral . Half thought it was fantastic , half thought it was terrible ! "
Broude also argued that the congregation should remain in downtown Oakland , and in 1975 , convinced them to stay . He retired in 1989 , the year the buildings survived the Loma Prieta earthquake . After his retirement from Temple Sinai he remained active , filling in at synagogues mostly in the Bay Area , and teaching . He also wrote an autobiography , and a one @-@ man show based on it called " Listening for the Voice " , which he performed at a number of East Bay synagogues , including , in 2009 , at Temple Sinai .
= = Chester era : 1989 – 2011 = =
Steven Chester , a graduate of UCLA , and ordained by HUC in 1971 , became rabbi in 1989 . He had previously served as rabbi of Temple Beth Israel in Jackson , Michigan , from 1971 to 1976 , and Temple Israel in Stockton , California , from 1976 to 1989 , where he was also an adjunct professor in the Religious Studies department of the University of the Pacific . Chester added a pre @-@ school and adult education programs to the services offered by the synagogue , and supported the congregation 's return to more traditional practices , including the re @-@ introduction of Hebrew into the service . He also continued his predecessors ' passion for social justice , taking up causes " from advocating for local affordable housing and health care for the disenfranchised to supporting women 's reproductive rights and protesting the genocide in Darfur . " In 2006 , Chester was voted Reader 's Choice for " Minister / Rabbi / Imam with the Biggest Heart " in the East Bay Express .
The synagogue survived the Oakland Firestorm of 1991 mostly unscathed , although a number of congregants lost their homes . Membership was over 640 families by 1993 . In 1994 , the congregation again significantly remodeled the interior of the main building , aside from the sanctuary . In December of that year , the building was designated a Historic Property by the City of Oakland .
Temple Sinai has had three associate or assistant rabbis since 1998 . Andrea Berlin joined the synagogue as its first assistant rabbi in 1998 , after being ordained at HUC in Cincinnati . From 2006 to 2008 , she also served on the board of the Jewish Family and Children 's Services of the East Bay . Suzanne Singer joined Temple Sinai in 2003 , after graduating from HUC in Los Angeles . Before becoming a rabbi , Singer had for two decades been a producer of television programs and documentaries , winning two Emmy Awards . In 2005 she became interim rabbi of Temple Beth El of Riverside , California , and later its permanent rabbi . Jacqueline Mates @-@ Muchin , a San Francisco native , graduated from HUC in New York in 2002 . After serving as an assistant rabbi in Buffalo , New York , she joined Temple Sinai in 2005 .
To accommodate the large number of people attending on the High Holy Days , since 2001 Temple Sinai has held its main High Holy Day services at Oakland 's NRHP @-@ listed Art Deco Paramount Theater . While it still holds smaller High Holy Day services in the sanctuary at 2808 Summit Street , the main services at the Paramount fill the entire 1 @,@ 800 seats on the mezzanine of the theater , and most of the 1 @,@ 200 seats in the balcony .
In 2006 , the congregation embarked on a campaign to create a new campus for Temple Sinai , to be located adjacent to the existing sanctuary and social hall . The $ 15 million project included " new offices , a larger chapel , a kitchen upgrade , outdoor sacred space , a new preschool with six classrooms and a 4 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot playground ... 10 additional classrooms for Midrasha teens and adult education , an art room , library , teen lounge and expanded parking . " The L @-@ shaped two @-@ story school / office building would be 16 @,@ 300 square feet ( 1 @,@ 510 m2 ) , and accommodate approximately 100 children in the pre @-@ school . The 2 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 230 m2 ) chapel , which would hold up to 250 people , would be an addition to the rear of the existing social hall .
Groundbreaking took place in October 2007 , with an expected completion in Autumn , 2010 . In order to accommodate the new buildings , the school and chapel built in the late 1940s were razed , along with two office buildings on adjoining lots purchased for the expansion . Nine portable buildings were installed on the campus of Merritt College in Oakland Hills to serve in the interim . As of December 23 , 2009 , Temple Sinai had raised almost $ 12 million from 651 households ( 70 % of the congregation ) .
Chester had planned to retire in June 2009 , and the congregation embarked on a search for a new senior rabbi in 2008 . Twenty @-@ three candidates were narrowed down to one finalist , but in early December that individual informed the search committee that he was withdrawing his name from consideration . While the search was progressing , Chester had realized that , due to the 2008 financial crisis , he would have to keep working . After the main candidate withdrew , the synagogue 's president approached Chester , asking if he would stay on for another term , which Chester agreed to do . Chester retired in June 2011 , becoming ( along with Broude ) Rabbi Emeritus .
= = Present era : 1989 – 2011 = =
Andrew Straus joined Temple Sinai as senior rabbi in December 2011 . A graduate of HUC , he had previously served as assistant rabbi of Peninsula Temple Sholom in Burlingame , California , Temple Beth Sholom of New City , New York , and most recently for 13 years as rabbi of Temple Emanuel of Tempe , Arizona . Rabbi Straus resigned his position in 2014 by mutual consent with the Board of Trustees . In January 2015 , Rabbi Mates @-@ Muchin was overwhelmingly elected senior rabbi . As of 2014 , Temple Sinai , the East Bay 's oldest synagogue , had nearly 1 @,@ 000 member families . The full @-@ time rabbis were Mates @-@ Muchin and Yoni Regev , and the cantor was Ilene Keys .
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= Yes / No ( Glee ) =
" Yes / No " is the tenth episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the fifty @-@ fourth overall . Written by Brad Falchuk and directed by Eric Stoltz , the episode aired on Fox in the United States on January 17 , 2012 . It contains the revelation of an elopement , and two marriage proposals , including the proposal by Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) to Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) .
Reviews were mixed for the episode . While Will 's actual proposal to Emma was received with more favor than not , the scene where Will asks Finn ( Cory Monteith ) to be his best man was roundly condemned : the notion that Will had no adult friends and would ask one of his students was inconceivable to many . There was acclaim for the subplot featuring Becky 's ( Lauren Potter ) pursuit of Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , and her mental voiceovers by Helen Mirren .
The musical performances from the episode were greeted more positively than the episode as a whole . All six numbers were released as singles , and five of them charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 50 million American viewers and received a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership was up from the previous episode , " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " .
= = Plot = =
Emma ( Jayma Mays ) wonders whether Will ( Matthew Morrison ) is ever going to propose marriage . She fantasizes about their wedding , and in the fantasy sings " Wedding Bell Blues " . She is mortified to discover that while fantasizing , she inadvertently and publicly asked Will to marry her , and immediately denies having done so . Emboldened nevertheless , Will gives the glee club an assignment : find the perfect song for him to use to propose to Emma .
Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) and Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) separately recount their summer relationship to their friends , singing " Summer Nights " . Sam suggests to Mercedes that they get back together , but she reminds Sam she is dating Shane ( LaMarcus Tinker ) . Sam , hoping a varsity letterman jacket will impress her , joins the only sports team still recruiting : synchronized swimming . Later , while Mercedes sings " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " with Rachel ( Lea Michele ) , Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) and Santana ( Naya Rivera ) for Will as their proposal suggestion , she mentally pictures Sam rather than Shane , and is distressed .
Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter , with inner voiceover by Helen Mirren ) , decides she wants Artie ( Kevin McHale ) for her boyfriend , and asks him for a date . He later performs for her his idea for Will 's proposal — a sexy mash @-@ up of the songs " Moves Like Jagger " and " Jumpin ' Jack Flash " — but she informs him that their date also includes dinner . The glee club fears Artie will be raising Becky 's hopes , but Artie tells them he had fun on the dinner date , and that they should examine their own prejudices about people with handicaps . However , when Becky tells Artie that she wants to have sex with him , he panics and asks Sue ( Jane Lynch ) for advice on how to break off the relationship . She advises him to treat Becky like anyone else and tell her directly . Becky is disappointed , and is later comforted by Sue .
Will asks Finn ( Cory Monteith ) to be his best man , and Finn tells Will that he is considering enlisting in the army . Will has Finn meet with him and Emma , plus his mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) and stepfather Burt ( Mike O 'Malley ) , who had not known of his army plans . Finn explains that he feels an obligation to his late father to be a good man and help people . His mother reveals that she hid from him the fact that his father did not die in Iraq , but instead suffered from post @-@ traumatic stress disorder there , was dishonorably discharged , and died in Cincinnati from a drug overdose . The news is devastating to Finn , and he , Rachel and Kurt talk about how the future no longer appears promising . Rachel sings " Without You " to Finn , and the two embrace .
Will asks Emma 's parents ( Don Most and Valerie Mahaffey ) for their blessing to marry her , but they refuse as they doubt Emma could handle marriage and having children . Unaware of that discussion , Emma later asks Will about their progress toward marriage , and he also wonders whether she could cope with a family given her obsessive – compulsive disorder . Though distraught , Emma tells Will that her disease is a part of her : he must decide whether they should stay together . Will , realizing that he loves Emma regardless , stages a spectacular marriage proposal — aided by the glee club and synchronized swim team , who sing and perform a water ballet to " We Found Love " — which Emma tearfully accepts . Later , Finn surprises Rachel with a proposal of marriage , complete with an engagement ring , which leaves her speechless .
= = Production = =
Filming began on November 29 , 2011 , the same day the ninth episode , which had begun shooting on November 10 , wrapped up filming . Eric Stoltz directed the episode , his third this season following " The Purple Piano Project " and " Mash Off " , and it was written by Glee co @-@ creator Brad Falchuk . Morrison was questioned about Will 's rumored proposal to Emma , and said , " It 's the most spectacular proposal I 've ever seen . " He added , " All I can say is it 's wet . And it involves a big dance . "
Oscar @-@ winning actress Helen Mirren guest @-@ stars in the episode , but is not seen on screen : she has recorded " several long and hilarious monologues " as the " inner voice " of a character in this episode , who turned out to be cheerleader Becky Jackson .
The cast and crew did location filming at Venice High School on December 6 , 2011 . The school is where exterior locations for the movie musical Grease were filmed . Several members of the cast tweeted photos , as did students from the high school . Vanessa Lengies , who plays Sugar Motta , retweeted a student 's photo of herself with some of the students , telling the student , " thanks for letting us borrow your school ! "
This episode is the last in Damian McGinty 's seven @-@ episode prize from his victory in The Glee Project , but he will be continuing in the role of Rory Flanagan beyond the initial seven . Other recurring guest stars who are appearing in the episode include glee club members Sam Evans ( Overstreet ) and Sugar Motta ( Lengies ) , cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Potter ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , Kurt 's and Finn 's married parents Burt Hummel ( O 'Malley ) and Carole Hudson @-@ Hummel ( Rosemont ) , Emma 's parents Rose and Rusty Pillsbury ( Valerie Mahaffey and Don Most , respectively ) , football player Shane Tinsley ( Tinker ) and hockey player Rick Nelson ( Rock Anthony ) . With Sam joining the synchronized swim team , actors were to be cast for the team coach and three swimmers , all of whom " have the potential to become recurring " , though only two swimmers received co @-@ starring credits in the episode . The swim team coach , Roz Washington , a bronze @-@ medal Olympian , is being played by reality show personality NeNe Leakes .
The episode features six performances , including a mash @-@ up of the songs " Moves Like Jagger " by Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera and " Jumpin ' Jack Flash " by The Rolling Stones sung by McHale , " We Found Love " by Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris sung by Michele and Rivera , and " Summer Nights " from the musical Grease with lead vocals by Overstreet and Riley . Michele sings " Without You " by David Guetta featuring Usher , and she , Riley , Rivera and Ushkowitz perform a rendition of the Roberta Flack cover of " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " . The 5th Dimension 's cover of " Wedding Bell Blues " is performed by Mays with backing vocals by Jones and Lynch .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Yes / No " was first broadcast on January 17 , 2012 in the United States on Fox . It received a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and attracted 7 @.@ 50 million American viewers during its initial airing , an increase from the 3 @.@ 0 / 8 rating / share and 7 @.@ 13 million viewers of the previous episode , " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " , which was broadcast on December 13 , 2011 . In Canada , 1 @.@ 61 million viewers watched the episode on the same day as its American premiere . It was the twelfth most @-@ viewed show of the week , up one slot and 10 % from the 1 @.@ 46 million viewers who watched " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " five weeks earlier .
In the United Kingdom , " Yes / No " first aired on March 1 , 2012 , and was watched on Sky 1 by 805 @,@ 000 viewers . It was the first new episode broadcast in the UK in two and a half months , and viewership was down over 15 % from " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " , which attracted 952 @,@ 000 viewers when it aired on December 15 , 2011 . In Australia , " Yes / No " was broadcast on February 17 , 2012 . It was watched by 556 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the eleventh most @-@ watched program of the night , up from fifteenth the week before . The viewership was up over 15 % from the previous episode , " Extraordinary Merry Christmas " , which was seen by 481 @,@ 000 viewers .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" Yes / No " received mixed reviews from critics . Robert Canning of IGN gave it a " good " rating of 7 out of 10 , and noted " hit and miss musical performances , random quirky and funny bits , and storytelling choices that kind of sort of work " . TVLine 's Michael Slezak was more enthusiastic , and said it was the " best episode " of the third season ; he credited both Helen Mirren and " some righteous plot development that stays true to core characters " . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post commented that Glee had " returned to its frequent habit of dropping plots twists on us that come out of nowhere " , and MTV 's Kevin P. Sullivan wrote that the episode 's " promising bright spots couldn 't escape from under the weight of the show 's typical mistakes " .
Reviewers were unhappy with most of the marriage storyline that involved Will , though they seemed satisfied with Emma 's portion of it . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club said Will acted like a " jackass " throughout and called the storyline " so pathetic and sad " , words echoed by Entertainment Weekly 's Joseph Brannigan Lynch , who wrote , " When Schue told New Directions , ' You guys are my family , ' I was a little sad for him and a lotta sad for his parents . " John Kubicek of BuddyTV proclaimed , " Will desperately needs to make some grown @-@ up friends " , a sentiment echoed by HuffPost TV 's Crystal Bell . Lynch was critical of the scene where Will tells Emma they cannot marry because of her illness : he felt " using the phrase ' it 's hopeless ' in reference to her mental disorder " was too extreme . To James Poniewozik of Time , the episode showed " how the series has squandered the opportunity to make Will into a person " .
There was broad agreement regarding the scene where Will asks Finn to be his best man : not one reviewer approved . Lynch called it " questionable " and said it crossed a " line of weirdness " , Slezak and TV Guide 's Kate Stanhope felt it was inappropriate , if not unethical , and Bell said the actual request was the episode 's " biggest WTF ? ! moment " . Will 's statement that Finn had taught him " more about being a man " was met with incredulity . Slezak declared " Finn has a lot of growing up to do before he 's really a man " , and Sullivan wrote that since Finn acted " like a petulant man @-@ boy " on the show , Will must have been referring to events in " a season of Glee that didn 't air " . Finn did receive some praise from Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter , however ; she called the sequence where he discovers the truth about his father " one of Cory Monteith 's best scenes yet " , and Slezak described it as " beautifully handled " by Monteith . Finn 's marriage proposal to Rachel at the end of the episode was controversial . Reviewers thought it was a bad idea — Kubicek declared , " No one in high school should get engaged " — but Poniewozik wrote that it " made a lot of sense for Finn " as a character , and VanDerWerff said the scene " worked " for him .
Becky 's storyline was acclaimed by most reviewers . Canning called it " exceptional " and " the most emotional and satisfying of the episode " . Poniewozik also praised it , and wrote , " Artie and Becky 's arc , on the other hand , really worked : it was sweet , uncomfortable and messy in the way that Glee does well . " He continued , " it played out as it did not just because of Artie and Becky 's condition but because of what they ’ re like as people " . VanDerWerff said the story was " handled with just the right level of pathos " , and Slezak praised the writers for turning Becky " into a fully realized character , while confronting head @-@ on the dashed hopes and disappointments that can be a reality for a person with Down Syndrome " . Sullivan wrote , " The plot touched on a universal experience , unrequited love , from a very Glee perspective , the treatment of handicapped people as people . It ended on an appropriate down note and reaffirmed Sue and Becky 's touching dynamic . " Bell liked Sue in this episode , as she was helping the plot , which in turn made her one @-@ liners " added treats rather than overdone cliches " . The use of Helen Mirren to voice Becky 's thoughts was highly praised . Poniewozik called it " the kind of ridiculous @-@ but @-@ weirdly @-@ logical move I love from Glee " , and Lynch said it " was one of the most charming treats this show has offered in a while " . Sullivan wrote that " both actresses turned in great performances that elevated the episode significantly " . Not all reviewers agreed , however : Futterman called Mirren 's vocal cameo " bizarre " , and although Kubicek thought Mirren was " pretty darn hilarious " , he said the " Becky having a crush on Artie " story arc made him feel " as uncomfortable " as the members of New Directions , and stated , " It 's easy to say that everyone should just treat her like they treat everyone else , but actually doing it is somewhat problematic . "
The cameo appearance of NeNe Leakes as Coach Roz Washington received plaudits from most reviewers . Poniewozik described her as " pretty damn excellent " , and Votta wrote , " She only has one generally pointless scene but is arguably the best part of the whole episode . " Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal said Leakes " does well " , and Bell stated " she actually wasn 't that bad " . Kubicek , however , while he liked the writing for the character , wrote that Leakes was " an embarrassingly terrible actress " .
= = = Music and performances = = =
The opening number of the show received the most disparate reviews from critics . Kubicek was one of the most enthusiastic about " Summer Nights " , and wrote , " This is the kind of ridiculous , over @-@ the @-@ top , hilariously cheesy stuff I want to see from Glee all the time . " He was also pleased that Rory was given solo lines , and Sugar was " being embraced as a part of the group " . Lynch thought that " Amber Riley and Chord Overstreet harmonize surprisingly wonderfully " , and gave this " easily the most fun number of the episode " an " A − " . Stanhope said that " the energy is infectious and you can feel the sparks between the former pair " , but the performance was " way too much of a copycat " of the original Grease scene , while Flandez said that the two leads " lacked chemistry " and that the number was " inexplicable " . VanDerWerff was similarly unimpressed : " dumb and unnecessary " . Chaney wrote that the number " was a high @-@ energy , cute way for the show to mark its comeback " , but said that Rory " sounded flat " on one of his lines , and Sam " couldn ’ t quite hit " the ending high note in the song , and graded it a " B " .
" Wedding Bell Blues " was described by Bobby Hankinson of The Houston Chronicle as " the perfect combination of a great song , plot relevance , and Princess Beatrice hat " . Stanhope agreed with him on all three points , and added that it was " a great pick for her vocals " . Slezak described those vocals as " a breath of dewy spring air " and gave the song an " A " , but Lynch thought Emma was not " much of a singer " and gave the number a " B − " , though he said " the curiosity of backup vocals from Coach Beiste and Sue Sylvester made this entirely worthwhile " . Poniewozik characterized the staging of the song as " phoned in " . " The First Time I Ever Saw Your Face " was given an " A " by Lynch and an " A − " by Slezak ; the latter called the vocals " pretty electrifying " . Flandez said the song was " sublime " and complimented the lighting , the mood , and the direction by Eric Stoltz , and VanDerWerff described it as the episode 's " best single number " . While Futterman thought the performers sang with " controlled power " , she felt " singing it dressed in black with tears rolling down " was funereal rather than bridal , and Sullivan called it an " odd song choice " that was made " worse " by " Lea Michele 's cry @-@ singing " . Chaney gave the song her lowest grade of the episode , a " C − " , and characterized it as a " flagrant eye @-@ watering fest " .
Flandez called the " propulsive mash @-@ up " of " Moves Like Jagger " and " Jumpin ' Jack Flash " one of the episode 's " highlights " , and Billboard 's Rae Votta said it was " impeccably choreographed by Glee 's often unsung hero Zach Woodlee . " She also lauded Artie 's " Jagger moves while sitting in a chair " and said he " outshines even Mike and Will who dance beside him " . Sullivan described Artie as " consistently awesome " , and Slezak said it was " one of Artie ’ s more appealing musical moments this season " and gave it a " B " . Lynch characterized the song as a " spunky diversion " and gave it a " B + " , but he noted it was " not a good song for marriage proposals by any stretch of the imagination " , a point also made by Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman , who said the number would have " fared much better as a stand @-@ alone performance " . While Chaney liked Will and Mike 's " moves " , she felt there was " far too much quick cutting to shots of Morrison in a tank top " and gave the song a " B – " ; Slezak and VanDerWerff were also critical of these shots .
Futterman was impressed that in " Without You " , Glee crafted a " cover to rival the original " , and said it " totally works " . Slezak called it a " vocally stunning reimagining " and gave it an " A − " . Both Lynch and Chaney gave it a " B " , and the latter wrote " I can 't deny that she sang the heck out of it " . Chaney was not so pleased with " We Found Love " , to which she gave a " C " . She wrote that it was " part old Esther Williams movie , part classic ' SNL ' sketch with Harry Shearer and Martin Short and part music video for ' Magic ' by the Cars . In short , it was kind of a train wreck . " However , she and Stanhope , who said it was " way too fast @-@ paced " , were in the minority . Lynch called it " sheer pleasure " and gave it an " A − " , and Slezak was even more enthusiastic with an " A + " grade and described it as a " sublimely , ridiculously , excessively terrific production number " which he placed " in the show 's all @-@ time Top 10 " . VanDerWerff praised the " nice sense of visual spectacle " , and Hankinson called it " really fantastic " and " something different " . Futterman , after she admitted to her " unabashed love " of the song , noted that the show had " found the trifecta of a current song that both fits the overall theme of the show and the characters singing it " .
= = = Chart history = = =
Five of the six singles released from the episode , which included a total of seven cover versions due to the " Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash " mash @-@ up , debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Without You " debuted at number twenty @-@ eight , followed by " We Found Love " at number fifty @-@ six , the aforementioned " Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash " mash @-@ up at number sixty @-@ two , " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " at number seventy and " Summer Nights " at number eighty @-@ eight . The same five songs charted in Canada on the Canadian Hot 100 and in the same order on that chart : " Without You " at number twenty @-@ nine , " We Found Love " at number fifty @-@ five , " Moves Like Jagger / Jumpin ' Jack Flash " at number fifty @-@ nine , " The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face " at number seventy @-@ eight and " Summer Nights " at number eighty @-@ five . The sixth single , " Wedding Bell Blues " , did not appear on either chart .
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= Murray Rothbard =
Murray Newton Rothbard ( / ˈmʌri ˈrɑːθbɑːrd / ; March 2 , 1926 – January 7 , 1995 ) was an American heterodox economist of the Austrian School , a revisionist historian , and a political theorist whose writings and personal influence played a seminal role in the development of modern libertarianism . Rothbard was the founder and leading theoretician of anarcho @-@ capitalism , a staunch advocate of historical revisionism , and a central figure in the twentieth @-@ century American libertarian movement . He wrote over twenty books on political theory , revisionist history , economics , and other subjects . Rothbard asserted that all services provided by the " monopoly system of the corporate state " could be provided more efficiently by the private sector and wrote that the state is " the organization of robbery systematized and writ large . " He called fractional reserve banking a form of fraud and opposed central banking . He categorically opposed all military , political , and economic interventionism in the affairs of other nations . According to his protégé Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe , " There would be no anarcho @-@ capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard . "
Rothbard was a heterodox political economist . Economist Jeff Herbener , who calls Rothbard his friend and " intellectual mentor " , wrote that Rothbard received " only ostracism " from mainstream academia . Rothbard rejected mainstream economic methodologies and instead embraced the praxeology of his most important intellectual precursor , Ludwig von Mises . To promote his economic and political ideas , Rothbard joined Llewellyn H. " Lew " Rockwell , Jr. and Burton Blumert in 1982 to establish the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Alabama .
= = Life and work = =
= = = Education = = =
Murray Rothbard 's parents were David and Rae Rothbard , Jewish immigrants who had immigrated to the U.S. from Poland and Russia respectively . David Rothbard was a chemist . Rothbard was born in the Bronx , but the family moved to an apartment on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , where he attended Birch Wathen , a private school on the Upper East Side . Rothbard later stated that he much preferred Birch Wathen to the " debasing and egalitarian public school system " he had previously attended in the Bronx .
Rothbard wrote of having grown up as a " right @-@ winger " ( adherent of the " Old Right " ) among friends and neighbors who were " communists or fellow @-@ travelers . " Rothbard characterized his immigrant father as an individualist who embraced the American values of minimal government , free enterprise , private property , and " a determination to rise by one 's own merits " . To Rothbard " all socialism seemed to me monstrously coercive and abhorrent . "
He attended Columbia University , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and , eleven years later , his PhD in economics in 1956 . The delay in receiving his PhD was due in part to conflict with his advisor , Joseph Dorfman , and in part to Arthur Burns rejecting his doctoral dissertation . Burns was a longtime friend of the Rothbard family and their neighbor at their Manhattan apartment building . It was only after Burns went on leave from the Columbia faculty to head President Eisenhower 's Council of Economic Advisors that Rothbard 's thesis was accepted and he received his doctorate . Rothbard later stated that all of his fellow students there were extreme leftists and that he was one of only two Republicans on the Columbia campus at the time .
During the 1940s Rothbard became acquainted with Frank Chodorov and read widely in libertarian @-@ oriented works by Albert Jay Nock , Garet Garrett , Isabel Paterson , H. L. Mencken and others , as well as Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises In the early 1950s , when Mises was teaching at the Wall Street division of New York University Business School , Rothbard attended Mises ' unofficial seminar . Rothbard was greatly influenced by Mises ' book , Human Action . Rothbard attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund , a group that provided financial backing to promote various " right @-@ wing " ideologies in the 1950s and early 1960s . The Volker Fund paid Rothbard to write a textbook to explain Human Action in a form which could be used to introduce college undergraduates to Mises ' views ; a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises 's approval . For ten years , Rothbard was paid a retainer by the Volker Fund , which designated him a " senior analyst . " As Rothbard continued his work , he enlarged the project . The result was Rothbard 's book Man , Economy , and State , published in 1962 . Upon its publication , Mises praised Rothbard 's work effusively .
= = = Marriage , employment , and activism = = =
In 1953 , in New York City , he married JoAnn Schumacher ( 1928 – 1999 ) , whom he called Joey . JoAnn was his editor and a close adviser , as well as hostess of his " Rothbard Salon " . They enjoyed a loving marriage , and Rothbard often called her " the indispensable framework " behind his life and achievements . According to Joey , patronage from the Volker Fund allowed Rothbard to work from home as a freelance theorist and pundit for the first fifteen years of their marriage . The Fund collapsed in 1962 , leading Rothbard to seek employment from various New York academic institutions . He was offered a part @-@ time position teaching economics to the engineering students of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1966 , at age 40 . This institution had no economics department or economics majors , and Rothbard derided its social science department as " Marxist . " However , Justin Raimondo writes that Rothbard liked his role with Brooklyn Polytechnic because working only two days a week gave him freedom to contribute to developments in libertarian politics .
Rothbard continued in this role for twenty years , until 1986 . Then 60 years old , Rothbard left Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute for the Lee Business School at the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , where he held the title of S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics , an endowed chair paid for by a libertarian businessman . According to Rothbard 's friend , colleague and fellow Misesian economist Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe , Rothbard led a " fringe existence " in academia , but was able to attract a large number of " students and disciples " through his writings , thereby becoming " the creator and one of the principal agents of the contemporary libertarian movement . " Rothbard maintained his position at UNLV from 1986 until his death . Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the Journal of Libertarian Studies in 1977 . In 1982 , he co @-@ founded the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn , Alabama , and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995 . The Institute 's Review of Austrian Economics , a heterodox economics journal later renamed the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics , was also founded by Rothbard in 1987 .
After Rothbard 's death , Joey reflected on Rothbard 's happiness and bright spirit . " ... he managed to make a living for 40 years without having to get up before noon . This was important to him . " She recalled how Rothbard would begin every day with a phone conversation with his colleague Llewellyn Rockwell . " Gales of laughter would shake the house or apartment , as they checked in with each other . Murray thought it was the best possible way to start a day . " Rothbard was irreligious and agnostic toward the existence of God , describing himself as a " mixture of an agnostic and a Reform Jew . " Despite identifying as an agnostic and an atheist , Rothbard was critical of the " left @-@ libertarian hostility to religion " . In Rothbard 's later years , many of his friends anticipated that he would convert to Catholicism , but he never did . The New York Times obituary called Rothbard " an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention . "
= = = Conflict with Ayn Rand = = =
In 1954 , Rothbard , along with several other attendees of Mises ' seminar , joined the circle of novelist Ayn Rand , the founder of Objectivism . He soon parted from her , writing , among other things , that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed but similar to those of Aristotle , Thomas Aquinas and Herbert Spencer . In 1958 , after the publication of her novel , Atlas Shrugged , Rothbard wrote a " fan letter " to Rand , calling her book " an infinite treasure house , " and " not merely the greatest novel ever written , [ but ] one of the very greatest books ever written , fiction or nonfiction . " He also wrote that " you introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy , " prompting him to learn " the glorious natural rights tradition . " He rejoined her circle for a few months , but soon broke with Rand once more , over various differences , including his defense of anarchism .
Later , Rothbard satirized Rand 's acolytes in his play Mozart Was a Red and the essay " The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult . " " Mozart Was a Red " was Rothbard 's unpublished one @-@ act play written as a farce . Rothbard characterized Ayn Rand 's circle as a " dogmatic , personality cult . " His play parodies Rand ( through the character " Carson Sand " ) and her friends , and is set during a visit from Keith Hackley , a fan of Sand 's novel The Brow of Zeus ( a play on Rand 's most famous novel , Atlas Shrugged ) .
= = Ethical and philosophical views = =
= = = Austrian economics = = =
Rothbard was an advocate and practitioner of the Austrian School tradition of his teacher Ludwig von Mises . Like Mises , Rothbard rejected the application of the scientific method to economics , and dismissed econometrics , empirical and statistical analysis , and other tools of mainstream social science as useless for the study of economics . He instead embraced praxeology , the strictly a priori methodology of Mises . Praxeology conceives of economic laws as akin to geometric or mathematical axioms : fixed , unchanging , objective , and discernible through logical reasoning , without the use of any evidence . On the account of Misesian economist Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe , eschewing the scientific method and empirical evidence distinguishes the Misesian approach " from all other current economic schools " . Mark Skousen of Grantham University and the Foundation for Economic Education , a critic of mainstream economics , praises Rothbard as brilliant , his writing style persuasive , his economic arguments nuanced and logically rigorous , and his Misesian methodology sound . However , citing Rothbard 's absence of academic publications , Skousen concedes that Rothbard was effectively " outside the discipline " of mainstream economics and that his work " fell on deaf ears " outside his ideological circles . Paralleling Skousen 's remarks , Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe laments the fact that all non @-@ Misesian economists dismiss the Misesian approach , which both he and Rothbard embraced , as " dogmatic and unscientific " .
Rothbard wrote extensively on Austrian Business Cycle Theory and as part of this approach , strongly opposed central banking , fiat money , and fractional reserve banking and advocated a gold standard and a 100 % reserve requirement for banks .
= = = = Polemics against mainstream economics = = = =
Rothbard authored a series of scathing polemics against modern mainstream economics . He was critical of Adam Smith , calling him a " shameless plagiarist " who set economics off @-@ track , ultimately leading to the rise of Marxism . Instead , Rothbard praised Smith 's contemporaries ' works , including Richard Cantillon , Anne Turgot , and Condillac for developing the subjective theory of value . In response to Rothbard 's charge that Smith 's The Wealth of Nations was largely plagiarized , David Friedman castigated Rothbard 's scholarship and character , saying that he " was [ either ] deliberately dishonest or never really read the book he was criticizing " . Tony Endres called Rothbard 's treatment of Adam Smith a " travesty " .
Rothbard was equally scathing in his criticism of John Maynard Keynes , labeling Keynes weak on economic theory and a shallow political opportunist . Rothbard also wrote more generally that Keynesian @-@ style governmental regulation of money and credit created a " dismal monetary and banking situation " . He demeaned John Stuart Mill as a " wooly man of mush " , and speculated that Mill 's " soft " personality led his economic thought astray .
Rothbard was critical of monetarist economist Milton Friedman . In a polemic entitled " Milton Friedman Unraveled " , he maligned Friedman as a " statist " , a " favorite of the establishment " , a friend of and " apologist " for Richard Nixon , and a " pernicious influence " on public policy . Rothbard said that libertarians should scorn rather than celebrate Friedman 's academic prestige and political influence . Noting that Rothbard has " been nasty to me and my work " , Friedman responded to Rothbard 's criticism by calling him a " cult builder and a dogmatist . "
In a memorial volume published by the Mises Institute , Rothbard 's protégé and libertarian theorist Hans @-@ Hermann Hoppe wrote that the work Man , Economy , and State " presented a blistering refutation of all variants of mathematical economics , " and included it among Rothbard 's " almost mind @-@ boggling achievements " . Hoppe lamented that , like his own mentor Ludwig von Mises , Rothbard died without winning the Nobel Prize that Hoppe says Rothbard deserved " twice over . " Though Hoppe acknowledged that Rothbard and his work were largely ignored by academia , he called Rothbard an " intellectual giant , " comparable to Aristotle , Locke and Kant .
= = = = Reception of Rothbard 's work = = = =
Though he self @-@ identified as an Austrian economist , Rothbard 's methodology was at odds with many other Austrians . In 1956 , Rothbard deprecated the views of Austrian economist Fritz Machlup , stating that Machlup was no praxeologist , and calling him instead a " positivist " who failed to represent the views of Ludwig von Mises . Rothbard stated that in fact Machlup shared the opposing positivist view associated with economist Milton Friedman . Mises and Machlup had been colleagues in 1920 's Vienna before each relocated to the United States , and von Mises later urged his American protege , Israel Kirzner , to pursue his PhD studies with Machlup at Johns Hopkins University . Professors Gabriel J. Zanotti and Nicolas Cachanosky recently reviewed the controversy stating " Machlup 's interpretation shows that Austrian epistemology is well grounded in post @-@ Popperian epistemology and that most criticisms of Austrian economics based on its aprioristic character are misplaced . Furthermore , Machlup 's interpretation provides us with a setting to re @-@ build the academic interaction between Austrians and non @-@ Austrians that was characteristic of the early twentieth century . "
According to libertarian economists Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink , Rothbard wrote that the term evenly rotating economy ( " ERE " ) can be used to analyze complexity in a world of change . The words ERE had been introduced by von Mises as an alternative nomenclature for the mainstream economic method of static equilibrium and general equilibrium analysis . Cowen and Fink found " serious inconsistencies in both the nature of the ERE and its suggested uses . " With the sole exception of Rothbard , no other economist adopted Mises ' term , and the concept continued to be called " equilibrium analysis . "
In an 2011 article critical of Rothbard 's " reflexive opposition " to inflation , The Economist noted that his views are increasingly gaining influence among politicians and laypeople on the Right . The article contrasted Rothbard 's categorical rejection of inflationary policies with the monetary views of " sophisticated Austrian @-@ school monetary economists such as George Selgin and Larry White , [ who ] follow Hayek in treating stability of nominal spending as a monetary ideal--a position not all that different from Mr Sumner 's " .
According to economist Peter Boettke , Rothbard is better described as a property rights economist than as an Austrian economist . In 1988 , Boettke noted that Rothbard " vehemently attacked all of the books of the younger Austrians " .
= = = Ethics = = =
Although Rothbard adopted von Mises ' deductive methodology for his social theory and economics , he parted with Mises on the question of ethics . Specifically , he rejected Mises conviction that ethical values remain subjective , and opposed utilitarianism in favor of principle @-@ based , natural law reasoning . In defense of his free market views , Mises employed utilitarian economic arguments aimed at demonstrating that interventionist policies made all of society worse off . Rothbard , on the other hand , concluded that interventionist policies do in fact benefit some people , including certain government employees and beneficiaries of social programs . Therefore , unlike Mises , Rothbard attempted to assert an objective , natural law basis for the free market . He called this principle " self @-@ ownership , " loosely basing the idea on the writings of John Locke and also borrowing concepts from classical liberalism and the anti @-@ imperialism of the Old Right .
Rothbard accepted the Labor theory of property , but rejected the Lockean proviso , arguing that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land then he becomes the proper owner eternally , and that after that time it is private property which may change hands only by trade or gift .
Rothbard was a strong critic of egalitarianism . The title essay of Rothbard 's 1974 book Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays held , " Equality is not in the natural order of things , and the crusade to make everyone equal in every respect ( except before the law ) is certain to have disastrous consequences . " In it , Rothbard wrote , " At the heart of the egalitarian left is the pathological belief that there is no structure of reality ; that all the world is a tabula rasa that can be changed at any moment in any desired direction by the mere exercise of human will . "
Commenting on Rothbard 's ideas , Noam Chomsky says that they are " not worth talking about " and " not really serious " .
= = = Anarcho @-@ capitalism = = =
Various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to " anarcho @-@ capitalism . " The first person to use the term , however , was Murray Rothbard , who in the mid @-@ 20th century synthesized elements from the Austrian School of economics , classical liberalism , and 19th @-@ century American individualist anarchists . According to Llewellyn Rockwell , Rothbard is the " conscience " of all the various strains of libertarian anarchism , whose contemporary advocates are former " colleagues " of Rothbard personally inspired by his example .
During his years at graduate school in the late 1940s , Murray Rothbard considered whether a strict laissez @-@ faire policy would require that private police agencies replace government protective services . He visited Baldy Harper , a founder of the Foundation for Economic Education , who doubted the need for any government whatsoever . During this period , Rothbard was influenced by nineteenth @-@ century American individualist anarchists , like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker , and the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari who wrote about how such a system could work . Thus he " combined the laissez @-@ faire economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state " from individualist anarchists . In an unpublished memo written around 1949 Rothbard concluded that in order to believe in laissez @-@ faire one must also embrace anarchism .
Rothbard began to consider himself a private property anarchist in 1950 and later began to use " anarcho @-@ capitalist " to describe his political ideology . In his anarcho @-@ capitalist model , a system of protection agencies compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services . Anarcho @-@ capitalism would mean the end of the state monopoly on force .
In Man , Economy , and State , Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories : " autistic intervention " , which is interference with private non @-@ economic activities ; " binary intervention " , which is forced exchange between individuals and the state ; and " triangular intervention " , which is state @-@ mandated exchange between individuals . According to Sanford Ikeda , Rothbard 's typology " eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises 's original formulation . " Rothbard writes in Power and Market that the role of the economist in a free market is limited but is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations . Rothbard argues that self @-@ interest therefore prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention .
= = = Race , gender and civil rights = = =
Michael O 'Malley , Associate Professor of History at George Mason University , characterizes Rothbard 's " overall tone regard [ ing ] " the Civil Rights Movement and the women 's suffrage movement to be " contemptuous and hostile " . Rothbard vilified women 's rights activists , attributing the growth of the welfare state to politically active spinsters " whose busybody inclinations were not fettered by the responsibilities of health and heart " . Rothbard had pointed out in his ' Origins of the Welfare State ' that progressives had evolved from elitist Gilded Age pietist Protestants that wanted to bring a secularized version of millennialism under a welfare state , which was spearheaded by a " shock troop of Yankee protestant and Jewish women and lesbian spinsters . "
Rothbard called for the elimination of " the entire ' civil rights ' structure " stating that it " tramples on the property rights of every American . " He consistently favored repeal of the 1964 Civil Rights Act , including Title VII regarded employment discrimination and called for overturning the Brown v. Board of Education decision on the grounds that forced integration of schools was aggressive . Rothbard also urged the ( state ) police to crack down on " street criminals " , writing that " cops must be unleashed " and " allowed to administer instant punishment , subject of course to liability when they are in error " . He also advocated that the police " clear the streets of bums and vagrants " , and quipped " who cares ? , " in response to the question of where these people would go after being removed from public property .
Rothbard held strong opinions about many leaders of the civil rights movement . He considered black separatist Malcolm X to be a " great black leader " and integrationist Martin Luther King to be favored by whites because he " was the major restraining force on the developing Negro revolution . " Rothbard praised Malcolm X for " acting white " through use of his intellect and wit , and contrasted him favorably with the " fraudulent intellectual with a rococo Black Baptist minister style , " Dr. " King " . But while he compared Malcolm X 's black nationalism favorably to King 's integrationism , and for a time praised black nationalism , in 1993 he rejected the vision of a " separate black nation " , asking " does anyone really believe that ... New Africa would be content to strike out on its own , with no massive " foreign aid " from the U.S.A. ? " Rothbard also suggested that opposition to King , whom he demeaned as a " coercive integrationist " , should be a litmus test for members of his " paleolibertarian " political movement .
= = = = Race and intelligence = = = =
Political scientist Jean Hardisty commented on Rothbard 's " praise " of the argument , made in Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray 's book The Bell Curve , that blacks tend to score , on average , lower than whites on IQ tests . Hardisty noted that Rothbard 's remark on intellectual and " temperamental " differences between races are “ self @-@ evident ” .
= = = Opposition to war = = =
Like Randolph Bourne , Rothbard believed that " war is the health of the state . " According to David Gordon , this was the reason for Rothbard 's opposition to aggressive foreign policy . Rothbard believed that stopping new wars was necessary and that knowledge of how government had led citizens into earlier wars was important . Two essays expanded on these views " War , Peace , and the State " and " The Anatomy of the State . " Rothbard used insights of Vilfredo Pareto , Gaetano Mosca , and Robert Michels to build a model of state personnel , goals , and ideology . In an obituary for his friend historical revisionist Harry Elmer Barnes , Rothbard wrote :
Our entry into World War II was the crucial act in foisting a permanent militarization upon the economy and society , in bringing to the country a permanent garrison state , an overweening military @-@ industrial complex , a permanent system of conscription . It was the crucial act in creating a mixed economy run by Big Government , a system of state monopoly capitalism run by the central government in collaboration with Big Business and Big Unionism .
Rothbard 's colleague Joseph Stromberg notes that Rothbard made two exceptions to his general condemnation of war : " the American Revolution and the War for Southern Independence , as viewed from the Confederate side . " Rothbard condemned the " Northern war against slavery " , saying it was inspired by " fanatical " religious faith and characterized by " a cheerful willingness to uproot institutions , to commit mayhem and mass murder , to plunder and loot and destroy , all in the name of high moral principle " . He celebrated Jefferson Davis , Robert E. Lee , and other prominent Confederates as heroes while denouncing Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant and other Union leaders for " open [ ing ] the Pandora 's Box of genocide and the extermination of civilians " in their war against the South .
= = = Middle East conflict = = =
Rothbard 's The Libertarian Forum blamed the Middle East conflict on Israeli aggression " fueled by American arms and money . " Rothbard warned that the mid @-@ East conflict would draw the U.S. into a world war . He was anti @-@ Zionist and opposed U.S. involvement in the Middle East . Rothbard criticized the Camp David Accords for having betrayed Palestinian aspirations and opposed Israel 's 1982 invasion of Lebanon . In his essay , " War Guilt in the Middle East , " Rothbard states that Israel refused " to let these refugees return and reclaim the property taken from them . " He took negative views of the two state solution for the Israeli @-@ Palestinian conflict , saying :
On the one hand there are the Palestinian Arabs , who have tilled the soil or otherwise used the land of Palestine for centuries ; and on the other , there are a group of external fanatics , who come from all over the world , and who claim the entire land area as " given " to them as a collective religion or tribe at some remote or legendary time in the past . There is no way the two claims can be resolved to the satisfaction of both parties . There can be no genuine settlement , no " peace " in the face of this irrepressible conflict ; there can only be either a war to the death , or an uneasy practical compromise which can satisfy no one . That is the harsh reality of the Middle East .
= = = Historical revisionism = = =
Rothbard embraced " historical revisionism " as an antidote to what he perceived to be the dominant influence exerted by corrupt " court intellectuals " over mainstream historical narratives . Rothbard wrote that these mainstream intellectuals distorted the historical record in favor of " the state " in exchange for " power , prestige , and loot " from the state . Rothbard characterized the revisionist task as " penetrating the fog of lies and deception of the State and its Court Intellectuals , and to present to the public the true history " . He was influenced by and a champion of the historian Harry Elmer Barnes , a Holocaust denier . Rothbard endorsed Barnes 's revisionism on World War II , favorably citing his view that " the murder of Germans and Japanese was the overriding aim of World War II " . In addition to broadly supporting his historical views , Rothbard promoted Barnes as an influence for future revisionists .
Rothbard 's endorsing of World War II revisionism and his association with Barnes and other Holocaust deniers have drawn criticism from within the political right . Kevin D. Williamson wrote an opinion piece published by National Review which condemned Rothbard for " making common cause with the ' revisionist ' historians of the Third Reich " , a term he used to describe American Holocaust deniers associated with Rothbard , such as James J. Martin of the Institute for Historical Review . The piece also characterized " Rothbard and his faction " as being " culpably indulgent " of Holocaust denial , the view which " specifically denies that the Holocaust actually happened or holds that it was in some way exaggerated " .
In an article for Rothbard 's 50th birthday , Rothbard 's friend and Buffalo State College historian Ralph Raico stated that Rothbard " is the main reason that revisionism has become a crucial part of the whole libertarian position . "
= = = Children 's rights and parental obligations = = =
In the Ethics of Liberty , Rothbard explores issues regarding children 's rights in terms of self @-@ ownership and contract . These include support for a woman 's right to abortion , condemnation of parents showing aggression towards children , and opposition to the state forcing parents to care for children . He also holds children have the right to run away from parents and seek new guardians as soon as they are able to choose to do so . He asserted that parents have the right to put a child out for adoption or sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract in what Rothbard suggests will be a " flourishing free market in children " . He believes that selling children as consumer goods in accord with market forces , while " superficially monstrous " , will benefit " everyone " involved in the market : " the natural parents , the children , and the foster parents purchasing " .
In Rothbard 's view of parenthood , " the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed , clothe , or educate his children , since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights . " Thus , Rothbard stated that parents should have the legal right to let any infant die by starvation , and should be free to engage in other forms of child neglect . However , according to Rothbard , " the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children " . In a fully libertarian society , he wrote , " the existence of a free baby market will bring such ' neglect ' down to a minimum " .
Economist Gene Callahan of Cardiff University , formerly a scholar at the Rothbard @-@ affiliated Mises Institute , observes that Rothbard allows " the logical elegance of his legal theory " to " trump any arguments based on the moral reprehensibility of a parent idly watching her six @-@ month @-@ old child slowly starve to death in its crib . "
= = = Retributive theory of criminal justice = = =
Rothbard consistently advocated for abolition of the subpoena power , court attendance , contempt of court powers , coerced testimony of witnesses , compulsory jury duty , and the bail system , arguing that all these functions of the judiciary were violations of natural rights and American common law . He instead advocated that until a defendant is convicted he or she should not be held in prison or jails , writing " except in those cases where the criminal has been caught red @-@ handed and where a certain presumption of guilt therefore exists , it is impossible to justify any imprisonment before conviction , let alone before trial . And even when someone is caught red @-@ handed , there is an important reform that needs to be instituted to keep the system honest : subjecting the police and the other authorities to the same law as everyone else . If everyone is supposed to be subject to the same criminal law , then exempting the authorities from that law gives them a legal license to commit continual aggression . The policeman who apprehends a criminal and arrests him , and the judicial and penal authorities who incarcerate him before trial and conviction — all should be subject to the universal law . " Rothbard argued that police who make wrongful arrests or indictments should be charged with kidnapping . In The Ethics of Liberty , Rothbard advocates for a " frankly retributive theory of punishment " or a system of " a tooth ( or two teeth ) for a tooth " . Rothbard emphasizes that all punishment must be proportional , stating that " the criminal , or invader , loses his rights to the extent that he deprived another man of his " . Applying his retributive theory , Rothbard states that a thief " must pay double the extent of theft " . Rothbard gives the example of a thief who stole $ 15 @,@ 000 , and says he not only would have to return the stolen money , but also provide the victim an additional $ 15 @,@ 000 , money to which the thief has forfeited his right . The thief would be " put in a [ temporary ] state of enslavement to his victim " if he is unable to pay him immediately . Rothbard also applies his theory to justify beating and torturing violent criminals , although the beatings are required to be proportional to the crimes for which they are being punished .
= = = = Torture of criminal suspects = = = =
In chapter twelve of Ethics , Rothbard turns his attention to suspects arrested by the police . He argues that police should be able to torture certain types of criminal suspects , including accused murderers , for information related to their alleged crime . Writes Rothbard , " Suppose ... police beat and torture a suspected murderer to find information ( not to wring a confession , since obviously a coerced confession could never be considered valid ) . If the suspect turns out to be guilty , then the police should be exonerated , for then they have only ladled out to the murderer a parcel of what he deserves in return ; his rights had already been forfeited by more than that extent . But if the suspect is not convicted , then that means that the police have beaten and tortured an innocent man , and that they in turn must be put into the dock for criminal assault " . Gene Callahan examines this position and concludes that Rothbard rejects the widely held belief that torture is inherently wrong , no matter who the victim . Callahan goes on to state that Rothbard 's scheme gives the police a strong motive to frame the suspect , after having tortured him or her .
= = = Science and scientism = = =
In an essay condemning " scientism in the study of man " , Rothbard rejected the application of causal determinism to human beings , arguing that the actions of human beings , as opposed to those of everything else in nature , are not determined by prior causes but by " free will " . He argued that " determinism as applied to man , is a self @-@ contradictory thesis , since the man who employs it relies implicitly on the existence of free will . " Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics , history , ethics , and political science to create a " science of liberty . " Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho @-@ capitalist position in two of his books : For a New Liberty , published in 1973 , and The Ethics of Liberty , published in 1982 . In his Power and Market ( 1970 ) , Rothbard describes how a stateless economy might function .
= = Political activism = =
As a young man , Rothbard considered himself part of the Old Right , an anti @-@ statist and anti @-@ interventionist branch of the Republican Party . In the 1948 presidential election , Rothbard , " as a Jewish student at Columbia , horrified his peers by organizing a Students for Strom Thurmond chapter , so staunchly did he believe in states ' rights . "
By the late 1960s , Rothbard 's " long and winding yet somehow consistent road had taken him from anti @-@ New Deal and anti @-@ interventionist Robert Taft supporter into friendship with the quasi @-@ pacifist Nebraska Republican Congressman Howard Buffett ( father of Warren Buffett ) then over to the League of ( Adlai ) Stevensonian Democrats and , by 1968 , into tentative comradeship with the anarchist factions of the New Left . " Rothbard advocated an alliance with the New Left anti @-@ war movement , on the grounds that the conservative movement had been completely subsumed by the statist establishment . However , Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a " People 's Republic " style draft . It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess and founded Left and Right : A Journal of Libertarian Thought with Leonard Liggio and George Resch , which existed from 1965 to 1968 .
From 1969 to 1984 he edited The Libertarian Forum , also initially with Hess ( although Hess 's involvement ended in 1971 ) . The Libertarian Forum provided a platform for Rothbard 's writing . Despite its small readership , it engaged conservatives associated with the National Review in nationwide debate . Rothbard rejected the view that Ronald Reagan 's 1980 election as President was a victory for libertarian principles , and he attacked Reagan 's economic program in a series of Libertarian Forum articles . In 1982 , Rothbard called Reagan 's claims of spending cuts a " fraud " and a " hoax " , and accused Reaganites of doctoring the economic statistics in order to give the false impression that their policies were successfully reducing inflation and unemployment .
Rothbard criticized the " frenzied nihilism " of left @-@ wing libertarians , but also criticized right @-@ wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state ; he believed that libertarians should adopt any moral tactic available to them in order to bring about liberty .
Imbibing Randolph Bourne 's idea that " war is the health of the state " , Rothbard opposed all wars in his lifetime , and engaged in anti @-@ war activism . During the 1970s and 1980s , Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party . He was frequently involved in the party 's internal politics . He was one of the founders of the Cato Institute , and " came up with the idea of naming this libertarian think tank after Cato 's Letters , a powerful series of British newspaper essays by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon which played a decisive influence upon America 's Founding Fathers in fomenting the Revolution . " From 1978 to 1983 , he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus , allying himself with Justin Raimondo , Eric Garris and Williamson Evers . He opposed the " low @-@ tax liberalism " espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III . According to Charles Burris , " Rothbard and Crane became bitter rivals after disputes emerging from the 1980 LP presidential campaign of Ed Clark carried over to strategic direction and management of Cato . "
Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues and aligned himself with what he called the " right @-@ wing populist " wing of the party , notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul , who ran for President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988 . " Rothbard worked closely with Lew Rockwell ( joined later by his long @-@ time friend Burt Blumert ) in nurturing the Ludwig von Mises Institute , and the publication , The Rothbard @-@ Rockwell Report ; which after Rothbard 's 1995 death evolved into the website , LewRockwell.com. "
= = = Paleolibertarianism = = =
In 1989 , Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post @-@ Cold War anti @-@ interventionist right , calling himself a paleolibertarian , a conservative reaction against the cultural liberalism of mainstream libertarianism . Paleolibertarianism sought to appeal to disaffected working class whites through a synthesis of cultural conservatism and libertarian economics . According to Reason , Rothbard advocated right @-@ wing populism in part because he was frustrated that mainstream thinkers were not adopting the libertarian view and suggested that former KKK Grand Wizard David Duke and Wisconsin U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy were models for an " Outreach to the Rednecks " effort that could be used by a broad libertarian / paleoconservative coalition . Working together , the paleo coalition would expose the " unholy alliance of ' corporate liberal ' Big Business and media elites , who , through big government , have privileged and caused to rise up a parasitic Underclass . " Rothbard blamed this " Underclass " for " looting and oppressing the bulk of the middle and working classes in America . " Rothbard noted that David Duke 's substantive political program in a Louisiana governor 's race had " nothing " in it that " could not also be embraced by paleoconservatives or paleo @-@ libertarians ; lower taxes , dismantling the bureaucracy , slashing the welfare system , attacking affirmative action and racial set @-@ asides , calling for equal rights for all Americans , including whites . "
Rothbard supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992 , and wrote that " with Pat Buchanan as our leader , we shall break the clock of social democracy . " When Buchanan dropped out of the Republican primary race , Rothbard then shifted his interest and support to Ross Perot , who Rothbard wrote had " brought an excitement , a verve , a sense of dynamics and of open possibilities to what had threatened to be a dreary race . " Rothbard ultimately supported George Bush over Bill Clinton in the 1992 election .
Like Buchanan , Rothbard opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . However , by 1995 , Rothbard had become disillusioned with Buchanan , believing that the latter 's " commitment to protectionism was mutating into an all @-@ round faith in economic planning and the nation state . "
After Rothbard 's death in 1995 Lew Rockwell , President of the von Mises Institute , told The New York Times that Rothbard was " the founder of right @-@ wing anarchism " . William F. Buckley , Jr. wrote a critical obituary in the National Review criticizing Rothbard 's " defective judgment " and views on the Cold War . The Ludwig von Mises Institute published Murray N. Rothbard , In Memoriam which included memorials from 31 individuals , including libertarians and academics . Journalist Brian Doherty summarizes Buckley 's obituary as follows : " when Rothbard died in 1995 , his old pal William Buckley took pen in hand to piss on his grave . " Hoppe , Rockwell and Rothbard 's colleagues at the Mises Institute took a different view , arguing that he was one of the most important philosophers in history .
= = Works = =
Books
Man , Economy , and State , D. Van Nostrand Co . , 1962 ; Full text reprint of second edition ( Scholar 's Edition ) , Mises Institute , 2004 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 30 @-@ 7
The Panic of 1819 : Reactions and Policies , Columbia University Press , 1962 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 2004 , ISBN 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 08 @-@ 2 .
America 's Great Depression , D. Van Nostrand Co . , 1973 ; Full text reprint , fifth edition , Mises Institute , 2005 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 05 @-@ 6
Power and Market : Government and the Economy , Sheed Andrews and McMeel , 1970 ; Full text reprint , reattached to Man , Economy , and State , Mises Institute , 2004 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 30 @-@ 7
For a New Liberty : The Libertarian Manifesto , Collier Books , 1973 , 1978 ; Full text reprint / Audio book , Mises Institute , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 47 @-@ 1 )
The Essential von Mises , " Bramble Minibook " , 1973 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 1988
Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays , Libertarian Review Press , 1974 ; Full text reprint , Second edition , Mises Institute , 2000 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 23 @-@ 4 .
Conceived in Liberty , ( 4 vol . ) , Arlington House Publishers 1975 – 1979 ; Full text collected in single volume , Mises Institute , 2012 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 26 @-@ 9
The Logic of Action ( 2 vol . ) , Edward Elgar Pub , 1997 , ISBN 1 @-@ 85898 @-@ 015 @-@ 1 and ISBN 1 @-@ 85898 @-@ 570 @-@ 6 ; Full text reprint as Economic Controversies , Mises Institute , 2011
The Ethics of Liberty , Humanities Press , 1982 ; New York University Press , 1998 ; Full text reprint / Audio Book , Mises Institute , ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 7506 @-@ 3
The Mystery of Banking , Richardson and Snyder , Dutton , 1983 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 2007 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1105528781
The Case Against the Fed , Mises Institute , 1994 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 17 @-@ X
An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought , ( 2 vol . ) , Edward Elgar Pub , 1995 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 48 @-@ X ; Full text reprints Vol . 1 : Economic Thought Before Adam Smith and Vol . 2 : Classical Economics , Mises Institute , 2009
Making Economic Sense , Mises Institute , 2007 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 18 @-@ 8 ; Full text reprint updated 7 / 15 / 2011 version
The Betrayal of the American Right , Mises Institute publication of 1970s unpublished work , 2007 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 13 @-@ 8 , Full text reprint
Monographs
The Case for the 100 Percent Gold Dollar , originally published in Leland B. Yeager ( editor ) , In Search of a Monetary Constitution , Harvard University Press , 1962 ; published separately by Mises Institute , 1991 , 2005 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 34 @-@ X ; Full text reprint / Audio Book
What Has Government Done to Our Money ? , Pine Tree Press , 1963 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 1980 ; Audio book , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 44 @-@ 7
Economic Depressions : Causes and Cures , Constitutional Alliance of Lansing , Michigan , 1969 ; Full text reprint , Ludwig von Mises Institute , 2007
Wall Street , Banks , and American Foreign Policy , World Market Perspective , 1984 ; Center for Libertarian Studies , 1995 , Mises Institute 2005 ; Full text reprint , Second edition , Mises Institute , 2011
Education : Free and Compulsory , Center for Independent Education , 1972 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 1999 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 22 @-@ 6
Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences , introduction by Friedrich Hayek , Cato Institute , 1979 , ISBN 0 @-@ 932790 @-@ 03 @-@ 8
Articles / Essays
Left and Right , Selected Essays 1954 – 65 , ( includes essays by Rothbard , Leonard Liggio , etc . ) , Arno Press ( The New York Times Company ) , 1972 , ISBN 0405004265 ; Mises Institute information page
Ebeling , Richard M. , ( editor ) , The Austrian Theory of the Trade Cycle and Other Essays , ( includes also essays by Ludwig von Mises , Friedrich Hayek , Gottfried Haberler , Mises Institute , 1996 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 21 @-@ 8 ; Full text reprint , Mises Institute , 2009
— — — ( 2008 ) . " Free Market " . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 @-@ 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 .
Collections
Rockwell , Llewellyn H. , Jr . , ( editor ) , The Irrepressible Rothbard : The Rothbard @-@ Rockwell Report Essays of Murray N. Rothbard , LewRockwell.com , 2000 , ISBN 1 @-@ 883959 @-@ 02 @-@ 0
Salerno , Joseph T. , ( editor ) , A History of Money and Banking in the United States , ( Rothbard writings ) , Mises Institute , 2002 , ISBN 0 @-@ 945466 @-@ 33 @-@ 1 , Full tex reprint
Rothbard , Murray ( editor ) , The Complete Libertarian Forum ( 1969 – 84 ; 2 vol . ) , 2006 ; Full text reprint at LewRockwell.com , ISBN 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 02 @-@ 3
Modugno , Roberta A. ( 2009 ) . Murray N. Rothbard vs. The Philosophers : Unpublished Writings on Hayek , Mises , Strauss , and Polanyi , Mises Institute , 2009 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 933550 @-@ 46 @-@ 6 ; Full text reprint
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= Golden @-@ crowned sifaka =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka or Tattersall 's sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) is a medium @-@ sized lemur characterized by mostly white fur , prominent furry ears , and a golden @-@ orange crown . It is one of the smallest sifakas ( genus Propithecus ) , weighing around 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 7 @.@ 7 lb ) and measuring approximately 90 cm ( 35 in ) from head to tail . Like all sifakas , it is a vertical clinger and leaper , and its diet includes mostly seeds and leaves . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is named after its discoverer , Ian Tattersall , who first spotted the species in 1974 . However , it was not formally described until 1988 , after a research team led by Elwyn L. Simons observed and captured some specimens for captive breeding . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka most closely resembles the western forest sifakas of the P. verreauxi group , yet its karyotype suggests a closer relationship with the P. diadema group of eastern forest sifakas . Despite the similarities with both groups , more recent studies of its karyotype support its classification as a distinct species .
Found in gallery , deciduous , and semi @-@ evergreen forest , its restricted range includes 44 forest fragments , totaling an area of 44 @,@ 125 hectares ( 109 @,@ 040 acres ; 170 @.@ 37 sq mi ) , centered on the town of Daraina in northeast Madagascar . Its estimated population is 18 @,@ 000 individuals . It is primarily active during the day , although it also tends to be active at dawn and dusk during the rainy season . It sleeps in tall emergent trees and is preyed upon by the fossa . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka lives in groups of around five to six individuals , containing a balanced number of adult males and females . Scent is used to mark territories , which are defended by growling , chasing , and ritualistic leaping displays . Reproduction is seasonal , with gestation lasting six months and lactation lasting five months . Infants are weaned during the wet season to ensure the best chances of survival .
The small range and fragmented populations of this species weigh heavily on its survival . Forest fragmentation , habitat destruction , poaching , slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture , and other human factors threaten its existence . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is listed by the IUCN Red List as Endangered . Its range was originally not covered by any national parks or protected areas in Madagascar , but a new protected area was established in 2005 to include a 20 @,@ 000 ha ( 49 @,@ 000 acres ; 77 sq mi ) portion . Attempts have been made to keep the golden @-@ crowned sifaka in captivity at the Duke Lemur Center in Durham , North Carolina . The small colony was maintained from 1988 to 2008 . In Madagascar , lawlessness resulting from the 2009 political coup led to increased poaching of this species , and many were sold to local restaurants as a delicacy .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The golden @-@ crowned or Tattersall 's sifaka ( Propithecus tattersalli ) , known locally as ankomba malandy ( or akomba malandy , meaning " white lemur " ) , was discovered in 1974 north of Vohemar in northeast Madagascar by Ian Tattersall , who observed but did not capture the animal . Unsure of its classification , Tattersall provisionally considered it a variant of the silky sifaka in his 1982 book , The Primates of Madagascar , citing its mostly off @-@ white to yellowish fur , but also noting its uncharacteristic orange crown patch and tufted ears . Driven by a report in 1986 that the forest where Tattersall had observed this unique sifaka was contracted to be clear @-@ cut for charcoal production , a research team from the Duke Lemur Center , led by Elwyn L. Simons , obtained permits to capture specimens for a captive breeding program . Simons and his team were the first to capture and observe the golden @-@ crowned sifaka , formally describing it as a new species in 1988 and naming it in honor of Tattersall . The specimens were found 6 to 7 km ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 3 mi ) northeast of Daraina , a village in the northeast corner of Madagascar .
There have been conflicting studies regarding the taxonomic status of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka . When described by Simons in 1988 , size , vocalizations , and karyotypes ( the number and appearance of chromosomes ) were compared with the other sifakas . In terms of size , general morphology , and vocalizations , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is more comparable to the western forest sifakas ( known as the P. verreauxi group ) in that it is smaller in length and weight . Its karyotype , however , is more similar to that of the eastern forest sifakas ( known as the P. diadema group ) . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka has 42 chromosomes ( 2n = 42 ) , 16 of which are autosomal pairs ( not sex chromosomes ) that are meta- or submetacentric ( where chromosome arms are equal or unequal in length , respectively ) . The remaining autosomal pairs are smaller and acrocentric ( with the shorter chromosome arm difficult to observe ) . Its X chromosome is metacentric , which is comparable to that of the P. diadema group , not the P. verreauxi group . Given the conflicting information , its geographic isolation , as well as the unique long fur tufts on the ears — a trait not shared by any other sifaka — the golden @-@ crowned sifaka was recognized as a distinct species .
In 1997 , comparisons of repeated DNA sequences within the family Indriidae supported Simon 's classification , placing the golden @-@ crowned sifaka as a sister group to the other sifakas . In 2001 , a study involving mitochondrial DNA suggested a very recent divergence between it and the Coquerel 's sifaka , then considered a subspecies of the P. verreauxi group . If this were true , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka would not merit species status and would form a subclade with the Coquerel 's sifaka within the P. verreauxi group . In 2004 , a comparative study of the karyotypes of the three traditional species of sifakas provided insight into the chromosomal arrangements of all three groups . This study found that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka differs from P. verreauxi group and P. diadema group by 9 and 17 chromosomal rearrangements respectively , and conversely argued that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is indeed a separate species and is more closely related to the P. verreauxi group . More recently , in 2007 a craniodental ( skull and tooth ) study provided evidence for 9 or 10 distinct sifaka species , including the golden @-@ crowned sifaka . It also placed the golden @-@ crowned sifaka within the P. verreauxi group .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is one of the smallest sifaka species with a weight of 3 @.@ 4 to 3 @.@ 6 kg ( 7 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 9 lb ) , a head @-@ body length of 45 to 47 cm ( 18 to 19 in ) , a tail length of 42 to 47 cm ( 17 to 19 in ) , and total length of 87 to 94 cm ( 34 to 37 in ) . It is comparable in size to the sifakas inhabiting the southern and western dry forests , such as Coquerel 's sifaka , the crowned sifaka , Von der Decken 's sifaka , and Verreaux 's sifaka . It has a coat of moderately long , creamy @-@ white fur with a golden tint , dark black or chocolate @-@ brown fur on its neck and throat , pale orange fur on the tops of its legs and forelimbs , a white tail and hindlimbs , and a characteristic bright orange @-@ gold crown . It is the only sifaka with prominent tufts of white fur protruding from its ears , making its head appear somewhat triangular and distinctive in appearance . Its eyes are orange , and its face is black and mostly hairless , with dark gray @-@ black fur with white hairs stretching from beneath the eyes to the cheeks . Its snout is blunt and rounded , and its broad nose helps to distinguish it from other sifakas . Occasionally the bridge of the nose will have a patch of white fur . Similar to other sifakas , this arboreal animal has long , strong legs that enable it to cling and leap between tree trunks and branches .
= = Geographic range and habitat = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka lives in dry deciduous , gallery , and semi @-@ evergreen forests and is found at altitudes up to 500 m ( 1 @,@ 640 ft ) , though it seems to prefer lower elevations . Surveys have shown it to be limited to highly fragmented forests surrounding the town of Daraina in an area encircled by the Loky and Manambato rivers in northeastern Madagascar . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka has one of the smallest geographic ranges of all indriid lemur species . Out of 75 forest fragments studied by researchers , its presence could be definitively reported in only 44 , totaling 44 @,@ 125 ha ( 109 @,@ 040 acres ; 170 @.@ 37 sq mi ) . This study , published in 2002 , also estimated the total species population and observed population densities . Home range size varied between 0 @.@ 18 and 0 @.@ 29 km2 ( 0 @.@ 069 and 0 @.@ 112 sq mi ) per group . With an average group size of five individuals , the population density ranged between 17 and 28 individuals per km2 . Another home range size estimate of 0 @.@ 09 to 0 @.@ 12 km2 ( 0 @.@ 035 to 0 @.@ 046 sq mi ) has also been suggested with a population density range of 10 and 23 individuals per km2 . The forested area available to the species within its desired elevation range was estimated at 360 km2 ( 140 sq mi ) , yielding an estimated population of 6 @,@ 120 – 10 @,@ 080 and a breeding population between 2 @,@ 520 and 3 @,@ 960 individuals . However , a study published in 2010 using line transect data from 2006 and 2008 in five major forest fragments yielded an estimated population of 18 @,@ 000 individuals .
The species is sympatric ( coexists ) with two other medium @-@ sized lemurs : the Sanford 's brown lemur ( Eulemur sanfordii ) and the crowned lemur ( Eulemur coronatus ) .
= = Behavior = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is primarily active during the day ( diurnal ) , but researchers have witnessed activity in the early morning and evening ( crepuscular ) during the rainy season ( November through April ) . In captivity , it has been observed feeding at night , unlike captive Verreaux 's sifakas . It travels between 461 @.@ 7 and 1 @,@ 077 m ( 1 @,@ 515 and 3 @,@ 533 ft ) per day , an intermediate range compared to other sifakas of the eastern forests . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka can be observed feeding and resting higher in the canopy during the dry season ( May through October ) . It sleeps in the taller trees ( the emergent layer ) of the forest at night .
When stressed , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka emits grunting vocalizations as well as repeated " churrs " that escalate into a high @-@ amplitude " whinney . " Its ground predator alarm call , which sounds like " shē @-@ fäk " , closely resembles that of Verreaux 's sifaka . It also emits mobbing alarm calls in response to birds of prey .
= = = Diet = = =
The diet of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka consists of a wide variety of plants — as many as 80 species — whose availability varies based on the season . It is a seed predator , making seeds a year @-@ round staple in its diet when available . The golden @-@ crowned sifaka also eats unripe fruits , flowers , and leaves . One study showed a diet composition of 37 % unripe fruit and seeds , 22 % immature leaves , 17 % mature leaves , 13 % flowers , and 9 % fruit pulp . Individuals have also been observed consuming tree bark during the dry season . In general , approximately 60 % of its diet consists of unripe fruits and seed , mainly from leguminous pods , and less than 50 % consists of leaves . At Daraina , it has been observed feeding on the sakoa tree ( Poupartia caffra ) and on mango trees . Immature leaves and flowers are eaten when available , in the early wet season . Daily traveling distance tends to increase when immature leaves are available . Studies have also shown that when food distribution is patchy , feeding times are shorter and more time is spent traveling . Dietary diversity has been shown to be consistent between populations , suggesting that it is important for the lemur to get a varied mix of nutrients and to protect itself from high levels of specific plant toxins .
A study in 1993 showed variability and flexibility in feeding preferences between three research sites around Daraina . Plant species preferences ( measured in feeding time ) changed between wetter , intermediate , and drier forests :
= = = Social organization = = =
The social structure of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is very similar to that of Verreaux 's sifaka , both averaging between five and six individuals per group , with a range between three and ten . Unlike the Verreaux 's sifaka , group sex ratios are more evenly balanced , consisting of two or more members of both sexes . Females are dominant within the group , and only one female breeds successfully each season . Males will roam between groups during the mating season .
Because of their smaller home ranges relative to other sifakas , group encounters are slightly more common , occurring a few times a month . It has been noted that the temperament of the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is more volatile than that of other sifaka species and , in the case of a dispute , this animal frequently emits a grunt @-@ like vocalization that seems to signal annoyance . Aggressive interactions between groups are generally non @-@ physical but include loud growling , territorial marking , chasing , and ritualistic leaping displays . Same @-@ sexed individuals act most aggressively towards each other during such encounters . Scent marking is the most common form of territorial defense , with scent marks acting as " signposts " to demarcate territorial boundaries . Females use glands in the genital regions ( " anogenital " ) while males use both anogenital and chest glands .
= = = Reproduction = = =
The golden @-@ crowned sifaka is a seasonal breeder , often mating during the last week of January . Its gestation period is a little less than six months , and its lactation period is five months . Research has indicated that reproduction is strategically linked with forest seasonality . Gestation starts in the later part of the wet season ( late January ) , and continues for approximately 170 days . Parturition occurs in the middle of the dry season ( late June or July ) . Weaning occurs during the middle of the wet season , in December , when an abundance of immature leaves is available . It is thought that such reproductive timing exists to ensure adequate protein intake from the immature leaves for both mother and child at the end of the lactation period .
Females reproduce once every two years . Infants are born with little hair and initially cling to their mother 's belly . As they mature , they begin to ride on her back . Following weaning , riding on the back is only tolerated for short durations , particularly when the group is alerted to the presence of a predator . By one year of age , the juveniles are 70 % of their full adult body weight . Infant mortality is high in this species . Upon reaching sexual maturity , males leave their natal group and transfer to neighboring social groups . Observations by researchers and reports from local people indicate that this species will jump to the ground and cross more than 200 m ( 660 ft ) of grassland to reach nearby forest patches . This suggests that forest fragmentation may not completely isolate separated populations .
= = Predators and parasites = =
The only predator known to target this species is the fossa , although the golden @-@ crowned sifaka reacts to the presence of birds of prey with alarm calls . A hematology and serum chemistry study published in 1995 revealed that 59 % of the wild golden @-@ crowned sifakas sampled were infected with a microfilarial parasite , a potentially unknown species of nematode in the genus Mansonella . Healthy , infected individuals did not appear to be adversely affected by the infestation , but the overall effect on the dwindling population is unknown . Also , no malarial or intestinal parasites were found , although 48 % of the golden @-@ crowned sifakas examined had external ear mites .
= = Human interactions = =
While the golden @-@ crowned sifaka faces few biological threats , such as predation , it faces many significant human @-@ caused ( anthropogenic ) threats . Its habitat has been highly fragmented , with forest patches isolated by severely degraded grasslands . By 1985 it was estimated that 34 % of the entire eastern rainforest of the island had disappeared , and by extrapolation it is predicted that at this rate of deforestation there will be no eastern rainforest left by 2020 . Illegal logging practices , slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture ( known as tavy ) , uncontrolled grass fires , gold mining , poaching , and clearing land for agricultural use have all significantly contributed to the significant deforestation witnessed in Madagascar and the ongoing decline of suitable habitat for this species .
Malagasy farmers continue to use fire to clear out agricultural land and pasture for livestock , promoting grass growth while inhibiting forest regeneration . The fires sometimes burn out of control and destroy forest edges along with the natural flora , increasing the damage even further than intended . Due to the nature of Madagascar 's geology and soil , tavy also depletes the fertility of the soil , accelerating the crop rotation rate and necessitating expansion into primary forests .
Although coal is the preferred cooking fuel of the Malagasy people , the most affordable and prominent source of energy is timber , known as kitay . Wood is also used as a primary building material , only adding further incentive to remove trees from the forest . With the depletion of dead wood from the forest patches , the people have begun to remove young , healthy trees . This is seen most commonly in areas closest to villages . Although the shapes and sizes of forest fragments around the Daraina region have been mostly stable for 50 years prior to a study in 2002 , the six years preceding the study had seen 5 % of the small- to medium @-@ sized forest fragments disappear due to increased human encroachment .
A newly emergent threat facing the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is hunting by the gold miners moving into the region 's forests . Although mining operations are small scale , the practice of gold mining takes a toll on the forested regions because deep mining pits are often dug near or underneath large trees , disturbing the extensive root systems and ultimately killing the trees in the area . The influx of gold miners has also increased poaching pressure . Although the species is protected from hunting by local fady ( taboo ) around Daraina , due to their likeness to humans , and by Malagasy law , the gold miners who have immigrated to the area have begun to hunt the golden @-@ crowned sifaka as a source of bushmeat . In 1993 , David M. Meyers , a researcher who has studied the golden @-@ crowned sifaka , speculated that if bushmeat hunting were to escalate , the species would go extinct in less than ten years since it is easy to find and not fearful of humans . Indeed , bushmeat hunting by people from nearby Ambilobe has already extirpated at least one isolated population .
= = = Conservation = = =
Because studies have shown that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka are most likely to be found in large forest fragments ( greater than 1 @,@ 000 ha ( 2 @,@ 500 acres ; 3 @.@ 9 sq mi ) ) , the species is thought to be sensitive to forest fragmentation and degradation . However , since it has been found around gold mining camps and degraded forests , it is not restricted to undisturbed forests and appears to tolerate human activity . Regardless , with its low population , highly restricted range , and badly fragmented habitat , the prospect for survival for the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is considered bleak . For these reasons , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) added it to its list of the 25 most endangered primates in 1997 . Previously , in 1992 , the IUCN 's Species Survival Commission ( IUCN / SSC ) Primate Specialist Group also assigned the species its highest priority rating . As of its 2008 assessment , the golden @-@ crowned sifaka was downgraded from Critically Endangered to Endangered on the IUCN Red List . In its four previous assessments , it was listed as Critically Endangered in 1996 and 2000 and Endangered in 1990 and 1994 .
The area inhabited by the golden @-@ crowned sifaka is also an important agricultural and economical resource for the human population . Suggested conservation action aimed at protecting this species and its habitat has focused on offering varying degrees of protection to forest fragments in the region , allowing human activity and resource extraction in areas that have less conservation potential while strictly protecting areas critical to the species ' survival . In 2002 , none of the forested areas that the golden @-@ crowned sifaka inhabits were part of a formally protected national park or reserve . A conservation study from 1989 called for the creation of a national park that includes the forest of Binara as well as the dry forests to the north of Daraina . A more recent study from 2002 proposed a network of protected forest areas including areas outside of the village of Daraina , forests north of the Monambato River , and the northern forests that constitute the species ' northern reservoir . In 2005 , Fanamby , a Malagasy non @-@ governmental organization ( NGO ) , teamed up with Conservation International to create a 20 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare ( 49 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ; 77 sq mi ) protected area that both Association Fanamby and the Ministry of Water and Forests manage . As of 2008 , only ten forest patches that could support viable populations remained , according to the IUCN .
Only one captive population of golden @-@ crowned sifakas has been represented in a zoological collection . Building on a successful record of maintaining a viable captive Verreaux 's sifaka population , the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) in Durham , North Carolina , requested and obtained permission from the government of Madagascar to capture and export this ( then ) unknown species for captive breeding . Plans were also made to establish a captive breeding program at the Ivoloina Forestry Station , now known as Parc Ivoloina . In November 1987 , during the same expedition that resulted in the formal description of the species , two males and two females were caught and measured . Five others were also caught , but were released because they were juvenile males . In July 1988 , a golden @-@ crowned sifaka was born in captivity at the DLC . However , the captive population was small and not viable for long @-@ term breeding , and captive sifakas have proven difficult to maintain due to their specialized dietary needs . The last captive individual died in 2008 . Despite the loss of its small colony after 20 years , DLC believes that establishment of a captive population for conservation @-@ oriented captive breeding purposes could provide an important second level of protection , particularly if habitat protection measures are unsuccessful .
= = = Effects of the 2009 political crisis = = =
As a result of the political crisis that began in 2009 and the resulting breakdown of law and order in Madagascar , poachers have hunted lemurs in the Daraina area and sold them to local restaurants as a delicacy . Pictures of dead lemurs that had been smoked for transport were taken by Fanamby and released by Conservation International in August 2009 . The lemurs in the photographs included the endangered golden @-@ crowned sifaka , as well as crowned lemurs . Around the time the photographs were released , 15 people were arrested for selling smoked lemurs , which were bought from hunters for 1 @,@ 000 ariary , or around US $ 0 @.@ 53 , and then sold in restaurants for 8 @,@ 000 ariary ( US $ 4 @.@ 20 ) . Russell Mittermeier , president of Conservation International , said that the arrests would not end the poaching since the poachers would " just get slaps on the wrist " .
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= Artemis Fowl ( novel ) =
Artemis Fowl is a young @-@ adult fantasy novel written by Irish author Eoin Colfer . It is the first book in the Artemis Fowl series , followed by Artemis Fowl : The Arctic Incident . Described by its author as " Die Hard with fairies " , it follows the adventures of Artemis Fowl , a twelve @-@ year @-@ old criminal mastermind , as he kidnaps a fairy for a large ransom of gold .
Throughout the book , the third @-@ person narration switches from following the human characters to following the fairy characters to present underlying themes of greed and conflict . The book received a mostly favourable critical response and several awards . A film adaptation was reported to be in the writing stage in mid @-@ 2008 with Jim Sheridan directing .
= = Synopsis = =
Artemis Fowl II is the twelve @-@ year @-@ old son of an Irish crime lord , Artemis Fowl I. He is a child prodigy , who has dedicated his life to criminal activities . He leads the Fowl criminal empire , which has been established by his family for generations . After significant research , Artemis believes that he has confirmed the existence of fairies . He tracks down an alcoholic sprite posing as a healer in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam , and travels there with his bodyguard Butler to obtain from her The Book of the People — the Fairy holy book that is written in Gnommish .
Meanwhile , Captain Holly Short of the Lower Elements Police is tracking a rogue troll that has managed to reach the surface of the Earth from Haven city , thousands of feet underground . Assisted by the technically minded centaur Foaly and LEPrecon commander Julius Root , she incapacitates the troll .
Artemis decodes the Book using translating software , and in the process , learns the specifics of the ritual fairies use to replenish their magic : take an acorn from an ancient oak tree near a bend in a river under the full moon and plant it elsewhere . Artemis and Butler track down 129 possible locations for the ritual and start a stakeout , they discover Holly performing the ritual . Butler tranquilizes Holly with a hypodermic dart gun .
A LEP retrieval team is sent to scout Fowl Manor . Using their ' shielding ' ability , which allows them to vibrate faster than the human eye can follow , the team enters the manor grounds . Artemis had anticipated this , however , and installed a camera with a high frames @-@ per @-@ second rate , allowing him to detect the threat by freezing the image . After Butler incapacitates the intruders , Root decides to lay siege to Fowl Manor using a time @-@ stop and enter negotiations . Artemis reveals the ransom demand : one metric ton of 24 @-@ carat gold . Artemis also reveals his knowledge of the time @-@ stop and claims that he can escape it . An analysis by LEP behavior experts determines that Artemis is telling the truth .
The attempts to gain entry to the manor continue as the LEP recruit an infamous criminal , the kleptomaniac dwarf Mulch Diggums to break in . Fairies are forbidden from entering human dwellings without permission , but Mulch has broken this rule so many times that he is immune to the adverse consequences . He tunnels underground to reach the house while Foaly feeds a loop to the manor surveillance system , allowing Mulch to freely explore . Mulch accidentally locates a safe containing Artemis ' copy of the Book , finally revealing to the fairies the source of Artemis ' knowledge , which he had led them to believe he had acquired form a truth serum administered to Holly . The Fairy Council , deciding that nothing is working , promotes a lieutenant called Briar Cudgeon to Acting Commander , temporarily usurping Julius Root . Meanwhile , Holly Short cracks through the concrete of her cell , finding fresh dirt , and completes the ritual with a smuggled acorn . Having regained her magic , she escapes into the main house .
Cudgeon decides to release the troll Holly captured earlier into the mansion to force Artemis to allow the fairies to enter and subdue the troll . This backfires , as Butler , aided by Holly 's healing powers , defeats the troll . The Fairy Council subsequently strips Cudgeon of his post .
Artemis is finally granted the ransom . The gold is sent in , and Artemis asks Holly for a wish : to cure his mother 's insanity — she has been living in her bedroom , driven mad by the loss of her husband . Holly grants the wish at the cost of half the gold . The LEP decides to send in a ' blue rinse ' – a biological bomb that kills all organic life — to eliminate Artemis and allow for the retrieval of the gold , but this fails when Artemis escapes the time @-@ stop by drugging himself and his comrades with sleeping pills .
Having survived until the end of the time stop , the LEP is bound by law and leaves the remaining gold and departs . At the end , Butler demands an explanation as to how Artemis came up with the idea of using sleeping pills . Artemis explains that he had gotten the idea from old fairy tales , in which human characters never wake up at an inopportune moment for the fairies , and had guessed that time @-@ stops were the reason . Artemis finds his mother has fully recovered from her insanity thanks to Holly 's magic .
= = Major characters = =
Artemis Fowl II – The protagonist ; a 12 @-@ year @-@ old genius , he uses his intelligence to obtain massive wealth through various illegal business ventures ; this stems from his family , who have been criminals for generations . While he seems cold and distant at the beginning , his character develops throughout , and he shows remorse , guilt , and passion for his family at the end .
Butler – The Fowl 's best manservant and Artemis ' bodyguard but also Artemis ' friend and accomplice , despite this trait being against his training . He is only referred to as " Butler , " that being his family name and the origin of the actual term " butler " . His first name is not revealed , but in Artemis Fowl : The Eternity Code , it is revealed as " Domovoi . "
Captain Holly Short – A determined , forthright elf and the first female captain of LEPrecon . Compassionate and caring , she goes as far as healing Butler from fatal wounds sustained fighting a troll , even though he has been integral in the plan to hold her hostage — this act is the first step to changing Artemis ' attitude and conscience .
Commander Julius Root – Known as " Beetroot " by fellow fairies for his characteristic red face , he is Holly Short 's superior officer . A father figure to the other fairies , and especially Holly , he is distressed at her disappearance , as seen in his conversation with Artemis in the whaling ship : " If you 've harmed one tip of my officer 's pointy ears ... " .
Foaly – The LEP 's technical advisor . Portrayed as brilliant and sarcastic , he is described as " having few friends . " He has invented several technological innovations eons ahead of human technology , such as the time @-@ stop used in the siege of Fowl Manor and provides the other characters with numerous high @-@ tech gadgets .
Mulch Diggums – A kleptomaniac dwarf whom the LEP recruits use to gain access to Fowl Manor during the siege , due to his many hereditary abilities , such as tunneling at unbelievable speeds . Having forfeited his magic years ago to allow him to follow a life of crime , he is immune to the restrictions of the Book of the People .
= = Themes = =
Artemis Fowl has a number of underlying themes , but the most essential of these are greed and the conflict between good and evil .
Greed is the first main theme that is introduced into the book , and specifically the desire to obtain gold . In a similar manner to other themes in the book , it changes throughout , becoming less of a focus near to the end of the novel , where Artemis is willing to part with a large sum of money to help someone else .
The idea of conflict between good and evil is one that is touched upon in the book in a light hearted manner . Although Artemis sees himself as an evil genius at the beginning of the book , and is portrayed as such , the end of the story contradicts this image when he pays the fairies to help his mother . Artemis ' enemies , the fairies , would be " the good side " , but their actions call this view into question — they are as determined as Artemis is , to achieve their goals , and while only some of them are willing to ruthlessly deploy a troll , regardless of the possible danger to life , all are willing to utilize a bio @-@ bomb once Holly is out of the mansion to force Artemis into submission .
= = Critical reception = =
In general , the book received a very positive critical response – in 2004 it received the Young Reader 's Choice Award and Garden State Teen Book Award , among other awards .
The New York Post said " Artemis Fowl is great ... a new thriller fairy tale that will grab your interest , no matter your age . " and the Library Journal said " Fun to read , full of action and humour , this is recommended for all public libraries and to readers of all ages . " Time.com said , " Artemis Fowl is pacy , playful , and very funny , an inventive mix of myth and modernity , magic and crime , " while The New York Times Book Review said that " Colfer has done enormously , explosively well . "
Kate Kellaway of The Observer called the book " a smart , amusing one @-@ off . It flashes with hi @-@ tech invention – as if Colfer were as much an inspired boffin as a writer . " The Amazon.com official review highly complimented the book , saying " Fantastic stuff from beginning to end , Artemis Fowl is a rip @-@ roaring , 21st century romp of the highest order . "
However , another Time Magazine review criticized the " abysmal " writing and the characterization , calling Artemis ' character " repellent in almost every regard . " It concluded that Artemis Fowl is " an awkward , calculated , humorless and mean @-@ spirited book . " USA Today 's review concluded : " All the familiar action @-@ flick clichés are trotted out : the backstabbing , politically astute subordinate ; the seemingly loony but loyal computer expert ; the dabs of family loyalty ; the requisite happy ending ; the utterly unsubtle plugs for the sequel ; the big action scenes . ... Resist the hype , parents , booksellers and librarians . This is not the new Harry Potter , nor is it a good children 's book . "
= = Adaptations = =
In 2001 plans were announced for a film adaptation of the series . Miramax Films was named as purchasing the film rights , with Lawrence Guterman signed to direct . In 2003 Colfer stated that a screenplay had been finalized and that casting was due to start the same year , but expressed scepticism over whether or not this would come to pass . The film remained in development and was assumed to be in development hell until 2011 , when it was reported that Jim Sheridan was interested in directing the movie . In July 2013 , it was announced that Disney and Harvey Weinstein are developing a project based on the first and second installment of the Artemis Fowl series . Robert De Niro and Jane Rosenthal will be the executive producers .
Artemis Fowl : The Graphic Novel is a graphic novel based on the book . Written by Colfer and adapted by Andrew Donkin , the graphic novel was released on 2 October 2007 . The plot remains the same as the book 's except some minor details . Some characters ' appearances differed from their description in the book ; Holly Short 's hair is longer than described in the book and a darker brown , as opposed to the reddish brown described in the book . Haven City 's roof is stalactites and rock as opposed to the computer @-@ generated sky described by the book . The graphic novel does not contain many word balloons , showing each character 's story in first @-@ person . Graphic novels for subsequent books in the series were released in 2009 , 2013 , and 2014 .
= = Publication history = =
Artemis Fowl ( Hardcover ) . USA : Miramax . 2001 . ISBN 0 @-@ 7868 @-@ 0801 @-@ 2 .
Artemis Fowl ( Hardcover ) . England and Ireland : Viking Children 's Books – Viking Press . 2001 . ISBN 0 @-@ 670 @-@ 89962 @-@ 3 .
Artemis Fowl ( Paperback ) . England and Ireland : Puffin Books . 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 131212 @-@ 2 .
Artemis Fowl ( Paperback ) . USA : Miramax . 2002 . ISBN 0 @-@ 7868 @-@ 1707 @-@ 0 .
Artemis Fowl ( Paperback ) . USA : Miramax . 2006 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4231 @-@ 0515 @-@ X.
= = = Text = = =
Colfer , Eoin . ( 2001 ) . Artemis Fowl . Viking Children 's Books . Paperback : ISBN 0 @-@ 670 @-@ 89962 @-@ 3
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= French cruiser Bruix =
Bruix was one of four Amiral Charner @-@ class armored cruisers built for the French Navy in the 1890s . She served in the Atlantic Ocean , the Mediterranean , and in the Far East before World War I. In 1902 she aided survivors of the devastating eruption of Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique and spent several years as guardship at Crete , protecting French interests in the region in the early 1910s .
At the beginning of the war in August 1914 , Bruix was assigned to protect troop convoys from French North Africa to France before she was transferred to the Atlantic to support Allied operations against the German colony of Kamerun in September . She was briefly assigned to support Allied operations in the Dardanelles in early 1915 before she began patrolling the Aegean Sea and Greek territorial waters .
The ship was decommissioned in Greece at the beginning of 1918 and recommissioned after the end of the war in November for service in the Black Sea against the Bolsheviks . Bruix returned home later in 1919 and was reduced to reserve before she was sold for scrap in 1921 .
= = Design and description = =
The Amiral Charner @-@ class ships were designed to be smaller and cheaper than the preceding armored cruiser design , the Dupuy de Lôme . Like the older ship , they were intended to fill the commerce @-@ raiding strategy of the Jeune École .
The ship measured 106 @.@ 12 meters ( 348 ft 2 in ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 14 @.@ 04 meters ( 46 ft 1 in ) . Bruix had a forward draft of 5 @.@ 55 meters ( 18 ft 3 in ) and drew 6 @.@ 06 meters ( 19 ft 11 in ) aft . She displaced 4 @,@ 748 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 673 long tons ) at normal load and 4 @,@ 990 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 910 long tons ) at deep load .
The Amiral Charner class had two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 16 Belleville boilers and they were rated at a total of 9 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 600 kW ) using forced draught . Bruix had a designed speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but only reached a maximum speed of 18 @.@ 37 knots ( 34 @.@ 02 km / h ; 21 @.@ 14 mph ) from 9 @,@ 107 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 698 kW ) during sea trials on 15 September 1896 . The ship carried up to 535 metric tons ( 527 long tons ; 590 short tons ) of coal and could steam for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ships of the Amiral Charner class had a main armament that consisted of two Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1887 guns that were mounted in single gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . Their secondary armament comprised six Canon de 138 @.@ 6 mm Modèle 1887 guns , each in single gun turrets on each broadside . For anti @-@ torpedo boat defense , they carried four 65 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) guns , four 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) and eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) five @-@ barreled revolving Hotchkiss guns . They were also armed with four 450 @-@ millimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) pivoting torpedo tubes ; two mounted on each broadside above water .
The side of the Amiral Charner class was generally protected by 92 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 6 in ) of steel armor , from 1 @.@ 3 meters ( 4 ft 3 in ) below the waterline to 2 @.@ 5 meters ( 8 ft 2 in ) above it . The bottom 20 centimeters ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) tapered in thickness and the armor at the ends of the ships thinned to 60 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . The curved protective deck had a thickness of 40 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) along its centerline that increased to 50 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) at its outer edges . Protecting the boiler rooms , engine rooms , and magazines below it was a thin splinter deck . A watertight internal cofferdam , filled with cellulose , ran the length of the ship from the protective deck to a height of 1 @.@ 2 meters ( 4 ft ) above the waterline . The ship 's conning tower and turrets were protected by 92 millimeters of armor .
= = Construction and career = =
Bruix , named after Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix , was laid down at the Arsenal de Rochefort on 9 November 1891 . She was launched on 2 August 1894 and commissioned for trials on 15 April 1896 . The ship was temporarily assigned to the Northern Squadron ( Escadre du Nord ) on 24 November for the visit of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his wife to Dunkerque on 5 – 9 October . The ship 's steering broke down on 7 October and she had to return to Rochefort for repairs . Trials lasted until early December and Bruix was officially commissioned on 15 December and assigned to the Northern Squadron .
On 18 August 1897 , together with the protected cruiser Surcouf , she escorted the armored cruiser Pothuau that carried President Félix Faure on a state visit to Russia . Shortly after departure , Bruix fractured a piston rod in her port engine which forced her to return to port . Her repairs and armament trials lasted until January 1898 , although the last of the trials was not completed until 25 February . Bruix was then assigned to the Far Eastern Squadron where she was based at Saigon , French Indochina until October , although she made a port visit to Manila , the Philippines , on 5 May after the American victory in the Battle of Manila Bay . While returning home in November , she damaged her starboard propeller on the 20th while transiting the Suez Canal . The ship reached Toulon on the 28th and was under repair until January 1899 before rejoining the Northern Squadron on 3 February .
Bruix made port visits in Spain and Portugal in June before another piston rod was damaged on the 7th . She began a refit on 20 September that lasted until 4 November that modified her for service as a flagship . On 20 November the ship became the flagship of a cruiser division . In 1901 she participated in the annual fleet maneuvers with the rest of the Northern Squadron . During this training the British steamer SS Paddington collided with the ship , lightly damaging the plating of her armored ram on 27 June . Bilge keels were fitted to Bruix in November – December and she remained at the dockyard until 10 January 1902 to evaluate the operation of her turrets . The ship was assigned to the Atlantic Division in April and visited several Spanish ports during the month and into May .
After the devastating eruption of Mount Pelée on 5 May , Bruix , now the flagship of Rear Admiral ( contre @-@ amiral ) Palma Gourdon , was ordered to Fort @-@ de @-@ France to render assistance to the survivors where she remained until 19 August . On 30 November Rear Admiral Joseph Bugard hoisted his flag aboard Bruix . The ship spent most of the next several years either commissioned with a reduced complement or assigned to the reserve . The ship was reactivated in late 1906 for service with the Far Eastern Squadron and departed Toulon on 15 November , accompanied by her sister ship Chanzy . They arrived at Saigon on 10 January 1907 and Bruix was in Nagasaki , Japan when Chanzy ran aground off the Chinese coast on 20 May . The ship then participated in the unsuccessful effort to rescue her sister . Bruix spent most of her tour in the Far East showing the flag in Russia , China and Japan and departed for home on 26 April 1909 . While passing through the Suez Canal , she accidentally collided with the Italian steamer SS Nilo before arriving at Toulon on 2 August . She began an overhaul several weeks later that that was repeatedly delayed by labor shortages at the dockyard . She was finally towed to the dockyard at Bizerte , in French North Africa , in June 1911 and her overhaul was completed in January 1912 .
Briefly assigned to the reserve , Bruix was recommissioned on 13 May for service with the Levant Division as the guardship for Crete . She relieved her sister Amiral Charner at Souda Bay on 9 July and spent the next two years in the Levant . During the Italo @-@ Turkish War , her captain protested the bombardment of fleeing Turkish troops near the port of Kalkan on 3 October by the protected cruiser Coatit as a breach of international law . On 8 November the ship assisted in the refloating of the Russian protected cruiser Oleg . Although formally assigned to the Tunisian Squadron on 13 January 1913 , Bruix remained in the Levant . Later in the year , she assisted in the salvage of the steamer SS Sénégal that had struck a mine at Smyrna , Turkey , that had been laid by the Italians during the war . In March 1914 Bruix escorted William , Prince of Albania during his voyage from Trieste to Durazzo , Albania to take up his throne . The ship returned to Bizerta on 25 April 1914 and began a refit that lasted until July .
When World War I began in August , she was assigned to escort convoys between Morocco and France and general patrols together with her sisters Latouche @-@ Tréville and Amiral Charner . Bruix was sent to support the Allied campaign against Kamerun in September and bombarded several small towns as part of her contribution before returning home later in the year . After several short refits , Bruix was assigned to the Dardanelles squadron in February 1915 although the ship spent most of her time patrolling the Aegean . On 31 January 1918 , she was placed in reserve at Salonika . Bruix was recommissioned on 29 November and transferred to Constantinople where she was assigned to the armored cruiser division of the 2nd Squadron on 2 December . Between March and May 1919 she patrolled the Black Sea as part of the Allied intervention against the Bolsheviks and took part in the evacuation of German and Allied troops from Nikolaev , Ukraine in March and from Odessa in April . Her crew did not participate in the mutiny that occurred aboard some French ships in Sevastopol , Crimea in April . Bruix departed the Black Sea for Constantinople on 5 May and then sailed for Toulon on 22 May where she was assigned to the reserve upon arrival . Proposals that she be converted into an accommodation ship or a merchant ship were judged impractical and she was stricken from the Navy List on 21 June 1920 . Bruix was sold for scrap a year later , to the day , together with two other obsolete warships , for the price of 436 @,@ 000 francs .
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= Catie Ball =
Catharine Ball Condon ( born September 30 , 1951 ) , née Catharine Northcutt Ball , is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic champion , and former world record @-@ holder in three events . At the 1968 Summer Olympics , she won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay team . Ball is a former world record holder in the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke events , and is remembered as a teenage star who was the dominant female breaststroke swimmer of her generation .
= = Early years = =
Ball was born in Jacksonville , Florida in 1951 . As a teenager , she swam for the J.E.T.S. swim team in Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) competition and attended Robert E. Lee High School in Jacksonville . In August 1966 , she set a new American record of 2 : 44 @.@ 8 in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke at the AAU national championships , shattering the previous mark by almost three seconds . In December 1966 , she tied the world record of 1 : 15 @.@ 7 in the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke at the international swim meet at the Hall of Fame pool in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . While swimming for the Lee High School Generals swim team , she won the 1967 Florida 2A state high school championships in the 200 @-@ yard individual medley and the 100 @-@ yard breaststroke events , setting Florida state records in both . Her Florida record in the 100 @-@ yard breaststroke stood for eleven years .
= = International swimming career = =
Ball set a new world record in the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke at the Santa Clara invitational swim meet in July 1967 . At the 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Ball won two individual gold medals in the women 's 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke events , and a third in the women 's 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay in which she swam the breaststroke leg for the winning U.S. team of Kendis Moore , Ball , Ellie Daniel and Wendy Fordyce . In the process , she set new world records in all three events . During 1967 , she set world records in all four ( two metric , two non @-@ metric ) individual breaststroke events as a 15 @-@ year @-@ old .
Despite having to overcome mononucleosis and missing several scheduled meets in early 1968 , Ball was the favorite to win three gold medals at the 1968 Olympics . She was the reigning world record holder in all four breaststroke distances and bettered her own world records in the 100 @-@ meter and 200 @-@ meter breaststroke at the U.S. Olympic Trials in August 1968 . She arrived at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , however , with a case of influenza . She won her only Olympic medal , a gold , as a member of the winning U.S. 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay team by swimming the breaststroke leg of the four @-@ person relay . Sharing the gold medal honors were her relay teammates Kaye Hall ( backstroke ) , Ellie Daniel ( butterfly ) and Susan Pedersen ( freestyle ) . In the 100 @-@ meter breaststroke final , Ball led close to the finish but physical exhaustion overwhelmed her , and she finished fifth . She was too ill to swim in the subsequent preliminary heats of the 200 @-@ meter breaststroke and was scratched from the event .
= = College coaching career = =
After the Olympics , Ball received a special scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , but effectively dropped out of competition swimming because there were no women 's college swim teams at the time and because of her desire to lead a more " normal " life . As an undergraduate senior at the University of Florida , she was hired by athletic director Ray Graves to be the first head coach of the newly organized women 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ( AIAW ) competition during the 1972 – 73 school year . In their first year of intercollegiate competition , Ball 's Lady Gators swimmers were undefeated in dual meets and placed second at the AIAW national championship during her single @-@ season tenure .
Ball graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in education in 1973 .
= = Life after swimming = =
Ball currently resides in Pensacola , Florida . In the time since retiring from competition swimming at the age of 17 , she has been a college swim coach , kindergarten teacher , junior swim coach , housewife and interior decorator . Ball and her business partner have operated a successful interior decorating business , " Beside the Point , " for the past decade . She and her husband Tom Condon have three children and two grandchildren .
She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1976 , and the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 2010 .
= = World records = =
Women 's 100 @-@ meter breaststroke
Women 's 200 @-@ meter breaststroke
Women 's 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay
Note : All record times and locations are sourced to USA Swimming 's list of world records .
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= Brook Farm =
Brook Farm , also called the Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education or the Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education , was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s . It was founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley at the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts ( 9 miles outside of downtown Boston ) in 1841 and was inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism , a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England . Founded as a joint stock company , it promised its participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of the work . Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload , ample time would be available for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits .
Life on Brook Farm was based on balancing labor and leisure while working together for the benefit of the greater community . Each member could choose to do whatever work they found most appealing and all were paid equally , including women . Revenue for the community came from farming and from selling handmade products like clothing as well as through fees paid by the many visitors to Brook Farm . The main source of income was the school , which was overseen by Mrs. Ripley . A pre @-@ school , primary school , and a college preparatory school attracted children internationally and each child was charged for his or her education . Adult education was also offered .
The community was never financially stable and had difficulty profiting from its agricultural pursuits . By 1844 , the Brook Farmers adopted a societal model based on the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier and began publishing The Harbinger as an unofficial journal promoting Fourierism . Following his vision , the community members began building an ambitious structure called the Phalanstery . When the uninsured building was destroyed in a fire , the community was financially devastated and never recovered . It was fully closed by 1847 . Despite the experimental commune 's failure , many Brook Farmers looked back on their experience positively . Critics of the commune included Charles Lane , founder of another utopian community called Fruitlands . Nathaniel Hawthorne was a founding member of Brook Farm , though he was not a strong adherent of the community 's ideals . He later fictionalized his experience in his novel The Blithedale Romance ( 1852 ) .
After the community 's failure , the property was operated for most of the next 130 years by a Lutheran organization as first an orphanage , and then a treatment center and school . The buildings of the Transcendentalists were destroyed by fire over the years . In 1988 the State of Massachusetts acquired 148 acres ( 60 ha ) of the farm , which is now operated by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation as a historic site .
= = History = =
= = = Planning and background = = =
In October 1840 , George Ripley announced to the Transcendental Club that he was planning to form a Utopian community . Brook Farm , as it would be called , was based on the ideals of Transcendentalism ; its founders believed that by pooling labor they could sustain the community and still have time for literary and scientific pursuits . The experiment was meant to serve as an example for the rest of the world , based on the principles of " industry without drudgery , and true equality without its vulgarity " . At Brook Farm , and as in other communities , physical labor was perceived as a condition of mental well @-@ being and health . Brook Farm was one of at least 80 communal experiments active in the United States throughout the 1840s , though it was the first to be secular . Ripley believed his experiment would be a model for the rest of society . He predicted : " If wisely executed , it will be a light over this country and this age . If not the sunrise , it will be the morning star . " As more interested people began to take part in planning , Ripley relocated meetings from his home to the West Street bookshop operated by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody .
= = = Beginnings = = =
Ripley and his wife Sophia formed a joint stock company in 1841 along with 10 other initial investors . He sold shares of the company $ 500 apiece with a promise of five percent of the profits to each investor . Shareholders were also allowed a single vote in decision @-@ making and several held director positions . The Ripleys chose to begin their experiment at a dairy farm owned by Charles and Maria Mayo Ellis in West Roxbury , Massachusetts , near the home of Theodore Parker . They began raising money , including holding a meeting at Peabody 's bookshop to raise $ 10 @,@ 000 for the farm 's initial purchase . The site was eventually purchased on October 11 , 1841 , for $ 10 @,@ 500 @.@ though participants had begun moving in as early as April . The 170 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 69 km2 ) farm about eight miles ( 13 km ) from Boston was described in a pamphlet as a " place of great natural beauty , combining a convenient nearness to the city with a degree of retirement and freedom from unfavorable influences unusual even in the country " . The purchase also covered a neighboring Keith farm , approximately 22 acres ( 89 @,@ 000 m2 ) , " consisting altogether of a farm with dwelling house , barn , and outbuildings thereon situated " .
The first major public notice of the community was published in August 1841 . " The Community at West Roxbury , Mass . " was likely written by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody . Though they began with 10 investors , eventually some 32 people would become Brook Farmers . Writer and editor Margaret Fuller was invited to Brook Farm and , though she never officially joined the community , she was a frequent visitor , often spending New Year 's Eve there . Ripley received many applications to join the community , especially from people who had little money or those in poor health , but full @-@ fledged membership was granted only to individuals who could afford the $ 500 share of the joint stock company .
One of the initial founders of Brook Farm was author Nathaniel Hawthorne . Hawthorne did not particularly agree with the ideals of the experiment , hoping only that it would help him raise enough money to begin his life with his wife @-@ to @-@ be Sophia Peabody . She considered moving there as well and even visited in May 1841 , though Hawthorne sent her away . Ripley was aware of Hawthorne 's motivations , and tried to convince him to get involved more fully by appointing him as one of four trustees , specifically overseeing " Direction of Finance " . After requesting his initial investment be returned , Hawthorne officially resigned from Brook Farm on October 17 , 1842 . He wrote of his displeasure with the community : " even my Custom House experience was not such a thraldom and weariness ; my mind and heart were freer ..... Thank God , my soul is not utterly buried under a dung @-@ heap . "
= = = Fourier inspiration = = =
In the late 1830s Ripley became increasingly engaged in " Associationism " , an early socialist movement based on the work of Charles Fourier . Horace Greeley , a New York newspaper editor , and others began to pressure the Brook Farm experiment to follow more closely the pattern of Charles Fourier at a time when the community was struggling to be self @-@ sufficient . Albert Brisbane , whose book The Social Destiny of Man ( 1840 ) had been an inspiration to Ripley , paid Greeley $ 500 for permission to publish a front @-@ page column in the New York Tribune which ran in several parts from March 1842 to September 1843 . Brisbane argued in the series , titled " Association : or , Principles of a True Organization of Society " , how Fourier 's theories could be applied in the United States . Brisbane published similar articles in 1842 in The Dial , the journal of the Transcendentalists . Fourier 's societal vision included elaborate plans for specific structures and highly organized roles of its members . He called this system for an ideal community a " Phalanx " .
To meet this vision , now under the name " Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education " , Brook Farmers committed themselves to constructing an ambitious communal building known as the Phalanstery . Construction began in the summer of 1844 and the structure would provide accommodations for 14 families and single people as well . It was planned to be 175 feet ( 53 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) and include , as Ripley described , " a large and commodious kitchen , a dining @-@ hall capable of seating from three to four hundred persons , two public saloons , and a spacious hall or lecture room " .
Ripley and two associates created a new constitution for Brook Farm in 1844 , beginning the experiment 's attempts to follow closely Fourier 's Phalanx system . Many Brook Farmers supported the transition ; at a dinner in honor of Fourier 's birthday , one member of the group proposed a toast to " Fourier , the second coming of Christ " . Others , however , did not share in the enthusiasm and some left the commune altogether . One of those who left was Isaac Hecker , who converted to Catholicism and went on to become the founder of the first American @-@ based order of priests , the Paulist Fathers , in 1858 . In particular , many Brook Farmers thought the new model was too rigid and structured and too different from the carefree aspects that they had been attracted to . Both supporters and detractors referred to the early part of Brook Farm 's history as the " Transcendental days " . Ripley himself became a celebrity proponent of Fourierism and organized conventions throughout New England to discuss the community .
In the last few months of 1844 , Brook Farmers were offered the possibility of taking over two Associationism @-@ inspired publications , Brisbane 's The Phalanx and John Allen 's The Social Reformer . Four printers were part of Brook Farm at the time and members of the community believed it would elevate their status as leaders of the movement as well as provide additional income . Ultimately , the Brook Farmers published a new journal combining the two , The Harbinger . The journal 's first issue was published June 14 , 1845 , and was continuously printed , originally weekly , until October 1847 , when it was relocated to New York City , still under the oversight of George Ripley and fellow Brook Farmer Charles Anderson Dana . Naming the publication , however , turned out to be a difficult task . Parke Godwin offered advice when it was suggested to keep the name The Phalanx :
Call it the Pilot , the Harbinger , the Halycon , the Harmonist , The Worker , the Architect , The Zodiac , The Pleiad , the Iris , the Examiner , The Aurora , the Crown , the Imperial , the Independent , the Synthesist , the Light , the Truth , the Hope , the Teacher , the Reconciler , the Wedge , the Pirate , the Seer , the Indicator , the Tailor , the Babe in the Manger , the Universe , the Apocalypse , the Red Dragon , the Plant , Beelzebub — the Devil or anything rather than the meaningless name Phalanx .
= = = Decline and dissolution = = =
Brook Farm began to decline rapidly after its restructuring . In October 1844 , Orestes Brownson visited the site and sensed that " the atmosphere of the place is horrible " . To save money , " retrenchments " , or sacrifices , were called for , particularly at the dinner table . Meat , coffee , tea , and butter were no longer offered , though it was agreed that a separate table with meat be allowed in December 1844 . That Thanksgiving , a neighbor had donated a turkey . Many Brook Farmers applied for exceptions to these rules and soon it was agreed that " members of the Association who sit at the meat table shall be charged extra for their board " . Life on Brook Farm was further worsened by an outbreak of smallpox in November 1845 ; though no one died , 26 Brook Farmers were infected . Ripley attempted to quell the financial difficulties by negotiating with creditors and stockholders , who agreed to cancel $ 7 @,@ 000 of debts .
Construction on the Phalanstery was progressing well until the evening of March 3 , 1846 , when it was discovered that the Phalanstery had caught fire . Within two hours , the structure had completely burned down ; firefighters from Boston arrived too late . The fire was likely caused by a defective chimney . One participant noted , " Ere long the flames were chasing one another in a mad riot over the structure ; running across long corridors and up and down the supporting columns of wood , until the huge edifice was a mass of firework " . The financial blow from the loss of the uninsured building was $ 7 @,@ 000 and it marked the beginning of the end of Brook Farm .
George Ripley , who had begun the experiment , made an unofficial break with Brook Farm in May 1846 . Many others began to leave as well , though the dissolution of the farm was slow . As one Brook Farmer said , the slow decline of the community was like apple petals drifting slowly to the ground , making it seem " dreamy and unreal " . On November 5 , 1846 , Ripley 's book collection , which had served as Brook Farm 's library , was auctioned to help cover the association 's debts . By the end , Brook Farm had a total debt of $ 17 @,@ 445 . Ripley told a friend , " I can now understand how a man would feel if he could attend his own funeral " . He took a job with the New York Tribune and it took him 13 years to pay off the Brook Farm debt , which he did in 1862 .
= = After Brook Farm = =
A man named John Plummer purchased the land that was Brook Farm in 1849 before selling it six years later to James Freeman Clarke , who intended to establish another community there . Instead , Clarke offered it to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War and the Second Massachusetts Regiment used it for training as Camp Andrew .
Clarke sold the property in 1868 to two brothers , who used it as a summer boarding house . In 1870 Gottlieb F. Burckhardt purchased the property , after which he formed the Association of the Evangelical Lutheran Church for Works of Mercy to operate an orphanage in The Hive , as the main house on the property was known . The orphanage opened in 1872 and operated until 1943 . In 1948 the Lutherans converted it into a treatment center and school , which closed in 1977 . Parts of the farm were separated in 1873 for use as a cemetery , a use that continues today as an non @-@ denominational cemetery known as the Gardens of Gethsemene ( as part of St. Joseph 's Cemetery and the Baker Street Jewish Cemeteries ) . During the period of Lutheran ownership the only now extant building , a c . 1890 print shop , was built on the land ; the buildings associated with the Transcendentalists , most recently the Margaret Fuller Cottage , had burned down by the 1980s .
In 1988 the Metropolitan District Commission ( since merged with the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation , or DCR ) purchased 148 acres ( 0 @.@ 60 km2 ) of the original land . The farm was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1965 , a Boston Landmark in 1977 , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The DCR now operate the state @-@ owned portion as a historic site ; the West Roxbury Historical Society periodically offers tours .
= = Landscape and facilities = =
Brook Farm was named for the brook that ran near the roadside and that eventually went to the Charles River . It was surrounded by low hills and its meadows and sunny slopes were diversified by orchard , quiet groves and denser pine woods . The land , however , turned out to be difficult to farm .
The land on the Keith lot that was purchased along with the Ellis farm included a functional farmhouse , which Brook Farmers immediately began calling " The Hive " . The Hive became the center for social activities and was where the people of the community went to eat three meals a day . The Hive 's dining room held fifty people and its library was stocked with George Ripley 's personal book collection which was made available for all community members .
As the community grew , it became necessary to add more buildings for lodgings and various activities . The first building constructed was " The Nest " , where school lessons took place and where guests of the farm would stay . Mr. and Mrs. Ripley 's house , later to be called the Eyrie , was built during the second year . The next building to be built was the Margaret Fuller Cottage ; though named after Fuller , she never spent a night there . A participant at Brook Farm named Ichabod Morton built the Pilgrim House , named in honor of his home town of Plymouth , Massachusetts . The 2 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ story building was the third structure built that year and cost nearly $ 5 @,@ 000 to build . Morton stayed there only two weeks before moving out , after which the building was used for general lodging and also held the laundry facilities . The many constructions , including greenhouses and small craft shops , quickly reduced their treasury .
= = Community life = =
= = = Work and finances = = =
Participants at Brook Farm were also shareholders and were promised five percent of the annual profits or free tuition for one student . In exchange for 300 days of work per year , they were granted free room and board . Members performed whatever work most appealed to them and all , including women , were paid equal wages . The philosophy of labor , according to Ripley , was " to insure a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor than now exists ; to combine the thinker and the worker , as far as possible , in the same individual . "
The organization of work in Brook Farm changed over time because of both financial troubles and changes in ideologies . Members of Brook Farm initially participated in an “ attractive industry ” system where each individual could pick his or her work assignments based on their won preferences . This method did not have any specific authority making sure that essential tasks were getting done . After initial leniency , some sensed that not all members were doing their fair share of the labor , so in 1841 the community adopted required standards for work : ten hours of work were required per day during the summer , and eight hours during winter . When Brook Farm first started adopting Fourierist notions , they created a more structured work environment with a system that consisted of three series of industry , which were agriculture , mechanical , and domestic , and within each series there were a number of groups that handled more specific tasks . Each group had a chief whose duty it was to keep a record of the work done . While this system did create a new work hierarchy , the members still had the flexibility to move between groups easily . These new measures caused Brook Farm to achieve a profit in 1844 which was a feat that had not been accomplished in its first few years of the community 's existence .
Typical work duties at Brook Farm included chopping wood , bringing in firewood , milking cows , turning a grindstone , and other farming chores . Not all were farmers , however . Some worked in the trades , including making shoes , and others were teachers . Regardless of the job , all were considered equal and because of the job distribution , as Elizabeth Peabody wrote , " no one has any great weight in any one thing " . In exchange for their work , participants were granted several " guarantees " , including " medical attendance , nursing , education in all departments , amusements " . There were some occasional conflicts between different workers , partly because those who were educators believed themselves more aristocratic ; overall , however , as historian Charles Crowe wrote , " indeed all aspects of communal life operated with surprisingly little friction " in general .
Visitors to Brook Farm came frequently , totaling an estimated 1 @,@ 150 each year , though each was charged for their visit . Between November 1844 and October 1845 , surviving records show that $ 425 was collected from visitor fees . The list of visitors included theologian Henry James , Sr. , sculptor William Wetmore Story , artist John Sartain , and British social reformer Robert Owen .
Despite multiple sources of income , the community was in constant debt almost immediately after it began . The community , including Ripley , had difficulty with the farming aspects of the community , in particular because of poor soil and not enough labor . The major crop was hay , though it was sold at low grade prices ; vegetables , milk , and fruit were not produced in high enough numbers to be profitable . The property was mortgaged four times between 1841 and 1845 . Brook Farm got into the habit of spending money before they had raised it . As one Brook Farmer wrote , " I think here lies the difficulty , — we have not had business men to conduct our affairs ... those among us who have some business talents , see this error " .
= = = Education = = =
On September 29 , 1841 , the " Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education " was organized . The school was the most immediate ( and at times the only ) source of income for Brook Farm and attracted students as far away as Cuba and the Philippines . Children under twelve were charged three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half dollars per week and , at first , boys over twelve were charged four dollars a week and girls were charged five ; by August 1842 , the rates were made identical , regardless of gender . Adult education was also available in the evenings . The schedule for adults included courses on moral philosophy , German language , and modern European history .
Within the school there was an infant school for children under six , a primary school for children under ten , and there was a preparatory school that prepared children for college in six years . When entering the school , each pupil under high school age was assigned a woman of the community who was in charge of his / her wardrobe , personal habits , and exercise . The teachers included three graduates of Harvard Divinity School ( George Ripley , George Bradford , John Sullivan Dwight ) as well as several women ( Ripley 's wife Sophia , his sister Marianne , and his cousin Hannah , as well as Georgianna Bruce and Abby Morton ) . Ripley was in charge of teaching English and was known to be relaxed in his class . Dana taught languages , being able to speak ten himself . Dwight taught music as well as Latin . Students studied European languages and literature and , at no extra cost , pupils could also indulge in the fine arts . The primary school was overseen by Sophia Ripley and Marianne Ripley , using a progressive child @-@ centered pedagogy that has been compared to the later reforms of John Dewey . Sophia Ripley 's dedication to the school was remarked upon by many ; she only missed two classes in six years .
= = = Leisure = = =
The people of Brook Farm spent most of their time either studying or working the farm , but they always set aside time in the day for play . In their free time , the members of Brook Farm enjoyed music , dancing , card games , drama , costume parties , sledding , and skating . Every week everyone in the community would gather at The Hive for a dance of the young ladies of the community . They would wear wreaths of wild daisies on top of their heads , and each week a special wreath , bought from a florist , would be given to the best dressed girl . At the end of every day , many performed a " symbol of Universal Unity " , in which they stood in a circle and joined hands and vowed for " truth to the cause of God and Humanity " .
Spirits remained high throughout the experiment , regardless of the community 's financial standing . Their social structure demanded selflessness and individuals rarely failed to fulfill their duties , a requirement to earn leisure time . Leisure time was important to the Brook Farm philosophy . As Elizabeth Palmer Peabody wrote for The Dial in January 1842 , " none will be engaged merely in bodily labor ... This community aims to be rich , not in the metallic representative of wealth , but in ... leisure to live in all the faculties of the soul " .
= = = Role of women = = =
At Brook Farm , women had the opportunity to expand beyond their typical sphere of tasks and their labor was highly valued . They did have tasks that were typical of other women at the time such as simple food preparation , and shared housekeeping . However , during the harvest time women were allowed to work in the fields and men even helped out with laundry during the cold weather . Because no single religion could impose its beliefs on the community , women were safe from the typical patriarchy associated with religion at the time . Because of the community 's focus on individual freedom , women were autonomous from their husbands and were also allowed to become stockholders . Women also played an important role in providing sources of income to the community . Many devoted time to making , as Brook Farmer Marianne Dwight described , " elegant and tasteful caps , capes , collars , undersleeves , etc . , etc . , " for sale at shops in Boston . Others painted screens and lamp shades for sale . Women were allowed to go to school and , because of the well @-@ known education of women at Brook Farm , many female writers and performers visited the farm . George Ripley 's wife Sophia , who had written an outspoken feminist essay for The Dial on " Woman " before moving to Brook Farm , was very educated and was able to teach history and foreign languages at the farm .
= = Criticism = =
Many people in the community wrote of how much they enjoyed their experience and , in particular , the light @-@ hearted atmosphere . One participant , a man named John Codman , joined the community at the age of 27 in 1843 . He wrote , " It was for the meanest a life above humdrum , and for the greatest something far , infinitely far beyond . They looked into the gates of life and saw beyond charming visions , and hopes springing up for all " . The idealism of the community sometimes was not met , however . Because the community was officially secular , a variety of religions were represented , though not always amicably . When Isaac Hecker and , later , Sophia Ripley converted to Catholicism , a Protestant Brook Farmer complained , " We are beginning to see wooden crosses around and pictures of saints ... and I suspect that rosaries are rattling under aprons . "
Nathaniel Hawthorne , eventually elected treasurer of the community , did not enjoy his experience . Initially , he praised the work he was doing , boasting of " what a great , broad @-@ shouldered , elephantine personage I shall become by and by ! " Later , he wrote to his wife @-@ to @-@ be Sophia Peabody , " labor is the curse of the world , and nobody can meddle with it without becoming proportionately brutified " . After disassociating with the community Hawthorne demanded the return of his initial investment , though he never held any ill will with Ripley , to whom he wrote he would " heartily rejoice at your success — of which I can see no reasonable doubt " .
Many outside the community were critical of Brook Farm , especially in the press . The New York Observer , for example , suggested that , " The Associationists , under the pretense of a desire to promote order and morals , design to overthrow the marriage institution , and in the place of the divine law , to substitute the ' passions ' as the proper regulator of the intercourse of the sexes " , concluding that they were " secretly and industriously aiming to destroy the foundation of society " . Critic Edgar Allan Poe expressed his opinions on the community in an article titled " Brook Farm " in the December 13 , 1845 , issue of the Broadway Journal . He wrote that he had " sincere respect " for the group and that its journal , The Harbinger , was " conducted by an assemblage of well @-@ read persons who mean no harm — and who , perhaps , can do no less " . Despite many critics , none suggested George Ripley be replaced as Brook Farm 's leader .
Ralph Waldo Emerson never joined the Brook Farm community , despite several invitations . He wrote to Ripley on December 15 , 1840 , of his " conviction that the Community is not good for me " . He also questioned the idealism of the community , particularly its optimism that all members would equally share responsibility and workload . As he wrote , " The country members naturally were surprised to observe that one man ploughed all day and one looked out of a window all day ... and both received at night the same wages " . Twenty years later , Emerson publicly denounced the experiment in his collection of essays titled The Conduct of Life . Charles Lane , one of the founders of another community called Fruitlands , thought the Brook Farmers lived a lifestyle that did not sacrifice enough . As he said , they were " playing away their youth and day @-@ time in a miserably joyous frivolous manner " . Like other communities , Brook Farm was criticized for its potential to break up the nuclear family because of its focus on working as a larger community . After its conversion to Fourierism , the Transcendentalists showed less support for the experiment . Henry David Thoreau questioned the community members ' idealism and wrote in his journal , " As for these communities , I think I had rather keep bachelor 's hall in hell than go to board in heaven " . Even Sophia Ripley later questioned their original optimism , referring to it as " childish , empty , & sad " .
= = In fiction = =
Nathaniel Hawthorne , though a founding member , was unhappy during his tenure as a Brook Farmer , partly because he was unable to write while living there . " I have no quiet at all " , he complained , and his hands were covered " with a new crop of blisters — the effect of raking hay " . He later presented a fictionalized portrait of his experience in his 1852 novel , The Blithedale Romance . He acknowledged the resemblance in his introduction , saying " in the ' Blithedale ' of this volume , many readers will probably suspect a faint and not very faithful shadowing of Brook Farm , in West Roxbury , which ( now a little more than ten years ago ) was occupied and cultivated by a company of socialists . " The chapter called " The Masqueraders " , for example , was based on a picnic held one September to celebrate the harvest season . George Ripley , who reviewed the book for the New York Tribune , said that former Brook Farmers would only notice the resemblance in the humorous parts of the story . Some have also seen a resemblance between Margaret Fuller and Hawthorne 's fictional character Zenobia . In the novel , a visitor — a writer like Hawthorne — finds that hard farm labor is not conducive to intellectual creativity .
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= 2015 Canadian Grand Prix =
The 2015 Canadian Grand Prix , formally known as the Formula 1 Grand Prix du Canada 2015 , was a Formula One motor race held on 7 June 2015 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal , Canada . The race was the seventh round of the 2015 season , and marked the 52nd running of the Canadian Grand Prix . Daniel Ricciardo was the defending race winner , having won his first ever grand prix the year before .
Lewis Hamilton of the Mercedes team won the race from pole position , leading for all but one lap of the race . He extended his championship lead over teammate Nico Rosberg , who finished second , to 17 points .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The pit @-@ stop decision that seemingly cost Lewis Hamilton a victory at the previous race in Monaco was still a talking point when the paddock arrived in Canada . In Thursday 's press conference however , Hamilton insisted that he " couldn 't care less " about the incident , saying : " I can 't do anything about the past so there 's honestly no point in thinking about it , it is about trying to shape the future . "
Max Verstappen received a five @-@ place grid penalty for the Canadian Grand Prix after causing a collision with Romain Grosjean in Monaco . During the final practice session , Toro Rosso had to equip his car with the fifth internal combustion engine of the season . As he exceeded the limit of four units per power unit element per season , he received an additional ten @-@ place grid penalty .
Minor changes were made to the last right @-@ left chicane of the track . Prior to the first session of the weekend , the stewards placed a bollard in the run @-@ off area to keep the drivers from re @-@ entering the track too early . Ahead of the third practice session on Saturday , an additional orange @-@ coloured kerb was added on the apex of turn 14 . The stewards stated that " any driver who fails to negotiate turn 14 by using the track , and who makes contact with any part of the new kerb element , will not be required to keep to the left of the red and white polystyrene block , but must re @-@ join the track safely . "
Going into the race , Hamilton was leading the World Drivers ' Championship by ten points from teammate Nico Rosberg , who had won the two previous rounds in Spain and Monaco . Sebastian Vettel was third , a further 18 points behind Rosberg . In the Constructors ' Championship , Mercedes was leading Ferrari by 84 points , with Williams down in third .
= = = Free practice = = =
Per the regulations for the 2015 season , three practice sessions were held , two 1 @.@ 5 @-@ hour sessions on Friday and another one @-@ hour session before qualifying on Saturday . During first practice on Friday morning , Lewis Hamilton posted the fastest time – over a second quicker than the fastest time set in first practice in 2014 – and four @-@ tenths of a second ahead of his teammate Nico Rosberg in second . Both Lotus and Force India showed good pace with Romain Grosjean and Nico Hülkenberg being third and fourth fastest respectively , though over 1 @.@ 5 seconds behind Hamilton . Incidents during the session included Hamilton spinning out when his brakes locked up and Carlos Sainz , Jr. stopping at the end of pit lane when he set out to post a timed lap towards the end of the session .
In second practice , Hamilton was again quickest but was also caught out again . He went off at the turn ten hairpin and crashed his car while he was doing a run on intermediate tyres in wet conditions – a downpour of rain affected the second half of the session . Most teams sent their drivers out only in the dry first half , setting times on the super @-@ soft tyre compound . Ferrari looked to be significantly closer to Mercedes , with Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen finishing second and third respectively , less than 0 @.@ 4 seconds behind Hamilton . Lotus confirmed their good pace from the first session when Pastor Maldonado was fifth fastest , behind Rosberg .
The third practice session on Saturday morning was disrupted by two red flag periods . Twenty minutes into practice , Felipe Nasr lost control of his car when he weaved from side to side on track to increase his tyre temperatures while his DRS was open on the first part of the Casino straight , and crashed into the barrier at the inside of the track . After the red flag was lifted , only twelve minutes of the session remained and all drivers took to the track to try out the super @-@ soft compound . This did not last long however , as Jenson Button had to park his car at turn seven , reporting a problem with his power unit . This brought out the red flag once again , effectively ending the session . Nico Rosberg was fastest , half a second ahead of Räikkönen , while Hamilton drove just nine laps , ending the practice with the slowest time set .
= = = Qualifying = = =
Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . The 45 minutes of qualifying were split into parts of eighteen , fifteen and twelve minutes of running respectively . While Sauber were able to place Felipe Nasr in a new car in time for qualifying following his accident in practice , Jenson Button 's problems could not be sorted out and he missed the session , meaning that his participation in the race would be left to a decision by the race stewards .
During the first part of qualifying ( Q1 ) , Mercedes was able to refrain from using the faster super @-@ soft tyres , nevertheless setting times below 1 : 16 . Fastest in the session was Romain Grosjean , who was narrowly quicker than the Mercedes drivers , but on the softer tyre compound . With Button not participating , four drivers were left to be eliminated . The two Manors once more did not make the cut and took 18th and 19th on the grid , with Roberto Merhi out @-@ qualifying his teammate Will Stevens for the first time in a qualifying that both drivers participated in . Joining them on the sidelines were two more prominent drivers : both Sebastian Vettel and Felipe Massa suffered from problems with their power units , finishing 16th and 17th respectively .
Lewis Hamilton was quickest in Q2 , just 0 @.@ 012 seconds ahead of his teammate Nico Rosberg . The Mercedes power unit proved its superiority on the high @-@ speed Montreal track , with all remaining Mercedes @-@ powered cars making it into Q3 , leaving Kimi Räikkönen and the two Red Bulls to take the remaining three places . This was the first time in 2015 that Force India was able to get both cars into Q3 in qualifying , having last done so at the 2014 German Grand Prix .
As the top ten took to the track for the final part of qualifying , Nico Rosberg was unable to beat his time set in Q2 with his first fast lap . Hamilton however improved on his time , being more than three @-@ tenths of a second faster than Rosberg . When both drivers were unable to improve on their times with their second timed laps , Hamilton took the 44th pole position of his career . Row two was taken up by the two Finns , Räikkönen and Valtteri Bottas , who narrowly beat the two Lotuses of Romain Grosjean and Pastor Maldonado . Both Lotus drivers had emerged from their pit boxes simultaneously for their final timed laps , entering the track side @-@ by @-@ side . The two Red Bulls finished eighth and ninth , splitting the two Force Indias of Nico Hülkenberg and Sergio Pérez .
= = = = Post @-@ qualifying = = = =
In an interview following qualifying , Lewis Hamilton expressed that it was " very special " to get another pole in Canada , since Canada had been the scene of his first race win in 2007 . Sebastian Vettel lamented his qualifying performance , telling German TV that a small part of the car was broken but that he was confident to be able to make up places during the race , pointing to Kimi Räikkönen 's fast pace in qualifying .
Since he did not post a lap time within 107 % of the fastest time during Q1 , Jenson Button was required to apply to the race stewards to be allowed to the start the race ; they granted him permission to do so . After qualifying , McLaren had to fit his car with a fifth heat motor generator unit ( MGU @-@ H ) and a fifth turbo charger for the season . As this exceeded the limit of four units per power unit element , Button was later handed ten @-@ place and five @-@ place grid penalties . As he was already due to start from the back of the grid , the penalty was substituted with a drive @-@ through penalty , to be served within the first three laps of the race .
Sebastian Vettel was handed a five @-@ place grid penalty for overtaking Manor 's Roberto Merhi under red flags during the third free practice session . After Max Verstappen qualified twelfth for the race , he was unable to be placed the full fifteen places back on the grid from both his penalties . As grid penalties were no longer carried over to subsequent races in 2015 , he was instead handed a ten @-@ second penalty , to be served with his first pit stop during the race .
= = = Race = = =
At the start of the race , all drivers at the front of the grid got away without incident and with no changes in position . On the outside of turn three , Nico Hülkenberg was able to get around Pastor Maldonado for sixth position . Sebastian Vettel and Felipe Massa , who both started from the rear end of the grid , made up places early in the race , running in twelfth and thirteenth by lap 9 , when Vettel came into the pits for his first stop . The pit stop did not go well , as his car was stationary for about six seconds . Massa in turn went past Marcus Ericsson for eleventh two laps later in a wheel @-@ to @-@ wheel manoeuvre through turns one and two . Meanwhile , at the front , Lewis Hamilton had built a sufficient gap to second @-@ placed Rosberg to deny Rosberg the chance to use DRS and try to overtake .
By lap 14 , Massa had passed 2014 race winner Daniel Ricciardo to move up into tenth position . The first pit stops at the front began by lap 18 , when Maldonado pitted from seventh . While Massa passed Daniil Kvyat for seventh place on lap 21 , Sebastian Vettel was stuck in 16th behind the McLaren of Fernando Alonso , who was told to save fuel , a problem that also afflicted his teammate Jenson Button . By lap 23 however , Vettel had gone past Alonso and the two Toro Rossos of Verstappen and Sainz to move up into 13th .
On lap 28 , Kimi Räikkönen was the first of the top runners to pit , coming out in fourth , but spun at the hairpin in a repeat of an incident from 2014 . The incident cost him twelve seconds and allowed Valtteri Bottas to stay ahead of him in third after he pitted on lap 30 . Hamilton pitted on the same lap with Rosberg following suit two laps later , both without incident . At this point , Rosberg was about 1 @.@ 5 seconds behind his teammate . Another four laps later , Sebastian Vettel came in for his second and final stop of the race . Massa came in for his only stop on lap 38 , putting on the super @-@ soft tyres , and dropped from sixth to ninth . Räikkönen pitted again on lap 42 , staying in fourth position ahead of the Lotus of Romain Grosjean .
On lap 46 , Vettel went past Hülkenberg for eighth at the final chicane . There was no contact between the two drivers , but the Force India car spun in order to avoid the wall on the outside of the final corner . Two laps later , Fernando Alonso was the first driver to retire from the race , his third consecutive retirement . On lap 52 , Romain Grosjean tried to lap Will Stevens , cutting his rear left tyre in the process . The incident also brought him a five @-@ second time penalty . The other Lotus of Pastor Maldonado also lost a position when Vettel moved past him for fifth on lap 56 . Jenson Button joined his teammate in retirement two laps later , being called into the pits by his team . Felipe Massa went up into sixth overtaking Maldonado on lap 64 . For the remaining laps , Hamilton managed to control the lead and went on to win in Montreal for the fourth time , finishing 2 @.@ 2 seconds ahead of Rosberg , with Bottas in third a further 38 seconds behind .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
During the podium interview , conducted by Ted Kravitz , a reporter for Sky Sports F1 , Lewis Hamilton expressed delight at his victory , saying that he needed the victory after the disappointment of Monaco . While he stated that the car suffered from understeer throughout the race , he felt that he " always had it under control " , saying : " I had a bit of time in my pocket to be able to pull it out when I needed to , so it was never too serious . " In turn , Nico Rosberg felt that his qualifying performance on Saturday " [ made ] that big difference " and had cost him the chance at victory .
Following the race , Kimi Räikkönen apologised to his team over the radio for his spin , which many felt cost him a podium finish . In post @-@ race interviews , he explained that an issue with the torque map , triggered by the pit stop , had caused him to spin out at the hairpin . After finishing sixth from 15th on the grid , Felipe Massa was happy with a " good race " , but lamented his problems in qualifying as he felt a podium finish would have been in reach , should he have started further up the order .
For causing the collision with Will Stevens , Romain Grosjean was given two penalty points on his FIA Super Licence and said after the race : " I thought I was past the Manor , but it was soon clear that I wasn 't . It was my fault entirely and I apologise for it . You never stop learning as a driver . " Meanwhile , Sebastian Vettel insisted that " it was fairly clear [ with Hülkenberg ] [ ... ] When I got close enough I went around the outside , braking later and still managing to get the corner . I was clearly ahead and then I saw him opening the brakes into the last part of the chicane , so I reacted and jumped the second part because if I started on the track , we would have crashed . " Nico Hülkenberg in turn declared that Vettel " didn 't leave me anywhere to go so to avoid contact I kept braking , lost the rear and spun " . He did however voice satisfaction with his result , finishing eighth and taking four championship points .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
Notes
^ 1 – Max Verstappen received a five @-@ place grid penalty for causing an avoidable collision during the previous race and a ten @-@ place grid penalty for exceeding the allowed internal combustion engine allocation . ^ 2 – Sebastian Vettel received a five @-@ place grid penalty for overtaking under red flags during the third free practice session . ^ 3 – Jenson Button received permission from the stewards to start the race despite not setting a qualifying time . He later received ten- and five @-@ place grid penalties for exceeding the allowed allocation of two of his power unit components .
= = = Race = = =
= = = Championship standings after the race = = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
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= Battle of Lalakaon =
The Battle of Lalakaon ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Λαλακάοντος ) or the Battle of Poson ( or Porson ) ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Πό ( ρ ) σωνος ) was fought in 863 between the Byzantine Empire and an invading Arab army in Paphlagonia ( modern northern Turkey ) . The Byzantine army was led by Petronas , the uncle of Emperor Michael III ( r . 842 – 867 ) , although Arab sources also mention the presence of Emperor Michael himself , while the Arabs were led by the emir of Melitene ( Malatya ) , Umar al @-@ Aqta ( r . 830s – 863 ) .
Umar al @-@ Aqta was able to overcome the initial Byzantine resistance against his invasion and reach the shores of the Black Sea . The Byzantines then mobilized all their forces , and the Arab army was encircled near the River Lalakaon . The subsequent battle ended in a complete Byzantine victory and the death of the Emir on the field , and was followed by a successful Byzantine counteroffensive across the border . The Byzantine victories proved decisive : the main threats to the Byzantine borderlands were eliminated , and the era of Byzantine ascendancy in the East , which would culminate in the great conquests of the 10th century , had begun .
The Byzantine success had another corollary : deliverance from constant Arab pressure on the eastern frontier allowed the Byzantine government to concentrate on affairs in Europe , and , in particular , neighboring Bulgaria . The Bulgarians were pressured into accepting the Byzantine form of Christianity , thus beginning this nation 's absorption into the Byzantine cultural sphere .
= = Background : Arab – Byzantine border wars = =
Following the rapid Muslim conquests of the 7th century , the Byzantine Empire found itself confined to Asia Minor , the southern coasts of the Balkans , and parts of Italy . As Byzantium remained the Caliphate 's major infidel enemy , Arab raids into Asia Minor continued throughout the 8th and 9th centuries . Over time , these expeditions , launched from bases in the Arab frontier zone on an almost annual basis , acquired a quasi @-@ ritualized character as part of the Muslim jihad ( holy war ) .
During that period , the Byzantines were generally on the defensive , and suffered some catastrophic defeats such as the razing of Amorium , the home city of the reigning Byzantine dynasty , in 838 . Nevertheless , with the waning of the Abbasid Caliphate 's power after 842 and the rise of semi @-@ independent emirates along the Byzantine eastern frontier , the Byzantines were increasingly able to assert their own power .
In the 850s , the most persistent threats to the Empire were the emirate of Melitene ( Malatya ) under Umar al @-@ Aqta , the emirate of Tarsus under Ali ibn Yahya ( " Ali the Armenian " ) , the emirate of Qaliqala ( Theodosiopolis , modern Erzurum ) and the Paulicians of Tephrike under their leader Karbeas . Melitene , in particular , was a major threat to Byzantium as its location on the western side of the Anti @-@ Taurus range allowed direct access to the Anatolian plateau . An indication of the threat posed by these states came in 860 , when their combined actions turned the year into a veritable annus horribilis for the Byzantines : Umar and Karbeas raided deep into Asia Minor and returned with much plunder ; they were followed shortly after by another raid by the forces of Tarsus under Ali , while a naval attack from Syria sacked the major Byzantine naval base at Attaleia .
= = Arab invasion of 863 = =
In the summer of 863 , Umar struck again , joining forces with the Abbasid general Ja 'far ibn Dinar al @-@ Khayyat ( probably the governor of Tarsus ) for a successful raid into Cappadocia . The Arabs crossed the Cilician Gates into Byzantine territory , plundering as they went , until they reached a place near Tyana . There , the Tarsian army returned home , but Umar obtained Ja 'far 's leave to press on into Asia Minor . Umar 's forces represented the bulk of his emirate 's strength , but their size is unknown : the contemporary Muslim historian Ya 'qubi claims that Umar had 8 @,@ 000 men at his disposal , while the Byzantine historians Genesius and Theophanes Continuatus inflate the numbers of the Arab army to 40 @,@ 000 men . The Byzantinist John Haldon considers the former number to be closer to reality , and estimates the size of the combined Arab force at 15 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 men . It is likely that a Paulician contingent under Karbeas was present as well .
On the Byzantine side , Emperor Michael III had assembled his army to counter the Arab raid , and met them at a battle in an area called Marj al @-@ Usquf ( " Bishop 's Meadow " ) by Arab sources , a highland near Malakopeia , north of Nazianzus . The battle was bloody with many casualties on both sides ; according to the Persian historian al @-@ Tabari , only a thousand of Umar 's army survived . Nevertheless , the Arabs managed to escape the Byzantines and continue their raid north into the Armeniac Theme , eventually reaching the Black Sea and sacking the port city of Amisos . The Byzantine historians report that Umar , enraged at the sea blocking his advance , ordered it to be lashed , but this is most likely inspired by the similar account of Xerxes during the Persian Wars .
= = Battle = =
As soon as Michael learned of the fall of Amisos , he ordered a huge force to be assembled ( al @-@ Tabari gives its size at 50 @,@ 000 men ) under his uncle Petronas , the Domestic of the Schools , and Nasar , the stratēgos of the Bucellarian Theme . Al @-@ Tabari records that the Emperor himself assumed command of these forces , but this is not supported by Byzantine sources . Given the bias against Michael by the historians writing during the Macedonian dynasty , this may be a deliberate omission . The forces assembled came from all over the Byzantine Empire . Three separate armies were formed and converged on the Arabs : a northern Byzantine force composed of the forces from the Black Sea themes of the Armeniacs , Bucellarians , Koloneia and Paphlagonia ; a southern force , probably the one that had already fought at the Bishop 's Meadow and had kept shadowing the Arab army , composed from the Anatolic , Opsician and Cappadocian themes , as well as the kleisourai ( frontier districts ) of Seleukeia and Charsianon ; and the western force , under Petronas himself , comprising the men of the Macedonian , Thracian and Thracesian themes and of the imperial tagmata from the capital .
The coordination of all these forces was not easy , but the Byzantine armies , marching from three directions , were able to converge on the same day ( September 2 ) and surround Umar 's smaller army at a location called Poson ( Πόσων ) or Porson ( Πόρσων ) near the Lalakaon River . The exact location of the river and the battle site have not been identified , but most scholars agree that they lay near the river Halys , some 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) southeast of Amisos . With the approach of the Byzantine armies , the only open escape route left to the Emir and his men was dominated by a strategically located hill . During the night , both Arabs and Byzantines endeavoured to occupy it , but the Byzantines emerged victorious from the ensuing fight . On the next day , September 3 , Umar decided to throw his entire force towards the west , where Petronas was located , attempting to achieve a breakthrough . The Byzantines though stood firm , giving the other two Byzantine wings time to close in and attack the Arab army 's exposed rear and flanks . The rout was complete , as the larger part of the Arab army and Umar himself fell on the field . Casualties possibly included the Paulician leader Karbeas : although the latter 's participation in the battle is uncertain , it is recorded that he died in that year .
Only the Emir 's son , at the head of a small force , managed to escape the battlefield , fleeing south towards the border area of Charsianon . He was , however , pursued by Machairas , the kleisourarchēs of Charsianon , and was defeated and captured with many of his men .
= = Aftermath = =
The Byzantines moved quickly to take advantage of their victory : a Byzantine army invaded Arab @-@ held Armenia , and sometime in October or November , defeated and killed the emir Ali ibn Yahya . Thus , within a single campaigning season , the Byzantines had eliminated the three most dangerous opponents on their eastern border . In retrospect , these successes proved decisive , as the battle permanently destroyed the power of Melitene . The Byzantine victory at Lalakaon altered the strategic balance in the region , and heralded the beginning of Byzantium 's century @-@ long offensive in the East .
The importance of these victories did not go unnoticed at the time : the Byzantines hailed them as revenge for the sack of Amorium 25 years earlier , the victorious generals were granted a triumphal entry into Constantinople , and special celebrations and services were held . Petronas was awarded the high court title of magistros , and the kleisoura of Charsianon was raised to a full theme . On the Muslim side , al @-@ Tabari reports that the news of the deaths of Umar and Ali — " strong defenders of Islam , men of great courage who elicited enormous praise among the frontier districts where they served " — provoked great outpouring of grief in Baghdad and other cities , culminating in riots and looting . As Tabari comments , however , while private donations and volunteers for the holy war began to flock to the border , " the central authorities [ were not ] prepared to send a military force against the Byzantines on their own account in those days " due to the ongoing internal turmoil in the Caliphate .
The removal of the eastern threat and the rise of the Byzantines ' confidence also opened up opportunities in the west , where the Bulgarian ruler Boris ( r . 852 – 889 ) had been negotiating with the Pope and Louis the German ( r . 817 – 876 ) for a possible conversion of himself and his pagan people to Christianity . This expansion of Rome 's ecclesiastic influence up to Constantinople 's very doorstep could not be tolerated by the Byzantine government . In 864 , the victorious eastern armies were transferred to Europe and invaded Bulgaria , in a demonstration of military might that convinced Boris to accept Byzantine missionaries instead . Boris was baptized , taking the name Michael in honor of the Byzantine emperor , thus beginning the Christianization of Bulgaria and initiating the nation 's absorption into the Byzantine @-@ influenced , Eastern Orthodox world .
= = Influence on heroic poetry = =
According to the French Byzantinist Henri Grégoire , the Byzantine success against the Arabs that culminated with the Battle of Lalakaon inspired the creation of one of the oldest surviving acritic ( heroic ) poems : the Song of Armouris . Grégoire claimed that the eponymous protagonist , the young Byzantine warrior Armouris , was actually inspired by Emperor Michael III . A battle from the Byzantine heroic cycle around Digenis Akritas also strongly recalls the events of Lalakaon , as the eponymous hero surrounds an Arab army near Malakopeia . Strong influences can be found in episodes in the Arab , and later Turkish , epic cycles around Battal Ghazi , as well as an episode in the One Thousand and One Nights .
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= Anonymous ( group ) =
Anonymous is a loosely associated international network of activist and hacktivist entities . A website nominally associated with the group describes it as " an Internet gathering " with " a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives " . The group became known for a series of well @-@ publicized publicity stunts and distributed denial @-@ of @-@ service ( DDoS ) attacks on government , religious , and corporate websites .
Anonymous originated in 2003 on the imageboard 4chan , representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an anarchic , digitized global brain . Anonymous members ( known as " Anons " ) can be distinguished in public by the wearing of Guy Fawkes masks in the style portrayed in the graphic novel and film , V for Vendetta .
In its early form , the concept was adopted by a decentralized online community acting anonymously in a coordinated manner , usually toward a loosely self @-@ agreed goal , and primarily focused on entertainment , or " lulz " . Beginning with 2008 's Project Chanology — a series of protests , pranks , and hacks targeting the Church of Scientology — the Anonymous collective became increasingly associated with collaborative hacktivism on a number of issues internationally . Individuals claiming to align themselves with Anonymous undertook protests and other actions ( including direct action ) in retaliation against copyright @-@ focused campaigns by motion picture and recording industry trade associations . Later targets of Anonymous hacktivism included government agencies of the U.S. , Israel , Tunisia , Uganda , and others ; the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; child pornography sites ; copyright protection agencies ; the Westboro Baptist Church ; and corporations such as PayPal , MasterCard , Visa , and Sony . Anons have publicly supported WikiLeaks and the Occupy movement . Related groups LulzSec and Operation AntiSec carried out cyberattacks on U.S. government agencies , media , video game companies , military contractors , military personnel , and police officers , resulting in the attention of law enforcement to the groups ' activities . Some actions by the group have been described as being anti @-@ Zionist . It has threatened to cyber @-@ attack Israel and engaged in the " # OpIsrael " cyber @-@ attacks of Israeli websites on Yom HaShoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) in 2013 .
Dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks , in countries including the U.S. , UK , Australia , the Netherlands , Spain , and Turkey . Evaluations of the group 's actions and effectiveness vary widely . Supporters have called the group " freedom fighters " and digital Robin Hoods while critics have described them as " a cyber lynch @-@ mob " or " cyber terrorists " . In 2012 , Time called Anonymous one of the " 100 most influential people " in the world .
= = Philosophy = =
Anonymous has no strictly defined philosophy , and internal dissent is a regular feature of the group . A website associated with the group describes it as " an Internet gathering " with " a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives " . Gabriella Coleman writes of the group , " In some ways , it may be impossible to gauge the intent and motive of thousands of participants , many of who don 't even bother to leave a trace of their thoughts , motivations , and reactions . Among those that do , opinions vary considerably . "
Broadly speaking , Anons oppose Internet censorship and control , and the majority of their actions target governments , organizations , and corporations that they accuse of censorship . Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy movement and the Arab Spring . Since 2008 , a frequent subject of disagreement within Anonymous is whether members should focus on pranking and entertainment or more serious ( and , in some cases , political ) activism .
Because Anonymous has no leadership , no action can be attributed to the membership as a whole . Parmy Olson and others have criticized media coverage that presents the group as well @-@ organized or homogeneous ; Olson writes , " There was no single leader pulling the levers , but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt . " Some members protest using legal means , while others employ illegal measures such as DDoS attacks and hacking . Membership is open to anyone who wishes to state they are a member of the collective ; Carole Cadwalladr of The Observer compared the group 's decentralized structure to that of al @-@ Qaeda , writing , " If you believe in Anonymous , and call yourself Anonymous , you are Anonymous . " Olson , who formerly described Anonymous as a " brand " , stated in 2012 that she now characterized it as a " movement " rather than a group : " anyone can be part of it . It is a crowd of people , a nebulous crowd of people , working together and doing things together for various purposes . "
The group 's few rules include not disclosing one 's identity , not talking about the group , and not attacking media . Members commonly use the tagline " We are Anonymous . We are Legion . We do not forgive . We do not forget . Expect us . " Brian Kelly writes that three of the group 's key characteristics are " ( 1 ) an unrelenting moral stance on issues and rights , regardless of direct provocation ; ( 2 ) a physical presence that accompanies online hacking activity ; and ( 3 ) a distinctive brand . "
Journalists have commented that Anonymous ' secrecy , fabrications , and media awareness pose an unusual challenge for reporting on the group 's actions and motivations . Quinn Norton of Wired writes that " Anons lie when they have no reason to lie . They weave vast fabrications as a form of performance . Then they tell the truth at unexpected and unfortunate times , sometimes destroying themselves in the process . They are unpredictable . " Norton states that the difficulties in reporting on the group cause most writers , including herself , to focus on the " small groups of hackers who stole the limelight from a legion , defied their values , and crashed violently into the law " rather than " Anonymous ’ s sea of voices , all experimenting with new ways of being in the world " .
= = History = =
= = = 4chan raids ( 2003 – 2007 ) = = =
The name Anonymous itself is inspired by the perceived anonymity under which users post images and comments on the Internet . Usage of the term Anonymous in the sense of a shared identity began on imageboards , particularly the / b / board of 4chan , dedicated to random content . A tag of Anonymous is assigned to visitors who leave comments without identifying the originator of the posted content . Users of imageboards sometimes jokingly acted as if Anonymous was a single individual . The concept of the Anonymous entity advanced in 2004 when an administrator on the 4chan image board activated a " Forced _ Anon " protocol that signed all posts as Anonymous . As the popularity of imageboards increased , the idea of Anonymous as a collective of unnamed individuals became an Internet meme .
Users of 4chan 's / b / board would occasionally join into mass pranks or raids . In a raid on July 12 , 2006 , for example , large numbers of 4chan readers invaded the Finnish social networking site Habbo Hotel with identical avatars ; the avatars blocked regular Habbo members from accessing the digital hotel 's pool , stating it was " closed due to fail and AIDS " . Future LulzSec member Topiary became involved with the site at this time , inviting large audiences to listen to his prank phone calls via Skype . Due to the growing traffic on 4chan 's boards , users soon began to plot pranks offline using Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) . These raids resulted in the first mainstream press story on Anonymous , a report by Fox station KTTV in Los Angeles , California in the U.S. The report called the group " hackers on steroids " , " domestic terrorists " , and an " Internet hate machine " .
= = = Encyclopedia Dramatica ( 2004 – present ) = = =
Encyclopedia Dramatica was founded in 2004 by Sherrod DiGrippo , initially as a means of documenting gossip related to livejournal , but it quickly was adopted as a major platform by Anonymous for satirical and other purposes . The not safe for work site celebrates a subversive " trolling culture " , and documents Internet memes , culture , and events , such as mass pranks , trolling events , " raids " , large @-@ scale failures of Internet security , and criticism of Internet communities that are accused of self @-@ censorship in order to garner prestige or positive coverage from traditional and established media outlets . Journalist Julian Dibbell described Encyclopædia Dramatica as the site " where the vast parallel universe of Anonymous in @-@ jokes , catchphrases , and obsessions is lovingly annotated , and you will discover an elaborate trolling culture : Flamingly racist and misogynist content lurks throughout , all of it calculated to offend . " The site also played a role in the anti @-@ Scientology campaign of Project Chanology .
On April 14 , 2011 , the original URL of the site was redirected to a new website named Oh Internet that bore little resemblance to Encyclopedia Dramatica . Parts of the ED community harshly criticized the changes . In response , Anonymous launched " Operation Save ED " to rescue and restore the site 's content . The Web Ecology Project made a downloadable archive of former Encyclopedia Dramatica content . The site 's reincarnation was initially hosted at encyclopediadramatica.ch on servers owned by Ryan Cleary , who later was arrested in relation to attacks by LulzSec against Sony .
= = = Project Chanology ( 2008 ) = = =
Anonymous first became associated with hacktivism in 2008 following a series of actions against the Church of Scientology known as Project Chanology . On January 15 , 2008 , the gossip blog Gawker posted a video in which celebrity Scientologist Tom Cruise praised the religion ; and the Church responded with a cease @-@ and @-@ desist letter for violation of copyright . 4chan users organized a raid against the Church in retaliation , prank @-@ calling its hotline , sending black faxes designed to waste ink cartridges , and launching DDoS attacks against its websites .
The DDoS attacks were at first carried out with the Gigaloader and JMeter applications . Within a few days , these were supplanted by the Low Orbit Ion Cannon ( LOIC ) , a network stress @-@ testing application allowing users to flood a server with TCP or UDP packets . The LOIC soon became a signature weapon in the Anonymous arsenal ; however , it would also lead to a number of arrests of less experienced Anons who failed to conceal their IP addresses . Some operators in Anonymous IRC channels incorrectly told or lied to new volunteers that using the LOIC carried no legal risk .
During the DDoS attacks , a group of Anons uploaded a YouTube video in which a robotic voice speaks on behalf of Anonymous , telling the " leaders of Scientology " that " For the good of your followers , for the good of mankind — for the laughs — we shall expel you from the Internet . " Within ten days , the video had attracted hundreds of thousands of views .
On February 10 , thousands of Anonymous joined simultaneous protests at Church of Scientology facilities around the world . Many protesters wore the stylized Guy Fawkes masks popularized by the graphic novel and movie V for Vendetta , in which an anarchist revolutionary battles a totalitarian government ; the masks soon became a popular symbol for Anonymous . In @-@ person protests against the Church continued throughout the year , including " Operation Party Hard " on March 15 and " Operation Reconnect " on April 12 . However , by mid @-@ year , they were drawing far fewer protesters , and many of the organizers in IRC channels had begun to drift away from the project .
= = = Operation Payback ( 2010 ) = = =
By the start of 2009 , Scientologists had stopped engaging with protesters and had improved online security , and actions against the group had largely ceased . A period of infighting followed between the politically engaged members ( called " moralfags " in the parlance of 4chan ) and those seeking to provoke for entertainment ( trolls ) . By September 2010 , the group had received little publicity for a year and faced a corresponding drop in member interest ; its raids diminished greatly in size and moved largely off of IRC channels , organizing again from the chan boards , particularly / b / .
In September 2010 , however , Anons became aware of Aiplex Software , an Indian software company that contracted with film studios to launch DDoS attacks on websites used by copyright infringers , such as The Pirate Bay . Coordinating through IRC , Anons launched a DDoS attack on September 17 that shut down Aiplex 's website for a day . Primarily using LOIC , the group then targeted the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) , successfully bringing down both sites . On September 19 , future LulzSec member Mustafa Al @-@ Bassam ( known as " Tflow " ) and other Anons hacked the website of Copyright Alliance , an anti @-@ infringement group , and posted the name of the operation : " Payback Is A Bitch , " or " Operation Payback " for short . Anons also issued a press release , stating :
Anonymous is tired of corporate interests controlling the internet and silencing the people ’ s rights to spread information , but more importantly , the right to SHARE with one another . The RIAA and the MPAA feign to aid the artists and their cause ; yet they do no such thing . In their eyes is not hope , only dollar signs . Anonymous will not stand this any longer .
As IRC network operators were beginning to shut down networks involved in DDoS attacks , Anons organized a group of servers to host an independent IRC network , titled AnonOps . Operation Payback 's targets rapidly expanded to include the British law firm ACS : Law , the Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft , the British nightclub Ministry of Sound , the Spanish copyright society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores , the U.S. Copyright Office , and the website of Gene Simmons of Kiss . By October 7 , 2010 , total downtime for all websites attacked during Operation Payback was 537 @.@ 55 hours .
In November 2010 , the organization WikiLeaks began releasing hundreds of thousands of leaked U.S. diplomatic cables . In the face of legal threats against the organization by the U.S. government , Amazon.com booted WikiLeaks from its servers , and PayPal , MasterCard , and Visa cut off service to the organization . Operation Payback then expanded to include " Operation Avenge Assange " , and Anons issued a press release declaring PayPal a target . Launching DDoS attacks with the LOIC , Anons quickly brought down the websites of the PayPal blog ; PostFinance , a Swiss financial company denying service to WikiLeaks ; EveryDNS , a web @-@ hosting company that had also denied service ; and the website of U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman , who had supported the push to cut off services .
On December 8 , Anons launched an attack against PayPal 's main site . According to Topiary , who was in the command channel during the attack , the LOIC proved ineffective , and Anons were forced to rely on the botnets of two hackers for the attack , marshaling hijacked computers for a concentrated assault . Security researcher Sean @-@ Paul Correll also reported that the " zombie computers " of involuntary botnets had provided 90 % of the attack . Topiary states that he and other Anons then " lied a bit to the press to give it that sense of abundance " , exaggerating the role of the grassroots membership . However , this account was disputed .
The attacks brought down PayPal.com for an hour on December 8 and another brief period on December 9 . Anonymous also disrupted the sites for Visa and MasterCard on December 8 . Anons had announced an intention to bring down Amazon.com as well , but failed to do so , allegedly because of infighting with the hackers who controlled the botnets . PayPal estimated the damage to have cost the company US $ 5 @.@ 5 million . It later provided the IP addresses of 1 @,@ 000 of its attackers to the FBI , leading to at least 14 arrests . On Thursday , December 5 , 2013 , 13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to taking part in the attacks .
= = = 2011 – 2012 = = =
In the years following Operation Payback , targets of Anonymous protests , hacks , and DDoS attacks continued to diversify . Beginning in January 2011 , Anons took a number of actions known initially as Operation Tunisia in support of Arab Spring movements . Tflow created a script that Tunisians could use to protect their web browsers from government surveillance , while fellow future LulzSec member Hector Xavier Monsegur ( alias " Sabu " ) and others allegedly hijacked servers from a London web @-@ hosting company to launch a DDoS attack on Tunisian government websites , taking them offline . Sabu also used a Tunisian volunteer 's computer to hack the website of Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi , replacing it with a message from Anonymous . Anons also helped Tunisian dissidents share videos online about the uprising . In Operation Egypt , Anons collaborated with the activist group Telecomix to help dissidents access government @-@ censored websites . Sabu and Topiary went on to participate in attacks on government websites in Bahrain , Egypt , Libya , Jordan , and Zimbabwe .
Tflow , Sabu , Topiary , and Ryan Ackroyd ( known as " Kayla " ) collaborated in February 2011 on a cyber @-@ attack against Aaron Barr , CEO of the computer security firm HBGary Federal , in retaliation for his research on Anonymous and his threat to expose members of the group . Using a SQL injection weakness , the four hacked the HBGary site , used Barr 's captured password to vandalize his Twitter feed with racist messages , and released an enormous cache of HBGary 's e @-@ mails in a torrent file on Pirate Bay . The e @-@ mails stated that Barr and HBGary had proposed to Bank of America a plan to discredit WikiLeaks in retaliation for a planned leak of Bank of America documents , and the leak caused substantial public relations harm to the firm as well as leading one U.S. congressman to call for a congressional investigation . Barr resigned as CEO before the end of the month .
Several attacks by Anons have targeted organizations accused of homophobia . In February 2011 , an open letter was published on AnonNews.org threatening the Westboro Baptist Church , an organization based in Kansas in the U.S. known for picketing funerals with signs reading " God Hates Fags " . During a live radio current affairs program in which Topiary debated church member Shirley Phelps @-@ Roper , Anons hacked one of the organization 's websites . After the church announced its intentions in December 2012 to picket the funerals of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting victims , Anons published the names , phone numbers , and e @-@ mail and home addresses of church members and brought down GodHatesFags.com with a DDoS attack . Hacktivists also circulated petitions to have the church 's tax @-@ exempt status investigated . In August 2012 , Anons hacked the site of Ugandan Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi in retaliation for the Parliament of Uganda 's consideration of an anti @-@ homosexuality law permitting capital punishment .
In April 2011 , Anons launched a series of attacks against Sony in retaliation for trying to stop hacks of the PlayStation 3 game console . More than 100 million Sony accounts were compromised , and the Sony services Qriocity and PlayStation Network were taken down for a month apiece by cyberattacks .
When the Occupy Wall Street protests began in New York City in September 2011 , Anons were early participants and helped spread the movement to other cities such as Boston . In October , some Anons attacked the website of the New York Stock Exchange while other Anons publicly opposed the action via Twitter . Some Anons also helped organize an Occupy protest outside the London Stock Exchange on May 1 , 2012 .
Anons launched Operation Darknet in October 2011 , targeting websites hosting child pornography . Most notably , the group hacked a child pornography site called " Lolita City " hosted by Freedom Hosting , releasing 1 @,@ 589 usernames from the site . Anons also stated that they had disabled forty image @-@ swapping pedophile websites that employed the anonymity network Tor . In 2012 , Anons leaked the names of users of a suspected child pornography site in OpDarknetV2 .
In 2011 , the Koch Industries website was attacked following their attack upon union members , resulting in their website being unable to be accessed for 15 minutes . In 2013 , one member , a 38 @-@ year @-@ old truck driver , pleaded guilty when accused of participating in the attack for a period of one minute , and received a sentence of two years federal probation , and ordered to pay $ 183 @,@ 000 restitution , the amount Koch stated they paid a consultancy organisation , despite this being only a denial of service attack .
On January 19 , 2012 , the U.S. Department of Justice shut down the file @-@ sharing site Megaupload on allegations of copyright infringement . Anons responded with a wave of DDoS attacks on U.S. government and copyright organizations , shutting down the sites for the RIAA , MPAA , Broadcast Music , Inc . , and the FBI .
In 2012 , Anonymous launched Operation Anti @-@ Bully : Operation Hunt Hunter in retaliation to Hunter Moore 's revenge porn site , " Is Anyone Up ? " Anonymous crashed Moore 's servers and publicized much of his personal information online , including his social security number . The organization also published the personal information of Andrew Myers , the proprietor of " Is Anyone Back , " a copycat site of Mr. Moore 's " Is Anyone Up ? "
In response to Operation Pillar of Defense , a November 2012 Israeli military operation in the Gaza Strip , Anons took down hundreds of Israeli websites with DDoS attacks . Anons pledged another " massive cyberassault " against Israel in April 2013 in retaliation for its actions in Gaza , promising to " wipe Israel off the map of the Internet " . However , its DDoS attacks caused only temporary disruptions , leading cyberwarfare experts to suggest that the group had been unable to recruit or hire botnet operators for the attack .
= = = 2013 – present = = =
= = = = Million Mask March = = = =
On 5 November 2013 , Anonymous protesters gathered around the world for the Million Mask March . Demonstrations were held in 400 cities around the world to coincide with Guy Fawkes Night .
= = = = # OpOk = = = =
Operation Oklahoma was a Mutual Aid effort responding to the 2013 flash floods and wind storms in the United States .
= = = = Operation Safe Winter = = = =
Operation Safe Winter was an effort to raise awareness about homelessness through the collection , collation , and redistribution of resources . This program began on 7 November 2013 after an online call to action from Anonymous UK . Three missions using a charity framework were suggested in the original global spawning a variety of direct actions from used clothing drives to pitch in community potlucks feeding events in the UK , U.S. and Turkey .
The # OpSafeWinter call to action quickly spread through the Mutual Aid communities like Occupy Wall Street and its offshoot groups like the open @-@ source @-@ based OccuWeather . With the addition of the long @-@ term mutual aid communities of New York City and online hacktivists in the U.S. , it took on an additional three suggested missions . Encouraging participation from the general public , this Operation has raised questions of privacy and the changing nature of the Anonymous community 's use of monikers . The project to support those living on the streets while causing division in its own online network has been able to partner with many efforts and organizations not traditionally associated with Anonymous or online activists .
= = = = Shooting of Michael Brown = = = =
In the wake of the fatal police shooting of unarmed African @-@ American Michael Brown , " Operation Ferguson " — a hacktivist organization that claimed to be associated with Anonymous — organized cyberprotests against police , setting up a website and a Twitter account to do so . The group promised that if any protesters were harassed or harmed , they would attack the city 's servers and computers , taking them offline . City officials said that e @-@ mail systems were targeted and phones died , while the Internet crashed at the City Hall . Prior to August 15 , members of Anonymous corresponding with Mother Jones said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did . On August 14 , Anonymous posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer involved in the shooting . However , police said the identity released by Anonymous was incorrect . Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service .
It was reported on 19 November 2014 that Anonymous had declared cyber war on the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) the previous week , after the KKK had made death threats following the Ferguson riots . They hacked the KKK 's Twitter account , attacked servers hosting KKK sites , and started to release the personal details of members .
= = = = Shooting of Tamir Rice = = = =
On November 24 , 2014 , Anonymous shut down the Cleveland city website and posted a video after Tamir Rice , a twelve @-@ year @-@ old boy armed only with a BB gun , was shot to death by a police officer in a Cleveland park . Anonymous also used BeenVerified to uncover phone number and address of a policeman involved in the shooting .
= = = = Charlie Hebdo shootings = = = =
In January 2015 , Anonymous released a video and a statement via Twitter condemning the attack on Charlie Hebdo , in which 12 people , including eight journalists , were fatally shot . The video , claiming that it is " a message for al @-@ Qaeda , the Islamic State and other terrorists , " was uploaded to the group 's Belgian account . The announcement stated that " We , Anonymous around the world , have decided to declare war on you , the terrorists " and promises to avenge the killings by " shut [ ting ] down your accounts on all social networks . " On January 12 , they brought down a website that was suspected to belong to one of these groups . Critics of the action warned that taking down extremists ' websites would make them harder to monitor .
= = = = Anti @-@ Islamic " Reclaim Australia " rally = = = =
Anonymous opposed Anti @-@ Islamic Reclaim Australia rallies and described it as " an extreme right @-@ wing group inciting religious hatred . " It also promised to organize counter @-@ rallies on April 4 , 2015 .
= = = = Operation CyberPrivacy = = = =
On June 17 , 2015 , Anonymous claimed responsibility for a Denial of Service attack against Canadian government websites in protest of the passage of bill C @-@ 51 — an anti @-@ terror legislation that grants additional powers to Canadian intelligence agencies . The attack temporarily affected the websites of several federal agencies .
= = = = Operation KKK = = = =
On 28 October 2015 , Anonymous announced that it would reveal the names of up to 1 @,@ 000 members of the Ku Klux Klan and other affiliated groups , stating in a press release , " You are terrorists that hide your identities beneath sheets and infiltrate society on every level . The privacy of the Ku Klux Klan no longer exists in cyberspace . " On November 2 , a list of 57 phone numbers and 23 email addresses ( that allegedly belong to KKK members ) was reportedly published and received media attention . However , a tweet from the " @ Operation _ KKK " Twitter account the same day denied it had released that information : " # ICYMI # OpKKK was in no way involved with today 's release of information that incorrectly outed several politicians . " The group stated it plans to reveal the names on November 5 .
= = = = # OpSaudi = = = =
Since 2013 , Saudi Arabian hacktivists have been targeting government websites protesting the actions of the regime . These actions have seen attacks supported by the possibly Iranian backed Yemen Cyber Army .
= = = = # OpISIS = = = =
In 2015 , an offshoot of Anonymous self @-@ described as Ghost Security or GhostSec started targeting Islamic State @-@ affiliated websites and social media handles .
= = = = # OpParis = = = =
In November 2015 , Anonymous announced a major , sustained operation against ISIS following the November 2015 Paris attacks , declaring , " Anonymous from all over the world will hunt you down . You should know that we will find you and we will not let you go . " ISIS responded on Telegram by calling them " idiots , " and asking " What they gonna to [ sic ] hack ? " By the next day , however , Anonymous claimed to have taken down 3 @,@ 824 pro @-@ ISIS Twitter accounts , and by the third , more than 5 @,@ 000 , and to have doxxed recruiters . A week later , Anonymous increased their claim to 20 @,@ 000 accounts and released a list of the accounts . The list included the Twitter accounts of Barack Obama , Hillary Clinton , the New York Times and BBC News . The BBC reported that most of the accounts on the list appeared to be still active . A spokesman for Twitter told The Daily Dot that the company is not using the lists of accounts being reported by Anonymous , as they have been found to be “ wildly inaccurate ” and include accounts used by academics and journalists .
= = = = # OpNASADrones = = = =
In 2015 , a group that claims affiliation with Anonymous group , calling themselves as AnonSec , claimed to have hacked and gathered almost 276 GB of data from NASA servers including NASA flight and radar logs and videos , and also multiple documents related to ongoing research . AnonSec group also claimed gaining access of a Global Hawk Drone of NASA , and released some video footage purportedly from the drone 's cameras . A part of the data was released by AnonSec on Pastebin service , as an Anon Zine . NASA has denied the hack , asserting that the control of the drones were never compromised , but has acknowledged that the photos released along with the content are real photographs of its employees , but that most of these data are already available in the public domain .
= = = = # BoycottThailand : Thailand Jail Hack = = = =
The Blink Hacker Group , associating themselves with the Anonymous group , claimed to have hacked the Thailand prison websites and servers . The compromised data has been shared online , with the group claiming that they give the data back to Thailand Justice and the citizens of Thailand as well . The hack was done in response to news from Thailand about the mistreatment of prisoners in Thailand .
= = = = Case Donald Trump = = = =
In March 2016 , Anonymous was reported to have declared war on Donald Trump . However , the " Anonymous Official " YouTube channel released a video denouncing # OpTrump as an operation that " goes against everything Anonymous stands for " in reference to censorship and added " we are for everyone letting their voices be heard , even , if the person at hand ... is a monster . "
= = = = South African Corruption = = = =
A group calling themselves Anonymous Africa launched a number of DDS attacks on websites associated with the controversial South African Gupta family in mid @-@ June 2016 . Gupta @-@ owned companies targeted included the websites of Oakbay Investments , The New Age , and ANN7 . The websites of the South African Broadcasting Corporation and a political parties Economic Freedom Fighters and Zimbabwe 's Zanu @-@ PF were also attacked for “ nationalist socialist rhetoric and politicising racism . ”
= = Related groups = =
= = = LulzSec = = =
In May 2011 , the small group of Anons behind the HBGary Federal hack — including Tflow , Topiary , Sabu , and Kayla — formed the hacker group " Lulz Security " , commonly abbreviated " LulzSec " . The group 's first attack was against Fox.com , leaking several passwords , LinkedIn profiles , and the names of 73 @,@ 000 X Factor contestants . In May 2011 , members of Lulz Security gained international attention for hacking into the American Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) website . They stole user data and posted a fake story on the site that claimed that rappers Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls were still alive and living in New Zealand . LulzSec stated that some of its hacks , including its attack on PBS , were motivated by a desire to defend WikiLeaks and its informant Chelsea Manning .
In June 2011 , members of the group claimed responsibility for an attack against Sony Pictures that took data that included " names , passwords , e @-@ mail addresses , home addresses and dates of birth for thousands of people . " In early June , LulzSec hacked into and stole user information from the pornography website www.pron.com. They obtained and published around 26 @,@ 000 e @-@ mail addresses and passwords . On June 14 , 2011 , LulzSec took down four websites by request of fans as part of their " Titanic Take @-@ down Tuesday " . These websites were Minecraft , League of Legends , The Escapist , and IT security company FinFisher . They also attacked the login servers of the multiplayer online game EVE Online , which also disabled the game 's front @-@ facing website , and the League of Legends login servers . Most of the takedowns were performed with DDoS attacks .
LulzSec also hacked a variety of government @-@ affiliated sites , such as chapter sites of InfraGard , a non @-@ profit organization affiliated with the FBI . The group leaked some of InfraGard member e @-@ mails and a database of local users . On June 13 , LulzSec released the e @-@ mails and passwords of a number of users of senate.gov , the website of the U.S. Senate . On June 15 , LulzSec launched an attack on cia.gov , the public website of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , taking the website offline for several hours with a distributed denial @-@ of @-@ service attack . On December 2 , an offshoot of LulzSec calling itself LulzSec Portugal attacked several sites related to the government of Portugal . The websites for the Bank of Portugal , the Assembly of the Republic , and the Ministry of Economy , Innovation and Development all became unavailable for a few hours .
On June 26 , 2011 , the core LulzSec group announced it had reached the end of its " 50 days of lulz " and was ceasing operations . Sabu , however , had already been secretly arrested on June 7 and then released to work as an FBI informant . His cooperation led to the arrests of Ryan Cleary , James Jeffery , and others . Tflow was arrested on July 19 , 2011 , Topiary was arrested on July 27 , and Kayla was arrested on March 6 , 2012 . Topiary , Kayla , Tflow , and Cleary pleaded guilty in April 2013 and were scheduled to be sentenced in May 2013 . In April 2013 , Australian police arrested Cody Kretsinger , whom they alleged to be self @-@ described LulzSec leader Aush0k .
= = = AntiSec = = =
Beginning in June 2011 , hackers from Anonymous and LulzSec collaborated on a series of cyber attacks known as " Operation AntiSec " . On June 23 , in retaliation for the passage of the immigration enforcement bill Arizona SB 1070 , LulzSec released a cache of documents from the Arizona Department of Public Safety , including the personal information and home addresses of many law enforcement officers . On June 22 , LulzSecBrazil took down the websites of the Government of Brazil and the President of Brazil . Later data dumps included the names , addresses , phone numbers , Internet passwords , and Social Security numbers of police officers in Arizona , Missouri , and Alabama . Antisec members also stole police officer credit card information to make donations to various causes .
On July 18 , LulzSec hacked into and vandalized the website of British newspaper The Sun in response to a phone @-@ hacking scandal . Other targets of AntiSec actions have included FBI contractor ManTech International , computer security firm Vanguard Defense Industries , and defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton , releasing 90 @,@ 000 military e @-@ mail accounts and their passwords from the latter .
In December 2011 , AntiSec member " sup _ g " ( alleged by the U.S. government to be Jeremy Hammond ) and others hacked Stratfor , a U.S.-based intelligence company , vandalizing its web page and publishing 30 @,@ 000 credit card numbers from its databases . AntiSec later released millions of the group 's e @-@ mails to Wikileaks .
= = Arrests and trials = =
Since 2009 , dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks , in countries including the U.S. , UK , Australia , the Netherlands , Spain , and Turkey . Anons generally protest these prosecutions and describe these individuals as martyrs to the movement . The July 2011 arrest of LulzSec member Topiary became a particular rallying point , leading to a widespread " Free Topiary " movement .
The first person to be sent to jail for participation in an Anonymous DDoS attack was Dmitriy Guzner , an American 19 @-@ year @-@ old . He pleaded guilty to " unauthorized impairment of a protected computer " in November 2009 and was sentenced to 366 days in U.S. federal prison .
On June 13 , 2011 , officials in Turkey arrested 32 individuals that were allegedly involved in DDoS attacks on Turkish government websites . These members of Anonymous were captured in different cities of Turkey including Istanbul and Ankara . According to PC Magazine , these individuals were arrested after they attacked these websites as a response to the Turkish government demand to ISPs to implement a system of filters that many have perceived as censorship .
Chris Doyon ( alias " Commander X " ) , a self @-@ described leader of Anonymous , was arrested in September 2011 for a cyberattack on the website of Santa Cruz County , California . He jumped bail in February 2012 and fled across the border into Canada .
On September 2012 , journalist and Anonymous associate Barrett Brown , known for speaking to media on behalf of the group , was arrested hours after posting a video that appeared to threaten FBI agents with physical violence . Brown was subsequently charged with 17 offenses , including publishing personal credit card information from the Stratfor hack .
= = = Operation Avenge Assange = = =
Several law enforcement agencies took action after Anonymous ' Operation Avenge Assange . In January 2011 , the British police arrested five male suspects between the ages of 15 and 26 with suspicion of participating in Anonymous DDoS attacks . During July 19 – 20 , 2011 , as many as 20 or more arrests were made of suspected Anonymous hackers in the US , UK , and Netherlands . According to the statements of U.S. officials , suspects ' homes were raided and suspects were arrested in Alabama , Arizona , California , Colorado , Washington DC , Florida , Massachusetts , Nevada , New Mexico , and Ohio . Additionally , a 16 @-@ year @-@ old boy was held by the police in south London on suspicion of breaching the Computer Misuse Act 1990 , and four were held in the Netherlands .
AnonOps admin Christopher Weatherhead ( alias " Nerdo " ) , a 22 @-@ year @-@ old who had reportedly been intimately involved in organising DDoS attacks during " Operation Payback " , was convicted by a UK court on one count of conspiracy to impair the operation of computers in December 2012 . He was sentenced to 18 months ' imprisonment . Ashley Rhodes , Peter Gibson , and another male had already pleaded guilty to the same charge for actions between August 2010 and January 2011 .
= = Analysis = =
Evaluations of Anonymous ' actions and effectiveness vary widely . In a widely shared post , blogger Patrick Gray wrote that private security firms " secretly love " the group for the way in which it publicises cyber security threats . Anonymous is sometimes stated to have changed the nature of protesting , and in 2012 , Time called it one of the " 100 most influential people " in the world .
In 2012 , Public Radio International reported that the U.S. National Security Agency considered Anonymous a potential national security threat and had warned the president that it could develop the capability to disable parts of the U.S. power grid . In contrast , CNN reported in the same year that " security industry experts generally don 't consider Anonymous a major player in the world of cybercrime " due the group 's reliance on DDoS attacks that briefly disabled websites rather than the more serious damage possible through hacking . One security consultant compared the group to " a jewelry thief that drives through a window , steal jewels , and rather than keep them , waves them around and tosses them out to a crowd ... They 're very noisy , low @-@ grade crimes . " In its 2013 Threats Predictions report , McAfee wrote that the technical sophistication of Anonymous was in decline and that it was losing supporters due to " too many uncoordinated and unclear operations " .
Graham Cluley , a security expert for Sophos , argued that Anonymous ' actions against child porn websites hosted on a darknet could be counterproductive , commenting that while their intentions appear beneficial , the removal of illegal websites and sharing networks should be performed by the authorities , rather than Internet vigilantes . Some commentators also argued that the DDoS attacks by Anonymous following the January 2012 Stop Online Piracy Act protests had proved counterproductive . Molly Wood of CNET wrote that " [ i ] f the SOPA / PIPA protests were the Web 's moment of inspiring , non @-@ violent , hand @-@ holding civil disobedience , # OpMegaUpload feels like the unsettling wave of car @-@ burning hooligans that sweep in and incite the riot portion of the play . " Dwight Silverman of the Houston Chronicle concurred , stating that " Anonymous ' actions hurt the movement to kill SOPA / PIPA by highlighting online lawlessness . " The Oxford Internet Institute 's Joss Wright wrote that " In one sense the actions of Anonymous are themselves , anonymously and unaccountably , censoring websites in response to positions with which they disagree . "
Gabriella Coleman has compared the group to the trickster archetype and said that " they dramatize the importance of anonymity and privacy in an era when both are rapidly eroding . Given that vast databases track us , given the vast explosion of surveillance , there 's something enchanting , mesmerizing and at a minimum thought @-@ provoking about Anonymous ' interventions " . When asked what good Anonymous had done for the world , Parmy Olson replied :
In some cases , yes , I think it has in terms of some of the stuff they did in the Middle East supporting the pro @-@ democracy demonstrators . But a lot of bad things too , unnecessarily harassing people – I would class that as a bad thing . DDOSing the CIA website , stealing customer data and posting it online just for shits and giggles is not a good thing .
Quinn Norton of Wired wrote of the group in 2011 :
I will confess up front that I love Anonymous , but not because I think they 're the heroes . Like Alan Moore 's character V who inspired Anonymous to adopt the Guy Fawkes mask as an icon and fashion item , you 're never quite sure if Anonymous is the hero or antihero . The trickster is attracted to change and the need for change , and that 's where Anonymous goes . But they are not your personal army – that 's Rule 44 – yes , there are rules . And when they do something , it never goes quite as planned . The internet has no neat endings .
Furthermore , Landers assessed the following in 2008 :
Anonymous is the first internet @-@ based super @-@ consciousness . Anonymous is a group , in the sense that a flock of birds is a group . How do you know they ’ re a group ? Because they ’ re travelling in the same direction . At any given moment , more birds could join , leave , peel off in another direction entirely .
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= O. G. S. Crawford =
Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford ( 28 October 1886 – 28 November 1957 ) , better known as O. G. S. Crawford , was a British archaeologist who specialised in the study of prehistoric Britain and the archaeology of Sudan . Working for most of his career as the archaeological officer of the Ordnance Survey , he wrote a range of books on archaeological subjects and was a keen proponent of aerial archaeology .
Born in Bombay , British India to a wealthy middle @-@ class Scottish family , Crawford moved to England as an infant and was raised by his aunts in London and Hampshire . He studied geography at Keble College , Oxford and worked briefly in that field before devoting himself professionally to archaeology . Employed by the philanthropist Henry Wellcome , Crawford oversaw the excavation of Abu Geili in Sudan before returning to England shortly before the First World War . During the conflict he served in both the London Scottish Regiment and the Royal Flying Corps , where he was involved in both ground and aerial reconnaissance along the Western Front . After an injury forced a period of convalescence in England , he returned to the Front , where he was captured by the German Army in 1918 and held as a prisoner of war until the end of the conflict , when he returned to Britain .
In 1920 he was employed by the Ordnance Survey . In this position he toured Britain to plot the location of archaeological sites in the landscape , in the process identifying a number of previously unknown sites . Increasingly interested in aerial archaeology , he obtained aerial photographs produced by the Royal Air Force and identified the extent of the Stonehenge Avenue , excavating it in 1923 . With the archaeologist Alexander Keiller he conducted an aerial survey of many counties in southern England and raised the finances to secure the land around Stonehenge for The National Trust . In 1927 , he established the scholarly journal Antiquity , which contained contributions from many of Britain 's most prominent archaeologists , and in 1939 he became president of The Prehistoric Society . An internationalist and socialist , he came under the influence of Marxism and for a time became a Soviet sympathiser . During the Second World War he worked with the National Buildings Record , photographically documenting Southampton . After retiring in 1946 , he refocused his attention on Sudanese archaeology and wrote several further books prior to his death .
While friends and colleagues remembered Crawford as a cantankerous and irritable individual , his contributions to British archaeology – namely in the form of Antiquity and his promotion of aerial archaeology – have been widely acclaimed , with some referring to him as one of the great pioneering figures in the field . His photographic archive remained of use to archaeologists into the 21st century . A biography of Crawford by Kitty Hauser was published in 2008 .
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood : 1886 – 1904 = = =
O. G. S. Crawford was born on 28 October 1886 at Breach Candy , a suburb of Bombay in British India . His father , Charles Edward Gordon Crawford , was a civil servant who had been educated at Marlborough College and Wadham College , Oxford prior to his move to India , where he became a High Court Judge at Thane . The Crawford family hailed from Ayrshire in Scotland , and the child 's great @-@ uncle was the politician Robert Wigram Crawford . Crawford 's mother , Alice Luscombe Mackenzie , was the daughter of a Scottish army doctor and his Devonshire wife . Alice died a few days after her son 's birth , and so when he was three months old , Crawford was sent to England aboard the P & O liner Bokhara . During the journey he was entrusted to the care of his paternal aunt Eleanor , an Anglican nun who was the head of the Poona Convent of the Community of St Mary the Virgin .
After his arrival in Britain , he spent the next seven years with two paternal aunts who lived together near to Portland Place in the Marylebone district of central London . Like his father , they were devout Christians , having been the children of a Scottish clergyman . Under their guardianship Crawford had little contact with other children or with men . Crawford saw his father on the few occasions that the latter visited England , prior to his death in India in 1894 . In 1895 , Crawford and his two aunts moved to a rural house in East Woodhay in Hampshire . Initially educated at Park House School , which he enjoyed , he was subsequently moved to Marlborough College , his father 's alma mater ; he was unhappy there , complaining about bullying and enforced sporting activities , and characterising it as a " detestable house of torture " .
At the school , Crawford was influenced by his housemaster , F. B. Malim , who presided over the archaeological section of the college 's Natural History Society and encouraged the boy 's interest in the subject . It has been suggested that Malim provided something of a father figure for the young Crawford . With the society , Crawford visited such archaeological sites as Stonehenge , West Kennet Long Barrow , Avebury , and Martinsell . It was also through the society that he obtained Ordnance Survey maps of the landscape , allowing him to explore the downs near to his aunts ' home . He began excavation of a barrow near to Bull 's Copse , thus attracting the attention of the antiquarian Harold Peake , who was then involved in compiling the Victoria County History of Berkshire . Peake and his wife lived a Bohemian lifestyle , being vegetarians and social reformers , and their ideas had a strong impact on Crawford . Under the Peakes ' influence , Crawford rejected his religious upbringing in favour of a rationalist world @-@ view based in science . Moreover , from Peake , Crawford gained an appreciation for the understanding of past societies through an examination of the geographical landscape rather than simply through texts or artefacts .
= = = University and early career : 1905 – 1914 = = =
Following his schooling , Crawford won a junior scholarship to study at Keble College , Oxford . There he began reading literae humaniores in 1905 but – after gaining only a third @-@ class score in his second year exams – he switched courses to study geography in 1908 . In 1910 he gained a distinction for his diploma , for which he had conducted a study of the landscape surrounding Andover . Reflecting his interest in the relationship between geography and archaeology , during a walking tour of Ireland he had also written a paper on the geographic distribution of Bronze Age flat bronze axes and beakers in the British Isles . It was presented to the Oxford University Anthropological Society before being published in The Geographical Journal . The archaeologist Grahame Clark later related that the paper " marked a milestone in British Archaeology ; it was the first real attempt to deduce prehistoric events from the geographical distribution of archaeological objects " . Crawford 's fellow archaeologist Mark Bowden stated that while archaeological distribution maps had been previously produced , " archaeological data had never before been married with environmental information " in the way that Crawford did in this article .
After Crawford graduated , Professor A. J. Herbertson offered him a job as a junior demonstrator in the university 's geography department ; Crawford agreed , and served in the position , which largely entailed teaching students , over the following year . Through Herbertson , Crawford was introduced to Patrick Geddes . Crawford however decided that he wanted to focus his attentions on archaeology rather than geography ; attempts to find a professional position in the field were hindered by the fact that very few existed in Britain at the time . Looking elsewhere for archaeological employment , he unsuccessfully applied for a Craven Fellowship and for a post at Bombay Museum .
On the recommendation of Herbertson , on 1913 Crawford joined William Scoresby Routledge and Katherine Routledge 's expedition to Easter Island as an assistant ; the expedition was put on with the intent of learning more about the island 's first inhabitants and its Moai statues . However , after the team departed from Britain aboard the schooner Mana , Crawford quarrelled with the Routledges – informing them that they exhibited an " extraordinary lack of courtesy " and " appalling stinginess " toward him and other crew members – and he then left the ship at Cape Verde and returned to Britain . He subsequently gained employment from the wealthy philanthropist Henry Wellcome , who sent him to gain training in archaeological excavation from G. A. Reisner in Egypt before sending him on to Sudan , where Crawford was given charge of the excavation of the Meroitic site at Abu Geili ; he remained there from January to June 1914 . On his return to England , where he was planning on sorting through the artefacts found in Sudan , he and his friend Earnest Hooton began excavation of a long barrow on Wexcomb Down in Wiltshire .
= = = First World War : 1914 – 1918 = = =
It was while Crawford was engaged in this excavation that the United Kingdom entered the First World War . At Peake 's encouragement , Crawford enlisted to serve in the British Army , joining the London Scottish Regiment which was sent to reinforce the First Battalion in France . The regiment marched to Béthune to relieve the British line , there fighting on the Western Front at Givenchy . Afflicted with influenza and malaria , in February Crawford was invalided back to England , being stationed at Birmingham for his recuperation . After recovery , he applied to join the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) but was deemed too heavy . In July 1915 he was successful in his application to join the Royal Berkshire Regiment as part of the Third Army , being stationed at Beauval and then St. Pol . Utilising his existing skills , he served as the regiment 's maps officer , responsible for mapping the areas around the front line , including the German Army positions . He also took various photographs which were used for British propaganda purposes , and in 1916 he guided the writer H. G. Wells around the trenches on the latter 's visit to the Front .
In January 1917 , Crawford successfully applied to join the RFC as an observer with the 23rd Squadron , as part of which he flew over enemy lines to make observations and draw maps . On his maiden flight , the German Army opened fire on his aircraft , in which his right foot was pierced by bullets and badly injured . To recuperate , he spent time at various hospitals in France and England before eventually being sent to the RFC Auxiliary Hospital at the Heligan estate in Cornwall . During this time in England he spent a weekend at Wells 's home in Dunmow , Essex , embracing the latter 's desire for a united world government and the idea that writing about global history was a contribution to that cause . While at Heligan , Crawford began working on a book , Man and his Past , which examined a broad sweep of human history from an archaeological and geographical perspective .
In September 1917 , Crawford – who had been promoted to the position of squadron intelligence officer – joined the 48th Squadron , during which he again took aerial photographs during flying reconnaissance trips . While on one flight in February 1918 , Crawford 's aircraft was shot at and forced to land in German @-@ held territory ; he and his co @-@ pilot were taken as prisoners of war . He was initially imprisoned at Landshut in Bavaria , from where he tried to escape by swimming down the River Isar ; the river current proved too strong and he was soon recaptured . He was then transferred to Holzminden prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp , where he was aware of an escape plan involving tunnelling out of the camp , but did not take part . Instead he spent much of his time reading works by Wells , Carl Jung , and Samuel Butler , and working on Man and his Past . Crawford remained in the camp for seven months , until the declaration of armistice , at which he returned to Britain and was demobilised .
= = Career : 1920 – 1945 = =
= = = Ordnance Survey and Antiquity = = =
Back in England , Crawford finished writing Man and his Past , which was published by Oxford University Press in 1921 . According to the historian of archaeology Adam Stout , the book was " a manifesto , a rallying @-@ cry for a new generation of archaeologists who shared in the idealism and the faith in the potential of Progress " . Bowden suggested that it could be seen as a " manifesto for geoarchaeology , environmental archaeology and economic archaeology . The unifying theme is that all these topics should be approached through the compilation of maps " . The work fitted within the theoretical trend of culture @-@ historical archaeology by discussing geographical methods for delineating cultures although it did not attempt to apply the concept of culture in a systematic fashion . He also returned to field work , carrying out archaeological excavation for the Cambrian Archaeological Association in both Wiltshire and Wales . During the summer of 1920 , he then excavated at Roundwood in Hampshire and on the Isle of Wight for Sir William Portal .
His expertise resulted in his being invited by Charles Close , the Director @-@ General of the Ordnance Survey ( OS ) , to join that organisation as their first archaeological officer . Accepting the position , Crawford moved to Southampton and began work at the project in October 1920 . His arrival at the OS generated some resentment , with co @-@ workers often seeing his post as superfluous and deeming archaeology to be unimportant . His job entailed correcting and updating information on archaeological monuments as the OS maps were revised , and involved him undertaking much fieldwork , travelling across the British landscape , checking the location of previously recorded sites and discovering new ones . He began in Gloucestershire in the autumn and winter of 1920 , visiting 208 sites around the Cotswolds and adding 81 previously unknown barrows to the map . As a result of his research in this region , in 1925 he published his book Long Barrows and the Stone Circles of the Cotswolds and the Welsh Marches .
As part of his job , he travelled around Britain , from Scotland in the north to the Scilly Isles in the south , often conducting his fieldwork by bicycle . On his visits he took photographs of archaeological sites , which were stored in his archive , and he also obtained aerial photographs of archaeological sites taken by the Royal Air Force . In this he was aided by regional antiquarian societies and by his correspondents , whom he called his " ferrets " . In 1921 , the Ordnance Survey published Crawford 's work , " Notes for Beginners " , in which he explained how amateur archaeologists could identify traces of old monuments , roads , and agricultural activity in the landscape . He also began producing " period maps " in which archaeological sites were marked ; the first of these was on Roman Britain , and featured Roman roads and settlements . First published in 1924 , it soon sold out , resulting in a second edition in 1928 . He followed this with a range of further maps in the 1930s : ' England in the Seventeenth Century ' , ' Celtic Earthworks of Salisbury Plain ' , ' Neolithic Wessex ' , and ' Britain in the Dark Ages ' . Although his position had initially been precarious , in 1926 it was made permanent , despite the reluctance of the Treasury , which financed the OS at the time . By 1938 , he had been able to persuade the OS to employ an assistant , W. F. Grimes , to aid him in his work .
Crawford became particularly interested in the new technique of aerial archaeology , claiming that this new process was to archaeology what the telescope was to astronomy . He produced two OS leaflets containing various aerial photographs , printed in 1924 and 1929 respectively . Through these and other works he was keen to promote aerial archaeology , coming to be firmly identified with the technique . His association with it reached the extent that in his 1939 novel The Shape of Things to Come , Wells named a survey aeroplane that discovers an ancient archaeological device " Crawford " .
Using RAF aerial photographs , Crawford determined the length of the Avenue at Stonehenge before embarking on an excavation of the site with A. D. Passmore in the autumn of 1923 . This project attracted press attention , resulting in Crawford being contacted by the marmalade magnate and archaeologist Alexander Keiller . Keiller invited Crawford to join him in an aerial survey , financed by Keiller himself , in which they flew over Berkshire , Dorset , Hampshire , Somerset , and Wiltshire in the spring and summer 1924 , taking photographs of archaeological traces in the landscape . Many of these images were published in Crawford and Keiller 's Wessex from the Air in 1928 . In 1927 Crawford and Keiller helped raise the finances to buy the land around Stonehenge and present it to The National Trust in order to prevent it facing agricultural or urban development . Previously , in 1923 , Crawford had assisted Keiller in campaigning to prevent a radio mast being erected on the archaeologically significant Windmill Hill in Wiltshire , with Keiller later purchasing the hill and the surrounding Avebury area . Despite this working relationship , the two never became friends , perhaps a result of their highly divergent interests and opinions .
In 1927 , Crawford founded Antiquity ; A Quarterly Review of Archaeology , a quarterly journal designed to bring together the work of archaeologists working across the world to supplement the variety of regional antiquarian periodicals that were then available . Although designed to have an international scope , the journal exhibited a clear bias towards the archaeology of Britain , with its release coinciding with the blossoming of British archaeology as a field of study . It contained contributions from a variety of young archaeologists who came to dominate the field of British archaeology , among them V. Gordon Childe , Grahame Clark , Cyril Fox , Christopher Hawkes , T. D. Kendrick , Stuart Piggott , and Mortimer Wheeler . Crawford himself was known as " Ogs " or " Uncle Ogs " to a number of these individuals , who shared his desire to professionalise the field and take it in a more scientific direction and away from the domination of antiquarian hobbyists . In particular , Crawford saw Antiquity as a rival to the Antiquaries Journal published by the Society of Antiquaries , an organisation that Crawford was contemptuous of , disliking their neglect of prehistory and believing that they did little valuable research .
The journal proved influential from the start . Although not initially using a process of peer review , Crawford asked his friends to read through submissions that he was unsure about . As well as seeking to shape and define the discipline , Antiquity sought to spread news of archaeological discoveries to a wider public , thereby being more accessible than pre @-@ existing scholarly journals . However , it resulted in Crawford receiving letters from proponents of various pseudo @-@ archaeological ideas , such as the ley line theory of Alfred Watkins ; he filed these letters under a section of his archive titled " Crankeries " and was annoyed that educated people believed such ideas when they were demonstrably incorrect . He refused to publish an advert for Watkins ' The Old Straight Track in Antiquity , with Watkins becoming very bitter towards him . In 1938 , Crawford served as President of the Prehistoric Society ; in this position he instigated a series of excavations , inviting the German archaeologist Gerhard Bersu – persecuted in Germany by the Nazi authorities – to move to England to oversee the excavation of Little Woodbury .
= = = Foreign visits and Marxism = = =
Crawford enjoyed foreign travel and left Britain on a number of occasions . In 1928 the OS sent him to the Middle East , there to collect aerial photographs that had been produced during the First World War and which were stored at Baghdad , Amman , and Heliopolis . In the summer of 1931 he visited Germany and Austria , there furthering his interest in interest in photography through the purchase of a Voigtländer . He later visited Italy with the intent of examining the possibility of producing OS maps pinpointing the country 's archaeological sites ; in November 1932 he met with the Italian leader Benito Mussolini , who was interested in Crawford 's ideas about creating an OS map of archaeological sites in Rome . This was part of a wider project to produce a series of maps covering the entirety of the Roman Empire , for which Crawford visited various parts of Europe during the late 1920s and 1930s . Holiday destinations included Germany , Austria , Romania , Corsica , Malta , Algeria , and Tunisia , and in 1936 he purchased a plot of land in Cyprus on which he had a house built . During these vacations , he visited archaeological sites and met with local archaeologists , encouraging them to contribute articles to Antiquity .
Crawford believed that society would progress with the growth of internationalism and the increased application of science , and politically he had moved toward socialism under the influence of Childe , who had become a close friend . He expressed the view that socialism was " the natural corollary of science in the regulation of human affairs " . He attempted to incorporate Marxist ideas into his archaeological interpretations , for instance in an article on " The Dialectical Process in the History of Science " that was published in The Sociological Review journal . He became enthusiastic about the Soviet Union , a state governed by the Marxist Communist Party , viewing it as the forerunner of a future world state .
With his friend Neil Hunter , he travelled to the Soviet Union in May 1932 , sailing to Leningrad aboard the Smolny . Once there , they followed a prescribed tourist itinerary , visiting Moscow , Nizhni Novgorod , Stalingrad , Rostov @-@ on @-@ Don , Tiflis , Armenia , Batum , and Sukhum . Crawford admired what he perceived as the progress that the Soviet Union had made since the fall of the Tsarist regime , the increasingly classless and gender @-@ equal status of its population , and the respect accorded to scientists in planning its societal development . He described his holiday with glowing praise in a book , A Tour of Bolshevy , stating that he did so in order to " hasten the downfall of capitalism " while at the same time making " as much money as possible " out of capitalists . The book was rejected by the publisher Victor Gollancz , after which Crawford decided not to approach other publishers , instead giving typed copies of the work to his friends . Although he became involved with the Friends of the Soviet Union and wrote several articles for the Daily Worker newspaper , he never joined the Communist Party of Great Britain or became involved in organised politics , perhaps fearing that to do so would jeopardise his employment in the civil service .
In Britain , he photographed a number of sites associated with the prominent Marxists Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin , as well as photographing the signs erected by landowners and religious groups , believing that in doing so he was documenting the traces of capitalist society before they would be swept away by socialism . Both in Britain and on a visit to Germany he photographed both pro @-@ fascist and anti @-@ fascist propaganda and graffiti , and like many leftists at the time , he believed that fascism was a temporary , extreme expression of capitalist society that would soon be overcome by socialism . He nevertheless expressed admiration for the German archaeological establishment under the Nazi government , highlighting that the British state lagged far behind in terms of funding excavations and encouraging the study of archaeology in universities ; he refrained from commenting on the political agenda that the Nazis had in promoting archaeology .
Despite his socialist and pro @-@ Soviet beliefs , Crawford believed in collaborating with all foreign archaeologists , regardless of political or ideological differences . In the spring of 1938 , he lectured on aerial archaeology at the German Air Ministry ; they published his lecture as Luftbild und Vorgeschichte , and Crawford was frustrated that the British government did not publish his work with the same enthusiasm . From there , he visited Vienna , to meet with his friend , the archaeologist Oswald Menghin , who took him to an event celebrating the Anschluss , at which he met the prominent Nazi Josef Bürckel . Shortly after , he holidayed in Schleswig @-@ Holstein , where German archaeologists took him to see the Danevirke .
In the late 1930s he began work on a book titled Bloody Old Britain , which he described as " an attempt to apply archaeological methods to the study of contemporary society " and in which he was heavily critical of his homeland . It examined 1930s Britain through its material culture , with Crawford reaching the judgement that it was a society in which appearances were given greater importance than value , with clothing for instance emphasising bourgeois respectability over comfort . He attributed much of this to the impact of capitalism and consumerism on British culture . The work fitted within an established genre of 1930s publications which lamented the state of British society , in particular the quality of its food and manufactured products as well as its increasing suburbanisation . However , by the outbreak of the Second World War the work had become less marketable due to its unpatriotic nature , and when he proposed it to Methuen Publishing in 1943 they turned it down ; he gave copies to a few friends , but never published it .
= = = Second World War = = =
In anticipation of the Second World War , Crawford expressed the view that he would " remain neutral " and not take sides , not because he favoured fascism over liberal democracy but because he saw both as repugnant forms of capitalist society which would ultimately be swept away by a socialist revolution ; in his words the war would be " a clash of imperialisms , a gangsters ' feud " . After war broke out , he decided that in the event of a German invasion of Britain he would destroy all of his leftist literature lest he be persecuted for possessing it .
In November 1940 , the German Luftwaffe began bombing Southampton , where the OS offices were located . Crawford removed some of the old OS maps and stored them in the garage of his house at Nursling , while also unsuccessfully urging the Director @-@ General to remove the OS ' archives of books , documents , maps and photographs to a secure location . Subsequently , the OS headquarters were destroyed in the bombing , resulting in the loss of most of their archive . The refusal of the OS administration to take his warnings seriously infuriated Crawford , exacerbating his anger about the civil service 's red tape and bureaucracy . In his words , " trying to get a move on in the Civil Service was like trying to swim in a lake of glue " . Resigning his membership of various British societies , he unsuccessfully tried to find employment abroad .
With little for an archaeology officer to do at the OS in wartime , in the summer of 1941 Crawford was seconded to the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England " for special duties during wartime " . They assigned him to carry out a project of photographic documentation in Southampton for the National Buildings Record , producing images of many old buildings or architectural features that were threatened by the Luftwaffe 's bombing campaign . He appreciated the value of this work , taking 5000 photographs over the course of the war . In 1944 , the Council for British Archaeology was founded , and while Crawford was invited to serve on its first council , he declined to do so , being lukewarm about the project .
= = Later life : 1946 – 1957 = =
In 1946 , at the earliest possible opportunity , Crawford resigned his post at the OS , where he was replaced by Charles Philips . He nevertheless retained his interest in Southampton and its architecture , in particular that of the Middle Ages , and in 1946 was a founding member of a lobby group , Friends of Old Southampton , which sought to protect the city 's historic architecture from destruction amid post @-@ war development . During the post @-@ war period he also came to be preoccupied and terrified by the prospect of a nuclear war , urging archaeological authorities to make copies of all their information and disperse it in different locations to ensure that knowledge survived any forthcoming Third World War . Retaining his left @-@ wing interests , in 1945 and 1946 he had some involvement with the Labour Party , although elsewhere he mocked the " ignorant " who thought that Labour " genuinely " represented socialism . In the latter part of the 1940s he became increasingly disillusioned with the Soviet Union after reading Arthur Koestler 's Darkness at Noon , a book about Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge and Moscow show trials , as well as learning of how Soviet scientists who did not support the ideas of Trofim Lysenko had been persecuted . In 1950 , after reading the memoir of Margarete Buber @-@ Neumann , he declared himself to be " fanatically anti @-@ Soviet [ and ] anti @-@ communist " .
In 1949 , Crawford was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , and in 1950 he became a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire . In 1952 he was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Cambridge for his contributions to aerial archaeology .
Crawford returned his attention to Sudanese archaeology , describing Sudan as " an escape @-@ land of the mind at a time when the island of Britain was an austere prison " . At the invitation of the Sudanese government , he visited the country on an archaeological reconnaissance trip in January 1950 , before visiting the Middle Nile in 1951 . At Nursling , he wrote a book on the northern Sudanese Funj Sultanate of Sennar , which appeared in the same year as his long @-@ delayed report on the Abu Geili excavation , co @-@ written with Frank Addison . He followed this with the 1953 book Castles and Churches in the Middle Nile Region . Another of Crawford 's book projects in this period was a short history of Nursling , as well as an introductory guide to landscape studies , Archaeology in the Field , published in 1953 . In 1955 he then published his autobiography , Said and Done , which G. E. Daniel and Mark Pottle — the authors of Crawford 's entry in the Dictionary of National Biography — described as " a vivacious and amusing autobiography in which his character comes clearly through . "
After the discovery of prehistoric rock art on Stonehenge in 1953 , Crawford decided to examine the megalithic monuments in Brittany to examine the engravings there . Inspired by this subject , in 1957 he then published The Eye Goddess , a book in which he argued for the existence of a religion devoted to a Mother Goddess that was found across the Old World from the Palaeolithic through to the period of Christianisation , and which he believed was evidenced through various abstract depictions of eyes in prehistoric rock art . Similar ideas of a Neolithic religion devoted to a great goddess were also espoused in the works of Childe and Glyn Daniel that same decade , resulting in the observation from the later historian Ronald Hutton that " whether or not there was ever an ' Age of the Goddess ' in Neolithic Europe , there certainly was one among European intellectuals in the mid twentieth century " . Crawford 's book was nevertheless not well received academically .
Another of Crawford 's interests were cats , and he learned how to mimic cat noises , performing these on a BBC broadcast , " The Language of Cats " , which proved popular and resulted in his receiving a range of fan letters . A publisher in the United States invited him to write a book on the subject , but Crawford never completed it . In the mid @-@ 1950s , Crawford began to take an interest in astronomy and cosmological ideas about the origin of the universe , favouring Fred Hoyle 's steady state theory about an eternal universe with no beginning or end .
In 1951 , an edited volume , Aspects of Archaeology in Britain and Beyond : Essays Presented to O. G. S. Crawford , was published , having been edited by Grimes and brought out to mark Crawford 's 65th birthday . Reviewing the anthology for Antiquity , J. v. d . Waals and R. J. Forbes described it as " an exquisite birthday present " . Many of Crawford 's associates worried about him , aware that he lived alone – with only the company of his elderly housekeeper and cats – at his cottage in Nursling , lacking either a car or telephone . It was there that he died in his sleep on the night of 28 – 29 November 1957 . He had arranged for some of his letters and books to be destroyed , while others were to be sent to the Bodleian Library , with the proviso that some of them would not be opened until the year 2000 . His body was buried in the church graveyard at Nursling . In accordance with his instructions , the title " Editor of Antiquity " was inscribed on his gravestone , reflecting his desire to be remembered primarily as an archaeologist . On Crawford 's death , editorship of Antiquity was taken on by Daniel .
= = Personality = =
Crawford 's socialist beliefs were known to his colleagues and associates , as was his antipathy toward religion . While he became an atheist during his time at Marlborough College , it is not known exactly when he embraced socialism . He placed a strong emphasis on personal self @-@ sufficiency , and openly expressed contempt for those who required social interaction for their own happiness . His adult life was a solitary one , with no family and no dependents . His sexual orientation remains unknown , with Bowden noting that Crawford 's interactions with women were " cordial but not significant . " He was fond of cats , and kept several as pets , also rearing pigs for food as well as growing vegetables in his garden at Nursing . A heavy smoker , he was known for rolling his own cigarettes .
Crawford was often irritable and some colleagues found him exasperating to work with . He was known for his lack of patience , and when angry or frustrated was known to fling his hat to the floor in a gesture of rage . His biographer Kitty Hauser noted that " apparently trifling events left an indelible mark on him " , for he would remember a perceived slight for decades . However , Bowden expressed the view that while Crawford " had a quick temper , which he strove to control ... he was essentially a friendly man " , adding that he could be " clubbable , hospitable and kind " .
Jonathan Glancey referred to Crawford as " a compelling if decidedly cantankerous anti @-@ hero " and an " essentially Victorian eccentric " . Hauser characterised him as " a very British combination of a snob and a rebel " , also noting that he was " no great intellectual " . Similarly , Clark expressed the view that " Crawford 's achievements " stemmed from his " moral integrity and singleness of mind " rather than " any outstanding intellectual brilliance " , while the journalist Neal Ascherson described Crawford as " not conventionally intellectual " . Ascherson added that Crawford was " withdrawn , generally ill at ease with other members of the human species except on paper , and suspicious of personal celebrity " , in this way Ascherson contrasting him with his " gregarious " contemporaries Wheeler and Daniel .
Daniel characterised Crawford as having a " messianic desire " to promote archaeology " to the people of the world " . However , he was opinionated and dogmatic and expressed disdain for those who viewed the past in a different manner to himself . Piggott noted that Crawford was unable to sympathise with the perspectives of those studying past societies through a discipline other than archaeology , such as history or art history , and that he moreover could not sympathise with " anyone not as passionately concerned as himself in field antiquities " . For example , in one of his publications , Crawford dismissed historians as being " bookish " and " clean @-@ booted " . The archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes commented that in Crawford 's editorials for Antiquity , he directed " righteous indignation " toward " everybody from the State , Dominion and Colonial Governments , Universities and Museums , to tardy reviewers and careless proof @-@ correctors . "
Wheeler – who considered Crawford to be " one of my closest friends " – claimed that the latter was " an outspoken and uncompromising opponent " and a man who had a " boyish glee in calling the bluff of convention " . He added that Crawford exhibited the " divine impatience of the pioneer " and that he had an " inability to work in harness . If he joined a committee or a sodality , he did so only to resign at the first opportunity . " Piggott described Crawford as a mentor who " was encouraging , helpful , and unconventional : his racy outspoken criticism of what then passed for the archaeological Establishment was music to a schoolboy 's ear " .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Crawford was much respected by his peers . According to Hauser , at the time of his death Crawford had " acquired an almost mythical status among British archaeologists as the uncompromising – if eccentric – progenitor of them all . " In 1999 , the archaeologist John Charlton referred to Crawford as " one of the pioneers of British archaeology this century " , while nine years later Ascherson described him as " beyond question one of the great figures of the ' modern ' generation which transformed British archaeological practice and its institutions between 1918 and – say – 1955 . " Ascherson noted that Crawford 's contributions to archaeology had little to do with archaeological theory and more to do with " the institutions and tools ... which he bequeathed to his profession " , including Antiquity . Crawford devoted little time to interpreting the archaeological record , and when he did so usually embraced functionalist interpretations , believing that people in traditional societies devoted almost all of their time to survival rather than behaving according to religious or symbolic concepts ; in his he was typical of his time and was influenced by Marxist materialism .
Crawford was recognised for his contributions to bringing archaeology to a wide sector of the British public . The archaeologist Caroline Malone stated that many viewed Crawford as " an ' amateur 's ' archaeologist , providing the means to publish and comment outside the restrictions of local journals and to offer a vision of a new and universal discipline " . Clark expressed the view that Crawford " always hankered to restore the flesh and blood and to make the past a reality to the living generation " , and in doing so helped to attract a greater public audience for British archaeology than many of his colleagues . Wheeler remarked that " he was our greatest archaeological publicist ; he taught the world about scholarship , and scholars about one another . " Commenting on Crawford 's editorship of Antiquity , Hawkes expressed the view that his " skill in steering between over @-@ simplification and over @-@ specialization has enabled the Magazine to succeed admirably in its role as go @-@ between for experts and public . "
Crawford 's system of documenting archaeological sites in the OS ' Archaeological Record provided the blueprint on which both the later National Archaeological Records in England , Scotland , and Wales , and the local sites and monuments records were based . In the 21st century , Crawford 's photographic archive stored at Oxford University 's Institute of Archaeology was still consulted by archaeologists seeking to view how various sites appeared during the first half of the 20th century . In 2008 , Kitty Hauser 's biography , Bloody Old Britain , was published . Reviewing her work for The Guardian , Glancey described it as " a truly fascinating and unexpected book " . Writing in Public Archaeology , Ascherson characterised it as " full of clever perception and sympathetic insight " but was critical of its lack of references and " occasional mistakes of fact " .
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= David Beharall =
David Alexander Beharall ( born 8 March 1979 ) is a British entrepreneur and former professional English footballer who retired after a knee injury while playing for Stockport County in 2006 .
Since retiring he has set up a number of successful businesses and won North West Entrepreneur of the year as well as an award for his work within social media . Beharall now owns and runs digital agency CandidSky
Beharall started off his football playing career for Newcastle United in 1996 and graduated to the first team in 1998 . While at St James ' Park he had loan spells at Grimsby Town and Oldham Athletic in 2001 and 2002 before joining Oldham for a fee of £ 150 @,@ 000 in March 2002 . He left Oldham in February 2005 to join Carlisle United on a free transfer and a year later in February 2006 Beharall joined Stockport County before retiring due to a knee injury 3 months later .
= = Biography = =
= = = Newcastle United = = =
Beharall started off his playing career at hometown club Newcastle United in 1996 where he graduated to the first team in 1998 after being captain to the youth and reserve teams . Beharall made his first FA Premier League start and his début for Newcastle in the 3 – 1 loss against Everton on 17 April 1999 . Beharall started another 3 FA Premier League games during the 1998 – 99 season . During the 1999 – 00 season , Beharall played 2 more premier league games ; the 3 – 3 draw against Wimbledon and the 5 – 1 loss at Manchester United . The match against Manchester United turned out to be his last match for the club . After two years without a first team appearance , Beharall wanted to join Preston North End on loan after spending two days at Deepdale in early January 2001 , but Preston 's manager David Moyes decided against the move .
= = = Grimsby Town = = =
With first team opportunities running out at Newcastle , Beharall joined Grimsby Town in August 2001 originally on trial , with a view to a loan move due to Grimsby 's lack of central defenders . After his trial he joined The Mariners on loan in August 2001 for 3 months and made his début in a 1 – 0 win against Crewe Alexandra on 11 August . David played another 15 league and cup games for Grimsby Town , including the 2 – 1 cup upset they inflicted on Liverpool in the Football League Cup 3rd round at Anfield on 9 October 2001 . Beharall gave away the penalty that Liverpool midfielder Gary McAllister scored as he was judged to have handled the ball in the penalty box . That goal gave Liverpool the lead with 19 minutes left but goals from Marlon Broomes and Phil Jevons in stoppage time cancelled out Beharall 's mistake and Grimsby pulled off a big cup upset . Beharall endend his loan spell in November 2001 .
= = = Oldham Athletic = = =
Ten days after leaving Grimsby Town , Beharall was on the move again , this time to Oldham Athletic on a loan deal to the end of the season . Beharall made his dèbut in a 0 – 0 draw against Stoke City on 21 November 2001 . He played 17 league games , two FA Cup and two Football League Trophy matches during his loan spell at Oldham , scoring one goal in the 89th minute in a 1 – 1 draw against Wigan Athletic on 15 December 2001 . Beharall was bought by Oldham Athletic on 6 March 2002 for £ 150 @,@ 000 on a three @-@ year contract after impressing during his loan deal . David played one more league game for The Latics during the 2001 – 02 season against Wigan on 9 March , a match which Wigan won 1 – 0 . In the 2002 – 03 season Beharall played 32 league , 4 League and 3 FA Cup games for Oldham under the management of Iain Dowie , who replaced Mick Wadsworth in the summer of 2002 . In the pre @-@ season of the 2003 – 04 season , he suffered an injury which left him out of action until October 2003 . During this time in August 2003 Beharall was a victim of a carjacking when he and team mate Adam Griffin were attacked when they stopped at a cash machine with Beharall leaving Grffin in the passenger seat and his £ 21 @,@ 000 Mercedes @-@ Benz R230 car parked at a Texaco garage in Oldham . Griffin was left defenseless with one of the attackers holding him at knifepoint and another man hit Griffin 's left arm with an iron bar , then dragging and throwing Griffin to the ground . Beharall left his wallet and mobile phone in the car but was relieved that he and Griffin were OK . During the 2003 – 2004 season Beharall played 7 league , 2 FA Cup and 2 Football league games , he also scored 2 league goals against Plymouth Argyle on 1 November 2003 . After playing only 6 league games during the 2004 – 05 season new manager Brian Talbot , Beharall left the club on 24 January 2005 after agreeing a settlement figure .
= = = Carlisle United = = =
Nine days after leaving Oldham , Beharall joined Carlisle United , with him signing a contract until July 2006 . This was the first time in his career he played for a non @-@ league club . Beharall made his debut for the club in the 2 – 2 draw against Gravesend & Northfleet on 12 February 2005 . In the 2004 – 2005 season . Beharall was part of Carlisle 's return to the Football League , playing 14 matches ( 3 of these being playoff matches ) and playing 1 FA Trophy match . He scored one Conference goal , in the 2 – 1 win at Farnborough Town on 2 April 2005 . Beharall 's pre @-@ season preparations were ruined by an injury which made him miss the start of Carlisle 's season , but the MRI scan revealed he had not suffered a tear to any of the major knee ligaments . When he returned from injury in October 2005 , Beharall played 6 League and 2 Football League Trophy matches . Most of these appearances came in October and November . However , with the lack of opportunities , Beharall left Carlisle by mutual consent on 1 February 2006 .
= = = Stockport County = = =
After being released by Carlisle , Beharall decided to join League 2 strugglers Stockport County until the end of the 2005 – 06 season , after playing well in a reserve match for County prior to his move , he had high hopes of saving the club from relegation and also hoped to impress the County manager Jim Gannon enough to earn a new contract for the following season . Beharall made his début for County in the 2 – 1 away victory against Chester City . Beharall played another 11 league games during the 2005 – 06 for Stockport and was starting contract negotiations the managed Jim Gannon , but in May 2006 Beharall retired due to an ongoing bad knee injury .
= = Statistics = =
= = Honours = =
= = = Promotions = = =
2004 – 05 : Conference National Playoff Winner ( promotion to League Two ) – Carlisle United
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= NBA Store =
The NBA Store is a series of officially licensed retailers which sell merchandise for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The most prominent of these stores is located in the United States on Fifth Avenue and 45th Street , Manhattan , New York . There are four other locations outside the United States : two in Beijing , China and two in the Metro Manila , Philippines .
The New York location is run by online retailer Fanatics , who also runs the League 's online store at NBAStore.com. The NBA Store sells over 35 @,@ 000 pieces of NBA merchandise and features several attractions ; it is often visited by players , celebrities , and political leaders . It also serves as a headquarters for the NBA where the association hosts charity events .
Since opening its first store in 1998 , the NBA has seen increasing business opportunities in foreign markets mainly due to the influx of new international players . The biggest growth has been in China , where players Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian , combined with the interest generated by the 2008 Summer Olympics , created enough demand to open two new stores . The NBA has also expanded into games like Second Life where it created a virtual NBA Store in 2007 .
The original Fifth Avenue store closed on February 13 , 2011 . The league temporarily relocated the store in a smaller space at 590 Fifth Avenue until August 2015 . The new location , located at 545 Fifth Avenue , opened on December 21 , 2015 .
= = New York City = =
Established in the fall of 1998 , the 25 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) store offers free video games , TV screens displaying live broadcasts and game action footage , and other attractions , like player measurement charts . Among its many products , the store sells current NBA & WNBA jerseys , replica jerseys of retired players , footwear , collectibles , photography , and other gifts . It has several departments , such as a home section , where customers can buy items like pillows , plates , and other NBA related items . NBA employees , including players , receive a 30 % discount on their purchases .
Construction involved removing beams to make space for a 36 @-@ by @-@ 54 @-@ foot hole in the bottom three floors of the existing 41 story building . Steve Candeloro has been the store 's concierge since it opened in 1998 . The store is frequently visited by celebrities , tourists , and NBA players who are in town to play the New York Knicks or New Jersey Nets . The NBA Store has been visited by important guests such as former President Bill Clinton , and the Mayor of London , Ken Livingstone , who received a personal tour by NBA Commissioner David Stern . The store is also host to The NBA Store Concert Series , concert events where musical artists perform at the store 's half court ; some previous performers include : Michelle Branch , Destiny 's Child , Run DMC , and Aaron Carter .
The NBA Store in New York City allowed its customers to rent areas for birthday parties or other private celebrations and has hosted charity events in the past . During Christmas 2006 , the wife of NBA player Dwyane Wade volunteered at the NBA Store Holiday Toy Drive . The New York Knicks regularly held events like Autographs for Supplies at the NBA Store where New York players like Eddy Curry , Zach Randolph , and WNBA 's Kym Hampton meet fans and signs items in an effort to raise school supplies for children and stress academics . In 2007 , the store held a fashion exhibition to celebrate the Casual Male Retail Group acquisition of the men 's big & tall clothing company Jared M. , a company popular among athletes and celebrities for its custom sportswear ; several NBA players were happy to show their support since the founder had fitted many of them in the past .
In 2007 , the most sold team paraphernalia were from the Los Angeles Lakers , New York Knicks , and the 2006 NBA champions the Miami Heat . The following year , the Lakers and Knicks retained their top spots , but the Heat were replaced by the new 2008 NBA champions the Boston Celtics .
The NBA Store 's main outlet in New York was closed in February 13 , 2011 due to high rent . " The amount of dollars the landlord is requiring from the next tenant , we couldn 't find a way to make it work , " NBA executive vice president of global merchandising Sal LaRocca said . While the league searched for a new location the store operated temporarily at 590 Fifth Avenue until August 2015 . The store reopened at its new permanent location at 545 Fifth Avenue on December 21 , 2015 .
= = Beijing , China = =
The NBA also sells its products outside the United States , most notably in China . The NBA 's international operations only provide 10 percent of total profit ; however , the NBA has seen a recent increase in possible business opportunities abroad .
Statistics revealed that 300 million out of China 's 1 @.@ 3 billion population played basketball , additionally " 83 percent of males between 15 to 61 years old are interested in the game , " and the NBA was reported to be " the most popular sports league in the country . " In 2006 , it was reported that the NBA was planning to open its first store in Beijing , China ( on Wangfujing Street ) or Shanghai , China . Partly due to Yao Ming ( 1st overall pick in 2002 ) and Yi Jianlian 's ( 6th overall pick in 2007 ) popularity in their home country , the NBA now sells its products in some 30 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 retail locations in China . During the 2006 season the NBA broadcast its games in 215 countries and had 83 foreign players , about a quarter of the total players . In 2008 , it had 75 players from 32 different countries .
On January 14 , 2008 , the NBA announced the formation of NBA China ( " a joint venture of the NBA , broadcaster ESPN and Chinese companies " ) , " that will conduct all of the league ’ s businesses in Greater China " , the new entity will be led by Tim Chen ( former CEO of Microsoft Greater China ) . In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics in China , the NBA opened a flagship store in Beijing ; the JuneYao Group was chosen to lead marketing operations for the retail chain @-@ store .
The NBA currently has two stores in China ( both in Beijing ) and according to CEO Chen plans to expand " up to 1 @,@ 000 in the next five years . " The first store was opened on July 15 , 2008 ; it has " 300 square meters of retail space " and sells about 400 different items ; about 1 @,@ 000 people showed up for the opening . According to the International Herald Tribune , merchandise sales in China were expected to increase by 60 percent in 2008 . About one third of the traffic received at nba.com comes from their Chinese area ( china.nba.com ) written in Mandarin built by the Plus Factory , a New York City firm with offices in Beijing .
Reports on NBA jersey sales over the last three years ( 2006 – 2009 ) reveal that Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers is the most sold jersey in China ; however , Yao Ming fell from 6th to 10th and then back to 6th while his Houston Rockets teammate Tracy McGrady remained ranked third for two straight seasons then fell to fourth in 2009 .
= = Second Life = =
The MMORPG Second Life , an Internet @-@ based virtual game world , offers its members the option of playing or shopping at a digital replica of the NBA Store . The 3 @-@ D virtual replica was launched on May 1 , 2007 , during the NBA Finals between the San Antonio Spurs and the Cleveland Cavaliers as a way of reaching the global audience and expanding the NBA 's business in the virtual world . The virtual NBA Store is part of the NBA 's virtual headquarters ; other facilities include a T @-@ Mobile arena where player 's avatars can take pictures or watch Finals footage on a JumboTron . At the time of its launch , the NBA was the " first professional sports league to unveil a comprehensive headquarters in a virtual world . " The virtual store 's entrance is modeled after the New York City location , featuring the same double revolving doors and gold NBA lettering .
In 2004 , the NBA Live series for home video game consoles introduced an EA NBA Store feature , where players can purchase digital shoes and jerseys with points earned through the completion of in @-@ game tasks .
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= Kenzō Tange =
Kenzō Tange ( 丹下 健三 , Tange Kenzō , 4 September 1913 – 22 March 2005 ) was a Japanese architect , and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture . He was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century , combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism , and designed major buildings on five continents . Tange was also an influential patron of the Metabolist movement . He said : " It was , I believe , around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about what I was later to call structuralism " , ( cited in Plan 2 / 1982 , Amsterdam ) , a reference to the architectural movement known as Dutch Structuralism .
Influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist , Le Corbusier , Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when he won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . He was a member of CIAM ( Congres Internationaux d 'Architecture Moderne ) in the 1950s . He did not join the group of younger CIAM architects known as Team X , though his 1960 Tokyo Bay plan was influential for Team 10 in the 1960s , as well as the group that became Metabolism .
His university studies on urbanism put him in an ideal position to handle redevelopment projects after the Second World War . His ideas were explored in designs for Tokyo and Skopje . Tange 's work influenced a generation of architects across the world .
= = Early life = =
Born on 4 September 1913 in Osaka , Japan , Tange spent his early life in the Chinese cities of Hankow and Shanghai ; he and his family returned to Japan after learning of the death of one of his uncles . In contrast to the green lawns and red bricks in their Shanghai abode , the Tange family took up residence in a thatched roof farmhouse in Imabari on the island of Shikoku .
After finishing middle school , Tange moved to Hiroshima in 1930 to attend high school . It was here that he first encountered the works of Swiss modernist , Le Corbusier . His discovery of the drawings of the Palace of the Soviets in a foreign art journal convinced him to become an architect . Although he graduated from high school , Tange 's poor results in mathematics and physics meant that he had to pass entrance exams to qualify for admission to the prestigious universities . He spent two years doing so and during that time , he read extensively about western philosophy . Tange also enrolled in the film division at Nihon University 's art department to dodge Japan 's drafting of young men to its military and seldom attended classes .
In 1935 Tange began the tertiary studies he desired at University of Tokyo 's architecture department . He studied under Hideto Kishida and Shozo Uchida . Although Tange was fascinated by the photographs of Katsura villa that sat on Kishida 's desk , his work was inspired by Le Corbusier . His graduation project was a seventeen @-@ hectare ( 42 @-@ acre ) development set in Tokyo 's Hibiya Park .
= = Early career = =
After graduating from the university , Tange started to work as an architect at the office of Kunio Maekawa . During his employment , he travelled to Manchuria , participating in an architectural design competition for a bank , and toured Japanese @-@ occupied Jehol on his return . When the Second World War started , he left Maekawa to rejoin the University of Tokyo as a postgraduate student . He developed an interest in urban design , and referencing only the resources available in the university library , he embarked on a study of Greek and Roman marketplaces . In 1942 , Tange entered a competition for the design of the Greater East Asia Co @-@ Prosperity Sphere Memorial Hall . He was awarded first prize for a design that would have been situated at the base of Mount Fuji ; the hall he conceived was a fusion of Shinto shrine architecture and the plaza on Capitoline Hill in Rome . The design was not realised .
In 1946 , Tange became an assistant professor at the university and opened Tange Laboratory . In 1963 , he was promoted to professor of the Department of Urban Engineering . His students included Sachio Otani , Kisho Kurokawa , Arata Isozaki , Hajime Yatsuka and Fumihiko Maki .
= = Post war reconstruction = =
Tange 's interest in urban studies put him in a good position to handle post war reconstruction . In the summer of 1946 he was invited by the War Damage Rehabilitation Board to put forward a proposal for certain war damaged cities . He submitted plans for Hiroshima and Maebashi . His design for an airport in Kanon , Hiroshima was accepted and built , but a seaside park in Ujina was not .
The Hiroshima authorities took advice about the city 's reconstruction from foreign consultants , and in 1947 Tam Deling , an American park planner , suggested they build a Peace Memorial and preserve buildings situated near ground zero , that point directly below the explosion of the atomic bomb . In 1949 the authorities enacted the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Reconstruction Act , which gave the city access to special grant aid , and in August 1949 , an international competition was announced for the design of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park .
Tange was awarded first prize for a design that proposed a museum whose axis runs through the park , intersecting Peace Boulevard and the atomic bomb dome . The building is raised on massive columns , which frame the view along the structure 's axis .
= = Projects = =
= = = Peace Centre in Hiroshima = = =
Work on the Peace Centre commenced in 1950 . In addition to the axial nature of the design , the layout is similar to Tange 's early competition arrangement for the Greater East Asia Co @-@ Prosperity Sphere Memorial Hall .
In the initial design the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was dominated by adjoining utility buildings , which were linked to it by high @-@ level walkways . Tange refined this concept to place the museum prominently at the centre , separate from the utility buildings ( only one of which was subsequently designed by him ) . In addition to architectural symbolism , he thought it important for the design to centre around the building that houses the information about the atomic explosion .
The museum is constructed from bare reinforced concrete . The primary museum floor is lifted six metres above the ground on huge piloti and is accessible via a free @-@ standing staircase . The rhythmical facade comprises vertical elements that repeat outwards from the centre . Like the exterior , the interior is finished with rough concrete ; the idea was to keep the surfaces plain so that nothing could distract the visitor from the contents of the exhibits .
The Peace Plaza is the backdrop for the museum . The plaza was designed to allow 50 thousand people to gather around the peace monument in the centre . Tange also designed the monument as an arch composed of two hyperbolic paraboloids , said to be based on traditional Japanese ceremonial tombs from the Kofun Period .
= = = The Ise Shrine = = =
In 1953 Tange and the architectural journalist and critic Noboru Kawazoe were invited to attend the reconstruction of the Ise Shrine . The shrine has been reconstructed every 20 years and in 1953 it was the 59th iteration . Normally the reconstruction process was a very closed affair but this time the ceremony was opened to architects and journalists to document the event . The ceremony coincided with the end of the American Occupation and it seemed to symbolise a new start in Japanese architecture . In 1965 when Tange and Kawazoe published the book Ise : Prototype of Japanese Architecture , he likened the building to a modernist structure : an honest expression of materials , a functional design and prefabricated elements .
= = = The Kagawa Prefectural Government Hall = = =
The Kagawa Prefectural Government Hall on the island of Shikoku was completed in 1958 . Its expressive construction could be likened to the Daibutsu style seen at the Todai @-@ ji in Nara . The columns on the elevation bore only vertical loads so Tange was able to design them to be thin , maximising the surfaces for glazing . Although the hall has been called one of his finest projects , it drew criticism at the time of its construction for relying too heavily on tradition .
= = = Tange 's own home = = =
Tange 's own home , designed in 1951 and completed in 1953 , uses a similar skeleton structure raised off the ground as the Hiroshima Peace Museum ; however , it is fused with a more traditional Japanese design that uses timber and paper . The house is based on the traditional Japanese module of the tatami mat , with the largest rooms designed to have flexibility so that they can be separated into three smaller rooms by fusuma sliding doors . The facade is designed with a rhythmic pattern ; it comprises two types of facade designs ( " a " and " b " ) that are ordered laterally in an a @-@ b @-@ a @-@ a @-@ b @-@ a arrangement . The house is topped with a two @-@ tier roof . Kazuo Shinohara 's 1954 house at Kugayama is remarkably similar in its design , although it is built with steel and has a simpler rhythm in its facade .
= = = Town Hall , Kurashiki = = =
The fortress @-@ like town hall in Kurashiki was designed in 1958 and completed in 1960 . When it was constructed it was situated on the edge of the old town centre connecting it with the newer areas of the town . Kurashiki is better known as a tourist spot for its old Machiya style houses .
Set in an open square , the building sits on massive columns that taper inwards as they rise . The elevation consists of horizontal planks ( some of which are omitted to create windows ) which overlap at the corners in a " log cabin " effect . The entrance is covered with a heavy projecting concrete canopy which leads to a monumental entrance hall . The stair to this hall ascends in cantilevered straight flights to the left and right . The walls to this interior are bare shuttered concrete punctured by windows reminiscent of Le Corbusier 's La Tourette . The Council Chamber is a separate building whose raked roof has seating on top of it to form an external performance space .
= = = Tokyo Olympic arenas = = =
The Yoyogi National Gymnasium is situated in an open area in Yoyogi Park on an adjacent axis to the Meiji Shrine . The gymnasium and swimming pool were designed by Tange for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics , which were the first Olympics held in Asia . Tange began his designs in 1961 and the plans were approved by the Ministry of Education in January 1963 . The buildings were placed to optimize space available for parking and to permit the smoothest transition of incoming and outgoing people .
Inspired by the skyline of the Colosseum in Rome , the roofs have a skin suspended from two masts . The buildings were inspired by Le Corbusier 's Philips Pavilion designed for Brussel 's World Fair and the Ingalls Rink Yale University 's hockey stadium by Eero Saarinen ( both structures completed in 1958 ) . The roof of the Philips pavilion was created by complex hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces stretched between cables . In both cases Tange took Western ideas and adapted them to meet Japanese requirements .
The gymnasium has a capacity of approximately 16 @,@ 000 and the smaller building can accommodate up 5 @,@ 300 depending on the events that are taking place . At the time it was built , the gymnasium had the world 's largest suspended roof span . Two reinforced concrete pillars support a pre @-@ stressed steel net onto which steel plates are attached . The bottom anchoring of this steel net is a heavy concrete support system which forms a distinct curve on the interior and exterior of the building . In the interior , this structural anchor is used to support the grandstand seats . The overall curvature of the roof helps protect the building from the damaging effects of strong winds .
Tange won a Pritzker Prize for the design ; the citation described the gynasium as " among the most beautiful buildings of the 20th century " .
= = = Supreme Court Building of Pakistan = = =
The Supreme Court of Pakistan Building is the official and principle workplace of the Supreme Court of Pakistan , located in 44000 Constitution Avenue Islamabad , Pakistan . Completed in 1965 , it is flanked by the Prime Minister 's Secretariat to the south and President 's House and the Parliament Building to the north .
Designed by Tange , to a design brief prepared by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency , the complex was engineered and built by CDA Engineering and Siemens Engineering .
= = = Osaka Exposition 1970 = = =
In 1965 the Bureau of International Expositions decided that Japan should host the 1970 Exposition . 3 @.@ 3 square kilometres ( 1 @.@ 3 sq mi ) of land in the Senri Hills near Osaka were put aside for its use . Tange and Uzo Nishiyama were appointed as planners for the masterplan by the Theme Committee . Tange assembled a group of twelve architects to design the infrastructure and facilities for the Expo .
At the centre of the Expo was the Festival Plaza . Tange conceived that this plaza ( with its oversailing space frame roof ) would connect the display spaces and create a setting for a " festival " . The plaza divided the site into a northern zone for pavilions and a southern zone for administration facilities . The zones were interconnected with moving pathways .
= = Architectural circle = =
= = = Congres International d 'Architecture Moderne = = =
Tange 's first placing in the design competition for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park gained him recognition from Kunio Maekawa . The elder architect invited Tange to attend the Congres International d 'Architecture Moderne ( CIAM ) . Founded in 1928 this organization of planners and architects had initially promoted architecture in economic and social context , but at its fourth meeting in 1933 ( under the direction of Le Corbusier ) it debated the notion of the " Functional City " . This led to a series of proposals on urban planning known as " The Athens Charter " . By the 1951 CIAM meeting that was held in Hoddesdon , England , to which Tange was invited , the Athens Charter came under debate by younger members of the group ( including Tange ) who found the Charter too vague in relation to city expansion . The " Athens Charter " promoted the idea that a city gains character from its continual changes over many years ; this notion was written before the advent of mass bombings and the Second World War and therefore held little meaning for Tange who had evidenced the destruction of Hiroshima . The discussions at Hoddesdon sowed discontent within CIAM that eventually contributed to its breakup after their Dubrovnik meeting in 1956 ; the younger members of CIAM formed a splinter group known as Team X , which Tange later joined . Tange presented various designs to Team X in their meetings . At a 1959 meeting in Otterlo , Holland , one of his presentations included an unrealised project by Kiyonori Kikutake ; this project became the basis of the Metabolist Movement .
When Tange travelled back to Japan from the 1951 CIAM meeting , he visited Le Corbusier 's nearly complete Unité d 'Habitation in Marseilles , France . He also looked at the sketches for the new capital of Punjab at Chandigarh , India .
= = = Tokyo World Design Conference and urban planning = = =
Tange had left the Team X Otterlo conference early to take up a tenure at Massachusetts Institute of Technology . His experiences at the conference may have led him to set his fifth year students a project to design a 25 @-@ thousand @-@ person residential community to be erected in Boston over the bay . The scheme comprised two giant A @-@ frame structures that resembled Tange 's competition entry for the World Health Organisation 's headquarters on Lake Geneva . Both this scheme and the earlier ones by Kikutake formed the basis of Tange 's speech to the Tokyo World Design Conference in 1960 . In his speech he used words such as " cell " and " metabolism " in relation to urban design . The Metabolist movement grew out of discussions with other members of the conference . Amongst them were Kisho Kurokawa , Junzo Sakakura , Alison and Peter Smithson , Louis Kahn , Jean Prouvé , B. V. Doshi and Jacob Bakema . The conference ended with Tange 's presentation of the Boston plan and his own scheme , " The Tokyo Plan – 1960 " .
Tange argued that the normal urban pattern of a radial centripetal transportation system was a relic of the Middle Ages and would not handle the strain placed upon it by the world 's mega cities , which he qualified as those with populations greater than 10 million . Rather than building up a city from a civic centre , Tange 's proposal was based on civic axis , developing the city in a linear fashion . Three levels of traffic , graded according to speed , would facilitate the movement of up to 2 @.@ 5 million people along the axis , which would be divided into vertebrae @-@ like cyclical transportation elements . The sheer size of the proposal meant that it would stretch out across the water of Tokyo Bay . Tange 's proposals at this conference play a large part in establishing his reputation as " The West 's favourite Japanese architect " .
In 1965 Tange was asked by the United Nations to enter a limited competition for the redevelopment of Skopje , which was at that time a city of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The town had been heavily destroyed by an earthquake in 1963 . Tange won 60 % of the prize ; the other 40 % was awarded to the Yugoslav team . Tange 's design furthered ideas put forward in the earlier " Tokyo Plan " .
Tange further developed his ideas for expandable urban forms in 1966 when he designed the Yamanashi Broadcasting and Press Centre in Kōfu . It was designed for three media companies : a newspaper printing plant , a radio station and a television studio . To allow for future expansion Tange grouped the similar functions of three offices together in three zones . The newspaper printing machinery was on the ground floor , sealed studios on the upper floors and offices on glass walled floors surrounded by balconies . The services , including stairs and lifts , are housed in 16 reinforced concrete columns that are of five @-@ metre ( 17 ft ) diameter . Space was left between the cluster of functional space to allow for future expansion , although these have been used for gardens and terraces .
= = = The Urbanists and Architects Team = = =
Tange 's inspiration for his design office came from his friend Walter Gropius who he had first met at the CIAM meeting in 1951 . While lecturing at the Bauhaus , Gropius had placed great importance on teaching architects , especially imparting on them the concept of working together as a team . The Urbanists and Architects Team was founded in 1961 and became Kenzō Tange Associates . Tange promoted a very flat hierarchy in the practice : partners were equal in importance and were encouraged to participate in every project . Multiple options were developed simultaneously , and research on individual schemes was encouraged .
= = Later career = =
During the 1970s and 1980s Tange expanded his portfolio to include buildings in over 20 countries around the world . In 1985 , at the behest of Jacques Chirac , the mayor of Paris at that time , Tange proposed a master plan for a plaza at Place d 'Italie that would interconnect the city along an east @-@ west axis .
For the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building , which opened in 1991 , Tange designed a large civic centre with a plaza dominated by two skyscrapers . These house the administration offices whilst a smaller seven @-@ storey building contains assembly facilities . In his design of a high tech version of Kofu Communications Centre , Tange equipped all three buildings with state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art building management systems that monitored air quality , light levels and security . The external skin of the building makes dual references to both tradition and the modern condition . Tange incorporated vertical and horizontal lines reminiscent of both timber boarding and the lines on semiconductor boards .
Tange continued to practice until three years before his death in 2005 . He disliked postmodernism in the 1980s and considered this style of architecture to be only " transitional architectural expressions " . His funeral was held in one of his works , the Tokyo Cathedral .
Tadao Ando , one of Japan 's greatest living architects , likes to tell the story of the stray dog , a stately akita , that wandered into his studio in Osaka some 20 years age , and decided to stay . " First , I thought I would call her Kenzo Tange ; but then I realised I couldn 't kick Kenzo Tange around . So I called her Le Corbusier instead . "
= = Legacy = =
The modular expansion of Tange 's Metabolist visions had some influence on Archigram with their plug @-@ in mega structures . The Metabolist movement gave momentum to Kikutake 's career . Although his Marine City proposals ( submitted by Tange at CIAM ) were not realised , his Miyakonojo City Hall ( 1966 ) was a more Metabolist example of Tange 's own Nichinan Cultural Centre ( 1962 ) . Although the Osaka Expo had marked a decline in the Metabolist movement , it resulted in a " handing over " of the reigns to a younger generation of architects such as Kazuo Shinohara and Arata Isozaki .
In an interview with Jeremy Melvin at the Royal Academy of Arts , Kengo Kuma explained that , at the age of ten , he was inspired to become an architect after seeing Tange 's Olympic arenas , which were constructed in 1964 .
For Reyner Banham , Tange was a prime exemplar of the use of Brutalist architecture . His use of Béton brut concrete finishes in a raw and undecorated way combined with his civic projects such as the redevelopment of Tokyo Bay made him a great influence on British architects during the 1960s . Brutalist architecture has been criticised for being soulless and for promoting the exclusive use of a material that is poor at withstanding long exposures to natural weather .
He received the AIA Gold Medal in 1966 .
Tange 's son Paul Noritaka Tange graduated from Harvard University in 1985 and went on to join Kenzō Tange Associates . He became the president of Kenzo Tange Associates in 1997 before founding Tange Associates in 2002 .
= = Awards = =
From the Japanese Wikipedia article
= = = Japan = = =
Architectural Institute of Japan best picture award ( Ehime Prefectural Museum ) ( 1954 )
Architectural Institute of Japan Special Award ( National Indoor Stadium ) ( 1965 )
Order of Culture ( 1980 )
Architectural Institute of Japan Award ( 1986 ) for contributions to the international development and establishment of modern architecture in Japan .
Prince Takamatsu Memorial World Culture Prize in the building sector category ( 1993 )
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure ( 1994 )
Third rank in the order of precedence ( 2005 ; posthumous )
= = = Others = = =
United States Institute of Architects , United States of America ( AIA ) 1st Pan @-@ Pacific Ocean Award ( 1958 )
RIBA Gold Medal ( 1965 )
U.S. AIA Gold Medal ( 1966 )
Vatican Order of St. Gregory the Great ( 1970 )
French Academy of Architecture Gold Medal ( 1973 )
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 1976 )
Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 1979 )
U.S. Pritzker Prize ( 1987 )
Knight of the Legion of Honour of France ( 1996 )
= = List of selected projects = =
1955 : Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum , Hiroshima
1957 : ( Former ) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building , Yūrakuchō
1958 : Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the east offices , Takamatsu , Kagawa
1960 : Kurashiki City Hall , Kurashiki , Okayama
1960 : Rikkyo University Library , Ikebukuro , Tokyo
1964 : Yoyogi National Gymnasium for the 1964 Summer Olympics , Tokyo
1964 : St. Mary 's Cathedral ( Tokyo Cathedral ) ( Roman Catholic ) , Tokyo
1966 : Yamanashi Press and Broadcasting Centre , Kofu , Yamanashi , Japan
1966 : Master plan for rebuilding of Skopje , Macedonia , then part of Yugoslavia after the 1963 earthquake
1967 : Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Tower , Ginza , Chuo , Tokyo
1967 : Towers of Fiera district ( Regional administration of Emilia @-@ Romagna ) , Bologna , Italy
1970 : master plan , massive central " Symbol Zone " , and other work for Expo ' 70 , Suita , Osaka
1970 : Librino New Town Project , Catania , Italy
1977 : Sogetsu Kaikan , Aoyama , Tokyo
1979 : Hanae Mori Building , Aoyama , Tokyo
1982 : Centro Direzionale , Naples
1982 : Central Area New Federal Capital City of Nigeria , Nigeria
1986 : Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
1986 : OUB Centre , Singapore
1986 : Jordan University of Science and Technology , Jordan
1986 : University of Science and Technology Oran - Mohamed @-@ Boudiaf ( AMZ Group ) , Algeria
1987 : American Medical Association Headquarters Building , Chicago , Illinois , USA
1990 : Presidential Palace , Damascus , Syria ( Initial design , but subsequently resigned from project )
1991 : Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building , Shinjuku , Tokyo
1992 : UOB Plaza , Singapore
1993 : Phu My Hung Saigon South Master Plan , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam
1996 : Fuji Television Building , Odaiba , Tokyo
1998 : University of Bahrain , Sakhir , Bahrain
1998 : WKC Centre For Health Development , Kobe , Hyōgo
2000 : Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the main offices , Takamatsu , Kagawa
2000 : Tokyo Dome Hotel
2003 : The Linear – Private Apartments , Singapore
2005 : Hwa Chong Institution Boarding School , Singapore
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= Dock Ellis =
Dock Phillip Ellis , Jr . ( March 11 , 1945 – December 19 , 2008 ) was an American professional baseball player . A pitcher , Ellis played in Major League Baseball from 1968 through 1979 for the Pittsburgh Pirates , New York Yankees , Oakland Athletics , Texas Rangers , and New York Mets . In his MLB career , he had a 138 – 119 win – loss record , a 3 @.@ 46 earned run average , and 1 @,@ 136 strikeouts .
Ellis threw a no @-@ hitter on June 12 , 1970 . He later stated that he accomplished the feat under the influence of LSD . Reporters at the game say they do not believe the claim . Ellis was the starting pitcher for the National League in the All @-@ Star Game in 1971 . That year , the Pirates were World Series champions . Joining the Yankees in 1976 , he helped lead the team to the 1976 World Series , and was named the American League Comeback Player of the Year in the process .
Ellis was an outspoken individual who advocated for the rights of players and African Americans . He also had a substance abuse problem , and he acknowledged after his retirement that he never pitched without the use of drugs . After going into treatment Ellis remained sober and devoted the remainder of his life to counseling drug addicts in treatment centers and prisons . He died of a liver ailment in 2008 at the age of 63 .
= = Early life = =
Ellis attended Gardena High School in Gardena , California . At the age of 14 , he began drinking and using drugs .
Ellis played for the school 's basketball team , recording 21 assists in one game . He played baseball as an infielder for a local semi @-@ professional team called the " Pittsburgh Pirates Rookies " , along with future major leaguers Bobby Tolan , Roy White , Ron Woods , Reggie Smith , Don Wilson , Bob Watson , and Dave Nelson ; the team was managed by Chet Brewer . However , Ellis refused to play for the Gardena High School baseball team , because a baseball player referred to him as a " spearchucker " .
When Ellis was caught drinking and smoking marijuana in a high school bathroom during his senior year , the school agreed not to expel him if he agreed to play for the school 's baseball team . He appeared in four games and was named all @-@ league . Ellis then attended Los Angeles Harbor College ( LAHC ) , a junior college .
At the age of 17 , Ellis was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia . The diagnosis was later changed to sickle cell trait .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Minor league career ( 1964 – 1968 ) = = =
While Ellis attended LAHC , various Major League Baseball teams attempted to sign him to a professional contract , but as he heard the Pittsburgh Pirates gave out signing bonuses of $ 60 @,@ 000 , he held out until the Pirates made him an offer . He was arrested for stealing a car , and given probation . Brewer , working as a scout for the Pirates , signed Ellis to the Pirates ; as a result of the arrest , the Pirates offered Ellis $ 500 a month and a $ 2 @,@ 500 signing bonus .
Ellis played for the Batavia Pirates of the Class A New York – Pennsylvania League in 1964 . The next season , he played for the Kinston Eagles of the Class A Carolina League and the Columbus Jets of the Class AAA International League . Ellis pitched in an exhibition game for the Pirates against the Cleveland Indians in July , receiving the win . After the season , the Pirates added Ellis to their 40 @-@ man roster .
In 1966 , Ellis played for the Asheville Tourists of the Class AA Southern League , pitching to a 10 – 9 win – loss record , a 2 @.@ 77 earned run average ( ERA ) , and an All @-@ Star Game appearance . The Pirates called Ellis up to the majors near the end of the season , but the team did not use him in a game that year .
Ellis started the 1967 season with Columbus . He believed that he was not on the major league club because the Pirates already had a number of African American players ; he felt that the team did not want to alienate white fans . Ellis was sent down to the Macon Peaches of the Southern League , which Ellis believed was due to the length of his hair . Ellis said that he was promoted back to Columbus after shaving his head . He had a 2 – 0 win @-@ loss record with Macon and a 5 – 7 record with Columbus .
During his minor league career , Ellis once chased a heckler in the stands with a baseball bat . He also used pills when he pitched , specifically the amphetamines Benzedrine and Dexamyl . Stressed by the pressure of his " can 't @-@ miss " status as a prospect , Ellis became addicted . Ellis later said that he never pitched a game without using amphetamines . He eventually needed 70 to 85 milligrams ( 1 @.@ 08 – 1 @.@ 31 gr ) per game , between five and twelve capsules , depending on their strength . Ellis acknowledged that he began to use cocaine in the late 1960s .
Ellis held out from the Pirates in February 1968 ; he came to terms with the team in March . The Pirates optioned Ellis to Columbus , who moved Ellis from the starting rotation to the bullpen . At Columbus , Ellis credited his work with manager Johnny Pesky and pitching coach Harvey Haddix for improving his performance .
= = = Pittsburgh Pirates = = =
Ellis made his MLB debut that June , beginning as a relief pitcher . The Pirates moved Ellis into the starting rotation later that season . Ellis pitched his first complete game in September . He had a 6 – 5 win @-@ loss record with a 2 @.@ 51 ERA with the Pirates in 1968 . In 1969 , Ellis made the team 's starting rotation for Opening Day . The struggles of Steve Blass kept Ellis in the starting rotation , as Blass was moved to the bullpen .
= = = = June 12 , 1970 , no @-@ hitter = = = =
Self @-@ reportedly under the influence of LSD , Ellis threw a no @-@ hitter against the San Diego Padres 2 @-@ 0 on Friday , June 12 , 1970 in the first game of a doubleheader at San Diego Stadium . The Pirates flew to San Diego on Thursday , June 11 for a series against the Padres . Ellis reported that he visited a friend in Los Angeles and used LSD " two or three times . " Thinking it was still Thursday , he took a hit of LSD on Friday at noon , and his friend 's girlfriend reminded him at 2 : 00 PM that he was scheduled to pitch that night . Ellis flew from Los Angeles to San Diego at 3 : 00 PM and arrived at San Diego Stadium at 4 : 30 PM ; the game started at 6 : 05 PM .
Ellis threw the no @-@ hitter despite being unable to feel the ball or see the batter or catcher clearly . Ellis said his catcher Jerry May wore reflective tape on his fingers which helped him to see May 's signals . Ellis walked eight batters and struck out six , and he was aided by excellent fielding plays from second baseman Bill Mazeroski and center fielder Matty Alou .
As Ellis recounted :
I can only remember bits and pieces of the game . I was psyched . I had a feeling of euphoria . I was zeroed in on the [ catcher 's ] glove , but I didn 't hit the glove too much . I remember hitting a couple of batters , and the bases were loaded two or three times . The ball was small sometimes , the ball was large sometimes , sometimes I saw the catcher , sometimes I didn 't . Sometimes , I tried to stare the hitter down and throw while I was looking at him . I chewed my gum until it turned to powder . I started having a crazy idea in the fourth inning that Richard Nixon was the home plate umpire , and once I thought I was pitching a baseball to Jimi Hendrix , who to me was holding a guitar and swinging it over the plate . They say I had about three to four fielding chances . I remember diving out of the way of a ball I thought was a line drive . I jumped , but the ball wasn 't hit hard and never reached me .
Ellis reported that he never used LSD during the season again , though he continued to use amphetamines .
An animated short film by James Blagden about the game , " Dock Ellis and the LSD No @-@ No " , features narration in Ellis ' own voice , taken from a 2008 NPR interview .
= = = = = Assessments of LSD claim = = = = =
Bob Smizik of the Pittsburgh Press believes Ellis ' version of events that day , although he did not witness the game in person . Smizik was the reporter who first broke the story . Bill Christine , also of the Pittsburgh Press , does not believe Ellis ' claim and was at the game that day . Christine was a beat reporter who " practically lived with the team that year " . Christine said that he did not notice anything unusual , and says that if Ellis had reported to the stadium only 90 minutes before his scheduled start , reporters would have been told . John Mehno , a reporter who had " extensive interactions " with Ellis over his career , was skeptical about many stories told by Ellis , including the LSD no @-@ hitter . Mehno said that he has not found a teammate who would corroborate the story . However , one of his close friends , Scipio Spinks , a pitcher for the Astros , has said he has no doubt Ellis was telling the truth about his LSD use as he was very familiar with Dock 's drug habits , including the use of LSD .
= = = = 1970 – 1971 = = = =
Ellis struggled for the remainder of the 1970 season , and finished the year with a 13 – 10 win @-@ loss record as he experienced elbow and shoulder pain . However , he finished second in the NL with four shutouts and seventh with a 3 @.@ 21 ERA . The Pirates won the National League ( NL ) East division championship . Ellis started Game 1 of the 1970 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to the Cincinnati Reds . Ellis took the loss , and the Pirates lost the series to the Reds in three games .
Ellis worked on his changeup for the 1971 season . He was rewarded by being named the Pirates ' Opening Day starting pitcher ; he defeated the Philadelphia Phillies by a score of 4 @-@ 2 . After a strong start to the 1971 season , posting a 13 – 3 win @-@ loss record , Ellis was named to appear in the 1971 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , held at Tiger Stadium in Detroit . The AL selected Vida Blue of the Oakland Athletics as their starter , and Ellis publicly stated that National League All @-@ Star Team manager Sparky Anderson would " never start two brothers against each other " . Anderson surprised Ellis by naming him the starting pitcher of the All @-@ Star Game . Ellis was the losing pitcher in the game . During the game , Reggie Jackson hit a towering home run off of Ellis . The home run , estimated to have traveled 600 feet ( 180 m ) , tied a 1926 home run hit by Babe Ruth for the longest measured home run on record . The next time the two opposed each other , Ellis beaned Jackson in the face in retaliation for his earlier home run .
Ellis started Game 2 of the 1971 NLCS , earning the victory over the San Francisco Giants . During the series , Ellis created a stir by complaining about the Pirates ' lodgings , complaining that the organization was " cheap " . He changed hotels because he said the hotel rooms were too small . Ellis started Game 1 of the 1971 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles . In a losing effort , he lasted only 2 1 ⁄ 3 innings . He allowed four hits and four runs , including two home runs . Though Ellis denied being in pain before the game , he later acknowledged that elbow pain limited his performance , and wondered if his sickle cell trait could be related to this pain . The Pirates defeated the Orioles in seven games to win the World Series .
Ellis finished the season with a 19 – 9 win @-@ loss record and a 3 @.@ 06 ERA . He placed fourth in the Cy Young Award balloting . His 19 wins were fifth best in the league , and his .679 winning percentage was fourth best .
= = = = Macing incident = = = =
On May 5 , 1972 , Ellis , Willie Stargell , and Rennie Stennett missed the team bus to Riverfront Stadium . A security guard asked the three for identification ; Stargell and Stennett complied and were allowed in , but Ellis did not have identification with him . The guard said that Ellis did not identify himself , appeared drunk , and " made threatening gestures with a closed fist . " Ellis countered that he was showing his World Series ring as evidence of his affiliation with the Pirates . In response , the guard maced Ellis . Ellis was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct .
The Reds sued Ellis for assault and Ellis countersued . Before going to trial , the Reds dropped the suit and wrote Ellis a letter of apology . The municipal court dropped the charges against Ellis , though Ellis stated that this incident made him " hate better " .
Ellis finished the 1972 season ninth in the NL in ERA ( 2 @.@ 70 ) , sixth in winning percentage ( .682 ) , fourth in walks per nine innings pitched ( 1 @.@ 818 ) , and first in home runs per nine innings ratio ( 0 @.@ 331 ) . The Pirates won the NL East that year and faced the Reds in the 1972 NLCS . The Pirates pitched Ellis with a sore arm , but the Reds won the series .
= = = = 1973 = = = =
Ellis said that the scariest moment of his career was when he attempted to pitch while sober in a 1973 game . During pre @-@ game warmups , he could not recreate his pitching mechanics . Ellis went to his locker , took some amphetamines with coffee , and returned to pitch . In August 1973 , pictures circulated of Ellis wearing hair curlers in the bullpen during pre @-@ game warmups . The Pirates told him not to wear curlers on the field again . Ellis agreed , but charged that the Pirates were displaying racism . Ebony devoted a spread to Ellis about his hairstyles , which was inspired by the hair curlers .
After Ellis defeated the Reds by a score of 1 @-@ 0 in a 1973 game , Joe Morgan claimed that Ellis threw a spitball . Anderson had the umpire check Ellis , but found no evidence . In his 1980 book , Ellis admitted that wearing hair curlers produced sweat on his hair , which he used to throw a modified version of a spitball .
Ellis missed the last month of the season due to tendinitis in his elbow . Despite a strong start from Ellis during the playoff chase in the final week of the season , the Pirates lost the division to the New York Mets . Ellis again led the league in home runs allowed per nine innings pitched ratio ( 0 @.@ 328 ) .
= = = = 1974 = = = =
Ellis attempted to hit every batter in the Cincinnati Reds lineup on May 1 , 1974 , as he was angry that the Pirates were intimidated by the Big Red Machine . Ellis admired Pete Rose and was concerned about how he would respond , but Ellis decided to do it regardless . Ellis hit Rose , Joe Morgan , and Dan Driessen in the top of the first inning . Cleanup batter Tony Pérez avoided Ellis ' attempts and drew a walk ; the first pitch to Perez was thrown behind him and over his head . Ellis threw two pitches that he aimed at the head of Johnny Bench , at which point Ellis was removed from the game by manager Danny Murtaugh . Ellis ' box score for the game reads as follows : 0 IP , 0 H , 1 R , 1 ER , 1 BB , 0 K. Ellis tied eight other players for the MLB record with the three hit batsmen in the inning .
Ellis struggled at the start of the 1974 season , pitching to a 3 – 8 win @-@ loss record and 4 @.@ 54 ERA through July 10 . Subsequently he won eight consecutive games and nine out of ten , pitching seven completed games in that ten @-@ game stretch . A line drive off of the bat of Willie Montañez fractured the fifth metacarpal bone in Ellis ' pitching hand on September 10 , prematurely ending his season . Ellis had the seventh best walks plus hits per inning pitched ratio ( 1 @.@ 155 ) . The Pirates won the NL East , but they lost the 1974 NLCS three games to one to the Los Angeles Dodgers .
= = = = 1975 = = = =
Healthy to begin the 1975 season , Ellis continued to perform well at the beginning of the season . In August , the Pirates asked Ellis to pitch in the bullpen ; he refused on consecutive nights . On August 15 , 1975 , Ellis refused assignment to the bullpen again ; as a result , the Pirates suspended him for one day . Ellis called for a team meeting the next day , where he was expected to apologize . Instead , he berated Murtaugh , who responded by cursing at Ellis , ordering the pitcher out of the clubhouse and attempting to fight him . Teammate Don Leppert reportedly also tried to fight Ellis . The Pirates suspended Ellis for thirty days and fined him $ 2 @,@ 000 . The suspension was lifted on August 30 when Ellis apologized to Murtaugh .
Ellis pitched to an 8 @-@ 9 win @-@ loss record and 3 @.@ 79 ERA during the 1975 season . The Pirates again won the NL East , but were swept by the Reds in the 1975 NLCS in three games . Ellis pitched in relief for two innings in Game 1 .
= = = New York Yankees = = =
Ellis sensed that he would be traded that offseason due to the fallout from his suspension . On December 11 , Ellis was traded to the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) along with pitcher Ken Brett and top infield prospect Willie Randolph , in exchange for pitcher Doc Medich . Tired of Ellis ' behavior , Pittsburgh general manager Joe L. Brown insisted that the Yankees take Ellis as part of the deal .
With the Yankees , Ellis pitched to a 17 – 8 win @-@ loss record with a 3 @.@ 15 ERA during the 1976 regular season . His 17 wins were eighth in the AL , while his .680 winning percentage was third best . After the season , he was voted the AL Comeback Player of the Year by the United Press International .
The Yankees won the AL East division championship in 1976 . Ellis started in Game 3 of the 1976 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , getting the win . The Yankees reached the 1976 World Series . Ellis started Game 3 but received the loss , allowing four earned runs in 3 1 ⁄ 3 innings . The Reds defeated the Yankees in four games .
= = = Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers = = =
Before the 1977 season , Ellis publicly criticized Yankees owner George Steinbrenner for giving him a raise that was inadequate given his 1976 performance and for interfering with manager Billy Martin . As Ellis refused to sign his contract , and the Yankees did not want to have players who could become free agents , the Yankees traded Ellis with Larry Murray and Marty Perez to the Oakland Athletics for Mike Torrez in April 1977 . Torrez emerged as a top starting pitcher for the Yankees that season , while Ellis struggled . While pitching for Oakland , the team asked him to keep charts . Defiant , Ellis set the charts on fire in the clubhouse , setting off sprinklers . Ellis ranked this as the " craziest " thing he did during his career .
On June 15 , 1977 , the Rangers purchased Ellis from the Oakland Athletics . Ellis had a resurgent second half of the 1977 season , going 10 – 6 with a 2 @.@ 90 ERA . Ellis complained about manager Billy Hunter 's liquor policy in 1978 . Hunter , responding to a raucous team flight , banned liquor on team flights ; Ellis vowed that he would bring liquor on the plane to Toronto anyway . Ellis led a player insurrection against manager Billy Hunter 's authoritarian style , declaring that Hunter " may be Hitler , but he ain 't making no lampshade out of me . " The Rangers organization blamed Ellis for the team 's disappointing finish in 1978 and indicated that they would look to trade Ellis . However , owner Brad Corbett sided with Ellis over Hunter , firing Hunter after the season .
= = = New York Mets and return to Pittsburgh = = =
After starting the 1979 season with a 1 – 5 win @-@ loss record , Ellis was traded to the New York Mets on June 15 , 1979 for minor league pitchers Mike Bruhert and Bob Myrick . The Mets , seeking to upgrade their pitching staff due to poor performances and injuries to Pat Zachry and Skip Lockwood , acquired Andy Hassler from the Boston Red Sox on the same day . Ellis went 3 – 7 with a 6 @.@ 04 ERA with the Mets .
Ellis requested the Mets send him back to the Pirates . Seeking more pitching in their pennant race , the Pirates purchased Ellis from the Mets on September 21 , 1979 for an undisclosed sum of money ; the price was later revealed to be " something in excess of the waiver price of $ 20 @,@ 000 " . Ellis made three relief appearances with the Pirates that year , retiring after that season . Ellis finished his career with a lifetime win @-@ loss record of 138 – 119 and an ERA of 3 @.@ 46 .
= = = Pitching style = = =
Ellis threw five distinct pitches : a fastball , a curveball , a changeup , a palmball , and what Ellis called a " sliding fastball " . The latter pitch was distinct from a slider . Ellis trusted his catcher to call pitches , and he rarely asked for a new sign .
Ellis kept a notebook , called " The Book " , with detailed information about each hitter 's strengths and weaknesses . He often asked teammates and members of other teams , including pitchers Bob Gibson and Juan Marichal , for advice on how to pitch opposing batters .
= = Personal life = =
Ellis was married four times . His first wife was Paula ; they divorced in 1972 . Ellis ' second wife was Austine , divorced in 1980 , the third wife was Jacquelyn , and the fourth was Hjordis . Ellis had three children and two grandchildren ; both daughters have since died , one in 2003 due to complications arising from type 1 diabetes . Ellis had a daughter , Shangalesa , with Paula . His son with Austine , Dock Ellis III ( Trey ) , played college basketball at California State University , Bakersfield . Trey fathered Ellis ' first grandchild , Dock Phillip Ellis IV . Ellis ' youngest daughter Simone , who mothered Ellis ' second grandchild , passed in December 2012 after losing her battle with cancer . Ellis stopped using drugs and alcohol in 1980 , when his son was an infant .
Ellis fought for players ' rights , including the right to free agency . Jackie Robinson credited him with trying to further the rights of African American players , but warned him that he said too much . In 1971 , Ellis testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Public Health about his experiences with sickle cell and later worked with people who had the disease and raised money for sickle cell research .
Ellis collaborated with future United States Poet Laureate Donald Hall on a book , Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball , published in 1976 . Although Hall knew of the LSD incident , he did not include it in the first edition of his book .
= = Retirement = =
Ellis retired from baseball in the spring of 1980 , saying that he lost interest in the game . That year , Ellis entered drug treatment , staying for forty days at The Meadows in Wickenburg , Arizona . In 1984 , he revealed that he had pitched his no @-@ hitter under the influence of LSD .
Ellis lived in Apple Valley , California . He worked in Victorville , California as a drug counselor . He also counseled prisoners in Pittsburgh and at a prison in Adelanto , California . The Yankees hired Ellis in the 1980s to work with their minor league players , including Pascual Perez , whom he counseled for drug problems . In 2005 , Ellis began teaching weekly classes for individuals convicted of driving under the influence . Ellis also appeared in the 1986 film Gung Ho , directed by Ron Howard .
In 1989 , Ellis served as player / coach for the St. Petersburg Pelicans of the Senior Professional Baseball Association and went 0 – 2 with a 1 @.@ 76 ERA and seven saves as a part of the team 's bullpen . In 1990 , he allowed no earned runs and recorded two saves for the Pelicans before the league folded . He continued to play in the Los Angeles Veterans League .
Ellis was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 2007 and was placed on the list for a liver transplant . Though he had no health insurance , friends from his baseball career helped him to pay his medical bills . However , Ellis suffered heart damage in his last weeks of life , which made a transplant impossible .
Ellis died on December 19 , 2008 at Los Angeles County @-@ USC Medical Center due to his liver ailment . Services were held at the Angelus Funeral Home . He is interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood , California . His life was the subject of the critically acclaimed 2014 documentary film , No No : A Dockumentary .
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= Battlefield Earth ( film ) =
Battlefield Earth ( also referred to as Battlefield Earth : A Saga of the Year 3000 ) is a 2000 American science fiction action film based upon the first half of L. Ron Hubbard 's 1982 novel of the same name . Directed by Roger Christian and starring John Travolta , Barry Pepper , and Forest Whitaker , the film depicts an Earth that has been under the rule of the alien Psychlos for 1 @,@ 000 years and tells the story of the rebellion that develops when the Psychlos attempt to use the surviving humans as gold miners .
Travolta , a long @-@ time Scientologist , had sought for many years to make a film of the novel by Hubbard , the founder of Scientology . He was unable to obtain funding from any major studio due to concerns about the film 's script , prospects , and connections with Scientology . The project was eventually taken on in 1998 by an independent production company , Franchise Pictures , which specialized in rescuing stars ' stalled pet projects . Travolta signed on as a co @-@ producer and contributed millions of dollars of his own money to the production , which commenced in 1999 and was largely funded by German film distribution company Intertainment AG . Franchise Pictures was later sued by its investors and was bankrupted in 2004 after it emerged that it had fraudulently overstated the film 's budget by $ 31 million .
Battlefield Earth was released on May 12 , 2000 . The film was a major critical and commercial failure and has been called one of the worst films of all time . Reviewers panned the film , criticizing virtually every aspect of the production including Travolta 's acting , which many described as " hammy " , overuse of angled shots and slow @-@ motion , poor script , several plot holes and narrative inconsistencies , art direction , and dialogue . Audiences were reported to have ridiculed early screenings and stayed away from the film after its opening weekend , which led to Battlefield Earth failing to recoup its costs . The film went on to receive a total of nine Golden Raspberry Awards , which until 2012 was the most Razzie Awards given to a single film . It has since become a cult film in the so bad , it 's good vein .
Travolta originally envisioned Battlefield Earth as the first of two films to be adapted from the book , as the screenplay only covered the first half of the novel . However , the film 's poor performance at the box office , as well as the collapse of Franchise Pictures , ended plans for a sequel .
= = Plot = =
In the year 3000 , Earth has been ruled for 1 @,@ 000 years by the Psychlos , a brutal race of giant humanoid aliens . The remnants of humanity are either enslaved by the Psychlos and used for manual labor or survive in primitive tribes living in remote areas outside Psychlo control . Jonnie Goodboy Tyler ( Barry Pepper ) , a member of one such tribe , leaves his home in the Rocky Mountains on a journey of exploration . He joins forces with Carlo ( Kim Coates ) , a hunter , but both men are captured by a Psychlo raiding party and transported to a slave camp at the Psychlos ' main base on Earth , a giant dome built over the ruins of Denver , Colorado .
Terl ( John Travolta ) , the Psychlo security chief on Earth , has been condemned by his superiors to remain indefinitely at his post on Earth as punishment for an unclear incident involving " the Senator 's daughter " . Aided by his deputy , Ker ( Forest Whitaker ) , Terl devises a plan to buy his way off the planet by making a fortune using human slaves to mine gold in radioactive areas . Psychlos are unable to visit such areas due to the explosive interaction of the gas that they breathe with radionuclide particles . Terl selects Jonnie as his " foreman " for the project and gives him a Psychlo education using a rapid @-@ learning machine . Terl gives Jonnie a party of slaves and a Psychlo flying shuttle and orders him to go out and find gold .
After learning the Psychlos ' language , history , and myriad other things from the rapid learning machine , Jonnie plots a human uprising against the Psychlos . He obtains gold from Fort Knox to satisfy Terl 's demands , and uses the free time to plot a revolution . Jonnie and his followers find an abandoned underground U.S. military base with working aircraft , weapons , fuel and nuclear weapons . They use the base 's flight simulators to train themselves in aerial combat . When Terl returns , he orders more gold to be extracted , and tells how in the 21st century the Psychlos conquered Earth in a matter of minutes . Jonnie warns Terl that he will be overthrown and the humans will retake Earth , and cites the United States Declaration of Independence as inspiration , to which Terl scoffs .
After a week of training , the rebels launch a mass uprising against the Psychlos using Harrier jump @-@ jets and other weapons . Carlo sacrifices himself to destroy the dome over Denver , and the Psychlos inside suffocate in Earth 's atmosphere , which they are unable to breathe . Jonnie captures a Psychlo teleportation device and uses it to teleport an atomic bomb to the Psychlo home world . The ensuing detonation causes the entire Psychlo atmosphere to explode , wiping out the Psychlo world . The film ends with the humans in control of Earth but facing an uncertain future , along with Terl and Ker who survived the base destruction . Terl is now imprisoned inside Fort Knox in a makeshift cell of gold bars , while Ker sides with the victorious humans , and helps in their hard effort to rebuild their civilization .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Initial deals = = =
After Battlefield Earth was published in 1982 , L. Ron Hubbard suggested that a film version of the book was in the works . He gave an interview in February 1983 to the Rocky Mountain News in which he told the reporter , " I 've recently written three screenplays , and some interest has been expressed in Battlefield Earth , so I suppose I 'll be right back in Hollywood one of these days and probably on location in the Denver area for Battlefield Earth when they film it . "
Hubbard 's comments suggest that he saw himself being directly involved in the film 's production ; author Stewart Lamont suggests that Hubbard may even have envisioned directing it , given his previous work on Scientology training films . In October 1983 , the film rights were sold by the Church of Scientology 's in @-@ house literary agency , Author Services Inc . , to Salem Productions of Los Angeles . Two films were envisaged , each covering half of the book and tentatively budgeted at $ 15 million each . William Immerman was set as the producer for the film . Veteran screenwriter Abraham Polonsky and British director Ken Annakin were hired to produce a film breakdown , with production scheduled to begin in 1985 . In November 1984 , Santa Monica public relations firm Dateline Communications announced a nationwide contest to promote the film . First and second place prizes were an all @-@ expense paid trip to the film 's production location and a paid walk @-@ on part in the film , and other announced prizes included a trip to Los Angeles for the world premiere , records , cassettes , and hardcover and paperback copies of the novel . A 30 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) high inflatable figure of the film 's villain , Terl , was erected by Scientology officials on Hollywood Boulevard in 1984 in an effort to promote the production , and auditions were held in Denver . The low @-@ budget project soon collapsed , and Hubbard died soon afterwards , in 1986 .
Travolta had converted to Scientology in 1975 and subsequently became one of the Church of Scientology 's most prominent supporters . Hubbard sent him an autographed copy of Battlefield Earth when the book was first published in 1982 ; he reportedly hoped that Travolta would turn the book into a film " in the vein of Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind " . While Travolta was interested , his influence in Hollywood at the time was at a low after participating in a series of flops . He gained renewed influence with the success of the 1994 film Pulp Fiction , which garnered Travolta an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . He had not forgotten Hubbard 's wishes to see the book on the big screen and took on the task of making Battlefield Earth into a movie . Travolta described the book in interviews as " like Pulp Fiction for the year 3000 " and " like Star Wars , only better " . He lobbied influential figures in Hollywood to fund the project and was reported to have recruited the aid of fellow Scientologists in promoting it . According to Bill Mechanic , the former head of Twentieth Century Fox , " John wanted me to make Battlefield Earth . He had Scientologists all over me . They come up to you and they know who you are . And they go , ' We 're really excited about Battlefield Earth ' . " This did not impress Mechanic : " Do you think in any way , shape , or form that weirding me out is going to make me want to make this movie ? "
Travolta 's involvement in Battlefield Earth was first publicized in late 1995 . He told the New York Daily News that " Battlefield Earth is the pinnacle of using my power for something . I told my manager , ' If we can 't do the things now that we want to do , what good is the power ? Let 's test it and try to get the things done that we believe in . ' " It was assumed from the start that Travolta would star in and produce the film , which would be distributed by Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ; J. D. Shapiro would write the screenplay . Shapiro was eventually fired because he refused to accept some suggestions from the studio producers that changed the tone of his script , including removing key scenes and characters . In 1997 Travolta 's long @-@ time manager Jonathan Krane signed a two @-@ year deal with Twentieth Century Fox under which that studio would release Battlefield Earth instead of MGM , but the deal with Fox also fell through . James Robert Parish , author of Fiasco : A History of Hollywood 's Iconic Flops , comments that both MGM and Fox regarded the project as too risky on several grounds . Its heavy reliance on special effects would be very expensive , pushing the budget up to as much as $ 100 million ; Hubbard 's narrative was seen as naïve and outdated ; and the " Scientology factor " could work against the film , negating Travolta 's star power . As one studio executive put it , " On any film there are ten variables that can kill you . On this film there was an eleventh : Scientology . It just wasn 't something anyone really wanted to get involved with . "
= = = Franchise Pictures = = =
In 1998 , the project was taken over by Franchise Pictures , a recently established company whose head , Elie Samaha , a former dry cleaning mogul @-@ turned @-@ nightclub owner , specialized in rescuing stars ' pet projects . Franchise sought out stars whose projects were stalled at the major studios , bringing them aboard at reduced salaries . Samaha 's approach made waves in Hollywood , earning him a reputation of being able to produce star vehicles more cheaply than the larger studios . His unorthodox deals raised eyebrows and the entertainment industry magazine Variety commented that they were " often so complex and variable as to leave outsiders scratching their heads " . As Samaha put it , " I said , ' If John wants to make this movie , what does he want to get paid ? ' ... Because I do not pay anybody what they make . That is not my business plan . ' " He learned of Battlefield Earth from Cassian Elwes , an agent at the theatrical agency William Morris , and approached Travolta . A deal was soon struck and financing was arranged ; Travolta significantly reduced his normal fee of $ 20 million , lowering the film 's cost from the $ 100 million that had previously been forecast , and costs were reduced further by using Canadian locations and facilities .
The film was set up as an independent production for Morgan Creek Productions which would release the film through Warner Bros. in the U.S. under an existing distribution agreement . Travolta 's company JTP Films was also involved , and Travolta invested $ 5 million of his own money in the production . Warner Bros. allocated $ 20 million for the film 's marketing and distribution . Franchise retained the foreign rights , licensing the European distribution rights to the German group Intertainment AG in exchange for 47 % of the production costs which were set at $ 75 million . The Intertainment deal later became the focus of a legal action that bankrupted Franchise . Samaha forecast that the film would be a hit : " My projected numbers on Battlefield Earth are really conservative . I 'm already covered internationally , and there 's no way I 'm going to lose if the movie does $ 35 million domestically . And Travolta has never had an action movie do under $ 35 million . "
According to Samaha , he got around the " negative factor " of the Scientology connection by the simple expedient of " yell [ ing ] at everyone , ' This is a science @-@ fiction film starring John Travolta ! ' again and again " . Samaha acknowledged that " everyone thought I was crazy or mentally retarded " for taking on the project , but pitched the film as " Planet of the Apes starring John Travolta " . Others in Hollywood were still skeptical ; an unnamed producer was quoted by the Los Angeles Daily News as saying that " Battlefield Earth has the stench of death . It should never have been made . It 's an $ 80 million vanity project for Travolta . " Travolta 's theatrical agency William Morris was also said to be unenthusiastic , reportedly leading to Travolta threatening to leave them if they did not help him to set up the film . Fellow Scientologist Tom Cruise was said to have warned Warner Bros. that he thought the movie was a bad idea . This was later denied by his spokesperson .
= = = Author Services Inc. and Church of Scientology = = =
In 1999 , Author Services Inc. said that it was " donating its share of the profits from the film to charitable organizations that direct drug education and drug rehabilitation programs around the world " . It was reported that the merchandising revenues would be passed on to the Scientology @-@ linked groups Narconon , a drug rehabilitation program , and Applied Scholastics , which promotes Hubbard 's Study tech , with movie @-@ related sales of the book funding the marketing of Hubbard 's fiction books and the L. Ron Hubbard Writers of the Future contest . The size of the revenue deal was not disclosed by the parties ; Trendmasters , the makers of the Battlefield Earth line of toys , stated that its deal was strictly with Franchise Pictures , which declined to comment , and Warner Bros. stated that its role was limited to distribution and had nothing to do with the associated merchandising deals .
In February 2000 , Church of Scientology spokesman Mike Rinder told Tribune Media Services that any spinoff deals based on Hubbard 's novel would benefit Author Services Inc. while another church spokesman , Aron Mason , stated , " The church has no financial interest in Battlefield Earth . Author Services is not part of the Church of Scientology . They are a literary agency without any connection to the church . "
Travolta 's manager Jonathan Krane denied that the Church of Scientology was playing any part in the production : " I 've never even dealt with or talked to the church on this . This is an action @-@ adventure , science @-@ fiction story . Period . The movie has nothing to do with Scientology . " Krane stated that the film had been financed " without a dollar coming from the Scientologists " . Some people in Hollywood feared that Travolta was using his box office draw to promote Scientology teachings , and one film producer stated , " This film could encourage kids to embrace the whole strange world of Scientology . " Travolta stated , " I 'm doing it because it 's a great piece of science fiction . This is not about Hubbard . I 'm very interested in Scientology , but that 's personal . This is different . " In a separate interview Travolta commented on the perceived similarities between Battlefield Earth and Scientology : " Well , they are kind of synonymous ... L. Ron Hubbard is very famous for Scientology and Dianetics . On the other hand , he 's equally as famous in the science fiction world . So for people to think that ... look , I don 't want everybody to try Scientology . I don 't really care if somebody thinks that . I 'm not worried about it . You can 't be . The truth of why I 'm doing it is because it 's a great piece of science fiction . I 'm going to be the wickedest 9 @-@ foot alien you 've ever seen in your life . "
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Travolta and his manager , Jonathan Krane , took the lead in hiring the on @-@ set personnel . They initially approached Quentin Tarantino to direct the film . When Tarantino declined , Roger Christian , a protégé of George Lucas , was recruited as the director on the advice of Lucas . Christian had most recently been the second unit director on Lucas ' Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace . Patrick Tatopoulos was signed to develop the production design and costumes , including the design of the alien Psychlos , and Czech @-@ American composer Elia Cmiral was signed to provide the film 's score . Travolta and Krane also signed the cinematographer and most of the principal actors . Corey Mandell , a screenwriter who had previously worked with Ridley Scott on Blade Runner , signed on to write the script for the film , which had previously gone through 10 revisions . Mandell stated in an interview , " I am not a Scientologist ... I came on board because John asked me to read the book and said , ' It 's not a religious book . It 's a science @-@ fiction story . There 's nothing sacred about the story , nothing of the religious philosophy . I was given this to read purely as science fiction – to see whether it was intriguing as a movie . And it was . "
= = = Filming = = =
Filmed in Canada , principal photography took place in Montreal , Saint @-@ Jean @-@ sur @-@ Richelieu and several other Quebec locations during the summer and autumn of 1999 . In January 1999 , Travolta flew his private Boeing 727 on a secret visit to Montreal to scout out locations for shooting . The film was reported to have been the most expensive production shot in Canada up to that point . It was also reported that the production costs would have been twice as high had the film been shot in the United States . Almost every shot in the film is at a Dutch angle , because , according to Roger Christian , he wanted the film to look like a comic book .
Travolta 's wife Kelly Preston also appeared in one scene , playing Terl 's " baldish Psychlo girlfriend " . Travolta originally saw himself in the role of Jonnie , but by the time the movie was actually made , Travolta felt he was too old to play the role , and took the role of the main villain instead . Travolta 's role in the film required what he described as an amazing physical transformation : " I wear a tall head apparatus with strange hair . I have amber eyes and talons for hands . It 's quite remarkable ... I 'm on 4 @-@ foot stilts . " To star in the film , Travolta turned down the movie The Shipping News and postponed production on Standing Room Only .
The film was " plagued by bad buzz " before release with the media speculating about the possible influence of Scientology and commenting on the production 's tight security . As the film was entering post @-@ production , the alternative newspaper Mean Magazine obtained a copy of the screenplay . Mean 's staffers changed the script 's title to " Dark Forces " by " Desmond Finch " and circulated it to readers at major Hollywood film production companies . The comments that came back were unfavorable : " a thoroughly silly plotline is made all the more ludicrous by its hamfisted dialog and ridiculously shallow characterizations " , " a completely predictable story that just isn 't written well enough to make up for its lack of originality " . One reviewer labeled the screenplay " as entertaining as watching a fly breathe " .
= = Release = =
Battlefield Earth was released on May 12 , 2000 , three days after the 50th anniversary of the publication of Hubbard 's book Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health , a date celebrated by Scientologists worldwide as a major Scientology holiday . Its premiere was held on May 10 , 2000 at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles .
= = = Box office = = =
The film 's scathingly bad reviews and poor word @-@ of @-@ mouth led to a precipitous falling @-@ off in its grosses . Having earned $ 11 @,@ 548 @,@ 898 from 3 @,@ 307 screens on its opening weekend , its take collapsed by 67 percent to $ 3 @,@ 924 @,@ 921 the following weekend , giving an average take of $ 1 @,@ 158 per screen . The film made 85 percent of its entire domestic gross in its first 10 days and flatlined thereafter , with earnings dropping a further 75 percent by the end of its third week to $ 1 million . The following week , facing earnings of just $ 205 @,@ 745 , Warner Bros. attempted to cut its losses by slashing the number of screens at which the film was being shown . The number was reduced from 2 @,@ 587 to 641 . By its sixth weekend on release , the film was showing on 95 screens and had made $ 18 @,@ 993 in a week – less than $ 200 per screen .
The film ultimately earned $ 21 @,@ 471 @,@ 685 in the United States and Canada and $ 8 @,@ 253 @,@ 978 internationally for a total of $ 29 @,@ 725 @,@ 663 worldwide , falling well short of its reported $ 73 million production budget and $ 20 million in estimated marketing costs . Financially , it is regarded as one of the most expensive box office bombs in film history .
In a 2006 list of " The top 10 biggest box office failures " , Kat Giantis of MSN Movies placed Battlefield Earth as tied with Inchon for number seven .
= = = Merchandising = = =
A limited range of merchandising was produced for the film , including posters , a soundtrack CD by Elia Cmíral recorded by the Seattle Symphony , and a re @-@ released version of the novel with a new cover based on the film 's poster . Trendmasters also produced a range of action figures of the main characters , including an 11 @-@ inch ( 280 mm ) figure of Travolta as Terl voicing lines from the film such as " Exterminate all man @-@ animals at will ! " , " You wouldn 't last one day at the academy " , " Man is an endangered species " , and " Ratbastard ! " . In Hubbard 's novel the term " Ratbastard " is never used , and Terl instead refers to Jonnie Goodboy Tyler as " rat brain " .
= = = Home media = = =
A special edition DVD was released in 2001 , deleting one scene and including two additional scenes which added two minutes to the film 's running time . The DVD includes commentary tracks with director Roger Christian and production , costume and creature designer Patrick Tatopoulos , as well as special features including John Travolta 's alien makeup test . Jeff Berkwits of Sci Fi Weekly wrote that " ... the Battlefield Earth Special Edition DVD is packed with information , offering an enlightening glimpse into the creative process behind this imperfect but entertaining picture " . Randy Salas of the Star Tribune described it as the " Best DVD for a bad movie . " A review of the DVD release in the Los Angeles Times was more critical : " A dated visual style , patched @-@ together special effects and ludicrous dialogue combine in a film that is a wholly miserable experience . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Upon release , Battlefield Earth was heavily panned by critics , and is often considered one of the worst films ever made . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a " rotten " score of 3 % based on 148 reviews with an average rating of 2 @.@ 3 out of 10 . The critical consensus states : " Ugly , campy and poorly acted , Battlefield Earth is a stunningly misguided , aggressively bad sci @-@ fi folly " . On Metacritic , the film had an average score of 9 out of 100 , based on 33 critics indicating " Overwhelming dislike " .
Chicago Sun @-@ Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film the rating of half a star out of four and described it as " like taking a bus trip with someone who has needed a bath for a long time . It 's not merely bad ; it 's unpleasant in a hostile way . I watched it in mounting gloom , realizing I was witnessing something historic , a film that for decades to come will be the punch line of jokes about bad movies . " Leonard Maltin rated the film a " BOMB " in his book Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide , writing : " Clumsy plot , misplaced satire , unbelievable coincidences and a leaden pace trample Travolta 's weird but amusing performance . " David Bleiler gave the film one star out of four in the TLA Video & DVD Guide , writing : " This is disjointed , tedious and every bit as bad as its reputation . " Jon Stewart mocked the film on his television program The Daily Show , describing it as " a cross between Star Wars and the smell of ass " .
Rita Kempley of The Washington Post commented : " A million monkeys with a million crayons would be hard @-@ pressed in a million years to create anything as cretinous as Battlefield Earth . This film version of L. Ron Hubbard 's futuristic novel is so breathtakingly awful in concept and execution , it wouldn 't tax the smarts of a troglodyte . " Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times wrote : " It may be a bit early to make such judgments , but Battlefield Earth may well turn out to be the worst movie of this century " and called it " Plan 9 from Outer Space for a new generation " . The British film critic Jonathan Ross said : " Everything about Battlefield Earth sucks . Everything . The over @-@ the @-@ top music , the unbelievable sets , the terrible dialogue , the hammy acting , the lousy special effects , the beginning , the middle and especially the end . " The Hollywood Reporter summarized the film as being " a flat @-@ out mess , by golly , with massive narrative sinkholes , leading to moments of outstanding disbelief in the muddled writing and shockingly chaotic mise en scène that 's accompanied by ear @-@ pummeling sound and bombastic music " .
Particular points that critics held up for censure included its use of angled camera shots ( which , according to the director himself in different reports , are used in all but one frame of the film or even in every single frame ) , derivative special effects and unbelievable plotting . The Providence Journal highlighted the film 's unusual color scheme : " Battlefield Earth 's primary colors are blue and gray , adding to the misery . Whenever we glimpse sunlight , the screen goes all stale yellow , as though someone had urinated on the print . This , by the way , is not such a bad idea . "
The film is profiled in Better Living Through Bad Movies by Scott Clevenger and Sheri Zollinger , who comment : " So what new truths have we gleaned from Battlefield Earth ? First , we have learned that spirituality is a fine thing , but it 's probably best to avoid joining denominations that make action movies . " In 2010 , screenwriter J.D. Shapiro wrote an apology letter in The New York Post , saying that his draft was completely different from the final product , and he was very ashamed of the poor quality of Battlefield Earth – " The only time I saw the movie was at the premiere , which was one too many times . "
The film was reported to have been greeted with widespread derision in preview screenings for the public and critics . An audience of Los Angeles entertainment journalists , critics and others greeted the film with guffaws and hoots at a screening in Century City , while other viewers in Washington , D.C. and Baltimore responded with derisive laughter or simply walked out . At a post @-@ launch publicity event , Travolta , on asking assembled journalists if they had enjoyed it , received no reply . He later asserted that other filmmakers had enjoyed the movie : " When I felt better about everything was when George Lucas and Quentin Tarantino , and a lot of people that I felt knew what they were doing , saw it and thought it was a great piece of science fiction . " Christian also spoke of an initially positive reception , mentioning an enthusiastic response from both the audience and Tarantino .
Responding to the criticism , one of the film 's producers , Elie Samaha , complained : " [ The ] critics were waiting for us to ... chop our heads off . Everybody hated Scientology for some reason . I didn 't know people were so prejudiced . " He argued that despite the film 's poor performance it would cover its costs in due course : " Maybe [ in ] the second cycle with Internet , and HBO , and DVD , you always make your money ... so I 'm not going to lose sleep over one movie that did not perform for us . "
The reviews were not uniformly negative . Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that the film " effectively presented " the " wary , uncomprehending relationship " between the humans and the Psychlos . A review at JoBlo 's Movie Reviews was also positive ; Berge Garabedian wrote , " Despite starting off like a bad Star Trek episode , this film eventually graduates to a higher level with great special effects , some really slick bad @-@ ass aliens , an intriguing premise and a good flow of loud , campy fun . " Luke Thompson of New Times LA wrote : " Think Independence Day without the ponderous build @-@ up or self @-@ importance . Imagine how much more enjoyable the other blockbuster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ moment , Gladiator , might have been if Joaquin Phoenix had addressed every one of his rivals as ' Rat brain . ' " Sean Axmaker of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer wrote positively of the interaction between Travolta and Whitaker in the film , comparing them to Abbott and Costello . Axmaker wrote that they provide " ... much @-@ needed comic relief in an otherwise humorless paean to freedom " . Axmaker also wrote positively of the production design used in the film , commenting that the director had created " a world of crumbling dead cities and empty malls turned into human hunting grounds ... " Hap Erstein of The Palm Beach Post commented : " ... production designer Patrick Tatopulos contributes some good work , imagining the ruins of Denver and Washington , D.C. , with echoes of Planet of the Apes . "
Battlefield Earth frequently appears on worst film lists , and is included on Rotten Tomatoes ' " 100 Worst of the Worst Movies " list . Rotten Tomatoes ranked the film 27th in the 100 worst reviewed films of the first decade of the 21st century . The Arizona Republic listed it as the worst film of 2000 , and called it a " monumentally bad sci @-@ fi flick " . Richard Roeper placed the film at number five on his list of " 40 movies that linger in the back chambers of my memory vault like a plate of cheese left behind a radiator in a fleabag hotel " . In 2001 the film received the " Worst Picture " award from the Dallas @-@ Fort Worth Film Critics Association . James Franklin of McClatchy @-@ Tribune News Service put the film as the worst of his " summer blockbuster bombs " list , giving it a rating of four stars for " traumatic " on his scale of how the films " generate a perverse sense of nostalgia " . Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com listed the film 's villain Terl at number 8 of his " 10 Least Effective Movie Villains " , writing : " we still can 't imagine how anyone would go face to face with one of these creatures and react with anything other than simple laughter " . In her book I Love Geeks : The Official Handbook , Carrie Tucker cites Battlefield Earth as a cult classic " in the ' so bad it 's good ' genre . "
South Park parodied the film at the 2000 MTV Movie Awards . The MTV short was the first time South Park had satirized Scientology , in a piece entitled " The Gauntlet " . The short was primarily a Gladiator parody , with the characters fighting Russell Crowe in the Roman Colosseum ; it included " John Travolta and the Church of Scientology " arriving in a spaceship to defeat Crowe and attempting to recruit the boys into Scientology . Travolta , along with his fellow Scientologists , was depicted as a Psychlo , as he appeared in the film .
= = = Golden Raspberry Awards = = =
Battlefield Earth swept the 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards and received seven " Razzies " , including Worst Movie of the Year , Worst Actor ( Travolta ) , Worst Supporting Actor ( Pepper ) , Worst Supporting Actress ( Preston ) , Worst Director ( Christian ) , Worst Screenplay ( Mandell and Shapiro ) and Worst Screen Couple ( Travolta and " anyone sharing the screen with him " ) . This tied for the highest number of Razzies won by a single film at that time , with Showgirls achieving seven wins in 1995 . Battlefield Earth was later awarded an eighth Razzie for " Worst Drama of Our First 25 Years " . In 2010 , the film received an award for " Worst Picture of the Decade " , bringing its total number of Razzie Awards to nine and consequently setting a record for the most Razzies won by a single film . That record was surpassed in 2012 when Jack and Jill won ten awards .
As Travolta did not attend to collect his trophies , an action figure of Terl , his character , accepted them in his place . Travolta responded a week later to the awards : " I didn 't even know there were such awards . I have people around me whose job it is to not tell me about such things . They 're obviously doing their job . Not every film can be a critical and box office success . It would have been awful only if Battlefield Earth was neither . That 's not the case . It is edging toward the $ 100m mark which means it has found an audience even if it didn 't impress critics . I 'd rather my films connect with audiences than with critics because it gives you more longevity as a performer . " He later insisted that he still felt " really good about it . Here I was taking big chances , breaking a new genre . "
Pepper said that he regretted not having been invited to the Razzies and blamed the film 's failure on " a weak script and poor production values " . Writer J. D. Shapiro received his Worst Screenplay award from Razzies founder John J. B. Wilson during a radio program ; he commented that Travolta had called the script " the Schindler 's List of science fiction " . Shapiro also made an appearance to pick up the Worst Picture of the Decade award at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards , giving a speech quoting negative reviews , and thanking both the studio for firing him and Corey Mandell for " rewriting my script in a way I never , ever , ever — could have imagined or conceived of myself . "
The film 's producer , Elie Samaha , declared that he welcomed the " free publicity " , as " the more the critics hit Battlefield Earth , the more DVDs it sells . It is the kind of film that makes a movie legend and we feel we have enough staying power to last long after the critics have quieted down . "
= = Controversies = =
= = = Scientology influence = = =
Stacy Brooks , then @-@ president of the Lisa McPherson Trust , stated : " There 's no way that this movie would be happening without Scientology 's backing ... This is one example of how Scientology insinuates itself in various aspects of the culture . " Mark Bunker characterized the film as a recruitment tactic for the Church of Scientology , stating , " It 's designed to introduce L. Ron Hubbard to a whole new generation of kids . It 's there to plant a favorable seed in children 's minds . " Bunker criticized the promotional methods of the film — instead of granting interviews about the film to the press , John Travolta went on a book tour and signed copies of L. Ron Hubbard 's novel . Bunker stated , " When Michael Caine goes around to promote The Cider House Rules , he doesn 't tour bookstores and sign copies of John Irving 's novel ... Through the movie tie @-@ in with the book , kids will send in the card to get their free poster , and eventually be introduced to Dianetics . " Scientologist Nancy O 'Meara , at the time treasurer of the Foundation for Religious Freedom and currently treasurer of the Scientology @-@ run New Cult Awareness Network , responded to Bunker 's statement : " Gimme a break ... That 's like saying people are going to go see Gladiator and then suddenly find themselves wanting to explore Christianity . "
Before the film was released , rumors and allegations began to circulate that Battlefield Earth contained subliminal messages promoting Scientology . Former Scientologist Lawrence Wollersheim , in a press release issued by his group Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network , said that the Church of Scientology " has placed highly advanced subliminal messages in the Battlefield Earth film master to surreptitiously recruit new members from the movie audience and to get the audience to develop a revulsion for psychiatry and current mental health organizations and practices " . Other critics said that the film " is a veiled attempt to gain converts and influence " , and that writers were gagged from making connections between Scientology and the film with threats of lawsuits . Warner Bros. dismissed the claims as " silly nonsense " , the Church of Scientology denounced them as " hogwash " and the media reacted with skepticism ; as the Scottish journalist Duncan Campbell put it , " the only subliminal voice I could detect came about 10 minutes into this 121 @-@ minute film and it seemed to be saying Leeeaaave thisssss cinemmmaaa nooow " . When asked about the similarities between the film and Scientology beliefs in intergalactic travel and aliens , church spokesman Aron Mason stated , " That 's a pretty crude parallel ... You 'd have to make some serious leaps of logic to make that comparison . " John Travolta also stated that the film was not inspired by Scientology tenets .
= = = Fraud by Franchise Pictures = = =
Following the failure of Battlefield Earth and other films independently produced by Franchise Pictures , The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI was probing " the question of whether some independent motion picture companies have vastly inflated the budget of films in an effort to scam investors " . In December 2000 the German @-@ based Intertainment AG filed a lawsuit alleging that Franchise Pictures had fraudulently inflated budgets in films including Battlefield Earth , which Intertainment had helped to finance . Intertainment had agreed to pay 47 % of the production costs of several films in exchange for European distribution rights , but ended up paying for between 60 and 90 % of the costs instead . The company alleged that Franchise had defrauded it to the tune of over $ 75 million by systematically submitting " grossly fraudulent and inflated budgets " .
The case was heard before a jury in a Los Angeles federal courtroom in May – June 2004 . The court heard testimony from Intertainment that according to Franchise 's bank records the real cost of Battlefield Earth was $ 44 million , not the $ 75 million declared by Franchise . The remaining $ 31 million had been fraudulent " padding " . Intertainment 's head Barry Baeres told the court that he had only funded Battlefield Earth because it was packaged as a slate that included two more commercially attractive films , the Wesley Snipes vehicle The Art of War and the Bruce Willis comedy The Whole Nine Yards . Baeres testified that " Mr. Samaha said , ' If you want the other two pictures , you have to take Battlefield Earth — it 's called packaging ' " . Baeres commented : " We would have been quite happy if he had killed [ Battlefield Earth ] " .
Intertainment won the case and was awarded $ 121 @.@ 7 million in damages . Samaha himself was declared by the court to be personally liable for $ 77 million in damages . The jury rejected Intertainment 's claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ( RICO ) statute , which would have trebled the damages if Franchise had been convicted on that charge . The judgment forced Franchise into bankruptcy a few months later . The failure of the film was also reported to have led in 2002 to Travolta firing his manager Jonathan Krane , who had set up the deal with Franchise in the first place .
= = Follow @-@ ups and sequels = =
Battlefield Earth is significantly shorter than its source novel , covering only the first 436 pages of the 1 @,@ 050 @-@ page book . A sequel covering the remainder of the book was originally planned at the outset . When asked during promotion of the film if there would be a Battlefield Earth 2 , Travolta responded , " Sure . Yeah . " Travolta asserted that the first film would become a cult classic , stating that there were already fan websites dedicated to the film . Corey Mandell , the scriptwriter for the first film , was commissioned to deliver the script for the sequel , and Travolta , Pepper and producer Krane were all signed up to the sequel in their contracts for the first film . Christian and Whitaker were approached to reprise their respective roles , and the producers planned for a 2003 release date so as not to compete with George Lucas ' Star Wars : Episode II – Attack of the Clones .
Despite Travolta 's earlier statements , plans for a sequel never came to fruition . According to James Robert Parish 's Fiasco : A History of Hollywood 's Iconic Flops , the disastrous performance of Battlefield Earth and the collapse of Franchise Pictures made it very unlikely that a live @-@ action sequel will be made . In a 2001 interview , Travolta stated that a sequel was not planned : " Ultimately the movie did $ 100 million when you count box office , DVD sales , video and pay per view ... But I don 't know what kind of number it would have to do to justify filming the second part of the book . And I don 't want to push any buttons in the press and stir anybody up about it now . " Author Services announced in 2001 that Pine Com International , a Tokyo @-@ based animation studio , would produce 13 one @-@ hour animated television segments based on the book and rendered in a manga style . The plans appear to have fallen through , and according to Parish , " little has been heard of the series since " .
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= Bob Chappuis =
Robert Richard " Bob " Chappuis ( / ˈtʃæpiəs / CHAP @-@ ee @-@ əs ; February 24 , 1923 – June 14 , 2012 ) was an American football player who played halfback and quarterback for the University of Michigan Wolverines in 1942 , 1946 , and 1947 . His college years were interrupted by service in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II . Chappuis flew 21 missions as a radio operator and aerial gunner on B @-@ 25 bombers in the European Theater . His aircraft was shot down in February 1945 in the Lombardy region of Northern Italy . Chappuis parachuted from the plane before it crashed , and Italian partisans rescued him by hiding Chappuis and two other crew members for the final three months of the war .
After the war , Chappuis returned to Michigan where he broke the Big Nine Conference record for total offense in 1946 and then broke his own record in 1947 . He led the 1947 Michigan team known as the “ Mad Magicians ” to an undefeated season and a 49 – 0 win over the USC Trojans in the 1948 Rose Bowl game . Chappuis was a unanimous All @-@ American selection in 1947 and was named the Most Valuable Player of the 1948 Rose Bowl . His picture appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1947 in connection with a feature article about Chappuis and the 1947 Wolverines . He placed second in the 1947 Heisman Trophy balloting .
During his career he established many football records that lasted for over a generation and became an All @-@ American . He continues to hold the Big Ten Conference single @-@ season passer rating record and the Michigan Wolverines single @-@ season yards / completion records . He was one of the early passing specialists in an era where football players were just beginning to either play on offense or defense instead of both .
Chappuis played professional football in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) as a quarterback for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Chicago Hornets in 1948 and 1949 . He led the Dodgers in total offense in 1948 with 1 @,@ 402 yards passing and 310 yards rushing . When both clubs and the AAFC folded , Chappuis retired from football in 1950 . He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988 .
= = Early years = =
Chappuis was born and raised in Toledo , Ohio , the son of Mary Ellen ( née Burchell ) and Sylvan Francis Chappuis . His father — who had played quarterback for Denison University , which is located near Columbus , Ohio — was an executive with a porcelain products company in Toledo . Chappuis graduated from DeVilbiss High School where he was a star football player . When it came time to choose a college , his father said his only preference for his son was that he not attend Ohio State . Chappuis could not provide much of an explanation for his father 's preference : “ Dad just didn 't like Ohio State . ”
Chappuis played in nine games for Michigan as a sophomore in 1942 , contributing 220 yards rushing , 358 yards passing , and 30 yards receiving . In his first game as a college halfback , Chappuis completed seven of eighteen passes for a gain of 80 yards , and also rushed for 49 yards in a 9 – 0 win over the Great Lakes Naval Training Station . Chappuis ' predecessor as Michigan 's halfback , Heisman Trophy winner Tom Harmon , completed seven passes in a single game only three times in three years , a feat accomplished by Chappuis in his first game .
= = Service in World War II = =
Chappuis ' college program was interrupted by military service from 1943 to 1945 . During World War II , Chappuis earned the rank of Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Air Forces . He flew 21 missions as a radio operator and aerial gunner in B @-@ 25 bombers . His crew sunk a cruiser in an Italian harbor , which earned it a citation in September 1944 . He flew his first mission , which was targeting a railroad bridge in the heavily fortified Brenner Pass on Christmas Day 1944 . At the time he flew this first mission , he was a sergeant . On February 13 , 1945 , Chappuis flew his 21st mission when he was assigned to fill in for a sick crew member . Chappuis ’ B @-@ 25 bomber was assigned to bomb a railroad tunnel in the Italian mountains north of the Po River . “ Over the target , a burst of flak knocked out one engine , then the other engine went out . When the order came to bail out , the tailgunner went out first , and got stuck in the escape hatch , pinned against the rear of it by the wind pressure . Chappuis kicked him in the only accessible place — his head — and knocked him loose . Then he jumped . ”
Chappuis was rescued by an Italian partisan , Aldo Comucci , a 21 @-@ year @-@ old who was in charge of one of the many underground groups operating in the area . Comucci and his band of resistance fighters got to Chappuis before the Germans and hid him and two other American flyers from the same plane for nearly three months until the end of the war . The partisans passed Chappuis and the two other Americans from house to house , and village to village , toward the Swiss frontier . Dressed in shawls — but still wearing G.I. shoes — they once walked undetected past a German sentry .
Chappuis and his crewmates finally reached a home in the small town of Asola , Italy , in the Province of Mantua , Lombardy , about 80 miles ( 130 km ) from Milan . The German headquarters was two houses away , and the drill grounds were across the street . Accordingly , Chappuis and the other Americans could not walk near a window or talk above a whisper . They passed the time playing cards with each other and with the Ugolini family with whom they stayed , and reading a well @-@ worn copy of Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The Americans were nearly captured one evening when the Fascist fiancé of one of the Ugolini daughters entered the house unannounced and found the Americans playing cards . He threatened to turn the Americans in , but was persuaded not to when told it would mean the death of his fiancée and her family for aiding the Americans .
When V @-@ E Day arrived in early May 1945 , Chappuis and his crewmates stayed in Asola for a week @-@ long celebration . On the night the war ended , residents of Asola removed the seats from the town ’ s theater for a victory ball . While two orchestras played onstage , the liberated townspeople toasted the Americans , and Chappuis danced with the Ugolinis ' daughters . When Chappuis returned to the United States , he stayed in touch with the Ugolinis and sent them weekly food packages . Chappuis also stayed in touch with Comucci , the resistance leader who rescued him . In 1974 , Chappuis returned to Italy to meet with Comucci for the first time in 20 years . And in August 1975 , Comucci and his wife traveled to Michigan to visit Chappuis .
= = All @-@ American at the University of Michigan = =
= = = 1946 season = = =
Chappuis returned to Michigan after being discharged from the military and played football in the spring of 1946 . He returned in time to join the Michigan baseball team , where he played in the outfield , led the team in batting , and helped them win the Big Nine championship with a 26 @-@ game winning streak .
When football season arrived in the fall , Chappuis was one of many veterans who returned to college and the gridiron after serving in the war . Many of the returning veterans were not in prime football condition at the start of the 1946 season , and Coach Fritz Crisler “ predicted it might be November before ex @-@ servicemen were adjusted physically and mentally to play their top game . ” Chappuis later recalled that he was 23 years old when he returned to school , and some of the returning veterans “ didn 't know if they could get back into the rah @-@ rah of college football , but Fritz took care of that . He really whipped us into shape . ” Despite any difficulties in re @-@ adjusting to civilian life and football , Chappuis broke Otto Graham 's Big Nine Conference record for total offensive yards during the 1946 football season . Though reports differ as to Chappuis ' total yards gained , University of Michigan records show that Chappuis gained 1 @,@ 284 yards in 1946 — 734 yards passing , 501 yards rushing and 49 yards receiving . Chappuis set the new offensive mark in 1946 with a fractured bone in his wrist that he did not report until after the season had ended , at which time an operation was performed . Chappuis later said he knew the x @-@ ray would reveal a fracture , and he would be benched before he even began . He delayed the examination until the season was over because “ the time to break into the lineup is prior to the first game . If I hadn 't , there were so many capable candidates around who could have made good behind our front wall that I 'd never have become a first @-@ stringer by returning in the middle of the season . ” Accordingly , Chappuis played the 1946 season with a fractured wrist and without even bothering to tape the wrist . He was later drafted in December by the Detroit Lions in the fifth round of the 1947 NFL Draft ( 26th overall pick ) . But Chappuis opted to stay in school to finish his collegiate career .
= = = 1947 season = = =
Given the off @-@ season wrist surgery , Chappuis was questionable for the 1947 season . As the season got underway , Chappuis said the wrist was “ not as loose ” as it was in 1946 , but he felt it was " loose enough . " In the end , Chappuis broke his own Big Nine total offense record by gaining 1 @,@ 405 yards as compared with 1 @,@ 284 yards in 1946 . He completed 48 out of 84 passes for 976 yards , including 11 touchdown passes . He also scored 5 touchdowns and gained 544 yards rushing . In the season opener against Michigan State , Chappuis scored three touchdowns in a 55 – 0 victory , as Michigan outgained the Spartans 504 yards rushing to 56 . Michigan finished the 1947 season with a 21 – 0 victory over Ohio State . In his last game at Michigan Stadium , Chappuis set a Michigan single @-@ game record for total offense that would last 20 years . Altogether , Chappuis accounted for 307 yards , rushing for 90 yards and completing 12 of 27 passes for 217 yards . This stood as a school single @-@ game total offense record for over 20 years . At the end of the 1947 season , Chappuis was named a unanimous first @-@ team All @-@ American . He also finished second to Johnny Lujack in the 1947 Heisman Trophy voting , with Lujack receiving 742 first and second place votes to 555 for Chappuis . Despite the glowing adjectives heaped on him , reporters noted that “ Chappuis can still wear his regular size seven headgear . ” Chappuis gave credit to his line saying , “ Anyone passing behind the protection that line gave me could have done as well . ” In another sign of his modesty on a team with only two two @-@ way players Chappuis said " You have to smell where to go on pass defense — and my sniffer 's not too good . " when asked why he does not play both ways .
In addition to having the most accomplished season of his collegiate career , Chappuis was a leader on campus . He was elected president of the Michigan Alpha chapter of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity whose membership included a number of his teammates and prominent University of Michigan athletic alumni such as Tom Harmon , Bob Ufer , and Harry Kipke . Chappuis appeared on the cover of the October 28 , 1947 issue of Look magazine which featured pictures of him on the football field and at the fraternity house . In the magazine , Chappuis and his future wife were also featured about the Michigan campus . He expressed an interest in first playing professional football for a few years before going into the porcelain business with his father .
Look magazine devoted over a dozen pictures to showing Chappuis play in the offense . In the 1940s , the offense was perceived as gimmicky and magical and the magazine described how the offense used various fakes and delays to gain the advantage in timing by concealing the point of attack and the attacker . The contemporary football lingo described the basic attack as a " fullback spinner cycle with the backs deployed loosely . " It described an alternate formation as a single @-@ wing formation with direct snap from center to left halfback ( Chappuis ' position ) . The article also describes T maneuvers , lateral passes and end @-@ around plays as part of the offense .
= = = Passing “ specialist ” = = =
Chappuis drew considerable attention in the national press for his abilities as a passer , one of the game 's first passing “ specialists . ” In November 1947 , Time magazine ran a feature article about Chappuis and the 1947 Wolverines ( with Chappuis ' photograph on the cover ) called “ The Specialist . ” The Time article focused on the new era of specialization marked by coach Fritz Crisler 's decision to field separate offensive and defensive units in 1947 . The article focused on Chappuis as Michigan 's “ prize specialist , ” who was described as “ Crisler 's triggerman . ” “ His job is to throw forward passes and there is no one in 1947 collegiate football who does it better . … In Michigan 's first five games , Specialist Chappuis was on the field less than one @-@ third of the time , but of the 27 passes he threw , 19 were complete – five of them for touchdowns ... When Chappuis fades back to pass , he is a slow @-@ motion study in coolness and concentration . ”
Crisler said Chappuis was “ the finest passer I have ever handled and probably one of the best I 've ever seen . He plays as though he had ice water in his veins . ” Crisler felt that “ great passers are born , ” and the difference between a great and a merely good passer is in the eyes . Time noted that Chappuis had great field vision for his downfield receivers and for oncoming defenders . “ Like a good baseball catcher , he throws the ball off his right ear , with a snap motion . He throws what the coaches call a ‘ heavy ball . ’ ” Another writer noted that Chappuis was “ endowed with a passer 's sixth sense , ‘ split vision , ’ ” and an ability to “ pick out his receiver after one glance over the field . ”
Time also noted that Chappuis was unlike his predecessor , the “ hail @-@ fellow ” Tom Harmon . “ His snaggleteeth and sharp features earned him the nickname ‘ Bird Face ’ when he was a kid . ” Time also reported that Chappuis “ learns easily , just as he does in the classroom , where he makes a C @-@ plus average seemingly without ever opening a book . ”
When Chappuis graduated , he held numerous school records , including most touchdown passes in a career with 23 , a record that was not broken until 30 years later by four @-@ year starter , Rick Leach . He also held the record for most touchdown passes in a season with 13 , a record that was tied by Leach in 1976 . He also held the school record for most career total offensive yards with 3 @,@ 487 , a record broken in 1970 by Don Moorhead .
= = = 1948 Rose Bowl and All @-@ Star Game = = =
Chappuis played his last game for Michigan in a 49 – 0 win over the USC Trojans in the 1948 Rose Bowl . Chappuis ran for 91 yards , completed 14 of 24 passes for 188 yards , was named the Most Valuable Player , and set Rose Bowl records for total offense and pass completions . The Long Beach Independent reported : “ Bob Chappuis was every inch the All @-@ American he has been tabbed . Running , faking and pivoting beautifully , he averaged 7 yards a crack for 13 carries and completed 14 out of 24 pitches for 188 yards … which gave him a new total offense record of 279 yards for the classic . ”
A sidelight of the Rose Bowl was the Rose Bowl Queen nomination of Ann Gestie , the future wife of Bob Chappuis , which was against the tradition of having a queen from Pasadena , California . Buck Dawson , the manager of the Michigan Yearbook who would go on to marry the daughter of Matthew Mann , was the proponent of the nomination . Although tradition was upheld , Gestie 's photograph appeared on the front page of the Los Angeles Times along with the caption " Overlooked Michigan Beauty . "
Chappuis was also selected to play for coach Frank Leahy on the College All @-@ Star squad against the Chicago Cardinals , who were the 1947 NFL Champions . In the 15th College All @-@ Star vs. NFL Champion match , the Cardinals scored the biggest victory to date with a 28 – 0 victory . Among the collegians were Lujack and Chuck Conerly . The professional athletes included Paul Christman and Charley Trippi . Supposedly , the 1947 class had a void at fullback , which may have been the problem with their offense in the All @-@ Star game shutout .
= = = Celebrity = = =
He became a celebrity of sorts at Michigan . He was mentioned in several issues of Time Magazine , and his wedding was even announced in the magazine . In addition , his time at Michigan defined an era in a way that became a permanent reference because his contemporaries would say that they were at Michigan in the Chappuis years . In 1988 he was elected into the College Football Hall of Fame .
= = Professional football = =
Chappuis was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers , and reports in February 1948 indicated that the Steelers had offered him a two @-@ year contract for $ 20 @,@ 000 per year . However , Chappuis passed up the Steelers ' offer , opting instead to play for the new All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . In June 1948 , Chappuis signed with Branch Rickey 's Brooklyn Dodgers of the AAFC after coach Carl Voyles outbid the Steelers for his services at $ 17 @,@ 000 . Chappuis had been drafted by the Cleveland Browns , and the Dodgers gave the Browns three draft picks in exchange for the right to sign Chappuis . Rickey had felt that modern football was based on speed and that he could win with a good center , passing quarterback and two tall sprinting ends . Thus , he placed a premium on signing Chappuis , the passing quarterback . The college All @-@ star game caused Chappuis to miss three weeks of practice and he played little in the early season games because he had not learned his plays .
In his first professional game against the San Francisco 49ers , Chappuis ran the ball 37 yards to the 49ers six @-@ yard line in the fourth quarter , giving fans “ an indication of what sent all the major professional clubs after his services . ” Chappuis played in 13 games for the Dodgers in 1948 and shared the quarterbacking responsibilities with Bob Hoernschemeyer who played in all 14 games . Chappuis led the team in total offense ( 1712 to 1428 for Hoernschemeyer ) . Chappuis completed 100 of 213 passes for 1 @,@ 402 yards with 15 interceptions and 8 touchdown passes . He also rushed for 310 yards , for an average of 6 @.@ 0 yards per carry , and one rushing touchdown . Although Chappuis led the team in total offense , Hoernschemeyer also made eleven receptions and served as both a kick returner and punt returner at various times during the season . The Dodgers finished the season with a 2 – 12 record and folded after the 1948 season .
In 1949 , Chappuis played for the Chicago Hornets , also of the AAFC , but saw only limited playing time as a back @-@ up to Hoernschemeyer and Johnny Clement on a team that went 4 – 10 . When the AAFC went out of existence after the 1949 season , Chappuis retired from football . In announcing his retirement in June 1950 , Chappuis said he was through with professional football and that his ambition then was to enjoy a more leisurely lifestyle and to be able to visit Ann Arbor for those fall football games .
= = After football = =
After retiring from football , Chappuis worked in various business ventures . In the 1950s , he was in the electrical appliance business in South Bend , Indiana . He spent thirteen years with Central Soya Co. in Fort Wayne , Indiana , retiring in 1983 as the Vice President in charge of Labor Relations . He later formed his own management consulting business in Fort Wayne .
Chappuis and his wife , Ann Chappuis , had four children . Chappuis is the uncle of former Michigan and Baltimore Colts strong safety Rick Volk . In 2012 , he was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame .
Chappuis fell in June 2012 and was hospitalized at the University of Michigan Hospital . He died a few days later on June 14 , 2012 .
= = Honors and accolades = =
Chappuis has received numerous honors , including the following :
Named Most Valuable Player on the 1946 Michigan Wolverines football team ;
Named to the All @-@ Big Nine Conference team , 1946 ;
Consensus All @-@ American , 1947 ;
Named to the All @-@ Big Nine Conference team , 1947 ;
Finished second to Johnny Lujack in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1947 ;
Named Most Valuable Player of the 1948 Rose Bowl game ;
Inducted into the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in 1984 ; and
Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988 .
Inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1992 .
In 2005 , Chappuis was selected as one of the 100 greatest Michigan football players of all time by the " Motown Sports Revival , " ranking 28th on the all @-@ time team .
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= George Villiers ( 1759 – 1827 ) =
George Villiers ( 23 November 1759 – 21 March 1827 ) , styled The Honourable , was a British courtier and politician from the Villiers family . The youngest son of the diplomat Lord Hyde ( later Earl of Clarendon ) , he was an intimate of Princess Amelia and personal supporter of her father , George III . His favour within the Royal Family and his father 's influence brought him a number of sinecures to support him . However , Villiers was more interested in the operation of the royal farms at Windsor Castle than in politics or the duties of his offices . When his bookkeeping as Paymaster of the Marines was carefully examined in 1810 , Villiers ' carelessness and the speculation of his clerk had left him in debt to the Crown by more than £ 250 @,@ 000 . This exposure touched off a public scandal ; Villiers promptly surrendered all his property to the Crown and threw himself on the king 's mercy . The misconduct of Joseph Hunt as Treasurer of the Ordnance to some extent obscured Villiers ' own misconduct , and he was able to retain other sinecures and a stable , if reduced , income from them until his death in 1827 .
= = Upbringing and political career = =
Villiers was the youngest son of Thomas Villiers , 1st Earl of Clarendon and Charlotte Capell . His maternal grandparents were William Capell , 3rd Earl of Essex and Jane Hyde . George , like his brother , was educated at Eton College and then St John 's College , Cambridge , graduating with an MA in 1779 . It was presumably through the influence of his father , then Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster under the first Pitt ministry , that he was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber to George III on 13 January 1783 , and Clerk of the Council and Registrar of the Duchy of Lancaster in August 1786 . A polished courtier , Villiers earned the nickname " Tiger " among his party for his vehement support of the king ; although as Fanny Burney observed , his " remarkably slim , slight and delicate person " did not match the nickname .
In 1792 , Villiers purchased the support of Lord Warwick , and was returned as Member of Parliament for Warwick in the by @-@ election of 18 January 1792 as a Tory . On 19 March 1792 , shortly after his entry into Parliament , Villiers was appointed to the office of Paymaster of Marines , a sinecure which would ultimately prove his undoing . The salary of the post was fixed at £ 600 p.a. after a reform in 1800 . In 1794 , Villiers became the captain commanding the newly raised Western Troop of the Hertfordshire Gentlemen and Yeomanry @-@ Cavalry .
He was elected unopposed in 1796 , but did not stand for the borough in 1802 . Though a friend of Pitt 's government , he rarely attended the House ; George Rose commented in a letter that Villiers 's loss would have no impact on the Tories . While a member of parliament , in 1798 , he married Lord Boringdon 's daughter , Theresa , who would bear him ten children over the next two decades . After leaving Parliament , Villiers continued his presence at Court , and carried messages from the Princess Royal in Stuttgart to the king . In 1803 , the duties of his office as paymaster were extended , and on 9 May , he was reappointed as Paymaster and Inspector @-@ General of Marines , with a salary of £ 1 @,@ 000 p.a. In the same year , he was commissioned a captain in the Watford Volunteer Cavalry . Villiers was prepared to intercede with the king on behalf of Pitt to fulfill the latter 's desire for a more comprehensive ministry , which , however , was frustrated ; and to bring Pitt 's friends into the Ministry of All the Talents in 1806 .
Villiers , indeed , enjoyed considerable favour with the king , who granted him a private bounty of £ 400 p.a. in 1804 after being compelled to refuse him an office at Windsor Park . He was allowed to hold simultaneous office as a groom of the bedchamber and paymaster , and the king determined to place him in charge of his farms at Windsor as bailiff . Villiers and his family lived at Windsor Old Lodge until 1805 , when he was appointed ranger of Cranbourne Chase and he moved into Cranbourne Lodge , newly renovated as his residence . Villiers and his wife were particularly intimate with Princess Amelia , the king 's favourite daughter , accounting in part for the Royal favour shown him . With the fall of the Ministry of All the Talents in 1807 and the formation of Portland 's government , the Duke of Cumberland vigorously lobbied Portland to grant Villiers the mastership of the Buckhounds or some other office , on the grounds of Villiers having rendered " very serious and important services " to the Royal Family , but was unsuccessful .
In 1809 , upon the death of John Fordyce , Surveyor General of the Land Revenues of the Crown , Portland proposed to replace that office and that of the Surveyor General of Woods , Forests , Parks , and Chases , then held by Lord Glenbervie , with a three @-@ man commission ( the Commissioners of Woods and Forests ) , and to make Villiers one of the junior commissioners . This reorganisation of the Crown Lands temporarily halted upon Portland 's resignation and the formation of a new government under Spencer Perceval . This created an embarrassing difficulty for Villiers and his interest ; George Canning did not choose to serve under Perceval , and Villiers ' brother @-@ in @-@ law , the 2nd Lord Boringdon , was Canning 's friend . Nor was the proposed appointment of Villiers universally popular ; Lord Glenbervie , the proposed senior commissioner , vented his anger at Perceval 's nomination of Villiers in his journal :
Nonetheless , Villiers continued to press his claims to office on Perceval , in a letter of 18 October 1809 . He had , he said , turned down a pension of £ 1 @,@ 200 p.a. for " reasons ... which can never be publicly alluded to " and had received a promise from Portland to replace Fordyce as Surveyor General of the Land Revenues ( a post worth £ 2 @,@ 000 p.a. ) ; Villiers would , however , be satisfied with the commissionership and £ 1 @,@ 000 p.a. in addition , provided that he might retain his office of paymaster . In fact , that office was about to become the engine of Villiers ' political destruction . He appears to have received the sinecure offices of registrar of the Vice @-@ Admiralty Court of Gibraltar and marshal of the Vice @-@ Admiralty Court of Antigua around this time .
= = Scandal and disgrace = =
The value to the sinecurist of an office like that of Paymaster of Marines lay not so much in the official salary attached to it , but in the lax accounting procedures associated with disbursement of funds , which allowed the official to retain large sums of public money in his own hands for many years until accounts were made up . The office of Paymaster General had been reformed in 1783 to avoid these abuses , but these changes had not yet been extended to the Marines during Villiers ' tenure .
He appears to have taken little interest in his official duties both as paymaster and inspector @-@ general , leaving affairs in the hands of Edmund Waters . Waters had been his private secretary , and when Villiers came to office as paymaster , Waters was appointed chief clerk in that department , rising to deputy paymaster in 1797 . Waters and Villiers invested in real estate with some of the money passing through the office ; unfortunately for Villiers , Waters was also diverting some of the funds to his own interest in the Opera House , and the accounts of the office were in a shambles .
Well aware of the parlous state of the office 's accounts , Waters retired from the Marine Pay Office in 1807 as an independently wealthy man ( only to lose the fortune in his Opera House investments ) . The lax regime in the Pay Office rattled on , however , until 27 December 1809 , when Perceval became aware of the state of Villiers ' accounts . Villiers , to his credit , immediately resigned and took responsibility for his official debts . Perceval allowed him to proffer his resignation directly to the king , but Villiers could not face his master ; Perceval informed the king of the state of affairs in a letter of 15 January 1810 , laying the blame for the situation largely on Waters . Perceval 's letter noted that " reports were circulating on the subject to such an extent as to make it impossible to hope that it would not become the subject of Parliamentary observation . " By this time , Villiers 's accounts had been audited through the year 1804 , revealing him to be in arrears by the staggering sum of £ 280 @,@ 000 through that point . On the advice of his brother @-@ in @-@ law Boringdon , Villiers offered up all his property to the Crown , although he could not hope to pay off the entire sum found wanting by this means . The episode left him in a condition of nervous prostration , the more so as he by now had five children to support . A letter by " A.B. " in Cobbett 's Political Register of 27 January 1810 assailed Villiers for his delinquency and estimated that his debt , with interest , might run to £ 500 @,@ 000 .
Fortunately for Villiers , his case was not to be prosecuted with the utmost rigour . He was to some degree protected by the joint efforts of Boringdon 's friends and the Whig George Tierney , as well as his own quick action in surrendering his property through writs of extent ; and the delinquency of Joseph Hunt , Treasurer of the Ordnance attracted attention and saved Villiers from the full wrath of the finance committee . Their report on the matter noted that the writ of extent had been to the amount of £ 264 @,@ 000 , but only £ 91 @,@ 000 had been raised from the sale of his property , and about £ 30 @,@ 000 from securities and the bond posted for him when he took office . The committee recommended the abolition of the office of Paymaster of Marines and the transfer of its duties to the Treasurer of the Navy , a recommendation which was not immediately acted upon . Villiers was left , in Boringdon 's estimation , with a debt of £ 1 @,@ 500 – 2 @,@ 000 , an annual income of £ 2 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 , and the property in Cranbourne Lodge .
However , his disgrace was not over . After his resignation , Villiers had been replaced by Lord Mulgrave 's brother , Edmund Phipps , as paymaster and lost his prospective place as a commissioner of woods and forests . Then , he was informed on 4 May 1810 , after the release of the finance committee 's report , that the king had removed from him the supervision of the farms at Windsor ( he also lost the rangership ) . The news threw him into a state of great mental distress ; he wrote to the king begging him to suspend judgement on the points raised by the committee 's report . The king replied that it was " indispensable " to remove Villiers from his office under the circumstances , but extended his sympathy and suspended judgement on him .
The final disaster for Villiers occurred in November , when Princess Amelia died . After her death , Villiers and his wife attempted to blackmail the Royal Family by threatening ( in a letter to her doctor , Sir Henry Halford ) to release some of her correspondence , much to the shock of her sister , Princess Mary . The family finally moved out of Cranborne Lodge in 1812 .
The untangling of his accounts dragged on until 1819 , prolonged by his enemies at the Navy Office and his own fiscal incapacity . At length a balance of £ 220 @,@ 000 was found against him , but by this time his career was hopelessly ruined . He left office as a groom of the bedchamber in 1815 , but retained his vice @-@ admiralty sinecures until his death . In 1824 , he became heir presumptive to the Earldom of Clarendon but died in 1827 without inheriting it .
= = Marriage and children = =
On 17 April 1798 , George married Theresa Parker . She was a daughter of John Parker , 1st Baron Boringdon and his second wife Hon. Theresa Robinson . Her maternal grandparents were Thomas Robinson , 1st Baron Grantham and Frances Worsley . They had ten children :
Georgiana Villiers ( 12 February 1799 – 16 March 1799 )
George Villiers , 4th Earl of Clarendon ( 27 January 1800 – 27 June 1870 )
Thomas Hyde Villiers ( 24 January 1801 – 3 December 1832 )
Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers ( 3 January 1802 – 16 January 1898 )
Lady Maria Theresa Villiers ( 8 March 1803 – 9 November 1865 ) . Married first novelist Thomas Henry Lister on 6 November 1830 , they had a daughter ( d . 1863 ) . After her first husband 's death , she married politician Sir George Cornewall Lewis , 2nd Baronet on 25 October 1844 .
Frederick Adolphus Villiers ( 17 February 1805 – 21 November 1806 )
Hon. Edward Ernest Villiers ( 23 March 1806 – 30 October 1843 ) . He married Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell , daughter of Thomas Liddell , 1st Baron Ravensworth , leaving a son and three daughters . Their daughter Edith Villiers married Robert Bulwer @-@ Lytton , 1st Earl of Lytton and became Lady of the Bedchamber to both Queen Victoria and Her Majesty Queen Alexandra .
Augustus Villiers ( 2 March 1808 – 24 March 1808 )
Hon. Henry Montagu Villiers ( 4 January 1813 – 9 August 1861 ) , Bishop of Durham from 1860 to his death .
Lt. Hon. Augustus Algernon Villiers , RN ( 14 April 1817 – 13 July 1843 ) , died unmarried , Knight of Isabella the Catholic
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= French battleship Bouvet =
Bouvet was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy . She was laid down in January 1891 , launched in April 1896 , and completed in June 1898 . She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships , along with Charles Martel , Jauréguiberry , Carnot , and Masséna , which were ordered in response to the British Royal Sovereign class . Like her half @-@ sisters , she was armed with a main battery of two 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns and two 274 mm ( 10 @.@ 8 in ) guns in individual turrets . She had a top speed of 17 @.@ 8 kn ( 33 @.@ 0 km / h ; 20 @.@ 5 mph ) .
Bouvet spent the majority of her career alternating between the Northern and Mediterranean Squadrons . At the outbreak of World War I , she escorted troop convoys from North Africa to France . She then joined the naval operations off the Dardanelles , where she participated in a major attack on the Turkish fortresses in the straits on 18 March 1915 . During the attack , she was hit approximately eight times by shellfire , though did not suffer fatal damage . She struck a mine at around 3 : 15 , and sank within two minutes ; only some 50 men were rescued from a complement of 710 . Two British battleships were also sunk by mines that day , and the disaster convinced the Allies to abandon the naval campaign in favor of an amphibious assault on Gallipoli .
= = Design = =
Bouvet was the last member of a group of five battleships built to a broadly similar design , but different enough to be considered unique vessels . The first ship was Charles Martel , which formed the basis for Bouvet and three other ships . Design specifications were identical for each of the ships , but different engineers designed each vessel . The ships were based on the previous battleship Brennus , but instead of mounting the main battery all on the centerline , the ships used the lozenge arrangement of the earlier vessel Magenta , which moved two of the main battery guns to single turrets on the wings . The five ships were built in response to the British Royal Sovereign @-@ class battleships .
= = = General characteristics and machinery = = =
Bouvet was 117 @.@ 81 meters ( 386 ft 6 in ) long between perpendiculars , and had a beam of 21 @.@ 39 m ( 70 ft 2 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 38 m ( 27 ft 6 in ) . She had a displacement of 12 @,@ 007 tonnes ( 11 @,@ 817 long tons ) . Unlike her half @-@ sisters , her deck was not cut down to the main deck level , and her superstructure was reduced in size . She was equipped with two small fighting masts . Bouvet had a standard crew of 666 officers and enlisted men , though her wartime complement increased to 710 .
Bouvet had three vertical triple expansion engines each driving a single screw , with steam supplied by twenty @-@ four Belleville water @-@ tube boilers . Her propulsion system was rated at 15 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 000 kW ) , which allowed the ship to steam at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . As built , she could carry 610 t ( 600 long tons ; 670 short tons ) of coal , though additional space allowed for up to 980 t ( 960 long tons ; 1 @,@ 080 short tons ) in total .
= = = Armament and armor = = =
Bouvet 's main armament consisted of two Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 guns in two single @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft . She also mounted two Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1893 guns in two single @-@ gun turrets , one amidships on each side , sponsoned out over the tumblehome of the ship 's sides . Her secondary armament consisted of eight Canon de 138 @.@ 6 mm Modèle 1893 guns , which were mounted in single turrets at the corners of the superstructure . She also carried eight 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) quick @-@ firing guns , twelve 3 @-@ pounders , and eight 1 @-@ pounder guns . Her armament suite was rounded out by four 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , two of which were submerged in the ship 's hull . The other two tubes were mounted above water , though these were later removed .
The ship 's armor was constructed with nickel steel . The main belt was 460 mm ( 18 in ) thick amidships , and tapered down to 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) at the lower edge . Forward of the central citadel , the belt was reduced to 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) and further to 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) at the stem ; the belt extended for the entire length of the hull . Above the belt was 101 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) thick side armor . The main battery guns were protected with 380 mm ( 15 in ) of armor , and the secondary turrets had 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) thick sides . The conning tower had 305 mm thick sides .
= = Service history = =
Bouvet was laid down in Lorient on 16 January 1893 , and launched on 27 April 1896 . After completing fitting @-@ out work , she was commissioned into the French Navy in June 1898 . In 1903 , Bouvet was replaced in the Mediterranean Squadron by the new battleship Suffren ; she in turn replaced the old ironclad battleship Dévastation in the Northern Squadron . The Squadron remained in commission for only six months of the year . During the annual fleet maneuvers in July – August 1903 , Bouvet served as the flagship of Admiral Gervais , the neutral observer for the simulated battles . During the maneuvers off Golfe @-@ Juan , the battleship Gaulois accidentally rammed Bouvet on 31 January 1903 , though both vessels emerged largely undamaged .
By 1906 , Bouvet had returned to the Mediterranean Squadron , which was under the command of Vice Admiral Touchard . Following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Naples in April 1906 , Bouvet and the battleships Iéna and Gaulois aided survivors of the disaster . The annual summer fleet exercises were conducted in July and August ; during the maneuvers , Bouvet nearly collided with the battleship Gaulois again . She was assigned to the Second Squadron of the Mediterranean Squadron by 1908 ; she was retained on active service for the year , but with a reduced crew .
= = = Loss off the Dardanelles = = =
Together with the older French pre @-@ dreadnoughts , Bouvet escorted Allied troop convoys through the Mediterranean until November when she was ordered to the Dardanelles to guard against a sortie by the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben . She bombarded the Turkish fort of Kum Kale , on the Asian side of the strait on 19 February . During the bombardment , Bouvet assisted the battleship Suffren by sending firing corrections via radio while Gaulois provided counter @-@ battery fire to suppress the Ottoman coastal artillery .
On 18 March , Bouvet , along with Charlemagne , Suffren , and Gaulois , was to attack the Dardanelles fortresses . The plan called for six British pre @-@ dreadnoughts to suppress the Turkish fortifications , after which the French battleships would attack those same fortifications at close range . The French fleet was commanded by Admiral Émile Guépratte ; the acting Allied commander was Rear Admiral John de Robeck , who stood in for Admiral Sackville Carden . The Allied battleships were arranged in line abreast , in three rows ; Bouvet was stationed in the center of the second row . The force entered the straits at 11 : 30 and bombarded the town of Çanakkale , before turning to the Fortress Hamidieh and other nearby fortifications at 13 : 30 .
For the first half @-@ hour , the French and British battleships shelled the forts indiscriminately , before turning to attacking individual gun batteries . In the course of the attack on the fortresses , Bouvet sustained eight hits from Turkish artillery fire . Her forward turret was disabled after the propellant gas extractor broke down . One of the shells destroyed one of her masts . At around 15 : 15 , Bouvet struck mine with a 176 @-@ pound ( 80 kg ) explosive charge , which detonated below the starboard 274 mm gun turret . These mines had been freshly laid a week before the attack , and were unknown to the Allies .
Bouvet capsized and sank in about two minutes . The ship was in poor condition at the time due to her age , which likely contributed to her rapid sinking , though there was some speculation that her ammunition magazine exploded . The destruction of the ship caught the Allies by surprise ; her loss came during the height of the bombardment . Torpedo boats and other smaller vessels rushed to pick up survivors , but they rescued only a handful of men . From her complement of 710 men , some 660 were killed in the sinking .
Despite the sinking of the Bouvet , the first such loss of the day , the British remained unaware of the minefield , thinking the explosion had been caused by a shell or torpedo . Subsequently two British pre @-@ dreadnoughts , Ocean and Irresistible , were sunk and the battlecruiser Inflexible were damaged by the same minefield . Suffren and Gaulois were both badly damaged by coastal artillery during the engagement . The loss of Bouvet and two other British battleships during the 18 March attack was a major factor in the decision to abandon a naval strategy to take Constantinople , and instead opt for the Gallipoli land campaign .
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= Styracosaurus =
Styracosaurus ( / stᵻˌrækəˈsɔːrəs / stə @-@ RAK @-@ ə @-@ SOR @-@ əs ; meaning " spiked lizard " from the Ancient Greek styrax / στύραξ " spike at the butt @-@ end of a spear @-@ shaft " and sauros / σαῦρος " lizard " ) was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Period ( Campanian stage ) , about 75 @.@ 5 to 75 million years ago . It had four to six long horns extending from its neck frill , a smaller horn on each of its cheeks , and a single horn protruding from its nose , which may have been up to 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) long and 15 centimetres ( 6 in ) wide . The function or functions of the horns and frills have been debated for many years .
Styracosaurus was a relatively large dinosaur , reaching lengths of 5 @.@ 5 metres ( 18 ft ) and weighing nearly 3 tonnes . It stood about 1 @.@ 8 meters ( 6 ft ) tall . Styracosaurus possessed four short legs and a bulky body . Its tail was rather short . The skull had a beak and shearing cheek teeth arranged in continuous dental batteries , suggesting that the animal sliced up plants . Like other ceratopsians , this dinosaur may have been a herd animal , traveling in large groups , as suggested by bonebeds .
Named by Lawrence Lambe in 1913 , Styracosaurus is a member of the Centrosaurinae . One species , S. albertensis , is currently assigned to Styracosaurus . Other species once assigned to the genus have since been reassigned elsewhere .
= = Description = =
Individuals of the Styracosaurus genus were approximately 5 @.@ 5 metres ( 18 ft ) long as adults and weighed around 2 @.@ 7 tonnes . The skull was massive , with a large nostril , a tall straight nose horn , and a parietosquamosal frill ( a neck frill ) crowned with at least four large spikes . Each of the four longest frill spines was comparable in length to the nose horn , at 50 to 55 centimetres long ( 19 @.@ 7 to 21 @.@ 7 in ) . The nasal horn is estimated at 57 centimeters long ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) in the type specimen , but the horn is only partially complete . Based on other nasal horn cores from Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus , this horn may have come to a rounded point at around half of that length .
Aside from the large nasal horn and four long frill spikes , the cranial ornamentation was variable . Some individuals had small hook @-@ like projections and knobs at the posterior margin of the frill , similar to but smaller than those in Centrosaurus . Others had less prominent tabs . Some , like the type individual , had a third pair of long frill spikes . Others had much smaller projections , and small points are found on the side margins of some but not all specimens . Modest pyramid @-@ shaped brow horns were present in subadults , but were replaced by pits in adults . Like most ceratopsids , Styracosaurus had large fenestrae ( skull openings ) in its frill . The front of the mouth had a toothless beak .
The bulky body of Styracosaurus resembled that of a rhinoceros . It had powerful shoulders which may have been useful in intraspecies combat . Styracosaurus had a relatively short tail . Each toe bore a hooflike ungual which was sheathed in horn .
Various limb positions have been proposed for Styracosaurus and ceratopsids in general , including forelegs which were held underneath the body , or , alternatively , held in a sprawling position . The most recent work has put forward an intermediate crouched position as most likely .
= = Classification = =
Styracosaurus is a member of the Centrosaurinae , a subfamily of large North American horned dinosaurs characterized by their " prominent nasal horns , subordinate brow horns , short squamosals in a short frill , a tall , deep face relative to the chasmosaurines , and a projection into the rear of the nasal fenestra . " Other members of the clade include Centrosaurus ( from which the group takes its name ) , Pachyrhinosaurus , Avaceratops , Einiosaurus , Albertaceratops , Achelousaurus , Brachyceratops , and Monoclonius , although these last two are dubious . Because of the variation between species and even individual specimens of centrosaurines , there has been much debate over which genera and species are valid , particularly whether Centrosaurus and / or Monoclonius are valid genera , undiagnosable , or possibly members of the opposite sex . In 1996 , Peter Dodson found enough variation between Centrosaurus , Styracosaurus , and Monoclonius to warrant separate genera , and that Styracosaurus resembled Centrosaurus more closely than either resembled Monoclonius . Dodson also believed one species of Monoclonius , M. nasicornis , may actually have been a female Styracosaurus . However , most other researchers have not accepted Monoclonius nasicornis as a female Styracosaurus , instead regarding it as a synonym of Centrosaurus apertus . While sexual dimorphism has been proposed for an earlier ceratopsian , Protoceratops , there is no firm evidence for sexual dimorphism in any ceratopsid .
Below is a cladogram by Andrew T. McDonald in 2011 .
= = = Origins and evolution = = =
The evolutionary origins of Styracosaurus were not understood for many years because fossil evidence for early ceratopsians was sparse . The discovery of Protoceratops , in 1922 , shed light on early ceratopsid relationships , but several decades passed before additional finds filled in more of the blanks . Fresh discoveries in the late 1990s and 2000s , including Zuniceratops , the earliest known ceratopsian with brow horns , and Yinlong , the first known Jurassic ceratopsian , indicate what the ancestors of Styracosaurus may have looked like . These new discoveries have been important in illuminating the origins of horned dinosaurs in general , and suggest that the group originated during the Jurassic in Asia , with the appearance of true horned ceratopsians occurring by the beginning of the late Cretaceous in North America .
Goodwin and colleagues proposed in 1992 that Styracosaurus was part of the lineage leading to Einiosaurus , Achelousaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus . This was based on a series of fossil skulls from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana . The position of Styracosaurus in this lineage is now equivocal , as the remains that were thought to represent Styracosaurus have been transferred to the genus Rubeosaurus .
It has been suggested that Styracosaurus albertensis is a direct descendant of Centrosaurus ( C. apertus or C. nasicornis ) , and that it in turn evolved directly into the slightly later species Rubeosaurus ovatus . Subtle changes can be traced in the arrangement of the horns through this lineage , leading from Rubeosaurus to Einiosaurus , to Achelousaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus . However , the lineage may not be a simple , straight line , as a pachyrhinosaur @-@ like species has been reported from the same time and place as Styracosaurus albertensis .
= = Discoveries and species = =
The first fossil remains of Styracosaurus were collected in Alberta , Canada by C.M. Sternberg ( from an area now known as Dinosaur Provincial Park , in a formation now called the Dinosaur Park Formation ) and named by Lawrence Lambe in 1913 . This quarry was revisited in 1935 by a Royal Ontario Museum crew who found the missing lower jaws and most of the skeleton . These fossils indicate that S. albertensis was around 5 @.@ 5 to 5 @.@ 8 meters in length and stood about 1 @.@ 65 meters high at the hips . An unusual feature of this first skull is that the smallest frill spike on the left side is partially overlapped at its base by the next spike . It appears that the frill suffered a break at this point in life and was shortened by about 6 centimeters ( 2 in ) . The normal shape of this area is unknown because the corresponding area of the right side of the frill was not recovered .
Barnum Brown and crew , working for the American Museum of Natural History in New York , collected a nearly complete articulated skeleton with a partial skull in 1915 . These fossils were also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation , near Steveville , Alberta . Brown and Erich Maren Schlaikjer compared the finds , and , though they allowed that both specimens were from the same general locality and geological formation , they considered the specimen sufficiently distinct from the holotype to warrant erecting a new species , and described the fossils as Styracosaurus parksi , named in honor of William Parks . Among the differences between the specimens cited by Brown and Schlaikjer were a cheekbone quite different from that of S. albertensis , and smaller tail vertebrae . S. parksi also had a more robust jaw , a shorter dentary , and the frill differed in shape from that of the type species . However , much of the skull consisted of plaster reconstruction , and the original 1937 paper did not illustrate the actual skull bones . It is now accepted as a specimen of S. albertensis .
In the summer of 2006 , Darren Tanke of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller , Alberta relocated the long lost S. parksi site . Pieces of the skull , evidently abandoned by the 1915 crew , were found in the quarry . These were collected and it is hoped more pieces will be found , perhaps enough to warrant a redescription of the skull and test whether S. albertensis and S. parksi are the same . The Tyrrell Museum has also collected several partial Styracosaurus skulls . At least one confirmed bonebed ( bonebed 42 ) in Dinosaur Provincial Park has also been explored ( other proposed Styracosaurus bonebeds instead have fossils from a mix of animals , and nondiagnostic ceratopsian remains ) . Bonebed 42 is known to contain numerous pieces of skulls such as horncores , jaws and frill pieces .
A third species , S. ovatus , from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana , was described by Gilmore in 1930 . The fossil material is limited , with the best being a portion of the parietal bone of the frill , but one unusual feature is that the pair of spikes closest to the midline converge towards the midline , rather than away from it as in S. albertensis . There also may only have been two sets of spikes on each side of the frill , instead of three . The spikes are much shorter than in S. albertensis , with the longest only 295 millimeters ( 11 @.@ 6 in ) long . A 2010 review of styracosaur skull remains by Ryan , Holmes , and Russell found it to be a distinct species , and in 2010 McDonald and Horner placed it in its own genus , Rubeosaurus .
Several other species which were assigned to Styracosaurus have since been assigned to other genera . S. sphenocerus , described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1890 as a species of Monoclonius and based on a nasal bone with a broken Styracosaurus @-@ like straight nose horn , was attributed to Styracosaurus in 1915 . " S. makeli " , mentioned informally by amateur paleontologists Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas in 1990 in a caption to an illustration , is an early name for Einiosaurus . " S. borealis " is an early informal name for S. parksi .
= = Paleobiology = =
Styracosaurus and other horned dinosaurs are often depicted in popular culture as herd animals . A bonebed composed of Styracosaurus remains is known from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta , about halfway up the formation . This bonebed is associated with different types of river deposits . The mass deaths may have been a result of otherwise non @-@ herding animals congregating around a waterhole in a period of drought , with evidence suggesting the environment may have been seasonal and semiarid . Styracosaurus is known from a higher position in the formation ( relating specifically to its own genus ) than the closely related Centrosaurus , suggesting that Styracosaurus displaced Centrosaurus as the environment changed over time and / or dimension .
Paleontologists Gregory Paul and Per Christiansen of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark proposed that large ceratopsians such as Styracosaurus were able to run faster than an elephant , based on possible ceratopsian trackways which did not exhibit signs of sprawling forelimbs .
= = = Dentition and diet = = =
Styracosaurs were herbivorous dinosaurs ; they probably fed mostly on low growth because of the position of the head . They may , however , have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns , beak , and bulk . The jaws were tipped with a deep , narrow beak , believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting .
Ceratopsid teeth , including those of Styracosaurus , were arranged in groups called batteries . Older teeth on top were continually replaced by the teeth underneath them . Unlike hadrosaurids , which also had dental batteries , ceratopsid teeth sliced but did not grind . Some scientists have suggested that ceratopsids like Styracosaurus ate palms and cycads , while others have suggested ferns . Dodson has proposed that Late Cretaceous ceratopsians may have knocked down angiosperm trees and then sheared off leaves and twigs .
= = = Horns and frill = = =
The large nasal horns and frills of Styracosaurus are among the most distinctive facial adornments of all dinosaurs . Their function has been the subject of debate since the first horned dinosaurs were discovered .
Early in the 20th century , paleontologist R. S. Lull proposed that the frills of ceratopsian dinosaurs acted as anchor points for their jaw muscles . He later noted that for Styracosaurus , the spikes would have given it a formidable appearance . In 1996 , Dodson supported the idea of muscle attachments in part and created detailed diagrams of possible muscle attachments in the frills of Styracosaurus and Chasmosaurus , but did not subscribe to the idea that they completely filled in the fenestrae . C.A. Forster , however , found no evidence of large muscle attachments on the frill bones .
It was long believed that ceratopsians like Styracosaurus used their frills and horns in defence against the large predatory dinosaurs of the time . Although pitting , holes , lesions , and other damage on ceratopsid skulls are often attributed to horn damage in combat , a 2006 study found no evidence for horn thrust injuries causing these forms of damage ( for example , there is no evidence of infection or healing ) . Instead , non @-@ pathological bone resorption , or unknown bone diseases , are suggested as causes .
However , a newer study compared incidence rates of skull lesions in Triceratops and Centrosaurus and showed that these were consistent with Triceratops using its horns in combat and the frill being adapted as a protective structure , while lower pathology rates in Centrosaurus may indicate visual rather than physical use of cranial ornamentation , or a form of combat focused on the body rather than the head ; as Centrosaurus was more closely related to Styracosaurus and both genera had long nasal horns , the results for this genus would be more applicable for Styracosaurus . The researchers also concluded that the damage found on the specimens in the study was often too localized to be caused by bone disease .
The large frill on Styracosaurus and related genera also may have helped to increase body area to regulate body temperature , like the ears of the modern elephant . A similar theory has been proposed regarding the plates of Stegosaurus , although this use alone would not account for the bizarre and extravagant variation seen in different members of the Ceratopsidae . This observation is highly suggestive of what is now believed to be the primary function , display .
The theory of frill use in sexual display was first proposed in 1961 by Davitashvili . This theory has gained increasing acceptance . Evidence that visual display was important , either in courtship or in other social behavior , can be seen in the fact that horned dinosaurs differ markedly in their adornments , making each species highly distinctive . Also , modern living creatures with such displays of horns and adornments use them in similar behavior .
= = Paleoecology = =
Styracosaurus is known from the Dinosaur Park Formation , and was a member of a diverse and well @-@ documented fauna of prehistoric animals that included horned relatives such as Centrosaurus and Chasmosaurus , duckbills such as Prosaurolophus , Lambeosaurus , Gryposaurus , Corythosaurus , and Parasaurolophus , tyrannosaurids Gorgosaurus , Daspletosaurus , and armored Edmontonia and Euoplocephalus .
The Dinosaur Park Formation is interpreted as a low @-@ relief setting of rivers and floodplains that became more swampy and influenced by marine conditions over time as the Western Interior Seaway transgressed westward . The climate was warmer than present @-@ day Alberta , without frost , but with wetter and drier seasons . Conifers were apparently the dominant canopy plants , with an understory of ferns , tree ferns , and angiosperms .
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= LOL Smiley Face =
" LOL Smiley Face " ( styled as " LOL : - ) " ) is a song by American recording artist Trey Songz . It features rappers Gucci Mane and Soulja Boy Tellem . The three co @-@ wrote the song with producers Troy Taylor and Tony Scales . The song serves as the second single from Songz ' third studio album , Ready . " LOL Smiley Face " is an R & B song featuring bouncy , poppy synths , and lyrically refers to sexting and other electronic multimedia messaging . The song was released as the second single from Songz 's third album Ready on August 24 , 2009 .
The song received generally positive reviews from critics , who noted its catchy melody . The song peaked at number fifty @-@ nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and number twelve on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . Rather than releasing a traditional music video , a montage of fans singing and dancing to the track was released .
= = Background = =
The song was recorded in Atlanta , Georgia , at three different studios , Doppler Studios , Patchwerk Studios and D2 Music Studios . " LOL " was written by its performers , Trey Songz , Gucci Mane and Soulja Boy , and its producers , Troy Taylor and Tony Scales also contributed to the writing process . Taylor recorded the track while Jean Marie Horvat mixed the song .
When speaking on the conceptual basis of Ready , Songz said , " You think about a record like ' LOL Smiley Face , ' it 's something real simple , but when you look at the title or listen to the record , you 're like , ' Wow . ' That 's something great from a songwriter 's perspective . I 'm just trying to make hits and classic records that people can vibe to and live their life . " In an interview with BallerStatus , Songz commented on his thoughts of making a remix of the song , stating , " I think there 's going to be a remix for that song , because a lot of people dig it . A lot of people have hit me up actually about it . That song is blowing up real fast man . " He also stated the possibility of American rapper Nicki Minaj appearing on a remix , saying , " She wanted to do more of a commercial record , a cuter sex record . ' LOL ' was actually already done , but when she heard it , she hit me up , and said ' I love that song . You 're a punk for not putting me on it . ' She 'll definitely be on the remix . " However no remix was seen to be in the works nor did it come to fruition .
= = Composition = =
The song is derived from R & B , pop and hip hop music . It is backed with heavy percussion and smooth vocals . According to Andrew Rennie of NOW , the song , along with " Neighbors Know My Name " , continues Songz 's usage of his hook @-@ heavy and playful style . Ajitpaul Mangat of Tiny Mix Tapes called the chorus " ringtone ready . " The song is lyrically about sexting , as verses talk about tales of " wired romance . " Its lyrics contain references to Twitter , TwitPic , MySpace , and BlackBerry , and Soulja Boy 's line contains a reference to his song " Kiss Me Thru the Phone . " According to Mark Edward Nero of About.com , the song is aimed at teenage girls . Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe said that Ready was built about the " popping tracks " of " LOL Smiley Face " and " Say Aah " .
= = Critical reception = =
Although Mark Edward Nero of About.com called the song " gimmicky " , he said it was " catchy " and " addictive " , commenting that the song " actually deserves creativity points : it 's a silly , lighthearted song that 's not meant to be taken seriously . " Tyler Lewis of PopMatters called the song silly , and in an album review , commented , " The less said about “ LOL : ) ” , the better " , calling the listening experience " frustrating . " Ajitpaul Mangat of Tiny Mix Tapes said that in the song , " we have a genuinely novel pop music moment : a booty call ( an R & B staple ) that only this generation can relate to . " Mangat also commended the song 's beat , chorus , and Soulja Boy 's cameo , commenting , " In the end , it is all somehow apropos . " Chris Ryan of MTV Buzzworthy said the song had an " irrefutably catchy melody " , and complimented the song because of the appearance of Gucci Mane and Soulja Boy , stating , " it 's incredibly playful , as any song about texting should be . " Melanie Fried of Billboard called " LOL Smiley Face " " the most absurdly appealing , tech @-@ savvy song of the year to date " , commenting " Anyone younger than 15 is already texting their friends about their new favorite song . "
= = Chart performance = =
On the week ending September 19 , 2009 , " LOL " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number fifty @-@ one , the second highest debut of the week behind Breaking Benjamin 's " I Will Not Bow " . The song peaked at its entry position , remaining on the chart for eight weeks . At the time " LOL " was Songz 's second biggest hit overall , only behind his breakthrough single " Can 't Help but Wait . " On the week labeled October 10 , 2009 , the song peaked at number twelve on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , as Songz 's seventh overall and fifth top twenty entry on the chart .
= = Performance and music video = =
Songz and Drake performed the song on music video show 106 & Park on September 2 , 2009 as a part of a medley with " I Need a Girl " and " Successful . " Instead of releasing a typical video for the song , the accompanying clip features fans singing and dancing along to the clip , as well as tweeting and texting the title . The video was released online on November 25 , 2009 .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting - Trey Songz , Gucci Mane , Soulja Boy , Tony Scales , Troy Taylor
Production - Troy Taylor , Tony Scales
Recording - Troy Taylor
Mixing - Jean Marie Horvat
Source
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= River Brue =
The River Brue originates in the parish of Brewham in Somerset , England , and reaches the sea some 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) west at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea . It originally took a different route from Glastonbury to the sea , but this was changed by Glastonbury Abbey in the twelfth century . The river provides an important drainage route for water from a low @-@ lying area which is prone to flooding which man has tried to manage through rhynes , canals , artificial rivers and sluices for centuries .
The Brue Valley Living Landscape is an ecological conservation project based on the Somerset Levels and Moors and managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust . The valley includes several Sites of Special Scientific Interest including Westhay Moor , Shapwick Heath and Shapwick Moor . Much of the area has been at the centre of peat extraction on the Somerset Levels . The Brue Valley Living Landscape project commenced in January 2009 to restore and reconnect habitat that will support wildlife . The aim is to be able to sustain itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably . It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK .
= = Course = =
The River Brue originates in hills to the southwest of the catchment area , close to the border with Dorset . The same hills are the locale of the sources of the River Wylye and the Dorset Stour which flow south to the English Channel . It descends quickly in a narrow valley to a point just beyond Bruton where it is joined by the River Pitt . Here it takes a meandering route through a broad , flat @-@ bottomed valley between Castle Cary and Alhampton . By the time it reaches Baltonsborough it is only some 10 metres ( 33 ft ) above sea level and the surrounding countryside is drained into it by way of numerous rhynes . It passes Glastonbury , where it acts as a natural boundary with nearby village of Street , before flowing in a largely artificial channel across the Somerset Levels and into the River Parrett at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea . It is joined by the North Drain , White 's River ( which takes the water of the River Sheppey , Cripps River ( an artificial channel that connects it to the River Huntspill ) and many drainage rhynes ) . It is connect to the River Axe through several of these channels which are controlled by sluices . It is tidal below the sluices at New Clyce Bridge in Highbridge .
Bow Bridge is a 15th @-@ century Packhorse bridge over the River Brue in Plox , Bruton . It is a Grade I listed building , and scheduled monument . The bridge may have been built as a link between the former Bruton Abbey , and its Court House in the High Street . The bridge was restored after floods in 1982 .
The River Brue has a long history of flooding . Its lower reaches are close to sea @-@ level , and the river above Bruton drains an area of 31 square kilometres ( 12 sq mi ) into a steep and narrow valley . In 1984 a protective dam was built 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) upstream from the town .
The valley includes several Sites of Special Scientific Interest including Westhay Moor , Shapwick Heath and Shapwick Moor . Much of the area has been at the centre of peat extraction on the Somerset Levels . Large areas of peat were laid down on the Somerset Levels , particularly in the River Brue Valley , during the Quaternary period after the ice sheets melted . The extraction of peat from the Moors is known to have taken place during Roman times , and has been carried out since the Levels were first drained . Peat extraction on the Somerset Moors continues today , although much reduced .
= = History = =
The area is known to have been occupied since the Neolithic when people exploited the reedswamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways such as the Sweet and Post Tracks . The Sweet Track , named after the peat digger who discovered it in 1970 and dating from the 3800s BC , is the world 's oldest timber trackway , once thought to be the world 's oldest engineered roadway . The track was built between what was in the early 4th millennium BC an island at Westhay and a ridge of high ground at Shapwick , close to the River Brue . The remains of similar tracks have been uncovered nearby , connecting settlements on the peat bog including the Honeygore , Abbotts Way , Bells , Bakers , Westhay and Nidons trackways .
The Levels contain the best @-@ preserved prehistoric village in the UK , Glastonbury Lake Village , as well as two others at Meare Lake Village . Discovered in 1892 by Arthur Bulleid , it was inhabited by about 200 people living in 14 roundhouses , and was built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood , bracken , rubble and clay .
The valley was used during Romano @-@ British period when it was the site of salt extraction . At the time of King Arthur the Brue formed a lake just south of the hilly ground on which Glastonbury stands . According to legend this lake is one of the locations suggested by Arthurian legend as the home of the Lady of the Lake . Pomparles Bridge stood at the western end of this lake , guarding Glastonbury from the south , and it is suggested that it was here that Sir Bedivere threw Excalibur into the waters after King Arthur fell at the Battle of Camlann . John Leland noted in the 16th century that the bridge had four arches , while W. Phelps in an 1839 illustration as having only two arches , one pointed , probably from the 14th or 15th century , and the other round . Excavations in 1912 found the remains of a second round arch regarded as 12th century work . The current concrete arch bridge was built in 1911 and extended in 1972 . It carries the A39 road over the Brue .
= = = Alteration of route = = =
Before the 13th century the direct route to the sea at Highbridge was blocked by gravel banks and peat near Westhay . The course of the river partially encircled Glastonbury from the south , around the western side ( through Beckery ) , and then north through the Panborough @-@ Bleadney gap in the Wedmore @-@ Wookey Hills , to join the River Axe just north of Bleadney . This route made it difficult for the officials of Glastonbury Abbey to transport produce from their outlying estates to the Abbey , and when the valley of the river Axe was in flood it backed up to flood Glastonbury itself . Sometime between 1230 and 1250 a new channel was constructed westwards into Meare Pool north of Meare , and further westwards to Mark Moor . It then divided into two channels , one the Pilrow cut flowing north through Mark to join the Axe near Edingworth , and the other directly west to the sea at Highbridge . During monastic times , there were several fish weirs along the lower reaches of the river . They used either nets or baskets , the fishing rights belonging to the Bishop of Bath and Wells and the Abbot of Glastonbury .
= = = Drainage improvements = = =
Between 1774 and 1797 a series of enclosures took place in the Brue valley between the Poldens and Wedmore . In 1794 the annual floods filled the whole of the Brue valley . Work by the Commissioners of Sewers led to the 1801 Brue Drainage Act which enabled sections at Highbridge and Cripp 's Bridge to be straightened , and new feeder channels such as the North and South Drains to be constructed . In 1803 the clyse at Highbridge , which had been built before 1485 , was replaced and moved further downstream .
The area around Bruton has suffered over the centuries . The earliest recorded damage was in 1768 when a stone bridge was destroyed after the river rose very rapidly . On 28 June 1917 , 242 @.@ 8 millimetres ( 9 @.@ 56 in ) of rain fell in 24 hours at Bruton , leaving a water mark on one pub 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) above the normal level of the river . In 1982 extensive flooding occurred in the town , and as a result in 1984 a protective dam was built 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) upstream from the town .
= = = 19th , 20th and 21st centuries = = =
The mouth of the River Brue had an extensive harbour in Roman and Saxon times , before silting up in the medieval period . It was used again as a small harbour in the 17th and 18th centuries , and in 1833 the port of Highbridge was formally opened on the river . A new wharf , known as Clyce Wharf , was built on the Huntspill side of the river mouth by 1904 , and was used for the import of coal and the export of bricks and tiles and agricultural products . The port closed in 1949 .
Both Galton 's Canal and Brown 's Canal , which were built in the early 19th century , were connected to the river . The Glastonbury Canal used the course of the River Brue from Highbridge to Cripp 's Bridge , and part of the South Drain to Ashcott Corner . The Glastonbury Canal ran for just over 14 miles ( 23 km ) through two locks from Glastonbury to Highbridge , where it entered the River Parrett and from there the Bristol Channel . The canal was authorised by Parliament in 1827 and opened in 1834 . It was operated by The Glastonbury Navigation & Canal Company . Most of it was abandoned as a navigation in 1854 , when a railway was built along the towpath .
During the Second World War the Brue was incorporated into GHQ Line and many pillboxes were constructed along the river . Gants Mill at Pitcombe , near Bruton , is a watermill which is still used to mill cattle feed . A 12 kilowatts ( 16 hp ) hydroelectric turbine was recently installed at the site . There has been a mill here since the 13th century , but the current building was built in 1810 .
Following summer floods of 1997 and the prolonged flooding of 1999 – 2000 the Parrett Catchment Project was formed , partly funded by the European Union Regional Development Fund , by 30 organisations , including British Waterways , Campaign to Protect Rural England , Countryside Agency , Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , Environment Agency , Kings Sedgemoor and Cary Vale Internal Drainage Board ( now part of Parrett Internal Drainage Board ) , Levels and Moors Partnership , National Farmers Union , Sedgemoor , Somerset County Council , South Somerset District Council , Taunton Deane and Wessex Water . They aim to tackle twelve areas , which , when combined , will make a significant contribution to reducing the adverse effects of flooding . These include the conversion of arable land , adoption of the Sustainable Drainage Systems ( SuDS ) approach to controlling rainwater runoff from developed areas , dredging , raising riverbanks and improving pumping facilities . Further studies of the possible beneficial effects of woodland in reducing flooding have also been undertaken .
During the winter flooding of 2013 – 14 on the Somerset Levels the River Brue overflowed at new year , during the rain and storms from Storm Dirk , with many residents asking for the Environment Agency to resume river dredging . On 24 January 2014 , in light of the continued flooded extent of the Somerset Moors and forecast new rainfall as part of the winter storms of 2013 – 14 in the United Kingdom , both Somerset County Council and Sedgemoor District Council declared a major incident , as defined under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 . At this time , with 17 @,@ 000 acres ( 6 @,@ 900 ha ) of agricultural land having been under water for over a month , the village of Thorney was abandoned and Muchelney was cut off by flood waters for almost a month . Northmoor Green , which is more commonly known as Moorland , was also severely affected . By the end of January , 17 @,@ 000 acres ( 6 @,@ 900 ha ) of agricultural land , including North Moor , Curry and Hay Moors and Greylake , had been under water for over a month . Bridgwater was partly flooded on 10 February 2014 , when with 20 @,@ 000 sandbags ready to be deployed . Over 600 houses were flooded , and both flooding and groundwater disrupted services including trains on the Bristol to Exeter Line between Bridgwater and Taunton . Further preventative work under the title of the " Brue Catchment River Maintenance Pilot Project " has led to controversy about the need for dredging and maintenance of the river .
= = Hydrology and water quality = =
At Bruton Dam , the nearest measuring station to the source of the river , the normal level of the river is between 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 ft 0 in ) and 2 @.@ 08 metres ( 6 ft 10 in ) with the highest level ever recorded being 10 @.@ 7 metres ( 35 ft ) in 2007 . Within the town of Bruton at Bruton Surgery the normal level is between 0 @.@ 17 metres ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) and 0 @.@ 69 metres ( 2 ft 3 in ) . Further downstream at Lovington the normal level is between 0 @.@ 08 metres ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) and 0 @.@ 56 metres ( 1 ft 10 in ) . The furthest downstream monitoring station at Clyse Hole near Street records a normal range of 0 @.@ 15 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) and 0 @.@ 49 metres ( 1 ft 7 in ) .
For the purposes of monitoring of water quality the Brue and Axe are considered together . In 2013 19 water bodies within the area were considered to have moderate water quality with two being poor and four good quality . Agriculture and rural land management is the largest factor affecting water quality followed by the water industry . Transport , industry and manufacturing also have an effect .
= = Ecology = =
The Brue Valley Living Landscape is a UK conservation project managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust . The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore habitat . It aims to help wildlife sustain itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably . It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK .
The project covers an area of approximately 12 @,@ 500 hectares ( 31 @,@ 000 acres ) encompassing the floodplain of the River Brue from a little east of Glastonbury to beyond the Catcott , Edington and Chilton Moors SSSI in the west . Almost a quarter of the project area is designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar site . The project area accounts for almost half of the Somerset Levels and Moors Special Protection Area . The area includes land already managed for conservation by organisations including Somerset Wildlife Trust , Natural England , the Hawk and Owl Trust and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . These include Shapwick Heath national nature reserve , Westhay Moor , Catcott Lows National Nature Reserve , Ham Wall and Shapwick Moor . There are 25 scheduled monuments and 746 Historic Environment Records in the project area including internationally important sites such at the Glastonbury Lake Village and Sweet Track . Research on the Somerset Levels and Moors has been crucial to the understanding of the natural and human history of wetlands . The project is based solely on the peat @-@ based soils of the Somerset Moors . It does not extend on to the marine clay soils of the more westerly Levels .
The project has set out their major objectives . These include mapping and research on the Brue Valley , engagement with local government , farmers , the conservation sector and other interest community members , to produce a shared local vision . It is hoped to create larger and better connected patches of important habitats , in a way which also benefits the local economy and rural society . The project has received funding from the European Regional Development Fund ( via the WAVE project ) , Natural England 's Wetland Vision and the Viridor Credits scheme .
One of the project 's goals is to protect , restore and create areas of reedbed , grazing marsh , fen , raised bog , lowland meadow , purple moor grass and rush pastures and wet woodland . Species of conservation concern ( UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species ) that are likely to benefit from this project include plants such as : Divided sedge ( Carex divisa ) , English sticky eyebright ( Euphrasia anglica ) , Greater water parsnip ( Sium latifolium ) , Lesser butterfly orchid ( Platanthera bifolia ) , Marsh stitchwort ( Stellaria palustris ) and Tubular water dropwort ( Oenanthe fistulosa ) . The flora provides a habitat for several species of invertebrates . These include moths such as the Argent and sable moth ( Rheumaptera hastata ) , Narrow bordered bee hawk @-@ moth ( Hemaris tityus ) and Narrow bordered bee hawk @-@ moth ( Hemaris tityus ) . While butterfly species include the Small heath ( Coenonympha pamphilus ) , Pearl @-@ bordered fritillary ( Boloria euphrosyne ) and Small pearl @-@ bordered fritillary ( Boloria selene ) . Beetles found in the valley include the Lesser silver water beetle ( Hydrochara caraboides ) and One @-@ grooved diving beetle ( Bidessus unistriatus ) . There are also Shining ram 's @-@ horn snails ( Segmentina nitida ) and Shrill carder bees ( Bombus sylvarum ) .
The River Brue and its tributaries support a population of European eels ( Anguilla anguilla ) . Reptiles found include the European adder ( Vipera berus ) and Grass snake ( Natrix natrix ) . Multiple bird species include Bewick 's swan ( Cygnus columbianus bewickii ) , Eurasian bittern ( Botaurus stellaris ) , Eurasian bullfinch ( Pyrrhula pyrrhula ) , * Eurasian wigeon ( Anas penelope ) , European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) , Gadwall ( Anas strepera ) , Grasshopper warbler ( Locustella naevia ) , Hen harrier ( Circus cyaneus ) , House sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) , Linnet ( Carduelis cannabina ) , Marsh harrier ( Circus aeruginosus ) , Marsh tit ( Poecile palustris ) , Merlin ( Falco columbarius ) , Northern lapwing ( Vanellus vanellus ) , Peregrine ( Falco peregrinus ) , Reed bunting ( Emberiza schoeniclus ) , Short @-@ eared owl ( Asio flammeus ) , Skylark ( Alauda arvensis ) , Song thrush ( Turdus philomelos ) , Teal ( Anas cracca ) , Willow tit ( Poecile montanus ) and Yellowhammer ( Emberiza citrinella ) .
Mammalian species of interest include the Brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ) , Eurasian harvest mouse ( Micromys minutus ) , European otter ( Lutra lutra ) and Water vole ( Arvicola terrestris ) .
= = Recreation = =
Anglers will find pike in excess of 20 pounds ( 9 @.@ 1 kg ) , with good stocks of chub , dace , roach , bream , tench , perch , rudd , and gudgeon . There are trout in the upper reaches . There are several access points along the river suitable for canoeing , and the river has been paddled as far up as Bruton , but above West Lydford only after recent rain . There are public footpaths alongside many stretches of the river .
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= Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum =
The Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum of Steam Power and Land Drainage is a small industrial heritage museum dedicated to steam powered machinery at Westonzoyland in the English county of Somerset . It is a Grade II * listed building .
The museum is housed in a 1830 brick @-@ built pumping station which was the first of several similar pumping stations to be built on the Somerset Levels which are prone to flooding . The main attraction is the 1861 Easton and Amos steam engine and pump , the only one still in its original location and in working order . The museum , which is run by a charity , also restores and displays a number of other steam engines and pumps . The steam for the moving exhibits is provided by a Marshall portable boiler . The Westonzoyland Light Railway , a short 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow @-@ gauge railway runs the length of the site and is used to carry wood for the boiler .
= = History = =
The Somerset Moors and Levels , formed from a submerged and reclaimed landscape , consist of a coastal clay belt only slightly above mean sea level , with an inland peat belt at a lower level behind it . Early attempts to control the water levels were possibly made by the Romans ( although records only date from the 13th century ) , but were not widespread . The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded that drainage of the higher grounds was under way . In the Middle Ages , the monasteries of Glastonbury , Athelney and Muchelney were responsible for much of the drainage . Efforts to control flooding on the Parrett were recorded around 1129 . In 1234 , 722 acres ( 2 @.@ 9 km2 ) were reclaimed near Westonzoyland and , from the accounts in Glastonbury Abbey 's rent books , this had increased to 972 acres ( 393 ha ) by 1240 . Flooding of adjacent moor land was partially addressed during the 13th century by the construction of a number of embankment walls to contain the Parrett . They included Southlake Wall , Burrow Wall and Lake Wall . The River Tone was diverted by the Abbot of Athelney and other land owners into a new embanked channel , joining the Parrett upstream from its original confluence .
In 1500 , there was 70 @,@ 000 acres ( 283 km2 ) of floodable land of which only 20 @,@ 000 acres ( 81 km2 ) had been reclaimed . In 1597 , 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of land were recovered near the Parrett estuary ; a few years later , 140 acres ( 57 ha ) near Pawlett were recovered by means of embankments ; and three further reclamations , totalling 110 acres ( 45 ha ) , had been undertaken downstream of Bridgwater by 1660 . In the early 17th century , during the time of King James I , abortive plans were made to drain and enclose much of Sedgemoor , which the local Lords supported but opposed by the Commoners who would have lost grazing rights . In 1632 , Charles I sold the Crown 's interest in the scheme , and it was taken over by a consortium that included Sir Cornelius Vermuyden , a Dutch drainage engineer . However , the work was delayed by the English Civil War and later defeated in Parliament after local opposition . In 1638 , it was reported that nearly 2 @,@ 600 acres ( 11 km2 ) of Tealham and Tadham Moors were not reclaimed , with a total of 30 @,@ 500 acres ( 123 @.@ 43 km2 ) being undrained . Between 1785 and 1791 , much of the lowest part of the peat moors was enclosed . In 1795 , John Billingsley advocated enclosure and the digging of rhynes ( a local name for drainage channels , pronounced " reens " in the east and rhyne to the west ) between plots , and wrote in his Agriculture of the County of Somerset that 4 @,@ 400 acres ( 18 km2 ) had been enclosed in the last 20 years in Wedmore and Meare , 350 acres ( 1 @.@ 4 km2 ) at Nyland , 900 acres ( 3 @.@ 64 km2 ) at Blackford , 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 km2 ) at Mark , 100 acres ( 0 @.@ 4 km2 ) in Shapwick and 1 @,@ 700 acres ( 7 km2 ) at Westhay . Little attempt was made during the 17th and 18th centuries to pump water , possibly because the coal @-@ driven Newcomen steam engines would have been uneconomical . It is unclear why windmills were not employed , as they were on the Fens of East Anglia , but only two examples have been recorded on the Levels : one at Bleadon at the mouth of the River Axe , where a sea wall had been built , and the other at Common Moor north of Glastonbury , which was being drained following a private Act of Parliament in 1721 .
The first mechanical pumping station on the Somerset Levels was built in 1830 to drain the area around Westonzoyland , Middlezoy and Othery . The success of the drainage system led to the formation of other drainage boards and the construction of other pumping stations . The pump at Westonzoyland originally comprised a beam engine and scoop wheel ( like a water wheel running backwards ) but , after 25 years , there were problems pumping the water away because the land had dropped as it dried out despite the wheel being raised 15 inches ( 380 mm ) in 1843 . A better method was sought , and in 1861 the present Easton and Amos pump was installed . The Westonzoyland pump lifts water from the rhyne ( pronounced ' reen ' ) into the River Parrett . The pump operated until 1951 , by which time the local drainage system had been linked into King 's Sedgemoor Drain , which discharged further down the River Parrett ; the water levels dropped and the pump was unable to draw the water from the rhyne . Additionally , the Parrett riverbank has now been raised by some 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) in the vicinity of the pumping station and the opening to the river , from the base of the pump @-@ well , is now bricked up . In 1951 a diesel pump , with a capacity of 50 tons per minute , was installed by the Environment Agency in an adjacent building meaning that the steam pump was no longer needed .
The station itself is a Flemish bond brick @-@ built property with a slate hipped roof and chimney rising to 71 feet ( 22 m ) in height . A cottage section was added alongside it in the 1860s , to provide accommodation for the station @-@ keeper . Originally given a Grade II listing , the property was upgraded to Grade II * by English Heritage since it is now the only surviving station that still houses a functioning engine . Beside the cottage is a long single @-@ storey building that houses a 1914 Lancashire boiler ; this was used to provide steam . Next to it is a forge , where the keeper would have made a number of his own tools . The boiler required constant running and thus consumed a good deal of coal .
= = = Restoration = = =
In 1976 , members of the Somerset Industrial Archaeology Society began restoration of the site . The Westonzoyland Engine Trust achieved charitable status in 1980 and in 1990 bought the site from the owners , Wessex Water . The structure of the engine house has been stabilised and the pump house and chimney rebuilt . A new exhibition hall has also been built .
Up until early 2010 , the keeper 's cottage had been off @-@ limits to visitors . Two of the ground @-@ floor rooms have now been opened : the living @-@ room is furnished in a 1930s / 40s style , while the old kitchen area currently holds a couple of display cases , with a view to showing hitherto unseen artefacts from the museum 's collection of smaller items . The upper floors remain closed to visitors .
= = Museum = =
At the western end of the site is the pump house . It houses the 1861 engine which was built by Easton and Amos of London , to a design patented in 1858 by Charles Amos . It is a twin @-@ cylinder , vertical condensing engine , driving a centrifugal pump developed by John Appold . A similar engine was on display at The Great Exhibition of 1851 and was shown to be able to lift 100 tons of water per minute , to a height of 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) . The engine was originally powered by Cornish boilers , but these were replaced in with 1914 Lancashire boiler , with two fire tubes , made by Fred Danks . The boiler is beyond economic restoration .
In addition to the Easton and Amos pump , a collection of steam and diesel engines with connections either to the area or to pumping have been assembled on site and regular steam days are held . The oldest item dates from the early 19th century , through to several Victorian engines and onward to the 20th century . These are housed in several different buildings and areas : the exhibition hall , the courtyard , the " wiggly shed " , the pump room and the engine house itself . Most of the machines are in running order , although some are still awaiting restoration .
Steam is provided by an elderly Marshall portable boiler – essentially a portable engine without the actual engine . It was built in Gainsborough , Lincolnshire in 1938 before being used by Thames Water as a stand by steam generator . It was given to Kew Bridge Steam Museum ( now the London Museum of Water & Steam ) before being passed on to the Westonzoyland Museum and then restored with a grant from the Preservation of Industrial and Scientific Materials Foundation ( PRISM ) . The boiler provides steam at 50 Pounds per square inch ( psi ) to the other exhibits . It has been fitted with two whistles , one from Wattstown and the other from Ty Mawr Collieries in Wales , both of which were donated by the National Coal Board . Along with the boiler in the outdoor courtyard area are a waterwheel pump unit built by G. H. Harris of Wadebridge , a Lee Howl pump and Lister deep well pump .
Engines by a range of other manufacturers are on display . These include ' quick revolution ' engines by Belliss and Morcom , Robey & Co . , Easton and Johnson and Sissons . There are horizontal engines by W. and F. Wills and by J. Culverwell , of Bridgwater . The Culverwell machine is a horizontal single cylinder steam engine originally used in Holt 's Brewery at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea , while the Wills engine was used in a brickworks .
Additional exhibits include two small de Laval steam turbines by Greenwood & Batley , and a small ' Wessex ' steam turbine milk bottle washer . A winch used to move railway wagons at Hemyock Dairy near Wellington was built by J. Lynn of Sunderland . There is a runnable Crossley diesel engine dating from 1935 . There is a Spirax Sarco ' Ogden pump ' used to pump condensate from steam lines . The collection includes the boiler which powered the Telescopic Bridge , Bridgwater .
Westonzoyland Light Railway is a short 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow @-@ gauge railway running alongside the pumping station . It was constructed after the closure of the pumping station to move heavy machinery around the site and is used to transport timber from the wood pile to the boiler . The engines used are a Simplex diesel locomotive , built in 1968 , which was previously at the Minworth Sewage Treatment Works in Sutton Coldfield and a 1949 Lister rail @-@ truck previously used by the Eclipse Peat Company at Ashcott . A steam winch built by John Lynch of Sunderland is used to move one of the truck up an inclined place to demonstrate how this would have been done in goods yards and docks .
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= Delaware Route 24 =
Delaware Route 24 ( DE 24 ) is a state highway located in Sussex County , Delaware . The route runs east from Maryland Route 348 ( MD 348 ) at the Maryland border east of Sharptown , Maryland to an intersection with DE 1 in Midway , between Lewes and Rehoboth Beach . Along the way , DE 24 passes through Laurel , Millsboro , and Long Neck . DE 24 intersects U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) in Laurel , US 113 / DE 20 in Millsboro , and DE 5 and DE 23 in Long Neck . The road runs concurrent with DE 30 between Mission and Millsboro . DE 24 features an alternate alignment , DE 24 Alternate ( DE 24 Alt . ) , that runs to the north of the route from US 113 in Stockley to DE 24 near Midway . DE 24 was built as a state highway throughout the 1920s , with completion of the entire route by 1931 . DE 24 was assigned onto its current alignment by 1936 . DE 24 Alt. was designated by 2006 .
= = Route description = =
DE 24 begins at the Maryland border , where it continues west into that state as MD 348 . From the state line the route heads east on two @-@ lane undivided Sharptown Road . The road heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes , curving to the northeast . DE 24 runs to the south of Laurel Airport and enters the town of Laurel , passing homes . Following this , the route turns north onto West Street . DE 24 curves east and becomes West Market Street , crossing Norfolk Southern 's Delmarva Secondary railroad line as it continues into the downtown of Laurel . At the Central Avenue intersection , the route becomes East Market Street and runs southeast , bending east onto East 4th Street and heading through areas of homes to the south of Records Pond . At the eastern edge of Laurel , DE 24 comes to an intersection with US 13 .
Past Laurel , DE 24 heads east on Laurel Road through farmland with some woodland and homes . The route then passes to the north of Trap Pond State Park . The road continues east through a mix of farms and woods with occasional residences , reaching an intersection with DE 30 in Mission . Here , DE 24 turns north to form a concurrency with DE 30 on Millsboro Highway , with the road running northeast . Farther along , residential development increases as the road crosses into Millsboro . At this point the road name becomes Laurel Road as it passes homes and reaches an intersection with US 113 / DE 20 . Past this intersection , DE 24 / DE 30 turns north @-@ northeast on Washington Street . The two routes split into a one @-@ way pair following Main Street northbound and Washington Street southbound , crossing Norfolk Southern 's Indian River Secondary railroad line . The one @-@ way pair heads through the downtown area of Millsboro , rejoining along two @-@ way Main Street and crossing Indian River to the east of Millsboro Pond . A short distance later , DE 24 and DE 30 split at an intersection .
Upon splitting from DE 30 , DE 24 heads northeast on John J. Williams Highway , soon curving to the east . The road passes through farmland with some woods and homes and bends to the northeast , coming to an intersection with DE 5 near Oak Orchard . At this point DE 5 turns northeast to form a concurrency with DE 24 . The road heads north through residential and commercial development with some fields as it enters the Long Neck area , where it intersects DE 23 . Here , DE 5 splits from DE 24 by turning northwest onto DE 23 , and DE 24 continues north through a mix of farms , woods , and residential neighborhoods . The road runs through Angola and curves to the northeast , crossing Love Creek . The route continues northeast and intersects DE 1D / DE 24 Alt . Here , DE 1D turns northeast to join DE 24 and the two routes pass homes and businesses as a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane . DE 24 / DE 1D becomes a four @-@ lane undivided road as it comes to its end at an intersection with DE 1 in Midway .
DE 24 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 20 @,@ 273 vehicles at the northern edge of Millsboro to a low of 1 @,@ 386 vehicles at the intersection with Mt . Pleasant Road west of Laurel . None of DE 24 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
By 1920 what is now DE 24 existed as a state highway between Mission and Phillips Hill , with the remainder of the route existing as an unimproved county road . At this time the road was under contract as a state highway between Laurel and Pepper and from Phillips Hill to east of Millsboro . The sections under contract were completed by 1924 and the remainder of present @-@ day DE 24 was proposed as a state highway a year later . Completion of these final segments occurred by 1931 . DE 24 was assigned to its current alignment between the Maryland border west of Laurel and DE 14 ( now DE 1 ) in Midway by 1936 . In 1940 , a new bridge was built over Love Creek as part of improving the route east of Millsboro for traffic heading to the beaches in the summer . DE 24 has remained on the same alignment since its inception .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Sussex County .
= = Bannered routes = =
Delaware Route 24 Alternate ( DE 24 Alt . ) is an alternate route of DE 24 between US 113 in Stockley and DE 24 in Midway . The route heads east from US 113 on two @-@ lane undivided Speedway Road , passing to the north of Georgetown Speedway . DE 24 Alt. then heads southeast onto Zoar Road , passing through agricultural areas with some woods and homes and crossing Norfolk Southern 's Indian River Secondary railroad line . The road continues east through more areas of farms , woods , and residences , turning north and east before crossing DE 30 in Zoar . The route heads east @-@ northeast through more rural areas , turning north onto Hollyville Road . DE 24 Alt. turns northeast and comes to a junction with DE 5 in Hollyville . The road continues east and intersects DE 23 in Hollymount . Here , DE 24 Alt. turns north to join DE 23 on Beaver Dam Road and the two routes continue through agricultural and wooded areas with residential developments , curving to the northeast . In Five Points the road intersects DE 1D , with DE 23 turning to the north and DE 24 Alt. continuing northeast along with DE 1D on Plantation Road . The two routes curve southeast immediately to the south of the intersection between US 9 / DE 404 and DE 1 and head through a mix of farmland and residential development . Finally , the road reaches an intersection with DE 24 where DE 24 Alt. ends and DE 1D turns northeast to join DE 24 . DE 24 Alt. was designated by 2006 .
Major intersections
The entire route is in Sussex County .
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= Ronnie Barker =
Ronald William George " Ronnie " Barker , OBE ( 25 September 1929 – 3 October 2005 ) was an English actor , comedian and writer . He was known for roles in British comedy television series such as Porridge , The Two Ronnies and Open All Hours .
Barker began acting in repertory theatre and decided he was best suited to comic roles . He had his first success at the Oxford Playhouse and in roles in the West End including Tom Stoppard 's The Real Inspector Hound . During this period , he was in the cast of BBC radio and television comedies such as The Navy Lark . He got his television break with the satirical sketch series The Frost Report in 1966 , where he met future collaborator , Ronnie Corbett . He joined David Frost 's production company and starred in ITV shows including a short film .
After rejoining the BBC , Barker found fame with the sketch show The Two Ronnies ( 1971 – 1987 ) , with Ronnie Corbett . He starred in the sitcoms Porridge , its sequel Going Straight and Open All Hours . He wrote comedy under his own name , though for much of his written material after 1968 he adopted pseudonyms ( including " Gerald Wiley " ) to avoid pre @-@ judgments of his writing talent . He won a BAFTA for best light entertainment performance four times , among other awards , and received an OBE in 1978 .
Later television sitcoms such as The Magnificent Evans and Clarence were less successful and he retired in 1987 . The following year , he opened an antiques shop with his wife , Joy . After 1999 , he appeared in smaller , non @-@ comic roles in films . He died of heart failure on 3 October 2005 , aged 76 .
= = Early life = =
Barker was born Ronald William George Barker on 25 September 1929 in Bedford , Bedfordshire , to Leonard ( known as " Tim " ) and Edith ( known as " Cis " ) Barker . Barker 's elder sister Vera was born in 1926 and his younger sister Eileen was born in 1933 . His father was a clerk for Shell @-@ Mex , and this job saw the family move to Church Cowley Road in Cowley , Oxford when Barker was four . < Barker 's biographer Bob McCabe described his childhood as " a happy time , marred by no ructions or family tensions , apart from the occasional wet sock . " As a child , Barker enjoyed dressing up , particularly in his father 's pierrot outfit , as well as films , comics and animals . He developed a love of the theatre , often attending plays with his family . The first play he saw was Cottage to Let and he once skipped school to see Laurence Olivier in Henry V. He frequently stood outside stage @-@ doors to collect autographs , his first being the actress Celia Johnson .
Barker grew up in the Florence Park area of Cowley , Oxford , and went to Donnington Junior School , Florence Park , Oxford and then the City of Oxford High School for Boys . Barker 's chemistry textbook at Oxford was previously owned by T.E. Lawrence . He found his talent for humour at school and developed his musical ability by singing in the choir at St James 's , his local church . He got in to the sixth form a year early after gaining the School Certificate but he felt what he was learning would be of no use to him in later life and so left as soon as he could . After leaving school he trained as an architect but gave it up after six months , feeling he was not skilled enough . Barker took his sister Vera 's job as a bank clerk at the Westminster Bank ( after she had left to become a nurse ) . Barker harboured dreams of becoming an actor , and took up amateur dramatics , although initially he just saw the pastime as a chance to meet girls . For 18 months while at the bank he worked as an actor and stage manager , making his first appearance in A Murder Has Been Arranged as the musical director of the play @-@ within @-@ a @-@ play . Eventually he gave up his job to become a professional actor . His father did not support his acting ambition .
= = Career = =
= = = Theatrical career = = =
Barker failed to get into the Young Vic School , but joined the Manchester Repertory Company , which was based in Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire , often taking comic roles in their weekly shows . Initially he was employed as the assistant to the assistant stage manager , earning £ 2.10s.0d ( £ 2 @.@ 50 ) a week . He made his debut as a professional actor on 15 November 1948 as Lieutenant Spicer in a performance of J.M. Barrie 's Quality Street . He went on to play the organist in When We Are Married and by his third role , the chauffeur Charles in Miranda , Barker realised he wanted to be a comic actor . He was described as " ha [ ving ] the talent to be a great straight actor " , but noted : " I want to make people laugh . Never mind about Hamlet . Forget Richard the Second . Give me Charley 's Aunt . My mission in life was now crystal clear . " He appeared in stage adaptations of Treasure Island and Red Riding Hood before getting his first leading role in The Guinea Pig as a working class boy at a public school . When the production moved to Rhyl , Barker followed . The Manchester Repertory Company closed , as did the Rhyl company shortly after . Barker , aged 20 , then spent some time as a porter at Wingfield Hospital ; he became distressed through his contact with polio patients and so opted to take on the persona of " Charlie " so as not to be himself . He and a male nurse often entertained the patients with comedy routines . He found work at the Mime Theatre Company , performing mimed folk music and dance , which soon folded in Penzance . He made his way back to Oxford and then worked in Bramhall for the Famous Players . There he met actor Glenn Melvyn ; the two became firm friends and Barker stated Melvyn taught him everything he " ever learned about comedy . "
He joined the Oxford Playhouse in 1951 and worked there for three years , appearing in plays such as He Who Gets Slapped as the clown . Peter Hall worked with Barker at Oxford and gave him his break , casting him as the Chantyman and Joe Silva in his production of Mourning Becomes Electra at the Arts Theatre in London 's West End in 1955 . By the time he had made it to the West End , Barker had appeared in an estimated 350 plays . Barker remained a West End actor for several years , appearing in numerous plays between 1955 and 1968 . These included , in 1955 , two performances each night as he played a gypsy in Listen to the Wind at the Arts Theatre and then a peasant in Summertime later in the evening . Other roles included Mr Thwaites in Double Image in 1956 ( with Olivier ) , Camino Real ( directed by Hall ) in 1957 , French gangster Robertoles @-@ Diams in Irma La Douce for two years from 1958 , Lord Slingsby @-@ Craddock in Mr Whatnot in 1964 and Birdboot in The Real Inspector Hound in 1968 . He also appeared in several Royal Court Theatre productions , including A Midsummer Night 's Dream as Quince .
= = = Early media career = = =
Barker 's theatrical success enabled him to move into radio work . Barker , who had previously been known by his birth name " Ronald " , was now referred to as the shortened form " Ronnie " , after a director changed it in the credits , although he did not tell Barker . His first radio appearance was in 1956 , playing Lord Russett in Floggit 's . He went on to play multiple characters , but primarily the lookout Able Seaman ' Fatso ' Johnson and Lieutenant @-@ Commander Stanton , in The Navy Lark , a navy based sitcom on the BBC Light Programme , which ran from 1959 to 1977 , with Barker featuring in some 300 episodes . He also featured in the show 's radio spin @-@ off The TV Lark as Fatso Johnson , a camera operator , and as a trainee chef in Crowther 's Crowd in 1963 , and had roles on Variety Playhouse . Barker soon began working in film and television . His first acting job on television was in Melvyn 's show I 'm Not Bothered . He appeared in various roles in the comedy series The Seven Faces of Jim from 1962 , alongside Jimmy Edwards and June Whitfield , as well as parts in Bold as Brass and Foreign Affairs ( as Russian embassy worker Grischa Petrovitch ) . This was followed with dramatic parts in A Tale of Two Cities as Jerry Cruncher in 1965 as well as single episode roles in The Saint and The Avengers , in which he played Cheshire , a cat lover . In 1964 he appeared in Galton & Simpson 's gentle comedy , The Bargee , as Ronnie , the illiterate cousin of Harry H Corbett 's racsally Hemmel Pike . Other film work at that time included : Doctor in Distress ( 1963 ) , Father Came Too ! ( 1963 ) and A Home of Your Own ( 1965 ) .
In 1966 , Barker got his break with the satirical sketch series The Frost Report , having been recommended for the show by producer James Gilbert . The show starred David Frost , John Cleese and Barker 's future comedy partner Ronnie Corbett , whom he had met in 1963 when Corbett was the barman at the Buckstone Club near the Haymarket Theatre , and the two became friends . Corbett stated in his autobiography that the two had gravitated towards each other because of their similar backgrounds ; neither had attended university , while many of the other Frost Report cast and writers had . Each episode of the show , which was performed and broadcast live , was focused on a single topic and principally revolved around a continuous monologue from Frost , with sketches from Barker , Corbett and Cleese as the show went on . Barker starred alongside Cleese and Corbett in The Frost Report 's best known sketch , which satirised the British class system , with Barker representing the middle class .
After the first series , the special Frost Over England was produced , winning the Golden Rose at the Montreux Television Festival . With a second series of the show announced , Frost , recognising their potential , signed both Barker and Corbett up to his production company David Paradine Productions . As part of the deal Barker was given his own show in 1968 , The Ronnie Barker Playhouse , which comprised six separate , thirty @-@ minute plays . Barker starred in each piece as a different character . After two series of The Frost Report on the BBC , totalling 26 half @-@ hour episodes , Frost moved to ITV after helping to set up London Weekend Television . There , Frost hosted Frost on Sunday , with Barker and Corbett following and again performing sketches on the programme . Barker began writing sketches for the programme under the pseudonym Gerald Wiley . Barker and Corbett had a greater role on the show than on The Frost Report and Corbett felt " more aware of what [ they ] were doing . "
Barker began using the pseudonym Gerald Wiley when writing sketches because he wished the pieces to be accepted on merit and not just because he , as a star of the programme , had written them ; he continued this tradition with the material he wrote later in his career . Barker brought his sketches in , claiming they had come from Wiley through Barker 's agent Peter Eade , and they were very well received . To maintain the deception , Barker had criticised material he himself had submitted under the pseudonym ; when a Wiley @-@ credited sketch about a ventriloquist had been poorly received by the audience Barker told Corbett " Well , Gerald Wiley let us down there " , and on another occasion , when looking at a script , " I don 't understand this line . What 's he getting at ? " One of the first sketches he wrote was called " Doctor 's Waiting Room " , with the main part written for Corbett . Barker encouraged Corbett to buy the rights to the sketch and , further maintaining the myth , told him to reject Wiley 's ' request ' for £ 3 @,@ 000 as too expensive , before giving Corbett the sketch for free . Speculation began about Wiley 's identity , with Tom Stoppard , Frank Muir , Alan Bennett and Noël Coward all rumoured . After the second series of Frost on Sunday , the cast and crew were invited to a Chinese restaurant , while Wiley said that he would reveal himself . Barker , who had told Corbett earlier in the day , stood up and announced he was Wiley , although initially nobody believed him .
In 1969 Barker was able to write , produce and star as General Futtock in the film Futtocks End which featured no dialogue and only " grumble [ s ] and grunt [ s ] " . The Ronnie Barker Playhouse had been designed to find a successful idea for a sitcom , and the episode " Ah , There You Are " by Alun Owen , which introduced the bumbling aristocratic character Lord Rustless , was chosen . The character returned for the 1969 – 1970 series Hark at Barker as the main character ; Barker wrote for the show under the name Jonathan Cobbald . As Wiley he wrote the 1971 series Six Dates with Barker . Despite Barker 's success on ITV , LWT 's programme controller Stella Richman opted to fire Frost 's company Paradine ( Frost was sacked from the LWT board ) and as Barker was contracted to the company rather than the network , he lost his job , as did Corbett .
= = = Move to the BBC and The Two Ronnies = = =
Soon after , Barker , Corbett and Josephine Tewson performed a sketch about Henry VIII at the 1971 BAFTAs , with Barker playing Henry . The two also had to keep the audience entertained for eight or so minutes as the show was stopped because of technical difficulties . Their performance at the award show impressed the BBC 's Head of Light Entertainment Bill Cotton and Controller of BBC One Paul Fox , who were sitting in the audience . Not knowing they were both essentially unemployed , although still contracted to Paradine , Cotton signed the duo up for their own show together , and a series each on their own ; he later joked he " must have offered them too much money . " Barker and Corbett wished to avoid being remembered primarily as a duo , and felt they could not work in the same way as a conventional double act like Morecambe and Wise , and so each maintained their solo careers as well . They each were given a one @-@ off variety special ; Barker 's , called The Ronnie Barker Yearbook , featured a sketch for each month of the year , although because of time constraints the first two had to be cut . Barker also reprised his character Lord Rustless in the sitcom His Lordship Entertains in 1972 . Barker wrote all seven episodes , again with the pseudonym Jonathan Cobbald .
Their show together was The Two Ronnies , a sketch show which aired for twelve series and eight specials between 1971 and 1987 , to immediate success . The show , as described by Anthony Hayward of The Independent , was " a cocktail of comedy sketches , playlets , songs and parodies , a long @-@ winded Corbett monologue and a singing star , sandwiched between the opening and closing news summaries . " The usual format consisted of many sketches between the two , an ongoing filmed serial , a solo character sketch from Barker , Corbett 's monologue , a musical number , a special guest , bookended by joke news items , delivered from a desk by the two in the style of newsreaders , before ending with the catchphrase " It 's good night from me – and it 's good night from him . " This was a set format which was used for almost the entirety of the show 's run . The end catchphrase and newsreader characters were devised because Barker found it difficult to appear as himself : Corbett explained that Barker " was a very private man , a quiet man ... He found it almost impossible to talk directly , as himself , to an audience . " Each also had their own solo segments to help ensure they were not totally associated as a double act . Filming took place over four months of each year . After outdoor and serial sketches were filmed on location , the studio material was filmed on Sunday evenings at BBC Television Centre in front a live audience ; the musical finale was filmed the day before without the audience .
Barker wrote much of the show 's material , roughly three @-@ quarters , again under the name Gerald Wiley . He was heavily involved with the show 's production , especially the serial . Corbett explained that Barker was a " perfectionist " and " as he wrote it Ronnie knew how he wanted every shot to look . " After filming the show all day , he spent the evenings helping technician Jim Franklin edit it . While filming on location Barker and Corbett would look through all of the potential material for the studio recording of the rest of the show 's content and decide on the running order . He and Corbett always got on , with Barker noting " People refuse to believe that we don 't have rows , tensions , private wars . It 's a strange thing after so many years but we never have . Actually , it 's even more amicable than a marriage – wedlock without the bad patches . Our sense of humour and perception of what 's good and what 's rubbish are uncommonly in tune . " They took turns to play the parts which had the " good lines " . One of the show 's other writers , Barry Cryer , said : " You could write almost anything knowing these two would do it brilliantly . Because they weren 't a double act ; they were two men who worked together and had their own careers . "
Barker 's material included the sketch which came to be known as " Four Candles " , airing in 1976 , although in the original script it was entitled " Annie Finkhouse " . It sees a customer ( Barker ) ask for a series of things in a hardware store . The sketch 's humour derives from similarities in word pronunciation , leading to confusion on the part of the store owner ( Corbett ) . These misunderstandings include the confusion between " four candles " and " fork handles " . The idea for the sketch came from the owners of a hardware shop in Hayes , Hillingdon who wrote in to The Two Ronnies to describe some of the amusing events and misunderstandings in their store . Barker was never happy with the sketch 's final line ( a male assistant asking " What sort of billhooks did you want ? " ) and changed it ( to a female assistant asking " What sort of knockers were you looking for ? " ) for the stage version of The Two Ronnies , although he was still not totally satisfied with it . Nevertheless , the sketch is considered the show 's most famous one and was voted as the show 's best in a TV special , while also placing fifth on Channel 4 's 50 Greatest Comedy Sketches . The original script , hand @-@ written by Barker , was sold for £ 48 @,@ 500 at auction in 2007 after being featured on an episode of Antiques Roadshow the previous year .
The show was considered a " national institution " with audiences of between 15 and 20 million regularly tuning in to its 93 episodes . Barker won the BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Performance in 1971 and 1977 for the show . The Two Ronnies ended with the 1987 Christmas special . In 1978 the two performed a stage version of the show at the London Palladium ; lasting for three months , it followed the same format as the show , with old sketches and some new material , supported by variety acts . Barker 's unease with appearing as himself in the stage show led him to create a fictionalised version of himself to play instead . A second stage series took place in 1983 . Barker was reportedly offended by a sketch called ' The Two Ninnies ' on the BBC 's Not the Nine O 'Clock News , which mocked their act as being based on dated innuendo @-@ based humour .
After a tip off from Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais , Barker and Corbett opted to move with their families to Sydney , Australia in 1979 for the year to exploit a tax loophole and avoid paying the year 's income tax . They performed their stage show for four weeks in Sydney and a further four in Melbourne ; because of their existing popularity in Australia and , what Corbett terms , the Australian audiences ' " [ comedic ] soul that still related to the UK , " they made no changes to the routine . Barker made no other appearances that year and spent his time writing and engaging in recreational activities . Following the show 's success , Kerry Packer commissioned a six episode TV series of The Two Ronnies in Australia for Nine Network . The show comprised material not yet shown in Australia from The Two Ronnies and new content targeted more towards an Australian audience . They returned for a second series in 1986 .
Barker and Corbett also starred in the short , mostly silent , films The Picnic ( 1975 ) and By the Sea ( 1982 ) . By the Sea was Barker 's tribute to the seaside postcard humour of Donald McGill and his most " personal " work . The show was also widely syndicated in North America by PBS and CBC , and in 1980 they appeared in the short @-@ lived NBC variety show The Big Show ; the two were glad the show did not last as they objected to the use of canned laughter by the American networks .
= = = Porridge , Open All Hours and other work = = =
Following the success of The Two Ronnies , the BBC let Barker decide what he wanted to do . The Two Ronnies took up one third of a year to produce , allowing time for Barker and Corbett to each do a solo project . Barker 's opted to produce some sitcom pilots shown as part of 1973 's Seven of One . Two of these pilots , Open All Hours ( written by Roy Clarke ) and Prisoner and Escort ( written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais ) became series . Prisoner and Escort became Porridge , airing from 1974 – 1977 , with Barker starring as the cynical and cunning prisoner Norman Stanley Fletcher . Porridge was the first sitcom to take place in a prison ; The Times said the show " was about what it took to survive in prison , the little day @-@ to @-@ day triumphs over the system that kept the prisoners sane . " The opening sequence of the programme showed Fletcher being directed to his cell , as prison doors are locked behind him , all the while the judge can be heard pronouncing judgement and sentence . The judge 's voice was performed by Barker . The show became a huge success , attracting 15 million viewers and earning what the BBC described as " a chorus of critical acclaim and public adoration for what remains one of the most classic British sitcoms ever produced . " The Times called Fletcher his " finest creation " . Barker privately regarded the series as the finest work of his career . He won the BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Performance in 1975 for his performance .
In 1976 , Barker played Friar Tuck in the film Robin and Marian , directed by Richard Lester . The same year , determined not to be remembered only as Fletcher , Barker opted to end Porridge after two series and instead focused on the second pilot Open All Hours , alongside David Jason . Barker starred as Arkwright , a money @-@ grabbing , stuttering shopkeeper . Arkwright 's stutter was not in the script ; Barker was inspired to use it by Melvyn 's performance and use of a stutter in a 1955 play the two performed at the Palace Theatre called Hot Water . Open All Hours aired one series in 1976 on BBC Two but was not renewed due to low ratings . As a result , Barker backtracked on his earlier decision and produced a third series of Porridge , as well as a film adaptation . It was followed by the spin @-@ off sitcom Going Straight which focused on Fletcher after his release from prison . While not as popular as Porridge , Barker again won the BAFTA for Best Light Entertainment Performance . Plans to further the show were ended when Barker 's co @-@ star Richard Beckinsale died of a heart attack in 1979 aged 31 . With repeats of Open All Hours earning high ratings on BBC One , the BBC commissioned a further series of the show in 1981 , with another two made as well as the show continued its ratings success . Both shows placed in the top ten of the 2004 poll to determine Britain 's Best Sitcom ; Porridge finished seventh and Open All Hours eighth .
Barker 's next sitcom , The Magnificent Evans , which was about a Welsh photographer and aired in 1984 , was not successful . His final sitcom , Clarence in which he played Clarence Sale , a removal man with failing sight , aired in 1988 . Barker wrote the show himself , again using a pseudonym , this time as " Bob Ferris " .
= = = Retirement and re @-@ appearances = = =
In 1987 , before Clarence aired and after rejecting Hall 's offer of the part of Falstaff in a Royal National Theatre production of Henry IV , Part 1 & 2 , Barker retired from show business , aged 58 , " at the height of his fame " , citing a decline in his own writing quality , lack of ambition and ideas , and a desire to go out on top so as not to damage his legacy , as well as concerns about the state of his heart . He had decided to retire in 1985 but his decision was kept secret for two years , Corbett being the only one knowing about it . He made his decision public on an appearance on the chat show Wogan . Retired , Barker opened and ran an antiques shop called The Emporium in Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire and resisted all calls to come out of retirement from then onwards . He joked : " I lose money every week , but it 's a hobby . It 's cheaper than skiing and safer at my age . " Because of its unprofitability , the shop was sold after ten years . He wrote his autobiography , Dancing in the Moonlight : My Early Years on Stage in 1993 and released All I Ever Wrote , his complete scripts , in 1999 . He wrote the play Mum for his daughter Charlotte Barker in 1998 , which was performed at The King 's Head Theatre , but garnered a negative response , with Barker stating it got " the worst notices of any play in the history of the theatre . "
Just over a decade after retiring , Barker was persuaded to make occasional appearances on TV again . In 1997 he appeared with Corbett at the Royal Command Performance , driving on stage in a motorcycle as the Two Fat Ladies , and in 1999 he was reunited with Corbett for Two Ronnies Night on BBC One , and the following year for A Tribute to the Two Ronnies . In 2002 , director Richard Loncraine persuaded Barker to appear as Winston Churchill 's butler David Inches in the BBC @-@ HBO drama The Gathering Storm and then cast him in the larger role of the General in the TV film My House in Umbria in 2003 , alongside Maggie Smith ( whom he had , early in their careers , advised to give up acting as he felt she would not be a success ) . In the same year , he briefly reprised his role as Norman Stanley Fletcher in the spoof documentary Life Beyond the Box .
Barker received several lifetime achievement awards . He won the Royal Television Society 's award for Outstanding Creative Achievement in 1975 . Sir Alec Guinness presented him with a lifetime achievement honour at the inaugural British Comedy Awards in 1990 , while he received another such honour at the BBC Centenary Programme in 1996 . In 2004 he was given a special BAFTA lifetime achievement award at Ronnie Barker : A BAFTA Tribute , a televised celebratory tribute evening . In 2005 , he and Corbett were part of the first 100 people given stars on London 's Avenue of Stars . Previous awards included the Variety Club of Great Britain Award in 1969 , 1974 and 1980 , the Radio Industry Club Award in 1973 , 1974 , 1977 and 1981 .
Following the success of Ronnie Barker : A BAFTA Tribute , Barker wanted to return The Two Ronnies to television and the BBC commissioned The Two Ronnies Sketchbook , a clip show of their best sketches along with newly recorded introductions . These were recorded in one day due to Barker 's declining health and aired in 2005 . The project , when announced , met with " some derision among the professional critics " , but after the first episode drew eight million viewers , they had to " eat their words " . The final special , and Barker 's final appearance on TV – The Two Ronnies Christmas Sketchbook – was recorded in July 2005 as a result of Barker 's failing health and aired posthumously in December .
= = Acting and writing style = =
Barker became a comic actor in his theatre days , noting " I think it 's better to make people laugh than cry . " He has been described by The Times as " not a comedian , [ but ] an actor with a talent for comedy , " who " slipped into characters with apparent ease . " Barker felt he was funny only in character . The BBC wrote of him : " Able to deliver the great tongue @-@ twisting speeches required of his characters , Barker pronounced himself ' completely boring ' without a script . " Peter Hall spoke of Barker 's skills as a dramatic actor , calling him " the great actor we lost " and lamented that Barker was unable to take a role in one of his Shakespearean productions . Barker , though , preferred comedy , and felt it was " as good and as important as serious work " and he was not " dumbing down " by doing it . Actor Gene Wilder compared him to Charlie Chaplin in saying " no matter how farcical [ his performance ] was ... there was always an element of reality to what he did . " Corbett praised Barker 's skill at playing serious authority figures saying absurd things , using Barker 's verbal dexterity and energetic performances .
Barker 's writing style was , for The Times , " based on precise scripts and perfect timing . " It often involved playing with language , including humour involving such linguistic items as spoonerisms and double entendres . Dennis Baker of The Guardian wrote that Barker " preferred innuendo over the crudely explicit , a restraint that demanded some imagination from the audience and was the essence of his comedy . " Corbett said he had " a mastery of the English language " .
In private , he annotated a copy of A Book of Nonsense by Edward Lear , penning punch lines of his own for each limerick . On the title page he wrote , " There was an old fossil named Lear , Whose verses were boring and drear . His last lines were worst – just the same as the first ! So I 've tried to improve on them here . " The annotated copy of Lear 's book , signed and dated November 2001 , was auctioned in 2012 .
= = Personal life = =
Barker met Joy Tubb in Cambridge while she was a stage manager for two plays he was in . They married nine months later in July 1957 and they had three children : two sons , Larry ( born 1959 ) and Adam ( born 1968 ) , who became an actor , and one daughter , Charlotte ( born 1962 ) , who became an actress . Larry was named after Barker 's idol Laurence Olivier . The family lived in Pinner for many years ; and subsequently in a converted mill in Dean , Oxfordshire . According to Corbett , Barker was " first and foremost a family man . " Joy died in January 2011 , aged 78 .
Barker received an OBE in 1978 . He was an avid collector of antiques , books and posters and amassed a collection of over 53 @,@ 000 postcards ; he produced several compilation books of them including Ronnie Barker 's Book of Bathing Beauties , A Pennyworth of Art and Sauce . Barker rarely appeared in public , and when he did it was almost always in character . He once said " I 've always known I haven 't a personality of my own , I have to be someone else to be happy . That 's why I became an actor , I suppose . "
Barker was a heavy smoker until 1972 when he gave up the habit after having a pre @-@ cancerous growth removed from his throat ; he took to drinking wine and using placebo cigarettes to maintain his concentration and help him sleep . He underwent a heart bypass in 1996 and survived a pulmonary embolism the following year .
= = Death = =
Barker opted not to have heart valve replacement surgery , and his health rapidly declined after the recording of The Two Ronnies Christmas Sketchbook . He died of heart failure at the Katherine House hospice in Adderbury , Oxfordshire , on 3 October 2005 , aged 76 , with Joy by his side . News of his death made top billing on television news bulletins , and The Sun ran a front page with just the headline " It 's Goodnight From Him " and an image of Barker 's glasses .
Barker was cremated at a private humanist funeral at Banbury Crematorium , which was attended only by family and close friends . A public memorial service for Barker was held on 3 March 2006 at Westminster Abbey , with some 2 @,@ 000 people in attendance . Corbett , Richard Briers , Josephine Tewson , Michael Grade and Peter Kay all read at the service , while others in attendance included David Jason , Stephen Fry , Michael Palin , Leslie Phillips , Lenny Henry , Dawn French and June Whitfield . A recording of Barker 's rhyming slang sermon from The Two Ronnies was played , while the cross was in procession in the aisle of the abbey it was accompanied by four candles instead of the usual two , in reference to the Four Candles sketch . Barker was the third comedy professional to be given a memorial at Westminster Abbey , after Joyce Grenfell and Les Dawson .
= = = Legacy = = =
Following his death the Writer of the Year Award at the British Comedy Awards was renamed in his honour . In 2005 he was voted as the 16th greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders in a poll to find The Comedian 's Comedian .
The BBC described him as " one of the leading figures of British television comedy " , and " much loved and admired " . The Independent called him " a master of television sitcom " . The Guardian said he was " much loved ... Both as an actor and a writer he was recognised as a master of pyrotechnic puns , surreal behaviour in public and private places , and crackling cross @-@ chat . " It concluded that " it says much about the decline of the British television industry that Ronnie Barker , one of its most creative comic talents , should have turned his back on it long before he died at the age of 76 " . In a eulogy for Barker the Reverend Robert Wright stated that he was " undoubtedly one of the very greatest television comedy actors " and that " as a performer he made comedy look effortlessly funny " .
In 2006 Barker 's stage play Mum was adapted and directed by Neil Cargill for BBC Radio 4 , and broadcast as an Afternoon Play , starring Maxine Peake and Sam Kelly .
In Barker 's home town of Oxford , a Wetherspoons pub on George Street is named after his Four Candles sketch . It is often used by Wikimedia for Oxford meetups .
A bronze statue of Barker sculpted by Martin Jennings , and showing him in character as Norman Stanley Fletcher , was unveiled at the entrance of the Aylesbury Waterside Theatre in September 2010 by his widow Joy , David Jason and Ronnie Corbett .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Films = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Radio = = =
= = = Self = = =
= = = Adverts = = =
= = = Productions Made to Honour Ronnie Barker and Archival Appearances = = =
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= Mississippi Highway 454 =
Mississippi Highway 454 ( MS 454 ) is a state highway in western Mississippi . MS 454 starts at U.S. Highway 82 ( US 82 ) and US 278 . It travels eastward to its eastern terminus at MS 1 . The road that became MS 454 was constructed in 1940 and opened the next year . MS 454 was designated in 1953 , and has not changed significantly since .
= = Route description = =
MS 454 starts at the intersection of US 82 and US 278 and travels southeast . The road soon turns east , as it passes through vast farmland . MS 454 passes near its future alignment , and continues eastward . Less than one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) later , the road intersects Tanya Road and West Lake Lee Road , and passes by a small group of trees . About halfway through the route , the road crosses a creek , and travels through small forests . MS 454 ends at a T @-@ intersection with MS 1 . The whole highway is a paved , two @-@ lane road . MS 454 is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 . In 2012 , Mississippi Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) calculated as many as 4 @,@ 500 vehicles traveling west of MS 1 , and as few as 3 @,@ 100 vehicles traveling east of US 82 / US 278 . MS 454 is not included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation .
= = History = =
A road from US 82 to MS 1 was constructed during 1940 , and opened in 1941 . The road was unsigned , and was already paved in concrete . It was designated as MS 454 by 1953 . By 1999 , US 278 became concurrent with US 82 through MS 454 's western terminus . A bypass around Greenville has been planned in the 1990s , and construction began in 2008 . It was partially built before funding stopped . A bridge for MS 454 's future alignment has been built , with no roads connecting to it .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Washington County .
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= Subtropical Storm Andrea ( 2007 ) =
Subtropical Storm Andrea was the first named storm and first subtropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season . It developed out of a non @-@ tropical low on May 9 about 150 miles ( 240 km ) northeast of Daytona Beach , Florida , three weeks before the official start of the season . After encountering dry air and strong vertical wind shear , Andrea weakened to a subtropical depression on May 10 while remaining nearly stationary , and the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on May 11 . Andrea was the first pre @-@ season storm to develop since Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003 . Additionally , the storm was the first Atlantic named storm in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981 .
The storm produced rough surf along the coastline from Florida to North Carolina , causing beach erosion and some damage . In some areas , the waves eroded up to 20 feet ( 6 m ) of beach , leaving 70 homes in danger of collapse . Offshore North Carolina , high waves of 34 feet ( 10 m ) and tropical @-@ storm @-@ force winds damaged three boats ; their combined nine passengers were rescued by the Coast Guard , although all nine sustained injuries . Light rainfall was also reported in some coastal locations . Damage was minimal , but six people drowned as a result of the storm .
= = Meteorological history = =
In early May , an upper @-@ level trough dropped southward through the western Atlantic Ocean , forcing a back @-@ door cold front — a cold front that moves southwestward ahead of a building surface ridge to its north or northeast — southward . For several days , forecast models had anticipated for the trough to evolve into a closed low pressure area , and on May 6 , a frontal low with a large and well @-@ defined circulation developed about 90 miles ( 140 km ) east of Cape Hatteras . The low maintained scattered convection around its circulation center , and in conjunction with the strong high pressure to its north , a very tight pressure gradient produced gale force winds near the coastline . The extratropical storm tracked southeastward and later turned to the southwest while steadily deepening ; on May 7 , it attained hurricane @-@ force winds . With a lack of tropical moisture , its corresponding convection was minimal and scattered .
The National Hurricane Center first mentioned the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis on May 8 , while the storm was located about 230 miles ( 370 km ) east @-@ southeast of the South Carolina coastline . Its associated convection had steadily increased as it tracked slowly westward at 5 – 10 mph ( 8 – 16 km / h ) . The system changed little in organization throughout the day , though by the following morning , hurricane specialists indicated the low was acquiring subtropical characteristics as it tracked over progressively warmer waters . Early on May 9 , a Hurricane Hunters flight into the system revealed winds of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) and a flat thermal core , which indicated the system was neither warm @-@ core nor cold @-@ core . In addition , satellite imagery indicated a consolidation of the convection near the center , as well as hints of upper @-@ level outflow and a contraction of the radius of maximum winds from more than 115 miles ( 185 km ) to about 70 miles ( 120 km ) . Based on the observations and the hybrid structure of the system , the National Hurricane Center classified the low as Subtropical Storm Andrea at 1500 UTC on May 9 about 150 miles ( 240 km ) northeast of Daytona Beach , Florida . During a subsequent analysis of the storm , researchers estimated that the storm had transitioned into a subtropical cyclone nine hours earlier . As Andrea developed before June 1 — the traditional start of hurricane seasons in the Atlantic Ocean — it became the first pre @-@ season storm since Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003 . Additionally , the storm was the first Atlantic named storm in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981 .
Upon first becoming a subtropical cyclone , Andrea was embedded within a large , nearly stationary deep @-@ layer trough , resulting in a westward movement . Drifting over sea surface temperatures of no more than 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) , the organization of the system deteriorated with a significant decrease in convection . By early on May 10 , much of the associated weather was located to the east of the cyclone within a band of moderate convection due to a brief spell of westerly vertical wind shear . The center of circulation had become disorganized , with several small cloud swirls within the larger circulation . This disorganization of the center , combined with increasing wind shear and dry air suppressing convective activity , caused it to begin weakening later that morning . By 1500 UTC on May 10 , only a few thunderstorms remained near the center , and thus the NHC downgraded Andrea to subtropical depression status . Though a few intermittent thunderstorms persisted over the eastern semicircle , the depression remained disorganized and weak ; the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories early on May 11 , after it had been without significant deep convection for 18 hours about 80 miles ( 125 km ) northeast of Cape Canaveral , Florida .
Later on May 11 , convection re @-@ fired over the center as the system drifted south @-@ southeastward , though it lacked sufficient organization to qualify as a tropical cyclone . By May 12 , shower activity had organized greatly to the east of the center , and the National Hurricane Center remarked that a small increase in convection would result in the formation of a tropical depression . It accelerated east @-@ northeastward away from the continental United States without redeveloping , and after passing over cooler waters , the remnants of Andrea merged with an approaching cold front on May 14 .
= = Preparations = =
Due to rough surf from the precursor low , local National Weather Service offices issued a High Surf Advisory for much of the coastline from Florida through North Carolina . Upon first becoming a subtropical cyclone , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from the mouth of the Altamaha River in Georgia southward to Flagler Beach , Florida . The watch was discontinued after Andrea weakened to a subtropical depression . Additionally , a gale warning was issued for much of the South Carolina coastline .
At Isle of Palms in South Carolina , workers and dozens of firefighters prepared sandbags in preparation for high tide after waves from the storm previously caused moderate beach erosion . As a precaution , officials there intentionally cut power and gas to multiple uninhabited buildings . Officials closed schools in Dare County , North Carolina due to the threat for high winds from the storm . The North Carolina Department of Transportation also canceled ferry transportation to and from Ocracoke and Knotts Island , North Carolina .
= = Impact = =
Prior to becoming a subtropical cyclone , the low produced gale @-@ force winds and dangerous surf near the coast from North Carolina through Georgia , and later along the coast of Florida . Significant swells were also reported in the Bahamas . The waves caused beach erosion and washed up against coastal houses along the southeast coast of the United States .
= = = Southeast U.S. = = =
Off the coast of North Carolina , the storm produced 34 @-@ foot ( 10 @-@ m ) waves and storm force winds which damaged three boats ; their combined nine passengers were rescued by the Coast Guard . All nine were injured to some degree ; three endured hypothermia , one received a broken rib , and one Coast Guardsman experienced back injuries from the surf . Another boat and its four occupants were reported missing , and after twelve days they remain missing . Rough waves from the precursor low left two kayakers missing near Seabrook Island , South Carolina . One was found the next day , and the other was found dead a week later .
Onshore , winds reached 52 mph ( 84 km / h ) in Norfolk , Virginia , with an unofficial report of 57 mph ( 92 km / h ) near Virginia Beach . Similar observations occurred along the Outer Banks , with the winds knocking some tree limbs onto power lines ; some isolated power outages were reported . Wind damage included some roofs losing shingles from the winds . In Elizabeth City , North Carolina , an outer rainband dropped 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 10 mm ) of precipitation in about two hours as well as several lightning strikes ; one bolt of lightning injured two firefighters . The winds covered portions of North Carolina Highway 12 with sand , and for a day the route was closed after waves from the storm washed out about 200 feet ( 60 m ) of roadway . In some locations , the waves eroded up to 20 feet ( 6 m ) of beach , leaving 70 homes in imminent danger . On St. Simons Island in Georgia , the storm produced a storm tide of 8 @.@ 09 feet ( 2 @.@ 43 m ) . Trace amounts of rainfall occurred in the southeastern portion of the state .
= = = Florida = = =
In Florida , waves of over 10 feet ( 3 m ) in height capsized a boat near Lantana ; the two occupants were rescued without injury . Additionally , the waves displaced a sailboat that had previously been washed ashore in Juno Beach . Large waves flooded a parking lot and destroyed several fences and tree branches at Jupiter Beach , which resulted in its temporary closure ; nearby a maintenance shed was destroyed . Eight Leatherback Sea Turtle nests in Boca Raton were destroyed after the surf reached the dunes . Due to high surf , the beach pier at Flagler Beach was closed for about a day . Minor to moderate beach erosion caused the Florida Department of Transportation to fill in areas near the seawall with sand . One death occurred when a surfer drowned in the rough waves off the coast at New Smyrna Beach in Volusia County . Outer rainbands produced light rainfall , with the highest report in the Jacksonville National Weather Service area of responsibility totaling 0 @.@ 77 inches ( 20 mm ) ; the bands also caused tropical storm force wind gusts in the northeastern portion of the state . The winds spread smoke from local brush fires through the Tampa Bay area to Miami . High winds from Andrea were reported as fueling severe wildfires in northern Florida and southern Georgia .
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= October Rebellion =
October Rebellion was the collective name for the series of protest events surrounding the fall 2007 meetings of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on October 19 – 20 , 2007 , in Washington , D.C. , United States . The events were organized by the October Coalition . According to the October Coalition 's call to action , the group demanded an end to all third world debt using the financial institutions ' own resources , the end to structural adjustment policies believed to prioritize profit over the lives of individuals , and an end to social and environmental issues caused by oil and gas production , mining , and certain kinds of infrastructure development .
= = Demonstration at Immigration and Customs Enforcement = =
Early in the day on October 19 , an estimated 100 activists demonstrated outside the Washington headquarters of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement , an agency of the Department of Homeland Security . Demonstrators had assembled to express a critical view of the economic and immigration policies of the United States , while chanting , " No justice , no peace ! " According to The Washington Post , " They said that much immigration to the United States was the result of harsh overseas economic policies on the part of the government , the World Bank and the IMF . "
= = Georgetown march = =
The October Coalition called for " disruptive actions throughout Georgetown , " in a march starting at 9 : 00 PM on October 19 from Washington Circle in Foggy Bottom . In explaining their selection of Georgetown for a march , organizers stated on their Web site , " Georgetown , Washington 's seat of power , is a playground for the rich . Its residents possess enormous wealth at the expense of the poor majority who live so close to them . They live so close , yet a world away , hidden in plain sight . Georgetown embodies neoliberalism . Georgetown is neoliberalism . " A demonstrator at the event described the reason for going to Georgetown as being where the delegates were staying . Prior to the march , the organizers did not outline what specific actions would be taken , nor did they indicate whether or not the group would carry weapons , but encouraged participants to use " creativity " and a " diversity of tactics " . According to The Hoya , it was suggested that 30th and M Streets NW would be a preliminary destination .
The night before the march , officials at Georgetown University issued a safety alert , indicating that the demonstration was expected to occur between 6 PM and 11 PM , and was expected to end in Georgetown 's commercial district . The university advised its students to avoid the area , citing an expectation of traffic delays and road closures .
According to Josh Aldiva , an officer in the Second District of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia , there would be an increased police presence throughout the entire city , with no extra precautions taken in Georgetown beyond those being taken throughout the city , while recalling that in the past , protest activity surrounding the World Bank and IMF had been mostly peaceful .
At the appointed time , an estimated 200 to 300 demonstrators , many wearing the black clothing and masks characteristic of a black bloc , gathered at Washington Circle before departing with a heavy police escort for Georgetown , via Pennsylvania Avenue and M Street NW . The march turned north at Wisconsin Avenue , before reversing course and returning to M Street . Over the course of the march , newspaper boxes were overturned , objects were thrown , and trash cans were knocked over . Many storefronts were boarded in anticipation of the march . Two unboarded windows were broken at the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street . Two arrests were made , related to an incident where an officer was pushed from a scooter .
The event was marred by an accident involving a female bystander , who was walking with a group of friends when she was struck in the forehead by a brick thrown by a demonstrator . The woman was taken to a nearby hospital for treatment following the incident . The Georgetown march ended at approximately 10 : 30 PM , when , at 29th and M Streets , police ordered the demonstrators to disperse . Most complied with the order .
= = March to the World Bank = =
On October 20 , 2007 , approximately 500 demonstrators gathered at Franklin Square for a rally and march to the World Bank headquarters at 18th and H Streets . The group consisted of a mix of people , including students , community activists , as well as anarchists dressed for a black bloc .
The protest was peaceful , with the exception of an incident in Murrow Park , across the street from the World Bank , where several demonstrators charged the line of police as a group of finance ministers arrived and crossed the police lines for mid @-@ afternoon meetings . Police quickly came in carrying batons and shoving demonstrators , which sent some people running . However , according to Bob Exe , one of the demonstrators , the police line was never charged , but that " some pushing " may have occurred .
Following the scuffle with police , the People 's Tribunal began , which consisted of a panel of six judges , and a line @-@ up of people from countries affected by the policies of the World Bank and the IMF speaking .
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= Rings of Uranus =
The planet Uranus has a system of rings intermediate in complexity between the more extensive set around Saturn and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune . The rings of Uranus were discovered on March 10 , 1977 , by James L. Elliot , Edward W. Dunham , and Jessica Mink . More than 200 years ago , in 1789 , William Herschel also reported observing rings ; some modern astronomers are skeptical that he could have actually seen them , as they are very dark and faint – others are not .
By 1978 , nine distinct rings were identified . Two additional rings were discovered in 1986 in images taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft , and two outer rings were found in 2003 – 2005 in Hubble Space Telescope photos . In the order of increasing distance from the planet the 13 known rings are designated 1986U2R / ζ , 6 , 5 , 4 , α , β , η , γ , δ , λ , ε , ν and μ . Their radii range from about 38 @,@ 000 km for the 1986U2R / ζ ring to about 98 @,@ 000 km for the μ ring . Additional faint dust bands and incomplete arcs may exist between the main rings . The rings are extremely dark — the Bond albedo of the rings ' particles does not exceed 2 % . They are probably composed of water ice with the addition of some dark radiation @-@ processed organics .
The majority of Uranus 's rings are opaque and only a few kilometers wide . The ring system contains little dust overall ; it consists mostly of large bodies 0 @.@ 2 – 20 m in diameter . However , some rings are optically thin : the broad and faint 1986U2R / ζ , μ and ν rings are made of small dust particles , while the narrow and faint λ ring also contains larger bodies . The relative lack of dust in the ring system is due to aerodynamic drag from the extended Uranian exosphere — corona .
The rings of Uranus are thought to be relatively young , at not more than 600 million years old . The Uranian ring system probably originated from the collisional fragmentation of a number of moons that once existed around the planet . After colliding , the moons probably broke up into numerous particles , which survived as narrow and optically dense rings only in strictly confined zones of maximum stability .
The mechanism that confines the narrow rings is not well understood . Initially it was assumed that every narrow ring had a pair of nearby shepherd moons corralling them into shape . However , in 1986 Voyager 2 discovered only one such shepherd pair ( Cordelia and Ophelia ) around the brightest ring ( 11 rings ) .
= = Discovery = =
The first mention of a Uranian ring system comes from William Herschel 's notes detailing his observations of Uranus in the 18th century , which include the following passage : " February 22 , 1789 : A ring was suspected " . Herschel drew a small diagram of the ring and noted that it was " a little inclined to the red " . The Keck Telescope in Hawaii has since confirmed this to be the case , at least for the ν ring . Herschel 's notes were published in a Royal Society journal in 1797 . However , in the two centuries between 1797 and 1977 the rings are rarely mentioned , if at all . This casts serious doubt on whether Herschel could have seen anything of the sort while hundreds of other astronomers saw nothing . Still , it has been claimed by some that Herschel gave accurate descriptions of the ν ring 's size relative to Uranus , its changes as Uranus travelled around the Sun , and its color .
The definitive discovery of the Uranian Rings was made by astronomers James L. Elliot , Edward W. Dunham , and Jessica Mink on March 10 , 1977 , using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory , and was serendipitous . They planned to use the occultation of the star SAO 158687 by Uranus to study the planet 's atmosphere . However , when their observations were analyzed , they found that the star disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it was eclipsed by the planet . They deduced that a system of narrow rings was present . The five occultation events they observed were denoted by the Greek letters α , β , γ , δ and ε in their papers . These designations have been used as the rings ' names since then . Later they found four additional rings : one between the β and γ rings and three inside the α ring . The former was named the η ring . The latter were dubbed rings 4 , 5 and 6 — according to the numbering of the occultation events in one paper . Uranus 's ring system was the second to be discovered in the Solar System , after that of Saturn .
The rings were directly imaged when the Voyager 2 spacecraft flew through the Uranian system in 1986 . Two more faint rings were revealed , bringing the total to eleven . The Hubble Space Telescope detected an additional pair of previously unseen rings in 2003 – 2005 , bringing the total number known to 13 . The discovery of these outer rings doubled the known radius of the ring system . Hubble also imaged two small satellites for the first time , one of which , Mab , shares its orbit with the outermost newly discovered ring .
= = General properties = =
As currently understood , the ring system of Uranus comprises thirteen distinct rings . In order of increasing distance from the planet they are : 1986U2R / ζ , 6 , 5 , 4 , α , β , η , γ , δ , λ , ε , ν , μ rings . They can be divided into three groups : nine narrow main rings ( 6 , 5 , 4 , α , β , η , γ , δ , ε ) , two dusty rings ( 1986U2R / ζ , λ ) and two outer rings ( μ , ν ) . The rings of Uranus consist mainly of macroscopic particles and little dust , although dust is known to be present in 1986U2R / ζ , η , δ , λ , ν and μ rings . In addition to these well @-@ known rings , there may be numerous optically thin dust bands and faint rings between them . These faint rings and dust bands may exist only temporarily or consist of a number of separate arcs , which are sometimes detected during occultations . Some of them became visible during a series of ring plane @-@ crossing events in 2007 . A number of dust bands between the rings were observed in forward @-@ scattering geometry by Voyager 2 . All rings of Uranus show azimuthal brightness variations .
The rings are made of an extremely dark material . The geometric albedo of the ring particles does not exceed 5 – 6 % , while the Bond albedo is even lower — about 2 % . The rings particles demonstrate a steep opposition surge — an increase of the albedo when the phase angle is close to zero . This means that their albedo is much lower when they are observed slightly off the opposition . The rings are slightly red in the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum and grey in near @-@ infrared . They exhibit no identifiable spectral features . The chemical composition of the ring particles is not known . However , they cannot be made of pure water ice like the rings of Saturn because they are too dark , darker than the inner moons of Uranus . This indicates that they are probably composed of a mixture of the ice and a dark material . The nature of this material is not clear , but it may be organic compounds considerably darkened by the charged particle irradiation from the Uranian magnetosphere . The rings ' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons .
As a whole , the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty rings of Jupiter or the broad and complex rings of Saturn , some of which are composed of very bright material — water ice . However , there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system ; the Saturnian F ring and the ε ring are both narrow , relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons . The newly discovered outer rings of Uranus are similar to the outer G and E rings of Saturn . Narrow ringlets existing in the broad Saturnian rings also resemble the narrow rings of Uranus . In addition , dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter . In contrast , the Neptunian ring system is quite similar to that of Uranus , although it is less complex , darker and contains more dust ; the Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet .
= = Narrow main rings = =
= = = ε ring = = =
The ε ring is the brightest and densest part of the Uranian ring system , and is responsible for about two @-@ thirds of the light reflected by the rings . While it is the most eccentric of the Uranian rings , it has negligible orbital inclination . The ring 's eccentricity causes its brightness to vary over the course of its orbit . The radially integrated brightness of the ε ring is highest near apoapsis and lowest near periapsis . The maximum / minimum brightness ratio is about 2 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 0 . These variations are connected with the variations of the ring width , which is 19 @.@ 7 km at the periapsis and 96 @.@ 4 km at the apoapsis . As the ring becomes wider , the amount of shadowing between particles decreases and more of them come into view , leading to higher integrated brightness . The width variations were measured directly from Voyager 2 images , as the ε ring was one of only two rings resolved by Voyager ’ s cameras . Such behavior indicates that the ring is not optically thin . Indeed , occultation observations conducted from the ground and the spacecraft showed that its normal optical depth varies between 0 @.@ 5 and 2 @.@ 5 , being highest near the periapsis . The equivalent depth of the ε ring is around 47 km and is invariant around the orbit .
The geometric thickness of the ε ring is not precisely known , although the ring is certainly very thin — by some estimates as thin as 150 m . Despite such infinitesimal thickness , it consists of several layers of particles . The ε ring is a rather crowded place with a filling factor near the apoapsis estimated by different sources at from 0 @.@ 008 to 0 @.@ 06 . The mean size of the ring particles is 0 @.@ 2 – 20 @.@ 0 m , and the mean separation is around 4 @.@ 5 times their radius . The ring is almost devoid of dust , possibly due to the aerodynamic drag from Uranus 's extended atmospheric corona . Due to its razor @-@ thin nature the ε ring disappears when viewed edge @-@ on . This happened in 2007 when a ring plane @-@ crossing was observed .
The Voyager 2 spacecraft observed a strange signal from the ε ring during the radio occultation experiment . The signal looked like a strong enhancement of the forward @-@ scattering at the wavelength 3 @.@ 6 cm near ring ’ s apoapsis . Such strong scattering requires the existence of a coherent structure . That the ε ring does have such a fine structure has been confirmed by many occultation observations . The ε ring seems to consist of a number of narrow and optically dense ringlets , some of which may have incomplete arcs .
The ε ring is known to have interior and exterior shepherd moons — Cordelia and Ophelia , respectively . The inner edge of the ring is in 24 : 25 resonance with Cordelia , and the outer edge is in 14 : 13 resonance with Ophelia . The masses of the moons need to be at least three times the mass of the ring to confine it effectively . The mass of the ε ring is estimated to be about 1016 kg .
= = = δ ring = = =
The δ ring is circular and slightly inclined . It shows significant unexplained azimuthal variations in normal optical depth and width . One possible explanation is that the ring has an azimuthal wave @-@ like structure , excited by a small moonlet just inside it . The sharp outer edge of the δ ring is in 23 : 22 resonance with Cordelia . The δ ring consists of two components : a narrow optically dense component and a broad inward shoulder with low optical depth . The width of the narrow component is 4 @.@ 1 – 6 @.@ 1 km and the equivalent depth is about 2 @.@ 2 km , which corresponds to a normal optical depth of about 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 6 . The ring 's broad component is about 10 – 12 km wide and its equivalent depth is close to 0 @.@ 3 km , indicating a low normal optical depth of 3 × 10 − 2 . This is known only from occultation data because Voyager 2 's imaging experiment failed to resolve the δ ring . When observed in forward @-@ scattering geometry by Voyager 2 , the δ ring appeared relatively bright , which is compatible with the presence of dust in its broad component . The broad component is geometrically thicker than the narrow component . This is supported by the observations of a ring plane @-@ crossing event in 2007 , when the δ ring remained visible , which is consistent with the behavior of a simultaneously geometrically thick and optically thin ring .
= = = γ ring = = =
The γ ring is narrow , optically dense and slightly eccentric . Its orbital inclination is almost zero . The width of the ring varies in the range 3 @.@ 6 – 4 @.@ 7 km , although equivalent optical depth is constant at 3 @.@ 3 km . The normal optical depth of the γ ring is 0 @.@ 7 – 0 @.@ 9 . During a ring plane @-@ crossing event in 2007 the γ ring disappeared , which means it is geometrically thin like the ε ring and devoid of dust . The width and normal optical depth of the γ ring show significant azimuthal variations . The mechanism of confinement of such a narrow ring is not known , but it has been noticed that the sharp inner edge of the γ ring is in a 6 : 5 resonance with Ophelia .
= = = η ring = = =
The η ring has zero orbital eccentricity and inclination . Like the δ ring , it consists of two components : a narrow optically dense component and a broad outward shoulder with low optical depth . The width of the narrow component is 1 @.@ 9 – 2 @.@ 7 km and the equivalent depth is about 0 @.@ 42 km , which corresponds to the normal optical depth of about 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 25 . The broad component is about 40 km wide and its equivalent depth is close to 0 @.@ 85 km , indicating a low normal optical depth of 2 × 10 − 2 . It was resolved in Voyager 2 images . In forward @-@ scattered light , the η ring looked bright , which indicated the presence of a considerable amount of dust in this ring , probably in the broad component . The broad component is much thicker ( geometrically ) than the narrow one . This conclusion is supported by the observations of a ring plane @-@ crossing event in 2007 , when the η ring demonstrated increased brightness , becoming the second brightest feature in the ring system . This is consistent with the behavior of a geometrically thick but simultaneously optically thin ring . Like the majority of other rings , the η ring shows significant azimuthal variations in the normal optical depth and width . The narrow component even vanishes in some places .
= = = α and β rings = = =
After the ε ring , the α and β rings are the brightest of Uranus 's rings . Like the ε ring , they exhibit regular variations in brightness and width . They are brightest and widest 30 ° from the apoapsis and dimmest and narrowest 30 ° from the periapsis . The α and β rings have sizable orbital eccentricity and non @-@ negligible inclination . The widths of these rings are 4 @.@ 8 – 10 km and 6 @.@ 1 – 11 @.@ 4 km , respectively . The equivalent optical depths are 3 @.@ 29 km and 2 @.@ 14 km , resulting in normal optical depths of 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 7 and 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 35 , respectively . During a ring plane @-@ crossing event in 2007 the rings disappeared , which means they are geometrically thin like the ε ring and devoid of dust . However , the same event revealed a thick and optically thin dust band just outside the β ring , which was also observed earlier by Voyager 2 . The masses of the α and β rings are estimated to be about 5 × 1015 kg ( each ) — half the mass of the ε ring .
= = = Rings 6 , 5 and 4 = = =
Rings 6 , 5 and 4 are the innermost and dimmest of Uranus 's narrow rings . They are the most inclined rings , and their orbital eccentricities are the largest excluding the ε ring . In fact , their inclinations ( 0 @.@ 06 ° , 0 @.@ 05 ° and 0 @.@ 03 ° ) were large enough for Voyager 2 to observe their elevations above the Uranian equatorial plane , which were 24 – 46 km . Rings 6 , 5 and 4 are also the narrowest rings of Uranus , measuring 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 2 km , 1 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 9 km and 2 @.@ 4 – 4 @.@ 4 km wide , respectively . Their equivalent depths are 0 @.@ 41 km , 0 @.@ 91 and 0 @.@ 71 km resulting in normal optical depth 0 @.@ 18 – 0 @.@ 25 , 0 @.@ 18 – 0 @.@ 48 and 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 3 . They were not visible during a ring plane @-@ crossing event in 2007 due to their narrowness and lack of dust .
= = Dusty rings = =
= = = λ ring = = =
The λ ring was one of two rings discovered by Voyager 2 in 1986 . It is a narrow , faint ring located just inside the ε ring , between it and the shepherd moon Cordelia . This moon clears a dark lane just inside the λ ring . When viewed in back @-@ scattered light , the λ ring is extremely narrow — about 1 – 2 km — and has the equivalent optical depth 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 2 km at the wavelength 2 @.@ 2 μm . The normal optical depth is 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 2 . The optical depth of the λ ring shows strong wavelength dependence , which is atypical for the Uranian ring system . The equivalent depth is as high as 0 @.@ 36 km in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum , which explains why λ ring was initially detected only in UV stellar occultations by Voyager 2 . The detection during a stellar occultation at the wavelength 2 @.@ 2 μm was only announced in 1996 .
The appearance of the λ ring changed dramatically when it was observed in forward @-@ scattered light in 1986 . In this geometry the ring became the brightest feature of the Uranian ring system , outshining the ε ring . This observation , together with the wavelength dependence of the optical depth , indicates that the λ ring contains significant amount of micrometer @-@ sized dust . The normal optical depth of this dust is 10 − 4 – 10 − 3 . Observations in 2007 by the Keck telescope during the ring plane @-@ crossing event confirmed this conclusion , because the λ ring became one of the brightest features in the Uranian ring system .
Detailed analysis of the Voyager 2 images revealed azimuthal variations in the brightness of the λ ring . The variations appear to be periodic , resembling a standing wave . The origin of this fine structure in the λ ring remains a mystery .
= = = 1986U2R / ζ ring = = =
In 1986 Voyager 2 detected a broad and faint sheet of material inward of ring 6 . This ring was given the temporary designation 1986U2R . It had a normal optical depth of 10 − 3 or less and was extremely faint . It was visible only in a single Voyager 2 image . The ring was located between 37 @,@ 000 and 39 @,@ 500 km from the centre of Uranus , or only about 12 @,@ 000 km above the clouds . It was not observed again until 2003 – 2004 , when the Keck telescope found a broad and faint sheet of material just inside ring 6 . This ring was dubbed the ζ ring . However the position of the recovered ζ ring differs significantly from that observed in 1986 . Now it is situated between 37 @,@ 850 and 41 @,@ 350 km from the centre of the planet . There is an inward gradually fading extension reaching to at least 32 @,@ 600 km , or possibly even to 27 @,@ 000 km — to the atmosphere of Uranus .
The ζ ring was observed again during the ring plane @-@ crossing event in 2007 when it became the brightest feature of the ring system , outshining all other rings combined . The equivalent optical depth of this ring is near 1 km ( 0 @.@ 6 km for the inward extension ) , while the normal optical depth is again less than 10 − 3 . Rather different appearances of the 1986U2R and ζ rings may be caused by different viewing geometries : back @-@ scattering geometry in 2003 – 2007 and side @-@ scattering geometry in 1986 . However , changes during the past 20 years in the distribution of dust , which is thought to predominate in the ring , cannot be ruled out .
= = = Other dust bands = = =
In addition to the 1986U2R / ζ and λ rings , there are other extremely faint dust bands in the Uranian ring system . They are invisible during occultations because they have negligible optical depth , though they are bright in forward @-@ scattered light . Voyager 2 's images of forward @-@ scattered light revealed the existence of bright dust bands between the λ and δ rings , between the η and β rings , and between the α ring and ring 4 . Many of these bands were detected again in 2003 – 2004 by the Keck Telescope and during the 2007 ring @-@ plane crossing event in backscattered light , but their precise locations and relative brightnesses were different from during the Voyager observations . The normal optical depth of the dust bands is about 10 − 5 or less . The dust particle size distribution is thought to obey a power law with the index p = 2 @.@ 5 ± 0 @.@ 5 .
In addition to separate dust bands the system of Uranian rings appears to be immersed into wide and faint sheet of dust with the normal optical depth not exceeding 10 − 3 .
= = Outer ring system = =
In 2003 – 2005 , the Hubble Space Telescope detected a pair of previously unknown rings , now called the outer ring system , which brought the number of known Uranian rings to 13 . These rings were subsequently named the μ and ν rings . The μ ring is the outermost of the pair , and is twice the distance from the planet as the bright η ring . The outer rings differ from the inner narrow rings in a number of respects . They are broad , 17 @,@ 000 and 3 @,@ 800 km wide , respectively , and very faint . Their peak normal optical depths are 8 @.@ 5 × 10 − 6 and 5 @.@ 4 × 10 − 6 , respectively . The resulting equivalent optical depths are 0 @.@ 14 km and 0 @.@ 012 km . The rings have triangular radial brightness profiles .
The peak brightness of the μ ring lies almost exactly on the orbit of the small Uranian moon Mab , which is probably the source of the ring ’ s particles . The ν ring is positioned between Portia and Rosalind and does not contain any moons inside it . A reanalysis of the Voyager 2 images of forward @-@ scattered light clearly reveals the μ and ν rings . In this geometry the rings are much brighter , which indicates that they contain much micrometer @-@ sized dust . The outer rings of Uranus may be similar to the G and E rings of Saturn as E ring is extremely broad and receives dust from Enceladus .
The μ ring may consist entirely of dust , without any large particles at all . This hypothesis is supported by observations performed by the Keck telescope , which failed to detect the μ ring in the near infrared at 2 @.@ 2 μm , but detected the ν ring . This failure means that the μ ring is blue in color , which in turn indicates that very small ( submicrometer ) dust predominates within it . The dust may be made of water ice . In contrast , the ν ring is slightly red in color .
= = Dynamics and origin = =
An outstanding problem concerning the physics governing the narrow Uranian rings is their confinement . Without some mechanism to hold their particles together , the rings would quickly spread out radially . The lifetime of the Uranian rings without such a mechanism cannot be more than 1 million years . The most widely cited model for such confinement , proposed initially by Goldreich and Tremaine , is that a pair of nearby moons , outer and inner shepherds , interact gravitationally with a ring and act like sinks and donors , respectively , for excessive and insufficient angular momentum ( or equivalently , energy ) . The shepherds thus keep ring particles in place , but gradually move away from the ring themselves . To be effective , the masses of the shepherds should exceed the mass of the ring by at least a factor of two to three . This mechanism is known to be at work in the case of the ε ring , where Cordelia and Ophelia serve as shepherds . Cordelia is also the outer shepherd of the δ ring , and Ophelia is the outer shepherd of the γ ring . However no moon larger than 10 km is known in the vicinity of other rings . The current distance of Cordelia and Ophelia from the ε ring can be used to estimate the ring ’ s age . The calculations show that the ε ring cannot be older than 600 million years .
Since the rings of Uranus appear to be young , they must be continuously renewed by the collisional fragmentation of larger bodies . The estimates show that the lifetime against collisional disruption of a moon with the size like that of Puck is a few billion years . The lifetime of a smaller satellite is much shorter . Therefore , all current inner moons and rings can be products of disruption of several Puck @-@ sized satellites during the last four and half billion years . Every such disruption would have started a collisional cascade that quickly ground almost all large bodies into much smaller particles , including dust . Eventually the majority of mass was lost , and particles survived only in positions that were stabilized by mutual resonances and shepherding . The end product of such a disruptive evolution would be a system of narrow rings . However , a few moonlets must still be embedded within the rings at present . The maximum size of such moonlets is probably around 10 km .
The origin of the dust bands is less problematic . The dust has a very short lifetime , 100 – 1000 years , and should be continuously replenished by collisions between larger ring particles , moonlets and meteoroids from outside the Uranian system . The belts of the parent moonlets and particles are themselves invisible due to their low optical depth , while the dust reveals itself in forward @-@ scattered light . The narrow main rings and the moonlet belts that create dust bands are expected to differ in particle size distribution . The main rings have more centimeter to meter @-@ sized bodies . Such a distribution increases the surface area of the material in the rings , leading to high optical density in back @-@ scattered light . In contrast , the dust bands have relatively few large particles , which results in low optical depth .
= = Exploration = =
The rings were thoroughly investigated during the Voyager 2 spacecraft 's flyby of Uranus in January 1986 . Two new faint rings — λ and 1986U2R — were discovered bringing the total number then known to eleven . Rings were studied by analysing results of radio , ultraviolet and optical occultations . Voyager 2 observed the rings in different geometries relative to the sun , producing images with back @-@ scattered , forward @-@ scattered and side @-@ scattered light . Analysis of these images allowed derivation of the complete phase function , geometrical and Bond albedo of ring particles . Two rings — ε and η — were resolved in the images revealing a complicated fine structure . Analysis of Voyager 's images also led to discovery of 10 inner moons of Uranus , including the two shepherd moons of the ε ring — Cordelia and Ophelia .
= = List of properties = =
This table summarizes the properties of the planetary ring system of Uranus .
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= Marie Curie =
Marie Skłodowska Curie ( / ˈkjʊri , kjʊˈriː / ; French : [ kyʁi ] ; Polish : [ kʲiˈri ] ; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934 ) , born Maria Salomea Skłodowska [ ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska ] , was a Polish and naturalized @-@ French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win twice in multiple sciences , and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris .
She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term that she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today . During World War I , she established the first military field radiological centres .
While a French citizen , Marie Skłodowska Curie ( she used both surnames ) never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland . She named the first chemical element that she discovered — polonium , which she isolated in 1898 — after her native country .
Curie died in 1934 , aged 66 , at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute @-@ Savoie ) , France , due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation while carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research , and in the course of her service in World War I mobile X @-@ ray units that she had set up .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early years = = =
Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw , in the Russian partition of Poland , on 7 November 1867 , the fifth and youngest child of well @-@ known teachers Bronisława , née Boguska , and Władysław Skłodowski . The elder siblings of Maria ( nickname : Mania ) were Zofia ( born 1862 , nickname : Zosia ) , Józef ( born 1863 , nickname : Józio ) , Bronisława ( born 1865 , nickname : Bronia ) and Helena ( born 1866 , nickname : Hela ) .
On both the paternal and maternal sides , the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland 's independence ( the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863 – 65 ) . This condemned the subsequent generation , including Maria , her elder sisters and her brother , to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life .
Maria 's paternal grandfather , Józef Skłodowski , had been a respected teacher in Lublin , where he taught the young Bolesław Prus , who would become a leading figure in Polish literature . Her father , Władysław Skłodowski , taught mathematics and physics , subjects that Maria was to pursue , and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys . After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools , he brought much of the laboratory equipment home , and instructed his children in its use .
The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro @-@ Polish sentiments , and forced to take lower @-@ paying posts ; the family also lost money on a bad investment , and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house . Maria 's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls ; she resigned from the position after Maria was born . She died of tuberculosis in May 1878 , when Maria was ten years old . Less than three years earlier , Maria 's oldest sibling , Zofia , had died of typhus contracted from a boarder . Maria 's father was an atheist ; her mother a devout Catholic . The deaths of Maria 's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic .
When she was ten years old , Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska ; next she attended a gymnasium for girls , from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal . After a collapse , possibly due to depression , she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father , and the next year with her father in Warsaw , where she did some tutoring . Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman , she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University , a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students .
Maria made an agreement with her sister , Bronisława , that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława 's medical studies in Paris , in exchange for similar assistance two years later . In connection with this , Maria took a position as governess : first as a home tutor in Warsaw ; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family , the Żorawskis , who were relatives of her father . While working for the latter family , she fell in love with their son , Kazimierz Żorawski , a future eminent mathematician . His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative , and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them . Maria 's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both . He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician , becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University . Still , as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic , he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932 .
At the beginning of 1890 , Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski , a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris . Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition ; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds . She was helped by her father , who was able to secure a more lucrative position again . All that time she continued to educate herself , reading books , exchanging letters , and being tutored herself . In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw . She continued working as a governess , and remained there till late 1891 . She tutored , studied at the Flying University , and began her practical scientific training ( 1890 – 91 ) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 , near Warsaw 's Old Town . The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski , who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev .
= = = New life in Paris = = =
In late 1891 , she left Poland for France . In Paris , Maria ( or Marie , as she would be known in France ) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law before renting a garret closer to the university , in the Latin Quarter , and proceeding with her studies of physics , chemistry , and mathematics at the University of Paris , where she enrolled in late 1891 . She subsisted on her meager resources , suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger .
Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings , barely earning her keep . In 1893 , she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann . Meanwhile , she continued studying at the University of Paris , and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894 .
Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels , commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry ( Société d 'encouragement pour l 'industrie nationale [ 1 ] ) . That same year Pierre Curie entered her life ; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together . Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry , the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris ( ESPCI ) . They were introduced by the Polish physicist , Professor Józef Wierusz @-@ Kowalski , who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space , something that Wierusz @-@ Kowalski thought Pierre had access to . Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory , he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work .
Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer , and they began to develop feelings for one another . Eventually Pierre proposed marriage , but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country . Pierre , however , declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland , even if it meant being reduced to teaching French . Meanwhile , for the 1894 summer break , Marie returned to Warsaw , where she visited her family . She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland , but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman . A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph.D. At Marie 's insistence , Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895 ; he was also promoted to professor at the School . A contemporary quip would call Marie , " Pierre 's biggest discovery . " On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux ( Seine ) ; neither wanted a religious service . Marie 's dark blue outfit , worn instead of a bridal gown , would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit . They shared two pastimes : long bicycle trips , and journeys abroad , which brought them even closer . In Pierre , Marie had found a new love , a partner , and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend .
= = = New elements = = =
In 1895 , Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X @-@ rays , though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood . In 1896 , Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X @-@ rays in their penetrating power . He demonstrated that this radiation , unlike phosphorescence , did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself . Influenced by these two important discoveries , Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis .
She used an innovative technique to investigate samples . Fifteen years earlier , her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer , a sensitive device for measuring electric charge . Using Pierre 's electrometer , she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity . Using this technique , her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present . She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself . This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible .
In 1897 , her daughter Irène was born . To support her family , Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure . The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory ; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry . The shed , formerly a medical school dissecting room , was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof . They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances . The School did not sponsor her research , but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments .
Curie 's systematic studies included two uranium minerals , pitchblende and torbernite ( also known as chalcolite ) . Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself , and chalcolite twice as active . She concluded that , if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct , then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium . She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation , and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive .
Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work . By mid @-@ 1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her .
The [ research ] idea [ writes Reid ] was her own ; no one helped her formulate it , and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it . She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity . It [ is ] likely that already at this early stage of her career [ she ] realized that ... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved .
She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority . Had not Becquerel , two years earlier , presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it , credit for the discovery of radioactivity , and even a Nobel Prize , would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson . Curie chose the same rapid means of publication . Her paper , giving a brief and simple account of her work , was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor , Gabriel Lippmann . Even so , just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel , so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium ; two months earlier , Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin .
At that time , no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper , describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself : " The fact is very remarkable , and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium . " She later would recall how she felt " a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible . " On 14 April 1898 , the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100 @-@ gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar . They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore .
In July 1898 , Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named " polonium " , in honour of her native Poland , which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires . On 26 December 1898 , the Curies announced the existence of a second element , which they named " radium " , from the Latin word for " ray " . In the course of their research , they also coined the word " radioactivity " .
To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt , the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form . Pitchblende is a complex mineral ; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task . The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy ; chemically it resembles the element bismuth , and polonium was the only bismuth @-@ like substance in the ore . Radium , however , was more elusive ; it is closely related chemically to barium , and pitchblende contains both elements . By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium , but appreciable quantities , uncontaminated with barium , were still beyond reach . The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization . From a ton of pitchblende , one @-@ tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902 . In 1910 , Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal . She never succeeded in isolating polonium , which has a half @-@ life of only 138 days .
Between 1898 and 1902 , the Curies published , jointly or separately , a total of 32 scientific papers , including one that announced that , when exposed to radium , diseased , tumor @-@ forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells .
In 1900 , Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure , and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris . In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father 's death .
In June 1903 , supervised by Gabriel Lippmann , Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris . That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity ; being a woman , she was prevented from speaking , and Pierre alone was allowed to . Meanwhile , a new industry began developing , based on radium . The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business .
= = = Nobel Prizes = = =
In December 1903 , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie , Marie Curie , and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics , " in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel . " At first , the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel , but one of the committee members and an advocate of woman scientists , Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag @-@ Leffler , alerted Pierre to the situation , and after his complaint , Marie 's name was added to the nomination . Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize .
Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person ; they were too busy with their work , and Pierre , who disliked public ceremonies , was feeling increasingly ill . As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture , the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905 . The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant . Following the award of the Nobel Prize , and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva , which offered Pierre a position , the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics , although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory . Upon Pierre 's complaint , the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory , but it would not be ready until 1906 .
In December 1904 , Curie gave birth to their second daughter , Ève . She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language , and sent or took them on visits to Poland .
On 19 April 1906 , Pierre was killed in a road accident . Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain , he was struck by a horse @-@ drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels , causing his skull to fracture . Curie was devastated by her husband 's death . On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie . She accepted it hoping to create a world @-@ class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre . She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris .
Curie 's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris , however . In her later years , she headed the Radium Institute ( Institut du radium , now Curie Institute , Institut Curie ) , a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris . The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux , director of the Pasteur Institute , who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute . Only then , with the threat of Curie leaving , did the University of Paris relent , and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute .
In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium ; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre : the curie . Nevertheless , in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one or two votes . Elected instead was Édouard Branly , an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph . A doctoral student of Curie , Marguerite Perey , became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later , in 1962 . Despite Curie 's fame as a scientist working for France , the public 's attitude tended toward xenophobia — the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair – which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish . During the French Academy of Sciences elections , she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist . Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour , but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes .
In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910 – 11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year 's duration with physicist Paul Langevin , a former student of Pierre 's — a married man who was estranged from his wife . This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents . Curie ( then in her mid @-@ 40s ) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home @-@ wrecker . When the scandal broke , she was away at a conference in Belgium ; on her return , she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge , with her daughters , in the home of a friend .
International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal , honored her a second time , with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . This award was " in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium , by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element . " She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes , and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each . A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning , headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz , encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country . Curie 's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute , built in 1914 , where research was conducted in chemistry , physics , and medicine . A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize , she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment . For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist , Hertha Ayrton . She returned to her laboratory only in December , after a break of about 14 months .
In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined , focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914 , and on a new street named Rue Pierre @-@ Curie . She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities . The Institute 's development was interrupted by the coming war , as most researchers were drafted into the French Army , and it fully resumed its activities in 1919 .
= = = World War I = = =
During World War I , Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons . After a quick study of radiology , anatomy , and automotive mechanics she procured X @-@ ray equipment , vehicles , auxiliary generators , and developed mobile radiography units , which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ( " Little Curies " ) . She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France 's first military radiology centre , operational by late 1914 . Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17 @-@ year @-@ old daughter Irène , Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war . Later , she began training other women as aides .
In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing ' radium emanation ' , a colorless , radioactive gas given off by radium , later identified as radon , to be used for sterilizing infected tissue . She provided the radium from her own one @-@ gram supply . It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X @-@ ray units . Busy with this work , she carried out very little scientific research during that period . In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort , Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government .
Also , promptly after the war started , she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them . She did buy war bonds , using her Nobel Prize money . She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause . After the war , she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War ( 1919 ) .
= = = Postwar years = = =
In 1920 , for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium , the French government established a stipend for her ; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur ( 1822 – 95 ) . In 1921 , Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium . Mrs. William Brown Meloney , after interviewing Marie , created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium , publicising her trip . In 1921 , US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States . Before the meeting , recognising her growing fame abroad , and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public , the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award , but she refused . In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine . She also travelled to other countries , appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium , Brazil , Spain , and Czechoslovakia .
Led by Curie , the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners , including her daughter Irène Joliot @-@ Curie and her son @-@ in @-@ law , Frédéric Joliot @-@ Curie . Eventually , it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories , the others being the Cavendish Laboratory , with Ernest Rutherford ; the Institute for Radium Research , Vienna , with Stefan Meyer ; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry , with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner .
In August 1922 , Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations . In 1923 , she wrote a biography of Pierre , entitled Pierre Curie . In 1925 , she visited Poland , to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw . Her second American tour , in 1929 , succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium ; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director . These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work . In 1930 , she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death .
= = = Death = = =
Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934 . A few months later , on 4 July 1934 , she died at the Sancellemoz Sanatorium in Passy , in Haute @-@ Savoie , from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long @-@ term exposure to radiation . The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work , which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed . She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket , and she stored them in her desk drawer , remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark . Curie was also exposed to X @-@ rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war . Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses ( including near blindness due to cataracts ) and ultimately her death , she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure .
She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux , alongside her husband Pierre . Sixty years later , in 1995 , in honour of their achievements , the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon , Paris . She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits . In 2015 , two other women were also interred on their own merits .
Because of their levels of radioactive contamination , her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle . Even her cookbook is highly radioactive . Her papers are kept in lead @-@ lined boxes , and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing .
In her last year , she worked on a book , Radioactivity , which was published posthumously in 1935 .
= = Legacy = =
The physical and societal aspects of the Curies ' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty @-@ first centuries . Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes :
The result of the Curies ' work was epoch @-@ making . Radium 's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored . It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics . On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom . As a result of Rutherford 's experiments with alpha radiation , the nuclear atom was first postulated . In medicine , the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked .
If Curie 's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry , it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere . To attain her scientific achievements , she had to overcome barriers that were placed in her way because she was a woman , in both her native and her adoptive country . This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud 's Marie Curie : A Life , which emphasizes Marie 's role as a feminist precursor .
She was known for her honesty and moderate life style . Having received a small scholarship in 1893 , she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep . She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends , family , students , and research associates . In an unusual decision , Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium @-@ isolation process , so that the scientific community could do research unhindered . She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her . She and her husband often refused awards and medals . Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame .
= = Awards , honours , and tributes = =
As one of the most famous women scientists to date , Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe , even in the realm of pop culture . In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist , Marie Curie was voted the " most inspirational woman in science " . Curie received 25 @.@ 1 per cent of all votes cast , nearly twice as many as second @-@ place Rosalind Franklin ( 14 @.@ 2 per cent ) .
Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie , and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry . An artistic installation celebrating " Madame Curie " filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art . On 7 November , Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle . On 10 December , the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden .
Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize , the first person to win two Nobel Prizes , the only woman to win in two fields , and the only person to win in multiple sciences . Awards that she received include :
Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 , with Pierre )
Davy Medal ( 1903 , with Pierre )
Matteucci Medal ( 1904 , with Pierre )
Actonian Prize ( 1907 )
Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1909 )
Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1911 )
Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society ( 1921 )
Marie Curie 's 1898 publication with her husband M. P. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris ( Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris ) in 2015 .
In 1995 , she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon , Paris . The curie ( symbol Ci ) , a unit of radioactivity , is named in honour of her and Pierre ( although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre , Marie or both of them ) . The element with atomic number 96 was named curium . Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies : curite , sklodowskite , and cuprosklodowskite . She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world . The Marie Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her . In Poland , she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic ( 1912 ) , Poznań University ( 1922 ) , Kraków 's Jagiellonian University ( 1924 ) , and the Warsaw Polytechnic ( 1926 ) . In 1921 , she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution .
Numerous locations around the world are named after her . In 2007 , a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies . Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her . The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her . A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 11 ( registration PH @-@ KCC ) is named in her honour .
Several institutions bear her name , starting with the two Curie institutes – the Maria Skłodowska – Curie Institute of Oncology , in Warsaw ; and the Institut Curie in Paris . She is the patron of Maria Curie @-@ Skłodowska University , in Lublin , founded in 1944 ; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University ( Paris VI ) , France 's pre @-@ eminent science university . In Britain , Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill .
Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie . In 1967 , the Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie Museum was established in Warsaw 's " New Town " , at her birthplace on ulica Freta ( Freta Street ) . Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie , open since 1992 .
Several works of art bear her likeness . In 1935 , Michalina Mościcka , wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki , unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw 's Radium Institute . During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation , the monument was damaged by gunfire ; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal . In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her , the Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie Medallion , featured in the University at Buffalo Polish Room .
A number of biographies are devoted to her . In 1938 her daughter , Ève Curie , published Madame Curie . In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie : A Life . In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive : Marie and Pierre Curie , a Tale of Love and Fallout .
Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar @-@ nominated film , Madame Curie , based on her life . More recently , in 1997 , a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released , Les Palmes de M. Schutz . It was adapted from a play of the same name . In the film , Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert .
Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch , in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life . Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya : The Living History of Marie Curie , a one @-@ woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries , by 2014 .
Curie 's likeness also has appeared on banknotes , stamps and coins around the world . She was featured on the Polish late @-@ 1980s 20 @,@ 000 @-@ złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500 @-@ franc note , before the franc was replaced by the euro . Marie Curie themed postage stamps from Mali , the Republic of Togo , Zambia , and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder .
On the 2011 centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize ( 1911 ) , an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace . It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult : polonium and radium .
Also in 2011 , a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named after her .
= = = Nonfiction = = =
Eva Hemmungs Wirtén ( 2015 ) . Making Marie Curie : Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 23584 @-@ 4 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 .
Kaczorowska , Teresa ( 2011 ) . Córka mazowieckich równin , czyli , Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie z Mazowsza [ Daughter of the Mazovian Plains : Maria Skłodowska – Curie of Mazowsze ] ( in Polish ) . Związek Literatów Polskich , Oddz. w Ciechanowie . ISBN 9788389408365 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 .
Pasachoff , Naomi ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 509214 @-@ 1 .
Curie , Eve ( 2001 ) . Madame Curie : A Biography . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 306 @-@ 81038 @-@ 1 .
Curie , Marie ( 1921 ) . The Discovery of Radium . Poughkeepsie : Vassar College .
Quinn , Susan ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : A Life . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 201 @-@ 88794 @-@ 5 .
Giroud , Françoise ( 1986 ) . Marie Curie , a life . Holmes & Meier . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8419 @-@ 0977 @-@ 9 . , translated by Lydia Davis
Redniss , Lauren ( 2010 ) . Radioactive : Marie & Pierre Curie : A Tale of Love and Fallout . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 06 @-@ 135132 @-@ 7 .
Opfell , Olga S. ( 1978 ) . The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize . Metuchen , N.J. & London : Scarecrow Press. pp. 147 – 164 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8108 @-@ 1161 @-@ 8 .
= = = Fiction = = =
Olov Enquist , Per ( 2006 ) . The Book about Blanche and Marie . New York : Overlook . ISBN 1 @-@ 58567 @-@ 668 @-@ 3 . A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska @-@ Curie , neurologist Jean @-@ Martin Charcot , and his Salpêtrière patient " Blanche " ( Marie Wittman ) . The English translation was published in 2006 .
|
= Fast inverse square root =
Fast inverse square root ( sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt ( ) or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5f3759df ) is a method of calculating x − ½ , the reciprocal ( or multiplicative inverse ) of a square root for a 32 @-@ bit floating point number in IEEE 754 floating point format . The algorithm was probably developed at Silicon Graphics in the early 1990s , and an implementation appeared in 1999 in the Quake III Arena source code , but the method did not appear on public forums such as Usenet until 2002 or 2003 . ( There is a discussion on the Chinese developer forum CSDN back in 2000 . ) At the time , the primary advantage of the algorithm came from avoiding computationally expensive floating point operations in favor of integer operations . Inverse square roots are used to compute angles of incidence and reflection for lighting and shading in computer graphics .
The algorithm accepts a 32 @-@ bit floating point number as the input and stores a halved value for later use . Then , treating the bits representing the floating point number as a 32 @-@ bit integer , a logical shift right of one bit is performed and the result subtracted from the magic number 0x5f3759df . This is the first approximation of the inverse square root of the input . Treating the bits again as floating point it runs one iteration of Newton 's method to return a more precise approximation . This computes an approximation of the inverse square root of a floating point number approximately four times faster than floating point division .
The algorithm was originally attributed to John Carmack , but an investigation showed that the code had deeper roots in both the hardware and software side of computer graphics . Adjustments and alterations passed through both Silicon Graphics and 3dfx Interactive , with Gary Tarolli 's implementation for the SGI Indigo as the earliest known use . It is not known how the constant was originally derived , though investigation has shed some light on possible methods .
= = Motivation = =
The inverse square root of a floating point number is used in calculating a normalized vector . Since a 3D graphics program uses these normalized vectors to determine lighting and reflection , millions of these calculations must be done per second . Before the creation of specialized hardware to handle transform and lighting , software computations could be slow . Specifically , when the code was developed in the early 1990s , most floating point processing power lagged behind the speed of integer processing .
To normalize a vector , the length of the vector is determined by calculating its Euclidean norm : the square root of the sum of squares of the vector components . When each component of the vector is divided by that length , the new vector will be a unit vector pointing in the same direction .
<formula> is the Euclidean norm of the vector , analogous to the calculation of the Euclidean distance between two points in Euclidean space .
<formula> is the normalized ( unit ) vector . Using <formula> to represent <formula> ,
<formula> , which relates the unit vector to the inverse square root of the distance components .
Quake III Arena used the fast inverse square root algorithm to speed graphics processing unit computation , but the algorithm has since been implemented in some dedicated hardware vertex shaders using field @-@ programmable gate arrays ( FPGA ) .
= = Overview of the code = =
The following code is the fast inverse square root implementation from Quake III Arena , stripped of C preprocessor directives , but including the exact original comment text :
In order to determine the inverse square root , an approximation for <formula> would be determined by the software , then some numerical method would revise that approximation until it came within an acceptable error range of the actual result . Common software methods in the early 1990s drew a first approximation from a lookup table . This bit of code proved faster than table lookups and approximately four times faster than regular floating point division . Some loss of precision occurred , but was offset by the significant gains in performance . The algorithm was designed with the IEEE 754 @-@ 1985 32 @-@ bit floating point specification in mind , but investigation from Chris Lomont and later Charles McEniry showed that it could be implemented in other floating point specifications .
The advantages in speed offered by the fast inverse square root kludge came from treating the longword containing the floating point number as an integer then subtracting it from a specific constant , 0x5f3759df . The purpose of the constant is not immediately clear to someone viewing the code , so , like other such constants found in code , it is often called a magic number . This integer subtraction and bit shift results in a longword which when treated as a floating point number is a rough approximation for the inverse square root of the input number . One iteration of Newton 's method is performed to gain some accuracy , and the code is finished . The algorithm generates reasonably accurate results using a unique first approximation for Newton 's method ; however , it is much slower and less accurate than using the SSE instruction rsqrtss on x86 processors also released in 1999 .
= = = A worked example = = =
As an example , consider the number x
= 0 @.@ 15625 , for which we want to calculate 1 / √ x ≈ 2 @.@ 52982 . The first steps of the algorithm are illustrated below :
0011 _ 1110 _ 0010 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 Bit pattern of both x and i
0001 _ 1111 _ 0001 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 _ 0000 Shift right one position : ( i > > 1 )
0101 _ 1111 _ 0011 _ 0111 _ 0101 _ 1001 _ 1101 _ 1111 The magic number 0x5f3759df
0100 _ 0000 _ 0010 _ 0111 _ 0101 _ 1001 _ 1101 _ 1111 The result of 0x5f3759df - ( i > > 1 )
Using IEEE 32 Bit representation :
0 _ 01111100 _ 01000000000000000000000 1 @.@ 25 * 2 ^ -3
0 _ 00111110 _ 00100000000000000000000 1 @.@ 125 * 2 ^ -65
0 _ 10111110 _ 01101110101100111011111 1 @.@ 432430 ... * 2 ^ + 63
0 _ 10000000 _ 01001110101100111011111 1 @.@ 307430 ... * 2 ^ + 1
Reinterpreting this last bit pattern as a floating point number gives the approximation y =
2 @.@ 61486 , which has an error of about 3 @.@ 4 % . After the single iteration of Newton 's method , the final result is y = 2 @.@ 52549 , in error by only 0 @.@ 17 % .
= = Working of the algorithm = =
The algorithm computes 1 / √ x by performing the following steps :
Alias the argument x to an integer , as a way to compute an approximation of log2 ( x )
Use this approximation to compute an approximation of log2 ( 1 / √ x )
Alias back to a float , as a way to compute an approximation of the base @-@ 2 exponential
Refine the approximation using a single iteration of the Newton 's method .
= = = Floating point representation = = =
Since this algorithm relies heavily on the bit @-@ level representation of single @-@ precision floating point numbers , a short overview of this representation is provided here . In order to encode a non @-@ zero real number x as a single precision float , the first step is to write x as a normalized binary number :
<formula>
where the exponent ex is an integer , mx ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) , and 1.b1b2b3 ... is the binary representation of the “ significand ” ( 1 + mx ) . It should be noted that , since the single bit before the point in the significand is always 1 , it need not be stored . From this form , three unsigned integers are computed :
Sx , the “ sign bit ” , is 0 if x > 0 , and 1 if x < 0 ( 1 bit )
Ex |
= ex + B is the “ biased exponent ” , where B =
127 is the “ exponent bias ” ( 8 bits )
Mx |
= mx × L , where L =
223 ( 23 bits )
These fields are then packed , left to right , into a 32 bit container .
As an example , consider again the number x |
= 0 @.@ 15625 =
0 @.@ 001012 . Normalizing x yields :
<formula>
and thus , the three unsigned integer fields are :
S
= 0
E =
− 3 + 127 |
= 124 =
011111002
M |
= 0 @.@ 25 × 223 =
2097152 = 010000000000000000000002
these fields are packed as shown in the figure below :
= = = Aliasing to an integer as an approximate logarithm = = =
If one had to calculate 1 / √ x without a computer or a calculator , a table of logarithms would be useful , together with the identity logb ( 1 / √ x )
= − ½ logb ( x ) , which is valid for every base b . The fast inverse square root is based on this identity , and on the fact that aliasing a float32 to an integer gives a rough approximation of its logarithm . Here is how :
If x is a positive normal number :
<formula>
then we have
<formula>
but since mx ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) , the logarithm on the right hand side can be approximated by
<formula>
where σ is a free parameter used to tune the approximation . For example , σ =
0 yields exact results at both ends of the interval , while σ ≈ 0 @.@ 0430357 yields the optimal approximation ( the best in the sense of the uniform norm of the error ) .
Thus we have the approximation
<formula>
On the other hand , interpreting the bit @-@ pattern of x as an integer yields
<formula>
It then appears that Ix is a scaled and shifted piecewise @-@ linear approximation of log2 ( x ) , as illustrated in the figure on the right . In other words , log2 ( x ) is approximated by
<formula>
= = = First approximation of the result = = =
The calculation of y = 1 / √ x is based on the identity
<formula>
Using the approximation of the logarithm above , applied to both x and y , the above equation gives :
<formula>
Thus , an approximation of Iy is :
<formula>
which is written in the code as
The first term above is the magic number
<formula>
from which it can be inferred σ ≈ 0 @.@ 0450466 . The second term , ½ Ix , is calculated by shifting the bits of Ix one position to the right .
= = = Newton 's method = = =
After performing those integer operations , the algorithm once again treats the longword as a floating point number ( y |
= * ( float * ) & i ; ) and performs a floating point multiplication operation ( y =
y * ( threehalfs - x2 * y * y ) ; ) . The floating point operation represents a single iteration of Newton 's method of finding roots for a given equation . For this example ,
<formula> is the inverse square root , or , as a function of y ,
<formula> .
As <formula> represents a general expression of Newton 's method with <formula> as the first approximation ,
<formula> is the particularized expression where <formula> and <formula> .
Hence y = y * ( threehalfs - x2 * y * y ) ; is the same as <formula>
The first approximation is generated above through the integer operations and input into the last two lines of the function . Repeated iterations of the algorithm , using the output of the function ( <formula> ) as the input of the next iteration , cause the algorithm to converge on the root with increasing precision . For the purposes of the Quake III engine , only one iteration was used . A second iteration remained in the code but was commented out .
= = = Accuracy = = =
As noted above , the approximation is surprisingly accurate . The graph on the right plots the error of the function ( that is , the error of the approximation after it has been improved by running one iteration of Newton 's method ) , for inputs starting at 0 @.@ 01 , where the standard library gives 10 @.@ 0 as a result , while InvSqrt ( ) gives 9 @.@ 982522 , making the difference 0 @.@ 017479 , or 0 @.@ 175 % . The absolute error only drops from then on , while the relative error stays within the same bounds across all orders of magnitude .
= = History and investigation = =
The source code for Quake III was not released until QuakeCon 2005 , but copies of the fast inverse square root code appeared on Usenet and other forums as early as 2002 or 2003 . Initial speculation pointed to John Carmack as the probable author of the code , but he demurred and suggested it was written by Terje Mathisen , an accomplished assembly programmer who had previously helped id Software with Quake optimization . Mathisen had written an implementation of a similar bit of code in the late 1990s , but the original authors proved to be much further back in the history of 3D computer graphics with Gary Tarolli 's implementation for the SGI Indigo as a possible earliest known use . Rys Sommefeldt concluded that the original algorithm was devised by Greg Walsh at Ardent Computer in consultation with Cleve Moler , the creator of MATLAB . Cleve Moler learned about this trick from code written by William Kahan and K.C. Ng at Berkeley around 1986 ( see the comment section at the end of fdlibm code for sqrt ) . Jim Blinn also demonstrated a simple approximation of the inverse square root in a 1997 column for IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications .
It is not known precisely how the exact value for the magic number was determined . Chris Lomont developed a function to minimize approximation error by choosing the magic number R over a range . He first computed the optimal constant for the linear approximation step as 0x5f37642f , close to 0x5f3759df , but this new constant gave slightly less accuracy after one iteration of Newton 's method . Lomont then searched for a constant optimal even after one and two Newton iterations and found 0x5f375a86 , which is more accurate than the original at every iteration stage . He concluded by asking whether the exact value of the original constant was chosen through derivation or trial and error . Lomont pointed out that the magic number for 64 bit IEEE754 size type double is 0x5fe6ec85e7de30da , but it was later shown by Matthew Robertson to be exactly 0x5fe6eb50c7b537a9 . Charles McEniry performed a similar but more sophisticated optimization over likely values for R. His initial brute force search resulted in the same constant that Lomont determined . When he attempted to find the constant through weighted bisection , the specific value of R used in the function occurred , leading McEniry to believe that the constant may have originally been derived through " bisecting to a given tolerance " .
= = = Documents = = =
Blinn , Jim ( July 1997 ) . " Floating Point Tricks " . Computer Graphics & Applications , IEEE 17 ( 4 ) : 80 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1109 / 38 @.@ 595279 .
Blinn , Jim ( 2003 ) . Jim Blinn 's Corner : Notation , notation notation . Morgan Kaufmann . ISBN 1 @-@ 55860 @-@ 860 @-@ 5 .
Eberly , David ( 2001 ) . 3D Game Engine Design . Morgan Kaufmann . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 55860 @-@ 593 @-@ 0 .
Hennessey , John ; Patterson , David A. ( 1998 ) . Computer Organization and Design ( 2nd ed . ) . San Francisco , CA : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 55860 @-@ 491 @-@ 9 .
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Lomont , Chris ( February 2003 ) . " Fast Inverse Square Root " ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 02 @-@ 13 .
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Middendorf , Lars ; Mühlbauer , Felix ; Umlauf , George ; Bodba , Christophe ( June 1 , 2007 ) . " Embedded Vertex Shader in FPGA " . In Rettberg , Achin . Embedded System Design : Topics , Techniques and Trends . IFIP TC10 Working Conference : International Embedded Systems Symposium ( IESS ) . et al . Irvine , California : Springer . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 387 @-@ 72257 @-@ 3 .
Striegel , Jason ( December 4 , 2008 ) . " Quake 's fast inverse square root " . Hackszine . O 'Reilly Media . Archived from the original on 2009 @-@ 02 @-@ 15 . Retrieved 2013 @-@ 01 @-@ 07 .
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= Illuminati ( Madonna song ) =
" Illuminati " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Madonna for her thirteenth studio album Rebel Heart ( 2015 ) . It was written by Madonna Ciccone , Toby Gad , Maureen McDonald , Larry Griffin Jr . , Mike Dean , Kanye West , Tommy Brown , Ernst Brown [ a ] and Jacques Webster [ a ] . The song was produced by Madonna , West , Dean and Symbolyc One , with co @-@ production by Charlie Heat and additional production by Travis Scott . The song 's demo was leaked to the internet in December 2014 , with twelve other tracks from the album . Its final version was released on December 20 , 2014 , with five other tracks on iTunes store as " an early Christmas gift " to avoid further leaks . The song 's demo version features dance synths and acoustic guitars ; after showing the song to West , he felt connected to the song and changed it to a darker sound . The song was conceived after Madonna was accused of being a member of the Illuminati ; she wanted to write a song about who they really are and what they are not .
" Illuminati " is a dance @-@ pop song with brittle hits , blips and a buzz @-@ saw break as its main instrumentation . Its sound was compared to that of West 's album Yeezus ( 2013 ) . The song 's lyrics discuss Illuminati conspiracy theories ; it names celebrities who had also been accused of being part of the group , and religious imagery . Madonna sings , " It 's like everybody in this party 's , shining like Illuminati " . The song received favorable reviews from music critics , who commended West involvement with the track , and its ambitious sound and lyrics , while some chose it as one of the album 's highlights . It charted in some European territories and on the Billboard 's Dance / Electronic Digital Songs . Madonna performed the song with dancers strapped to tall , flexible poles as part of her Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) ; it was considered one of the show 's main highlights .
= = Background and release = =
While recording for her thirteenth studio album , Madonna enlisted several collaborators ; MoZella , Symbolyc One and Toby Gad were announced as new collaborators on the album in April 2014 . Madonna posted a photograph of the trio working with her in a recording studio on her Instagram account . She said on the photograph , " Having an Iconic Moment in the studio with Toby @-@ Mozilla and S1 . My throat hurts from singing , laughing and crying . " Gad worked with Madonna on fourteen songs , all of which appeared on the album . According to Gad , " The first week she was quite intimidating . It was like a test phase . You have to criticize , but you can 't really offend . But she also likes honest , harsh critics to say things as they are . It worked out really well and she got sweeter and sweeter . "
American recording artist Kanye West also contributed to three tracks on the album ; Madonna called him " the black Madonna " and said , " We 're comrades in the envelope @-@ pushing genre " . Madonna said , " It 's a little bit of a bullfight , but we take turns . He knows that he 's walking into a room with a person with a strong point of view , and I do , too . I listen to what he has to say , take it in , and he listens to what I say and takes it in . We didn 't agree on everything , but he has good ideas . " She told Rolling Stone that of the songs she played him , West connected the most with " Illuminati " and that , " [ h ] e loved the melody , and he was actually jumping up and down on the soundboard . He literally stood on top of the mixing board — we were worried he was going to hit his head on the ceiling , but he didn 't . He ended up being very excited about that track , and then he added his spin to it , musically , and I love it . To me , he elevated the lyrics with the music . It 's like a siren , alerting people . " In December 2014 , thirteen demos of tracks for the album , including " Illuminati " , were leaked to the Internet . To avoid further leaks , Madonna released six completed tracks , including the final version of " Illuminati " with the addition of West 's writing and production , with the pre @-@ order for the album on the iTunes Store on December 20 , 2014 , as an " early Christmas gift " .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Illuminati " was written by Madonna Ciccone , Toby Gad , Maureen McDonald , Larry Griffin Jr . , Mike Dean , Kanye West , Tommy Brown , Ernst Brown [ a ] and Jacques Webster [ a ] . The song was produced by Madonna , West , Dean and Symbolyc One , with co @-@ production by Charlie Heat and additional production by Travis Scott . Gad played guitar on the track and Dean laid keyboards and programmed the drums . The track was engineered and mixed by Demacio " Demo " Castellon and Noah Goldstein . " Illuminati " is a dance @-@ pop song ; its demo version , written around March – April 2014 , featured " staid dance synths and cheesy acoustic guitars " , according to Saeed Saaed from The National . The album version features " brittle hits , blips and a buzz @-@ saw break " , which many critics considered reminiscent to West 's " dark and claustrophobic sounds " of his sixth studio album Yeezus ( 2013 ) .
The song 's lyrics are about Illuminati conspiracy theories ; Madonna sings and raps about supposed illuminati luminaries including Jay Z , Beyoncé , Kanye West , Nicki Minaj , Bill Gates , Steve Jobs , Lady Gaga , Justin Bieber , Barack Obama , LeBron James and Oprah Winfrey . The song also mentions pentagrams and the " Google of the United States " . According to Amy Pettifer , Madonna " ... reckons it 's the beautiful freaks of the club that hold the power , not these celebrity cyphers ; she 's interested in the sweat @-@ slicked celestial bodies , ' shining like illuminati ' " . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Madonna said she was often accused of being a member of the Illuminati and she wanted to record a song about what she believed the Illuminati to be . She said :
People are always using the word Illuminati but they 're always referencing it in an incorrect way . People often accuse me of being a member of the Illuminati and I think in today 's pop culture the Illuminati is perceived as a group of powerful , successful people who are working behind the scenes to control the universe . Not people with consciousness , not people who are enlightened . So people were accusing me of being a member of the Illuminati , and I kept going , wait — so first I had to figure out what that meant ... I know who the real Illuminati are , and I know where that word comes from . The real Illuminati were a group of scientists , artists , philosophers , writers , who came about in what is referred to as the Age of Enlightenment , after the Dark Ages , when there was no writing and no art and no creativity and no spirituality , and life was really at a standstill . And right after that , everything flourished . So we had people like Shakespeare and Leonardo Da Vinci and Michaelangelo and Isaac Newton , and all these great minds and great thinkers , and they were called Illuminati ... It had nothing to do with money and power . Of course they were powerful , because they influenced people . But their goal was to inspire and enlighten . So when people refer to me as a member of the Illuminati , I always want to say thank you . Thank you for putting me in that category .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called it " a sleek , spooky collaboration with Kanye West " , while Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone said the collaboration " gel [ s ] perfectly " . Ben Kelly of Attitude said , " West ’ s production makes a real moment " and " Her anti @-@ Vogue rap of suspected Illuminati members is probably the only time Rihanna and Queen Elizabeth will feature side by side " . Gavin Haynes of NME described it as " classy , ' Vogue ' -referencing " . Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times called it " one of the record ’ s highlights , " saying , " [ s ] he raps during [ the song ] and doesn ’ t sound totally ridiculous " . He also said the track balances " club frenzy and revelatory lyricism " . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said , " West gives ' Illuminati ' the Yeezus treatment ... her rapped verses about the titular secret society are clean and tight enough to make you forget about ' American Life ' " . Kevin Ritchie of Now called it one of " the most ambitious and interesting lyrically " . Lindsay Zoladz of New York Daily News wrote that the song is " just goofy enough to work " .
Amy Pettifer of The Quietus said the song is " scuzzy and repetitive with a danceable hook — but her voice is at its thinnest and the dynamics a little lacking . Despite all this , it does contain the great lyric , ' It 's time to dance and turn this dark into something ' , which could be the album 's epigram . " Lee DeVito of Metro Times called it " a bit repetitive " but said it is probably his favorite track on the album . Saeed Saeed of The National said he favored the album 's version over its demo , and that , " [ t ] hankfully , Kanye West rescued it by throwing out the lameness and added the dark and claustrophobic sounds of his seminal 2013 album Yeezus " . Bernard Zuel from The Sydney Morning Herald said it is " colder and harder sounding , in the way of West 's own recent work . There 's some edge to it but not much menace that would really thrust it into compelling . " For Kitty Empire of The Guardian said " Rebel Heart 's key collaboration with Kanye West finds two of pop 's biggest egomaniacs starring in a wiggly club banger that doubles as a take @-@ down of the internet 's most nutzoid meme " . Mark Lore of Paste called it " dark and creepy , and it 's one of the best tracks on Rebel Heart " .
Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club said , " while her distortion @-@ smudged , guitar @-@ marred Kanye West collaboration ' Illuminati ' is pleasingly confrontational , the song ’ s lyrical progression is a distracted mess ... The result ? All of these shiny party people resemble the Illuminati . " Jim Farber of The New York Daily News said West " gave her a dark needling rhythm that sounds like something left over from his last album . Its industrial grind clashes badly with Madonna ’ s soft vocal . " Andrew Unterberger of Spin said the song " wastes a potentially explosive , blacklit Kanye beat on a muddled , hashtagging lyric that isn ’ t even as conspiracy @-@ baiting as it thinks it is " . New Zealand Herald 's Lydia Jenkin was more critical , writing that it " sounds like a trying @-@ too @-@ hard version of Lady Gaga meets M.I.A. " . Similarly , Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said the song " reek [ s ] of desperation , wanting so badly to shock and offend listeners that [ it ] fail [ s ] to resolve as satisfying song first and foremost " .
= = Live performance = =
" Illuminati " is part of the setlist of Madonna 's Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . After the acoustic performance of " Rebel Heart " , Madonna leaves the stage for a costume change ; her dancers perform " Illuminati " while perched on rubber poles that bend with the wind . Jordan Zivitz of Montreal Gazette praised the performance , writing that the dancers " nearly stole the show in their employer ’ s absence during another costume change , set to Illuminati 's woozy thump " . George Varga of The San Diego Union Tribune said the audience " cheered with notably more enthusiasm " during the performance .
In the New York magazine review of the tour , Lindsay Zolatz commended the dancers , especially during " Illuminati " , writing that it was the " most impressive " part of the show , with " some guys in top hats flying through the air on wobbly stilts that had the whole audience gasping " . Kitty Empire of The Guardian said , " Madonna ’ s interludes are as good as the main event " , and that the performance of " Illuminati " " finds seven dancers strapped to the top of tall , flexible poles , swaying precipitously " . The Hollywood Reporter 's Ashley Lee said , " Madonna 's dancers served impressive spectacles that left the crowd gasping in awe , as they leaned wildly into the audience from atop ten @-@ foot stilts . It 's arguable that her changeover dance sequences and stunts are more entertaining than other performers ' entire sets . "
= = Credits = =
Personnel adapted from Madonna 's official website .
= = Charts = =
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= Best Thing I Never Had =
" Best Thing I Never Had " is a song recorded by the American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was released by Columbia Records on June 1 , 2011 , as the third single from the album . " Best Thing I Never Had " was composed by Patrick " J. Que " Smith , Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds , Symbolyc One , Caleb McCambpell , Antonio Dixon , Beyoncé , and Shea Taylor . The song was originally not written as a ballad , but was inspired by the drumming on Doug E. Fresh 's 1985 single " The Show " . Beyoncé said that anyone , regardless of gender , should be able to relate to the song .
A pop and R & B ballad , the subjects of " Best Thing I Never Had " are revenge and karma . Not wanting to feel broken @-@ hearted , the female protagonist sings that she feels happy to have left her lover , who did not recognize the potential for a happy life with her . The song was generally well received by contemporary music critics , who viewed it as a sequel to Beyoncé 's 2006 single " Irreplaceable " — the two songs are thematically similar . They praised Beyoncé 's vocal delivery as well as the openness of the song 's message ; " Best Thing I Never Had " was deemed to have strong radio appeal . However , some lyrics , including " showed your ass " and " sucks to be you right now " , were criticized . The ballad was also likened to Vanessa Carlton 's 2002 single " A Thousand Miles " ( 2002 ) .
" Best Thing I Never Had " peaked at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number four on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It rose to number three on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Irish Singles Chart among others . The song reached number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , the UK R & B Chart , and the US Hot Dance Club Play chart , and the top 30 in mainland Europe , Oceania , and Canada . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) .
The accompanying music video for " Best Thing I Never Had " was directed by Diane Martel . It shows Beyoncé getting ready for her wedding while she recalls her ex @-@ lover , who never gave her the attention she deserved . Critics generally wrote that Beyoncé looked stunning in the bridal suite , and commended her ability to sing directly to the camera when telling the subject of the song that she was the best lover he ever had . " Best Thing I Never Had " was promoted with several live performances by Beyoncé , notably at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival and on the televised ABC show The View . The song was also included on the set list for her concert 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and other shows .
= = Writing and recording = =
Beyoncé and Patrick " J. Que " Smith wrote " Best Thing I Never Had " in collaboration with its producers Kenneth " Babyface " Edmonds , Symbolyc One , Antonio Dixon , Shea Taylor , and Caleb McCampbell . According to Smith , " Best Thing I Never Had " is a ballad but was not originally written so ; early demos sounded like late 1980s hip hop material . The main inspiration for the song was the drumming of Doug E. Fresh 's song " The Show " ( 1985 ) . Smith told Gyant of Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) that he was initially intimidated at the prospect of working with Beyoncé . He was in Los Angeles when Tony Dixon telephoned him to say he and Edmonds were going to write some songs with Beyoncé . Smith was asked to join them in the studio and the trio wrote part of " Best Thing I Never Had " . After a few days , Dixon and Smith went to the studio again and completed the writing . The song was modified by Edmonds after hearing a demo ; he tweaked the lyrics and added a few more melodies .
Beyoncé 's vocals were recorded at the KMA Studio in New York City . When the trio played Beyoncé the demo of " Best Thing I Never Had " , she immediately approved it after making slight modifications . Smith says that Beyoncé was literally jumping up and down after hearing the demo . One hour later Beyoncé recorded " Best Thing I Never Had " and two other songs . Smith recalled that Beyoncé focused solely on the recording , ignoring hunger as she worked into the night . Beyoncé has stated that every man and woman can relate to the song 's subject matter because at one point , almost everyone ends a relationship because of lack of commitment by his or her partner .
= = Artwork and release = =
A private listening party for Beyoncé 's fourth studio album , 4 , was held on May 12 , 2011 . Beyoncé offered a select group of fans a preview of five songs from 4 , including " Best Thing I Never Had " . On May 20 , 2011 , a song called " End of Time " , featuring Beyoncé professing everlasting love , was leaked online , watermarked with the tag " internal use only " . Several websites , including MTV News reported that it might be released as the second single from 4 . However , these speculations were soon overshadowed by the release of " 1 + 1 " on May 25 , 2011 , a promotional single in the United States exclusively . Nevertheless , Columbia Records reported that " 1 + 1 " would not be released for airplay and that " Best Thing I Never Had " was favored as the second single from 4 , following " Run the World ( Girls ) " .
On May 27 , 2011 , Pittsburgh radio station 96 @.@ 1 Kiss FM received an email from Beyoncé 's management , informing them that " Best Thing I Never Had " would premiere on radio on June 1 , 2011 . The single debuted on US radio at 8 a.m. ( EST ) that day . Its cover artwork was also unveiled on June 1 , 2011 , on Beyoncé 's official website . It was photographed by Ellen von Unwerth and shows Beyoncé posing in a bathroom in front of a mirror while wearing a tight @-@ fitting dress designed by Lleah Rae . She holds a tube of red lipstick , which has been used to write " King B " on the mirror . The song was digitally released in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the US on June 1 , 2011 , and in Europe on June 9 , 2011 . " Best Thing I Never Had " was released as a digital download in the UK on July 3 , 2011 , and as a CD single in Germany on July 29 , 2011 , and in the UK on August 2 , 2011 . A Digital EP containing four remixes of the song was released in Australia , New Zealand , Europe , and the UK on September 2 , 2011 .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Best Thing I Never Had " is a midtempo pop and R & B power ballad , which incorporates elements of gospel . The song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute , and is written in the key of G ♭ major . The introduction follows the chord progression of G ♭ – C ♭ – E ♭ m – D ♭ , while the verses follow E ♭ m – G ♭ sus4 – G ♭ – E ♭ m – D ♭ 6 – G ♭ sus4 – G ♭ . Beyoncé 's voice spans from the low note of E ♭ 3 to the high note of G ♭ 5 . Layered female vocals provide a backing to Beyoncé 's occasionally aggressive vocals . The instrumentation includes a piano , stadium @-@ sized bass drums , and strings . " Best Thing I Never Had " is thematically a kiss @-@ off song ; it is in this respect similar to Beyoncé 's own songs " Irreplaceable " ( 2006 ) and " If I Were a Boy " ( 2008 ) .
Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that elements of the ballad have emanated from Celine Dion 's " That ’ s The Way It Is " ( 1999 ) , and Bruce Hornsby 's " The Way It Is " ( 1986 ) . Caryn Ganz of Yahoo ! Music wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " resembles Vanessa Carlton 's 2002 song " A Thousand Miles " paired with Ryan Tedder 's thumping beat . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media also noted that the song wouldn 't sound " out @-@ of @-@ place " on a Vanessa Carlton album . Priya Elan of NME noted that the ballad is reminiscent of Beyoncé 's own 2008 songs " Halo " and " Scared Of Lonely " , owing to its cascading piano work and drum beat . James Dinh of MTV News wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " sounds like a song from a Broadway musical ; he attributed the comparison to Beyoncé 's collaboration with the band from Fela ! to gain inspiration from the play 's subject , Nigerian musician and composer Fela Kuti .
The song 's lyrics are about the breakdown of a relationship between Beyoncé and her lover , a situation that suits both of them . They also touch on revenge and karma , particularly the opening line , " What goes around comes back around " , the lines " Best thing I 've ever had " , " Best thing you 've never had " , and the closing line , " Sucks to be you right now " . Happy to have avoided heartbreak , Beyoncé continues to sing about her ex @-@ lover , who did not recognize the possibility of a happy relationship with Beyoncé until the relationship broke down . Beyoncé no longer desires her lover after discovering his deceit ; as shown in the pre @-@ chorus and chorus lines , " When I think of the time that I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you / Thank God you blew it , I thank God I dodged a bullet / I ’ m so over you , so baby good looking out / I wanted you bad / I ’ m so through with that / Because honestly / You turned out to be the best thing I never had / And will always be the best thing you never had . "
In the second verse , Beyoncé continues to dismiss her former lover as she sings , " So sad , you 're hurt / boo hoo ... " , over a tinkling piano riff and bass drums . She then chants the ascendant chorus , which this time features soaring strings and an uplifting aggressive piano accompaniment . Nadine Cheung of AOL Radio noted that though Beyoncé rips through the verses , she sings the chorus and bridge with restraint ; on the latter , she affirms that she has moved on in life . The song ends as Beyoncé repeatedly sings , " What goes around comes back around / I bet it sucks to be you right now " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Best Thing I Never Had " has garnered largely positive reviews from music critics who complimented Beyoncé 's vocals , the honesty in the song 's message , and its radio appeal . Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times noted similarities between " Best Thing I Never Had " and Beyoncé 's previous singles including " Irreplaceable " and " If I Were a Boy " , and concluded that Beyoncé " certainly knows how to dump a man in style " . Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " could be " Irreplaceable Part Two " and noted that Beyoncé 's vocal performance brings depth to the song . Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice wrote that the song is not as iconic as its reference point " Irreplaceable " , but " nor is it as shady " . He commended the optimism in the song 's lyrics . Consequence of Sound writer Chris Coplan commented that the ballad is a powerful moment of self @-@ realization , which is enhanced by Beyoncé 's vocal performance " as [ a ] wounded bird turned resilient lioness " . Choosing " Best Thing I Never Had " as the highlight of 4 , Andy Kellman of Allmusic described it as " a bombastic kiss @-@ off saved by Beyoncé 's ability to plow through it " . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly noted the moderate chart performance of " Run the World ( Girls ) " , and wrote :
" Best Thing I Never Had " finds Beyoncé mining the same kind of girl @-@ power imagery as she did on ' Run the World ( Girls ) ' . But there is something more direct and honest about the lyrics on the new single ( perhaps it 's the instant greatness of the line , ' When I think of the time I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you ' ) . ' Best Thing I Never Had ' feels like the kind of crossover hit that will help 4 join the rest of Beyoncé 's discography in multiplatinum land .
Jessica Sinclair of Long Island Press noted that " Best Thing I Never Had " is different from " Run the World ( Girls ) " and that it shows a side of Beyoncé that listeners rarely see . Similarly , Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that the song reveals " a more ferocious side to Beyoncé with it 's [ sic ] faster pace and aggressive piano backing " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy commented that the " [ ' Best Thing I Never Had ' ] is a classic Beyoncé track waiting to happen " . Chad Grischow of IGN wrote that " the lush backing music and [ the ] soaring vocals " on the song sound suitable for an updated take on the Waiting To Exhale soundtrack album as Beyoncé is ecstatic that she ended a poor relationship before it was too late . Jon Caramainca of The New York Times commented that the " Best Thing I Never Had " has " optimistic , coffee @-@ commercial " pianos , which place Beyoncé directly in Lilith Fair territory . James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that it is one of the best ballads on the album 4 . James Dinh of the same publication added that the song has a radio @-@ friendly appeal and a catchy chorus . Similarly , Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly and Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle praised the song 's radio nature , with the latter calling it " a return to form " with a " regal sound of a radio smash " . Jim Farber of Daily News wrote that the melodies and the clever lyrics of " Best Thing I Never Had " are likely to inspire significant airplay . Ricky Schweitzer of One Thirty BPM commented that even though the ballad sounds like a place @-@ filler on 4 , it remains largely superior " to the majority of the trash being churned out by Beyoncé ’ s peers " .
" Best Thing I Never Had " also received a few mixed and negative reviews . Amos Barshad of New York magazine wrote that the ballad borrows more heavily from Beyoncé 's own 2006 single " Irreplaceable " , and that " [ this ] can 't be a bad thing " . However , he noted that " this time in language ( ' Sucks to be you right now ' ) agreeable to a nation of tweens and in a manner agreeable to anyone who likes yelping along in unison to ascendant pop choruses . " David Amidon of PopMatters wrote that lines like " showed your ass " and " it must suck to be you " exemplify lame lyrics . He concluded that , " [ listeners ] are wondering how such lame lyrics could be sung with such earnestness . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that the most interesting thing about " Best Thing I Never Had " is the curious image evoked by the chorus ' lyric , noting that everything seemed fine until " the protagonist 's former amorata ' showed your ass ' " . Music Week 's Ben Cardew commented that its 1980s sound is " not a highlight " . A negative review came from Al Shipley of The Village Voice who wrote that " Best Thing I Never Had " and " Party " were " among the album 's worst and most unrepresentative songs " .
= = = Recognition = = =
" Best Thing I Never Had " received a nomination for Record of the Year at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards . At the 43rd NAACP Image Award presented on February 17 , 2012 , " Best Thing I Never Had " received a nomination in the category for Outstanding Song . At the 2012 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards , " Best Thing I Never Had " won in the category for Award @-@ Winning R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . The Guardian 's critic Dan Hancox placed the song at number four on his list of the 10 best songs of 2011 . On The Village Voice 's 2011 year @-@ end Pazz & Jop singles list , " Best Thing I Never Had " was ranked at number 604 .
= = Chart performance = =
For the chart issue dated June 18 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number 84 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . The following week , the song climbed to number 75 ; the week her album 4 was released , it further moved from number 58 to number 29 on the Hot 100 chart dated July 16 , 2011 . Four weeks later , the ballad entered the top 20 , moving from number 25 to number 19 on the Hot 100 chart . For the week ending August 13 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " peaked at number 16 on the Hot 100 chart . It was last seen on the chart issue dated October 29 , 2011 , at number 67 , having spent 19 consecutive weeks on it . " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number 53 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart issue dated June 18 , 2011 , where it was the highest debut that week . For the week ending September 24 , 2011 , the song reached number one on the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems ( BDS ) urban airplay chart with 3765 spins , which were heard by 22 @.@ 033 million listeners . It stayed at number one for one additional week . " Best Thing I Never Had " eventually peaked at number four on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The song reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , on the issue dated September 10 , 2011 . As of October 2012 , it has sold over 1 million paid digital downloads in the US .
For the week ending June 18 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart with digital sales of 85 @,@ 742 copies . The following week , it remained at number one and sold twice as many copies , amassing 174 @,@ 773 digital sales . As of October 2012 , the single has sold over 1 @.@ 1 million copies in South Korea .
On June 13 , 2011 , the ballad debuted at number 29 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . " Best Thing I Never Had " kept fluctuating on the chart for the next five weeks until it entered the top 20 on July 25 , 2011 , at number 18 . On August 1 , 2011 , the song peaked at number 17 on the singles chart and at number six on ARIA 's urban singles chart . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipment 70 @,@ 000 copies . " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart on June 26 , 2011 . On its fifth week on the chart , it peaked at number five . On August 14 , 2011 , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting shipment 7 @,@ 500 copies .
Before the song 's official release in the United Kingdom , " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the UK R & B Chart on July 4 , 2011 , selling 51 @,@ 365 copies that week . Music Week 's Alan Jones attributed the high sales to Beyoncé 's performance at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival . It became Beyoncé 's sixteenth top 10 UK single as a solo artist , and her highest charting UK single since " If I Were a Boy " peaked at number one in November 2008 . On July 17 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " reached number one on the UK R & B Chart , and the UK Airplay Chart the following week , amassing 71 @.@ 58 million listener impressions . It became Beyoncé 's fourth single as a solo artist , and seventh , including her singles with Destiny 's Child , to reach number one on that chart The song was last seen in the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart on January 8 , 2012 , having spent 28 weeks on the chart . " Best Thing I Never Had " debuted at number 35 in the Irish Singles Chart on June 16 , 2011 . Although the song fell to number 42 the following week , it began to continually climb the chart as from June 30 , 2011 , and entered the top 20 four weeks later . On July 14 , 2011 , " Best Thing I Never Had " entered the top 10 at number six , and peaked at number two the following week , becoming Beyoncé 's fourteenth single as a solo artist to peak inside the top 10 on the Irish Singles Chart .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and concept = = =
The music video for " Best Thing I Never Had " was directed by Diane Martel , and filmed in Westchester County on June 15 , 2011 and in Fort Greene , Brooklyn , on June 16 , 2011 . On June 20 , 2011 , it was reported that Beyoncé would not play the prom queen in the video . Beyoncé said that not being prom queen in the video reminded her of how she never wore the coveted tiara at her own high school dance . She added that she felt strange because her father , Mathew Knowles , did not escort her down the aisle in the wedding scene , as he had when she married Jay @-@ Z in April 2008 . The wedding scene was filmed at Sleepy Hollow Country Club on June 15 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Beyoncé was interviewed by Access Hollywood , where she said of the video 's set :
It was a little strange . And definitely when I walked down the aisle I was like , ' This is kind of creepy — there ’ s some other man standing there ! ' It was really beautiful . People were all really excited like it was really my wedding . My mother was even like , ' Aww ' , and I was like , ' Mom , it 's a video . This is not my dress . This is not the real wedding . ' But I think it ’ s just one of those moments that every woman kind of fantasizes and relives .
Beyoncé said that the wedding dress she wears in the video was a Baracci one , which she saw in a shop window a year ago when she was at the 52nd Grammy Awards . She added that the dress was " just like a beautiful fantasy , so we called and they still had the dress " . Beyoncé also wears a tiara designed by Lorraine Schwartz , who converted it from a necklace . Beyoncé said that the wedding outfit made her feel " like royalty ... like a queen " . She added that the music video wedding was more chaotic than her real wedding in 2008 , " This may have been a little more crazy , actually . I had to sing at the same time ! " The ivory draped V @-@ neck gown which Beyoncé wears in the video was designed by the Chinese @-@ American fashion designer Vera Wang . The video premiered online at 8 pm ( EST ) on July 7 , 2011 . It was available for digital download on June 9 , 2011 .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The music video begins with Beyoncé preparing herself for her wedding ceremony . She is in her boudoir wearing a lacy corset and a lingerie combo with garters . As the song begins , Beyoncé looks towards the camera , addressing the viewer while affirming the subject of the song that she was the best he ever had . The video moves from Beyoncé playing with a tiara , a veil and tulle netting on a bed , to various stages of getting dressed . Between scenes , flash back scenes of Beyoncé in high school are shown . Beyoncé is seen with a high school boyfriend at their senior @-@ prom night on May 16 , 1998 . As Beyoncé and her boyfriend dance , he becomes interested in another girl , leaving Beyoncé alone on the dance floor . The video then returns to the present , with Beyoncé in her final preparations before her marriage . She is shown wearing a white gown and singing at sunset atop a grassy hill , followed by a scene of her walking down the aisle and exchanging vows . Her former lover is shown at the prom , deep in thought , with his prom king crown askew on his head . Beyoncé and her new husband are seen celebrating at a happy and well @-@ attended reception . The groom removes the bride 's garter with his teeth and they start dancing with their younger family members . The final scene features Beyoncé looking into the camera looking happy and satisfied . She walks off confidently to rejoin her wedding party and new husband , and then the screen fades to black .
= = = Reception = = =
Entertainment Weekly 's Adam B. Vary wrote that Beyoncé was " at her peak — in voice , in looks , in taste in opulent wedding gowns " . A Rolling Stone 's critic commented Beyoncé was looking stunning in a bridal suite , adding that the most disarming thing about the clip is that she sings directly to the camera . The review concludes that , " the video hits all of its marks perfectly , conveying all of the nuances in the lyrics while providing a lovely , memorable visual . " The Washington Post 's Sarah Anne Hughes wrote Beyoncé is " extravagantly dressed " in the video adding that the only downside is that there is no dance in the tradition of " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ( 2008 ) . Kara Warner of MTV News called " Run the World ( Girls ) " and " Best Thing I Never Had " , " as different as night and day " adding that the same thing happened with their music videos . Werner further praised Beyoncé ' " gorgeous " dress and added that it " will likely land on a few style blogs soon , given its embroidered and jeweled details , not to mention the silk bows and ruching on the sides " . A writer of The Huffington Post described the video as a transition to the one for " Run the World " . Cristina Everett of Daily News noted that the look of satisfaction and hapinness on her face make the video the best revenge for her ex @-@ lover . Pitchfork Media 's Tom Breihan noted that Beyoncé was looking " makeup @-@ commercial @-@ flawless " . He also wrote that if country singer Kellie Pickler remade the video shot @-@ for @-@ shot , it would never leave CMT rotation for it is " a perfect CMT video " .
Andrea Magrath of Daily Mail compared Beyoncé with Maria von Trapp in the video . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine praised the video , " What better way to show your ex they 're the best thing you never had than with saying ' I Do ' to someone bigger and better in a Baracci Beverly Hills wedding gown . " Jason Lipshutz of the same publication described it as a " smile @-@ inducing clip with a dream wedding " . A writer of Rap @-@ Up praised the video 's " fairytale " ending . Gordon Smart of The Sun described the white corset that Beyoncé wore in the video as sexy and wrote that " her ex will be feeling a bit of a mug watching it when he remembers what he 's missing out on . " Ashleigh Rainbird of the Daily Mirror found Beyoncé , " looking sexy in white lacy undies and garter – and later in a Big Fat Gypsy Wedding @-@ style frock " . Amos Barshad of New York magazine commented , " To just full @-@ on hammer down the whole ' mature and settled down and happy ' thing , Mrs. Hova saunters around with the most irrepressible smile you 've ever seen , shimmying amazingly ( note the moves at 3 : 30 ) as home footage of that jerk she threw away like a parking ticket cuts in and out . " The music video peaked at number one on the UK TV Airplay Chart , logging 634 plays on July 24 , 2011 .
= = = Alternate video = = =
On July 26 , 2011 , Beyoncé announced plans to make an alternative music video for " Best Thing I Never Had " . She asked her fans to send pictures from their weddings or prom day experiences , which would be included in a re @-@ edited version of the video . This alternate video was scheduled for release in September 2011 . However , it premiered on October 11 , 2011 , on Celebuzz . Charli Penn of Essence magazine praised the alternate video for " Best Thing I Never Had " calling it a " must @-@ see " video and adding that " it has already become a huge hit with fans " .
= = Live performances = =
Wearing a pink fringe dress , Beyoncé performed " Best Thing I Never Had " live for the first time during her concert at Palais Nikaia in Nice , France on June 20 , 2011 . She then sang the ballad on June 26 , 2011 , at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival , where she was the closing act , and the first major solo female headliner to appear on the Pyramid stage in over twenty years . She was wearing a low @-@ cut and sequined gold jacket while performing . Beyoncé 's performance of " Best Thing I Never Had " at the Glastonbury Festival was broadcast in the US during the 2011 BET Awards later the same day . On June 28 , 2011 , she performed the song during the finale of X Factor France , dressed in a Roman @-@ style dress . On July 1 , 2011 , Beyoncé gave a free concert , including on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series . Wearing a yellow fringe dress and gold stilettos , she sang " Best Thing I Never Had " . Dressed in a black gown , Beyoncé sang the ballad at Macy 's 35th Annual July 4 Fireworks Spectacular to an audience , which included serving members of the armed forces .
Beyoncé performed " Best Thing I Never Had " on The View and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . During the performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , she was dressed in white dress and backed by house band The Roots . Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Beyoncé " flipped the track three ways — first " as she performed it in its piano @-@ driven as heard on the album , then adopted a funky style to chant the second verse , before ending in jazzy fashion on the bridge . Caroline Shin of New York magazine described Beyoncé 's performance as powerful . She performed " Best Thing I Never Had " on August 14 , 2011 during the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé revue , held at the Roseland Ballroom , in New York City . Wearing a gold dress , Beyoncé sang it to an audience of 3 @,@ 500 , and was backed by her all @-@ female band as well as her backing singers , called the Mamas . Maura Johnston of The Village Voice wrote that the fans who attended the show , " were able to watch her bask in their singing the supremely confident ' Irreplaceable ' and ' Best Thing I Never Had ' as fearlessly as they might at home . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that the performance " hums beautifully but not powerfully " , and added that Beyoncé was " practically in earth mother mode , a healer curing her minions " . During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom , Beyoncé performed the ballad to a selected crowd of fans . She was dressed in a corseted gown with a long leather train .
= = Other versions and cover versions = =
Smith posted the original version of the song on his website , The Super Random , on July 28 , 2011 . On August 18 , 2011 , rappers and producers Lil Jon and Shawty Putt revealed their DJ Kontrol Remix of " Best Thing I Never Had " . The song was remixed to incorporate elements of funk and hip hop genres , according to Rap @-@ Up . Lil Jon mixed Beyoncé 's vocals over a sample of The Gap Band ’ s 1982 single , " Outstanding " . This remix features percussive beats and a rap verse by Putt .
The Horrors , an English new wave band , performed a cover version of " Best Thing I Never Had " during an edition of the Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1 . Chris Coplan of Consequence of Sound wrote , " [ ... ] reworking the song from fierce anthem to a decidedly Smiths @-@ ian weep @-@ fest , the lads struck the perfect balance between the sass of the original and their own depressing sound . " Krissi Murison of NME commented that their cover was " undoubtedly the greatest song psychedelic shoegaze never had " . " Best Thing I Never Had " was also covered by The X Factor contestant , Craig Colton , during the second week of the competition , in accordance with the theme ' Love and Heartbreak ' .
= = Formats and track listings = =
Digital download
" Best Thing I Never Had " – 4 : 12
German CD single
" Best Thing I Never Had " – 4 : 13
" Run the World ( Girls ) " ( Kaskade Club Remix ) – 5 : 03
Digital Remixes EP
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Gareth Wyn Remix ) – 6 : 33
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix ) – 6 : 23
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Billionaire Remix ) – 4 : 40
" Best Thing I Never Had " ( Moguai Remix ) – 6 : 17
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from 4 liner notes .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Hemilepistus reaumuri =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is a species of woodlouse that lives in and around the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East , " the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean " . It reaches a length of 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 87 in ) and a width of up to 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) , and has seven pairs of legs which hold its body unusually high off the ground . The species was described in the Description de l 'Égypte after the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria of 1798 – 1801 , but was first formally named by Henri Milne @-@ Edwards in 1840 as Porcellio reaumuri . It reached its current scientific name in 1930 after the former subgenus Hemilepistus was raised to the rank of genus .
H. reaumuri occurs at great population densities and fills an important niche in the desert ecosystem . It feeds on plant leaves , obtains most of its water from moisture in the air and sand , and is in turn an important prey item for the scorpion Scorpio maurus . H. reaumuri is only able to survive in such arid conditions because it has developed parental care of its offspring . Adults dig burrows which are inhabited by family groups , which are recognised using pheromones . The burrows are 40 – 50 cm ( 16 – 20 in ) deep , and the woodlice retreat to the relatively cool and moist conditions of the burrow when surface conditions are unfavourable . The territorial limit of each colony is marked with a faecal embankment .
= = Description = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is approximately 22 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 87 in ) long , and 9 – 12 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) wide . In common with other woodlice , it has seven pairs of legs and a pair of conspicuous antennae . It is classified in the family Trachelipodidae ; within that family , it is placed in the genus Hemilepistus because of the presence of tubercles only on the head and the nearby parts of the thorax .
H. reaumuri differs from other desert woodlice in a number of respects . It is crepuscular , while other species are nocturnal . Apart from at the highest temperatures , it is also positively phototactic ( is attracted to sunlight ) , while other species are negatively phototactic ( move away from bright light ) . Compared to other woodlice , H. reaumuri walks in an unusual manner , with its body held high off the ground .
= = Distribution = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is found in the steppes , semideserts and deserts of North Africa , and the Middle East , and occasionally on the margins of salt lakes . This has been described as " the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean " . H. reaumuri is most closely associated with loess soils in the Sahara Desert and Negev Desert , although its range extends from eastern Algeria to western Syria .
= = Ecology = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is an important part of the desert ecosystem . It has been found at population densities of up to 480 @,@ 000 individuals per hectare , which is equivalent to a biomass of 19 @.@ 2 kg / ha ; in comparison , desert mammals are estimated to have a combined biomass of 39 @.@ 9 kg / ha . The main predator of H. reaumuri is the scorpion Scorpio maurus , and it may compose up to 70 % of the scorpion 's diet . It appears to be vulnerable to attack only on the surface ; no predators are known to attack H. reaumuri in its underground burrows .
Hemilepistus reaumuri can only escape the heat of the desert by constructing a burrow , which is time @-@ consuming and energetically costly . One parent must therefore guard the burrow while the other forages for food . H. reaumuri can spend up to ten months of the year returning to the surface to forage , which is far longer than species which do not dig burrows , such as Armadillidium vulgare or Armadillo officinalis . Although they will forage at temperatures as high as 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , these woodlice retreat to their burrow when the temperature is too high . They are also unable to tolerate air with a relative humidity below 6 % , which often occurs at depths of up to 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in the desert soil in the hottest months , and the burrows are therefore dug at least 40 – 50 cm ( 16 – 20 in ) deep . The burrows are vertical , with a single entrance 9 – 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 47 in ) in diameter , and there may be up to 20 burrows per square metre ( nearly 2 per square foot ) in favourable areas . If a foraging woodlouse cannot find the burrow entrance on its return , it employs a complex and efficient strategy to find it again . It begins with a spirally widening search , and develops into a more meandering approach the longer it is unable to find the burrow .
Hemilepistus reaumuri has a significantly higher biomass than other herbivores in the Negev Desert , making it an important part of herbivore – omnivore food chains . They spend the day provisioning their burrows with leaf material from the surface of the desert , sometimes resting under stones or in crevices of rocks . Their faeces accumulates on the surface , and forms a " faecal embankment " , similar to a levee , which demarcates the extent of the home territory of the colony in the burrow . The plants Artemisia herba @-@ alba and Haloxylon scoparium are the most abundant bushes in the Negev desert , and seem to make up most of the diet of H. reaumuri .
The bulk of the water intake of Hemilepistus reaumuri is by taking up water vapour from saturated air and by eating damp sand . Water loss is minimised by the rectal epithelium , which absorbs water , ensuring that the faeces is drier than the food the animal consumed . Evaporation of water through the permeable exoskeleton may , however , provide a valuable cooling effect .
= = Life cycle = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri is the only species of Hemilepistus to have developed parental care of its offspring , and it is only because of this development that the species can survive in the desert . It is monogamous , and , unusually , both parents tend the young .
The colonies are quiescent during the winter , and young individuals emerge in February and March to establish new burrows . Sheltered sites below bushes are chosen , although larger males will often try to pair with a female who has already established a burrow , sometimes ousting her male partner . The anatomy of H. reaumuri is not specialised for digging , and the excavation is a slow process , taking place only in early spring . The first 3 – 5 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) are dug by a single woodlouse , which then stops to guard the new burrow . Eventually , it will allow one other woodlouse of the opposite sex to enter , and they then engage in a ritual which often lasts for hours , before copulating .
The female bears 50 – 100 live young , typically in May . The young remain in the burrow for 10 – 20 days , being provided with food by their parents . On leaving the burrow , they are wary of other families , and adults may catch other adults ' offspring and feed them to their own , but do not normally attack their own children . Members of each social group recognise each other using pheromones . Each pair only produces one brood , and the life of an individual of H. reaumuri is typically around 15 months long , considerably shorter than the 2 – 4 year lifespans of woodlice from more mesic habitats , such as Armadillidium vulgare , Porcellio scaber or Philoscia muscorum .
= = Taxonomic history = =
Hemilepistus reaumuri was illustrated in volume 21 of the Description de l 'Égypte , researched during Napoleon 's campaign in Egypt and Syria of 1798 – 1801 , and dedicated to René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur . The section on Crustacea was begun by Marie Jules César Savigny but finished by Jean Victoire Audouin after Savigny 's health deteriorated . The species was not given a formal scientific name , however , until Henri Milne @-@ Edwards did so in 1840 , calling it Porcellio reaumuri . Although initially placed in the genus Porcellio , it was later moved by G. H. A. Budde @-@ Lund in 1879 to his new subgenus Hemilepistus , which was raised from a subgenus of Porcellio to the rank of genus by Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff in 1930 . Several species names that were previously thought to be synonyms of H. reaumuri have been re @-@ examined , and found to refer to a species in a different family , now known as Porcellio brevicaudatus .
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= Pennsylvania Route 132 =
Pennsylvania Route 132 ( PA 132 ) is a state highway in southeast Pennsylvania . It runs northwest to southeast through Bucks County in suburban Philadelphia from PA 611 in Warrington Township to Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) in Bensalem Township . It is a commercial route lined with shopping centers throughout much of its 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) length . It is named Street Road and is five lanes wide for much of its length . It was also designated as the Armed Forces and Veterans Memorial Highway in 2005 . From west to east , it crosses PA 263 and PA 332 in Warminster Township , PA 232 in Upper Southampton Township , PA 532 in Lower Southampton Township , and U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) , the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) , PA 513 , and US 13 in Bensalem Township . Street Road was included in William Penn 's survey plans and completed by 1737 . The road was paved by 1911 and received the PA 132 designation by 1927 . The road was widened into a multi @-@ lane highway and extended to I @-@ 95 by 1970 . An E @-@ ZPass @-@ only interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike opened in 2010 .
= = Route description = =
PA 132 begins at an intersection with PA 611 ( Easton Road ) in Warrington Township , heading to the southeast on West Street Road , a four @-@ lane road that alternates between a divided highway and an undivided five @-@ lane road including a center left @-@ turn lane . West of PA 611 , Street Road continues as an unnumbered road to Lower State Road . It heads through commercial areas before crossing the Little Neshaminy Creek and entering residential areas . At the Valley Road intersection , the route crosses into Warminster Township and continues through suburban development . PA 132 enters commercial areas as it comes to an intersection with PA 263 ( York Road ) . After crossing the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad at @-@ grade about 300 feet ( 91 m ) north of that railroad meeting SEPTA 's Warminster Line , the route passes through industrial areas before intersecting PA 332 ( Jacksonville Road ) .
Past the PA 332 intersection , the road continues through a mix of homes and businesses as East Street Road . Upon crossing Davisville Road , PA 132 enters Upper Southampton Township and passes more businesses . The road crosses PA 232 ( Second Street Pike ) in the community of Southampton before crossing a bridge over SEPTA 's abandoned Fox Chase / Newtown Line . After passing through wooded residential areas , the road crosses into Lower Southampton Township at the Stump Road intersection and passes under Norfolk Southern 's Morrisville Line .
Street Road continues past a mix of residential and commercial development as it comes to an intersection with PA 532 ( Bustleton Pike ) in the community of Feasterville . After crossing PA 532 , the road heads past several businesses before turning south @-@ southeast into woodland . PA 132 turns southeast again and intersects Philmont Avenue prior to entering Bensalem Township . Upon entering Bensalem , the route passes over SEPTA 's West Trenton Line on a bridge as it enters commercial areas again . After a bridge over CSX 's Trenton Subdivision , PA 132 passes under the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) immediately before an intersection with Old Lincoln Highway , becoming a divided highway .
A short distance later , the road reaches a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 1 before turning south and coming to an E @-@ ZPass @-@ only ramp that provides access to and from the eastbound Pennsylvania Turnpike . PA 132 continues south @-@ southeast past more businesses , becoming an undivided road again and passing the entrance to Parx Casino and Racing . The road passes more development as it reaches the PA 513 ( Hulmeville Road ) intersection . Farther southeast , PA 132 reaches an interchange with US 13 before ending at the I @-@ 95 interchange . Past I @-@ 95 , Street Road continues as an unnumbered road to State Road .
In 2014 , PA 132 had an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 42 @,@ 000 vehicles between Trevose Road / Old Street Road and Old Lincoln Highway to a low of 25 @,@ 000 vehicles between Maple Avenue and PA 232 . The entire length of PA 132 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
Street Road was originally surveyed in the late 17th century , with the road being included in the original survey plans of William Penn for the Province of Pennsylvania . For much of its history it has been known as " the Street road " . It was called the Street road because , contrary to present usage where " street " is a synonym for road , the original use of the word " street " was a paved road . The entire length of the road was completed by 1737 . Street Road became a paved road by 1911 ; at the time , the route was not defined as a legislative route . By 1927 , PA 132 was designated onto part of Street Road , running from US 611 ( now PA 611 ) in Warrington Township southeast to US 13 in Bensalem Township .
In February 1950 , two traffic signals were installed along the road in Bensalem . Street lights were installed along the stretch of PA 132 in Bensalem in December 1952 . In August 1956 , Bensalem police chief William Riempp urged for the stretch of Street Road through the township to be completely reconstructed as it was one of the most dangerous roads in the state . The state widened the portion of PA 132 through Upper Southampton and Lower Southampton townships from 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) to 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) in 1956 ; this widening was called a " useless waste of public funds " by the Lower Southampton Township planning commission as the road was not anticipated to handle increasing traffic volumes . The portion of Street Road between US 1 and US 13 in Bensalem Township was repaved in summer 1957 ; however the shoulders were not repaved , resulting in a drop between the travel lanes and the shoulder . In August 1958 , the Pennsylvania State Highway Department ( PDH ) considered reducing the speed limit on the two @-@ lane stretch of PA 132 between Davisville Road and Gravel Hill Road in Upper Southampton Township in order to make the road safer .
On January 9 , 1960 , the PDH awarded a contract worth $ 1 @,@ 488 @,@ 493 to James D. Morrisey , Inc. to upgrade the section of PA 132 between Neshaminy and Warminster to a four @-@ lane divided highway . In November 1961 , the portion of Street Road southeast of US 13 was closed to allow for construction of I @-@ 95 ( Delaware Expressway ) , which would include an interchange with Street Road ; this interchange was planned to be completed in 1962 . In January 1962 , a proposal was made to split PA 132 onto separate roadways through Feasterville , with the westbound direction using Irving Place a block north of Street Road . In January 1963 , plans were made to widen the entire length of PA 132 to 80 feet ( 24 m ) with a median strip , with a portion in Feasterville to be widened to 71 feet ( 22 m ) . The widening was originally planned to be completed in 1965 . By March of that year , the widening project was shelved as the state felt they should receive federal funds to fund the project . With the widening shelved , businesses from Feeasterville and Southampton along with State Senator Marvin Keller led a push to get the portion of Street Road through the two communities paved , which was in disrepair and saw a lot of accidents .
In May 1965 , construction began to widen the portion of PA 132 between US 1 and US 13 in Bensalem to a four @-@ lane divided highway . On August 27 , 1965 , a 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) stretch of new concrete pavement along PA 132 in Bensalem was completed , with work then to begin on rebuilding the original roadway to make it a divided highway . The widening of Street Road into a divided highway between US 1 and US 13 was completed in December 1965 . The proposed widening of PA 132 in Feasterville drew concerns from residents who feared they would lose their homes . In July 1967 , the state made plans to add left turn lanes at PA 132 's intersections with US 611 in Warrington and PA 263 in Warminster in order to reduce crashes . In 1969 , work was underway in widening Street Road between PA 263 and PA 332 in Warminster . The widening of PA 132 into a divided highway was completed in 1970 . As a result of this improvement , a portion of the road was relocated east of Feasterville , with the former alignment becoming Old Street Road . Also by this time , the route was extended southeast to an interchange with I @-@ 95 .
In May 1971 , plans were announced to install a traffic signal at PA 132 and Mechanicsville Road in Bensalem Township , an intersection that saw many accidents . Plans were discussed in September 1975 to reconsturct PA 132 to handle increasing traffic volumes , with work projected to begin between 1977 and 1980 . On November 22 , 1976 , Warminster Township supervisors voted against building sidewalks and curbs on a portion of Street Road in the township in order to not burden taxpayers . In 2005 , a bill was passed designated the entire length of PA 132 as the Armed Forces and Veterans Memorial Highway . On May 28 , 2007 , PA 132 was officially named the Armed Forces and Veterans Memorial Highway in a ceremony held in Warminster , with State Representative Kathy Watson in attendance . On November 22 , 2010 , an E @-@ ZPass only ramp with access to and from the eastbound Pennsylvania Turnpike in Bensalem Township opened , intended to provide improved access to the Parx Casino and reduce congestion at the Pennsylvania Turnpike interchange with US 1 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Bucks County .
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= Shame ( Robbie Williams and Gary Barlow song ) =
" Shame " is a song written and recorded by English singers Robbie Williams and Gary Barlow for Williams 's second greatest hits compilation album , In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 ( 2010 ) . Produced by Trevor Horn , it was released as the lead single from the album on 27 August 2010 in most countries worldwide and on 1 October in the United Kingdom . " Shame " marks the first time Williams and Barlow collaborated on a song together solely and the first time they worked together since Williams left Take That in 1995 . It is a pop song with country and electro music influences ; two reviewers noted that it contains an acoustic guitar part similar to the one of The Beatles ' 1968 song , " Blackbird " . The lyrical content of the single revolves around singers 's broken relationship and fixing things up .
" Shame " received generally favourable reviews from music critics who praised the song 's sound and the melodic and lyrical skills of the performers . It reached the top @-@ ten in seven countries worldwide including Hungary , Netherlands , Italy and Denmark . In the singers 's native United Kingdom , it peaked at number two on the singles chart and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies in the country alone . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Vaughan Arnell in Los Angeles and premiered on 26 August 2010 . It features Williams and Barlow dancing and singing the song in a bar and fishing on a pond . Multiple critics linked the storyline and the pair 's chemistry in the video to the 2005 film , Brokeback Mountain . To further promote " Shame " , the pair performed it on multiple occasions including on the Help for Heroes concert and Strictly Come Dancing .
= = Development and release = =
In July 1995 , Williams announced that he was leaving Take That , a boy band in which both he and Barlow took part . Following his departure , the group disbanded until 2005 when they made their reunion . After 13 years , in 2008 , during the band 's work on their fifth studio album , The Circus , Barlow and Williams met for the first time since the latter left the band . In 2010 , in an interview on BBC Radio 1 , Williams elaborated , " ' It is one of those situations in life that could be very explosive and could go completely wrong . We had that big chat and the most amazing thing happened at the end of it . We both said sorry to each other and we both meant it and that was all we needed . " Barlow added " I spent the last 15 years thinking about what I was going to say . "
" Shame " was written by Barlow and Williams for Williams 's second greatest hits album , In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 ( 2010 ) . The single was conceived in February 2010 and written in a time span of an hour , in an empty recording studio located in Los Angeles ; it was inspired by their past trouble relationship . English musician Trevor Horn produced " Shame " while Tim Weidner and Graham Archer did the engineering of the track , whilst Dave Miles served as an additional engineer . Weidner also provided the mixing of the song . All of its mastering was done at the Metropolis Studios in London and the Gateway Mastering in Portland , Maine .
" Shame " was released as the lead and only single from In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 . It was made available for digital download via the iTunes Store on 27 August 2010 in some countries , including Australia , Denmark , Germany and Italy . In singers 's native United Kingdom it was placed for digital purchase over a month later on 1 October . On 4 October , Virgin Records released a CD single of " Shame " in the UK ; apart from the title track , the single featured another song performed by Williams , titled " The Queen " .
= = Composition and lyrical interpretation = =
" Shame " is a pop song with a length of three minutes fifty @-@ nine seconds . According to Faber Music 's digital sheet music for the song , " Shame " is composed in the key of Bb major and set in common time signature , and has a moderately slow groove of 96 beats per minute . The singers 's vocals span from the low note of B3 to the high note of B5 . Michael Cragg of The Guardian noted that the single features country music influences and an " electro @-@ tinged " chorus , reminiscent of the works of British producer Stuart Price . Jody Thompson of The Daily Mail and Digital Spy 's Mayer Nissim noted that " Shame " contains an acoustic guitar part which is similar to the one of " Blackbird " , a 1968 song written by Paul McCartney and performed by The Beatles .
The lyrical content of " Shame " revolves around " the breakdown in the relationship " that Williams and Barlow experienced after the former left Take That . Williams starts the song with the line , " Well there 's three versions of this story / Mine and yours and then the truth " , whilst Barlow responds channeling his original attempt for reconciliation , " I read your mind and tried to call / My tears could fill the Albert Hall . " Stuff.co.nz described the lyrics as " happy ending " and " patch things up " , when specifically singing the lines , " I don 't recall the reasons why , I must have meant them at the time , is this the sound of sweet surrender ? "
= = Critical reception = =
" Shame " received generally favourable reviews from contemporary music critics . Nissim gave the song three out of five stars and wrote that although it is not good as Take That 's previous singles , " Patience " , " Back for Good " and " Pray " , " it sounds awfully sweet and , more importantly , absolutely genuine . " Sean Egan of BBC Music stated that the single , " is as good as it sounds on paper , Barlow 's sumptuous melodic skills allied to a lyrical prowess we never suspected Williams had in the Take That days as the two engage in a sweetly regretful dialogue with each other about their past feuds . " A reviewer for CBBC described it as a " really sweet " and " meaningful " song that has " cheeky " sense of humour and words that can make the listener happy . USA Today 's Jerry Shriver noted that " Shame " confirms Williams as a " former boy wonder " who " is in no danger of losing his mojo " . Katie Boucher of The National called the single " a bouncy reconciliatory duet " with a sound more similar to Take That , rather than Williams 's solo material .
In a less enthusiastic review , Scott Causer of Contactmusic.com stated , " the song is a cheesy paean to their past . To their credit they don 't pretend it 's anything other than that . " MusicOMH 's Nic Oliver called the collaboration " wooden musically " , but noted that Williams succeeds to " turn in wry , self @-@ deprecating lyric that bodes well for his mature years " .
= = Chart performance = =
On 10 October 2010 , " Shame " debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and the Scottish Singles Chart with over 107 @,@ 000 copies sold for the week . Two weeks prior it , the song peaked at number one on the UK Airplay Chart . It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies in the country alone . On the Irish Singles Chart , the single debuted and peaked at number eight on 7 October . In Italy , the song debuted and peaked at number seven on singles chart ; the next week it fell to number eight . The Italian Music Industry Federation ( FIMI ) certified the song gold for sales of over 15 @,@ 000 copies in the country . " Shame " was most successful in Hungary where it peaked at number one on the Rádio Top 100 chart . In Netherlands , the song debuted at number 17 on the Dutch Singles 100 on 4 September ; after seven weeks fluctuating the chart it peaked at number four on 16 October . It debuted at number 15 on the Danish Singles Chart on 10 September , before peaking at number nine the next week . It also peaked at number nine in Israel .
On 15 October , " Shame " debuted and peaked at number 11 on the German Singles Chart . On the Belgian Charts the single peaked at number 19 on the Wallonia chart and number 21 on the Flanders chart . On the Swiss Singles Chart , the song debuted at number 23 on 19 September . After three weeks , it peaked at number 19 . The performance of the song was also similar in Austria , where it debuted and peaked at number 20 . It failed to make a significant impact on the Australian Singles Chart and only peaked at number 62 for one week . " Shame " was least successful in Slovakia and Japan where it peaked at number 65 and number 91 respectively .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Shame " was directed by Vaughan Arnell . It was shot on 21 and 22 February , 2010 in Los Angeles , whilst the scenes in the mountains were done in Malibu . It premiered on 26 August 2010 on Williams 's official website and on YouTube . On 1 October 2010 , it was made available for digital download via the iTunes Store .
The video begins with Williams waiting for his laundry to be done in a store , before getting out for a walk . Meanwhile , Barlow is standing on the other side of the street . As the song starts the two of them start walking towards their cars whilst looking at each other . When they get inside , the scenes are intercut with the two of them dancing with their female partners . Later in the video , they are shown sitting at the bar having a drink whilst singing the song 's words . As the second chorus starts , Williams and Barlow are at a pond , fishing and laughing . Scenes of them looking each other secretly are also shown . In the middle of " Shame " ' s bridge they start taking their shirts off . Shortly , they are shown climbing up a cliffs . After they get on the top they want to jump , however , they release it 's too high . Instead they hug each other and walk away as the video finishes .
Critics heavily compared the storyline of the music video to that of the 2005 film , Brokeback Mountain . Birmingham Mail 's Luke Beardsworth described it as a " lighthearted parody " of the film and according to him the visual depicts Williams and Barlow as young cowboys who are in love secretly . Cragg noted that the video features " the two men gaze lovingly into each other 's eyes , strip to the waist and fall in love all over again . " Thompson thought that it is " a tongue @-@ in cheek nod " to Brokeback Mountain , and wrote that " they are seen stealing admiring glances at each other " just like actors Jake Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger in the film . According to The Sun the video likens the love @-@ hate relationship that Williams and Barlow experienced to the film 's " tormented " gay cowboys .
= = Live performances = =
Williams and Barlow performed " Shame " for the first time on 12 September 2010 at the Help for Heroes concert held in London . On 2 October the pair sang the song at the series eight of the Strictly Come Dancing . A reviewer of newspaper Metro reviewed the performance and wrote , " the pair , wearing matching black suits , spent much of the early stages of their performance sitting on stools and gazing into each other ’ s eyes as they sung the duet . " On 7 October , Williams and Barlow were chatting at the BBC Radio 1 where they gave a performance of the song . The singers were guests at the Paul O 'Grady Live chat show and also performed the single on 8 October . Three days after , on 11 October , they gave a rendition of the track on the morning television programme , Daybreak . On 18 November the pair performed the song on the German reality TV programme , Popstars : Girls forever . Barlow included " Shame " on the set list of his 2014 tour , Since I Saw You Last , where he performed a solo acoustic version of the song .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of In and Out of Consciousness : Greatest Hits 1990 – 2010 .
Locations
Mastering at Metropolis Studios , London ; Gateway Mastering , Portland , Maine
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Banksia oligantha =
Banksia oligantha , commonly known as Wagin Banksia , is an endangered species in the plant family Proteaceae endemic to south west Western Australia . It belongs to Banksia subg . Isostylis , a subgenus of three closely related Banksia species with dome @-@ shaped heads as inflorescences , rather than characteristic Banksia flower spikes . A shrub or small tree up to 4 m ( 13 ft ) high , it has prickly foliage and pink and cream flowerheads which appear in late Spring ( October to December ) .
First collected in 1984 near the wheatbelt town of Wagin , Banksia oligantha was officially described in 1987 by Australian botanist Alex George . Several scattered populations survive in fragments of remnant bushland in a region which has been mostly cleared for agriculture . It has been listed as Declared Rare Flora by the Western Australian Government .
= = Description = =
Banksia oligantha grows as a single @-@ trunked small tree or as an erect shrub with few main stems . Reports of its maximum height vary from 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) to 5 m ( 16 ft ) . When not in flower it is said to look somewhat like Banksia sessilis ( Parrot Bush ) . It has smooth grey bark for the most part , though bark near the base of the trunk may be lightly fissured in older trees . Young stems are covered in hairs , both short and soft , and long and coarse ; these are lost with age .
Leaves are deep green and glossy above , and a pale matte green below . They are roughly oval @-@ shaped , but concave rather than lying flat . There is a sharp point at the tip , and two to four more such points along each margin . They range in length from 1 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 1 @.@ 46 in ) , and in width from 0 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 16 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) , with a petiole 2 to 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 to 0 @.@ 118 in ) long . Young leaves have a coating of woolly hairs on both sides , but these are soon lost except in pits in the undersurface .
Appearing from October to December ( late spring ) , the flowers occur in dome @-@ shaped heads from 2 @.@ 5 to 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 to 1 @.@ 18 in ) in diameter , growing at the ends of branches . These comprise just 20 to 35 individual flowers , enclosed at the base by a whorl of furry involucral bracts 2 to 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 to 0 @.@ 157 in ) long . As with most other Proteaceae , each flower consists of a perianth comprising four united tepals , and a single pistil , the style of which is initially enclosed within the limb of the perianth , but breaks free at anthesis . In B. oligantha , the perianth is 21 to 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 83 to 0 @.@ 87 in ) long , with a limb of 3 to 3 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 14 in ) . Perianth colour grades from red at the base to pale yellow at the limb . The styles are straight , 19 to 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 75 to 0 @.@ 94 in ) long , and uniformly cream .
Old flowers soon fall from the flower heads , revealing a woody dome with 1 to 6 follicles embedded in it . These are a mottled grey colour , smooth , and shortly furry . They are oval @-@ shaped , measuring 14 to 19 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 to 0 @.@ 75 in ) long by 10 to 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 59 in ) high by 8 to 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 31 to 0 @.@ 35 in ) wide . Each follicle contains up to two winged seeds , from 17 to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 67 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) long .
Banksia oligantha is most easily distinguished from the other two species in B. subg . Isostylis by its smaller leaves , flowers and fruit . Its foliage is also not as prickly as that of B. cuneata .
= = Taxonomy = =
= = = Discovery and naming = = =
Banksia oligantha was discovered by Ken Wallace of the Government of Western Australia 's Department of Conservation and Land Management ( now the Department of Environment and Conservation ) in September 1984 , during a survey of Wangeling Gully Nature Reserve ( Nature Reserve 9098 ) , about 28 km ( 17 mi ) northwest of Wagin . Two months later , on 18 November 1984 , Anne Taylor collected from the same location what would become the type specimen . It was recognised as a new species well before a name was published for it , and was referred to in the interim by the informal names " Banksia aff . Cuneata " and " Banksia sp . Wagin " . Alex George included an entry for it under the name Banksia oligantha in the 1987 second edition of his The Banksia Book , but the formal publication of that name did not occur until the following year , when George 's " New taxa and notes on Banksia L.f. ( Proteaceae ) " appeared . The specific epithet oligantha derives from the Greek oligo- ( " few " ) and anthos ( " flower " ) , in reference to the low number of flowers per flower head .
The species has an uneventful nomenclatural history : it has no synonyms , and no subspecies or varieties have been published .
= = = Infrageneric placement = = =
George placed B. oligantha in subgenus Isostylis because of its dome @-@ shaped flower heads . A 1996 cladistic analysis of the genus by botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges based on morphology yielded no information about the circumscription of B. subg . Isostylis or the relationships within it , so George 's placement of this species was retained . George largely discarded Thiele and Ladiges ' changes in his 1999 arrangement , but again B. oligantha 's placement was unaffected , and the placement of B. oligantha there can be summarised as follows :
Banksia
B. subg . Banksia ( 3 sections , 11 series , 73 species , 11 subspecies , 14 varieties )
B. subg . Isostylis
B. ilicifolia
B. oligantha
B. cuneata
Since 1998 , American botanist Austin Mast and co @-@ authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae , which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George 's taxonomic arrangement . B. oligantha resolves as sister taxon ( that is , next closest relative ) to B. ilicifolia , and B. cuneata resolves as sister to these two . This suggests a monophyletic B. subg . Isostylis ; yet the clade appears fairly derived ( that it , it evolved relatively recently ) , implying that B. subgenus Isostylis may not merit subgeneric rank .
Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and publishing B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; thus B. subg . Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. oligantha is placed in B. subg . Banksia .
= = = Phylogeny = = =
Relationships between B. oligantha and the other members of B. subg . Isostylis still remain unclear . Though Mast 's studies found B. cuneata to be the most basal of the three species , a 2004 study of genetic divergence within the subgenus yielded both other possibilities : some analyses suggested B. ilicifolia as basal , while others suggested B. oligantha . Further complicating the situation is the southernmost ( and closest ) population of B. cuneata , which has both genetic and phenetic affinities with B. oligantha . The origin of this population is unknown : it might have arisen through hybridisation , or it may be a transitional or even ancestral form . Finally , biogeographical factors suggest that B. ilicifolia would be the most basal of the three species : it occurs in the High Rainfall Zone where relictual species are most common , whereas the others are restricted to the Transitional Rainfall Zone , where more recently evolved species are most common .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia oligantha occurs over a range of about 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) in southern parts of the Avon Wheatbelt region of the Southwest Botanical Province of Western Australia . Four populations are known , containing about 1 @,@ 700 adult plants in total :
The first known population , at Wangelling Gully Nature Reserve in Tarwonga . This population appears to be in decline : in 1988 it was estimated as containing from 500 to 800 plants , but a 2001 survey found only 198 adults , 1 seedling , and 286 dead plants ; and a 2004 survey found 135 adults , no seedlings , and 174 dead plants .
A healthy population at Katanning , spanning two Native Settlement reserves and some private property . This population appears to be increasing ; a 2004 survey found nearly 1400 adult plants and over 500 seedlings .
A small population at Dudinin , spanning a nature reserve and private property . This population is apparently in decline . No seedlings have ever been reported at this location , and from 1997 to 2004 the number of reported adults fell from around 110 to 13 .
A recently discovered healthy population on private property at Toolibin . A 2004 survey counted 188 adults , 35 seedlings , and 36 dead plants .
The species grows in sand dunes of white , white @-@ grey or yellow @-@ brown sand , amongst a system of ephemeral salt creeks . Populations occur both in low @-@ lying areas near creeks , and atop dunes . The vegetation has been described as low open woodland over heath , and as tall open shrubland with some scattered trees .
= = Ecology = =
Little has been published on the ecology of B. oligantha . Its lifespan is probably around 10 to 30 years .
Six species of honeyeater have been observed feeding at its flowers , as have insects including honeybees , ants , butterflies , beetles and native bees . Both birds and insects function as pollinators , but honeybees are probably not very effective : in one study only about 4 % of honeybees collected pollen , and they tended to move from inflorescence to inflorescence on the same plant , rather than moving between plants .
Assessments of the mating system of this species have found that outcrossing rates vary between populations , with populations in disturbed environments tending to be more inbred than populations in relatively intact bushland . This has been attributed to a range of causes . Firstly , the higher density of disturbed populations leads to greater rates of mating between neighbouring plants , resulting in more genetic structure and thus more effective selfing . Secondly , disturbed populations usually lack an understorey , and so cannot support a resident population of honeyeaters ; instead , they rely upon sporadic visits for pollination . The greatly reduced pollination rates means fewer outcrossing fertilisations on average , leading to less selection against inbred fertilisations .
Like many plants in south @-@ west Western Australia , B. oligantha is adapted to an environment in which bushfire events are relatively frequent . Most Banksia species can be placed in one of two broad groups according to their response to fire : reseeders are killed by fire , but fire also triggers the release of their canopy seed bank , thus promoting recruitment of the next generation ; resprouters survive fire , resprouting from a lignotuber or , more rarely , epicormic buds protected by thick bark . B. oligantha is a reseeder ; it has thin bark , and lacks a lignotuber , so it is killed by fire . However , the species is weakly serotinous : fire triggers seed release , yet seed release still occurs in the absence of fire .
Seed germination rates are quite high . One study found germination rates better than 77 % in most batches tested . Seed is likely to remain viable for a long time , as seed of the closely related B. cuneata remains viable for around ten years .
= = Conservation = =
Banksia oligantha is listed as an endangered species under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ( EPBC Act ) , and as rare under Western Australia 's Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 . These rankings are due to its small and severely fragmented distribution , and the ongoing degradation of its habitat . Threats include grazing by sheep and rabbits , drought , the drift of aerosol chemicals from surrounding farmland , invasion by weeds , and rising salinity . Studies have shown it to be moderately susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback .
= = Cultivation = =
Banksia oligantha is rarely seen in cultivation , though it is said to merit more consideration than it receives . It is a fast @-@ growing plant that flowers prolifically , producing " lovely masses of matchstick @-@ like cream flowers " . However , its prickly foliage makes it unsuitable for growth near paths , it is prone to lose branches in strong wind , and it is often attacked by woodboring beetles .
Propagation is by seed , but these are hard to obtain . Seeds do not require any treatment before sowing , and take 37 to 40 days to germinate . Propagation by cutting has not been attempted , but might be possible , since the closely related B. cuneata has been propagated this way , albeit with unpredictable results . The plant should be grown in deep , acidic to neutral sand at a sheltered site . It is recommended to prune it when young , to encourage branching .
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= Bizounce =
" Bizounce " is the debut single recorded by American singer Olivia , from her debut studio album Olivia ( 2001 ) . Producers Doug Allen and Joshua Thompson wrote the song in collaboration with Olivia and songwriters David L. Conley , Quincy Q. Patrick , and Juan Magic " Peters . It was released on March 20 , 2001 as the lead single from the album . It is an upbeat , R & B track with lyrics that revolve around dissatisfaction with a relationship and the desire to " bizounce " or leave the partner . In her autobiography , Release Me : My Life , My Words , Olivia revealed her disappointment that " Bizounce " was chosen and released as the lead single because of interference by label executives .
" Bizounce " received primarily mixed reviews from music critics ; some critics praised Olivia 's vocals , image , and its choice as her debut single while others questioned Olivia 's connection with the music . The single was a commercial success in the United States , peaking at number fifteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the U.S. Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks charts . It also peaked at number sixteen on the Canadian Singles Chart . " Bizounce " is Olivia 's most successful solo single , leaving her 2005 collaboration with rapper 50 Cent on " Candy Shop " as her most successful overall . To promote " Bizounce " , she performed it on various television and live shows . She also included the song as a part of the promotional tour leading up the album 's release . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Marcus Raboy .
= = Background and release = =
After initially attempting to rap under the name " O @-@ Lovely " , Olivia chose to attend Hofstra University and Five Towns College to further her career in music . Olivia said that people would frequently compare her voice to R & B singer Brandy . During her audition for American record producer Clive Davis , she sang the gospel hymn " His Eye Is on the Sparrow " . Musician Joshua Thompson produced Olivia 's demo , and arranged her audition for Arista Records ' executives and Davis . In an interview with Billboard , Olivia said she was signed to the label immediately after the meeting . J Records senior vice president Ron Gillyard described Olivia as " the real deal " , emphasizing her roles as " a songwriter , a singer , and a rapper " . At age 17 , Olivia was the first artist signed to J Records by Clive Davis . Executives from the record company referred to her as " the First Lady of J " . " Bizounce " was released through J Records as the lead single from Olivia 's debut album Olivia on March 20 , 2001 . The release included explicit and " PG @-@ 13 " versions of the single along with a twenty @-@ nine second snippet of the second single " Are U Capable " , and a minute and twenty @-@ two second snippet of the album track " It 's On Again " . The instrumental and " X @-@ rated " versions of the single were released on vinyl . It was written by Olivia , producers Doug Allen and Joshua P. Thompson , and songwriters David L. Conley , Quincy Q. Patrick , and Juan Magic " Peters .
Olivia later described the recording and promotion of " Bizounce " and the album as a learning experience for her future ventures ; she said her time at J Records was : " cut short by the politics of the industry and me not actually taking my career into my own hands " . She said record executives took away her control over the creation of the album because of her youth and inexperience . During the record 's promotion , Olivia described having a good working relationship with Davis , but she called him " extremely controlling " after leaving the label . Olivia claimed that she was forced to be the bad girl while label mate Alicia Keys was promoted as the good girl . In an official statement , J Records ' representatives pointed to Olivia 's credits as a co @-@ writer for a majority of the album as proof of her involvement with the project and maintained : " Clive doesn 't categorize artists as good or bad girls " . In her 2014 autobiography , Release Me : My Life , My Words , Olivia wrote that she disagreed with the record label 's decision to release " Bizounce " as her debut single . Despite saying the single was a perfect fit for the clubs , and one of her favorite tracks from the album , she believed it did not reflect her as an artist . She originally pushed for " It 's On Again " to be the single .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
According to digital information from Beatport , " Bizounce " is a R & B and funk song composed in the key of G minor . An overview from AllMusic described it as a rap and electronic song with elements of dance and Hi @-@ NRG music . The song 's instrumentation is composed of drums , keyboards , and a bass guitar . AllMusic 's Jon Azpiri praised the contrast between the " brutally frank " lyrics about break @-@ ups and infidelity , and the " seductive " instrumentals , making the single one of the most memorable of 2001 . According to a review in Billboard , Olivia 's vocal performance reflects her hip hop influences and gives the single a " street edge " while its " orchestral tinges " are best @-@ suited for R & B radio .
In an interview with Billboard , Olivia called the single an " empowering women 's song " for inspiring women to leave unfulfilling relationships . She said she wrote it : " for all the people who don 't know how to tell the other person to ' bounce ' " . An article in Vibe magazine noted lyrics , like : " I can 't take this shit no more / Picture frame broken daddy ' cause I can 't trust you / I 'm ridin ' high now / So nigga fuck you " , as creating an impression of Olivia as a " potty @-@ mouth " . NME 's John Mulvey commented that Olivia 's " ruthlessness rather than her vocabulary " was the standout , especially in the lyric : " Shoulda known what you missed at home / Now you 're all alone with no @-@ one to bone " . Mulvey joked that the amount of censorship on the radio edit made Olivia sound " avant @-@ garde " .
= = Promotion and music video = =
Olivia made appearances on television and on live shows to promote " Bizounce " . Before the album 's release , she performed the single on Soul Train , BET , MTV 's hip @-@ hop video block Sucker Free ( known at the time as DFX ) , and The Source Sound Lab . It was included on the set list for her promotional tour leading up to the album 's release on May 15 , 2001 . Director Marcus Raboy shot the accompanying music video for the single . A review from Billboard praised the video as something that would : " catch the eyes and ears of music fans " . Raboy would later work with Olivia on the music video for the follow @-@ up single " Are U Capable " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Bizounce " received mixed reviews from music critics . Mark Bautz of Entertainment Weekly described " Bizounce " as " a saucy hit single " and noted it as one of the album 's highlights . A review in Billboard praised Olivia 's vocals , saying she " has the mouth of a bad girl and the voice of an angel " , and described the single as making her : " a bona fide R & B singer " . SongQuarters ' Paulina Bozek wrote that " Bizounce " established Olivia as a " powerful R & B / rap debutante " . Shaheem Reid of MTV named the single an " anthem for women who are fed up wit their mates " while an article in Vibe magazine opined that it was a " hit heavy on attitude " . Mulvey of NME commended the single as giving a " steely boot to a crap lover " in the style of TLC , Kelis , and Eve as well as being a " vicious kiss @-@ off " and a " boudoir come @-@ on " . The Morning Call 's Len Righi criticized " Bizounce " for being indicative of a negative trend in R & B music , where " the plaintive human voice in the throes of transcendent ecstasy or bottomless hurt is not nearly as important as the right attitude , hip @-@ hop production and clothing " . Righi negatively compared the single to music by R & B singer Aaliyah , saying they both emphasized style over substance .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
" Bizounce " was a commercial success in the United States . It peaked at number fifteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number four on the U.S. | Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles & Tracks chart . The single was Olivia 's highest charting entry on the Hot 100 chart until her 2005 collaboration with rapper 50 Cent on " Candy Shop " became her only number @-@ one single on the chart . Prior to the release and success of " Candy Shop " , Fred Bronson of Billboard viewed Olivia as a one @-@ hit wonder with " Bizounce " being her only previous success . In Canada , the single peaked at number sixteen on the Canadian Singles Chart . As of August 13 , 2003 , " Bizounce " has sold 415 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of " Olivia " , J Records , BMG Rights Management .
Management
Tallest True Music / DreamWorks ( ASCAP )
Q @-@ Zik Music / Music Pieces ( BMI )
Melodic Noise / Plaything Music ( ASCAP )
O Lovely Music / Kingmaker Music ( ASCAP )
Recording locations
Music recording – Tallest Tree Studios ( West Orange , New Jersey ) ; Right Track Studios ( New York City )
Mixing – Tallest Tree Studios ( West Orange , New Jersey )
Personnel
= = Charts = =
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= James Macnamara =
James Macnamara ( 1768 – 15 January 1826 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars .
Born into a naval family , Macnamara served in the East Indies during the last years of the American War of Independence , seeing action with Hughes at the Battle of Cuddalore . He received the acting rank of lieutenant during this time , but reverted to midshipman afterwards . He returned to naval service during the Spanish and Russian armaments , and was serving with Lord Hood aboard HMS Victory on the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars . He saw action in the Mediterranean and was eventually promoted to his own commands . He achieved success as a daring frigate captain , serving with Nelson and making several hard @-@ fought captures . He finished his service in the Mediterranean with action at the Battle of Cape St Vincent , and later served in the West Indies before the Peace of Amiens .
Macnamara found himself in trouble with the law after killing a man in a duel , but summoned a bevy of naval officers to testify in his defence , and was acquitted . He commanded a number of ships of the line in the following years , in the Baltic , North Sea and off of the French coast . He was promoted to rear @-@ admiral in 1814 , but did not receive a seagoing command . He married in 1818 and died in 1826 , having served with prominent naval officers like Hood , Jervis and Nelson in a long and distinguished career .
= = Family and early life = =
Macnamara was born into a naval family in 1768 in County Clare , and entered the navy in 1782 aboard the 80 @-@ gun HMS Gibraltar . Gibraltar went out that year to the East Indies , flying the broad pennant of Commodore Sir Richard Bickerton . On his arrival he was transferred to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Superb , the flagship of the station commander , Sir Edward Hughes . Macnamara saw action at the Battle of Cuddalore on 20 June 1783 against M. de Suffren , in which battle Superb sustained losses of 12 men killed and 41 wounded . He was then given an acting rank of lieutenant aboard the 68 @-@ gun HMS Monarca and returned to England with her . He then reverted to the rank of midshipman and served aboard the 50 @-@ gun HMS Europa at Jamaica . Europa was at the time the flagship of Admiral Alexander Innes . After some years in this position , he received his lieutenant 's commission on 1 December 1788 and went on to serve during the Spanish armament in 1789 and the Russian armament in 1791 . He was first aboard the 74 @-@ gun HMS Excellent under Captain John Gell , later following him to the 100 @-@ gun HMS Victory , flying the flag of Admiral Lord Hood .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
Macnamara continued to serve with Hood aboard Victory after the outbreak of war with Revolutionary France in 1793 . He took part in the occupation of Toulon and was promoted by Hood to the rank of master and commander on 22 October 1793 , at about the time of the evacuation of the port . He was appointed acting captain of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Bombay Castle , followed by the 32 @-@ gun HMS Southampton . Despite these commands an official mistake meant that his commission as post captain was dated 6 October 1795 . Southampton was assigned to a squadron commanded by Commodore Horatio Nelson , supporting the Austrian army in Genoa .
= = = Command of Southampton = = =
Macnamara they spent 15 days in September 1795 blockading a French grain convoy in the port of Genoa . The convoy was protected by two frigates , the Vestale and the Brun . The French finally came out on the evening of the fifteenth day , and were engaged by Southampton , despite the French possessing considerably more firepower . After a sustained engagement Southampton forced Vestale to strike her colours while the Brun escaped with the convoy , leaving Vestale to her fate . But as Southampton prepared to lower her boats to take possession of the French ship , her fore @-@ mast , which had been damaged during the engagement , went by the board . Taking advantage of this , Vestale raised her colours and escaped from the scene .
Macnamara had another chance to distinguish himself , when on 9 June 1796 a French corvette was sighted entering Hyères bay , and Vice @-@ Admiral Sir John Jervis , commander of the Mediterranean Fleet , summoned Macnamara to his flagship , HMS Victory . He asked Macnamara to bring out the French ship if he could . Recognising the difficulty and risk that would be involved , he did not make it a formal written order , instead instructing Macnamara ' bring out the enemy 's ship if you can ; I 'll give you no written order ; but I direct you to take care of the king 's ship under your command . ' Macnamara promptly took his ship in under the guns of the batteries , and apparently having been mistaken for a French or neutral frigate , closed to within pistol shot of the French ship , and demanded her captain surrender . The captain replied with a broadside , and Macnamara brought Southampton alongside and sent his first lieutenant , Charles Lydiard , over in command of the boarders . After subduing fierce resistance Lydiard took possession of the French ship and together he and Macnamara escaped out to sea under heavy fire from the French shore batteries . Macnamara reported his triumph to Jervis
Sir , in obedience to the orders I received from you on the Victory 's quarter @-@ deck last evening , I pushed through the Grande Passe , and hauled up under the batteries on the N.E. of Porguerol with an easy sail , in hopes that I should be taken for a French or neutral frigate , which I have great reason to believe succeeded , as I got within pistol @-@ shot of the enemy 's ship before I was discovered , and cautioned the Captain through a trumpet not to make a fruitless resistance , when he immediately snapped his pistol at me , and fired a broadside . At this period , being very near the heavy battery of Fort Breganson , I laid him instantly onboard , and Lieutenant Lydiard , at the head of the boarders , with an intrepidity that no words can describe entered and carried her in about ten minutes , although he met with a spirited resistance from the captain ( who fell ) and a hundred men under arms to receive him ... After lashing the two ships together , I found some difficulty in getting from under the battery , which kept up a very heavy fire , and was not able to return through the Grande Passe before half after one o 'clock this morning ...
The prize , a 24 @-@ gun corvette named Utile , was taken into service with the Royal Navy as HMS Utile and Lydiard was promoted and given command of her , a commission confirmed on 22 July 1796 . Macnamara 's later service with Nelson included the capture of Portoferraio , the evacuations of Caprera and Corsica , and expeditions against Piombino and Castiglione . Macnamara had already developed a reputation for intrepidity bordering on recklessness , and he displayed these qualities again in an attack on the 18 @-@ gun Spanish brig Corso in a strong gale under enemy shore batteries . The first attempt to capture her failed , with only one man , the coxswain , getting on board . Macnamara tried again , managing to place 30 men aboard the Spanish ship , at which she surrendered . Having done so the weather prevented any further attempt to make contact with the prize . One of Macnamara 's last acts in support of the Mediterranean Fleet was to take part in the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February 1797 , in which Southampton formed part of the centre of the line as a repeating frigate .
= = = Captain of Cerberus = = =
Southampton returned to Britain within a few months of the battle , and Macnamara was appointed to command the 32 @-@ gun HMS Cerberus , initially on the Irish station . During his time there he captured the 10 @-@ gun French privateer Echange , and on 20 October 1799 came across a convoy of Spanish merchantmen escorted by five frigates and two brigs . Despite the enemy 's numerical superiority Macnamara attacked and captured one of the frigates , but was forced to abandon his prize after the other Spanish frigates came to her defence . He also captured a merchant ship , and having taken her men off , burnt her . Cerberus sustained minor damage during the engagement , and had only four men wounded . The Admiralty showed their approval of Macnamara 's actions by promoting his first lieutenant . Macnamara was then sent out to the West Indies , where he cruised off Jamaica and San Domingo until the Peace of Amiens . Cerberus was then paid off in February 1803 , and Macnamara went ashore .
= = Duel = =
While ashore during the peace Macnamara contrived to become embroiled in a duel . While walking his Newfoundland dog in Hyde Park on 6 April 1803 he had an altercation with Colonel Robert Montgomery , when their dogs began fighting . Harsh words were exchanged , and the two parties fought a duel that evening at Chalk Farm . Both men were wounded , the colonel mortally . Macnamara was arrested on a charge of manslaughter and put on trial at the Old Bailey on 22 April . Macnamara defended himself from the charge on the grounds that he had received an affront and that it was necessary for him to challenge it in order to maintain his position as a naval officer . He summoned many of his naval friends , among whom Viscounts Hood and Nelson , Lord Hotham , Sir Hyde Parker , Sir Thomas Troubridge , Captains Martin , Towry , Lydiard , Moore and Waller ; and General Churchill and Lord Minto , to testify in his defence . They supported his assertion that he was the ' reverse of quarrelsome ' and the jury took ten minutes to acquit him .
= = Napoleonic Wars = =
Macnamara returned to service with the resumption of the wars with France and took command of the 64 @-@ gun HMS Dictator in June 1805 for service in the North Sea . He commanded her for two years on this station before taking command of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Edgar . Macnamara served with the Baltic Fleet under Sir Richard Goodwin Keats in the Great Belt in 1808 . During this service he took command of a squadron of gunboats and attacked a Danish brig and cutter off Nyborg . In a fierce attack , in which seven Danes were killed and thirteen wounded to one British officer killed and two seamen wounded ; both Danish ships were captured . They were found to be the 18 @-@ gun Fama and the 12 @-@ gun Salorman . Macnamara was then appointed to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Berwick in 1809 . This service took him back to the North Sea and then the coast of France . While commanding a small squadron blockading Cherbourg on 24 March 1811 , he chased the French frigate Amazone off Barfleur , attacking the French ship and forcing her crew to abandon and burn her .
= = Flag rank and later life = =
Macnamara was promoted to rear @-@ admiral on 4 June 1814 , but never had an active command . He married Henrietta , the widow of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel the Hon. George Carleton , on 26 January 1818 . Rear @-@ Admiral James Macnamara died at Clifton , Bristol , on 15 January 1826 at the age of 57 .
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= History of Fairbanks , Alaska =
The history of Fairbanks , the second @-@ largest city in Alaska , can be traced to the founding of a trading post by E.T. Barnette on the south bank of the Chena River on August 26 , 1901 . The area had seen human occupation since at least the last ice age , but a permanent settlement was not established at the site of Fairbanks until the 20th century .
The discovery of gold near Barnette 's trading post caused him to turn what had been a temporary stop into a permanent one . The gold caused a stampede of miners to the area , and buildings sprang up around Barnette 's trading post . In November 1903 , the area 's residents voted to incorporate the city of Fairbanks . Barnette became the city 's first mayor , and the city flourished as thousands of people came in search of gold during the Fairbanks Gold Rush .
By the time of World War I , the easy @-@ to @-@ reach gold was exhausted and Fairbanks ' population plunged as miners moved to promising finds at Ruby and Iditarod . Construction of the Alaska Railroad caused a surge of economic activity and allowed heavy equipment to be brought in for further exploitation of Fairbanks ' gold deposits . Enormous gold dredges were built north of Fairbanks , and the city grew throughout the 1930s as the price of gold rose during the Great Depression . A further boom came during the 1940s and 1950s as the city became a staging area for construction of military depots during World War II and the first decade of the Cold War .
In 1968 , the vast Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in Alaska 's North Slope . Fairbanks became a supply point for exploitation of the oil field and for construction of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System , which caused a boom unseen since the first years of Fairbanks ' founding and helped the town recover from the devastating 1967 Fairbanks Flood . Fairbanks became a government center in the late 1960s with the establishment of the Fairbanks North Star Borough , which took Fairbanks as its borough seat . A drop in oil prices during the 1980s caused a recession in the Fairbanks area , but the city gradually recovered as oil prices climbed during the 1990s . Tourism also became an important factor in Fairbanks ' economy , and the growth of the tourism industry and the city continues even as oil production declines .
= = Before Fairbanks = =
Though there was never a permanent Alaska Native settlement at the site of Fairbanks , Athabascan Indians have used the area for thousands of years . An archaeological site excavated on the grounds of the University of Alaska Fairbanks uncovered a Native camp about 3 @,@ 500 years old . From evidence gathered at the site , archaeologists surmise that Native activities in the area were limited to seasonal hunting and fishing . In addition , archeological sites on the grounds of nearby Fort Wainwright date back 10 @,@ 000 years . Sites within Alaska but away from Fairbanks date to the time of the Bering Land Bridge more than 13 @,@ 000 years ago . Arrowheads excavated from the University of Alaska Fairbanks site matched similar items found in Asia , providing some of the first evidence that humans arrived in North America via the land bridge .
The first recorded exploration of the Tanana Valley and the Tanana River did not take place until 1885 , but historians believe Russian traders from Nulato and Hudson 's Bay Company traders ventured into the lower reaches of the Tanana and possibly the Chena River in the middle of the 19th century . In 1885 , Henry Tureman Allen of the U.S. Army led the first recorded expedition down the length of the Tanana River , charting the Chena River 's mouth along the way .
In July 1897 , the first news of the Klondike gold strike reached Seattle , Washington , triggering the Klondike Gold Rush . Thousands of people boarded steamships heading north to the gold fields . Some of these travelers sailed around the western tip of Alaska and up the Yukon River to Dawson City ( site of the gold fields ) rather than take an arduous overland trip across the Boundary Ranges .
One of these adventurers was E.T. Barnette , who intended to establish a trading post at Tanacross , Alaska , where the Valdez @-@ Eagle Trail crossed the Tanana River . He hired the steamer Lavelle Young to transport him and his supplies , and they began their trip upriver in August 1901 . After turning into the Tanana from the Yukon , the steamboat ran into low water . After venturing upstream several miles , the boat reached an impassable point . Barnette suggested the Chena River ( then called the Rock River ) might be a slough of the Tanana and a way around the low water . About 15 miles ( 24 km ) from the mouth of the Chena , the Lavelle Young again ran into an impassable stretch of river . The captain of the Young did not want to travel downstream with a heavy load because of the danger posed by the extra mass . He therefore unloaded Barnette 's cargo on August 26 , 1901 , with an irate Barnette assisting .
Barnette began building a cabin at a site he named " Chenoa City " , and he sold supplies to two prospectors , Felix Pedro and Tom Gilmore , who were in the area . Barnette traded for furs , then traveled to Valdez via dog team with his wife and three other men . The mountain pass they traveled through was later named Isabel Pass in honor of Barnette 's wife . From Valdez , he returned to St. Michael , where he built a steamboat , the Isabelle , and began sailing up the Yukon in August 1902 . He intended to move his supplies to Tanacross , but when he arrived at his trading post on the Chena River , he changed his mind . Felix Pedro had discovered gold .
= = Origins of Fairbanks = =
Before Barnette traveled upriver with the Isabelle , he met Judge James Wickersham in St. Michael . Wickersham was the judge for the federal Third Judicial District , which stretched from the North Slope to the Aleutian Islands . Wickersham was impressed with Barnette and his plan to establish a trading post at Tanacross . He suggested Barnette name his settlement Fairbanks , after Charles W. Fairbanks , the senior Senator from Indiana . Barnette liked the idea and later said , " If we should ever want aid at the national capital , we would have the friendship , at least , of someone who could help us . " When Barnette heard of Pedro 's gold strike , he transferred the name for his planned Tanacross store to the settlement on the Chena River and convinced the people with him to accept the name .
When Barnette and the Isabelle 's crew heard of Pedro 's discovery , they immediately fled the boat and the settlement to stake claims on creeks and likely gold @-@ bearing spots 12 miles ( 19 km ) north , near the mountain and creek Pedro named after himself . Marking a claim was simple . Each man could pick a set amount of space , which was marked with posts at each corner , hence " staking " the claim . Each claim had to be listed by a federal recorder . When Barnette and the crew of the Isabelle were staking claims , Barnette proclaimed himself the interim recorder until an official one could be brought to the area . Although they also recorded their claims with Barnette , most men also reported their claims at the official office in Circle . To maximize his gain , Barnette had power of attorney for several relatives in Ohio . He staked claims in their names , thus giving him authority over a large portion of what was believed to be the gold @-@ bearing terrain .
Word of Pedro 's discovery spread during the months that followed Barnette 's arrival in September 1902 . In December , he wrote to a friend in Seattle , " A message came yesterday that 1 @,@ 000 people had left Nome during the last three days for here . I look for half of Dawson here before spring . " In January 1903 , Barnette 's cook , Jujiro Wada , arrived in Dawson City with word of the gold find . On January 17 , 1903 , the Yukon Sun newspaper ran the headline " RICH STRIKE MADE IN THE TANANA " across most of its front page , spurring miners from the Yukon to stampede to Fairbanks in the first big rush of the settlement 's history .
= = Boom = =
When the miners from Nome , Dawson , Rampart , and other places arrived in the Tanana Valley , they were disappointed with what they found . Hundreds of claims were staked , but none were close to Pedro 's discovery claims , which had been taken by the crew of the Isabelle and other early arrivers . Adding to the pressure on claiming land were men who , like Barnette , had power of attorney rights for others , and could thus make multiple claims . The Dawson Daily News reported that one man claimed 144 portions of 20 acres ( 81 @,@ 000 m2 ) apiece . Around Barnette 's trading post , town lots were claimed for $ 2 @.@ 50 apiece , and there was fierce competition for the choicest spots . At the mouth of the Chena River , a competing settlement , named Chena , sprang up when two traders moved their store to the junction of the two rivers . Land speculation was fierce in Chena , where claims were frequently stolen and had to be enforced with firearms .
Accounts vary , but historians estimate that by spring 1903 , between 700 and 1 @,@ 000 men arrived in the Tanana Valley . This put an enormous strain on Barnette 's stock of food , which rapidly rose in price with demand . Miners objected to Barnette charging $ 12 per bag of flour and requiring them to buy cases of canned food . They gathered outside his store and demanded he lower his prices or they would burn it down . He responded that he had riflemen inside the building , and both groups reached a compromise . Shortly afterward , Barnette headed south with his wife on a dog team , intending to gather investors to purchase more supplies .
In April , Judge Wickersham arrived on a trip looking for a location for the courthouse , jail , and government offices for the Third District courts . He later described his first view of the settlement : " A half @-@ dozen new squat log structures , a few tents ... a small clearing in the primitive forest — that was Fairbanks as I first saw it on April 9 , 1903 . " Wickersham examined Chena as a potential site for the government offices , but he settled on Fairbanks , partially because Barnette 's partner and brother @-@ in @-@ law , Frank Cleary , gave Wickersham a choice piece of land valued at between $ 1 @,@ 500 and $ 2 @,@ 000 . Wickersham asked Cleary to name the two main streets in town Cushman and Lacey , after U.S. Representatives Francis W. Cushman of Washington and John F. Lacey of Iowa .
Wickersham estimated 500 people in town , and another count estimated 1 @,@ 000 , with 387 houses under construction , six saloons , and no churches . Before spring arrived , Wickersham published the first newspaper in the settlement — the Fairbanks Miner — on a typewriter . It sold seven copies at $ 5 per copy . But even as the walls of Wickersham 's courthouse were going up , dissatisfied miners were leaving the area . Hundreds left on rafts going downriver or steamers going to Dawson City . By June 1903 , cabins on city lots were selling for as little as $ 10 . Meanwhile , Barnette sold two @-@ thirds of his store to the Alaska Commercial Company and arranged for the establishment of a post office at his settlement .
In fall 1903 , the flood of miners leaving the Tanana Valley ended when major gold strikes were made north of Fairbanks . The gold was deeper than in the Klondike , and it had taken time to dig to it . At Cleary Creek , miner Jesse Noble discovered what became the richest vein of gold in Alaska . Gold extraction was slow , because almost no heavy machinery was available to remove the overburden above the layers of gold . The gold discoveries of 1903 reversed the trend of people away from the Tanana Valley . By Christmas 1903 , there were between 1 @,@ 500 and 1 @,@ 800 miners in the valley . Another food shortage arose during the winter of 1903 , alleviated only by the food Barnette had brought in after his trip to the Lower 48 .
Despite the food shortage , more buildings were constructed . The Northern Commercial Company built a store to replace Barnette 's cabin , and Wickersham recorded a wide range of businesses , including 500 houses and 1 @,@ 200 people . To manage the growing population , the settlement held a vote on November 10 , 1903 to decide whether to incorporate Fairbanks as a town or not . The vote passed , and Barnette was sworn in as the city 's first mayor on the next day .
= = City of Fairbanks = =
Barnette 's first action as mayor was to write a letter to Washington , D.C. , asking the federal government to sell its military food stores from posts near the town , thus alleviating the food shortage . This move was followed by others : licensing a telephone company , providing for garbage collection , fire protection , and a one @-@ room school ( which shut down later that winter for lack of funds ) . Barnette used his position to grant long @-@ term contracts for city utilities to members of his family . One of Barnette 's brothers @-@ in @-@ law , James W. Hill , was given a 25 @-@ year contract to provide electricity , drinking water , and steam heat to the city . In 1904 , Barnette arranged for regular shipments of supplies to Fairbanks , and the town continued to expand . In addition to the local telephone system , Fairbanks was connected to the outside world via the Washington @-@ Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System , which was expanded from Eagle to Nome in 1903 and passed through Fairbanks .
Gold production increased from $ 40 @,@ 000 in 1903 to $ 600 @,@ 000 in 1904 and $ 6 million in 1905 . This expansion and the accompanying rise in population drove further productivity . Barnette opened the town 's first bank on September 9 , 1904 . One month earlier , two Catholic priests built the town 's first church , Immaculate Conception Church . Also in 1904 , construction of a railroad began in Fairbanks and Chena , its downstream neighbor . Low water on the Chena River prevented steamboats from reaching Fairbanks , so a railroad line was built from the Tanana River at Chena to Fairbanks and the mines north of town . Construction of the Tanana Mines Railroad ( later the Tanana Valley Railroad ) was finished to Fairbanks on July 17 , 1905 . Two new banks opened in 1905 , as did the city 's first greenhouse , and a new $ 10 @,@ 000 bridge across the Chena River . In June 1905 , the bridge caused the biggest flood in the young city 's history when a bridge upstream of it collapsed and the resulting wreckage caught in the bridge and blocked the river 's flow . The river rose , flooding the town , and the bridge had to be dynamited to halt the flood . The next year , a fire destroyed most of Fairbanks , and the damage was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 5 million . The town was quickly rebuilt , and the town 's first hospital , St. Joseph 's , was built on the north bank of the Chena . Because the hospital was run by a Catholic religious order , Immaculate Conception Church was later transported across the Chena River and placed next to the hospital . In 1907 , Barnette 's bank was forced to temporarily close due to the Panic of 1907 and legal troubles . A new school was built , which housed 150 students . Other schools were built on the north side of the Chena River , which was separate from town .
In 1908 , the U.S. Army Signal Corps built a radio telegraph tower in town , replacing the cable telegraph system to Valdez and Seattle . The 176 feet ( 54 m ) tower was the tallest structure in town for decades . In 1909 , Fairbanks gold production peaked at more than $ 9 @.@ 5 million . The town saw its first library open that year , and the Fairbanks Daily News @-@ Miner , the city 's longest @-@ lived newspaper , began publishing .
Poor investments caused the bank founded by Barnette to fail in January 1911 , at a time when it held more than $ 1 million in deposits from Fairbanks residents . In Fairbanks , the common belief was that Barnette had embezzled money from the bank . Although he was found guilty of only one of 11 charges against him , Barnette had a poor reputation in Fairbanks . For years afterward , Fairbanks newspapers referred to any robbery as " Barnetting " the subject .
The accusations against Barnette were big news in a town that had little crime . Gambling and drinking were common throughout town . Prostitution was restricted to a district separated from the rest of town by a wooden fence . The " line , " as it was known , operated until the 1950s with the tacit approval of city authorities . Fights were common , but gunplay was not . As one miner recalled , not more than one man in 500 carried a gun , and while fisticuffs were common , gunfights were not . This was backed up by the experience of Northern Commercial Company stagecoach drivers , who carried more than $ 7 million overland during a 12 @-@ year period without a single incident .
= = Decline = =
In 1911 , the Fairbanks Commercial Club , a group of businesses , created the slogan " Fairbanks , Alaska 's Golden Heart . " The slogan remains the city 's motto today . In that year , Fairbanks boasted a population of more than 3 @,@ 500 people , making it the largest city in Alaska . Thousands more people lived in mining camps outside the city itself . But 1910 marked the beginning of a decline in Fairbanks ' fortunes . That year , less than $ 6 million in gold was produced — two @-@ thirds the total of the previous year . By 1911 , production was half what it had been in 1909 . In 1918 , it was ten percent of what it had been nine years before . The decline in production caused businesses to go out of business . Stores that sold to miners closed , as did those that supported the mines directly . World War I caused a further decline as the town 's young men were drafted and sent overseas . Economic effects also were felt . A local judge later stated that the war " set Fairbanks back by 10 years " because it dried up construction and sent men overseas . After the war , the 1918 flu pandemic was particularly virulent in Alaska ; it killed between 2 @,@ 000 and 3 @,@ 000 people in the territory . By 1923 , the Fairbanks Daily News @-@ Miner estimated there were fewer than 1 @,@ 000 people in the city , and almost none at the mining camps beyond town .
= = Slowing the decline = =
Although Fairbanks was in decline , two major projects mitigated the worst effects of the post @-@ gold rush slump : construction of the Alaska Railroad and the creation of the University of Alaska .
= = = Alaska Railroad = = =
In 1906 , L.A. Nadeau of the Northern Pacific Railroad predicted a railroad link to the ocean would allow gold miners to bring in heavy equipment and process large amounts of low @-@ grade ore . " Not only will the cost of living be cheaper to the miner , but he will be able to get his heavy machinery at a price low enough to enable him to work a vast quantity of low @-@ grade ground , which cannot be touched under present conditions . " Eight years after that remark , the U.S. Congress appropriated $ 35 million for construction of the Alaska Railroad system . News of the appropriation set off celebrations among Fairbanks residents who hoped its construction would prove a boon for the local economy .
In 1917 , the Alaska Railroad purchased the Tanana Valley Railroad , which had suffered from the wartime economic problems . The railroad line was extended westward , until it reached the town of Nenana and a construction party working north from Ship Creek , later renamed Anchorage . Until the railroad was finished and coal from Healy became available , Fairbanks burned wood as a heating source and to provide electricity . In 1913 , the town burned between 12 @,@ 000 and 14 @,@ 000 cords of wood , with the Northern Commercial Company ( owners of the power plant ) burning 8 @,@ 500 cords alone .
President Warren G. Harding visited Fairbanks in 1923 as part of a trip to hammer in the ceremonial final spike of the railroad at Nenana . The rail yards of the Tanana Valley Railroad were converted for use by the Alaska Railroad , and Fairbanks became the northern end of the line and its second @-@ largest depot .
= = = University of Alaska = = =
One year before Harding 's visit to Fairbanks , the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines ( today known as the University of Alaska Fairbanks ) , opened its doors to six students . The school was thought up by James Wickersham , who had risen to become Alaska 's delegate to Congress . In 1915 , Wickersham gained approval of a bill funding the college from the 63rd United States Congress . After the bill was approved , he traveled to Fairbanks and selected a site on a hill four miles west of Fairbanks , in what is today College , Alaska which is now often referred to as part of Fairbanks , and not as a separate entity . On July 4 , 1915 , acting " without the authority of law , " he laid the cornerstone for the school .
The site for the school was directly north of the U.S. Agricultural Experimental Station ( Tanana Valley ) , an experimental farm created by Charles Christian Georgeson in 1907 . The farm was a project by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to explore the agricultural potential of Interior Alaska . By 1916 , one year after the founding of the University of Alaska , the experimental farm employed 20 people . As mining declined in the Fairbanks area , some miners turned to homesteading . Under the Homestead Act , many miners applied for grants of land from the federal government and established farms around the city . A 1919 survey by the U.S. Geological Survey identified 94 homesteads within six miles of Fairbanks . Also listed were two tungsten mills and 16 gold mills .
Agriculture in the area was spurred by food and fodder shortages during the winters of 1913 , 1915 , and 1916 . Fairbanks businessmen also encouraged the growth of farming . Wickersham provided more funding for the experimental farm , the Tanana Valley Railroad provided free grain seed acquired from an experimental farm in Sweden , and William Fentress Thompson , editor of the Fairbanks Daily News @-@ Miner , wrote frequent editorials in favor of more farming . Prominent Fairbanks businessmen formed the Alaska Loyal League , a group that encouraged farming . Farmers also created the Tanana Valley State Fair in 1924 to demonstrate their agricultural success . It is Alaska 's oldest state fair and still operates today . Despite these moves , the agriculture movement in Fairbanks had only limited success . A farmers ' bank established in 1917 to provide loans for equipment purchases went out of business two years later , and although the Alaska Railroad allowed for cheaper shipment of tractors and other agricultural equipment , it also permitted a steady supply of food shipments to Fairbanks . In 1929 , Alaska farms met only about 10 percent of the state 's food demand . By 1931 , the University of Alaska had grown to the point that the experimental farm was annexed by the school .
= = Dredging era = =
After the completion of the Alaska Railroad , it became economically feasible to bring in heavy equipment and build gold dredges to work the large amount of low @-@ grade ore that remained after the Fairbanks Gold Rush . The best example of this is the construction of Davidson Ditch , a 90 @-@ mile ( 140 km ) aqueduct built between 1924 and 1929 to provide water for gold dredging . Fairbanks Exploration Company ( FE Co . ) , a division of the United States Smelting , Refining and Mining Company , built both the aqueduct and many of the dredges that used its water to process ore . Large @-@ scale dredging began in 1928 , and FE Co. became the town 's biggest employer . It built the biggest power plant in Alaska to provide electricity for the dredges , and it built pumping stations to provide them with water from the Chena and other rivers .
In 1933 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt fixed the price of gold at $ 35 per ounce . This price increase encouraged mining and insulated Fairbanks from the Great Depression . When Roosevelt called for a bank holiday to alleviate the worst effects of the depression , Fairbanks banks declined , saying they didn 't need one . Large @-@ scale dredging peaked in 1940 , when 209 @,@ 000 ounces of gold were produced in the Fairbanks area . After the outbreak of World War II in the United States , the federal government closed most gold @-@ mining operations , deeming them unessential to the war effort .
In 1932 , Fairbanks ' two @-@ story school , built in 1907 , burned to the ground . A new , $ 150 @,@ 000 three @-@ story concrete art deco building was proposed as a replacement , and after heated debate , a $ 100 @,@ 000 bond measure was approved in 1933 . On January 22 , 1934 , the new school opened . It had space for about 500 students , but the town 's growth required renovation and expansion in 1939 and 1948 .
= = = Paving Fairbanks = = =
Until 1938 , Fairbanks lacked paved streets . The town 's dirt roads turned to dust in summer and thick mud in spring and fall , causing problems as Fairbanks ' population grew in the 1930s . In 1937 , the mayor of Fairbanks , E. B. Collins , proposed using a federal grant and city bonds to pave the roads , but he was turned down by voters . The next year , he tried again and was successful . By 1940 , the first 0 @.@ 25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) of paved road was complete .
= = = Aviation = = =
About the time of the completion of the Alaska Railroad and the beginning of the dredging era in Fairbanks , Alaska 's aviation industry began to take off . The first airplane flight in Alaska took place in Fairbanks on July 4 , 1913 , when a barnstormer flew from a field south of town . The aircraft had been crated and sent from Seattle via Skagway and Whitehorse . The pilot subsequently tried to sell the aircraft , but had no takers . Alaska 's first commercial aircraft didn 't arrive until June 1923 , when Noel Wien began flying a Curtiss JN @-@ 4 on mail routes between Fairbanks and isolated communities . From Fairbanks , Wien became the first person to fly to Anchorage and cross the Arctic Circle in an airplane .
Given Alaska 's limited road and rail infrastructure , the territorial government saw the advantages of aerial transport . In 1925 , the territorial legislature authorized the spending of up to $ 40 @,@ 000 per year on airfield construction . Between that year and 1927 , more than 20 airfields were built . By 1930 , Alaska had more than 100 . In Fairbanks , airplanes flew from a field that doubled as a baseball diamond until 1931 , when the city bought the field , installed infrastructure , and named it Weeks Field . By the late 1930s , there were more than four dozen airplanes in the town of about 3 @,@ 000 people , giving Fairbanks the reputation of having the most airplanes per capita in the world . Because of Fairbanks ' location halfway between New York City and Tokyo , it became a crucial stop on the first around @-@ the @-@ world flights . Wiley Post 's 1933 solo circumnavigation stopped in Fairbanks , as did Howard Hughes ' 1938 effort .
Military flights also used Fairbanks as a base . In 1920 , the first flight from the continental United States to Alaska used Fairbanks as a base . In 1934 , a flight of Martin B @-@ 10 bombers flew from Washington , D.C. to Fairbanks , ostensibly to demonstrate the feasibility of long @-@ range bomber deployments . In reality , the bombers flew photographic missions intended to scout locations for military airfields to be built in the territory .
= = Military era = =
In his final public appearance , U.S. Army General Billy Mitchell said , " I believe that , in the future , whoever holds Alaska will hold the world ... I think it is the most important strategic place in the world . " That year , Congress passed the Wilcox National Air Defense Act , which provided for a new airbase in Alaska for cold @-@ weather testing and training . A survey team visited Fairbanks in 1936 , and in 1937 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7596 , which set aside 6 square miles ( 16 km2 ) of public land east of Fairbanks for the new airbase , which was named Ladd Army Airfield after Army pilot Arthur Ladd . Preliminary construction began in summer 1939 , a few days before Germany invaded Poland to start World War II . The first runway was finished in September 1940 , and the base was dedicated then , before most of the buildings were complete .
In the first winter after the dedication , soldiers practiced flying and servicing aircraft in subzero weather conditions . More than 1 @,@ 000 workers , most of whom were hired from outside Alaska , worked on the project through 1941 . Despite these outside workers , the construction effort caused unemployment to almost vanish in Fairbanks , causing a large demand for labor . Fairbanks ' economy grew , and the city 's second < http : / / www.akhistorycourse.org / articles / article.php ? artID = 178 > radio station , KFAR , began broadcasting on October 1 , 1939 . Hangars and base buildings were completed in summer 1941 , but the second winter of cold @-@ weather testing was interrupted by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor .
= = = World War II = = =
Fairbanks received word of the attack on Pearl Harbor via civilian shortwave radio operators who passed the news to the U.S. Army base . More than 200 civil defense volunteers immediately signed up for work that included orchestrating a town blackout , blocking town airfields , and making emergency plans to evacuate the town in the event of an attack . In June 1942 , the invasion of the Aleutian Islands and the bombing of Dutch Harbor intensified the war 's effect on Fairbanks . Ladd Field 's cold @-@ weather testing detachment was disbanded as its soldiers were used to bolster Alaska defenses at other locations .
During summer 1942 , more soldiers arrived in Fairbanks to replace those moved away from town . Fairbanks residents were drafted to work at Ladd Field because the U.S. Army believed Alaskans were best experienced in cold @-@ weather work . After gold mining was suspended during the war , the Army leased FE Co. offices and requisitioned supplies from Fairbanks businesses . Wartime demand and the draft caused a severe labor shortage in Fairbanks , and supplies of various food and commercial products were interrupted beyond the wartime rationing in the rest of the country . Crime also increased , and because the U.S. Army was placed in wartime control of the Alaska Territory , all newspapers and letters to and from Fairbanks were censored .
To alleviate shortages and supply the war effort , the U.S. Army and the Canadian government began construction of the Alaska Highway , which connected the Canadian road network to Alaska 's Richardson Highway and Fairbanks . The highway was completed in fall 1942 and regular traffic began in 1943 . As work on the highway took place , war supplies were already reaching Fairbanks through the air . The Northwest Staging Route , a chain of airfields , ended at Fairbanks . Starting in February 1942 , supply aircraft began landing in Fairbanks to supply the war effort in Alaska . In summer 1942 , negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in an extension of the Lend @-@ Lease effort to Russia . Using the Northwest Staging Route , aircraft were flown from Great Falls , Montana , to Ladd Field . At Ladd Field , the aircraft were turned over to Soviet pilots , who flew them to Nome and on to the Soviet Union . Fairbanks was chosen as a transfer location because it was more protected from potential Japanese attack than Nome .
Starting in fall 1942 , large numbers of Soviet soldiers arrived in Fairbanks to work with the U.S. soldiers already in the town . The massive Lend @-@ Lease effort required additional facilities to be built in and near Fairbanks . Ladd Field expanded in size , and the grounds of the U.S. Army post expanded until it met the city limits of Fairbanks . The University of Alaska , which saw most of its students taken up by the draft , provided office and dormitory space for U.S. and Soviet soldiers . Its professors also contributed to the war effort with specially created Russian language classes . Russian airmen were regular customers of Fairbanks stores , and they bought large amounts of consumer goods unavailable at home . To meet demand when Ladd Field was unusable due to fog , an airfield now known as Eielson Air Force Base was built southeast of Fairbanks . Although there were some conflicts between Soviet and U.S. soldiers and civilians , Lend @-@ Lease operations in Fairbanks continued through the end of the war , and when Lend @-@ Lease ended in September 1945 , 7 @,@ 926 aircraft and tons of cargo had been transferred to Soviet officials in Fairbanks .
= = = Cold War = = =
By fall 1945 , Ladd Field had grown to encompass almost 5 @,@ 000 military personnel and acres of runways and buildings . While there was a brief lull in activity as the U.S. Army demobilized after World War II , activity in Fairbanks remained high as the Cold War began . The population of the Fairbanks area grew by 240 percent between 1940 and 1950 , then doubled between 1950 and 1953 . This growth strained the city 's infrastructure : schools , water , power , sewer , and telephone systems were all overstressed by new arrivals and expansion . Suburbs sprang up around Fairbanks , which began annexing them in turn . In 1952 , the city 's boundaries grew from 1 @.@ 3 square miles ( 3 @.@ 4 km2 ) to 2 @.@ 4 square miles ( 6 @.@ 2 km2 ) , with another 1 square mile ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) soon after . More than a dozen subdivisions and housing developments filled the area between Fairbanks city limits and College , and the city 's border advanced westward until it met the College city limit . The burgeoning town stopped to commemorate its roots with the Golden Days Festival , a weeklong celebration of Fairbanks history that started to mark the 50th anniversary of the discovery of gold . The annual festival continues today .
The University of Alaska also grew during this period . In 1946 , Congress appropriated money for construction of a Geophysical Institute to study Arctic phenomena such as the aurora borealis . The institute was established in 1949 and spurred the university 's growth as the GI Bill simultaneously boosted the student population . Elementary education also developed as the Fairbanks Independent School District ( the precursor to today 's Fairbanks North Star Borough School District ) was established in 1947 to collect school taxes from areas outside city limits that were sending students to Fairbanks ' school . The Golden Valley Electric Association , an electrical cooperative , was founded in the 1940s to provide electricity to areas outside Fairbanks city limits . In 1953 , it bought the FE Co. power plant that served Fairbanks and provided electricity to customers as varied as Fairbanks ' second radio station , KFRB , and the town 's largest farm , Creamer 's Dairy .
A new airport opened on Oct. 15 , 1951 to replace Weeks Field , which had been encroached upon by the town 's growth , including Denali Elementary School , the town 's first new school since the 1930s . The new Fairbanks International Airport began serving DC @-@ 6s , which cut the travel time from Seattle to six hours from eight . The new airport also attracted an over @-@ the @-@ pole test flight by Scandinavian Airlines System , but the airline eventually chose Anchorage as a refueling point for flights from Stockholm to Tokyo . Ground transportation also improved in Fairbanks , as a major program to pave downtown roads began in 1953 with the goal of coating 30 blocks . New military facilities sprang up around Fairbanks and further away . The Haines - Fairbanks 626 mile long 8 " petroleum products pipeline was constructed during the period 1953 @-@ 55 . The city was a staging area for construction of the Distant Early Warning Line , the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System at Clear Air Station , and several Nike Hercules air defense missile batteries .
The first skyscrapers were built in Fairbanks during this period : the eight @-@ story Northward Building and the 100 @-@ foot ( 30 m ) Hill ( later Polaris ) Building were built in the first half of the 1950s . The first traffic lights were installed during the same period . Fairbanks ' first television station , KTVF Channel 11 , began broadcasting on February 17 , 1955 . The city 's first dedicated high school , Lathrop High ( originally Fairbanks High ) , also began operating in 1955 . In the four years that followed , four new elementary schools opened , taking the burden off Main School , which became Main Junior High School .
= = Statehood = =
During the 1950s , agitation grew in Alaska for the territory to become a state . Alaskans could not vote in presidential elections and had a territorial legislature with limited powers . Efforts to lobby federal legislators for an Alaska statehood bill met with limited success , so prominent territorial officials decided to draft a state constitution to prove Alaska 's readiness to become a state . On November 8 , 1955 , 55 elected delegates gathered at the University of Alaska to begin drafting a state constitution . The resulting debates lasted more than two months and caused a sensation in Fairbanks . Debates of the constitutional convention were broadcast on Fairbanks radio , and the Fairbanks Daily News @-@ Miner dedicated daily reports to the progress of the convention . On February 5 , 1956 , the delegates signed the constitution in front of 1 @,@ 000 people who crowded into the University of Alaska gymnasium . The building where deliberations took place was subsequently named Constitution Hall .
On June 30 , 1958 , the U.S. Senate voted 64 – 20 to accept Alaska as a state . The news set off massive celebrations in Fairbanks . Residents set off fireworks , an impromptu parade took place down Cushman Street , the city 's main road , and an attempt to dye the Chena River gold in celebration instead turned it green . The celebration was capped when residents used weather balloons to lift a 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide wooden star painted gold and emblazoned with " 49 " into the air . The balloons lifted it , then drifted into power lines , causing a 16 @-@ minute power outage across the city .
President Dwight Eisenhower officially signed the new state into the United States on January 3 , 1959 , putting the Alaska constitution into effect . The new state 's constitution called for the creation of borough governments to help manage the new state . Fairbanks and other areas were reluctant to impose an additional layer of government on themselves , and balked . In 1963 , the Alaska Legislature passed the Mandatory Borough Act , which required the eight most populous areas of the state to form organized boroughs by 1964 . Students from Fairbanks schools chose " North Star " as the Fairbanks ' borough 's name , and the Fairbanks North Star Borough came into existence on January 1 , 1964 .
The years after statehood saw the military boom continue to boost the Fairbanks economy and growth of the city . Fairbanks International Airport 's runway was lengthened to 11 @,@ 500 feet to accommodate jet aircraft . The George Parks Highway was built from Fairbanks to Anchorage and Denali National Park , encouraging tourism . Homes were built on the hills to the north of Fairbanks for the first time , roads were repaved and smoothed , and sidewalks replaced dirt paths . The growth had a price , however . Many of the structures built during Fairbanks ' founding were torn down in the name of urban renewal . The first home built in Fairbanks was demolished , as were the final homes remaining on " the line " , Fairbanks ' prostitution district .
In 1960 , the U.S. Air Force made plans to close Ladd Airfield and transfer its functions to nearby Eielson Air Force Base and Elmendorf Air Force Base near Anchorage . When the decision was publicly announced , it was met with almost unanimous opposition by Fairbanks residents and businesses in the area . Although the Air Force held firm in its decision to transfer out of the base , the U.S. Army took over the post on January 1 , 1961 and renamed it Fort Wainwright .
The arts scene in Fairbanks also grew during this time . The Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1959 , and the Fairbanks Drama Association was created in 1963 . The Alaska Goldpanners baseball team was founded in 1959 as the city 's first professional sports team . The next year , the Goldpanners hosted their first annual Midnight Sun Baseball Game , a tradition that had been conducted since 1905 and continues under the Goldpanners ' auspices today . Through the 1960s , Fairbanks became much more like small towns in the Lower 48 as communications , transportation , and utilities improved .
= = The Great Flood = =
In 1967 , Alaska celebrated 100 years since its purchase by the United States from Russia . To celebrate the event , Fairbanksans built A @-@ 67 ( later Alaskaland and today Pioneer Park ) , a theme park celebrating the history of Fairbanks and Alaska . At a site away from downtown Fairbanks , it features pioneer cabins , historic exhibits , and the steamer SS Nenana , one of the steamboats that traveled Interior Alaska rivers during the gold rush era . The summer exposition that opened the park in July 1967 was attended by U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey but was plagued by rain , financial problems , and low attendance .
One month after the celebration of Alaska 's centennial , the worst disaster in Fairbanks history took place . In July 1967 , Fairbanks received 3 @.@ 34 inches ( 8 @.@ 5 cm ) of rain , almost double the July average of 1 @.@ 84 inches ( 4 @.@ 7 cm ) . Then between August 11 and August 13 , Fairbanks and the Tanana Valley received the heaviest rainfall in recorded history . In the 24 hours prior to noon on August 12 , 3 @.@ 42 inches ( 8 @.@ 7 cm ) of rain fell . Average rainfall for the entire month of August is 2 @.@ 20 inches ( 5 @.@ 6 cm ) . In August 1967 , 6 @.@ 20 inches ( 15 @.@ 7 cm ) fell on Fairbanks and the Tanana Valley .
The unprecedented rainfall turned the Chena River into a torrent . On August 14 , it passed flood stage and continued to rise . Because no hydrological equipment had been installed upstream of Fairbanks , residents were unaware of the flood 's scale . All day and night on August 14 , the water rose . It inundated the A @-@ 67 site and volunteers allowed water to fill the hold of the SS Nenana to keep it from floating on the rising waters and damaging buildings . In downtown Fairbanks , hundreds of volunteers built a sandbag dike around St. Joseph 's Hospital to no avail . As the water crested the emergency dike , doctors , nurses , and patients evacuated to the University of Alaska on College Hill .
The university , which is built on high ground , served as an evacuation point and emergency shelter for thousands of flood refugees . The civil defense director of the university expected between 700 and 800 people to take shelter at the university . Between 7 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 000 showed up as the water rose through August 14 and 15 and crammed into facilities designed to house just over 1 @,@ 000 students . A helipad was set up in a parking lot , and helicopters from Eielson Air Force Base ferried supplies to the refugees . Fairbanks ' power plant was flooded , so the university depended on its physical plant to provide electricity for the refugees . When the rising water threatened to flood the plant , hundreds of the refugees massed to build barricades and pump out the plant 's basement .
The flood had a massive effect on Fairbanks . Four people were killed , and the damage ran into the hundreds of millions of dollars . It helped push the city 's remaining farm , Creamer 's Dairy , into bankruptcy , and it forced the closure of St. Joseph 's Hospital . Fairbanks residents responded to the problems with aplomb . The annual Tanana Valley State Fair was postponed but not canceled . Seven thousand dollars were raised to buy Creamer 's Dairy and turn it into a bird sanctuary . KTVF , one of the few town businesses to have flood insurance , rebuilt its studio and became the first Fairbanks TV station to broadcast in color , four months after the flood . When two bond measures to build a government @-@ run hospital were turned down by Fairbanks voters , residents raised $ 2 @.@ 6 million from private contributions and $ 6 million from the state and federal government to build Fairbanks Memorial Hospital .
In the flood 's wake , the U.S. Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1968 , which provided funding for construction of the Chena River Lakes Flood Control Project on the Chena River upstream of Fairbanks . The project was built between 1973 and 1979 and diverts the Chena River into the Tanana River when the former river rises above a certain level . A chain of dikes were built along the Tanana River to prevent high water from that river flooding Fairbanks from the south . Many businesses benefited from low @-@ interest federal loans to rebuild , which was done quickly . In 1969 , Fairbanks was one of 11 cities honored as an " All @-@ America City " by Look magazine and the National League of Cities in honor of its success in recovering from the flood .
= = Oil boom = =
On March 12 , 1968 , an Atlantic Richfield drilling crew struck oil near Prudhoe Bay , about 400 miles ( 640 km ) north of Fairbanks . The resulting discovery of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field sparked a massive boom in Fairbanks , which was the nearest city to the field . After abortive attempts to transport oil from the field using seagoing tankers and airplanes , the oil companies developing the field decided to build a pipeline . Plans were set into motion and about to move forward when legal challenges halted the project in 1970 . One set of challenges , those levied by Alaska Native groups in the path of the pipeline , was settled by passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971 . Thirteen major Alaska Native corporations and dozens of smaller ones were created to manage the cash payment and land grants distributed by the federal government under the act . In 1972 , Fairbanks became the headquarters of Doyon , Limited , the largest of these corporations .
The Fairbanks economy , which briefly boomed in the period between the discovery of oil and the legal challenge , stagnated as legal challenges dragged on . The challenges were ended by approval of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act in late 1973 . When pipeline work began in early 1974 , it sparked a boom in Fairbanks unlike anything since the years immediately after the city 's founding . Alyeska Pipeline Service Company alone spent an estimated $ 800 @,@ 000 a day in Fairbanks , which housed the construction headquarters on Fort Wainwright . Tens of thousands of workers poured into the city , straining the economy , infrastructure , and public works . The population of the Fairbanks North Star Borough increased by 40 percent between 1973 and 1976 . The number of businesses in the area doubled during the same period .
This increase in population caused many adverse effects . Municipal Utilities Service , which operated telephone service , ran out of phone numbers and the waiting list for phone connections stretched to 1 @,@ 500 entries . Electric demand was so high that the power company advised homeowners to buy generators to cope with frequent brownouts . Home prices skyrocketed — a home that sold for $ 40 @,@ 000 in 1974 was purchased for $ 80 @,@ 000 in 1975 . Home and apartment rentals were correspondingly squeezed upward by the rising prices and the demand from pipeline workers . Two @-@ room log cabins with no plumbing rented for $ 500 per month . One two @-@ bedroom home housed 45 pipeline workers who shared beds on a rotating schedule for $ 40 per week .
The skyrocketing prices were driven by the high salaries paid to pipeline workers , who were eager to spend their money . The high salaries caused a corresponding demand for higher wages among non @-@ pipeline workers in Alaska . Non @-@ pipeline businesses often could not keep up with the demand for higher wages , and job turnover was high . Yellow Cab in Fairbanks had a turnover rate of 800 percent ; a nearby restaurant had a turnover rate of more than 1 @,@ 000 percent . Many positions were filled by high school students promoted above their experience level . To meet the demand , Lathrop High School ran in two shifts : one in the morning and the other in the afternoon to teach students who also worked eight hours a day . More wages and more people meant higher demand for goods and services . Waiting in line became a fact of life in Fairbanks , and the Fairbanks McDonalds became No. 2 in the world for sales — behind only the recently opened Stockholm store . Alyeska and its contractors bought in bulk from local stores , causing shortages of everything from cars to tractor parts , water softener salt , batteries and ladders .
The large sums of money being made and spent caused an upsurge in crime and illicit activity . This was exacerbated because police officers and state troopers resigned in large groups to become pipeline security guards at wages far in excess of those available in public @-@ sector jobs . Fairbanks ' Second Avenue became a notorious hangout for prostitutes , and dozens of bars operated throughout town . In 1975 , the Fairbanks Police Department estimated between 40 and 175 prostitutes were working in the city of 15 @,@ 000 people . In the frigid temperatures of the winter months throughout the 1970s it was common to see street @-@ walking prostitutes in downtown Fairbanks , clad fully from head @-@ to @-@ toe in luxuriant fur coats ( and leaving everything to the imagination ) . Prostitutes brought pimps , who then engaged in turf fights . In 1976 , police responded to a shootout between warring pimps who wielded automatic firearms . By and large , however , the biggest police issues were drunken brawls and fighting , resulting in a situation akin to the lawlessness associated with the " American Old WestWild West " of the American frontier of popular lore .
By 1976 , after the city 's residents had endured a spike in crime , overstressed public infrastructure , and an influx of people unfamiliar with Alaska customs , 56 percent said the pipeline had changed Fairbanks for the worse . In downtown Fairbanks , overcrowding , traffic problems , and drunken rambunctiousness caused by pipeline workers pushed businesses to move into malls built away from downtown . New commercial centers like Gavora Mall , Bentley Mall , and others away from the city center drove the construction of freeways that bypassed downtown Fairbanks .
= = Post @-@ boom = =
Pipeline construction ended in 1977 , beginning a gradual decline in Fairbanks ' economy . The loss of construction spending was mostly offset by state spending . Taxes on oil flowing through the pipeline were spent on low @-@ interest loans , grants , and business assistance that poured money into the city . To entice businesses to return to downtown Fairbanks , the city demolished many of the bars favored by pipeline workers and attempted to attract a hotel or major business to the location . This effort was unsuccessful , and the land remained vacant until the late 1990s . Redevelopment of the Fairbanks airport was more successful . A new terminal built in 1984 functioned until 2009 .
Bolstered by grants and subsidies , cultural events and institutions grew in Fairbanks . The Fairbanks Light Opera Theatre was created in 1970 , and groups such as the Fairbanks Concert Association and the Northstar Ballet were also created at about the same time . Fairbanks largest arts event , the Summer Arts Festival , began in 1980 and continues today .
Sports facilities also benefited from the influx of state funding . The Big Dipper Ice Arena , a converted airplane hangar moved from Tanacross in 1969 , went through a $ 5 million renovation in 1981 that allowed it to host the Arctic Winter Games the next year . In 1979 , the University of Alaska built the Patty Center , the first full indoor ice arena in Interior Alaska . The same year , the school started a NCAA Division I hockey team .
Wien Air Alaska , which had its headquarters in Fairbanks , was the state 's largest private employer until it declared bankruptcy in 1983 . The resulting shutdown cost hundreds of jobs in Fairbanks . This was a foretaste of more problems to come . In 1986 , Saudi Arabia boosted oil production and oil prices plummeted . Alaska banks failed , construction came to a halt , and bankruptcies and foreclosures were common . A common practice in Fairbanks was for workers to drop their house keys off at local banks before catching a flight out of Alaska , the better to speed the foreclosure process . Although an expansion of Fort Wainwright helped the construction industry during this time , Fairbanks lost about 3 @,@ 000 jobs between 1986 and 1989 . The U.S. Army 's 6th Infantry Division was stationed at Fort Wainwright in late 1987 , but it was reduced to a single brigade and renamed in 1993 .
This period in the city 's history also had some bright spots . To celebrate the 25th anniversary of Alaska statehood , the city commissioned a 25 @-@ foot sculpture of an Alaska Native family signifying " Alaska 's first family " . The statue is the centerpiece of Golden Heart Plaza , which was dedicated in 1986 on the south bank of the Chena River in the middle of downtown Fairbanks . In 1984 , President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II briefly met in Fairbanks after it was realized that their two separate visits to Asia would cross over Alaska at the same time . Approximately 10 @,@ 000 people attended their meeting , which was the largest gathering of people in Fairbanks ' history .
= = Modern Fairbanks = =
As oil prices rose during the 1990s , Fairbanks ' economy improved . The city was also boosted by the regrowth of gold mining in the area . The Fort Knox Gold Mine north of Fairbanks opened in 1997 after several years of development , and another gold prospect is likely to be developed in the next decade . The same year that Fort Knox Mine opened , Alyeska moved 300 jobs from Anchorage to Fairbanks , making the city the base of its operations for the first time in several decades .
The U.S. military remains a large presence in Fairbanks . The U.S. 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team of the 25th Infantry Division is based at Fort Wainwright , and Eielson Air Force Base remains a training and logistics hub for the U.S. Air Force . In 2009 , the U.S. Army announced that it is considering basing 1 @,@ 000 additional soldiers at Fort Wainwright because of its ample space .
Utilities and other services also have significantly changed since 1990 . Fairbanks Memorial Hospital was renovated and expanded in 1976 , 1985 , 1995 , and 2000 . In 2009 , the hospital opened a new heart care center during its latest expansion . Bassett Army Hospital on Fort Wainwright went through a $ 132 million renovation in 2005 . To meet the demand for a convention center and large sporting arena , the city paid for construction of the Carlson Center , a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ seat arena that opened in 1990 . In 1996 , the city of Fairbanks privatized its utilities when the Municipal Utilities Service was sold to a private company . About $ 74 million from the sale was deposited into a savings account called the Fairbanks Permanent Fund , which was invested and managed in a fashion similar to the Alaska Permanent Fund , though residents do not receive any income from the Fairbanks Permanent Fund .
= = Additional reading = =
= = = Books = = =
= = = Periodicals = = =
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= Disi Water Conveyance Project =
The Disi Water Conveyance Project is a water supply project in Jordan . It is designed to pump 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 2 @.@ 2 × 1010 imp gal ) of water per year from the Disi aquifer , which lies beneath the desert in southern Jordan and northwestern Saudi Arabia . The water is piped to the capital , Amman , and other cities to meet increased demand . Construction began in 2009 and was mostly completed in July 2013 when the project was inaugurated by King Abdullah of Jordan . Its total cost was USD 1 @.@ 1 billion . An independent study revealed the water to be radioactive and potentially dangerous to drink , surrounding the project with controversy . Jordan 's Ministry of Water and Irrigation has stated that the radioactivity is not a problem because the water is to be diluted with an equal amount of water from other sources , although it remains disputed if this would be enough to bring the water up to standards . The Ministry said the independent study was inaccurate , as it did not test water from any of the wells that will be used in the project . The President of the Jordanian Geologists Association Bahjat Al Adwan stated that the radiation is present in the water in the form of Radon , and thus dissipates harmlessly when the water is exposed to air on the surface .
= = Background = =
The water in the Disi aquifer gathered 30 @,@ 000 years ago during the Pleistocene era . It is 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) long and located 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) below ground inside of porous sandstone . The aquifer is classified as a fossil aquifer , meaning that the water is not replenished if it is removed . In fact , the aquifer has a recharge rate of 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 1 @.@ 1 × 1010 imp gal ) of water per year . This recharge is dwarfed , however , by the current extraction rate of 90 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 2 @.@ 0 × 1010 imp gal ) for agricultural and domestic needs , including 15 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 3 @.@ 3 × 109 imp gal ) of water that is supplied to Aqaba , Jordan . The current extraction rate of 90 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 2 @.@ 0 × 1010 imp gal ) , coupled with the future extraction rate of 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 2 @.@ 2 × 1010 imp gal ) for the project , is expected to produce a total extraction rate of 190 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 4 @.@ 2 × 1010 imp gal ) . At that rate , the water in the aquifer will last a minimum of 50 years , according to the Disi Water Company .
Only a small portion of the Disi aquifer lies beneath Jordan , while the majority lies beneath Saudi Arabia . Saudi Arabia also extracts water from the aquifer ( called the Saq aquifer in Saudi Arabia ) . The aquifer has created controversy between Saudi Arabia and Jordan , with each country demanding the other to use less of the shared water . There is no formal agreement between the countries regarding the water and the Disi Water Conveyance Project is being constructed without Saudi consultation or involvement .
Non @-@ revenue water is a serious problem in Amman . Currently , 40 % of water in Amman is lost as non @-@ revenue water . The city rations water , with individual residents averaging 36 hours of water access weekly . If the non @-@ revenue water problem remains , it is possible that a large portion of the water provided by the Disi Water Conveyance project will also be lost as it is piped through Amman .
The Disi Water Conveyance project was first proposed in the 1990s , but was initially regarded as too expensive . A feasibility study was completed in 1996 . But it was not until 2007 that the Jordanian Government was able to contract a firm to begin construction .
= = Design = =
The project proposed by the Jordanian government will pump 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 2 @.@ 2 × 1010 imp gal ) of water per year from 55 wells in the aquifer . However , a total of 64 wells will be drilled , the extra wells to be used as piezometers to measure the elevation of the water . Nine of the 55 water producing wells will be used in emergencies only . The wells producing water will be drilled 600 – 700 m ( 2 @,@ 000 – 2 @,@ 300 ft ) deep while the piezometers will be drilled to a depth of 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) . The plan is to pump the piezometer wells for 25 years , according to the project leader .
After being pumped from the wells , water will then be transported to Amman , via a 325 km ( 202 mi ) pipeline , passing through a pumping station , then flowing by gravity and being pumped up again . The reservoirs near Amman are only 200 m ( 660 ft ) higher than the surface area where the pumping field is located . Nevertheless , the total elevation differential over which water needs to be lifted by both pumping stations is about 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) . To pump the water through the proposed pipeline will require 4 kilowatt @-@ hours per cubic meter of water . The entire project would require approximately 4 percent of Jordan 's current electrical production . The project is expected to be completed by January 2017 and to run for 25 years or until the Two Seas Canal is built .
The 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 2 @.@ 2 × 1010 imp gal ) of water will be divided between the Abu Alanda reservoir and the Dabouq reservoir . Approximately 40 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 8 @.@ 8 × 109 imp gal ) of water will be sent to the Abu Alanda reservoir where it will be diluted with water from the Zara Ma ’ en desalination plant as well as water from Wala . The remaining 60 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 1 @.@ 3 × 1010 imp gal ) of water will be sent to the Dabouq reservoir where it will be diluted with water from the Zai Treatment Plant as well as water from Wala . It is estimated that the cost of one cubic meter of water from the project will be 0 @.@ 74 JOD ( $ 1 @.@ 05 USD ) .
= = Construction = =
In June 2009 , the Turkish firm GAMA began construction . By February 2011 , eight piezometer wells and two water producing wells have been completed . Twenty @-@ three other wells were to be drilled , and 85 km ( 53 mi ) of pipe were to be installed . By April 2011 , 99 % of the 340 km ( 210 mi ) of project 's piping had arrived from Turkey , an anonymous source told The Jordan Times . This source stated that the project was over 50 % completed and that it was ahead of schedule .
Construction was delayed by disgruntled members of a Bedouin tribe living in the area , who allegedly intimidated workers by shooting in the air and at construction equipment . All work was stopped for two weeks after two employees were killed in January 2011 — allegedly murdered by a member of the Bedouin tribe . The tribe had been upset because GAMA did not rent its water tankers , according to Adnan Zu 'b , Assistant Secretary Genera at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation . To satisfy the tribe , GAMA then announced plans to rent tankers from the tribe . However , near the site of the killings , the town of Ma 'an had protests against the government 's failure to punish the killers . During October and November , 2011 the construction works have been suspended at southern part of the project from Hasa to Mudawarra due to security problems created by tribes , therefore there is delay in this part which will affect the completion date of the project .
= = Structure and funding = =
The project is funded on a build @-@ operate @-@ transfer concession contract between the Jordanian government and the Disi Water Company ( Diwaco ) , a subsidiary of the Turkish construction company GAMA Energy . GAMA Energy is a joint venture between the Turkish GAMA Holding and the US firm General Electric Energy Financial Services . Diwaco is responsible to build the project over a 4 @-@ year period and to operate it for another 25 years . At the end of the concession period the ownership will transfer to the Jordanian government . Diwaco will retain any profits and will bear the risk of losing its equity . Construction is undertaken by GAMA Power Systems , another subsidiary of GAMA Holding , under a turnkey engineering , procurement and construction contract with Diwaco . Operation will be undertaken by Disi Amman Operation Maintenance LLC , a fully owned subsidiary of the French water company Suez Environnement , under a separate operating contract with Diwaco .
The project is funded through an equity contribution of about USD 200m from Diwaco , a USD 300m grant and a USD 100m stand @-@ by facility from the Jordanian government , as well as USD 475m in foreign loans to Diwaco . The project 's total cost is expected to be $ 1 @.@ 1 billion USD . The U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation has lent USD 250m to Diwaco to support U.S. foreign investment on the basis that General Electric partially owns GAMA Energy . The state @-@ owned French bank PROPARCO , which is the part of the French Development Agency ( AFD ) that supports private sector development , and the European Investment Bank ( EIB ) each lent about USD 100m to Diwaco . The loan package has been put together by the Arab Banking Corporation . Much of the government grant supporting the project comes from sovereign soft loans that the government of Jordan has borrowed from the EIB and AFD and passes on as a grant to the project . AFD provided USD 50m for the state grant and USD 48m for the stand @-@ by facility .
= = Radioactivity concerns = =
The project became controversial in 2009 when a study performed by Avner Vengosh of Duke University revealed the Disi water to be highly radioactive . Water was tested from 37 existing wells in the aquifer , and all but one had concentrations of radioactive radium @-@ 226 and radium @-@ 228 isotopes that exceeded international standards for drinking water . Some of the water tested exceeded standards by 2 @,@ 000 % . Drinking water with these isotopes has been linked to bone cancer and leukemia . Though expensive , the water could be purified of the radioactive isotopes through ion @-@ exchange purification .
Jordan 's Ministry of Water and Irrigation has stated that the radioactivity is not a problem because the water is to be diluted with an equal amount of water from other sources . This dilution would presumably halve the radioactivity of the water which , according to Vengosh 's data , would not be enough to bring the water up to standards . The Ministry of Water and Irrigation , however , has declared Vengosh 's data to be inaccurate , as his study did not test water from any of the wells that will be used in the project . As radiation varies from well to well , it is possible that the data Vengosh collected does not accurately reflect the water sources to be used in the project .
Although testing at the well sites that supply Aqaba reveals high radioactivity , testing performed using water from the tap in Aqaba shows the water to be safe . There is no confirmed explanation for this phenomenon , although it is hypothesized that the depth of the wells ( the ones that supply Aqaba are relatively shallow ) may play a role as the radiation varies greatly at shallow depths . In May , 2011 , the President of the Jordanian Geologists Association Bahjat Al Adwan stated that the radiation is present in the water in the form of Radon , and thus dissipates harmlessly when the water is exposed to air on the surface . This explanation has not been confirmed scientifically , however .
During the inauguration of the conveyor in July 2013 Minister of Water and Irrigation Hazim El @-@ Nasser said that after mixing Disi water radiation is less than 0 @.@ 5 millisievert per year . The worldwide average natural dose of human ’ s exposure to radiation is about 2 @.@ 5 @-@ 3 millisievert per year . " Disi water is purer than bottled water and I take full responsibility for what I ’ m saying , ” the Minister said during a press conference .
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= Nuckelavee =
The nuckelavee ( pronunciation : / nʌklɑːˈviː / ) or nuckalavee is a horse @-@ like demon from Orcadian mythology that combines equine and human elements . It has its origins in Norse mythology , and is the most horrible of all the demons of the Scottish islands . The nuck component of its name may be cognate with Nick in Old Nick , a name for the Christian Devil . The nuckelavee 's breath was thought to wilt crops and sicken livestock , and the creature was held responsible for droughts and epidemics on land despite its being predominantly a sea @-@ dweller .
A graphic description of the nuckelavee as it appears on land was given by an islander who claimed to have had a confrontation with it , but accounts describing the details of the creature 's appearance are inconsistent . In common with many other sea monsters it is unable to tolerate fresh water , therefore those it is pursuing have only to cross a river or stream to be rid of it . The nuckelavee is kept in confinement during the summer months by the Mither o ' the Sea , an ancient Orcadian spirit , and the only one able to control it .
Orcadian folklore had a strong Scandinavian influence , and it may be that the nuckelavee is a composite of a water horse from Celtic mythology and a creature imported by the Norsemen . As with similar malevolent entities such as the kelpie , it possibly offered an explanation for incidents that islanders in ancient times could not otherwise understand .
= = Etymology = =
The late 19th century saw an upsurge of interest in transcribing folklore , but the recorders used inconsistent spelling and frequently anglicised words , thus the same entity could be given different names . The term nuckelavee derives from Orcadian knoggelvi , and according to Orkney resident and 19th @-@ century folklorist Walter Traill Dennison means " Devil of the Sea " . The same demon is called a mukkelevi in Shetland , where it was considered a nasty sea trow or sea devil . Samuel Hibbert , an antiquarian of the early nineteenth century , considered the component nuck of the nuckelavee 's name to be cognate with both the Nick in Old Nick , a name sometimes given to the Devil of Christian belief , and with the Latin necare , to kill .
= = Folk beliefs = =
= = = Description and common attributes = = =
Stories of mythical Orcadian demons are recorded in the 16th @-@ century Latin manuscripts of Jo Ben , who may have been referring to the nuckelavee in his description of the Orkney island of Stronsay . Dennison transcribed much of the information available about traditional tales told on Orkney , but to an extent romanticised and systematically altered certain elements of the stories in the process of transforming them into prose .
The nuckelavee is a mythical sea creature that appears as a horse @-@ like demon when it ventures onto land . Writer and folklorist Ernest Marwick considered it very similar to the Norwegian nøkk , the nuggle of the Shetlands and the kelpie . A unique and solitary creature possessing extensive evil powers , its malevolent behaviour can influence events throughout the islands . Islanders were terrified of the creature and would not speak its name without immediately saying a prayer . It was often found in the vicinity of a beach , but would never come ashore if it was raining .
No tales describe what form the nuckelavee takes when in the sea , but its appearance on land has been recounted in graphic detail . An islander , Tammas , claimed to have survived a confrontation with the beast and , after much cajoling from Dennison , reluctantly gave his description of the monster , the only known first @-@ hand account . According to Tammas , the nuckelavee has a man 's torso attached to a horse 's back as if it were a rider . The male torso has no legs , but its arms can reach the ground from its position on top of the equine body , the legs of which have fin like appendages . The torso has a large head – possibly as much as 3 feet ( 90 centimetres ) in diameter – that rolls back and forth . The monster described by Tammas has two heads ; the equine head has an enormous gaping mouth that exudes a smelly toxic vapour , and a single giant eye like a burning red flame . A particularly gruesome detail is that the nuckelavee has no skin ; black blood courses through yellow veins , and the pale sinews and powerful muscles are visible as a pulsating mass . Other reports state that the creature resembles a centaur ; narratives are inconsistent in the finer details of the demon 's description however . Traill Dennison only describes a man 's head with a " mouth projected like that of a pig " . Marwick also only mentions one head with a single red eye , and he borrows some of Tammas 's characterisation by recording the creature 's mouth as " like a whale 's " .
The nuckelavee 's breath was thought to wilt crops and sicken livestock , and it was considered responsible for epidemics and drought . Seaweed burning to create what was known at the time as kelp began on Stronsay in 1722 . The product – soda ash – was an alkali mainly used to treat acidic soil , although as time went on its commercial importance in soap and glass manufacture increased . The pungent smoke emitted during the process was believed to enrage the nuckelavee , resulting in a wild rampage of plague , the deaths of cattle and the destruction of crops . The nuckelavee was said to have infected horses on Stronsay with the deadly disease known as mortasheen , to demonstrate its fury and exact its revenge against the islanders for burning seaweed ; the infection subsequently spread to all the other islands involved in the industry . The creature was also blamed for prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall , leading to water shortages and poor harvests .
= = Confinement = =
The nuckelavee is the most malevolent of the demons in and around the Scottish islands , without any redeeming characteristics . The only entity able to control it is the Mither o ' the Sea , an ancient spirit in Orcadian mythology who keeps the nuckelavee confined during the summer months . In common with other mythical sea monsters , with the possible exception of kelpies and the nuggle of Shetland , it is unable to wade through fresh flowing water , therefore those it is chasing have only to cross a stream to be rid of it . Tammas managed to escape from the nuckelavee after he inadvertently splashed it with water from the loch he was alongside ; this briefly distracted the monster , allowing Tammas to run over to a nearby channel of fresh water and jump to safety on the opposite bank .
= = Origins = =
Malevolent creatures possibly served to provide explanations for incidents that islanders from bygone times were otherwise unable to account for ; many ancient myths were based upon the natural elements of the turbulent and ever changing sea around Orkney . Established Orcadian tales were strongly influenced by Scandinavian mythology with a blending of traditional Celtic stories , so the nuckelavee may have its roots in a mythical creature imported by the Norsemen fused with a traditional Celtic water horse .
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= Folgore @-@ class cruiser =
The Folgore class was a pair of torpedo cruisers built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . The two ships — Folgore and Saetta — were designed by Benedetto Brin during a period of experimentation with the theories of the Jeune École in the 1880s . The vessels were armed with three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes , and they had a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Both ships ' careers were uneventful , and they spent most of their time in service conducting training exercises . Folgore was seriously damaged in a collision in 1889 , and was thereafter reduced to reserve status , as the damage could not be completely repaired . She was eventually sold for scrapping in 1900 , while Saetta served as a gunnery training ship from 1897 to 1908 , when she too was dismantled .
= = Design = =
Folgore and Saetta were designed by Benedetto Brin ; Brin had previously designed several classes of very large ironclad battleships , including the Caio Duilio and Italia classes , but by the 1880s , he had begun to embrace the ideas of the Jeune École , which emphasized small , fast , torpedo @-@ armed vessels that could damage or destroy the much larger battleships at a fraction of the cost . After the two Folgores , which were rated as torpediniere @-@ avisos ( torpedo @-@ avisos ) , the eight ships of the Partenope class were laid down , continuing Brin 's ideas at the time .
= = = Characteristics = = =
The ships of the Folgore class were 56 @.@ 7 meters ( 186 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 6 @.@ 31 m ( 20 @.@ 7 ft ) . Folgore displaced 364 metric tons ( 358 long tons ; 401 short tons ) normally , while Saetta displaced 394 metric tons ( 388 long tons ; 434 short tons ) . Folgore had an average draft of 2 @.@ 15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) , while Saetta sat slightly lower in the water as a result of her greater displacement , with a draft of 2 @.@ 27 m ( 7 ft 5 in ) . Their hulls were constructed from steel and featured a pronounced ram bow . The ships had a crew of between 57 – 70 that varied in size over the course of their careers .
Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal double @-@ expansion steam engines manufactured by Hawthorn Leslie and Co . , each driving a single screw propeller . Steam for the engines was supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers that were trunked into a single funnel amidships . In 1892 , Saetta was re @-@ boilered with oil @-@ fired models for experimentation purposes . Folgore could steam at a speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) from 2 @,@ 150 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 600 kW ) , while Saetta reached the same speed from 2 @,@ 130 ihp ( 1 @,@ 590 kW ) . The ships had a coal storage capacity of 60 metric tons ( 59 long tons ; 66 short tons ) .
The primary armament for the Folgore class was three 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . They also carried a small gun armament , consisting of two 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) 43 @-@ caliber ( cal . ) guns and four 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) 25 @-@ cal. guns , all mounted singly . The ships carried no armor protection .
= = Ships = =
= = Service history = =
After entering service , both vessels were assigned to the main Italian fleet . They were primarily occupied with annual training exercises , along with occasional fleet reviews for monarchs , including one for the King of Italy , Umberto I in 1887 and German Emperor Wilhelm II in 1888 . In 1889 , Folgore was badly damaged in a collision with the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan and could not be repaired to her original condition . As a result , she spent most of the rest of her career in reserve .
For much of the 1890s , Saetta was frequently reduced to reserve , in part to reduce maintenance on the vessel . Folgore made a temporary return to active service in 1895 , when she joined Saetta for the annual maneuvers . In 1897 , she was withdrawn from front @-@ line service and employed with the gunnery school ; her gun armament was accordingly increased in 1902 to provide a variety of weapons for gunnery trainees to practice operating . In the meantime , Folgore was stricken from the naval register in 1900 and broken up for scrap . Saetta continued in her service with the gunnery school until 1908 , when she too was broken up .
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= F @-@ 41 ( Michigan county highway ) =
F @-@ 41 is a county @-@ designated highway in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan . It was previously designated as M @-@ 171 , a former state trunkline highway , until 1960 , running from US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) just north of Oscoda , and coming back to US 23 about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Alpena . The road runs through rural , forested areas of Iosco and Alcona counties , inland from Lake Huron .
Although it has been a county road since 1960 , F @-@ 41 was a state highway in 1919 when the state trunkline highway system was formed . It was a segment of the original M @-@ 10 that was replaced by US 23 in 1926 . Later changes to US 23 shifted that road closer to Lake Huron , and the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) created two different routings for M @-@ 171 out of the former US 23 routings in the area . The second of these highways has been designated F @-@ 41 since 1970 .
= = Route description = =
F @-@ 41 begins at an intersection with US 23 on the north side of Oscoda . The route travels to the northwest away from town , passing between Van Etten Lake and what was previously Wurtsmith Air Force Base . The road continues north through a rural area of Alcona County on Somers and Mikado roads , running parallel , but inland , to the Lake Huron shoreline . It passes through the small communities of Mikado and Gustin before coming to a junction with M @-@ 72 . After crossing M @-@ 72 , F @-@ 41 turns east into the community of Lincoln along Traverse Bay State Road , 2nd Street and Main Street before leaving town to the north . The road continues on to the north on Barlow Road through Alcona County before terminating at a second junction with US 23 . The highway travels through wooded terrain along its routing .
= = History = =
The first highway designation to run from Oscoda toward Spruce to Alpena was the original M @-@ 10 on July 1 , 1919 . This segment of highway was later redesignated as a part of US 23 in 1926 when the United States Numbered Highway System was established . Realignments of US 23 created both versions of M @-@ 171 .
The initial incarnation of M @-@ 171 served as a loop route off US 23 which departed the main highway east of Spruce , traveled west through Spruce , then north past Hubbard Lake and through Wilson before returning to US 23 near Alpena . This roadway was part of US 23 before it was redesignated M @-@ 171 in 1932 . This routing is now occupied by the present day routings of Spruce , Hubbard Lake and Wilson roads . This version of M @-@ 171 was removed from the system in 1934 .
The second version of M @-@ 171 that ran between Oscoda and Caledonia Township in Alcona County was assumed into the state trunkline system in 1936 . This was another former segment of US 23 . Expansion of the Oscoda Army Air Field ( later Wurtsmith Air Force Base ) in the early 1940s shifted M @-@ 171 eastward , more closely following the west shore of Van Ettan Lake . Portions of the old route were taken up by the expansion , while the rest became part of present @-@ day Skeel Avenue . M @-@ 171 existed along the Oscoda to Caledonia Township route for 24 years before being decommissioned in late 1960 or early 1961 . The routing was then assigned County Road F @-@ 41 after October 5 , 1970 , and has retained that designation ever since .
= = Major intersections = =
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= U.S. Route 59 in Oklahoma =
U.S. Highway 59 ( US @-@ 59 ) heads along the eastern portion of the state of Oklahoma . US @-@ 59 's 216 @.@ 47 @-@ mile ( 348 @.@ 37 km ) route through Oklahoma takes it through the mountainous terrain of the eastern Oklahoma Ouachitas and Ozarks . US @-@ 59 serves several lakes and towns through Oklahoma 's Green Country , including Grand Lake , a major recreation center . The route enters the state from Arkansas near Fogel , Arkansas , and ends at the Kansas state line south of Chetopa , Kansas .
US @-@ 59 was first designated in Oklahoma around 1935 . The highway 's route at that time was largely the same as it is today ; however , between the Afton area and Welch , US @-@ 59 passed through Vinita instead following the modern @-@ day route passing east of it . US @-@ 59 was changed to follow the present @-@ day route in 1951 . Since then , US @-@ 59 has undergone only minor adjustments , many of which eliminated curves and provided a more direct route for travelers using the highway to traverse eastern Oklahoma .
= = Route description = =
= = = Le Flore County = = =
US @-@ 59 enters Oklahoma in Le Flore County , in the Ouachita National Forest , at the state line at Fogel , Arkansas . US @-@ 270 is concurrent with US @-@ 59 as it crosses the line . The two routes head westward from the state line , passing through a valley between Black Fork Mountain and Rich Mountain . The first Oklahoma town the two routes pass through is unincorporated Page . Northwest of town , US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 270 form the northern terminus of US @-@ 259 , which heads south toward Nacogdoches , Texas . After this junction , US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 270 curve around to the north and pass through the two small hamlets of Zoe and Stapp . US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 270 head north , paralleling the Black Fork Poteau River as they leave the national forest , into Hodgen . North of Hodgen , the highways cross the main branch of the Poteau River and pass through the Wister Wildlife Management Area . Upon landing on the north bank of the river , US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 270 curve to the northeast as they enter Heavener , where SH @-@ 128 terminates . On the north side of the town , US @-@ 270 splits away to the west . US @-@ 59 parallels the Kansas City Southern Railroad and passes Heavener Memorial Cemetery . The highway turns to the northwest , passing through Howe , and intersects with SH @-@ 83 at its northern terminus . North of this junction , US @-@ 59 crosses the Poteau River again .
US @-@ 59 heads northward , coming to an interchange with US @-@ 271 just north of the Choctaw Country Club in the city of Poteau , county seat of Le Flore County . At this interchange , US @-@ 59 exits from the mainline to join US @-@ 271 ; continuing north through the interchange places the motorist on the Poteau Bypass , an unnumbered state highway . US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 271 proceed through Poteau , coming to an interchange at the southern terminus of SH @-@ 112 , which is also the northern terminus of the Poteau Bypass . The two concurrent roads head north through the towns of Shady Point and Panama . North of Panama , US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 271 form the eastern terminus of SH @-@ 31 . At Sunset Corner , US @-@ 59 turns to the west and US @-@ 271 turns to the east , ending the concurrency . SH @-@ 9 passes straight through this intersection from west to east ; upon turning west , US @-@ 59 follows SH @-@ 9 for five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) , splitting away southeast of Cowlington . Just north of this junction , US @-@ 59 widens to a four @-@ lane divided highway . It crosses the Arkansas River on a bridge just downstream of the dam that impounds Robert S. Kerr Reservoir . Upon crossing the river , the highway enters Sequoyah County .
= = = Sequoyah and Adair counties = = =
US @-@ 59 's first highway junction in Sequoyah County is with SH @-@ 141 west of Gans , where the latter highway reaches its western terminus . US @-@ 59 continues northward , crossing Wildhorse Mountain as well as Little Sallisaw Creek , just upstream of where it empties into Robert S. Kerr Reservoir . The highway then enters the county seat of Sequoyah County , Sallisaw , where it has an interchange with Interstate 40 at Exit 308 . North of the interstate , US @-@ 59 intersects US @-@ 64 , turning east to follow the latter route into downtown Sallisaw . US @-@ 59 splits away to the north , becoming a two @-@ lane highway . North of town , the highway serves as the western terminus of SH @-@ 101 . US @-@ 59 then passes through unincorporated Brushy . North of Brushy , the highway winds through the Brushy Mountains . The road exits Sequoyah County north of this group of mountains .
The next county US @-@ 59 enters is mountainous Adair County . The route continues to follow a winding course as it makes its way northeast to unincorporated Cherry Tree . The highway continues northeast past Cherry Tree , before turning back to a due north course as it makes its way into the county seat of Stilwell . Here , the U.S. route has brief concurrencies with SH @-@ 100 and SH @-@ 51 . US @-@ 59 leaves Stilwell , twisting through mountainous terrain alongside Peavine Creek until the stream 's mouth at the Baron Fork of the Illinois River . The highway crosses the Baron Fork , then passes west of the unincorporated location of Baron . About twelve miles ( 19 km ) north of Stilwell , the highway intersects with US @-@ 62 in Westville . From Westville , US @-@ 59 heads northward . The highway passes just east of Mission Mountain ; north of the mountain , the road begins paralleling a Kansas City Southern railroad line . In northern Adair County , US @-@ 59 serves unincorporated Ballard and the town of Watts , where it runs just west of Lake Frances . North of Watts , the highway crosses the Illinois River and continues northward into Delaware County .
= = = Delaware , Ottawa , and Craig counties = = =
In Delaware County , US @-@ 59 enters West Siloam Springs and becomes concurrent with US @-@ 412 . This junction is only 0 @.@ 07 miles ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) west of the Oklahoma – Arkansas state line . The two roads head westward through West Siloam Springs before coming to unincorporated Flint . US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 412 split here , with US @-@ 412 following the Cherokee Turnpike , which begins at this interchange . The eastern terminus of US @-@ 412 Alternate is also at this interchange ; it becomes concurrent with US @-@ 59 as the two routes head west . The two highways enter Kansas , Oklahoma , where they part ways at an intersection with SH @-@ 10 ; US @-@ 412 Alternate continues to the east , while US @-@ 59 turns north along SH @-@ 10 . Just north of this intersection lies an interchange with mainline US @-@ 412 , which is still on the Cherokee Turnpike at this point . US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 head north out of the town of Kansas , intersecting with SH @-@ 116 at its western terminus west of Colcord . As US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 follow a course with many curves as they approach Eucha Lake , which they bridge the east arm of . In Jay , SH @-@ 20 joins the concurrency as US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 turn east toward downtown Jay . There , the three highways form the southern terminus of SH @-@ 127 . On the east side of Jay , US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 turn north , leaving SH @-@ 20 as it heads east towards its intersection with Arkansas Highway 43 . North of Jay , US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 intersect with SH @-@ 127 again , this time at its northern terminus . US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 cross over the Honey Creek arm of Grand Lake o ' the Cherokees before coming to Grove , where SH @-@ 10 turns east and US @-@ 59 turns west . As it leaves Grove , US @-@ 59 turns northwest , running the length of a peninsula out into the lake . At the end of the peninsula , US @-@ 59 crosses the lake yet again , landing on the north shore near Copeland . The highway then passes into Ottawa County .
The next highway junction for US @-@ 59 , the first in Ottawa County , is with SH @-@ 125 . US @-@ 59 turns due west shortly after this junction , then curves to due north . Just east of Afton , US @-@ 59 joins US @-@ 60 and US @-@ 69 , and the three highways head northeast . However , only 0 @.@ 8 miles ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) northeast of the junction , US @-@ 60 splits off at a cloverleaf interchange which also provides access to I @-@ 44 , the Will Rogers Turnpike . US @-@ 59 and US @-@ 69 continue northward to Narcissa , where they are the site of SH @-@ 25 's eastern terminus . Further north , at Dotyville , US @-@ 59 meets SH @-@ 10 again , turning west along it , while US @-@ 69 heads east along SH @-@ 10 toward Miami . US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 10 continue west , turning north for one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before turning back to the west . Southwest of Dawes , the highways cross into Craig County . The northernmost town that US @-@ 59 serves in Oklahoma is Welch . Here , US @-@ 59 splits away from SH @-@ 10 , turning northward along unsigned SH @-@ 2 , its final stretch in Oklahoma . The highway crosses the Kansas state line 14 @.@ 53 miles ( 23 @.@ 38 km ) north of Welch .
= = History = =
Before US @-@ 59 was designated in Oklahoma , what would become its route was designated as US @-@ 270 between the Arkansas state line and Poteau , US @-@ 271 between Poteau and Sunset Corner , SH @-@ 10 along the modern @-@ day SH @-@ 9 concurrency , SH @-@ 17 between Sallisaw and West Siloam Springs , SH @-@ 33 between West Siloam Springs and the town of Kansas , and SH @-@ 10 between Kansas and Grove . There was no road between modern @-@ day SH @-@ 9 and Sallisaw . US @-@ 59 first appeared on the official state map in 1935 . At this time , the road south of Sallisaw was marked as " Conditional Location " , and between Grove and the Kansas state line , the highway followed a different route : it proceeded west out of Grove to meet US @-@ 60 / US @-@ 66 south of Afton , concurring with those two highways to Vinita , where it turned north along SH @-@ 2 , following it to Welch and the state line .
The gap between SH @-@ 10 and Sallisaw was filled by the designation of a state highway there by the Oklahoma State Highway Commission on November 15 , 1935 . The commission designated this highway as US @-@ 59 , effective upon the completion of its construction . Maintenance of the portion of this road in Sequoyah County was authorized on October 22 , 1936 .
On October 3 , 1951 , the highway commission approved the realignment of US @-@ 59 between the highway junction northeast of Afton and Welch . The old highway between Vinita and Welch became the northern SH @-@ 2 . The Highway Commission modified US @-@ 59 's route through Westville on February 5 , 1952 . Previously , at the site of the present @-@ day US @-@ 59 / US @-@ 62 intersection , US @-@ 59 turned east along US @-@ 62 , splitting off at Williams Avenue , then followed Williams Avenue north to Main Street , where it turned east . At the eastern city limit of Westville , US @-@ 59 turned north , joining its modern @-@ day alignment 3 @.@ 2 miles ( 5 @.@ 1 km ) north of the US @-@ 62 junction . With the 1952 realignment , US @-@ 59 continued straight through the intersection , bypassing Westville to the west . The next change to US @-@ 59 was a realignment between the SH @-@ 33 junction in the town of Kansas and downtown Jay . The new highway had several curves straightened , reducing this segment 's length from 20 @.@ 6 miles ( 33 @.@ 2 km ) to 18 @.@ 9 miles ( 30 @.@ 4 km ) . This change was approved by the Highway Commission on August 19 , 1952 .
On July 6 , 1964 , the Oklahoma State Highway Commission approved a realignment to US @-@ 59 's route through Poteau . Another change , further north , was approved on March 4 , 1968 . This moved US @-@ 59 onto a new bridge over the Arkansas River upon completion of its construction , with the old highway being turned over to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . An application for this change was received by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) on March 26 , 1968 , and approved by that body on June 18 , 1968 .
The highway commission approved another alteration to US @-@ 59 in the Poteau area on February 5 , 1973 . On that date , the commission approved a realignment of US @-@ 59 from a point south of the intersection with US @-@ 270 and US @-@ 271 , to that junction , and on into Poteau . The realignment was submitted to AASHO on April 10 of that year , received on April 13 , and approved on June 26 . A section of highway north of Jay was straightened on October 7 , 1974 . Another straightening was approved the following year , this time in the vicinity of Heavener ; this change was approved by the highway commission on August 19 , 1975 , and approved by AASHO , now renamed to AASHTO , on July 13 , 1976 . On March 7 , 1977 , the Oklahoma State Transportation Commission ( which had replaced the highway commission ) approved another straightening in the Howe area . The realignment was approved by AASHTO on July 7 , 1977 .
The next change to US @-@ 59 came on November 2 , 1981 , when the transportation commission approved moving just over 5 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) of highway between Flint and West Siloam Springs to the north of the previous alignment . AASHTO approved the realignment on June 29 , 1982 . A section of highway , south of Stilwell , in Sequoyah and Adair counties , was straightened , shortening the highway by 0 @.@ 22 miles ( 350 m ) . The transportation commission approved on October 4 , 1982 .
On September 7 , 1999 , the Oklahoma State Transportation Commission approved an item realigning US @-@ 59 and SH @-@ 100 in Stilwell , removing US @-@ 59 from Second Street and placing it on Front Street . On March 3 , 2003 , the commission approved elimination of two sharp curves in western Ottawa County , shortening the highway by 0 @.@ 57 miles ( 0 @.@ 92 km ) .
The section of US @-@ 59 between I @-@ 40 and SH @-@ 9 was pressed into service as a detour for eastbound I @-@ 40 traffic after the collapse of its bridge over the Arkansas River on May 26 , 2002 .
= = Junction list = =
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= The Negotiation =
" The Negotiation " ( originally titled " Labor Negotiation " ) is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) tries to attack Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) on Casino Night , only to be pepper @-@ sprayed by Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . Jim repeatedly tries to thank Dwight for his actions , but each attempt is rejected . Meanwhile , with Roy fired , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks for a raise and is astounded when he learns that this raise would cause him to be paid more than his boss , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) .
It first aired on April 5 , 2007 on NBC as a longer , " super @-@ sized " episode . It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz , and featured the end of Roy 's plot arc to win back Pam , his former fiancé . The episode also included the return of actor Ed Helms , who portrays Andy Bernard . The episode was first screened at Paleyfest in early 2007 . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated audience of 6 @.@ 7 million people and earned a 3 @.@ 2 / 10 ratings share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews , with television critics in particular praising the Dwight – Angela storyline . Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to fellow Office writer Greg Daniels for his work on " Gay Witch Hunt " .
= = Synopsis = =
Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) enters the office and attacks Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) for kissing Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , his former fiancé , but Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) subdues him with pepper spray . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) fire Roy , and Jim , feeling guilty about all of his pranks over the years , tries to show his appreciation to Dwight for saving him , but each gesture is coolly rejected , as Dwight believes he only acted in the line of duty and is undeserving of any special praise .
Pam apologizes to Jim that Roy attacked him but her assurance that her relationship with Roy is over for good is met with polite skepticism . Roy picks up his last paycheck , apologizes to Jim for threatening him during their previous encounter , and asks Pam to join him for coffee . Their meeting at a local diner is awkward and ends with their relationship ( and even friendship ) appearing to be over ; they hug and Pam wipes a tear from her face . Roy does not understand his long @-@ time fiancée , especially her choice to not pursue Jim .
Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) interviews people from the office repeatedly to hear the tale of Dwight 's heroics . Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day , the two kiss passionately . Jim sees them and decides that keeping their relationship secret will be his gift to Dwight to make things " even " . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from anger management , and Dwight , unprovoked , subdues him with pepper spray . Toby confiscates the rest of Dwight 's arsenal , previously hidden in various locations in the office .
Meanwhile , Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) asks Michael for a 10 percent raise due to the extra workload resulting from Roy 's absence . When he discovers that the raise would make him higher @-@ paid than Michael , Darryl goads Michael into going to Corporate to negotiate his own raise . Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) initially tries to keep their romantic relationship out of the negotiations but ultimately gives Michael the maximum 12 percent raise that was authorized despite his continued inability to negotiate properly .
Elsewhere , Toby becomes considerably annoyed with Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) and Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) ' s constant making out and arguing in the cubicle next to his .
= = Production = =
" The Negotiation " was written by supervising producer Michael Schur and directed by Jeffrey Blitz . It featured the end of the story arc featuring Roy Anderson 's attempt to win back Pam , his former fiancée . Roy 's portrayer , David Denman , reported he was " really grateful " that executive producer Greg Daniels allowed his character to develop , " where all of a sudden , he wasn ’ t just a complete idiot but felt bad for being a bad boyfriend and wanted to try to get the girl back . It ’ s so rare to have that on a television show , because so often everyone wants you to be the same character every week . It was quite refreshing creatively to get to do that . " Referring to Jim and Pam , Denman felt it was " inevitable that Romeo and Juliet had to get together " and end the series ' love triangle . " Otherwise , " he explained , " it gets kind of tiring and old . I think it was the appropriate time [ to leave ] , and I had such a great experience working with all those guys . " Denman also added that Daniels ' decision stemmed from a desire to advance the Jim – Pam storyline " to the next stage , " rather than having anything to do specifically with Denman himself . Denman briefly returned in the series ' fifth , seventh , and ninth seasons .
Actress Kate Flannery , who plays Meredith Palmer , attributed her love of the episode to Craig Robinson , because the two shared an enjoyment of singing together ever since the first season episode " Basketball " . She explained , " We sing on the set and in the hair and makeup trailer . We sound good together , but sometimes people are not in the mood to hear our amazing duets , mostly from the ' 80s . " Flannery believed that Robinson 's performance in the episode was " very funny , " as his character served as a " great foil for Michael Scott . " " The Negotiation " featured the return of character Andy Bernard , who had last been seen in the episode " The Return " , as he was attending anger management classes . At the time " The Return " aired , no one was certain Helms would be returning , but in early February , NBC confirmed Helms had been hired on as a series regular for the rest of the year .
In early 2007 , the first half of " The Negotiation " was screened before fans at Paleyfest , along with its preceding episode , " Cocktails " . According to Eric Goldman of IGN , " the crowd reacted gleefully to watching the series in the group setting , with many females ... laughing uproariously at the never ending stream of terrifically funny material . " Part of " The Negotiation " involved Michael Scott reading the Wikipedia entry on negotiations for advice in his attempt to fend off Darryl 's request for a pay raise . This scene triggered a plethora of activity around that particular article , as viewers added their own thoughts on the subject . It was ultimately placed into " semi @-@ protection " mode by Wikipedia administrators to discourage false information and vandalism among anonymous IP users . One hundred edits were added before the security protection was added .
= = Reception = =
" The Negotiation " first aired on April 5 , 2007 in the United States on NBC as a " super @-@ sized " episode , a term used by the network and media outlets to indicate an unusually long episode . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 7 million people and earned a 3 @.@ 2 / 10 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 , the highest of the night . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast .
The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics . IGN 's Brian Zoromski rated " The Negotiation " 9 @.@ 7 out of 10 , an indication of an " amazing " episode . He opined that it " had something for everyone -- uncomfortable moments , laugh @-@ out @-@ loud ridiculous situations , and scenes progressing various ongoing storylines . " Writing for AOL TV , Jay Black sympathized with Roy 's actions but faulted the writers for " just treading water " with the Jim @-@ Pam relationship . Though he called the episode a " let down " , Black did find some episode highlights , such as Angela 's " lusty " responses to Dwight 's defense of Jim . Television Without Pity graded the episode with an A.
In her review for Give Me My Remote , Kath Skerry wrote that the episode " left me satisfied and smiling , " ( a reference to a line from the episode " Sexual Harassment " ) partly attributing this to Roy 's attack as a " way to make a very heavy , not do funny moment hysterical . " She again expressed her dislike for Karen , but thought it " was a fun episode for my two favorite Dunder Mifflin couples : Ryan & Kelly and Dwight & Angela . " Entertainment Weekly columnist Abby West enjoyed the Dwight @-@ Angela scenes , asserting that " some of the best moments on screen are when those two let their freak flags fly . " For his work on this episode , Michael Schur received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but lost to Greg Daniels for his work on " Gay Witch Hunt " .
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= Bramshill House =
Bramshill House , in Bramshill , northeast Hampshire , England , is one of the largest and most important Jacobean prodigy house mansions in England . It was built in the early 17th century by Baron Edward la Zouche of Harringworth , but was partly destroyed by fire a few years later . The design shows the influence of the Italian Renaissance , which became popular in England during the late 16th century . The house was designated a Grade I listed building in 1952 .
The mansion 's southern façade is notable for its decorative architecture , which includes at its centre a large oriel window above the principal entrance . Interior features include a great hall displaying 92 coats of arms on a Jacobean screen , an ornate drawing room , and a 126 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 38 @.@ 6 m ) long gallery containing many portraits . Numerous columns and friezes are found throughout the mansion , while several rooms have large tapestries depicting historical figures and events on their panelled walls . The house is set in 262 @-@ acre ( 106 ha ) of grounds containing an 18 @-@ acre ( 7 @.@ 3 ha ) lake . The grounds , which received a Grade II * listing in 1984 , are part of a Registered Historic Park that includes about 25 acres ( 10 ha ) of early 17th @-@ century formal gardens near the house . The wider medieval park was landscaped from the 17th to the 20th century and contains woodland .
Bramshill appears to have been a local sporting and social venue since the 16th century . The cricket ground at the house played host to a first @-@ class match in 1823 when an early Hampshire team played an England XI , and it hosted three other matches in 1825 – 26 . During the Second World War , the mansion was used as a Red Cross maternity home , before becoming the residence of the exiled King Michael and Queen Anne of Romania for a number of years . It became the location of the Police Staff College in 1960 , and was later home to the European Police College . As a result , many campus buildings have been added to the estate . Owing to escalating maintenance costs the property was sold to the heritage property developers City & Country in August 2014 . Among the 14 ghosts reputed to haunt the house is that of a bride who accidentally locked herself in a chest on her wedding night and was not found until 50 years later .
= = Location = =
Bramshill House is at the approximate centre of a triangular shape formed by Reading , Basingstoke and Farnborough , about 47 miles ( 76 km ) by road southwest of central London . It lies to the northeast of Hartley Wintney , east of Hazeley off the B3349 road , southeast of the village of Bramshill , which lies on the B3011 road . Three main lanes approach the property : Mansion Drive from the B3011 in the southwest , Reading Drive South from the B3011 to the east of Bramshill village from the north , and the shorter Pheasantry Drive which approaches it from the southeast from Chalwin 's Copse , just north of the course of the River Hart . There is also a private lane within the grounds , known as Lower Pool Road , which connects Mansion Drive to Reading Drive South , passing the pond and several outer buildings . The latitudinal and longitudinal location is 51 ° 19 ' 57 @.@ 9 " N 0 ° 54 ' 43 @.@ 2 " W or also , 51 @.@ 332759 , -0.911991 .
= = History = =
= = = Original house = = =
The 1086 Domesday Book lists one of the two manors of Bromeselle ( the Anglo @-@ Norman spelling of Bromshyll ) as held by Hugh de Port , whose family were in possession of it for nine generations . The last of the de Port line , William de Port ( who had assumed the name St. John ) , died in 1346 without leaving a male heir . In the early 14th century , Sir John Foxley , Baron of the Exchequer , ( c . 1270 – c . 1325 ) , built and endowed a chapel in the village of Bramshill . His first wife , Constance de Bramshill , may have been the heiress of the Bramshill family . Their son , Thomas Foxley ( c . 1305 – 60 ) , became MP for Berkshire in 1325 , and was appointed constable of Windsor Castle in 1328 , soon after the accession of the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Edward III . In 1347 he obtained a licence to build a manor house or small castle at Bramshill , which included a 2 @,@ 500 @-@ acre ( 1 @,@ 000 ha ) wooded park . The house , built between 1351 and 1360 , had thick walls , vaulted cellars , and an internal courtyard measuring 100 feet ( 30 m ) by 80 feet ( 24 m ) . Based on the similarity of the surviving vaults under Bramshill House and those under what became the servants ' hall and steward 's room at Windsor Castle , it may have been a copy of William of Wykeham 's work there . The estate remained in the hands of the Foxley family and their heirs , the Essex family , until 1499 , when it was sold to Giles Daubeney , 1st Baron Daubeney . Giles 's son Henry Daubeney ( later Earl of Bridgewater ) sold the property to Henry VIII , and in 1547 Edward VI granted the estate to William Paulet , whose heirs sold it in 1600 to Sir Stephen Thornhurst of Agnes Court , Kent .
= = = New manor house = = =
In March 1605 , Edward la Zouche , 11th Baron Zouche , a favourite of James I , bought the property from Thornhurst . A house was earlier planned on the site for Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales ( 1594 – 1612 ) , whose heraldic feathers are displayed above the central pediment . Lord Zouche demolished a large part of the building and began to build the Bramshill House of today . Henry Shaw describes the new house which Zouche built as a " specimen of Elizabethan [ sic ] architecture [ which ] merits particular attention , exhibiting all the stateliness for which the period referred to was remarkable , with a suite of apartments both large and lofty . The amplitude of its dimensions indicate a princely residence . "
An inventory taken in 1634 after Zouche 's death listed the library as having 250 books and a collection of mathematical instruments , and revealed that the maids ' chamber was of a very high standard . James Zouch , grandson of Edward la Zouche , sold the property to the Earl of Antrim in 1637 , at which time the house 's furniture was valued at £ 2 @,@ 762 . During the reign of Charles I , the house was partly destroyed by a fire . On 25 June 1640 , Lord Antrim sold Bramshill for £ 9 @,@ 500 to Sir Robert Henley . In 1673 it was the property of his son , Sir Andrew Henley , 1st Baronet .
Sir John Cope purchased the property in 1699 , and his descendants occupied the premises until 1935 . The Cope family shortened the wings on the south side in 1703 , converted most of the chapel to a drawing room and introduced a mezzanine on the west side during the 18th century . They were responsible for much of the interior , with significant renovation work done in the 19th century and in 1920 . After his victory over Napoleon , the Duke of Wellington was offered his choice of house by Parliament ; he visited Bramshill but in 1817 chose Stratfield Saye instead .
= = = Sporting events = = =
Numerous paintings and prints depict games and social events taking place on the lawn ; one such painting by Joseph Nash , now in the National Fencing Museum , depicts 17th @-@ century rapier practice , with a number of upper @-@ class men , women and children as spectators .
The cricket ground at the house first played host to a first @-@ class match in 1823 when an early Hampshire team played an England XI . Hampshire won by five wickets . Two further first @-@ class matches were played there in 1825 , when Hampshire drew against Godalming and defeated Sussex . A final first @-@ class match was held there in 1826 when a combined Hampshire and Surrey team played and lost to Sussex .
= = = Modern times = = =
In 1935 , the house was purchased from the Cope family by Ronald Nall @-@ Cain , 2nd Baron Brocket , the house 's last private owner . It was used by the Red Cross as a maternity home during the Second World War , after which it became the home of the exiled King Michael and Queen Anne of Romania for several years .
Bramshill House became a Grade I listed building on 8 July 1952 , and was acquired by the British government the following year as a dedicated site for police training . It became the location of the National Police College in 1960 . From 2005 , two buildings on the site housed the European Police College ( CEPOL ) until it was moved to Budapest in 2014 .
By the late 1980s the estate had become expensive to maintain , and according to Sir John Wheeler , Chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee , by 1989 it was " in a poor state of repair " . The Daily Mail reported that the police were criticised for subsequent lavish spending on the estate , including £ 1 @,@ 800 for a beehive , £ 750 @,@ 000 on restoring a bridge and £ 2 million for the access drive . In July 2013 the Home Office placed the house and estate on the market for £ 25 million , citing costs of £ 5 million annually to run it . It was sold to the heritage property developers City & Country in August 2014 .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Exterior = = =
The 15 @-@ bedroom Bramshill House is one of the largest and most important Jacobean mansions in England , described as one of the " glories of English architecture " by the historians Anthony Blunt and James Lees @-@ Milne . The architecture of the three @-@ storey building was inspired by the Italian Renaissance , and was executed mainly by German builders . It is approximately 140 feet ( 43 m ) in length . The design is traditionally attributed to the architect John Thorpe , although no records remain to confirm the attribution . The building stands on the edge of a plateau , overlooking the park to the south . The plan of the house is unusual , partly because of its incorporation of the earlier building ; it extends at right angles to the primary ( southern ) façade . The elevations are symmetrical , facing outwards , but the interior court is narrow , and projecting wings lie at either end of the eastern and western sides . Bramshill House is three storeys high on the southern main entrance side and two storeys high to the north and east . There are three vaulted cellars to the west . The house is built of red brick laid in English bond dressed with stone , with ashlar quoining at the corners of the wings . Stone dressings are featured on numerous large mullion windows . An open carved parapet surmounts the building . The roof consists of red tiles , and there are large gables on the west side . The chimney stacks are rectangular .
= = = = North and south = = = =
The north façade has three bays separated by windows and features a loggia , typical of early 17th @-@ century houses , with a central arched entrance to accommodate coaches . The central bay is crowned by an ornamental pierced parapet below a niched Dutch gable , which shelters a small statue of Lord Zouche or James I. There are small obelisks at either side of the gable . Thorpe originally intended the main entrance of the house to be on this side , building on the gatehouse of the earlier Foxley house .
The southern façade was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as " among the most fanciful pieces of Jacobean design in [ England ] " . It is three storeys high and features three sets of three bays in either wing , with five inner sections . The outer two of the inner sections feature eight angular windows , aligned in rows of four on the first two floors and then a row of four windows on the top floor . The inner two sections feature the same layout on the first and top floors with eight windows aligned in rows of four on the first floor and four windows on the top floor , but the ground floor features two arches , which form part of the central loggia . The stone central bay , 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide , is emphasised by superimposed double decorated pilasters on all floors and the central archway of the loggia in the Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders , surmounted by a florid perforated pediment . In addition there is an oriel window on the first floor above the main entrance .
An important difference from the other sides of this building is a terrace , 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) in width , between the projecting wings , a kind of architectural foreground to the garden . The terrace is bounded by a 3 feet 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 99 m ) high balustrade . The arcade on the terrace of the southern front is a good example of Italian domestic architecture , used in villas . The triglyphs and ornamented metopes , together with the simple capitals of the columns , indicate the Doric order , but are light enough to be Ionic .
= = = = East and west = = = =
The east façade is the longest , about 124 feet ( 38 m ) wide , and two storeys high . It features four full @-@ height angular bays with two windows between , while its upper walls have two arches set within a rectangular panel . On this side there is a Troco Terrace with a lawn , as well as two arcaded openings at the side on either wing of the house . The southernmost arcaded opening contains a bench with eight arches and has three tables , one of which is older and octagonal . Carved in the wall at the side is a frieze consisting of four squares , each depicting an animal : a lion , an elephant , a wild boar and a camel .
The west façade dates to the 18th century and is the only one with multiple gables ; the windows on the ground floor are sashed .
= = = Interior = = =
The mansion is richly furnished with period pieces . Many of the rooms have large tapestries on their panelled walls depicting historical figures and scenes . Those in the drawing room contain scenes from Roman history and were based on designs by Peter Paul Rubens , who supervised the work in Brussels . These tapestries were initially made for Dudley Carleton , 1st Viscount Dorchester , Zouche 's brother @-@ diplomat , but in the end he rejected them for another set ; how the first set came to Bramshill is not known . Rubens ' sketches for the first and last tapestries in the series are in the Munich gallery , Alte Pinakothek .
The ground floor contains , in the west section , the former dining room and kitchen . The openings in the wall between the billiard room and the garden room had been blocked up but the rooms were reconnected in the 19th century under Sir William Henry Cope , uncovering an original doorway with a four @-@ centred pointed arch . Cope applied arabesque patterns to the panelling in the garden room , which he had traced when two of the bedrooms were being repainted . The billiard room has a hidden door leading to the original entrance on the north side of the house through the Foxley gatehouse into the interior courtyard , and several doorways remain in the kitchen and housekeeping areas .
The Great Hall , to which an arcaded porch gives direct access , retains the basic design of the original construction . It has a dais and a Jacobean stone screen , 13 feet ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) high , decorated with 92 shields . Resident families emblazoned the shields with the arms of ancestors and family members . The entablature of the screen has a double row of 40 sculptured shields and has a depth of 2 feet 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) . Beyond the dais , double doors lead into the Terrace Hall at the foot of the staircase . Across from this is the former dining room , containing a large tapestry , believed to be made by an English artist , " representing forest scenery in very subdued colours " . During the time of the Cope family in the 1880s , the kitchen near the south hall was used as a dairy . The kitchen and the adjoining room had back @-@ to @-@ back fireplaces .
= = = = Drawing room and library = = = =
The drawing room , containing four bay windows of different sizes , is panelled with oak for its entire height of about 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) . One of the upper panels , surmounted by its Corinthian entablature , is a frieze depicting a fig , grape , and pomegranate , each with foliage and blossoms . One of the lower panels , part of the dado in the same room , has a section of projecting mouldings . The upper panel is 2 feet 10 inches ( 0 @.@ 86 m ) by 2 feet 4 inches ( 0 @.@ 71 m ) ; the lower , 2 feet 7 inches ( 0 @.@ 79 m ) by 2 feet 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) .
The massive chimneypiece in the drawing room is classically designed , believed to be inspired by one of the great Italian architects of 16th @-@ century Mannerism , Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola . It is two storeys in height , the lower being Doric and the upper Ionic . The distribution of the members is regular , and the shafts of the columns are variegated marble . The upper compartment of the chimney @-@ piece is composed of separate pieces of the same diversified material , and the frieze of the upper order also consists of coloured marble in the centre . The fireplace is 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wide and 4 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 42 m ) high , and retains the ancient andirons , used for burning wood . These are large and well adorned , particularly in the lower part .
The ceilings of the drawing room and library are the most elaborate in the house . The plaster frieze in the library also displays fine workmanship ; 1 foot 7 inches ( 0 @.@ 48 m ) wide , it is designed in a striking arabesque pattern , with an evident Florentine influence . In the 1880s the library had a collection of 5 @,@ 000 volumes , about half the number of books the Cope family owned at the time .
= = = = Staircase and first floor = = = =
The standards and balusters of the stairs on the north side of the hall came from Eversley Manor House and probably date to the mid @-@ 17th century , although the treads are original to the house and possibly mid @-@ 16th century . The walls above the stairs and on the first @-@ floor landing contain some very large paintings , including several portraits .
Beyond the staircase are the state rooms and what was known as the " Wrought Room " . The room has an ornamental ceiling with a Renaissance chimneypiece . Two of the bedrooms , the two " White Rooms " , were originally connected to what was called the Flower @-@ de @-@ luce Room , but the doors were boarded up .
The Long Gallery fills the first floor of the northern range : 126 @.@ 5 feet ( 38 @.@ 6 m ) long and with a richly decorated stucco ceiling and a complex wooden chimneypiece , it formerly contained a " very curious collection of portraits of distinguished characters " .
Also on the first floor is the " Chapel Drawing Room " in the south wing , connected to the Drawing Room . The Copes created this room by reducing the size of the original chapel , which is entered through it . The current chapel has an altar reredos with paintings of the Virgin Mary , St. Stephen , St. Mary Magdalene and St. John the Evangelist , by Alexander Rowan and dated by Pevsner to about 1840 . The tapestry in the chapel room is older than the house , and was assessed by an expert as dating to 1450 or earlier ; in the early 19th century it had hung in the Red Drawing Room . When the chapel ceiling was restored by Sir William Cope , it was discovered that one section of the plaster work had previously been replaced with carved wood . The large window in the south wall of the courtyard was presumably moved from the original chapel .
= = Grounds and garden = =
The house is set in 262 @-@ acre ( 106 ha ) of grounds , which include an 18 @-@ acre ( 7 @.@ 3 ha ) lake north of the house . The grounds form part of a Registered Historic Park that received a Grade II * listing in 1984 . Under this designation are the 25 acres ( 10 ha ) of early 17th @-@ century formal gardens near the house , the wider 490 acres ( 200 ha ) medieval park , landscaped from the 17th to the 20th century , with 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of woodland and buildings including an icehouse and a folly known as Conduit House . Parts of the park have been used for commercial softwood production since the 19th century .
To the west of the house is Peatmoor Copse and to the east Bramshill Forest , and the grounds contained what was known as the " Green Court " and the " Flower Garden " at the time of William Henry Cope in the 1880s . The Grade I listed gatehouse dates to the time of the Foxleys . The fir trees in the grounds are reputed to have been planted " as a memento of his former home " by James I , who brought them from Scotland . The formal gardens were first laid out by Edward la Zouche , who was a horticulturist . Sir John Cope redesigned the gardens and continued the planting of trees in the park . At the close of the 18th century the grounds were re @-@ landscaped to be less formal , and some areas in the south were returned to parkland .
Bramshill Park was conceived as a " hunting box " for Henry Frederick and became a popular estate for hunting . On 24 July 1621 , while hunting in the park , George Abbot , Archbishop of Canterbury , accidentally shot and killed one of the gamekeepers with his crossbow . An inquiry cleared him of murder . Another notable clergyman / hunter who frequented Bramshill was Charles Kingsley , rector of Eversley , who hunted fox and deer and collected butterflies there and frequently took his family and friends . Kingsley was reportedly especially enamoured with the fir trees , which he considered " a source of constant delight " , fondly naming them " James the First 's gnarled giants " . In the 19th century , Sir John Cope , a friend of Kingsley 's , was known as a supporter of the fox hunt and especially as a breeder of fox hounds . The opening of the season at Bramshill in the late 1840s was noted in the British hunting press .
The main avenue approaches from the southwest , through an arched gateway formed by two Grade II listed early 19th @-@ century lodges , before crossing the Broad Water formed by the River Hart by a Grade I listed early 19th @-@ century bridge with two arches . There are separate listings for other structures near the house , including the Grade I listed early 17th @-@ century triple @-@ arched gateway on the route to Reading to the northeast of the house , Grade I listed early 17th @-@ century boundary walls and turrets to the south and west , Grade II listed boundary walls and gate @-@ piers to the west , including the kitchen garden , Grade I listed garden walls and gateways to the north and east , and the Grade II listed late 18th @-@ century stable block to the north .
= = Legends = =
Bramshill has been cited as one of the most haunted houses in England . According to one UK police officer who worked at the college , 14 ghosts have purportedly been identified , although another officer at the college did not take these suggestions seriously . They include a Grey Lady ( one story suggests that her husband , a religious dissenter , was beheaded in the 17th century ) and a Green Man ( a Cope family member who either drowned in the lake in 1806 , according to the journalist P. Lal , or threw himself off a cliff near Brighton , according to the author Penny Legg ) . The Green Man , dressed as his name suggests , reportedly manifests near the lake , as does the ghost supposed to be that of a gardener who drowned there . The Grey Lady allegedly haunts the terrace , the library , and the chapel . Legg suggests that she has a young and beautiful appearance , with a sad , tear @-@ stained face and golden hair , and smelling of the lilies of the valley ; Lal argues that she has reddish @-@ brown hair and wears a grey , sleeveless robe . The Grey Lady 's husband has been reported to haunt the stables and the chapel drawing room . The ghost of a young child allegedly haunts the library and the Fleur de Lys room ; the child has supposedly been heard crying , and attempts to hold visitors ' hands . Folklore holds that the Grey Lady was the child 's mother . A lady dressed in the style of Queen Anne , and a knight in armour , are reported to have been seen in the chapel drawing room . The chapel itself is purportedly frequented by the ghost of a lady in 17th @-@ century dress , and by that of a nun . A young man dressed in 1920s tennis garb , reputed to be a Cope family member who fell from a train , has supposedly been seen in the reception area of the house . A small boy documented to haunt the terrace is said to have fallen from the roof sometime in the 18th century .
In addition , Bramshill House was cited by the historian William Page as a possible location for the Legend of the Mistletoe Bough , a ghost story associated with several English country mansions . This legend tells of a bride who supposedly hid in a wooden chest during a game of hide and seek on her wedding night . In the case of Bramshill House , the story has it that this happened at Christmas time , and that the bride was found fifty years later still wearing her wedding dress and with a sprig of mistletoe in her hand ; the chest is on display in the entrance hall . The woman is sometimes identified as John Cope 's daughter Anne , who married Hugh Bethell of Yorkshire . An alternative claim is that she was Genevre Orsini , who was married in 1727 , and that her ghost came to Bramshill from Italy together with the chest . In his monograph on the house , the Victorian writer Sir William Cope preferred this theory and added that the chest on display was not the original , which had been proved large enough by " a woman of comely proportions " who had tested it by lying down in it , but which had been taken away by Sir Denzil Cope 's widow in 1812 . The ghost of the bride is referred to as the White Lady , and she is said by Legg to haunt the Fleur de Lys room . According to Legg , Michael I of Romania asked to be moved to another room during a stay there , in order to not be disturbed by the young woman in white who passed through his bedroom every night . An old man with a grey beard , thought by Legg to be the father or husband of the White Lady , is reported to stare through windows and at the Mistletoe Chest .
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= California State Route 186 =
State Route 186 ( SR 186 ) is a route that connects Interstate 8 ( I @-@ 8 ) with the U.S. – Mexico border near the Colorado River . Its southern terminus is near Los Algodones , Baja California , and its northern terminus is near Winterhaven , California in the location of Araz Junction . The route is only 2 @.@ 070 miles ( 3 @.@ 331 km ) long , heading along the length of the Alamo Canal and the All @-@ American Canal within the boundaries of the Fort Yuma @-@ Quechan Reservation . The route was assigned in 1972 in Imperial County , and the interchange with I @-@ 8 was constructed a year later .
= = Route description = =
SR 186 begins at the United States – Mexico border ( near Avenue International ) in the community of Los Algodones . The route heads to the northeast along the Alamo Canal and crosses the center of the Fort Yuma @-@ Quechan Reservation . Most of the surroundings of SR 186 are desolate , compared to the developed region across the border in Mexico . The highway continues northward , crossing the All @-@ American Canal , where it turns to the north . SR 186 continues northward to an interchange with I @-@ 8 in Araz Junction , where the route terminates at the northbound ramps . The route continues northward as locally maintained Araz Road . Near the interchange is a casino operated by the Quechan Native American tribe that opened in 2009 .
SR 186 is not part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . In 2013 , SR 186 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 3 @,@ 700 at the southern end , and 8 @,@ 100 at the junction with I @-@ 8 , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway .
= = History = =
A road south from the Ocean @-@ to @-@ Ocean Highway to the Mexican border just west of the Colorado River existed by 1917 , and was paved between 1956 and 1965 . The Andrade Port of Entry at the southern end of the highway was built in 1970 . The current alignment of SR 186 was assigned in 1972 by the California State Legislature .
There are two bridges along the alignment of SR 186 . The first one to be constructed was a concrete slab bridge over the All @-@ American Canal , with the structure opening in 1938 . The bridge is 140 @.@ 09 feet ( 42 @.@ 70 m ) long , and is considered unable to sustain the traffic it was designed to handle . The second bridge is located at the interchange with I @-@ 8 in Araz Junction . This bridge , constructed in 1973 ( a year after the route was assigned ) , is a 227 @.@ 03 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 69 @.@ 20 m ) concrete box beam structure . This structure , unlike the other , is recorded to be in usable shape .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Imperial County .
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= Vicinage Clause =
The Vicinage Clause is a provision in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution regulating the vicinity from which a jury pool may be selected . The clause says that the accused shall be entitled to a jury " of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law " . The Vicinage Clause limits the vicinity of criminal jury selection to both the state and the federal judicial district where the crime has been committed whereas the venue provision of Article Three of the United States Constitution regulates the location of the actual trial .
The Vicinage clause has its roots in medieval English criminal procedure , the perceived abuses of criminal vicinage and venue during the colonial period and Anti @-@ federalist objections to the United States Constitution . The clause is one of the few constitutional criminal procedure provisions that has not been incorporated to apply to proceedings in state courts , along with the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment and ( maybe ) the Excessive Bail Clause of the Eighth Amendment .
The Clause has led to very little litigation , in part because of its overlap ( as a practical matter ) with the venue provision of Article Three and Rule 18 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure . Further , with the exception of the District of Wyoming , which includes the portions of Yellowstone National Park in Idaho and Montana ( see below ) , no federal judicial district includes the territory of two or more states ( although the short @-@ lived District of Potomac once did ) .
= = Background = =
= = = English law during the Colonial period = = =
The Oxford English Dictionary defines " vicinage " as " A number of places lying near to each other taken collectively ; an area extending to a limited distance round a particular spot ; a neighbourhood . " The OED cites Thomas Fuller 's Church History ( 1655 ) : " King Ethelred . . . began the tryal of Causes by a Jury of twelve men to be chosen out of the Vicenage . " According to Blackstone , in medieval England , the " vicinage of the jury " referred to a jury drawn from the relevant county .
A 1543 statute of Henry VIII of England permits treason committed outside the " realm " to be tried " before such commissioners , and in such shire of the realm , as shall be assigned by the King 's majesty 's commission . " Parliament renewed the statute in 1769 . This law was used to try colonists accused of treason in England .
A 1772 statute of George III of the United Kingdom permits destruction of dockyards , magazines , ships , ammunition , and supplies committed outside the " realm " to be tried in any " shire or county within this realm . " A 1772 statute permitted capital crimes committed in Massachusetts to be tried in England or a neighboring province if " an indifferent trial cannot be had within " Massachusetts .
= = = Protests from the Revolutionary period = = =
The Virginia House of Burgesses condemned the renewal of the treason law on May 16 , 1769 in the Virginia Resolves :
[ A ] ll Trials for Treason , Misprison for Treason , and for any Felony or Crime whatsoever , committed and done in this his Majesty 's said Colony and Dominion , by any Person or Persons residing therein , ought of right to be had , and conducted in and before his Majesty 's Courts , held within the said Colony , according to the fixed and known Course of Proceedings ; and that the seizing of any Person or Persons , residing in this Colony , suspected of any Crime whatsoever , committed therein , and sending such Person or Persons to Places beyond the Sea , to be tried , is highly derogatory of the Rights of British subjects . . . .
The same resolution referred to the " inestimable Privilege of being tried by a Jury from the Vicinage . "
The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress adopted on October 14 , 1774 , resolved :
That the respective colonies are entitled to the common law of England , and more especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage , according to the course of that law .
On October 26 , 1774 , the Continental Congress approved an address to the people of Quebec , drafted by Thomas Cushing , Richard Henry Lee , and John Dickinson , arguing that :
[ One ] great right is that of trial by jury . This provides , that neither life , liberty nor property , can be taken from the possessor , until twelve of his unexceptionable countrymen and peers of his vicinage , who from that neighbourhood may reasonably be supposed to be acquainted with his character , and the characters of the witnesses . . . .
The United States Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) accuses King George III of " transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences . "
= = = Drafting of the Constitution = = =
The New Jersey Plan contained a provision that : " [ N ] o person shall be liable to be tried for any criminal offense , committed within any of the United States , in any other state than that wherein the offense shall be committed . . . . " The proposals of Alexander Hamilton and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney were similar . The Committee of Detail and Committee of the Whole amended this language and included it within Article Three , Section Two , Clause Three . Article III provides : " The Trial of all Crimes . . . shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed . " This provision received almost no debate in the Constitutional Convention .
The omission of a vicinage right from the United States Constitution was among the objections of the Anti @-@ federalists to the ratification of the Constitution . James Madison explained the omission of a vicinage clause in the Virginia Ratifying Convention as follows :
It was objected yesterday , that there was no provision for a jury from the vicinage . If it could have been done with safety , it would not have been opposed . It might so happen that a trial would be impracticable in the county . Suppose a rebellion in a whole district , would it not be impossible to get a jury ? The trial by jury is held as sacred in England as in America . There are deviations of it in England : yet greater deviations have happened here since we established our independence , than have taken place there for a long time , though it be left to the legislative discretion . It is a misfortune in any case that this trial should be departed from , yet in some cases it is necessary . It must be therefore left to the discretion of the legislature to modify it according to circumstances . This is a complete and satisfactory answer .
Virginia ratified the Constitution , with a proviso that a Bill of Rights , including a right to " trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage , " be added by amendment . North Carolina adopted the same proviso as Virginia , but refused to ratify the Constitution in its absence . New York and Rhode Island ratified the constitution with similar provisos as Virginia ( but , in the case of Rhode Island , the Sixth Amendment had already been sent to the states for ratification ) . The ratifying provisos of Massachusetts did not include a vicinage right ; a proviso including a vicinage right was considered and rejected in Pennsylvania .
= = Drafting of the Clause = =
= = = House = = =
James Madison 's ( A @-@ VA ) original draft of the jury provision of the Sixth Amendment provided :
The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service , in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites . . . provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same state , as near as may be to the seat of the offence .
Madison intended this language to replace Article Three , Section Two , Clause Three , rather than be appended to the Constitution . The Committee of Eleven of the House amended Madison 's language as follows :
The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when on actual service in the time of war , or public danger , ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites . . . . [ B ] ut if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorized in some other place within the same State ; and if it be committed in a place not within a state , the indictment and trial may be at such place or places as the law may have directed .
Aedanus Burke ( A @-@ SC ) proposed that " vicinage " be replaced by " district or county in which the offence has been committed . " Richard Henry Lee ( A @-@ VA ) argued that " vicinage " was better , " it being a term well understood by every gentleman of legal knowledge . " Rep. Burke 's amendment was defeated . As amended by the Committee of Eleven , this language passed the House . The Committee of Three , undertaking the task of transforming the amendments to the body of the Constitution into a separate Bill of Rights , moved the language to Article X and deleted the language concerning crimes not committed within a state .
= = = Senate = = =
The Senate debated the Bill of Rights from September 2 to September 9 and returned a version to the House on September 10 . The Senate deleted every clause from the House version of the Sixth Amendment , with the exception of the grand jury indictment clause . A motion to restore the House wording failed .
Little is known about the Senate debate due to the illness of Senator Samuel Maclay whose journal is a key source for the proceedings of the Senate during the first Congress . A September 14 , 1789 letter from Madison to Edmund Pendleton reports :
The Senate have sent back the plan of amendments with some alternations , which strike , in my opinion , at the most salutary articles . In many of the States , juries , even in criminal cases , are taken from the State at large ; in others , from districts of considerable extent ; in very few from the County alone . Hence a dislike to the restraint with respect to vicinage , which has produced a negative on that clause . . . . Several others have had a similar fate .
= = = Conference Committee = = =
The altered form in which the Senate returned the Bill of Rights to the House lead to a conference committee composed of members of both bodies . The members of the committee from the House proposed that the jury simply be defined as comporting with " the accustomed requisites . "
The members of the committee from the Senate were opposed to constitutionalizing the vicinage requirement , believing that the vicinage provisions of the first Judiciary Act ( already being debate ) were sufficient . A second letter from Madison to Pendleton recounts that the Senators were
inflexible in opposing a definition of the locality of Juries . The vicinage they contend is either too vague or too strict a term ; too vague if depending on limits to be fixed by the pleasure of the law , too strict if limited to the county . It was proposed to insert after the word Juries , " with the accustomed requisites , " leaving the definition to be construed according to the judgment of professional men . Even this could not be obtained . The truth is that in most of the States the practice is different , and hence the irreconcilable difference of ideas on the subject . In most States , jurors are drawn from the whole body of the community indiscriminately ; in others , from large districts comprehending a number of Counties ; and in a few only from a single County . The Senate suppose , also , that the provision for vicinage in the Judiciary bill will sufficiently quiet the fears which called for an amendment on this point .
The committee adopted the version that passed Congress and was ratified by the states :
In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a . . . trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law . . . .
= = Interpretation = =
" Jury ... "
The Vicinage Clause applies only to petit juries , not grand juries ( although some cases finding no violation of the Clause have assumed without deciding that the Clause does apply to grand juries ) .
" ... of the State and district ... "
In murder cases arising from the Indian Territory , Navassa Island , and the No Man 's Land of the Oklahoma Panhandle , the Supreme Court has held that the Clause places no limits on the prosecution of crimes committed outside the territory of a state .
The Clause does not require a jury drawn from the judicial division ( a subset of a federal judicial district ) within which the crime occurred ; rather , the jury may be drawn from any division of the district . Nor does the Clause prevent the jury from being drawn solely from a judicial division , or any other subset of a judicial district ( rather than the entire judicial district ) .
" ... wherein the crime shall have been committed , ... "
The " wherein the crime shall have been committed " language of the clause is in parallel with the venue provision of Article Three — " where the said Crimes shall have been committed . " — and with Rule 18 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure — " where the offense was committed . " The three provisions have been interpreted in tandem to refer to the locus delicti of the offense .
" ... which district shall have been previously ascertained by law "
Lower courts are split on whether the Clause requires that the defendant be tried in a judicial district that was in existence at the time the crime was committed . Some courts have held that it does . Others have held that it does not and that the district need only be ascertained prior to trial . Even proponents of the former view have found no infirmity when Congress prospectively divides a judicial district , but retains the former configuration for past offenses .
= = = Incorporation = = =
The Third , Fifth , and Sixth Circuits have held that the Vicinage Clause was not incorporated against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment .
= = = The perfect crime ? = = =
Professor Brian C. Kalt of Michigan State University College of Law argues that the Vicinage Clause may permit the commission of the " perfect crime " in the portion of Yellowstone National Park within the state of Idaho because the entire park is within the District of Wyoming and the Idaho portion of the park has no residents ( and that a less perfect crime could be committed in the lightly populated Montana portion of the park ) . Kalt argues that two arguments the government might make in favor of prosecution would be unsuccessful : that the Idaho portion of the park is not part of a state and that the judicial district could be changed after the crime .
However , Kalt argues that the Vicinage Clause might permit a variety of prosecutorial strategies that would at least partially close this loophole . First , the government might be able to charge other crimes that did not occur exclusively within the Idaho portion of the park ( for example , if the defendant ( s ) conspired elsewhere ) . Second , the government could charge crimes for which the maximum authorized sentence is six months or less , to which the jury right does not attach . Third , the Clause might permit the government to encourage potential jurors to move into the Idaho portion of the park after the crime . Fourth , the government might argue for a purposive , rather than textualist , interpretation of the Clause by arguing that a jury drawn from elsewhere could satisfy the purposes of the Clause . Kalt also notes that the Vicinage Clause would not protect against civil liability or vigilante justice .
This same problem also was cited by the Nevada Legislature as a reason to dissolve Bullfrog County , Nevada , a short @-@ lived county specially created in 1987 for purposes of shifting federal transfer payments related to the creation of the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste facility directly to the state treasury .
= = Similar provisions in state constitutions = =
Before the adoption of the federal Constitution , only two state constitutions provided an explicit vicinage right . The Virginia Constitution of 1776 provided : " in all capital or criminal prosecutions a man hath a right to . . . an impartial jury of twelve men of his vicinage . " The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 read similarly , but said " county " instead of " vicinage " ; it was amended in 1790 to say " vicinage . "
By contrast , four of the original thirteen state constitutions contained explicit criminal venue provisions . New Hampshire ( 1784 ) and Georgia ( 1777 and 1789 ) required crimes to be tried in the county where committed . Maryland ( 1776 ) and Massachusetts ( 1780 ) contained similar provisions .
In Coleman 's Appeal ( 1874 ) , the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that " a man shall only be liable to be called on to answer for civil wrongs in the forum of his home , and the tribunal of his vicinage . "
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= Alucard ( Castlevania ) =
Adrian Fahrenheit Ţepeş ( アドリアン ・ ファーレンハイツ ・ ツェペシュ , Adorian Fārenhaitsu Tsepeshu ) , better known as Alucard ( アルカード , Arukādo ) , is a character in Konami 's Castlevania series of video games . His first appearance in the series was in the 1989 game Castlevania III : Dracula 's Curse , but he is best known for his role in the critically acclaimed Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , released in 1997 . His design in Symphony of the Night was created by Ayami Kojima , marking her first contribution to the Castlevania franchise .
In the series , Alucard is the son of Dracula , the antagonist of the Castlevania series . Due to his human mother , Lisa , Alucard is a dhampir , a half @-@ human , half @-@ vampire . His mother 's death and admonition not to hate humanity caused him to take up arms against his father . In Dracula 's Curse and Castlevania Legends , he fights against his father alongside the vampire hunters of the Belmont clan , and he is featured as the protagonist of Symphony of the Night . Alucard additionally is present in Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow and the follow @-@ up sequel Castlevania : Dawn of Sorrow , where he interacts with the protagonist of both games , Soma Cruz , as the Japanese government agent Genya Arikado ( 有角 幻也 , Arikado Gen 'ya ) . The Lords of Shadow reboot series , starting with the character 's introduction in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow - Mirror of Fate , changes Alucard 's backstory , revealing him as Trevor Belmont , once a mortal who was transformed into a vampire after his death at the hands of his biological father , the remorseful Dracula .
Several video game publications have provided praise and criticism on Alucard 's character . In Aria of Sorrow and Dawn of Sorrow , where Alucard was present as Genya Arikado , reviewers noted that although he fell into a stereotypical character mold , the greater concentration on supporting characters was a welcomed change from previous Castlevania games .
= = Conception and design = =
Alucard debuted in Castlevania III : Dracula 's Curse for the Nintendo Entertainment System , where he was designed by T. Fujimoto and I. Urata . He was intended to be a mirror image of his father , as evidenced by his name , his father 's name spelled backwards . Much of the original artwork for the game was lost during the Great Hanshin earthquake . Alucard 's subsequent appearances would largely be designed by Ayami Kojima , who managed the character designs for Castlevania : Symphony of the Night and Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow .
Kojima 's work in Symphony of the Night was her first breakthrough into the gaming industry , and her dark , gothic style borrows heavily from bishōnen @-@ style art . In Aria of Sorrow , Kojima 's designs followed the " different route " theme that producer Koji Igarashi was attempting to pursue with Aria of Sorrow by placing it in a futuristic setting . Following this theme , Alucard 's appearance as Genya Arikado was made much more contemporary , featuring modern attire as versus the medieval appearance of previous Castlevania characters . Kojima was not present in the design team for Castlevania : Dawn of Sorrow , and Arikado , along with the rest of the cast , were drawn in an anime style . Igarashi , also the producer of Dawn of Sorrow , wished to utilize the anime style as a marketing technique due to his belief that the Nintendo DS targeted a younger audience than previous Castlevania games had . The anime style would also serve as a litmus test as to whether future Castlevania games would incorporate the style .
= = = Voice actors = = =
Symphony of the Night was the second Castlevania game to use voice actors for the characters ( the first being the Akumajō Dracula X Chi no Rondo for the PC Engine Super CD @-@ ROM ² , which released only in Japan at the time ) . The Japanese voice actor for Alucard was Ryōtarō Okiayu , and the English voice actor was Robert Belgrade . In Castlevania The Dracula X Chronicles , Castlevania Judgment and Castlevania : Harmony of Despair , Alucard was English voiced by Yuri Lowenthal . Igarashi noted that due to fan complaints over the poor voice acting in a majority of the original cast in Symphony of the Night , a new script for the game better translating the original Japanese text , as well as a set of new voice actors were used .
= = Appearances = =
In the 1989 Castlevania III : Dracula 's Curse for the NES , Alucard is initially a boss encountered over the course of the game by the primary protagonist , Trevor Belmont . If the player defeats Alucard , he can be utilized as a playable character in the game . This was a significant departure from the first two Castlevania games for the NES , and the fourth installment on the Super NES , which only featured Simon Belmont as the primary playable character , and Alucard 's abilities , a fireball attack and the ability to transform into a bat , were unique elements introduced into the series . Following the defeat of Dracula and the game 's conclusion , Alucard voluntarily goes into a protracted sleep to ease his feelings of patricide and to prevent his powers from harming the world .
Alucard 's following appearance in the series is in the 1997 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn , where he is featured as the game 's protagonist and primary playable character . He is described as a man of great strength and inhuman beauty . Due to the brainwashing of the current member of the Belmont clan , Richter Belmont , Alucard heads to his father 's castle to find Richter and ensure that Dracula does not return into the world . He encounters Richter , who has been controlled by the dark priest Shaft into believing he is the lord of Dracula 's castle , and Alucard manages to free him from the spell controlling him . In response , Shaft creates an inverted version of Dracula 's castle for Alucard to travel through , and Alucard defeats Shaft , and ultimately , Dracula as well . Symphony of the Night also expands on Alucard 's background , revealing how his human mother , Lisa , was hunted down and executed by humans who believed her to be a witch . Despite this , Lisa admonished Alucard to respect humans and not hate them as his father did . Alucard 's placement as a protagonist was unusual for the series up to that point , as previous Castlevania games had featured often members of the Belmont clan as the protagonists . Symphony of the Night would later be re @-@ released as part of the Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360 , on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3 , and part of Castlevania The Dracula X Chronicles , a compilation that contained Symphony of the Night alongside Akumajō Dracula X Chi no Rondo . Aside from the changing of the script and Alucard 's voice actor to Yuri Lowenthal , his role in the Symphony of the Night portion of The Dracula X Chronicles remains the same .
The 1997 Castlevania Legends for the Game Boy was Alucard 's third appearance in the series . Similar to his initial appearance in Dracula 's Curse , he is a boss challenging the skills of the game 's protagonist , Sonia Belmont . After she defeats him , he accepts her strength and decides to submerge his powers by sleeping , believing that she will defeat Dracula in his stead . Koji Igarashi later removed Castlevania Legends from the official canon of the series , meaning that the plot of the game never occurred in the series ' continuity .
In the 2003 Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow for the Game Boy Advance , Alucard is present in disguise as the enigmatic Japanese government agent Genya Arikado in order to prevent the powers of his father , who was finally killed by Julius Belmont , from ending up in the wrong hands . He meets the game 's protagonist , Soma Cruz , and explains his " power of dominance , " or his ability to absorb the souls of the monsters he defeats and use their abilities . He instructs him to seek out the castle 's throne room , where Soma realizes that he is Dracula 's reincarnation . Arikado subsequently advises Soma to destroy the flow of chaos in the castle to free himself from his fate , which Soma succeeds in doing .
Alucard reprises his role as Arikado in the sequel to Aria of Sorrow , the 2005 Castlevania : Dawn of Sorrow for the Nintendo DS , where he works to stop the machinations of a cult headed by Celia Fortner to create a new dark lord by killing Soma . Arikado initially requests that Soma does not become involved , but gives him a letter and talisman from Mina when he encounters him later in the game . After both of Celia 's " dark lord 's candidates , " Dmitrii Blinov and Dario Bossi , are defeated , Arikado stops Celia 's attempt to force Soma to awaken into the new dark lord , but inadvertently allows Dmitrii to revive himself . He confronts him , but is stopped when Dmitrii uses Celia as a sacrifice to seal his powers . Following Soma 's battle with Menace , a giant demon that sprouts from Dmitrii , Arikado explains to Soma that he is not destined to become the dark lord , nor does he need to . In the game 's Julius Mode , Arikado is playable as Alucard after he is found in the castle .
Alucard was one of the playable characters in Castlevania Judgment for the Nintendo Wii , a fighting game based on the series .
= = = Lords of Shadow = = =
Alucard appears in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow – Mirror of Fate , a chapter of the Lords of Shadow reboot series . It is revealed that this version of Alucard was originally Trevor Belmont , the son of Gabriel and Marie Belmont , conceived before Gabriel was turned into a vampire and became the dark lord Dracula . Trevor grew up not knowing of his true origin until the Brotherhood of Light reveals to him who his parents were . Believing that his father Gabriel murdered his mother in cold blood , he decides to pursue him in the hopes of destroying him and bringing peace to the land . After infiltrating the castle , Trevor successfully fights his way to the throne room , where he confronts Dracula without letting on that he is his son , or telling Dracula his name . Although Trevor puts up a valiant effort , in the end he is defeated and stabbed in the heart with his own Combat Cross . Dying and gazing at the Mirror of Fate he finally realizes the truth of what really happened to Gabriel and feels sorry for him , calling him his father . Dracula , confused , gazes at the mirror as well and learns who Trevor was all along . Remorseful and horrified for killing his own son who had been unknown to him the entire time , Dracula desperately tries to bring him back to life by giving him his blood , which seems to be in vain . Dracula mourns over his loss , and places Trevor in a coffin with the name Alucard , since he never learned his son 's real name . Many years later Alucard awakens , with pale white skin , white hair , and glowing orange eyes . He meets up with Dracula and his own son , Simon . Alucard tries to finish what he started , angry that his father turned him into a vampire . Dracula asks Alucard to join him in remaking the world and destroying the brotherhood , but Alucard refuses . Dracula proceeds to attack Simon for being a Belmont , wishing to end the Belmont bloodline due to his hatred of his past life . Alucard and Simon manage to defeat Dracula , and part ways as Dracula 's castle crumbles .
Alucard appears in the sequel Castlevania : Lords of Shadow 2 as a supporting character . Since the game takes place centuries later , Alucard 's personality and standing towards his father has drastically changed . He believes that Dracula can still be redeemed and makes it his goal to free the world from tyranny and vanquish the evil that had corrupted him and his father . He concocts a centuries spanning plan to put his father into a deep sleep by piercing his heart with the Crissaegrim sword , in order to make both the lord of the dead , Zobek and Satan himself , believe that Dracula is dead , so they can come out in the open . Once they do , Alucard would remove the sword so Dracula can resurrect and then destroy Zobek and Satan for good . Dracula agrees with his son 's plan and awakens centuries later during modern times . Throughout the game Alucard also appears as a younger Trevor Belmont and guides Dracula through his Castle to help him recover his old powers and missing memories . In order to not draw suspicion to his plan , Alucard masquerades himself as Zobek 's Lieutenant and eventually reveals his true identity to his father once he remembers their pact . They destroy Zobek and Satan and appear to be on good terms in the end . Alucard is also the protagonist of the DLC Revelations , taking place shortly prior to the events of the game .
= = Reception = =
Alucard has received praise and criticism from several video game publications , primarily concentrating on his role in Symphony of the Night . GameSpot featured him in their article " All Time Greatest Game Hero " . In a review of Symphony of the Night , RPGFan celebrated the fact that Alucard was not a member of the Belmont clan , the protagonists of most Castlevania games , and that the fact he was Dracula 's son added " an element of depth to the plot " due to the varied reactions he would receive from the inhabitants of Dracula 's castle . RPGamer disagreed with this assessment , noting that the plot and Alucard 's role " isn 't very deep " and secondary to the concentration on gameplay . GameSpot called Alucard 's sprite and running animation " easily some of the most impressive visuals in the entire Castlevania library . " James Paul Gee of CiteSeer noted that " even though Alucard is a vampire hunter , he has no distinctive skills associated with this profession " . In 2012 , GamesRadar ranked him as the 91st best hero in video games . Empire also included Alucard on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters , ranking him as 34th .
Alucard 's appearance in Aria of Sorrow and Dawn of Sorrow as Genya Arikado was also noted by reviewers . RPGamer celebrated how the greater concentration on supporting characters , including Arikado , were a welcome change from previous Castlevania games . RPGFan derided Arikado 's " cool and impassive personality " as stereotypical , but praised the game 's character development as setting him apart from previous supporting characters in the series . The switch to an anime style for the character designs in Dawn of Sorrow was notably criticized , as many reviewers preferred the designs made by Ayami Kojima . GameSpy deplored the " shallow , lifeless anime images " and IGN called the images " down to the level of ' generic Saturday morning Anime ' quality . "
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= To Kill a Mockingbird =
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on the author 's observations of her family and neighbors , as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 , when she was 10 years old .
The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , " In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . "
As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets .
Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Literary analysis of it is sparse , considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book , " an astonishing phenomenon " . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one " every adult should read before they die " . It was adapted into an Oscar @-@ winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown of Monroeville , Alabama .
To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 .
= = Biographical background and publication = =
Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon @-@ to @-@ be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 – 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 – 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year .
After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled " Go Set a Watchman " , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey — known professionally as Tay Hohoff — a small , wiry veteran editor in her late 50s . Hohoff was impressed . “ [ T ] he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , ” she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott . But as Hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . It was , as she described it , “ more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . ” During the next couple of years , she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird .
Lee had lost her mother , who suffered from mental illness , six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott ’ s offices . Her father , a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled , would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird .
Ultimately , Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird . The book was published on July 11 , 1960 . After rejecting the " Watchman " title , it was initially re @-@ titled Atticus , but Lee renamed it " To Kill a Mockingbird " to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait . The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . In 1964 , Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , " I never expected any sort of success with ' Mockingbird . ' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . Public encouragement . I hoped for a little , as I said , but I got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death I 'd expected . " Instead of a " quick and merciful death " , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . Since the original publication , the book has never been out of print .
= = Plot summary = =
The story takes place during three years ( 1933 – 35 ) of the Great Depression in the fictional " tired old town " of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County . It focuses on six @-@ year @-@ old Jean Louise Finch ( Scout ) , who lives with her older brother , Jem , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle @-@ aged lawyer . Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . The three children are terrified of , and fascinated by , their neighbor , the reclusive Arthur " Boo " Radley . The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo , and few of them have seen him for many years . The children feed one another 's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place . Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person .
Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . Although many of Maycomb 's citizens disapprove , Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability . Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus 's actions , calling him a " nigger @-@ lover " . Scout is tempted to stand up for her father 's honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom . This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's points of view .
Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial . No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony . Atticus establishes that the accusers — Mayella and her father , Bob Ewell , the town drunk — are lying . It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . Despite significant evidence of Tom 's innocence , the jury convicts him . Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison .
Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he " destroyed [ Ewell 's ] last shred of credibility at that trial . " Ewell vows revenge , spitting in Atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge 's house , and menacing Tom Robinson 's widow . Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant . One of Jem 's arms is broken in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children 's rescue . The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley .
Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight . The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem ( whom Atticus believes to be responsible ) or Boo ( whom Tate believes to be responsible ) . Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife . Boo asks Scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . While standing on the Radley porch , Scout imagines life from Boo 's perspective , and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them .
= = Autobiographical elements = =
Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography , but rather an example of how an author " should write about what he knows and write truthfully " . Nevertheless , several people and events from Lee 's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout . Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , was an attorney , similar to Atticus Finch , and in 1919 , he defended two black men accused of murder . After they were convicted , hanged and mutilated , he never tried another criminal case . Lee 's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper . Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus , he gradually became more liberal in his later years . Though Scout 's mother died when she was a baby , Lee was 25 when her mother , Frances Cunningham Finch , died . Lee 's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent . Lee had a brother named Edwin , who — like the fictional Jem — was four years older than his sister . As in the novel , a black housekeeper came daily to care for the Lee house and family .
Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend , Truman Capote , known then as Truman Persons . Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer , Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City . Like Dill , Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories . Both Lee and Capote were atypical children : both loved to read . Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight , but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp . She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee 's father gave them . They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers ; Capote called the two of them " apart people " . In 1960 , Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote 's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood .
Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up ; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys . The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame . He was hidden until virtually forgotten ; he died in 1952 .
The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear , although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models . When Lee was 10 years old , a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her . The story and the trial were covered by her father 's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death . After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused , his sentence was commuted to life in prison . He died there of tuberculosis in 1937 . Scholars believe that Robinson 's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys , in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence . However , in 2005 , Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational , although the Scottsboro case served " the same purpose " to display Southern prejudices . Emmett Till , a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955 , and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , is also considered a model for Tom Robinson .
= = Style = =
The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee 's talent for narration , which in an early review in Time was called " tactile brilliance " . Writing a decade later , another scholar noted , " Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story @-@ telling . Her art is visual , and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition . " Lee combines the narrator 's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman 's reflecting on her childhood , using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives . This narrative method allows Lee to tell a " delightfully deceptive " story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition . However , at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout 's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding . Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson 's life .
Writing about Lee 's style and use of humor in a tragic story , scholar Jacqueline Tavernier @-@ Courbin states : " Laughter ... [ exposes ] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it ; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at . " Scout 's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her " hysterically funny " . To address complex issues , however , Tavernier @-@ Courbin notes that Lee uses parody , satire , and irony effectively by using a child 's perspective . After Dill promises to marry her , then spends too much time with Jem , Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up , which she does several times . Scout 's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education ; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write , and forbids Atticus from teaching her further . Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony , however , as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society . Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier @-@ Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book 's title : Lee is doing the mocking — of education , the justice system , and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval .
Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot . When Atticus is out of town , Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach . This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church , which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life , as well as Tom Robinson 's . Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage , causing the audience to laugh uproariously . She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume , which saves her life .
= = = Genres = = =
Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming @-@ of @-@ age or Bildungsroman novel . The grotesque and near @-@ supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house , and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel . Lee used the term " Gothic " to describe the architecture of Maycomb 's courthouse and in regard to Dill 's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley . Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem 's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Despite challenging the town 's systems , Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others , because he believes that following one 's conscience is the highest priority , even when the result is social ostracism . However , scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification , noting that Boo Radley is in fact human , protective , and benevolent . Furthermore , in addressing themes such as alcoholism , incest , rape , and racial violence , Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically . She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society .
As children coming of age , Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them . Lee seems to examine Jem 's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout 's . Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial , " It 's like bein ' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world , least that 's what they seemed like " . This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class . Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces , it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood . As one scholar writes , " To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman , for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be . "
= = Themes = =
Despite the novel 's immense popularity upon publication , it has not received the close critical attention paid to other modern American classics . Don Noble , editor of a book of essays about the novel , estimates that the ratio of sales to analytical essays may be a million to one . Christopher Metress writes that the book is " an icon whose emotive sway remains strangely powerful because it also remains unexamined " . Noble suggests it does not receive academic attention because of its consistent status as a best @-@ seller ( " If that many people like it , it can 't be any good . " ) and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation .
Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid @-@ 1960s . However , she gave some insight into her themes when , in a rare letter to the editor , she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused : " Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct , Christian in its ethic , that is the heritage of all Southerners . "
= = = Southern life and racial injustice = = =
When the book was released , reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts , and opinion was mixed about Lee 's ability to connect them . The first part of the novel concerns the children 's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood . Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem 's observations of their quirky neighbors . One writer was so impressed by Lee 's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism . This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee 's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character 's behavior in the novel . Scout 's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb 's inhabitants ' faults and advantages to genealogy ( families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks ) , and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb . This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell 's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson , and Scout 's definition of " fine folks " being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have . The South itself , with its traditions and taboos , seems to drive the plot more than the characters .
The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed " the spirit @-@ corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro " . In the years following its release , many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations . Claudia Durst Johnson considers it " reasonable to believe " that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama : Rosa Parks ' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person , which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott , and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted ( Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled , but reinstated in 1980 ) . In writing about the historical context of the novel 's construction , two other literary scholars remark : " To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict @-@ ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction . Inevitably , despite its mid @-@ 1930s setting , the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts , tensions , and fears induced by this transition . "
Scholar Patrick Chura , who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson , enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced . Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the " mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood " . Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused . Tom Robinson 's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence , as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury 's decision . Furthermore , the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired , which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of , but also crippled him in other ways . Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as " stupid , pathetic , defenseless , and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites , rather than his own intelligence to save him " . Although Tom is spared from being lynched , he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison , shot seventeen times .
The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well . For example , Atticus must shoot a rabid dog , even though it is not his job to do so . Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb , and Atticus , who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog , must fight against the town 's racism without help from other white citizens . He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom 's trial . Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes . Jones writes , " [ t ] he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury , he literally bares himself to the jury 's and the town 's anger . "
= = = Class = = =
In a 1964 interview , Lee remarked that her aspiration was " to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama . " Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing . When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate , Walter Cunningham , at the Finch home one day , Calpurnia , their black cook , chastises and punishes her for doing so . Atticus respects Calpurnia 's judgment , and later in the book even stands up to his sister , the formidable Aunt Alexandra , when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia . One writer notes that Scout , " in Austenian fashion " , satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify . Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors : " affirmation of order in society , obedience , courtesy , and respect for the individual without regard for status " .
Scholars argue that Lee 's approach to class and race was more complex " than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to ' poor white trash ' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice , silence the voices that might challenge the existing order , and greatly complicate many Americans ' conception of the causes of racism and segregation . " Lee 's use of the middle @-@ class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader , regardless of class or cultural background , and fosters a sense of nostalgia . Sharing Scout and Jem 's perspective , the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose ; the lower @-@ class Ewells , and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways ; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond ; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community . The children internalize Atticus ' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person 's skin , gaining a greater understanding of people 's motives and behavior .
= = = Courage and compassion = = =
The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage . Scout 's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him . Atticus is the moral center of the novel , however , and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage . In a statement that foreshadows Atticus ' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose , who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction , Atticus tells Jem that courage is " when you 're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what " .
Charles Shields , who has written the only book @-@ length biography of Harper Lee to date , offers the reason for the novel 's enduring popularity and impact is that " its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal " . Atticus ' lesson to Scout that " you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it " exemplifies his compassion . She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell 's testimony . When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus ' question if she has any friends , Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley . Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives , Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo 's perspective . One writer remarks , " ... [ w ] hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice , heartache and loss , it also carries with it a strong sense [ of ] courage , compassion , and an awareness of history to be better human beings . "
= = = Gender roles = = =
Just as Lee explores Jem 's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society , Scout realizes what being female means , and several female characters influence her development . Scout 's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider . Scout 's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie , both of whom are strong willed , independent , and protective . Mayella Ewell also has an influence ; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him . The female characters who comment the most on Scout 's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view . For example , Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole , and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so , in addition to insulting Atticus ' intentions to defend Tom Robinson . By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie , one scholar writes , " Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South , for with the use of first @-@ person narration , she indicates that Scout / Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child . "
Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel . Scout and Jem 's mother died before Scout could remember her , Mayella 's mother is dead , and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo 's confinement to the house . Apart from Atticus , the fathers described are abusers . Bob Ewell , it is hinted , molested his daughter , and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom . Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not , and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray . Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity ; as one scholar explains : " It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism , bravery , and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality , to set the society straight . "
= = = Laws , written and unwritten = = =
Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird , particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom , has drawn the attention from legal scholars . Claudia Durst Johnson writes that " a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals " . The opening quote by the 19th @-@ century essayist Charles Lamb reads : " Lawyers , I suppose , were children once . " Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem 's childhood world , compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one 's palm and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children : is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season ? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms : Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common @-@ law wife and having interracial children ; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson ; by being turned into a non @-@ person , Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him . Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them . For example , she refuses to wear frilly clothes , saying that Aunt Alexandra 's " fanatical " attempts to place her in them made her feel " a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [ her ] " . Johnson states , " [ t ] he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of ( their ) small worlds . "
= = = Loss of innocence = = =
Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel . The family 's last name of Finch also shares Lee 's mother 's maiden name . The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme , which first appears when Atticus , having given his children air @-@ rifles for Christmas , allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot . Atticus warns them that , although they can " shoot all the bluejays they want " , they must remember that " it 's a sin to kill a mockingbird " . Confused , Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie , who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures . She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs , saying , " They don 't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us . " Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964 , " ' To kill a mockingbird ' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless — like Tom Robinson . " Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point .
Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel . However , scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley : " Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun ( as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history ) , Scout comes to see him as a ' mockingbird ' — that is , as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished . " The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her , and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood , " when they finally saw him , why he hadn 't done any of those things ... Atticus , he was real nice , " to which he responds , " Most people are , Scout , when you finally see them . "
The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face , or even suffer defeat , the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy . In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat , Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools . She guides the reader in such judgments , alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony . Scout 's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her , gossip , and " reflect a smug , colonialist attitude toward other races " while giving the " appearance of gentility , piety , and morality " . Conversely , when Atticus loses Tom 's case , he is last to leave the courtroom , except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony , who rise silently as he walks underneath them , to honor his efforts .
= = Reception = =
Despite her editors ' warnings that the book might not sell well , it quickly became a sensation , bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles , in her hometown of Monroeville , and throughout Alabama . The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader 's Digest Condensed Books .
Initial reactions to the novel were varied . The New Yorker declared Lee " a skilled , unpretentious , and totally ingenuous writer " , and The Atlantic Monthly 's reviewer rated the book " pleasant , undemanding reading " , but found the narrative voice — " a six @-@ year @-@ old girl with the prose style of a well @-@ educated adult " — to be implausible . Time magazine 's 1960 review of the book states that it " teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life " and calls Scout Finch " the most appealing child since Carson McCullers ' Frankie got left behind at the wedding " . The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even @-@ handed approach to the narration of the novel 's events , writing : " This is in no way a sociological novel . It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance . "
Not all reviewers were enthusiastic . Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners , and one @-@ dimensional black victims , and Granville Hicks labeled the book " melodramatic and contrived " . When the book was first released , Southern writer Flannery O 'Connor commented , " I think for a child 's book it does all right . It 's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don 't know they 're reading a child 's book . Somebody ought to say what it is . " Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review , writing to a cousin : " Well , honey , one thing we know is that she 's been poaching on my literary preserves . "
One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages . In the years since , it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages . The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback , and has become part of the standard literature curriculum . A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9 – 12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades . A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are " most often cited as making a difference " . It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel .
The 50th anniversary of the novel 's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact . Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee 's " rich use of language " but writes that the central lesson is that " courage isn 't always flashy , isn 't always enough , but is always in style " . Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees , stating that the book " still rouses fresh and horrified indignation " as it examines morality , a topic that has recently become unfashionable . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee , rare among American novelists , writes with " a fiercely progressive ink , in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question " , comparing her to William Faulkner , who wrote about racism as an inevitability . Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland 's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen , stating the book 's central theme , that " one ’ s moral convictions are worth fighting for , even at the risk of being reviled " is eloquently discussed .
Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a " repository of cracker @-@ barrel epigrams " and the novel represents a " sugar @-@ coated myth " of Alabama history . Barra writes , " It 's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature . Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated " . Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus ' stiff and self @-@ righteous demeanor , and calls Scout " a kind of highly constructed doll " whose speech and actions are improbable . Although acknowledging that the novel works , Mallon blasts Lee 's " wildly unstable " narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama , following with his observation that " the book has begun to cherish its own goodness " by the time the case is over . Defending the book , Akin Ajayi writes that justice " is often complicated , but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all . " Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race , class , and society , but that it was not written to resolve them .
Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children . Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey , Rosanne Cash , Tom Brokaw , and Harper 's sister Alice Lee , who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout , Atticus , and Boo .
= = = Atticus Finch and the legal profession = = =
One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch 's model of integrity for the legal profession . As scholar Alice Petry explains , " Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person . " Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer , and Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims , " No real @-@ life lawyer has done more for the self @-@ image or public perception of the legal profession , " before questioning whether " Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun " .
In 1992 , an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus , saying that as liberal as Atticus was , he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero . Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . However , in 1997 , the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville , marking his existence as the " first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history " . In 2008 , Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who " has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor " .
= = = Social commentary and challenges = = =
To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963 . The book 's racial slurs , profanity , and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States . The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000 – 2009 .
One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover , Virginia , in 1966 : a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral . Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers , which ranged from amusement to fury ; those letters expressing the most outrage , however , complained about Mayella Ewell 's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape . Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book 's appropriateness for the classroom , Harper Lee sent $ 10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of " the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice " . The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations — after Little Black Sambo .
With a shift of attitudes about race in the 1970s , To Kill a Mockingbird faced challenges of a different sort : the treatment of racism in Maycomb was not condemned harshly enough . This has led to disparate perceptions that the novel has a generally positive impact on race relations for white readers , but a more ambiguous reception by black readers . In one high @-@ profile case outside the U.S. , school districts in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia attempted to have the book removed from standard teaching curricula in the 1990s , stating :
The terminology in this novel subjects students to humiliating experiences that rob them of their self @-@ respect and the respect of their peers . The word ' Nigger ' is used 48 times [ in ] the novel ... We believe that the English Language Arts curriculum in Nova Scotia must enable all students to feel comfortable with ideas , feelings and experiences presented without fear of humiliation ... To Kill a Mockingbird is clearly a book that no longer meets these goals and therefore must no longer be used for classroom instruction .
Furthermore , despite the novel 's thematic focus on racial injustice , its black characters are not fully examined . In its use of racial epithets , stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks , and Calpurnia , who to some critics is an updated version of the " contented slave " motif and to others simply unexplored , the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters . One writer asserts that the use of Scout 's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict . Scout 's voice " functions as the not @-@ me which allows the rest of us — black and white , male and female — to find our relative position in society " . A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions , " what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another " . A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students , but that black students found it " demoralizing " . Another criticism , articulated by Michael Lind , is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural " white trash " .
The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s , however , in that it " arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions ( of ) the accelerating civil rights movement " . Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement , despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them . Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book 's effectiveness is that it " inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion " and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set . Young views the novel as " an act of humanity " in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices . Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War . Childress states the novel " gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they 've been brought up with and to find another way . And most white people in the South were good people . Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do , because it was popular art , because it was told from a child 's point of view . "
Diane McWhorter , Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign , asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists , and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality . This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised , which for many children is what the novel does . McWhorter writes of Lee , " for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual — by its very existence an act of protest . " Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave : " I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed , but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar 's been lowered . And that 's really distressing . We need a thousand Atticus Finches . " McBride , however , defends the book 's sentimentality , and the way Lee approaches the story with " honesty and integrity " .
= = = Rumors of authorship by Truman Capote = = =
Lee 's childhood friend , author Truman Capote , wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition , " Someone rare has written this very fine first novel : a writer with the liveliest sense of life , and the warmest , most authentic sense of humor . A touching book ; and so funny , so likeable . " While Capote may have helped Lee to edit the book , the National Endowment for the Arts considers rumors that he contributed heavily " baseless " . In 2003 , a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote 's biological father , Archulus Persons , as claiming that Capote had written " almost all " of the book . In 2006 , a Capote letter was donated to Monroeville 's literary heritage museum ; in a letter to a neighbor in Monroeville in 1959 , Capote mentioned that Lee was writing a book that was to be published soon . Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote 's authorship . Lee 's older sister , Alice , responded to the rumor , saying : " That 's the biggest lie ever told . "
= = = Honors = = =
During the years immediately following the novel 's publication , Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her , granting interviews , visiting schools , and attending events honoring the book . In 1961 , when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list , it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize , stunning Lee . It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year , and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962 . Starting in 1964 , Lee began to turn down interviews , complaining that the questions were monotonous , and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought . Since then , she declined talking with reporters about the book . She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction , writing in 1995 : " Introductions inhibit pleasure , they kill the joy of anticipation , they frustrate curiosity . The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come . Mockingbird still says what it has to say ; it has managed to survive the years without preamble . "
In 2001 , Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor . In the same year , Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city 's libraries , and chose his favorite book , To Kill a Mockingbird , as the first title of the One City , One Book program . Lee declared that " there is no greater honor the novel could receive " . By 2004 , the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program , more than any other novel . David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts , who supervised The Big Read , states " people just seem to connect with it . It dredges up things in their own lives , their interactions across racial lines , legal encounters , and childhood . It 's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people 's lives , and they cherish it . "
In 2006 , Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame . During the ceremony , the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation , and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her . Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5 , 2007 by President George W. Bush . In his remarks , Bush stated , " One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author , which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better . It 's been a gift to the entire world . As a model of good writing and humane sensibility , this book will be read and studied forever . "
= = Adaptations = =
= = = 1962 film = = =
The book was made into the well @-@ received 1962 film with the same title , starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch . The film 's producer , Alan J. Pakula , remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script : " They said , ' What story do you plan to tell for the film ? ' I said , ' Have you read the book ? ' They said , ' Yes . ' I said , ' That 's the story . ' " The movie was a hit at the box office , quickly grossing more than $ 20 million from a $ 2 @-@ million budget . It won three Oscars : Best Actor for Gregory Peck , Best Art Direction @-@ Set Decoration , Black @-@ and @-@ White , and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote . It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham , the actress who played Scout .
Harper Lee was pleased with the movie , saying : " In that film the man and the part met ... I 've had many , many offers to turn it into musicals , into TV or stage plays , but I 've always refused . That film was a work of art . " Peck met Lee 's father , the model for Atticus , before the filming . Lee 's father died before the film 's release , and Lee was so impressed with Peck 's performance that she gave him her father 's pocketwatch , which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor . Years later , he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport . When Peck eventually did tell Lee , he said she responded , " ' Well , it 's only a watch . ' Harper — she feels deeply , but she 's not a sentimental person about things . " Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made . Peck 's grandson was named " Harper " in her honor .
In May 2005 , Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck 's widow Veronique , who said of Lee : " She 's like a national treasure . She 's someone who has made a difference ... with this book . The book is still as strong as it ever was , and so is the film . All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays . My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him . "
= = = Play = = =
The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel . It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville , a town that labels itself " The Literary Capital of Alabama " . The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast . White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury . During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated . Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel ( and the annual performance ) : " It becomes part of the town ritual , like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras . With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse , it 's part of a central , civic education — what Monroeville aspires to be . "
Sergel 's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006 , and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal , both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch . The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch , his first London appearance in 22 years . The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season , prior to a UK tour .
According to a National Geographic article , the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture ; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances , because " she abhors anything that trades on the book 's fame " . To underscore this sentiment , Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia 's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum . David Lister in The Independent states that Lee 's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more , and her silence " makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart " . Despite her discouragement , a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination , hoping to see Lee 's inspiration for the book , or Lee herself . Local residents call them " Mockingbird groupies " , and although Lee was not reclusive , she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic " Hell , no ! "
= = Go Set a Watchman = =
An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , titled Go Set a Watchman , was controversially released on July 14 , 2015 . This draft , which was completed in 1957 , is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative . This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father , Atticus Finch , in Maycomb , Alabama , where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community . The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee 's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it ; however , this claim has been widely disputed . Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird . According to Lee 's agent Andrew Nurnberg , Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy : " They discussed publishing Mockingbird first , Watchman last , and a shorter connecting novel between the two . " This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe , who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee 's attorney and found them to be only another draft of " To Kill a Mockingbird " . The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler 's description of how " Watchman " was seen as just the first draft of " Mockingbird " . Instances where many passages overlap between the two books , in some case word for word , also refutes this assertion .
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= Interstate 355 =
Interstate 355 ( I @-@ 355 ) , also known as the Veterans Memorial Tollway , is an Interstate Highway and tollway in the western and southwest suburbs of Chicago in the U.S. state of Illinois . Like most other toll roads in the northeastern portion of the state , I @-@ 355 is maintained by the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority ( ISTHA ) . I @-@ 355 runs from I @-@ 80 in New Lenox north to I @-@ 290 in Itasca , a distance of 32 @.@ 5 miles ( 52 @.@ 3 km ) . With the exception of a four @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) expansion in 2009 , from U.S. Route 34 ( US 34 , Ogden Avenue ) to 75th Street , the highway is six lanes wide for its entire length .
The tollway authority opened I @-@ 355 as the North – South Tollway in 1989 to ease congestion on Illinois Route 53 ( IL 53 ) , a parallel two @-@ lane state highway in central DuPage County . Initially , I @-@ 355 ran from I @-@ 55 north to I @-@ 290 . The new highway helped cut travel times for commuters traveling north and south in the county . According to commercial real estate developers at the time , the new tollway also opened the western suburbs of Chicago to commercial and industrial development .
On November 11 , 2007 , the tollway authority opened a southern extension of I @-@ 355 from I @-@ 55 to I @-@ 80 , a distance of 12 @.@ 5 miles ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) ; on its opening , the tollway authority changed the name of the tollway to " Veterans Memorial Tollway " . The tollway authority laid the route of the new extension through Will County and a small portion of Cook County , one of the fastest @-@ growing regions in Illinois . The tollway authority expected the extension to cut travel times in the region by 20 percent .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
From the late 1920s through 1963 , the two @-@ lane @-@ wide Rohlwing Road ( also known as SBI Route 53 , and later IL 53 ) serviced the north – south transportation corridor that includes eastern portions of DuPage County . From 1963 to 1970 , the Illinois Department of Transportation ( IDOT ) planned and built a new expressway north from Army Trail Road through Schaumburg to the Northwest Tollway ( now the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway ) . After its completion , IDOT rerouted IL 53 onto this new expressway from Rohlwing Road .
The original alignment of I @-@ 355 was defined in the Chicago Area Transportation Study ( abbreviated CATS ) Transportation Plan of April 1962 . The plan called for a supplemental system of limited @-@ access expressways to be built in the Chicago metropolitan area by 1980 , and defined corridors where the expressways were to be located . Most of these corridors , including the Des Plaines River expressway , the Crosstown Expressway running north – south along the west side of Chicago , and most of a proposed northern extension of IL 53 were scrapped because of intense local opposition .
Initially , state and county officials anticipated building a freeway for the expressway south of Army Trail Road , similar to the existing freeway north of Army Trail Road . In 1979 , Chicago mayor Jane Byrne canceled plans for the proposed Crosstown Expressway . Following the move , Congress gave the rights to half of the $ 200 million ( equivalent to $ 954 million in 2015 ) that had been earmarked for the Crosstown Expressway to DuPage County . However , county officials found this amount insufficient for construction of the new freeway . The officials then handed authority for the project over to the tollway authority , and spent the money on other projects in the county .
In June 1984 , Republican minority leader of the Illinois House of Representatives James " Pate " Philip helped push through legislation authorizing the construction of the tollway , then referred to as simply the DuPage Tollway . Officials at the Morton Arboretum , one of the nation 's premier woodland research centers , promptly filed a federal lawsuit to block construction of the tollway . They also promised to prevent the tollway authority from obtaining environmental approval from federal officials .
In April 1985 , the two agencies came to an agreement regarding construction of the new tollway . To protect the arboretum from salt spray and other pollutants caused by cars on the tollway , the tollway authority agreed to build I @-@ 355 below grade around the perimeter of the arboretum . The tollway authority would build a water collection system to divert runoff from the arboretum . In addition , they would build earthen berms along the new road , preventing salt spray from damaging arboretum plants . In exchange , the DuPage County Forest Preserve District agreed to a 99 @-@ year lease providing 189 acres ( 0 @.@ 76 km2 ) of its land to the arboretum for the development of an " urban vegetation laboratory " . Under the agreement , Morton Arboretum agreed to charge DuPage County residents lower admissions one day of the week , build a bicycle path connecting the arboretum to nearby forest preserves , and begin a joint clean @-@ streams program to improve the water quality of DuPage County 's lakes and streams . In January 1986 , the tollway paid out $ 2 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 7 @.@ 31 million in 2015 ) to a trust fund as a part of the settlement to help finance the arboretum 's new programs .
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a preliminary environmental impact statement on March 13 , 1986 . At a public hearing a month later , arboretum executives and Woodridge officials strongly criticized the report as " fatally flawed " and a repeat of tollway @-@ provided research , including typographical errors . The opposition also cited outdated and inaccurate data regarding wetlands replacement , salt dispersion , and the lack of compensation to residents for lowered property values . The tollway authority agreed to run the road below @-@ grade at 75th Street instead of as a 28 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) elevated highway . In addition , they agreed to spend an extra $ 1 million ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 92 million in 2015 ) on the redesigned elevation and interchange .
The Corps of Engineers issued a permit for the tollway on October 8 , 1986 , rejecting last @-@ minute concerns from the Sierra Club to reroute the toll road around sections of Churchill Woods Prairie , between Glen Ellyn and Lombard . The permit allowed the first two earth moving contracts issued by the tollway authority to move forward . The tollway authority put the total cost of 17 @.@ 7 miles ( 28 @.@ 5 km ) of new pavement at $ 450 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 25 billion in 2015 ) . Of the total cost , $ 325 million ( equivalent to $ 904 million in 2015 ) was allocated for construction , $ 30 million ( equivalent to $ 83 @.@ 4 million in 2015 ) to alleviating environmental concerns , including moving and enlarging 117 acres ( 0 @.@ 47 km2 ) of wetlands , and $ 30 million ( equivalent to $ 83 @.@ 4 million in 2015 ) for utility relocation . Work in 1987 consisted primarily of excavation , embankment building and land acquisition .
Because of problems with pavement on other roads in the system and anticipation of heavy traffic on the new Interstate , the tollway authority decided to pave I @-@ 355 with pavement expected to last 20 years . Construction workers laid concrete on the tollway to a thickness of 12 inches ( 30 cm ) over an 8 @-@ inch ( 20 cm ) sub @-@ base . The new pavement also incorporated fly ash and less cement , allowing the pavement to achieve maximum strength faster than pure concrete .
One of the last issues settled prior to the opening of the tollway was the highway 's number . Originally , tollway officials designated the new road I @-@ 355 . Early in 1988 , however , the tollway administration received a letter from the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) indicating that the highway should be named Interstate 455 . FHWA policy at the time dictated that auxiliary Interstate routes that join two other Interstate Highways should start with an even number . IDOT argued the highway more closely resembles a spur from I @-@ 55 . Ultimately , the tollway authority kept the I @-@ 355 designation .
Governor James R. Thompson and U.S. Secretary of Transportation Samuel K. Skinner dedicated the North – South Tollway on December 22 , 1989 . When it opened , officials estimated travel times from Schaumburg to Oak Brook would be reduced from 55 minutes to 34 minutes , and from Wheaton to Darien from 60 to 34 minutes . Tollway officials also estimated that 200 @,@ 000 cars per day would use I @-@ 355 . This figure has since been shown to be slightly optimistic , with maximum average daily traffic values approaching 170 @,@ 200 only at the northern end of the Interstate . The initial length of I @-@ 355 was 20 @.@ 01 miles ( 32 @.@ 20 km ) from I @-@ 55 north to I @-@ 290 .
= = = Opening = = =
I @-@ 355 opened at the stroke of midnight on December 24 , 1989 . As a Christmas gift , the first two days of operation were free . Because of lower traffic counts at the north and south ends of the highway and lack of construction money , tollway officials built the road with four lanes from North Avenue ( IL 64 ) to the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway ( I @-@ 88 ) on the north end , and around I @-@ 55 on the south end . As early as 1991 , tollway officials had drawn up plans to widen the highway to three lanes in each direction . Widening from North Avenue to Butterfield Road ( IL 56 ) took place in 1995 . The old lines marking the former shoulder can still be seen in the right lane as a result of the tollway authority 's attempt to grind them away .
After the new road opened , congestion decreased considerably on nearby north – south arteries . The DuPage County Division of Transportation calculated that congestion had decreased on Illinois 53 by 20 % , and the volume of cars on nearby north – south roads Illinois 53 , Illinois 59 and IL 83 had decreased . On IL 53 between Ogden Avenue and Roosevelt Road , traffic counts sank from 21 @,@ 400 to 11 @,@ 800 vehicles per day . In addition , traffic on the exit ramp from the Tri @-@ State Tollway ( I @-@ 294 ) to I @-@ 55 dropped 10 percent in 12 months . Drivers also reported decreases in travel time from one end of the county to the other of up to 40 minutes . However , the opening of the tollway also greatly increased congestion on I @-@ 290 near the northern terminus . A construction project in the summer months of 1990 widened I @-@ 290 just north of the tollway , at a cost of $ 2 – 2 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 46 @.@ 7 million – 58 @.@ 3 million in 2015 ) .
In spite of the apparent success of the tollway opening , traffic counts and projected toll revenues were initially lower than projected , with an estimated 65 @,@ 000 motorists per day traveling along the tollway , generating $ 55 @,@ 000 – 65 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 128 @,@ 000 – 152 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) ) in daily toll revenues . In addition , a spate of lawsuits were filed regarding the payment of contractors and subcontractors . Numerous liens filed by subcontractors against the tollway were settled in June at a cost of $ 10 @.@ 1 million ( equivalent to $ 23 @.@ 6 million in 2015 ) . The tollway authority released an additional $ 1 million ( equivalent to $ 2 @.@ 19 million in 2015 ) in May 1992 to further settle claims made by the general contractor , entering arbitration soon afterwards to settle another $ 1 @.@ 6 – 27 million ( equivalent to $ 3 @.@ 51 million – 59 @.@ 2 million in 2015 ) ) the contractor claimed it was owed . By 2005 , average annual daily traffic values had risen to a range of 77 @,@ 400 to 170 @,@ 200 vehicles per day .
As early as 1989 , the tollway authority had discussed implementing automatic toll collection across the entire system to relieve congestion caused by traffic stopping at mainline toll barriers . The tollway authority began testing I @-@ Pass , the tollway system 's electronic payment method , on the entire stretch of I @-@ 355 in 1993 at various tollbooths ; by September 1994 , every plaza on I @-@ 355 accepted I @-@ Pass . By 1998 , the tollway authority had installed dedicated I @-@ Pass lanes ( lanes specifically set aside for electronic toll collections ) at both mainline toll barriers . In 1999 , I @-@ 355 became the first tollway to receive I @-@ Pass Express Lanes ( also known as open road tolling , or ORT ) . With the installation of the express lanes , vehicles with I @-@ Pass could be tolled at highway speeds of 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) . In 2005 , the tollway authority widened the express lanes from two lanes to three lanes in each direction . This allowed the number of express lanes to match the number of travel lanes on the tollway .
Unlike the other tollways in the tollway system , there are no oases on the Veterans Memorial Tollway . This is primarily due to the widespread access to food and fuel throughout the western suburbs when construction began in the late 1980s . When the southern extension was opened in Will County in 2007 , that segment of road also did not have any oases .
= = = Southern extension = = =
In addition to the original alignment of I @-@ 355 , the Transportation Plan of April 1962 included the concept of a route that ran from Bolingbrook south to Joliet . After the northern portion of I @-@ 355 opened in 1989 , the Illinois General Assembly authorized the tollway authority to begin studying the southern extension of I @-@ 355 .
The discovery of the Hine 's Emerald Dragonfly , an endangered species , and related concerns for the environmental health of the Des Plaines River wetlands in 1995 , ignited a series of legal challenges that delayed construction of the I @-@ 355 extension for several years . The Sierra Club filed a lawsuit in 1996 to block planning of the southern extension . In January 1997 , a federal judge sided with the Sierra Club , halting construction of the southern extension while the state appealed . In 1999 , the state dropped its appeal and amended the environmental impact study ( EIS ) to meet the Sierra Club 's concerns . The state released the supplemental EIS in 2000 , and in 2002 the FHWA issued a Record of Decision , allowing construction of the tollway to proceed after six years of delays . Land acquisition and utility relocation took place in 2004 . Governor Rod Blagojevich 's $ 5 @.@ 6 billion Congestion @-@ Relief Program for the Illinois Tollway passed the General Assembly in September 2004 , with $ 729 @.@ 3 million being set aside for the extension ( equivalent to $ 7 @.@ 46 billion and $ 972 million in 2015 , respectively ) . Bidding on an excavation contract passed on November 18 , 2004 with construction beginning several days later .
To document and reduce the impact of construction on the dragonfly 's habitat , construction crews agreed to keep carcasses of any dragonfly kills . In addition , the tollway authority funded the construction of separate habitats for the dragonfly near the Waterfall Glen Forest Preserve in Lemont and in two other preserves in Cook and Will counties . In late 2005 , construction began on the roadway of the 12 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) southern extension of I @-@ 355 from I @-@ 55 in Bolingbrook to I @-@ 80 in New Lenox .
Another controversy erupted in February 2006 , when the tollway authority threatened to build the tollway with no interchanges unless the suburbs through which the new extension ran contributed $ 20 million ( equivalent to $ 24 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) for construction of the interchanges . This marked the first time that the tollway authority had required local municipalities to contribute funds for interchange construction . The towns of Homer Glen , Lemont , New Lenox , Lockport and Will County agreed in a June 2006 intergovernmental agreement to provide $ 20 million in both cash and in @-@ kind contributions for the interchanges .
The southern extension is expected to become an economic catalyst for municipalities located along the tollway . The Village of New Lenox estimates that it will receive an additional $ 12 million in sales taxes after its two malls are built out . In Lockport , officials have announced that new Home Depot and SuperTarget stores are planned for the areas near 159th Street and I @-@ 355 . Commercial developers are also building large warehouse facilities in areas near the Lockport interchanges .
One of " the most impressive engineering feats on the state 's 274 miles [ 441 km ] of toll roads " is the Des Plaines River Valley Bridge , a bridge over the Des Plaines River , the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , the Illinois and Michigan Canal , Bluff Road , New Avenue , numerous railroads , and a major Commonwealth Edison utility corridor . The bridge is 1 @.@ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) long , and constituted $ 125 million of the cost of the extension . Work on the bridge included the construction of 34 piers and elevation of existing high @-@ voltage electricity lines to accommodate the highway . To limit the number of piers in the valley , the tollway authority built the bridge with both 170 @-@ foot ( 52 m ) pre @-@ stressed bulb tee girders and 270 @-@ foot ( 82 m ) post @-@ tensioned segmental concrete girders . This was $ 12 million ( equivalent to $ 13 @.@ 9 million in 2015 ) cheaper than the concrete box girder design option , and $ 50 million ( equivalent to $ 58 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) less than the steel plate girder design option . A design @-@ build clause in the original contract for the bridge , in addition to success in the design @-@ build contracts on the 2004 – 07 Tri @-@ State Tollway widening and reconstruction , allowed project managers to redesign and build the new bridge .
The tollway authority held a ribbon cutting and dedication ceremony on Veterans Day ( November 11 ) , 2007 , officially renaming the entire length of I @-@ 355 the Veterans Memorial Tollway . Ceremonies were held on the tollway near the 127th Street interchange in Lemont , at 147th Street in Homer Glen , and at US 6 in New Lenox . In addition to the dedication , the tollway authority sponsored a Charity Walk / Run / Roll and " Roll the Tollway " , a charity pre @-@ opening bicycle ride on the highway 's south extension . After noting the success of the festival , a tollway spokesman announced plans to repeat the event annually , including the closure of the entire southern extension . He later clarified the tollway 's position , indicating that while the extension would probably not be closed in its entirety in the future , a possible five @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) ride across the Des Plaines River Valley Bridge may be held . At around 10 : 00 p.m. on November 11 , a group of Illinois State Police vehicles and tollway maintenance vehicles escorted the first motorists southbound along the I @-@ 355 extension , stopping at each interchange to remove barricades . By the time the maintenance crews began to remove barricades along the northbound lanes of the extension , a group of 50 to 60 vehicles had gathered behind the crews .
= = = Veterans Memorial Trail = = =
As part of constructing the southern extension , the tollway authority donated a 15 @-@ to @-@ 20 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 5 – 6 m ) corridor to local municipalities for the construction of a multi @-@ use trail , named the Veterans Memorial Trail , that will run along most of the length of the tollway from I @-@ 80 to I @-@ 55 . Completion of the trail is expected to cost $ 10 million , with funding to be provided by local communities along the path . A new construction fund for the trail was created from registration fees collected for " Roll the Tollway " . The Active Transportation Alliance announced on January 29 , 2008 that about $ 108 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 125 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) was raised through " Roll the Tollway " . Of this amount , $ 70 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 81 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) was set aside for preliminary engineering studies on the 10 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 16 @.@ 9 km ) bicycle trail . The remaining amount was directed towards advocacy efforts for the Chicago Bicycle Federation and other local bicycle clubs .
The initial engineering phase of the bike trail has been completed in the form of the I @-@ 355 Area Trails Master Plan , a framework created by Housel Lavigne Associates designed to distribute the work of creating and funding the trail among local communities . The Forest Preserve District of Will County has begun work on the Veterans Memorial Trail from International Parkway , Woodridge , to 135th Street , Romeoville , and will then extend the trail to US 6 in the Village of New Lenox . This addition will link the trail to a number of businesses in New Lenox , including a shopping mall currently being constructed , Silver Cross Hospital , and medical offices . The Omnibus Appropriations Act included $ 470 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 543 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) in federal funding for construction of the first phase of the trail .
= = Route description = =
The southern terminus of I @-@ 355 is northeast of New Lenox , where the highway intersects I @-@ 80 . I @-@ 355 is routed north and slightly west through rural , hilly portions of Will County . Just after the US 6 interchange ( mile 1 @.@ 0 ) , tollway drivers pay a toll at Spring Creek Toll Plaza , the only toll plaza on the southern extension of I @-@ 355 . It continues north through the rural sections of Will County , having exits that serve the towns of Homer Glen and Lockport . At 135th Street ( approximately mile 8 @.@ 0 ) in Lemont , I @-@ 355 briefly enters Cook County . After an interchange at 127th Street ( mile 9 @.@ 0 ) , I @-@ 355 crosses over the Des Plaines River on the Des Plaines River Valley Bridge before returning to Will County . Shortly north of the bridge , I @-@ 355 intersects I @-@ 55 at Bolingbrook ( mile 12 @.@ 5 ) . Multiple flyover ramps connect all directions of both highways .
North of I @-@ 55 , I @-@ 355 continues to run almost due north through the established western suburbs of Chicago in DuPage County . Travelers pay another toll just north of Boughton Road , at the Boughton Road Toll Plaza ( mile 13 @.@ 5 ) . Continuing north , I @-@ 355 has another multiple flyover interchange with I @-@ 88 ( miles 19 @.@ 5 and 23 @.@ 0 ) , officially designated the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway . On the southern end of the interchange , northbound I @-@ 355 has exits to both directions of I @-@ 88 . I @-@ 355 then swings below I @-@ 88 and runs side @-@ by @-@ side with the other tollway for one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) . Southbound exits to both directions of I @-@ 88 are at the northern end of the interchange . At the Army Trail Road Toll Plaza ( mile 29 @.@ 0 ) , through traffic pays the last toll of the tollway . I @-@ 355 has no tolls north of the Army Trail Road exit ( mile 30 ) in Addison . There is one untolled exit ( mile 31 @.@ 5 ) at US 20 ( Lake Street ) north of the tollway . I @-@ 355 terminates at the I @-@ 290 interchange near the border of the villages of Itasca and Addison .
As a result of a toll rate increase effective January 1 , 2012 , the northernmost two toll plazas ( Boughton Road and Army Trail Road ) charge $ 1 @.@ 90 cash and $ 0 @.@ 95 for cars with I @-@ Pass and E @-@ ZPass . The Spring Creek Toll Plaza charges $ 3 @.@ 80 for travelers paying with cash and $ 1 @.@ 90 for I @-@ Pass and E @-@ ZPass . All three toll plazas force traffic paying with cash to exit right into an area separate from the dedicated I @-@ Pass lanes . Drivers paying with cash then pay their tolls at manned plaza tollbooths . I @-@ Pass and E @-@ ZPass equipped cars and trucks are permitted to stay on the mainline and pay tolls at highway speeds in the tollway 's ORT lanes .
On I @-@ 355 , the only control cities that are actual cities are Joliet , St. Louis , Missouri , and from I @-@ 80 , Rockford . Other control cities on I @-@ 355 are limited to general areas of suburban Chicago . For example , control cities for I @-@ 355 while on I @-@ 55 are " West Suburbs " and " Southwest Suburbs " . The control city for areas north of I @-@ 88 are " Northwest Suburbs " .
Because of increasing congestion , the Veterans Memorial Tollway has been widened to eight lanes between 75th Street and US 34 . The tollway authority added the four @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) , $ 60 @.@ 4 @-@ million project ( equivalent to $ 70 @.@ 2 million in 2015 ) to its Congestion Relief Plan in mid @-@ 2007 , and the new lanes opened on October 24 , 2009 .
= = Exit list = =
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= Larry Itliong =
Larry Dulay Itliong ( 25 October 1913 – 8 February 1977 ) , also known as " Seven Fingers " , was a Filipino American labor organizer . He organized West Coast agricultural workers starting in the 1930s , and rose to national prominence in 1965 , when he , Philip Vera Cruz , Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco , walked off the farms of area table @-@ grape growers , demanding wages equal to the federal minimum wage , that became known as the Delano grape strike . He has been described as " one of the fathers of the West Coast labor movement . "
= = Biography = =
Itliong was a native of Pangasinan Province in the Philippines . One of six children of Artemio and Francesca Itliong , Itliong only had a sixth grade education . He immigrated to the United States in 1929 and joined his first strike in 1930 ; Itliong was only 14 when he came to the United States . Itliong was an excellent card player , and avid cigar smoker , who spoke multiple Filipino languages , Spanish , Cantonese , Japanese , and taught himself about law . Itliong married six times , had seven children , and raised his family in the Delano area and in the Little Manila community of Stockton , California
As a farmworker Itliong worked in Alaska , where he organized cannery and agricultural unions , Washington , and up and down California ; he also worked in Montana and South Dakota . While living in Alaska , he helped found the Alaska Cannery Workers Union ( which later became Local 7 of the United Cannery and Packing and Allied Workers Union , then Local 7 of the International Longshoreman 's and Warehouse Workers Union ) . He lost three fingers in an accident in an Alaskan cannery , which earned him the nickname , " Seven Fingers . "
Some of the labor organizers whom Itliong met in his early days had ties to the Communist Party . Filipinos in California lead the way in unionization efforts among farmworkers in the 1930s and 40s . During World War II , Itliong served on a U.S. Army transport ship as a messman . After the war , he settled in the city of Stockton in California 's Central Valley . In 1948 , Itliong ( along with Rudy Delvo , Chris Mensalvas , Philip Vera Cruz , and Ernesto Mangaoang ) became involved in the 1948 asparagus strike , which was the first major agriculture strike after World War II . Itliong served as the first shop steward of International Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 37 , in Seattle , and was elected its vice @-@ president in 1953 . He served as secretary of the Filipino Community of Stockton from 1954 to 1956 . In 1956 , Itliong founded the Filipino Farm Labor Union in Stockton . In 1957 , he was elected president of the Filipino Voters League in Stockton . By 1965 , Itliong was leading the AFL – CIO union Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee ; the majority of members of the committee were Filipinos who had in the 1930s arrived in the United States .
A vote was held on 3 May 1965 in which the committee voted to strike against Coachella Valley grape growers . Although the strikers weren 't able to negotiate a contract with the growers , they did succeed in winning higher wages . Following the success in Southern California , on 8 September 1965 the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee voted to strike against grape growers in Delano , California , where the grape season starts in September . This strike became the first time Mexican workers , due to the decision of Cesar Chavez , did not break a strike of Filipinos ; later , on 16 September 1965 , Chavez 's National Farm Workers Association joined the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee on the picket lines . These strikes occurred around the same time when younger Filipino Americans began a period of political self @-@ reflection and awakening .
The Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and National Farm Workers Association merged to form the United Farm Workers ; Itliong was skeptical of the merger , as he believed that Mexicans would become dominant over the Filipinos when the organizations merged , and that improving work conditions would come at the expense of Filipino farmworkers , but Itliong kept those feelings to himself at the time . In 1966 , the California Rural Legal Assistance was founded as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's War on Poverty , with Cesar Chavez , Dolores Huerta , and Itliong sitting on the founding board . Itliong served as assistant director of the United Farm Workers under Cesar Chavez , and in 1970 he was appointed the United Farm Workers ' national boycott coordinator . In 1971 , Itliong resigned from the United Farm Workers because of disagreements about the governance of the union ; another reason for resigning from the United Farm Workers , was that Itliong felt that the union was not willing to support aging Filipinos . Alex Fabros , a doctoral candidate at University of California , Santa Barbara , called the merger " devastating for the Filipinos who participated in the UFW . " .
After leaving the United Farm Workers , Itliong assisted retired Filipino farmworkers in Delano , and was a delegate at the 1972 Democratic National Convention . Together with Vera Cruz , Itliong worked towards building a retirement facility for UFW workers , known as Agbayabi Village . Although no longer in the United Farm Workers , Itliong continued to support others in the organized labor movement , such as helping others plan a strike against Safeway supermarkets in 1974 . Itliong also served as President of the Filipino American Political Association , a bipartisan lobbying organization . He died in 1977 at the age of 63 in Delano of Lou Gehrig 's disease .
= = Legacy = =
Most history books mention Chavez and the United Farm Workers , but do not include a mention of Itliong or other Filipinos . Speaking about Chavez and his father , Johnny Itliong said , " Larry was militant . Cesar was non @-@ violent . Cesar had handlers . Cesar had lawyers . Cesar was a dictator . "
The first public art memorial honoring Filipino American farmworkers was unveiled on June 24 , 1995 in LA`s Historic Filipinotown with Larry Itliong and Philip Vera Cruz as its most prominent historical figures . Itliong was posthumously honored in 2010 by inclusion in a mural at California State University , Dominguez Hills . In 2011 , Los Angeles County recognized Itliong with Larry Itliong Day on 25 October ; this follows the City of Carson which became the first city in the United States to recognize Larry Itliong Day in the United States in 2010 . In mid @-@ April 2013 , the New Haven Unified School District renamed Alvarado Middle School Itliong @-@ Vera Cruz Middle School in honor of Vera Cruz and Larry Itliong ; this school is the first school in the United States to be named for Filipino Americans . There was a vocal opposition to the name change , some of whom waved Mexican flags , who said that the name changing disrupts the neighborhood 's tradition . The middle school was originally named for Juan Bautista Alvarado , and the name change will not take effect until 2015 . This occurred after a 13 @-@ year effort to rename a school for the Filipino American leaders , after several other schools had been named to reflect the city 's diverse population , including Cesar Chavez Middle School , where 20 % of the population is Filipino American . In late April 2013 , a Filipino business and a Filipino Community Center were targeted with graffiti vandalism ; the graffiti was investigated as a hate crime . In 2014 , an overpass over the Filipino American Highway was designated as the " Itliong @-@ Vera Cruz Memorial Bridge " .
Itliong will be portrayed by Darion Basco in the 2014 film about Cesar Chavez ; the film will not include other Filipino American farm labor leaders such as Vera Cruz . A documentary titled The Delano Manongs : Forgotten Heroes of the UFW was made to highlight the role of Filipinos in the farm labor movement , including Itliong ; the documentary was released in 2013 .
The Filipino Hall in Delano , California houses a collection of memorabilia .
The Larry Itliong Papers are housed at the Walter Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit .
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= Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties =
Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties is a nonfiction book by law professor Christopher M. Fairman about freedom of speech , the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , censorship , and use of the word fuck in society . The book was first published in 2009 by Sphinx as a follow @-@ up on the author 's article " Fuck " , published in 2007 in the Cardozo Law Review . It cites studies from academics in social science , psychoanalysis , and linguistics . Fairman establishes that most current usages of the word have connotations distinct from its meaning of sexual intercourse . The book discusses the efforts of conservatives in the United States to censor the word from common parlance . The author says that legal precedent regarding its use is unclear because of contradictory court decisions . Fairman argues that once citizens allow the government to restrict the use of specific words , this will lead to an encroachment upon freedom of thought .
The book received a mostly favorable reception from news sources and library trade publications . Library Journal described the book as a sincere analysis of the word and its history of censorship , Choice : Current Reviews for Academic Libraries called it stimulating , and the San Diego Law Review said it was thought @-@ provoking . One reviewer said that the book , like the article , was a format for the author to repeatedly use " fuck " , rather than actually analyze it from a rigorous perspective . After the book 's release , Fairman was consulted by media sources including CNN and The New York Times , as well as the American Civil Liberties Union , on issues surrounding word taboo in society .
= = Background = =
Christopher M. Fairman graduated from the University of Texas at Austin . He taught high @-@ school level history for nine years before returning to his alma mater where he ultimately received his Juris Doctor degree . He worked as a clerk on the Texas Court of Appeals for the Third District for Justice J. Woodfin Jones . Subsequently , he was a clerk on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit for Judge Fortunato P. Benavides , and worked for the law firm Weil Gotshal in their office in Dallas . Fairman became a professor at Ohio State University 's Moritz College of Law in 2000 . He specialized in areas of freedom of speech and word taboo , and earned a reputation as an expert on the subject of legal ethics .
Fairman was motivated to conduct research on " fuck " after learning of a Columbus , Ohio , man who was arrested for using the word in an email to a judge in 2004 . Fairman delayed writing the article until he received tenure because he was concerned its publication would adversely affect his professional reputation . Nevertheless , his supervisors did not try to convince him to cease research into the topic . Government funding helped finance Fairman 's scholarship .
His original 2006 article " Fuck " is an analysis of forbidden speech from linguistic and legal perspectives . It covers use of the word in case studies about sexual harassment and education . The article is 74 pages long , and the word fuck appears over 560 times . According to author Jesse Sheidlower in his book The F @-@ Word , Fairman 's work is the first academic article with the title of simply " Fuck " .
Fairman made his article available as a working paper on the Social Science Research Network website on April 17 , 2006 . Initially the author unsuccessfully tried to have the article published by providing copies to multiple U.S. law reviews . The Kansas Law Review rejected his article 25 minutes after receipt . It was published by the Cardozo Law Review in 2007 . The author wrote a follow @-@ up piece in April 2007 titled " Fuck and Law Faculty Rankings " . Fairman died on July 22 , 2015 . At the time of his death , Fairman 's 2007 Cardozo Law Review article , " Fuck " was still classed with the 20 top downloaded works on the Social Science Research Network .
= = Content summary = =
Fuck cites studies from academics in social science , psychoanalysis , and linguistics . Of the sixteen chapters in the book , eight use the word " fuck " in their titles . He discusses uses of the word from the 15th century onwards . Fairman establishes that most current usages have connotations distinct from its denotation of sexual intercourse , and asserts that rather than having sexual meaning , the word 's use is most commonly associated with power .
Fairman discusses the efforts of conservatives in the United States to censor the word from common parlance in the country , and says these acts are opposed to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Fairman warns against a tendency toward self @-@ censorship . He explains that those who choose to silence themselves tacitly encourage a process by which speech is forbidden through the legal process . He argues that this passivity has an impact of increasing the taboo nature of the word .
Fairman writes that legal precedent regarding use of the word is unclear because of contradictory court decisions . He presents case studies of these contradictory applications of the law , and uses them to analyze public perceptions surrounding freedom of speech . He provides examples of exceptions to the First Amendment , such as speech intended to cause violent acts , and discusses the manner in which federal and state governments sanction these exceptions . Fairman draws parallels between protection of comedians ' usage of taboo language to the ability of individuals in society to express ideas freely . He argues that once citizens allow the government to restrict specific words that can be used in speech , this will lead to an encroachment upon freedom of thought .
= = Reception = =
Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties was first published in 2009 in paperback by Sphinx Publishing , and in an electronic format for the Amazon Kindle the same year . The Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer called Fairman 's paper compelling and amusing . The Horn Book Magazine described the paper as a contemplative scholarly work which was simultaneously an engaging read . Writing in the San Diego Law Review , Orly Lobel called Fairman 's article a thought @-@ provoking analysis into how the law and the First Amendment address issues of sexual language . In a 2011 article for the Federal Communications Law Journal , W. Wat Hopkins was critical of Fairman 's article and subsequent book , writing that both appeared to be formats for the author to repeatedly use the word " fuck " , rather than actually analyze the subject from a rigorous perspective .
A review of the book in Publishers Weekly called it a vibrant extension of his article , and described it as educational and assertive in its promotion of freedom of speech , particularly in the face of the controversial language discussed . Choice : Current Reviews for Academic Libraries reviewed Fuck and called it a stimulating book . The review concluded , " [ h ] ighly recommended . All readership levels . "
Library Journal described the book as a sincere analysis of " fuck " and its history of censorship . The review characterized the book as of a higher quality than The Compleat Motherfucker : A History of the Mother of all Dirty Words ( 2009 ) by Jim Dawson . Ian Crouch of The New Yorker praised the cover design for the book . Crouch observed that the word Fuck was shown partially obscured by correction fluid but was still clearly evident in full . He concluded this was an appropriate image for a book on free speech and word taboo .
After the book 's publication , Fairman was consulted by media sources , including CNN , on issues involving word taboo . The American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio invited Fairman to host its forum " Word Taboos " in 2010 ; his presentation was titled " Putting the ' F ' in Free Speech " . In a 2012 article on the word " fuck " , The New York Times characterized Fairman as the foremost legal scholar in the United States on the word " fuck " .
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= Missouri Route 16 =
Route 16 is a 16 @.@ 709 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 26 @.@ 891 km ) highway in Lewis County , Missouri . The western terminus is at Route 6 east of Lewistown . The route travels eastward , through Monticello and a few rivers . Route 16 then intersects U.S. Route 61 ( US 61 ) . The route ends at US 61 Business and Route B in Canton . The road was formerly part of Route 6 , but it was rerouted in 1931 . The old alignment was renumbered Route 96 that year . Ten years later , the route was renumbered to Route 16 .
= = Route description = =
All of the road is in Lewis County . Route 16 starts at a three @-@ way junction at Route 6 in rural farmland east of Lewistown . The route travels eastward in a straight line for over two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) before turning northeast . It crosses over the Middle Fabius River one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) later . Route 16 then passes through large groups of forests and enters back into large fields . The road continues traveling northeast and intersects Routes Y and BB . From there , Route 16 heads northward , crossing over North Fabius River , and enters Monticello . The road passes through the center of the village and meets Route A as it turns east . The route then intersects Route Z , near the Lewis County Regional Airport . The road begins to shift northward , and three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) later , Route 16 crosses over Sugar Creek . At Wyanconda River , the route begins to shift back southward , and enters the city limits of Canton . The route intersects Route 81 , and later intersects US 61 at a diamond interchange . The road enters downtown Canton , and ends at a junction with Route B and US 61 Business . The river crossing lies east of the terminus . In 2012 , Missouri Department of Transportation ( MoDOT ) calculated as many as 1 @,@ 160 vehicles traveling east of Route 6 , and as few as 1 @,@ 054 vehicles traveling east of Route A. This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . Route 16 is not included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation .
= = History = =
A road from Lewistown to Canton has existed since 1918 , and it became part of Route 6 by 1926 . A section of a road from Monticello to Lewiston was paved in gravel two years later . In 1931 , Route 6 was re @-@ aligned south of Canton , and the former alignment was designated as Route 96 . The next year , Route 96 was fully paved in gravel . The route was renumbered to Route 16 in 1941 , and was fully paved in concrete by 1942 . In 1977 , US 61 was realigned west of Canton , and the old route became Route B. Around 1989 – 90 , US 61 Business was designated , concurrent with Route B through Canton . An interchange was built at US 61 and Route 16 around 2001 – 02 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Lewis County .
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= BYU Jerusalem Center =
The Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies ( often simply referred to as the BYU Jerusalem Center , BYU – Jerusalem or Mormon University ) , situated on Mount of Olives in Jerusalem , Israel , is a satellite campus of Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , the largest religious university in the United States . Owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) , the center provides a curriculum that focuses on Old and New Testament , ancient and modern Near Eastern studies , and language ( Hebrew and Arabic ) . Classroom study is built around field trips that cover the Holy Land , and the program is open to qualifying full @-@ time undergraduate students at either BYU , BYU @-@ Idaho , or BYU @-@ Hawaii .
Plans to build a center for students were announced by LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball in 1979 . By 1984 , the church had obtained a 49 @-@ year lease on the land and had begun construction . The center 's prominent position on the Jerusalem skyline quickly brought it notice by the religious conservatives , or Haredim , of Israel . Protests and opposition to the building of the center springing from the Haredim made the issue of building the center a national and even international issue . After several investigative committees of Israel 's Knesset reviewed and debated the issue , Israeli officials decided to allow the center 's construction to continue in 1986 . The center opened to students in May 1988 and was dedicated by Howard W. Hunter on May 16 , 1989 . It did not admit students from 2001 to 2006 due to security issues during the Second Intifada but continued to provide tours for visitors and weekly concerts .
= = History = =
= = = Before the center = = =
The first LDS official to enter Jerusalem was LDS Apostle Orson Hyde , who came in 1841 and dedicated the land for the gathering of the people of Israel , the creation of a Jewish state , and the building of an LDS temple at some future time . After his visit , LDS presence in the city was virtually non @-@ existent . By 1971 , the city saw enough LDS visitors for the church to lease a building in East Jerusalem for church services . BYU 's study abroad program to Jerusalem , which began in 1968 , played a key role in the growth of LDS visitors to the area . The LDS presence in the area soon grew too large for the leased space to provide adequate space for worship , so the church began looking into building a center for students . In 1972 , David B. Galbraith became the director of BYU 's program in Jerusalem . He remained in this position until 1987 when the church 's First Presidency asked him to organize the BYU Jerusalem Center .
On October 24 , 1979 , church president Spencer W. Kimball visited Jerusalem to dedicate the Orson Hyde Memorial Gardens , located on the Mount of Olives . The church had donated money to beautify the Jerusalem area , and officials of the Jerusalem government were present at the occasion . It was at this dedication that Kimball announced the church 's intent to build a center for BYU students in the city . Negotiations between the church and the Israeli government stretched from 1980 @-@ 1984 . The land the church wanted for the center , located at the northwestern margin of Mount Olivet , right next to the valley which separates it from Mount Scopus , had been acquired by Israel during the Six Day War of 1967 and could not be sold under Israeli law . The church decided to obtain a lease on the land instead . Leasing the land also prevented the politically controversial problem of the church owning a piece of Jerusalem land . Israeli officials saw the building of the center on the land as a way of solidifying control over land whose ownership was ambiguous under international law . By August 1984 , the church had the land on a 49 @-@ year lease , building permits had been obtained , and construction on the building began .
= = = Construction and controversy = = =
The 1980s saw not only Mormons , but many Christian groups vying for representation and space in the city . These groups constantly faced opposition from a strong political minority of Orthodox Jews living in the city . Neither major political party in Israel ( the Likud and Labor Parties ) could achieve a majority vote in the Knesset without support from the more religious parties . Religious parties used this situation to pass laws in favor of Jewish Orthodoxy in exchange for their support on other issues . At the time , the conservative Jews , who made up the " religious right " in Israel , or the Haredim , constituted 27 % of the population of Jerusalem , and was decidedly against the building of the BYU Jerusalem Center or any other similar Christian structure . Larger parties faced loss of a majority if they stood opposite on this issue . Many Israeli officials , however , such as the Mayor of Jerusalem at the time , Teddy Kollek , along with others in attendance at the Orson Hyde Memorial Garden dedication , supported the center because of what the church had done for the city . Kollek specifically stated that " the Mormon church 's presence in Jerusalem can do a great deal of work in providing the bridge of understanding between the Arab and Jews ... because its members look with sympathy and understanding at both sides . " The land on which the center was built was then still considered Arab land by many , and many officials saw that its lease would add an image of religious tolerance to their government and increase Israeli control of the land .
Because of its prominent location in the Jerusalem skyline , construction was quickly noticed , and this sparked a major controversy in Israel and in the Jewish world as a whole beginning in 1985 . The Haredim led the opposition , their main concern being that the building would be used not as a school , but as a center for Mormon proselyting efforts in Jerusalem . The Haredim warned of a " spiritual holocaust " . The LDS Church , they argued , had no local presence in the population of the Jerusalem area and no historical connections to the land . The group spread warnings through letters , newspapers , and television that Mormon missionaries would convert Jews throughout the city , saying that :
" The Mormon organization is one of the most dangerous , and in America they have already struck down many Jews . At the present the Mormons are cautious because of the tremendous opposition their missionary activities would engender , but the moment their new Center is completed , we won ’ t be able to stop them . " -- Kol Ha ’ Ir
and that :
" At the heart of the " emotional " and " bitter " controversy brewing in Jerusalem is whether Christian Zionism , based on Christian eschatological expectations , should function in Israel with the help and active aid of government and municipal authorities , such as the assistance being rendered to the Brigham Young University . " -- Inter Mountain Jewish News
Warnings in the media led to street protests and demonstrations . Orthodox Jews marched on City Hall and to the construction site in 1986 . Some even gathered at the Western Wall in a public prayer of mourning because of the center . They also gathered at the hotel at which the BYU President was staying at one point , carrying signs saying : " Conversion is Murder ! " and " Mormons , stop your mission now " . Despite the intensity of the Haredi opposition , at no point did the protests become physically violent . In late 1985 , the Haredim motioned for a no @-@ confidence vote against the leading Labor Party . Prime Minister Shimon Peres organized a committee of eight , four for the center and four against , to debate the issue and come up with a solution either for or against the center 's presence . Another committee was formed to look into the allegation that the money the church had put into Jerusalem was a bribe to gain Mayor Kolleck 's support for the center ( the committee found the church " Not Guilty " ) . A subcommittee of the Knesset requested that the LDS Church issue a formal promise not to proselytize Jews . Some Israelis considered this discriminatory , as no other Christian church had been asked to do this in Jerusalem . Church leaders , however , agreed to comply and sent a formally signed statement soon after . Some Jews in the area were still uneasy and doubted the church 's intent , believing that religious belief among Mormons would supersede adherence to the law . One protestor stated that " converting the sons of Judah , us , is a basic article of their faith . . . . They regard themselves as sons of Joseph and believe there will be no Second Coming for as long as we and they do not fuse . "
In addition to the promise not to proselyte , BYU began a public relations campaign to inform the public of their intentions for the center as a school and a gathering place for those already of the LDS faith . Ads were purchased in local newspapers , magazines , and on television , and the center had personnel appear on radio talk shows . Government officials in favor of the center also began to speak out , saying that Jerusalem should deny no one a place to worship , Jew , Muslim , or Christian . The Minister for Economic Planning , Gad Yaakobi said that the debate had " already caused considerable damage to Israel " , and Former Foreign Minister Abba Eban stated that the " free exercise of conscience and dissent in a democratic society " was at stake . The center also received support in the U.S. , as former President Gerald Ford spoke for the center , as well the United Jewish Council of Utah , who wrote a letter stating that " For over one hundred years , the Jewish and LDS communities have coexisted in the Salt Lake Valley in a spirit of true friendship and harmony . It has been our experience that when the leaders of the LDS Church make a commitment of policy , it is a commitment which can be relied upon . The stated commitment of Brigham Young University not to violate the laws of the state of Israel , or its own commitment regarding proselytizing in the state of Israel through the Jerusalem @-@ based Brigham Young facility , is a commitment which we sincerely believe will be honored . " The U.S. government also became an intermediary for BYU as 154 members of Congress issued a letter to the Knesset in support of the BYU Jerusalem Center . In 1986 , the Knesset approved the completion of the center .
= = = Opening and dedication = = =
Students moved into the center on May 8 , 1987 . The school remained unfinished , but the dormitory levels had been completed . Students had formerly been housed at Kibbutz Ramat Rachel . In 1988 , before the center 's dedication , a few Jerusalem locals complained that the arrangement of the windows at night looked like a Christian cross . The center purchased blinds and carefully arranged them over the windows so that no such sign would be seen . Members of the LDS Church do not use the symbol of the cross as other Christian denominations do , due to their focus on the resurrection , rather than the death , of Christ .
The center was dedicated on May 16 , 1989 by Howard W. Hunter , the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . The dedication ceremony was small , as the church decided not to announce it until a month later . The church did not want a large ceremony to cause concern among those in opposition to the center , who may have seen it as a religious gathering . Thomas S. Monson , then a second counselor in the First Presidency of the LDS Church , and Boyd K. Packer , another member of the church 's Quorum of the Twelve , were among those in attendance , as well as BYU President Jeffrey R. Holland . Robert C. Taylor , director of the BYU Travel Study program was in attendance and stated in an interview with The Daily Universe that the dedication of the building was centered solely on the educational aspect of the school , as well as for " whatever purposes [ the Lord ] has in store " in the future . Taylor stated that the church would respect the laws of the land and their commitment not to proselyte .
= = = Center closings = = =
After the onset of the Second Intifada , security for BYU students became increasingly difficult to maintain , and the center closed indefinitely to students in 2000 . During the fighting , BYU sources reported that the center 's staff remained on location and managed to maintain good relations on both Israeli and Palestinian sides . As negotiations to stop the fighting continued , one proposed settlement had the center placed within the borders of a proposed Palestinian state ( this , however , was not the proposal ultimately agreed upon by the two sides ) . While closed to students , the center remained open for visitors and concerts .
On June 9 , 2006 , officials announced their intention to reopen the Jerusalem Center for the Fall 2006 semester . However , escalating violence in the area from the 2006 Israel @-@ Lebanon Conflict frustrated these plans and raised new concerns about students ' safety in the area . School officials deemed the center would remain closed until the conflict was resolved . During this time , some LDS members in Northern Israel were " voluntarily relocated " into the center , away from border missile strikes . BYU officials announced on October 9 , 2006 that the center would be reopening for student academic programs for Winter Semester 2007 . The initial program was limited to only 44 students . The center remains open into future academic terms .
= = Facilities and architecture = =
The center was designed in partnership with Frank Ferguson of FFKR Architects ( Salt Lake City ) and by Brazilian @-@ Israeli architect David Resnick , who also designed the nearby campus of the Hebrew University . The center is situated on the western slope of the Mount of Olives , right where it connects to Mount Scopus , overlooking the Kidron Valley and the Old City . The 125 @,@ 000 square feet ( 11 @,@ 600 m2 ) , eight @-@ level structure is set amid 5 acres ( 0 @.@ 008 sq mi ; 0 @.@ 020 km2 ) of gardens . The first five levels provide dormitory and apartment space for up to 170 students , each of these apartments having a patio overlooking the Old City . The sixth level houses a cafeteria , classrooms , computer facilities , and a gymnasium , while administrative and faculty offices are located on the seventh level , along with a 250 @-@ seat auditorium . The main entry is on the eighth level , which also contains a recital and special events auditorium with organ , lecture rooms , general and reserve libraries , offices , a domed theater , and a learning resource area . This auditorium is surrounded by glass on three sides , providing views of the city . The organ within it is a Scandinavian @-@ made Marcussen organ . The aforementioned library on the same floor as the auditorium contains 10 @,@ 000 @-@ 15 @,@ 000 volumes focusing largely on the Near East .
The center 's design reflects the architecture of the Near East . It is constructed of cast concrete . Hand @-@ carved Jerusalem limestone adorn the building , according to local custom . The use of arches and domes closely models other building of Jerusalem and the gardens throughout the center contain many trees and other plants named in the Bible . The interior contains the arches and cupolas typical of the Near East , and large , windowed pavilions provide wide views of Jerusalem .
Over 400 micropiles were drilled into the Mount to secure the foundation in case of an earthquake . The building also contains , in adherence to Israeli law , bomb shelters capable of holding all faculty , staff , and students in case of emergency .
= = Research and education = =
The Jerusalem Center played a role in the research of the Dead Sea Scrolls in cooperation with the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation of Jerusalem . They developed a comprehensive CD @-@ ROM database of the contents of the Scrolls , enabling researchers worldwide the ability to study them .
The center provides a curriculum that focuses on Old and New Testament , ancient and modern Near Eastern studies , and language ( Hebrew and Arabic ) . Classroom study is built around field trips that cover the Holy Land , and the program is open only to qualifying full @-@ time undergraduate students at either BYU , BYU @-@ Idaho , or BYU @-@ Hawaii .
The center teaches classes in four @-@ month semesters occurring three times per year . Each semester costs $ 10 @,@ 815 . Students are required to take a small orientation course online before entering the center and are interviewed individually . Application requirements state that students must have attended at least two semesters ( including the semester immediately preceding the trip abroad ) at BYU , BYU @-@ Hawaii , or BYU @-@ Idaho , have a GPA of at least 2 @.@ 5 , and sign an agreement not to proselytize . Married students are not allowed to attend .
= = Mission = =
Members of the LDS Church believe that Jesus Christ will return in glory in his Second Coming . Howard W. Hunter , who was president of the church 's Quorum of the Twelve at the time of the center 's construction , pointed out that although there would be no proselytizing from the center , it still served a valuable purpose . One church member quoted him this way : " Elder Hunter said that our mission was not to harvest , probably not even to plant , but to clear away a few more stones . " Latter @-@ day Saints often see the center as a way for them to show local Jews what the church is about by example , rather than by proselyting . This is done by the way students and faculty at the center live their lives , as well as through the hiring of both Israeli and Palestinian workers , as an example of what can be done through cooperation . During construction of the center , for example , the church hired as many as 300 workers at one time , with about 60 % of them being Arab and the other 40 % being Jewish . Similar cooperation continues today .
The center also strives to meet the goals of the BYU Mission statement , " to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life " as well as in their educational endeavors . The center aims to give students not only an educational experience by experiencing cultures and languages firsthand , but a spiritual experience by taking them to the sites of biblical events and encouraging them to live their lives in a Christian way .
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= Delaware Route 202 =
Delaware Route 202 ( DE 202 ) , also known as Concord Avenue , is a short state highway in Wilmington , Delaware . It runs from U.S. Route 13 Business ( US 13 Bus . , Market Street ) north to a modified cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) and US 202 at the northern city limits . North of the interchange , the route becomes US 202 northbound , also known as the Concord Pike . The road is two lanes and undivided for most of its length except for the part just south of the I @-@ 95 interchange , which is four lanes and divided . DE 202 was a part of US 202 until that highway was truncated to the I @-@ 95 interchange in 1970 . DE 202 was designated by 1981 .
= = Route description = =
DE 202 begins at an intersection with US 13 Bus . ( Market Street ) in the city of Wilmington , heading north on two @-@ lane undivided Concord Avenue . The road passes homes and businesses in the northern part of the city . Concord Avenue crosses several streets including Washington Street and Baynard Boulevard . At the intersection with the latter , the road becomes four lanes and becomes a divided highway at the Franklin Street intersection . After passing under CSX ’ s Philadelphia Subdivision , DE 202 reaches an interchange with I @-@ 95 and US 202 , where DE 202 ends and the road continues north as part of US 202 ( Concord Pike ) .
DE 202 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 25 @,@ 601 vehicles at the north end of Wilmington to a low of 8 @,@ 387 vehicles at the Baynard Boulevard intersection . The entire length of DE 202 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
When the U.S. Highway System was created in 1926 , what is now DE 202 was designated as the southernmost part of US 122 , a U.S. highway that ran from US 13 in Wilmington north to New Jersey . By the mid @-@ 1930s , the US 122 designation was replaced with US 202 , and the route was shifted to head southwest from Concord Avenue and continue into downtown Wilmington on Washington Boulevard . By 1959 , US 202 was moved onto a one @-@ way pair through downtown Wilmington , with the southbound direction splitting from Concord Avenue to follow Baynard Boulevard to Washington Street and the northbound direction turning onto Concord Avenue at Market Street ( US 13 ) . In 1970 , the southern terminus of US 202 was cut back to the I @-@ 95 interchange , leaving Concord Avenue unnumbered . DE 202 was designated along Concord Avenue between US 13 Bus. and I @-@ 95 / US 202 by 1981 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Wilmington , New Castle County .
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= Alive and Schticking =
" Alive and Schticking " is the season premiere of the American television series Will & Grace 's eighth season . It was written by Bill Wrubel and directed by series producer James Burrows . The episode was broadcast live on NBC in the United States on September 29 , 2005 , and was performed twice by the actors that evening for the East and West coasts . Alec Baldwin guest starred in " Alive and Schticking " and received an Emmy Award nomination for his performance .
In the episode , Grace ( Debra Messing ) contemplates having an affair with a married man , while Jack ( Sean Hayes ) begins a new career as the host of his new talk show Jack Talk . Meanwhile , Will ( Eric McCormack ) tries to hide from Karen ( Megan Mullally ) the fact that her husband , Stan , is alive and faked his death due to troubles with the mob . Will also tries to stop his former boss , Malcolm ( Baldwin ) , from dating Karen .
Will & Grace creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick were in favor of doing a live episode , and Kevin Reilly , who at the time served as NBC Entertainment President , thought it would be a good way to inaugurate the final season of the show . Since airing , " Alive and Schticking " has received mostly positive reviews from television critics , who enjoyed watching the mistakes made by the actors and their attempts to hide their laughter during the live broadcast . The episode acquired a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 81 and garnered the series ' highest rating in the 18 – 49 demographic since February 17 , 2005 , and biggest overall viewer total since February 24 , 2005 .
= = Plot = =
Will ( Eric McCormack ) reveals to Grace ( Debra Messing ) that Karen 's ( Megan Mullally ) husband Stan is still alive . He learned this from his former boss , Malcolm ( Alec Baldwin ) , a secret agent , who told him that Stan is now living under seclusion and faked his death because of troubles with the mob . Will makes Grace promise that she keep this information to herself , but she breaks the promise and tells Jack ( Sean Hayes ) . When Malcolm later visits Will at his apartment and warns him to not to tell people about Stan 's predicament , Karen and Rosario ( Shelley Morrison ) also arrive . At meeting Karen , Malcolm becomes fond of her , as does Karen of him , even asking him out on a date , to which he accepts . Will , however , tells Malcolm that he cannot date Karen because Malcolm is still protecting Stan from the mob .
Meanwhile , Grace and Jack are discussing their own problems . Grace uses Jack 's promiscuous history with married men as a legitimate reason to have an affair with a married man , but Jack tells her to forget about it as both of them are the moral role models to their friends . After being honest with her , Jack confesses that the reason he is wearing an eye patch is not because he got glitter in his eye , as he told his friends . When he refused to stop his singing performance during the debut of his new talk show , Jack Talk , even though the entire set had accidentally been set on fire , his eyebrow was burnt off . Later , Will , Grace , and Jack all decide that it would be for the best to let Karen know the truth about Stan . Will breaks the news to her , but Karen believes he is joking . Rosario tells Karen that Stan is not dead , as she has been giving him reports on Karen . At the admission , Karen fires Rosario and leaves Will 's apartment with Malcolm , explaining that Stan may be alive , but that he is still dead to her .
= = Production = =
" Alive and Schticking " was written by Bill Wrubel and directed by series producer James Burrows . In July 2005 , it was announced by the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) that Will & Grace 's season premiere for season eight would be performed live . It was also confirmed that actor Alec Baldwin would appear in the episode . This was Baldwin 's third appearance , as he guest starred in two episodes from season seven , playing Will 's boss . His initial decision to do the show was to work with Megan Mullally , who plays Karen ; " I just love Megan . And so I said , ' Well , if you let me do it with Megan . ' And they said ' You got it . ' So I went and did that with them for four [ episodes ] . It was fun . For me now , it 's about who I work with . "
Will & Grace creators and executive producers David Kohan and Max Mutchnick were in favor of doing a live episode ; " We love the idea of a live episode because we get to show the audience of Will & Grace what we 've known from day one — we work with the best cast in network television , " said Mutchnick . He noted that the live element would allow the writers to make changes in the script right up until the airing of the episode . Kevin Reilly , who at the time served as NBC Entertainment President , said the " challenging live platform launch " for Will & Grace would be a good way for the show to inaugurate its final season . In discussion of the episode , Burrows , the director of all Will & Grace episodes , commented : " This will be like the classic golden era of television that I was weaned on , where the audience sees everything . Directing a live broadcast will be a first for me , and as long as I have been in the business , there are very few firsts . "
Upon learning about the live telecast , the cast had mixed emotions . Sean Hayes , who plays Jack , was nervous about the episode and hoped there would be cue cards . Debra Messing ( Grace ) " gasped loudly " when it was revealed that the technical demands of live television would mean that Burrows would not be directing on the stage floor , but would be up in a booth instead . Messing noted that she had never done live television , but in regards to the live broadcast , said , " It starts out our final season in a real special way . " Eric McCormack ( Will ) was intrigued about the idea and seemed to be ready for whatever happened ; " It keeps it interesting for us . It stirs it up . It gives us a new way to do it . "
Mullally revealed that the show 's writing team was " notorious for tinkering with the script 's laugh lines " , even during the actual taping of the episodes . She hoped they would resist that urge for the live episode . Messing , however , was sure that the writers would interfere during the broadcasts ; " I have a gut feeling that , like , 10 minutes before we go they 'll be like , ' Oh , no , no , you know what ? Change this line to this . Now we 're locked – go . ' " Prior to the live episode , the cast had shot the second , third and fourth episodes of the season . Shortly before this episode , Mullally injured her foot and was unable to walk without crutches . The writers therefore had to put Mullally 's character , Karen , in a cast and a motorized scooter , ostensibly because the character was recovering from an operation to correct a webbed toe .
" Alive and Schticking " was performed live twice for viewers in the East and West coasts , with different jokes for each broadcast . The first show was broadcast at 8 : 30 p.m. ( ET ) for the East ( this feed also aired live at 7 : 30 p.m. in the Central Time Zone ) and the second three hours later at 11 : 30 p.m. ET ( 8 : 30pm PT ) for the West . During the two performances , Messing and Hayes had " attacks of the giggles " . An audience member who was in attendance commented that Messing and Hayes " were so bad at keeping a straight face " during a dress rehearsal that Burrows had to get on the show 's PA system to yell at them . After both telecasts were aired , Burrows revealed that McCormack , Messing , Hayes , Mullally , and Baldwin " had a ball , but they also dreaded it . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Alive and Schticking " was watched by 9 @.@ 81 million households , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode received a 4 @.@ 4 rating / 11 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . It also scored the series ' highest 18 – 49 rating since February 17 , 2005 , and biggest overall viewer total since February 24 , 2005 . " Alive and Schticking " finished 21st in the weekly ratings for the week of September 26 – October 2 , 2005 . In 2006 , Baldwin was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series " category for this episode .
" Alive and Schticking " received positive reviews . Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram contributor Robert Philpot , who gave the episode a B + rating , thought it was a pleasant surprise and an indication that there " might be some life " left in the show . He added that the episode feels fresher because of the " rapid @-@ fire dialogue , farcical situations and ubiquitous double @-@ entendres . And although this live edition was inarguably a stunt , it did prove that real people — and not mere machines — laugh at the characters and the jokes . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine also noted that the episode showed that Will & Grace still had a bit of life left . He added that McCormack seemed to flourish under the pressure , and that Hayes and Mullally " were given free rein to flex their Jack and Karen [ ... ] " . Dana Stevens of Slate magazine reported that " Alive and Schticking " offered a chance to punch up the show with some " unusually broad sight gags . " She wrote that the real reason to watch the episode were the mistakes made by the actors .
Philpot continued that moments like Will and his boss making out recalled the show 's " glory days " , and Messing 's trouble keeping a straight face " brought back fond memories of Tim Conway cracking up Harvey Korman on The Carol Burnett Show . " Knoxville News Sentinel 's writer Terry Morrow also commented that the episode reminded him of The Carol Burnett Show because of its " goofiness and by @-@ the @-@ seat @-@ of @-@ its @-@ pants style . " Morrow added that the episode made him laugh more than any other sitcom on network television . Jeffrey Kauffman of DVD Talk praised Baldwin for his performance and commented that " Alive and Schticking " helped " jumpstart the series creatively after a couple of seasons " and " It 's fun [ ... ] to see the actors momentarily break character , a la The Carol Burnett Show , where the absurdity of certain situations ( usually involving Jack and / or Karen ) makes giggling all but impossible . " Entertainment Weekly television critic Gary Susman gave " Alive and Schticking " four stars , while Frazier Moore of the Associated Press lauded it as a " fun , and attention @-@ grabbing , note . " The Hollywood Reporter 's Ray Richmond said " In hindsight , this live thing proved a good idea . "
" Alive and Schticking " received less positive reviews as well . Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch wrote that the live episode " proved once and for all that Will & Grace should have been buried before now , " and Jeffrey Robinson of DVD Talk pointed out that its underlying storyline " is a little too over @-@ the @-@ top . " Jessica Banov of the The Fayetteville Observer wrote , " The first live show ... was so @-@ so . The lighting was weird , and I 'm not sure what was up with Debra Messing 's hair . But it was funny to see Messing and Sean Hayes break from their scripts to giggle . " Cinquemani commented that Baldwin 's " absurd " role as Malcolm " is proving to be one of Will & Grace 's most enduring guest stars . " David Blum of The New York Sun reported that the producers of Will & Grace wasted Baldwin 's " prodigious talents on a supporting role this past season , when it 's clear he could effortlessly carry his own network series . " Kauffman concluded that Grace 's joke about George Bush being brain dead " just falls amazingly flat " .
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= 1930 Salmas earthquake =
The 1930 Salmas earthquake occurred on May 7 at 01 : 34 : 26 IRST in West Azerbaijan Province , Iran . The earthquake , which was among Iran 's largest , measured 7 @.@ 1 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ) . A damaging foreshock occurred fifteen hours prior to the main event and served as a warning to the people that felt it strongly . Reports from seismologists and seismological organizations indicate that up to 3 @,@ 000 fatalities may have occurred in western Iran and eastern Turkey .
Sixty villages ( including the large settlement of Dilman , which was relocated and rebuilt as Salmas ) were destroyed in the Salmas Plain and in the surrounding mountainous regions . A destructive aftershock sequence affected many villages , and in some cases , damage was inflicted on some that had escaped devastation during the mainshock . An inspection of the region was undertaken , but not until decades later , at which time substantial surface faulting and other ground effects were documented .
= = Preface = =
The epicentral area in the Salmas Plain covers 300 square kilometres ( 120 sq mi ) and is positioned northwest of Lake Urmia . This area had been inhabited primarily by Christians for about a thousand years prior to the event ( which was one of the strongest earthquakes to occur in Iran since 1900 ) . The mountainous areas surrounding the plain are extremely isolated with villages ( comprising mainly Kurdish people ) that are spread far apart . Montane villagers sustained themselves primarily on wheat and cattle farming . To the west , near the Turkish border , lies Aravil Dagi , a volcano that is the highest peak in the region .
= = Foreshock = =
A relatively strong foreshock occurred at about 10 : 03 : 26 IRST on May 6 in the same area as the mainshock . This destructive event caused 25 fatalities and was felt as far as northwestern Azerbaijan and southeastern Turkey . Damage to adobe homes was substantial . Roofs and walls collapsed and in some instances whole homes were demolished . Many of the villagers in the valley spent the following night outdoors and were spared during the main event , but in the mountainous villages where the shock was not felt as strongly ( Shekar Yazi , Sheydan , Ashnak , Aslanik , and others ) the population was not as concerned . Many slept indoors and this led to high casualties in those areas during the mainshock a little more than 15 hours later .
= = Earthquake = =
The earthquake was a result of oblique @-@ slip faulting , and was felt over a very wide area , from Leninakan in Armenia and Tbilisi in Georgia in the north , and Baghdad and Kirkuk in Iraq to the south . Dextral strike @-@ slip motion , along with dip @-@ slip motion ( normal faulting , northeast side down ) occurred on a fault trending west @-@ northwest . The United States ' National Geophysical Data Center lists 1 @,@ 360 fatalities for the event , while the Belgian Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters ' EM @-@ DAT database and Ambraseys & Melville 2005 both list 2 @,@ 500 . Tchalenko & Berberian 1974 , the USGS ' PAGER loss estimate database , and Utsu 2002 all state 2 @,@ 514 . The Utsu list also acknowledges other estimates of 1 @,@ 360 and 3 @,@ 000 .
= = = Damage = = =
Sixty villages and about 40 churches were destroyed in the southwest Salmas Plain and the surrounding mountainous regions . In the zone of heaviest damage ( bounded by the villages of Kohneh Shahr , Payajuk and Zaviehjuk ) all the homes and all but one of the churches were destroyed . To the east of this area , the large village of Dilman reportedly had 1 @,@ 100 casualties , but seismologists J. S. Tchalenko and M. Berberian questioned the reliability of this figure . In smaller villages , survivors provided an accurate count of those lost because they remembered the victims by name , but in a village of 18 @,@ 000 , survivors were unable to grasp the extent of the losses . Only two homes remained standing there , and the village was renamed Salmas and moved to a new location to the west .
The villages in the mountains to the south , west , and north of the Salmas Plain were generally smaller , and accounted for about half of the total number of villages that were lost . The foreshock was not felt at Borusliqalan ( the westernmost village that was destroyed ) and the losses were high . The foreshock was also not strongly felt to the east of Lake Urmia ( and to the southwest of Tabriz ) where the village of Mamaqan was completely destroyed and 85 people were killed . Other nearby villages went almost unscathed , with the differing amounts of damage being attributed to soil type .
= = = Ground effects = = =
A post @-@ earthquake survey of the land was undertaken by seismologists N. N. Ambraseys and C. P. Melville , but it was not completed until the mid 1970s . At that time , 16 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) of surface breaks with right @-@ lateral offsets between 1 – 4 metres ( 3 ft 3 in – 13 ft 1 in ) were located between the villages of Shurgil and Kuhneh Shahr . Substantial vertical movement of the west @-@ northwest trending fault was also seen , with even greater maximum displacements of 4 – 6 metres ( 13 – 20 ft ) , but the average vertical slip was about 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 ft 11 in ) throughout the extent of the observed surface faulting . They estimated that about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) of visible fault breaks were present immediately following the shocks , but by the time they had completed their survey 45 years later about half of the surface features had succumbed to erosion . Other effects included disturbed stream and spring flow , water table fluctuations , and landslides .
= = = Aftershocks = = =
A series of strong and damaging aftershocks persisted for about three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half months . The largest in the sequence came on May 8 . The event caused additional destruction to the northeast of the initial meizoseismal area . Qatur , which had been nearly destroyed by the mainshock , took another serious hit . Other villages ( Chaliyan , Givaran , Mir ' Umar , and Ravyan ) also experienced major destruction . Shikaryazi was a village in the southeast region that had not been seriously affected by the mainshock , but experienced heavy damage during the May 8 event .
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= Haddam Island State Park =
Haddam Island State Park is an undeveloped 14 @-@ acre ( 5 @.@ 7 ha ) island in the lower Connecticut River in the town of Haddam , Connecticut , in the United States . Originally used by the Wangunk tribe , the island was reserved for their use as part of a 150 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 390 km2 ) land sale to English colonists in May 1662 . In the 19th century , the island was used for fishing and farming . The early 20th century saw it as a place of public recreation , and the State of Connecticut purchased the island and made it a state park in 1944 . The park is only accessible by boat , and recommended activities are boating , fishing , and birdwatching .
= = History = =
The English settlers in the Connecticut Colony originally named the island Thirty Mile Island because it was erroneously believed to be 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of the Connecticut River 's mouth . The original English settlement in the area was called Thirty Mile Island Plantation . In May 1662 , an area of 150 square miles ( 390 km2 ) of land , including the island , was sold by the Wangunk tribe to the English settlers for 30 coats . However , the natives reserved the right to use the island as part of the sale stipulations . Though little documentation exists today , the Wangunk tribe lived on the island and in the surrounding area before selling it along with the rest of their land . Recorded deeds show that the Wangunk tribe made another land sale in 1672 , and the remaining parcels of Wangunk land were sold between 1765 and 1769 .
At the close of the 18th century , the island was one of the most important fishing locations on the Connecticut River . By 1819 , the island was listed as 18 acres ( 7 @.@ 3 ha ) in area and was expected to increase in size following the construction of a pier 90 rods north of the island , which caused the accumulation of sand at the head of the island . The island is currently listed as 14 acres ( 5 @.@ 7 ha ) in size . In the 19th century , two fishing companies operated from the island and constructed piers , and the island was also used for grazing cattle and farming corn . Records in the late 19th century indicate that the Haddam Island area of the Connecticut River was dredged annually . The island became a popular recreational area with picnics and private events in the beginning of the 20th century . The island was purchased by the State of Connecticut in 1944 , and it became a state park . According to legend , Captain Kidd buried some of his treasure on the island , but none has been found .
= = Activities = =
Haddam Island State Park is home to a large number of bird species , especially during annual migrations , which make it suitable for birdwatching . Bird @-@ banding and other research activities have taken place on the island . Other recommended activities are boating and fishing ; fishing was the historic use of the island from centuries ago . To access to the island , one must cross the Connecticut River , and there is no parking area or fees . The northern side of the island has a beach that is fragile and cannot support heavy visitation , and the island has a significant amount of poison ivy . The nearest access point is the Haddam Meadows State Park boat launch , which features chemical toilets and parking .
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= Badshahi Mosque =
The Badshahi Mosque ( Punjabi , Urdu : بادشاہی مسجد , Imperial Mosque ) in Lahore was commissioned by the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . Constructed between 1671 and 1673 , it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction . It is the second largest mosque in Pakistan and the seventh largest mosque in the world . It is Lahore 's most iconic and famous landmark and a major tourist attraction . Aurangzeb 's mosque 's architectural plan is similar to that of his father , Shah Jehan , the Jama Masjid in Delhi ; though it is much larger. it also functions as an idgah . The courtyard which spreads over 276 @,@ 000 square feet , can accommodate one hundred thousand worshippers ; ten thousand can be accommodated inside the mosque . The minarets are 196 feet ( 60 m ) tall . The Mosque is one of the most famous Mughal structures , but suffered greatly under the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh . In 1993 , the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site .
= = Location = =
The mosque is located in the Walled City of Lahore , Pakistan , just opposite to the Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort . The Hazuri Bagh separates the mosque and the fort . On the Eastern side of the garden is one of the thirteen gates of Lahore , The Roshnai Gate . The Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal lies beside the mosque on one side ; while on the other side is the tomb of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan , who played a major role in preserving and restoring this building .
= = History = =
= = = 1671 – 1849 = = =
The mosque was constructed by the sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb , who , unlike the previous emperors , was not a patron of art and architecture . He built the mosque between 1671 and 1673 under the guidance of Fidai Khan Koka , his " master of ordinance " .
On 7 July 1799 , the Sikh army of the Sukerchakia chief , Ranjit Singh , took control of Lahore . After the capture of the city , the Badshahi mosque was desecrated by Ranjit Singh , who used its vast courtyard as a stable for his army horses , and its 80 hujras ( small study rooms surrounding the courtyard ) as quarters for his soldiers and as magazines for military stores . Ranjit Singh used the Hazuri Bagh , the enclosed garden next to it , as his official royal court of audience . In 1818 , he built a marble edifice in the garden facing the mosque .
In 1841 , during the First Anglo @-@ Sikh War , Ranjit Singh 's son , Sher Singh , used the mosque 's large minarets for placement of zamburahs or light guns . It was used to bombard the supporters of Chand Kaur taking refuge in the besieged Lahore Fort , inflicting great damage to the fort itself . In one of these bombardments , the fort 's Diwan @-@ e @-@ Aam ( Hall of Public Audience ) was destroyed ( it was subsequently rebuilt by the British but it could not be exactly restored in the previous state ) . During this time , Henri De la Rouche , a French cavalry officer employed in the army of Sher Singh , used a tunnel connecting the Badshahi mosque to the Lahore fort to temporarily store gunpowder .
In 1849 during the British Raj , the British continued using the mosque and the adjoining fort as a military garrison . The 80 cells ( hujras ) built into the walls surrounding the its vast courtyard on three sides were originally study rooms , which were used by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh to house troops and military stores . The British demolished them so as to prevent them from being used for anti @-@ British activities and rebuilt them to form open arcades or dalans .
= = = 1849 – 1947 = = =
Because of increasing Muslim resentment against the use of the mosque as a military garrison , the British set up the Badshahi Mosque Authority in 1852 to oversee the restoration and to re @-@ establish it as a place of religious worship . From then onwards , piecemeal repairs were carried out under the supervision of the Badshahi Mosque Authority . Extensive repairs commenced from 1939 onwards , when Sikandar Hayat Khan took on the task of raising funds for this purpose .
It was not until 1852 that the British established the Badshahi Mosque Authority to oversee the restoration of the mosque as a place of worship . Although repairs were carried out , it was not until 1939 that extensive repairs began , supervised by the architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur . The repairs continued until 1960 and were completed at a cost of 4 @.@ 8 million rupees .
= = = Post @-@ independence = = =
On the occasion of the 2nd Islamic Summit held at Lahore on 22 February 1974 , thirty @-@ nine heads of Muslim states offered their Friday prayers in the Badshahi Mosque , including , among others , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan , Faisal of Saudi Arabia , Muammar Gaddafi of Libya , Yasser Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization and Sabah III Al @-@ Salim Al @-@ Sabah of Kuwait . The prayers were led by Mawlānā Abdul Qadir Azad , the then khatib of the mosque .
Between 1939 and 1960 , the mosque was repaired to bring it back to its original condition . In 1993 , the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site .
In 2000 , the marble inlay in the main prayer hall was repaired . In 2008 , replacement work on the red sandstone tiles on the mosque 's large courtyard commenced , using red sandstone especially imported from the original source near Jaipur , India , bringing it to be nearly restored .
= = Features = =
The mosque 's full name " Masjid Abul Zafar Muhy @-@ ud @-@ Din Mohammad Alamgir Badshah Ghazi " is written in calligraphy on marble above the entrance gate . The architectural plan of the mosque is similar to that of Jama Masjid , built by Aurangzeb 's father Shah Jahan in Delhi . It combines the functions of both a mosque and an idgah . On the eastern side of the mosque is the entrance stairway which leads through a vaulted entrance constructed of red sandstone . The courtyard measures 276 @,@ 000 square feet and is enclosed by single @-@ aisled arcades . At each of the four corners of the mosque , there is an octagonal , three storeyed minar of red sandstone which has an open , marble @-@ covered canopy . The courtyard is framed by four smaller minarets . The prayer chamber has a central arched niche with five arches on either side which is about one third the size of the central niche . The largest dome is behind the central arch and on its two sides there are two bulbous marble domes . Besides the mosque has symmetry as well as balanced clarity and proportions .
The minarets are 196 feet tall with an outer circumference of 67 feet and the inner circumference is eight and half feet . The mosque is built on a raised platform , which is reached by a flight of 22 steps . Though the rooms above the entrance gate are not open to the public , it is believed that it contains Muhammad 's and his son @-@ in @-@ law Ali 's hairs .
The main prayer chamber is divided into seven chambers by engraved arches . On the top of the middle , there are three domes , one main and two minor which is a common feature of Mughal architecture . The courtyard is made up of brownstone slabs . The interior of the mosque is adorned with precious and semi @-@ precious stones in floral design . The three chambers on each side of the main chamber contains rooms which are used for teaching purpose . The mosque can accommodate 10 @,@ 000 worshippers in the prayer hall and 1 @,@ 00 @,@ 000 worshippers in the courtyard . The courtyard is the largest amongst other mosques in the world .
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= Western Chalukya literature in Kannada =
A large body of Western Chalukya literature in Kannada language was produced during the reign of the Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 – 1200 CE ) in what is now southern India . This dynasty , which ruled most of the western Deccan in South India is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya Dynasty after its royal capital at Kalyani ( now Basavakalyan ) and sometimes called the Later Chalukya Dynasty for its theoretical relationship to the 6th @-@ century Chalukya dynasty of Badami . For a brief period ( 1162 – 1183 ) , the Kalachuris , a dynasty of kings who had earlier migrated to the Karnataka region from central India and served as vassals for several generations , exploited the growing weakness of their overlords and annexed the Kalyani . Around 1183 , the last Chalukya scion , Someshvara IV , overthrew the Kalachuris to regain control of the royal city . But his efforts were in vain , as other prominent Chalukya vassals in the Deccan , the Hoysalas , the Kakatiyas and the Seunas destroyed the remnants of the Chalukya power .
Kannada literature from this period is usually categorised into the linguistic phase called Old @-@ Kannada . It constituted the bulk of the Chalukya court 's textual production and pertained mostly to writings relating to the socio @-@ religious development of the Jain faith . The earliest well @-@ known writers belonging to the Shaiva faith are also from this period . Under the patronage of Kalachuri King Bijjala II , whose prime minister was the well @-@ known Kannada poet and social reformer Basavanna , a native form of poetic literature called Vachana literature ( lit " utterance " , " saying " or " sentence " ) proliferated . The beginnings of the Vachana poetic tradition in the Kannada @-@ speaking region trace back to the early 11th century . Kannada literature written in the champu metre , composed of prose and verse , was popularised by the Chalukyan court poets . However , with the advent of the Veerashaiva ( lit , " brave devotees of the god Shiva " ) religious movement in the mid @-@ 12th century , poets favoured the native tripadi ( three @-@ line verse composed of eleven ganas or prosodic units ) , hadugabba ( song @-@ poem ) and free verse metres for their poems .
Important literary contributions in Kannada were made not only by court poets , noblemen , royalty , ascetics and saints who wrote in the marga ( mainstream ) style , but also by commoners and artisans , including cobblers , weavers , cowherds and shepherds who wrote in the desi ( folk ) style . These Vachana poets ( called Vachanakaras ) revolutionised Kannada literature , rejecting traditional themes that eulogised kings and noblemen , and writing didactic poems that were closer to the spoken and sung form of the language . In addition to hundreds of male poets , over thirty female poets have been recorded , some of whom wrote along with their husbands .
= = Background = =
= = = Political developments = = =
Towards the end of the 10th century , a new Karnataka dynasty , called the Western Chalukyas , had come to power by overthrowing the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta ( modern Malkhed in the Gulbarga district , Karnataka ) . Their earliest inscription is dated to c . 957 and is ascribed to a subordinate ruler , Tailapa II of Tardavadi , later to become the founding king of the empire , in the Bijapur district , Karnataka . An inscription from c . 967 suggests that an unsuccessful rebellion was staged by Chattideva , a local king belonging to the Chalukya family , with the help of the Kadamba chief from the temple town Banavasi . These events , however , paved the way for Tailapa II to launch a successful rebellion against the Rashtrakuta King Karka II with the help of the Kadamba chief of Hangal .
A century before these political developments , the age of great Sanskrit and Prakrit epics and classics had come to an end . This productive period had made available a vast corpus of literature that could be expressed in the local language of Kannada . Kannada , which had flourished both as a language of political discourse and literature in the Rashtrakuta court , found enthusiastic support from the Chalukya kings . The influential Jains , who according to historian A.S. Altekar may have comprised 30 percent of the population , not only dominated the cultural landscape of 9th and 10th century Karnataka , but were also eager to encourage literature in the local language . According to Professor S.N. Sen , a research fellow at the Indian council of historical research , Kannada literature under the Chalukyas reached a " perfection of form " . Scholars Sheldon Pollock and Jan Houben have claimed that 90 percent of the Chalukyan royal inscriptions are in Kannada , a virtual displacement of Sanskrit as the language of courtly discourse .
= = = Mainstream literature = = =
For a few centuries after Kavirajamarga ( " Royal path for poets " , c . 850 ) , the earliest available Kannada literary work , Jain writings had adhered to Sanskritic models that had been recognised by the state as the path for future Kannada writers , while relegating native poetic forms ( compositions such as Chattana and Bedande ) to subordinate status . The stranglehold that the Sanskritic models had over Kannada literature is best exemplified by Ranna 's lexicon Rannakanda ( 990 ) , where native day @-@ to @-@ day Kannada words had been translated into Sanskrit . This implied that the pure form of the local language was not viewed as equal to Sanskrit , from the cosmopolitan viewpoint . Kannada writings by Jain authors thus used impressive Sanskrit @-@ derived verses interspersed with prose to extol the virtues of their patron kings , who were often compared to heroes from the Hindu epics . While Adikavi Pampa ( Pampa Bharata , 941 ) compared his patron , the feudatory Chalukya King Arikesari , to Pandava prince Arjuna , in Vikramarjuna Vijaya , his version of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , Ranna ( 983 ) found it suitable to compare his patron , King Satyashraya , to Pandava prince Bhima .
= = = Folk literature = = =
The mainstream literary style was to lose popularity during the mid @-@ 12th century Kalachuri rule , due to the rise of revolutionary notions about the social and cultural order . The Veerashaivas , acting in protest , used the pure form of Kannada language in their poems ; moreover , they encouraged writers from lower castes to participate and completely eliminated themes that had been considered formal by the king and the monastery . Thus , written in native metres , in a language close to the spoken form of Kannada , the Vachana poems gained mass appeal . A new religious faith was thereby propagated by the Veerashaivas whose ascendancy is called the " Veerashaiva movement " and their communicative genre , the Vachana . While the Vachana poetry is generally categorised as a part of the pan @-@ Indian Bhakti ( devotional ) literature , such generalisations tend to disguise the very esoteric and anti @-@ bhakti positions taken by many Vachanakaras . The origin of the Veerashaiva ideology and the beginnings of their poetry is unclear . According to D.R. Nagaraj , a scholar on literary cultures in history , modern scholars tend to favour two broad views : integrationist and indigenist . The integrationists , such as L. Basavaraju , trace the source of Vachana poetic tradition to the Sanskrit Upanishad scriptures and the Agama doctrine , though this does not explain why the movement did not blossom earlier or in the neighbouring Telugu @-@ speaking region where radical Shaiva sects were known to be active . The indigenists , such as Chidananda Murthy , M.M. Kalaburgi and G.S. Shivarudrappa , propose a native Karnataka origin of the poetry , though they are yet to fully explain its unique nature .
= = = Other developments = = =
At about this time , adding to pressure from the popularity of the Vachana canon in the northern Kannada @-@ speaking region , the noted Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana ( 1108 – 1152 ) of the southern Kannada @-@ speaking region converted from Jainism to the Hindu sect of Vaishnavism . The popularity of Ramanujacharya 's philosophy had spread in the Hoysala lands and Srivaishnavism , a sub @-@ sect of Vaishnavism , was in the ascendant . By the late 13th century , the Veerashaiva writers , who were by now writing allegorical inscriptions and biographies of famous Vachanakaras of the 12th century , were in stiff competition with the Jains . The earliest attempts by the Jains to veer away from traditional puranic ( philosophical ) themes of renunciation are seen in the writings of Hoysala writers Nemichandra and Andayya . Lilavati Prabhandam , a novel written by Nemichandra ( 1170 ) on the topic of love , erotica , and of the victory of Kamadeva ( god of love ) over his arch @-@ rival Shiva , is the first among such writings . It was followed by Kabbigara Kava ( " Poets defender " , 1215 – 1237 ) by Andayya , also a work depicting a war between Kamadeva and the god Shiva . Despite these efforts , the Jain literary influence was to recede in the coming decades and centuries , being relegated mostly to the coastal Kannada @-@ speaking region . Works of enduring quality were still produced by maverick authors such as Ratnakaravarni ( 1557 ) , though their numbers were fewer .
Contemporaneous to these developments , Nagavarma II wrote his Kannada grammar Karnataka bhashabhushana ( " Ornament of Karnataka language " , 1042 or 1145 ) . A milestone in the history of Kannada literature , it helped consolidate the language as competitor to established languages such as Sanskrit and Prakrit , bringing the local language within the realm of literary cosmopolitanism . Writing a Kannada grammar in Sanskrit language was essential to Nagavarma II , a subtle rebuttal to Sanskritic scholars of the day who may have considered Kannada a language of the common man and its grammar as underdeveloped . In addition to the Chalukya patronage , Kannada poets and writers of this period were popular in the courts of neighbouring kingdoms of the western Deccan . The Hoysalas , the southern Kalachuris , the Seunas , the Gangas and the Silharas are some of the ruling families who enthusiastically used Kannada in inscriptions and promoted its literature .
= = Kannada writings = =
= = = Jain Court literature = = =
= = = = Age of Ranna = = = =
The late 10th century was a period of consolidation for the fledgling empire . Founding King Tailapa II and his successor , King Satyashraya , warred against their neighbours : the Shilharas of south Konkan , the Chaulukyas of Gujarat , the Paramara of central India and the Chola Dynasty of Tanjore . Unaffected by these political developments , Kannada literature continued to flourish in the royal court . The foremost writer of this period was Ranna , who was born to a family of bangle sellers in the town of Mudhol . Ranna is considered by historians K.A. Nilakanta Sastri and Sailendra Nath Sen as one of the " three gems of Kannada literature " along with his seniors , Adikavi Pampa and Sri Ponna . Ranna became the court poet of King Tailapa II and King Satyashraya . In his early days , he was also patronised by the well @-@ known Ganga minister Chavundaraya . Ranna is famous for writing Ajitha purana ( 993 ) , which recounts the life of the second Jain tirthankar Ajitanatha . However , it is in his magnum opus , the work Sahasa Bhima Vijaya ( " Victory of bold Bhima " , also called Gada Yudda or " Conflict of Clubs ' " , 982 ) that he reaches his zenith of poetic grace while describing the conflict between Pandava Bhima and Kaurava prince Duryodhana in his Jain version of the Hindu epic Mahabharata .
Unlike Pampa who glorifies Arjuna and Karna in his writing , Ranna eulogises his patron King Satyashraya and favourably compares him to Bhima , whom he crowns at the end of the Mahabharata war . He calls Bhima 's adversary Duryodhana mahanubhava ( " a great person " ) . The work contains some of the earliest examples of elegiac verses ( called shoka gita or charama gita ) in the Kannada language , noted among which is one piece that describes the heart @-@ rending lamentation ( called karuna rasa or " sentiment of pathos " ) of Duryodhana on seeing the slain bodies of his brother Duhshasana , his inseparable friend in joy and sorrow , Karna , and Arjuna 's valorous son Abhimanyu . The effect given to the writing , the language , the diction and the style maintained throughout the narration has earned Ranna a place among the most notable authors of Kannada literature . Ascribed also to Ranna is the earliest available dictionary in Kannada language called the Rannakanda ( 990 ) , of which only eleven verses still exist . His other notable writings were the Chakeresvaracharita and the Parashuramacharitha . According to historian Suryanath Kamath , the latter work , which is now lost , may have been an eulogy of Chavundaraya , whom the poet admired . For his literary contributions , the title Kavi Chakravathi ( " Emperor among poets " ) was bestowed upon Ranna by his patron king .
Another notable writer from the close of the 10th century , Nemichandra , wrote the Kaviraja kunjara and Lilavati ( c . 990 ) with Prince Kavdarpa Deva of Jayantipura ( modern Banavasi , Karnataka ) and Princess Lilavati as the protagonists of the latter poem . Other writers from the close of the 10th century whose works are now lost but have been praised by the Chalukya minister Durgasimha ( 1031 ) are Kavitavilasa ( patronised by King Jayasimha II ) , Madiraja , Chadrabhatta , Kannamayya and Manasija . Inscriptions such as the Kuppatur and Haveri records eulogize popular writers such as Harivarma ( 1070 ) and Narayana Deva respectively .
= = = = Early secular writings = = = =
According to Kannada scholar R. Narasimhacharya , despite the production of some important secular writings , repeated Chola invasions into Kannada lands in the 11th century may have adversely affected literary production . This situation was brought about by intense competition between the Western Chalukyas and their arch @-@ rivals , the Cholas of Tanjore . Among notable writings , Chandraraja 's Madanatilaka ( " Forehead ornament of passion " , 1025 ) , written in the champu metre , is the earliest available work on erotica in the Kannada language and an adaptation of the Sanskrit Kamasutra by Vatsyayana . The narration is a dialogue between the patron and his wife in posakannada , the most modern Kannada in usage at the time . He was under the patronage of Machiraja , feudatory of King Jayasimha II ( also called Jagadekamalla I ) . Shridharacharya , a Jain Brahmin patronised by King Someshvara I ( also called Ahvamalla or Trailokyamalla ) showed his ability to write on scientific subjects in Jatakatilaka ( 1049 ) , the earliest available writing on astrology in Kannada , citing the Sanskrit astronomer Aryabhata . His other work is the lost Chandraprabha Charite , on belles @-@ lettres .
Chavundaraya II , a Shaiva Brahmin ( Brahmin devotee of the god Shiva ) by faith and a protege of King Jayasimha II , wrote Lokopakara ( c . 1025 ) in the champu metre . It is the earliest available encyclopaedia in the Kannada language , written at times with a poetic touch . It comprises twelve chapters and has found popularity in later references as well . The work is on various topics such as daily life , astronomy , astrology and forecasting of events based on the Indian calendar ( panchanga phala ) , sculpture , construction of buildings ( vastu vichara ) and reservoirs ( udakargala ) , omens , divination of water , preparation of medicine from herbs and plants ( vrikshayurveda ) , general medicine ( vaidya ) , perfumery , cookery and toxicology ( vishavaidya ) . Mentioned in this book is the popular South Indian dish Idli and its preparation by soaking Urad dal ( black gram ) in butter milk , grinding it to a fine paste , and mixing with spices and the clear water of curd .
Durgasimha , the Sandhi Vigrahi ( minister of war and peace ) of King Jayasimha II wrote the well @-@ known Panchatantra ( " The five stratagems " , 1031 ) in champu style , basing it on Gunadhya 's Paishachi language original Brihatkatha . This fable is the first adaptation of the original into a vernacular language of India . Containing sixty fables in all , thirteen of which are original , each is summarised by an ethical moral based on a Jain tenet . Durgasimha also authored the Karnataka Banachatantra , the earliest available commentary in the Kannada language , giving a brief commentary on all the Sanskrit verses he quoted in the Panchatantra . Around this time , Jayakirti ( c . 1000 – 1050 ) , a Kannada language theorist , who considered the rules of prosody to be the same for Sanskrit and Kannada , wrote the Chandonusasana
There were other notable writers from the latter part of 11th century . Shantinatha , patronised by King Someshvara II , wrote the poem Sukumaracharita in c . 1068 . Nagavarmacharya , a Brahmin Advaita saint of Balligavi , who was patronised by King Udayatidya , a vassal of Chalukya King Someshvara II , wrote Chandrachudamani sataka ( c . 1070 ) in the sataka ( hundred @-@ line verse ) metre . In this centum of verses , where each ends with the term " Chandrachudamani " as another name of the god Shiva , the author treats on viragya ( ethics of renunciation ) . Other writers whose works are considered lost but have been referenced in contemporary writings are Gunachandra and Gunavarma . Gunachandra , who was admired by King Someshvara II ( also called Bhuvanaika Malla ) , wrote Parsvabhyudaya and Maghanadisvara . Gunavarma , who earned the honorific Bhuvanaika Vira , a title befitting a warrior rather than a poet , is mentioned by grammarian Keshiraja ( c . 1260 ) as the author of Harivamsa . His title identifies him with a Ganga prince called Udayaditya who was a minister and general under Chalukya King Someshvara II . Other writings ascribed to the author are Pushpadanta Purana and Devachandra Prabha Stotra .
= = = = Vikrama era = = = =
The 12th century heralded an age of peace and prosperity . Cultural and literary developments received impetus during the rule of King Vikramaditya VI , a patron of the fine arts . The king , who ascended the throne in 1076 and ruled for fifty years occupies a pride of place in the history of Karnataka . His reign marks the end of the use of Saka Varsha ( Indian calendar , the " Saka era " ) in Chalukya inscriptions and the start of Vikrama Varsha ( " Vikrama era " ) . His court was adorned with some of the most well @-@ known writers of Kannada and Sanskrit literature . Nayasena , whose writings are dated by the scholars D.R. Nagaraj and Sheldon Pollock to the 10th century , and by E.P. Rice and R. Narasimhacharya to c . 1112 , wrote the Dharmamritha , a book containing fifteen stories that belong to the genre of fable and parable . Well known among these stories teaching about Jain tenets are " Yajnadatta and the mongoose " , " Kapalika and the young elephant " and " Serpent , tiger , monkey and the goldsmith who had fallen in the old well " . The writing is one of intense self @-@ interrogation where the author criticises the beliefs of all contemporaneous religions while decrying the contamination in the original Jain beliefs due to external cultural influences , such as the practice of violent and bloody rituals and the caste system .
Brahmashiva , the court poet of King Vikramaditya VI , earned the title Kavichakravarti ( " Emperor among poets " ) from his patron for his writing Samayaparikshe ( " Analysis of the doctrine " , c . 1125 ) . In this philosophical writing , containing touches of propagandist satire and humor , the author seeks to prove the virtues of Jainism superior to all other contemporary religions . Brahmashiva portrays contemporary life and beliefs of the people of the Kannada @-@ speaking region . He criticises Hinduism and the conversion of a Jain temple originally dedicated to the Tirthankar Chandrapraba in Kholapur into a Hindu temple deifying the goddess Mahalakshmi . He expresses reservation regarding the existence of religious cosmopolitanism within a household where family members followed multiple faiths . The author is concerned about the eroding popularity of Jainism in southern India due to the rising popularity of the Veerashaiva movement . Prince Kirtivarma , a younger brother of King Vikramaditya VI , wrote Govaidya ( " Cattle Medicine " ) , the earliest available writing in Kannada on veterinary science , which mixes medicine and magic .
After the death of Vikramaditya VI , his successors , Someshvara III and Jagadhekamalla II continued to support poets and writers . Karnaparya 's account of the life of the 22nd tirthankar Neminatha , the Neminathapurana ( c . 1145 ) in champu metre , includes details of the Hindu epic Mahabharata and of the god Krishna from a Jain outlook . Jagaddala Somanatha 's Karnataka Kalyanakaraka ( 1150 ) , a translation of the Sanskrit writing Kalyanakaraka by Pujyapada , is the earliest writing on medicine in Kannada . It prescribes an entirely vegetarian and non @-@ alcoholic diet .
= = = = Consolidation of grammar = = = =
Among available works on Kannada grammar , a part of Kavirajamarga ( 850 ) forms the earliest framework . The occurrence of the term purvacharyar in some contexts of the writing may be a reference to previous grammarians or rhetoricians . Though Nagavarma @-@ II is credited to be the author of the earliest exhaustive Kannada grammar , the author mentions his predecessors , Sankavarma and Nagavarma @-@ I ( the extant Chhandombudhi , " Ocean of Prosody " , c . 984 ) as path @-@ makers of Kannada grammar . The exact time when grammarian Nagavarma @-@ II lived is debated by historians . Until the discovery of Vardhamana Puranam ( " Life of Varadhama " , c . 1042 ) written in Kannada by an author who goes by the same name , it was broadly accepted by scholars including E.P. Rice , R. Narasimhacharya and K.A. Nilakanta Sastri that Nagavarma II lived in the mid @-@ 12th century ( 1145 ) and was also the Katakacharya ( " poet laureate " ) of Chalukya King Jagadhekamalla II . However , of late , the Encyclopaedia of Indian literature , published by the Sahitya Akademi ( 1988 ) , and scholars D.R. Nagaraj and Sheldon Pollock concur that Nagavarma II lived in the mid @-@ 11th century and was the poet laureate of Chalukya King Jayasimha II , who had the epithet Jagadekamalla ( " Lord of the world " ) .
Irrespective of when Nagavarma II lived , it is accepted that few scholars in the history of Kannada literature made important contributions in as many subjects as he did . His writings on grammar , poetry , prosody , and vocabulary are standard authorities and their importance to the study of the Kannada language is well @-@ acknowledged . Among his available writings , the historically important Kavyavalokana ( " Treatise on the art of poetry " ) on grammar , poetics and rhetoric is considered path @-@ breaking and contains all the essentials of Kannada grammar . The first section of the book is called Sabdasmriti and contains five chapters dealing with euphonic combinations , nouns , compounds , nominal derivatives and verbs respectively . It is based on earlier works by the Sanskrit grammarians Dandin and Bhamaha . The Karnataka Bhashabhushana , a consolidated and exhaustive Kannada grammar written by Nagavarma II in the Sanskrit language , follows the fundamental framework of the Katantra school of Sanskrit grammar . For his contribution to Kannada grammar , Nagavarma II earned the honorific Sarvavarma – the name of the noted Sanskrit grammarian of the Satavahana era . His Abhidana Vastukosa ( " Treasury of significations " ) , a lexicon , gives Kannada equivalents of nearly eight thousand Sanskrit words and is considered an achievement which gave Kannada language considerable footing in the world of Sanskrit literary dominance . Modern Kannada poet Govinda Pai proposed that the author of Karnataka Bhashabhushana was a different Nagavarma who belonged to the mid @-@ 12th century .
= = = Bhakti literature = = =
= = = = Early poets = = = =
The meteoric rise of Veerashaivism ( a religious sect which preaches devotion to the god Shiva , also called " Lingayatism " ) in caste @-@ ridden 12th @-@ century Karnataka has historic significance because it involved commoners from the lower strata of society , people who had hitherto been denied access to even basic education . The essence of the movement , also seen in the resulting Vachana poems , was the rejection of temple @-@ based ritual worship and the hegemony of mainstream Sanskritic texts and scriptures . The movement encouraged a monotheistic belief in the god Shiva which , according to Kannada scholar H.S. Shiva Prakash , is a possible influence of the 63 Nayanmars ( poets devoted to the god Shiva , 5th – 10th century ) of the Tamil @-@ speaking region . The followers of the faith prayed not to a conventional image of a God but rather wore a linga ( symbol of the god Shiva ) on their body . The beginnings of the Vachana poetry ( called Vachana Sahitya – " Vachana literature " , or Anubhava Sahitya – " mystic literature " and sometimes Sharana Sahitya – " literature of the devotees " ) , a unique form of expression in the Kannada language , can however be traced back to the 11th century .
Names of three poets from the 11th century and some of their poems are available . Madara Chennaiah , a cobbler turned saint , is considered by H.S. Shiva Prakash as the first Vachana poet , and was held in high esteem by latter day poets of the 12th century , including Basavanna . Only ten of Chennaiah 's poems , expressing his resentment of the caste system in metaphors taken from the cobblers ' trade , are extant today . Dohara Kakkaiah is the second poet . A dalit by birth , his six available poems are confessional in nature , a theme seen in the later poems of Basavanna . Devara Dasimaiah ( or Jedara Dasimaiah , 1040 ) is better known because a hundred and fifty of his poems are available . Written in a deft and concise language of proverbs and metaphors , his poems encourage monotheistic belief in the god Shiva . Dasimaiah 's wife Duggale qualifies as Kannada 's first women poet , though only a few of her poems are available .
= = = = Rebel literature = = = =
In mid @-@ 12th century , the Kalachuris successfully warred against their overlords , the Western Chalukyas , and annexed their capital Kalyani . During this turbulent period lasting three decades ( 1153 – 1183 ) , Veerashaivism gained popularity . According to H.S. Shiva Prakash , the Kalachuri period is one of the high points of medieval Kannada literature . Basavanna ( or Basava ) , a social reformer and the prime minister of Kalachuri King Bijjala II , is generally regarded as the inspiration behind this movement . Allama Prabhu , Chennabasava , Siddharama , Akka Mahadevi , and Kondugoli Keshiraja are other well @-@ known poets among several hundred in this cadre .
A centre of religious discussions called Anubhava Mantapa ( " Hall of experience " ) in Kalyani became the conclave where devotees gathered to discuss their mystic experiences . Here , they expressed their devotion to Shiva in simple poems called Vachanas . These were spontaneous utterances of rhythmic , epigrammatical and satirical prose emphasising the worthlessness of riches , rituals and book learning . Many of these poems are anonymous , but the authors are identifiable by the unique divine name of the god Shiva that is invoked in the poem .
Basavanna
Born to Brahmin parents in the town of Basavana Bagewadi , Basavanna ( 1106 – 1167 ) rejected the upanayanam ( " ritual thread ceremony " ) and left home for Kudalasangama , a holy place at the confluence of the Krishna and Ghataprabha rivers in Bagalkot district , Karnataka . According to historian P.B. Desai , it was here , during his tutelage under the saint Ishanyaguru , that Basavanna had visions of his life 's purpose . The life of Basavanna marks a milestone in the history of Karnataka state , India . A towering personality , his zeal and socio @-@ cultural achievements in the realm of peace and equality of mankind have brought about enduring changes in society .
Information about his life and achievements come from the many Kannada writings , the earliest of which were written just after his death . Hoysala poet Harihara 's Basavarajadevara ragale is the first known biography on Basavanna . Vijayanagara poet @-@ writer Bhima Kavi 's Basavapurana ( 1369 ) , Singiraja 's Amala Basavacharite ( 1500 ) , Vijayanagara minister Lakkanna Dandesa 's Shiva Tatwachintamani ( 1425 – 1450 ) are some of the important sources . The cornerstone of Basavanna 's philosophy was " work @-@ worship is heaven " , the rejection of mere worship of God and the acceptance of one 's own body as a temple of God . Basavanna strongly advocated a life of complete commitment to work . As a poet , he finds a pride of place in Kannada literature . His deftly written poems end with the word " Kudalasangama " which literally means " God of the confluence of two rivers " , the poet 's version of the god Shiva . About 1 @,@ 300 such poems have survived , and have been described by H.S. Shiva Prakash as lyrical , satirical , deeply contemplative and self @-@ critical .
In one satirical poem , Basavanna decries the hypocrisy of a snake charmer and his wife , who on their way to find a bride for their son cancel the journey when they come across a bad omen – another snake charmer and his wife . Though Basavanna himself was a minister under the patronage of the king , some of his poems betray his contempt towards kingship and deep devotion to the god Shiva . A poem by Basavanna :
Allama Prabhu
Allama , also known as Allama Prabhu ( lit , " Allama the master " ) was a mendicant saint @-@ poet who took to the path of asceticism after the untimely death of his wife Kamalate . He was born into a family of hereditary temple performers and was himself an expert on the drum ( called maddale ) in Balligavi , a town of great antiquity in the Shivamogga district , Karnataka . Wandering around grief @-@ stricken by his wife 's death , he came across a saint called Animisayya who initiated him into asceticism .
Ascribed to Allama are 1 @,@ 321 extant poems , each of which end with the word " Guhesvara " ( lit , " Lord of the Cave " , a form of the god Shiva ) , for it is said Allama found enlightenment in a cave . Allama 's cryptic poems , though full of kindness , are known for their satire , mockery , invective and rejection of siddhis ( occult powers ) . H.S. Shiva Prakash compares Allama 's poems to the Koans in Japanese Zen poetry . According to D.R. Nagaraj , Allama 's mystic poems are in a category all of their own and do not qualify as bhakti poems , which are typically characterised by transparent devotion .
While Basavanna 's zeal and influence led to the formation and popularity of the Veerashaiva movement in Kalyani , it was Allama who was the undisputed spiritual authority presiding over the gatherings of the devotees . Chamarasa , a well @-@ known 15th @-@ century Kannada writer in the court of Vijayanagara King Deva Raya II wrote Prabhulinga Lile ( 1430 ) , an account of the preachings and achievements of Allama ; it was translated into the Telugu and Tamil languages at the behest of his patron king , and later into the Sanskrit and Marathi languages . In the story , Allama is considered an incarnation of the Hindu god Ganapathi while Ganapathi 's mother , Parvati ( Shiva 's consort ) , takes the form of a princess of Banavasi . A notable anthology called the Sunyasampadane ( " The achievement of nothingness " , 1400 ) was compiled on the life of Allama and gives details about his interaction with contemporary saints . A poem by Allama Prabhu :
Akka Mahadevi
Prominent among the more than thirty women poets was Akka Mahadevi . Born to a merchant family in the town Udatadi ( or Udugani ) in the Shivamogga district , and possibly married against her wishes to a feudal chief called Kausika , she renounced worldly pleasures , opting for a life of devotion and asceticism . She is often compared to other such notable female saint @-@ poets of Hinduism as Andal , Lalleswari and Meera Bai , and is considered one of the prominent female poets of the Kannada language .
The 430 short poems written by her , in a language that depicts her love for her divine lover " Channa Mallikarjuna " ( lit , " Beautiful Mallikarjuna " , a name for the god Shiva ) , and the 15th @-@ century anthology , the Sunyasampadane , are the main sources of information about her life . Her poetry is characterised by scorn for physical possessions and detachment from worldly affairs . A popular poem written by her describes the life of a silk worm which spins a cocoon , becomes entangled in the threads , and eventually dies because it cannot extricate itself – the silk worm is compared to a person and the silk threads , to worldly desires . In a poem of puns , the poet prays that her god , whom she describes as the " Lord of fragrant Jasmines " , may cut through the cocoon of desires so she may become free like a butterfly .
In addition to poetry , she is credited with two short writings , Mantrogopya and Yogangatrividhi , the latter written in the native tripadi metre , describing the various stages of spiritual enlightenment . Tradition has it that Akka Mahadevi preferred to wear no clothes , a form of renunciation which in her own words was the " most exalted spiritual state " . She died while still in her twenties in a plantain grove in the holy city of Srisailam . A poem by Akka Mahadevi :
Other poets
Basavanna 's nephew , Chennabasava , is more popular as a strategist and a theologian . Apart from authoring some notable and lengthy Vachana poems , he wrote on yogic experiences in a book called Mantragopya . He is known to have been the manager of the gatherings and the Mahamane ( " great house " ) of Basavanna . Credited to Siddharama , another influential devotee and a native of Sonnalige ( modern Sholapur , Maharashtra ) , are writings in tripadi metre and 1 @,@ 379 extant poems ( though he has claimed authorship of 68 @,@ 000 poems ) . His poems were influenced by Basavanna 's ideology and convey rejection of blind beliefs , the caste system , and sexual discrimination .
Artisan poets included Molige Maraiah , a wood cutter ; Madivala Machayya , a washerman ; Ambigere Chowdiah , a ferryman ; Madara Dhooliah , a cobbler ; Hendada Mariah , a toddy tapper ; Turugahi Ramanna , a cowherd ; Kannadi Remmitande , a mirror maker ; and Revanna Siddha , a shepherd , as but a few in a long list of poets . Poets Dakkeya Bommaiah , Bahuroopi Chowdaiah , Kalaketaiah and Nageya Maritande were ritual street performers and their poems reflect images from their trade .
Several women poets made important contributions including : Basavanna 's sister Nagalambike and his two wives , Gangambike and Neelambike , though Neelambike seems to have been the more prolific . Some female poets were wives of male poets in the Veerashaiva congregation . Notable among them are Satyakka , whose poems compare in quality to those of Akka Mahadevi , Kelavve ( a dalit poet ) , whose poems scorn at the upper caste people , Mahadevi and Lingamma , who wrote poems in a mystic language , Amuge Rayamma and Akkamma , who penned poems on the hypocrisy of religious pretences , Kadire Remavva ( a spinner ) , who employed a cryptic language called bedagu in her poems , and Muktayakka , who is known for her debates with the patron saint Allama himself . Other names worthy of mention are Lakkamma , Ketaladevi , Guddavve and a princess called Bontadevi .
= = = = Decline = = = =
Challenging the very core of the caste @-@ based society , the Veerashaivas conducted a marriage between an upper caste Brahmin bride and a lower caste Shudra groom . The resulting confrontation between rebellious Veerashaivas and the conservative upper classes lead to the assassination of King Bijjala II and the eviction of most devotees , including Basavanna , from Kalyani . The successors of King Bijjala II were weak , prompting Chalukya Someshvara IV , ruling from Annigeri , to attempt rebuilding his empire by invading Kalyani in 1183 . Though his invasion was successful , his overall efforts failed and the dynasty was ended by the Seuna rulers who drove Someshvara IV into exile in Banavasi in 1189 . Though these turbulent events caused a setback to the Veerashaiva gatherings and creation of poems , the movement had set roots in the Kannada soil and regained popularity in the 15th century under the patronage of the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire .
= = Literature after the Chalukyas = =
The post @-@ Chalukya period is characterised by the popularity of Shaiva and Vaishnava devotional writings , though secular and courtly topics written in native metres continued to flourish . Native metres in vogue were the shatpadi ( six @-@ line verse ) , the tripadi , the ragle ( rhymed couplets ) and the sangatya ( compositions meant to be sung to the accompaniment a musical instrument ) . Overall , Kannada writings began to change from marga ( " formal " , due to Sanskritic influence ) to desi ( " vernacular " ) and become more accessible to the common man .
This change is apparent in the writings of the Hoysala court poets , some of who are noted for pioneering works in native metres . The Veerashiava poet Harihara , one of the most prominent poets of the medieval era , established the ragale tradition with his biography of Basavanna ( Basavaraja Devara ragale , 1160 ) , the earliest available biography of the social reformer and of the Kannada language as well . His nephew Raghavanka established the shatpadi metre in his unique and original narration of the story of King Harishchandra called Harishchandra Kavya ( 1200 ) . Sisumayana is credited with introducing a new composition called sangatya ( 1232 ) in his allegorical poems Tripuradahana ( " Burning of the triple fortress " ) and Anjanacharita . Some Jain authors continued the champu tradition , such as Janna , immortalised by his writing Yashodhara Charite ( 1207 ) , a unique set of stories in 310 verses dealing with sadomasochism and transmigration of the soul . The earliest well @-@ known Brahmin writers also emerged during the late 12th century and wrote on themes ranging from Vaishnava faith ( Rudrabhatta 's Jagannatha Vijaya , 1185 ) to secular treatises on poetics ( Kavi Kama 's Sringara Ratnakara , on poetic sentiment and flavor ) .
After the fall of the Kalachuri empire , the Vachana poetic tradition halted temporarily . However , by the 14th century , the Veerashaivas who held influential positions in the Vijayanagara Empire were exerting their influence , especially during the reign of King Deva Raya II ( or Prouda Deva Raya ) . Although this period is not as famous for the proliferation of the Vachana poems as the 12th century was , contemporary writers adopted the preachings of the saints and devotees of the bygone era and made them the protagonists of their writings . Having found a rallying point to spread their faith , they began an era of commentaries , anthologies and biographies . Famous among biographies were Bhimakavi 's Basavapurana ( 1369 ) , Singiraja 's Mala @-@ Basavapurana ( or Singirajapurana , 1500 ) on the life of Basavanna , Chamarasa 's Prabhulingalile ( 1425 ) on the life of Allama Prabhu and Virupaksha Pandita 's Chenna Basavapurana ( 1584 ) , an account of Chennabasava . Among a long list of anthologies , four versions of the Shunyasampadane are the most well @-@ known . The first version , completed in 1400 by Shivaganaprasadi Mahadevaiah , was written in the form of a dialogue between the protagonist , saint Allama Prabhu , and other well @-@ known Veerashaiva devotees . Later versions were compiled by Halage Arya ( 1500 ) , Gummalapura Siddhalingayati ( 1560 ) and Gulur Siddhaveeranodaya ( 1570 ) . Writing Vachana poems was popularised again from the mid @-@ 16th century , though Kannada language had to wait till the 17th century to discover its greatest modern poet in this genre . Sarvajna ( lit . " The all knowing " , 16th or 17th century ) , a mendicant poet @-@ moralist and social reformer , left an indelible imprint on Kannada literature with his didactic poems , numbering about 2 @,@ 100 in all . Written using the simple native tripadi metre to instruct the country folk , these poems cover a vast range of topics , from caste and religion to economics and administration , from arts and crafts to family life and health . Sarvajna 's poems constitute some of Kannada 's most popular works .
Four noted Brahmin writers of the Vijayanagara empire , Kumara Vyasa , Timmanna Kavi , Kumara Valmiki and Chatu Vitthalanata proliferated the shatpadi metre in their versions of the Hindu epics . Inspired by the Vachana writers who used the song @-@ prose medium to write their poems , the Haridasa poets used genres such as the kirthane ( musical compositions with two refrains – composition based on raga , or tune and tala , or rhythm ) , the Suladi ( rhythm @-@ based ) and the Ugabhoga ( melody @-@ based ) to convey their devotion to God . Their contributions to the south Indian classical music ( Carnatic music ) is well acclaimed , Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa being the most popular poets of this cadre . Purandaradasa was the most prolific Haridasa poet who wrote in the ragale metre and also earned the honorific Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha ( " Father of Carnatic music " ) . Kanakadasa was versatile in many native metres . His Mohana tarangini is in the sangatya metre , Nalacharita and a book of morals for children called Haribhakti @-@ sara are in the shatpadi metre .
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= Devil in a New Dress =
" Devil in a New Dress " is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West from his fifth studio album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . Originally released through West 's GOOD Friday initiative , a weekly free music giveaway started by the rapper to promote My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . It later appeared on the album with an added guitar solo by producer Mike Dean and an additional guest verse featuring rapper Rick Ross . " Devil in a New Dress " was produced by Bink ! . It was the only song in the album not to be produced by West , who wrote it alongside Bink ! , Ross and Malik Jones . The song samples Smokey Robinson 's quiet storm recording " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow " , and is themed lyrically to lust and heartache . Both the topics of love and religion serve as the main inspiration to the song .
The song received acclaim from music critics , who praised the delivery of West 's verse , the lush production and the guest appearance by Ross . It has been remixed by several musicians , such as J. Cole , Jay Electronica and Young Chris . Ross promoted the song releasing a music video in which he showcased his verse . The song was prominently featured in West 's short film Runaway during a dinner room sequence . It charted on the South Korean Gaon Chart at position 99 .
= = Background = =
" Devil in a New Dress " was first released on September 3 , 2010 , and was the fourth song to be featured apart of Kanye West 's GOOD Fridays , a music giveaway that provided free MP3 downloads every week . The intention was to release a free new song every Friday for a few months , and the weekly tracks generally featured various rappers from his label , GOOD Music , and other artists he usually collaborated with . Though it was the fourth GOOD Fridays song released , it was the second completely original track premiered . During its initial release , Consequence of Sound reported , " the Chicago based rapper has shared Devil in a New Dress ' , a song which is rumored to be included on West ’ s still untitled fifth studio album . Compared to his other recent joints , the track is rather minimal in nature . It clocks in at less than three minutes and features no guest contributors . In fact , it ’ s the accompanying beat which actually makes the post @-@ midnight release worth our time . " The song was often rumored to be featured on West 's new album , appearing on a leaked tracklist . It was later confirmed to appear on the album , albeit as a vastly different version . It was released digitally following the release of the album .
= = = Recording = = =
Following some media controversies , West chose to record the majority of his fifth studio My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy in a reclusive manner in Oahu , Hawaii . Like the majority of the album , " Devil in a New Dress " was composed there . Rapper Rick Ross was invited to Hawaii to work with West , because West was set to produce the song " Live Fast , Die Young " , which appeared on Teflon Don , an album by Ross . Ross was not initially intended to be featured on West 's album , however he walked in while West was recording another track , " Monster " . Ross was so impressed with what he heard and asked if he could deliver an intro to the song . West enjoyed what Ross brought to the song and invited him back to his studio during the final stages of the album , to record a guest verse on an extended " Devil in a New Dress " . According to Ross , the verse was added the day before the album had to be turned into the record label . In an interview with MTV discussing the composition of the song , Ross commented :
I got a call , they wanted me to be a part of that record . [ ... ] It was actually the last day before Kanye had to turn the record in , and I think that pressure just made it that much more special to me . So I just sat there , approached the record openly and as straightforward as I could . When I laid the verse , 30 minutes later , I was extremely happy . I sent it to him , and he was too . I think it was one of the dopest verses I did this year . "
Ross favorably compared the recording sessions to his past in school . He mused , " it 's like everybody is a student : You walk into a session , and it 's all about the subject at hand . " The remastered album version featured a new guitar solo , composed by producer Bink ! . Bink ! is most famous for his contributions to Jay @-@ Z 's album , The Blueprint , which has been described a " pioneering album " by Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal and was West 's big break as a producer . West and Bink ! originally became friends while producing another Jay @-@ Z album , The Dynasty : Roc La Familia in the late 1990s . Bink ! described that the two producers quickly developed a mutual respect for each other . Bink ! commented on the first time he showed the composition to West , saying " the reaction I got from him after I played the beat for the first time was real intense . " Immediately Bink ! knew that West was going to use the production . Initially , he wasn 't sure whether or how West was going to use the song for his album , and expressed surprise that West dropped the song as a free track prior to the album 's release .
= = Composition = =
The song is 5 minutes , 52 seconds long , though the originally released version was less than 3 minutes . The song is built on a soulful sample of Smokey Robinson 's quiet storm recording " Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow " , with an extended guitar solo . The song features a synth @-@ heavy breakdown , complete with guitar riffs , before Ross arrives , spitting : " I never needed acceptance from all you outsiders / Had cyphers with Yeezy before his mouth wired / Before his jaw shattered , climbing up the lord 's ladder / We still speeding , running signs like they don 't matter . " It is the only album track without production by West , but features his characteristic style of manipulating the pitch and tempo of classic soul samples . West raps in a flow similar to that of rapper Nas , commenting about the women who have wronged him in the past and his struggles with religion . Ann Powers of Los Angeles Times commented that the track reveals West 's true feelings on women ;
" His tormenters are usually untrustworthy temptresses , though occasionally they 're authority figures who judge him as a criminal trespasser or a cultural arriviste . And songs such as the porno fantasy ' Hell of a Life ' and the siren @-@ slaying ' Devil in a New Dress ' ( featuring the consummately macho Ross ) revive familiar mythologies about women — that they 're monsters , killers , fallen angels — in language vibrant enough to fully revive these old stereotypes . "
MTV stated that " ' Dress ' continues [ Kanye 's ] return to the soulful old @-@ school sounds he championed in his early work " and that " West works an easy flow over the midtempo joint replete with feathery falsetto backing vocals an overall buttery ' 70s feel . Despite the laidback groove , West shows his vulnerable side , as he laments being loved and left . " " Devil in a New Dress " contains lyrics about lust and heartache , with sexual and religious imagery described by one critic as " part bedroom allure , part angelic prayer " . Rap @-@ Up called it a " female @-@ focused song " and a " soulful track , boasting a slow @-@ rolling beat with a haunting vocal sample . ” Alex Koening of Knightnews wrote " over piano flourishes and a scintillating string section contain some of the funniest tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek lyrics about women Kanye ever managed : ' I hit the Jamaican spot , at the bar , take a seat / I ordered the jerk , she said you are what you eat . ' Kanye might be on his quest for love , but he still isn ’ t able to tolerate gold @-@ digging girls who are only after his cash : ' And outta all the colors that are still up the skies / You got green on your mind , I can see it in your eyes . ' "
= = Reception = =
" Devil in a New Dress " has received general acclaim from music critics , and was noted for its soulful production , as well as the verse provided by Ross . It was considered a highlight of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , and has been described as " perhaps the easiest song to like on first listen . " It was compared favorably to songs from West 's debut studio album The College Dropout by Jon Caramanica of The New York Times . Channing Freeman of Sputnikmusic felt that the track brought out the best in Ross . Slant Magazine viewed that on " Devil in a New Dress " , West perfected the sampling style he helped make popular , and commented that West " manipulates the pitch and tempo of Smokey Robinson 's ' Will You Love Me Tomorrow ? ' until it crawls luxuriantly out of the speakers like wine poured in slow motion . It 's a gorgeous slow burner that turns tragic in its third act , as Kanye 's rhymes swap lust for heartache before distorted guitar lines and a muscular verse from Rick Ross close it out " .
Chicago Sun @-@ Times praised West 's vocal delivery , saying " he rips more hard raps on ' Devil in a New Dress ' -- chuckling through lines like , ' We love Jesus / but you done learned a lot from Satan / We ain 't married / but tonight I need some consummation , ' and later chewing through an impersonation of a preacher , ' Say @-@ tan ! Say @-@ tan ! Say @-@ tan ! ' — all over a fluttery , high , quiet @-@ storm soul vocal that 's part bedroom allure , part angelic prayer . " MTV stated " West 's breezy GOOD Fridays release gets a wintertime tune @-@ up with Ross riding shotgun . The Miami Don 's majestic contribution comes with a revamped breakdown setting up his slick boats . Still , Yeezy 's verse holds up over the Boss 's even with the refinement . " Dan Vidal of URB stated Ross brought his best to the track , writing that he " steps his tired old coke @-@ rhymes up to intense lyrical portraits on the final version of ' Devil In A New Dress ' . " Stereogum 's Amrit Singh described the production style as a throwback to vintage hip @-@ hop beats , and praised West 's extended use of metaphors on the track . AbsolutePunk 's Drew Beringer cited the track as an example of West 's " penchant for soul " , calling the track excellent . AllMusic 's Andy Kellman also described the beat as a " throwback soul production " , writing that it was " provided by the Smokey Robinson @-@ sampling Bink , it ’ s as gorgeous as any of West ’ s own early work , yet it ’ s marred by an aimless instrumental stretch , roughly 90 seconds in length , that involves some incongruent electric guitar flame @-@ out . "
The Village Voice 's Sean Fennessey commented that the production by Bink ! was gorgeous in nature . He compared the original three @-@ minute long version of the song to the one on the album , writing that the original " was affecting , funny ( “ I ordered the jerk , she said ' You are what you eat . ' ” ) and soulful — a touch of the old Ye . And just three minutes long . But the album version is something bigger , with a magisterial guest verse from Rick Ross ( appearing twice here ) that comes after an odd but sumptuous acid @-@ jazz breakdown . " Craig Jenkins of Prefix Music opined that " Bink ’ s beat for ' Devil in a New Dress ' peters out midway through , and a live band plays a sultry , emotive take on that beat . " Andrew Barber of Complex stated that for the people disappointed in the briefness of the verses provided by Ross on " Monster " , this track more than makes up for it . Barber favorably compared the track to the style of West 's older songs , and commented that it showcased West 's " softer , more vulnerable side , opening up about a woman . "
= = Marketing = =
= = = Promotion = = =
The song appears in West 's short film Runaway , an extended 35 minute long music video which features a majority of the tracks featured on My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The song is played halfway through the short during the introduction to the dinner party sequence . Ross had a music video directed containing his portion of the song , which was released on January 27 , 2011 . According to Rap Radar , " Kanye couldn ’ t make it , so Ross took matters into his own hands and shot a video for his portion of ' Devil In A New Dress ' from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy .
Anthony Osel of Complex wrote that " Rick Ross gives us visuals for just about every freestyle , verse and song he 's ever recorded . Rozay dropped off a Spiff TV @-@ directed video for " Devil In A New Dress " from Kanye 's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . It 's him smoking a blunt while cruising the streets of Toronto in the back seat of his 62S Maybach glancing out the window . Standard , but awesome , clip from Ross . " Ross would perform the song during his live concerts and it has even become a mainstay of his live sets . During a live performance in New York , West joined Ross and performed it along with " Monster " .
= = = Covers = = =
The song has been frequently covered and remixed by several notable rappers . Roc Nation 's Jay Electronica recorded his own freestyle and had a music video created for his version . Grammy nominated Young Chris did a freestyle over the original version of the song . Fiend released a freestyle onto his mixtape Life Behind Limo Tint and a filmed a music video . Canadian native Shad performed a freestyle of the song during a concert . Fabolous used the song 's instrumental to record " Wolves In Sheeps Clothing " which was featured on mix @-@ tape The S.O.U.L. Tape . He directed a music video to promote the song . JJ Demon recorded his own song using the instrumental . In addition , J. Cole performed a freestyle over the song , which he had stated was a tribute to West , writing “ That beat is incredible , shout out to Yeezy . Much Love . ” The song , titled " Villematic " was featured on his Friday Night Lights mixtape . AllHipHop praised his version , saying " ' Villematic ' , ' 2 Face ' , and ' Higher ' are all songs which make up a strong midsection – it is easy to become lost in this mixtape . "
= = Chart position = =
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= The Funcooker =
" The Funcooker " is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by Tom Ceraulo and Donald Glover , and directed by Ken Whittingham . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on March 12 , 2009 . Guest stars in this episode include Jackie Hoffman , Nancy O 'Dell , and Chris Parnell .
In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) leaves the The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) crew unmanaged as she must participate in jury duty for the trial of an oddly familiar woman ( Hoffman ) . NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) tries to assert control over the crew in her stead and Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) uses the writers to develop a new name for a General Electric product . Meanwhile , Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) seeks Dr. Leo Spaceman 's ( Parnell ) help so she can work on TGS and her movie .
" The Funcooker " received generally positive reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 6 @.@ 4 million households during its original broadcast . For his performance in this episode , Tracy Morgan , who plays Tracy Jordan on 30 Rock , received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . Ken Whittingham won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series for " The Funcooker " .
= = Plot = =
TGS head writer Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is assigned to solve a public relations problem caused by the show 's stars , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) , during their hosting duties of the St. Patrick 's Day parade , in which Jenna passed out and Tracy cursed during the live television broadcast . To make things worse , Liz is summoned to jury duty and cannot avoid it despite claiming to be Princess Leia . When she leaves for jury duty , she does not leave anyone in charge and allows the staff to go without direction — until later when she puts NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) in charge after learning that the staff have gotten out of hand . Liz is on a court case about a woman , named Rochelle Gaulke ( Jackie Hoffman ) , whose work life and frustrations parallel her own ; the two both have employees named Tracy and Jenna , both believe their employees waste their time , and make their lives difficult .
Meanwhile , Jenna , worn out from working on TGS during the day and on her unlicensed Janis Joplin biopic at night , visits Dr. Leo Spaceman ( Chris Parnell ) for help so she can work on both . He gives Jenna a military @-@ grade experimental drug currently being tested on rats to stay awake . At the same time , Tracy believes that having enough money to pay FCC fines means that he can say anything on television , and he says to Liz , " I can even say what Ernest Borgnine whispered to me . " As a result , Tracy curses on The Martha Stewart Show , and after learning that the show 's advertisers are pulling out , due to his actions , decides to sponsor the show . Meanwhile , Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming for General Electric , Jack Donaghy , desperately tries to find a name for a pocket microwave oven that is not offensive in any language . With Liz gone , Jack assigns the TGS writing staff , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) , J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) , Josh Girard ( Lonny Ross ) , and Sue LaRoche @-@ Van der Hout ( Sue Galloway ) , to this task . After their unsuccessful attempts , Kenneth suggests " The Funcooker " which Jack decides is the perfect name .
Back at the studios , the taping of TGS is interrupted by Dr. Spaceman who desperately forces Jenna to sleep because she might die like one of his test rats . Tracy creates a diversion by dropping his trousers and exposing his buttocks , which he refers to as the " Funcooker " . Everyone realizes that this is where Kenneth heard the name . Fed up with the chaos , Liz sends the entire show 's staff — including Kenneth and Dr. Spaceman — to her office . Liz ponders over a box of matches and thinks of the woman in court , in which she admitted to committing arson as a way of getting back at her out @-@ of @-@ control employees . She accidentally does start a small fire which is quickly put out but scares everyone out of their bad behavior .
= = Production = =
" The Funcooker " was written by script co @-@ coordinator Tom Ceraulo and that season 's executive story editor Donald Glover , and was directed by Ken Whittingham . This episode was Ceraulo 's first writing credit , and second written episode by Glover . This was Whittingham 's first 30 Rock directed episode , and would later return to helm the fourth season episode " Anna Howard Shaw Day " . " The Funcooker " originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 12 , 2009 .
Actor Chris Parnell , who played Dr. Leo Spaceman in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Series ' creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006 . Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of SNL . This was Parnell 's tenth appearance as Dr. Spaceman . Actress and stand @-@ up comedian Jackie Hoffman also guest starred , as Rochelle Gaulke , on this episode . Nancy O 'Dell , then @-@ anchor of the entertainment news program , Access Hollywood , played herself in " The Funcooker " in which she reads an apology written by NBC on Tracy Jordan 's behalf . O 'Dell had previously appeared in the 30 Rock episode " Señor Macho Solo " .
Star Wars is frequently referenced in 30 Rock , beginning with the pilot episode in 2006 where Tracy is seen shouting that he is a Jedi . Liz Lemon admits to being a huge fan of Star Wars , saying that she had watched it many times with Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , and dressed up as the Star Wars character Princess Leia during four recent Halloweens , and while trying to get out of jury duty in Chicago . Star Wars is also referenced when Tracy takes on the identity of the character Chewbacca . Fey , a fan of Star Wars herself , said that the weekly Star Wars joke or reference " started happening organically " when the crew realized that they had a Star Wars reference " in almost every show " . Fey said that from then on " it became a thing where [ they ] tried to keep it going " , and that even though they could not include one in every episode , they still had a " pretty high batting average " . Fey attributed most of the references to executive producer and writer Robert Carlock , whom she described as " the resident expert " .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " The Funcooker " was watched by 6 @.@ 4 million households in its original American broadcast . It earned a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 6 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Goodbye , My Friend " , which was watched by 7 @.@ 3 million American viewers . " The Funcooker " was the ninth highest @-@ rated show on the NBC network during the week of March 9 – 15 , 2009 . Tracy Morgan received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards for his work in this episode , but lost it to actor Jon Cryer . Ken Whittingham , director of this episode , won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series at the 41st NAACP Image Awards ceremony .
The episode received generally positive reviews . IGN contributor Robert Canning praised " The Funcooker " writing that it was fantastic and " never felt like a moment was wasted or that a scene was extraneous . " He enjoyed all the storylines in the episode , writing they were interesting and funny enough , and complimented the way they all tied together with such ease . Canning enjoyed Tracy 's actions writing that they fit perfectly for the Tracy character , and gave the episode a 9 @.@ 6 out of 10 rating . " Holy normalsauce , did I ever love this episode " , wrote Entertainment Weekly 's Margaret Lyons . Her only complaint about this episode was Scott Adsit 's absence . Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad was grateful that the episode focused on NBC , TGS , and the work of the staff . Sassone wrote that despite " The Funcooker " not being " the most laugh @-@ out @-@ loud episode " he believed it was still funny . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin praised Jackie Hoffman 's performance , noting that her monologue in court was brilliant . He enjoyed all of the episode 's storylines , except for Tracy 's , which he opined fell flat . In conclusion , Rabin gave this episode a B + rating . Television columnist Alan Sepinwall wrote that an episode like " The Funcooker " is " really instructive about why a lot of other shows ... haven 't quite worked . Even when they have lots of funny things in them , they never really build to a climax in the way that this one did , as everything went wrong at once . " Sepinwall enjoyed Tina Fey 's Liz in the episode , noting that her craziness worked well , but his concern was that when Liz loses it " there 's nobody sane for her to push against . "
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= Pilot ( Numbers ) =
" Pilot " is the first episode of the American television show Numb3rs . Based on a real @-@ life serial rape case , " Pilot " features two brothers , an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and a mathematics professor at a Southern California university , using their individual skills to capture a serial rapist who has begun to kill his victims . " Pilot " also introduces the theme of mathematics being used to solve crimes .
Written by series creators Cheryl Heuton and Nicolas Falacci , the episode was filmed twice , once in Boston , Massachusetts and once in Los Angeles , California , with two different casts using two somewhat different scripts . The test audience could not believe that the three men who portrayed the family could be related to each other , so the producers made cast changes to the family . They also made several changes to the rest of the cast to accommodate the changes in the script . Heuton and Falacci changed the script to focus on the brothers ' relationship with each other . When filming finished , CBS picked up the episode and the series three weeks later .
" Pilot " first aired in the United States on January 23 , 2005 . The episode received mixed reviews . Mathematicians and students at California Institute of Technology enjoyed the episode and were impressed with the mathematics in it . In contrast , television critics felt as though the episode 's plot about a serial rapist was unoriginal , although one critic called the math boring .
= = Plot summary = =
FBI Special Agents Don Eppes ( Rob Morrow ) , Terry Lake ( Sabrina Lloyd ) and David Sinclair ( Alimi Ballard ) investigate a serial rapist who has begun killing his victims . With the twelfth victim , Karen Silber ( Kate Norby ) , changing her story again and the thirteenth victim 's car missing , Don runs out of viable leads . Taking a map and a case file with him , Don goes to his childhood home , owned by his father Alan Eppes ( Judd Hirsch ) , to take a shower . Don 's younger brother , Dr. Charlie Eppes ( David Krumholtz ) of CalSci 's mathematics department , finds and studies the map which Don lays on the dining room table . As Don prepares to return to the office , Charlie tries to talk Don into letting him help with the investigation and is inspired by the pattern of drops emanating from the family 's sprinkler . He tells Don that he can use a mathematical model to find the neighborhood where the rapist resides . Skeptical , Don agrees to let Charlie assist him in the investigation .
Charlie develops the model needed to find the rapist and refines it with graduate student Amita Ramanujan 's ( Navi Rawat ) assistance . Charlie 's model yields what he calls a " hot zone " , an area in which the suspect probably lives . As the case progresses , Silber is found dead in her house . Don and his team resort to comparing DNA samples of men who live in the hot zone to samples of the rapist / killer . Using statistical analysis , Charlie deduces that Silber lied about where her rape took place . After Don learns from Silber 's colleagues where Silber was raped , Charlie refines his equation , which yields a smaller area within the original hot zone . DNA , however , clears everyone in the original hot zone . As a result , Assistant Director in Charge ( ADIC ) Walter Merrick ( Anthony Heald ) pulls Don and his team from the investigation . At the same time , Dr. Larry Fleinhardt ( Peter MacNicol ) , Charlie 's colleague and friend , encourages Charlie to make his equation " less elegant " and to evaluate the worth of his consultation work .
Back at the Eppes house , Charlie and Don discuss what went wrong . Alan is confident that the math is correct . Don tells Charlie that if Charlie ran his model on Don , the model will not show Don at his apartment . Instead , it would zone in on his office , where he spends most of his time . Charlie then realizes that he needs to modify his model to identify two hot zones , one where the suspect possibly resides and one where he possibly works . Using the new equation and a list of potential suspects who work in the new hot zone , Don , Terry , and David confront the suspect and find his latest victim . After Don kills the suspect in a hostage situation , he calls Charlie down to the crime scene to tell Charlie that the suspect lived in the original hot zone but moved three weeks earlier . This revelation proves that Charlie 's models are correct .
= = Production = =
= = = Original pilot = = =
Two pilots were filmed . Fascinated by mathematicians , creators Cheryl Heuton and Nicolas Falacci decided to create a show about one . With the encouragement of CBS development executives , they wrote several pilots revolving around mathematicians and scientists , including the pilot for Numb3rs , over the course of 14 years . Knowing that mathematics would not be readily accepted by the general public on its own , Heuton and Falacci in 2003 decided to use the police procedural format to facilitate the acceptance . When Falacci and Heuton pitched the pilot , CBS agreed to produce it about halfway through their presentation .
Although they had considered several story ideas , Heuton and Falacci wanted to feature a case in which math was used to solve a traditional type of crime . They decided to base the episode on a real @-@ life serial rapist case in which police asked Dr. Kim Rossmo to assist them in the investigation . In 1998 , Rossmo , then with the Vancouver Police Department , was called in to help Lafayette , Louisiana , police investigator McCullan Gallien find the South Side Rapist . Rossmo and Gallien visited the crime scenes , and Rossmo used criminal geographic targeting , a mathematical model used to find the area in which the suspect would most likely reside . Together , Rossmo and Gallien developed a map indicating the most likely location of the rapist 's residence . After DNA cleared everyone living in the area , Gallien learned that a sheriff 's deputy in a neighboring department , Randy Comeaux , was a potential suspect . He had lived in the area during the time frame of the rapes but moved to a residence in the neighboring jurisdiction some time later . DNA on a cigarette butt left by Comeaux confirmed that he was the rapist , and Comeaux was arrested .
The pilot was originally filmed in Boston , which was selected because of Falacci 's familiarity with the area and because of the contrast between academia and the working class . Filming began in the spring of 2004 . Although the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) refused to allow filming on campus , the cast and crew spent two days filming in the city . Dr. Tony Chan of UCLA 's physical science department consulted on the original pilot episode . Although initially hesitant about auditioning , David Krumholtz was the first person cast and won the role of Charlie Eppes . Other original cast members were Len Cariou as Alan ; Gabriel Macht as Don ; Peter MacNicol as Charlie 's mentor ; Anna Deavere Smith as Don 's boss ; Jennifer Bransford , Michael Rooker , and Alimi Ballard as FBI agents ; and Navi Rawat as a MIT graduate student . When filming was completed , executive producers Ridley Scott and Tony Scott and producer Skip Chaisson added graphics and music to the footage . They also added transitions to assist the storytelling . To accommodate these changes , CBS allowed the producers to delay the delivery of the pilot to the studio by two weeks .
= = = Second pilot = = =
When previewed , the focus group liked the concept but hated the way the pilot was produced . Among the problems with the original pilot was the believability of the Eppes family in terms of both physical appearance and chemistry , with the chemistry of the actors being the larger issue . Although Heuton and Falacci liked Cariou , Macht , and Krumholtz , Heuton and Falacci did not know how the three actors playing the Eppes family would interact with each other until filming began .
Since both the focus group and network executives liked the concept of the pilot , CBS decided to recast and reshoot it . Filming began again in September 2004 . To accommodate the budget for the new pilot , the second pilot was set and filmed in Los Angeles . Administrators at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) agreed to allow producers to film the academic scenes at Caltech . Dr. Gary Lorden , one of Caltech 's math professors , served as math consultant of the second pilot . The producers kept Krumholtz , MacNicol , Rawat , and Ballard . Rooker and Macht left the cast , and Rob Morrow replaced Macht as Don . Other casting changes included the addition of Sabrina Lloyd as a FBI agent , Judd Hirsch as Alan , and Anthony Heald as Don 's boss .
The producers rewrote the script to accommodate changes in story , characters , and basic idea of the series . They decreased the role of Don 's boss to focus the main conflict on the brothers ' worldviews . They rewrote the structure and composition of Don 's team . They also revised the start of Charlie 's involvement with the investigation to incorporate Heuton and Falacci 's original idea of Don taking the work home with him . When the second pilot was presented to the focus group , the group liked it . CBS picked up the pilot three weeks after filming ended .
= = Previews = =
The second pilot was screened at Caltech on January 10 , 2005 , and Heuton , Falacci , Hirsch , Morrow , Krumholtz , and Lorden participated in a panel discussion after the preview . The students who saw the screening at Caltech enjoyed the episode . The pilot was then previewed during the Joint Mathematics Meeting in Atlanta , Georgia from January 12 through January 14 , 2005 . Ed Pegg , Jr . , a member of the Mathematical Association of America ( MAA ) who watched the episode at the conference , stated that he liked it and that he was impressed with the decision to depict the mathematics accurately . As for premiering on network television , the pilot initially was to air on January 21 , 2005 , but it was moved to January 23 , 2005 , after the AFC Championship game in order to be seen by a larger audience . When it premiered on TV on January 23 , 2005 , 25 million people watched the pilot episode of Numb3rs , beating the audience for the pilot episode of Desperate Housewives by about 4 million viewers .
= = Reception = =
Reception of the pilot varied according to the audience in question . The pilot was very well received by the mathematics community . Within a couple of weeks of Pegg 's article for the MAA , Keith Devlin , another member of the association , gave the pilot a very favorable review .
As for the mainstream media , the reviews for the pilot were mixed . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly commented that , given that the case was about a serial killer , the pilot did not show the math in an original way . John Leonard of the New York Magazine called the cast " superb " but criticized the pilot for being too busy . Melanie McFarland , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer 's TV critic , asserts that the pilot 's storyline was an " unfortunate choice " for the pilot episode . Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that the pilot 's storyline was unoriginal . Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle , however , stated that the pilot and the cast were excellent but that the math was uninteresting .
= = DVD notes = =
On the Numb3rs season one DVDs , three features address both pilots . The bonus feature " Point of Origin : Inside the Unaired Pilot " on the Numb3rs : The Complete First Season DVDs highlights the differences between both pilots and features clips from the original pilot . In the feature , creators Heuton and Falacci , executive producers Ridley Scott and Tony Scott , co @-@ executive producer David W. Zucker , casting director Mark Saks , and producer Skip Chaissom detail the changes in cast , filming , wardrobe , and makeup . On the audio commentary for the " Pilot " , Heuton , Falacci , Morrow and Krumholtz discuss not only additional changes in the pilot but also additional production trivia from the second pilot . Although the bonus feature " Crunching Numb3rs : Season One " features clips and discussions for other episodes throughout the season , it also addresses the production of the second pilot .
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= Rutherfordium =
Rutherfordium is a chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104 , named in honor of physicist Ernest Rutherford . It is a synthetic element ( an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature ) and radioactive ; the most stable known isotope , 267Rf , has a half @-@ life of approximately 1 @.@ 3 hours .
In the periodic table of the elements , it is a d @-@ block element and the second of the fourth @-@ row transition elements . It is a member of the 7th period and belongs to the group 4 elements . Chemistry experiments have confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as the heavier homologue to hafnium in group 4 . The chemical properties of rutherfordium are characterized only partly . They compare well with the chemistry of the other group 4 elements , even though some calculations had indicated that the element might show significantly different properties due to relativistic effects .
In the 1960s , small amounts of rutherfordium were produced in laboratories in the former Soviet Union and in California . The priority of the discovery and therefore the naming of the element was disputed between Soviet and American scientists , and it was not until 1997 that International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) established rutherfordium as the official name for the element .
= = History = =
= = = Discovery = = =
Rutherfordium was reportedly first detected in 1964 at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna ( then in the Soviet Union ) . Researchers there bombarded a plutonium @-@ 242 target with neon @-@ 22 ions and separated the reaction products by gradient thermochromatography after conversion to chlorides by interaction with ZrCl4 . The team identified spontaneous fission activity contained within a volatile chloride portraying eka @-@ hafnium properties . Although a half @-@ life was not accurately determined , later calculations indicated that the product was most likely rutherfordium @-@ 259 ( abbreviated as 259Rf in standard notation ) :
242
94Pu + 22
10Ne → 264 − x
104Rf → 264 − x
104RfCl4
In 1969 , researchers at the University of California , Berkeley conclusively synthesized the element by bombarding a californium @-@ 249 target with carbon @-@ 12 ions and measured the alpha decay of 257Rf , correlated with the daughter decay of nobelium @-@ 253 :
249
98Cf + 12
6C → 257
104Rf + 4 n
The American synthesis was independently confirmed in 1973 and secured the identification of rutherfordium as the parent by the observation of K @-@ alpha X @-@ rays in the elemental signature of the 257Rf decay product , nobelium @-@ 253 .
= = = Naming controversy = = =
The Russian scientists proposed the name kurchatovium and the American scientists suggested the name rutherfordium for the new element . In 1992 , the IUPAC / IUPAP Transfermium Working Group ( TWG ) assessed the claims of discovery and concluded that both teams provided contemporaneous evidence to the synthesis of element 104 and that credit should be shared between the two groups .
The American group wrote a scathing response to the findings of the TWG , stating that they had given too much emphasis on the results from the Dubna group . In particular they pointed out that the Russian group had altered the details of their claims several times over a period of 20 years , a fact that the Russian team does not deny . They also stressed that the TWG had given too much credence to the chemistry experiments performed by the Russians and accused the TWG of not having appropriately qualified personnel on the committee . The TWG responded by saying that this was not the case and having assessed each point raised by the American group said that they found no reason to alter their conclusion regarding priority of discovery . The IUPAC finally used the name suggested by the American team ( rutherfordium ) which may in some way reflect a change of opinion .
As a consequence of the initial competing claims of discovery , an element naming controversy arose . Since the Soviets claimed to have first detected the new element they suggested the name kurchatovium ( Ku ) in honor of Igor Kurchatov ( 1903 – 1960 ) , former head of Soviet nuclear research . This name had been used in books of the Soviet Bloc as the official name of the element . The Americans , however , proposed rutherfordium ( Rf ) for the new element to honor Ernest Rutherford , who is known as the " father " of nuclear physics . The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) adopted unnilquadium ( Unq ) as a temporary , systematic element name , derived from the Latin names for digits 1 , 0 , and 4 . In 1994 , IUPAC suggested the name dubnium ( Db ) to be used since rutherfordium was suggested for element 106 and IUPAC felt that the Dubna team should be rightly recognized for their contributions . However , there was still a dispute over the names of elements 104 – 107 . In 1997 the teams involved resolved the dispute and adopted the current name rutherfordium . The name dubnium was given to element 105 at the same time .
= = Isotopes = =
Rutherfordium has no stable or naturally @-@ occurring isotopes . Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory , either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements . Sixteen different isotopes have been reported with atomic masses from 253 to 270 ( with the exceptions of 264 and 269 ) . Most of these decay predominantly through spontaneous fission pathways .
= = = Life @-@ times = = =
Out of isotopes whose half @-@ lives are known , the lighter isotopes usually have shorter half @-@ lives ; half @-@ lives of under 50 μs for 253Rf and 254Rf were observed . 256Rf , 258Rf , 260Rf are more stable at around 10 ms , 255Rf , 257Rf , 259Rf , and 262Rf live between 1 and 5 seconds , and 261Rf , 265Rf , and 263Rf are more stable , at around 1 , 1 @.@ 5 , and 10 min respectively . The heaviest isotopes are the most stable , with 267Rf having a measured half @-@ life of about 1 @.@ 3 h . Half @-@ lives for 269Rf and higher are not known .
The lightest isotopes were synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as decay products . The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is 262Rf ; heavier isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers , of which only 267Rf has been confirmed . The heavy isotopes 266Rf and 268Rf have also been observed as electron capture daughters of the dubnium isotopes 266Db and 268Db , but have short half @-@ lives to spontaneous fission : it seems likely that the same is true of 270Rf , a likely daughter of 270Db . While the isotope 264Rf has yet to be observed , it is predicted to have a long half @-@ life of 1 h . Before its discovery , 265Rf was predicted to have an even longer half @-@ life of 13 h , but it has a half @-@ life of only 2 @.@ 5 min .
In 1999 , American scientists at the University of California , Berkeley , announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of 293Uuo . These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted seven alpha particles to form 265Rf nuclei , but their claim was retracted in 2001 .
= = Predicted properties = =
= = = Chemical = = =
Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element and the first member of the 6d series of transition metals . Calculations on its ionization potentials , atomic radius , as well as radii , orbital energies , and ground levels of its ionized states are similar to that of hafnium and very different from that of lead . Therefore , it was concluded that rutherfordium 's basic properties will resemble those of other group 4 elements , below titanium , zirconium , and hafnium . Some of its properties were determined by gas @-@ phase experiments and aqueous chemistry . The oxidation state + 4 is the only stable state for the latter two elements and therefore rutherfordium should also exhibit a stable + 4 state . In addition , rutherfordium is also expected to be able to form a less stable + 3 state .
The chemical properties of rutherfordium were based on calculation which indicated that the relativistic effects on the electron shell might be strong enough that the p orbitals have a lower energy level than the d orbitals , giving it a valence electron configuration of 6d1 7s2 7p1 or even 7s2 7p2 , therefore making the element behave more like lead than hafnium . With better calculation methods and studies of the chemical properties of rutherfordium compounds it could be shown that rutherfordium behaves according to the rest of the group 4 elements .
In an analogous manner to zirconium and hafnium , rutherfordium is projected to form a very stable , high melting point oxide , RfO2 . It reacts with halogens to form tetrahalides , RfX4 , which hydrolyze on contact with water to form oxyhalides RfOX2 . The tetrahalides are volatile solids existing as monomeric tetrahedral molecules in the vapor phase .
In the aqueous phase , the Rf4 + ion hydrolyzes less than titanium ( IV ) and to a similar extent as zirconium and hafnium , thus resulting in the RfO2 + ion . Treatment of the halides with halide ions promotes the formation of complex ions . The use of chloride and bromide ions produces the hexahalide complexes RfCl2 −
6 and RfBr2 −
6 . For the fluoride complexes , zirconium and hafnium tend to form hepta- and octa- complexes . Thus , for the larger rutherfordium ion , the complexes RfF2 −
6 , RfF3 −
7 and RfF4 −
8 are possible .
= = = Physical and atomic = = =
Rutherfordium is expected to be a solid under normal conditions and assume a hexagonal close @-@ packed crystal structure ( c / a = 1 @.@ 61 ) , similar to its lighter congener hafnium . It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 23 @.@ 2 g / cm3 ; in comparison , the densest known element that has had its density measured , osmium , has a density of 22 @.@ 61 g / cm3 . This results from rutherfordium 's high atomic weight , the lanthanide and actinide contractions , and relativistic effects , although production of enough rutherfordium to measure this quantity would be impractical , and the sample would quickly decay . The atomic radius for rutherfordium is expected to be around 150 pm . Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital , the Rf + and Rf2 + ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons , which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues .
= = Experimental chemistry = =
= = = Gas phase = = =
Early work on the study of the chemistry of rutherfordium focused on gas thermochromatography and measurement of relative deposition temperature adsorption curves . The initial work was carried out at Dubna in an attempt to reaffirm their discovery of the element . Recent work is more reliable regarding the identification of the parent rutherfordium radioisotopes . The isotope 261mRf has been used for these studies . The experiments relied on the expectation that rutherfordium would begin the new 6d series of elements and should therefore form a volatile tetrachloride due to the tetrahedral nature of the molecule . Rutherfordium ( IV ) chloride is more volatile than its lighter homologue hafnium ( IV ) chloride ( HfCl4 ) because its bonds are more covalent .
A series of experiments confirmed that rutherfordium behaves as a typical member of group 4 , forming a tetravalent chloride ( RfCl4 ) and bromide ( RfBr4 ) as well as an oxychloride ( RfOCl2 ) . A decreased volatility was observed for RfCl
4 when potassium chloride is provided as the solid phase instead of gas , highly indicative of the formation of nonvolatile K
2RfCl
6 mixed salt .
= = = Aqueous phase = = =
Rutherfordium is expected to have the electron configuration [ Rn ] 5f14 6d2 7s2 and therefore behave as the heavier homologue of hafnium in group 4 of the periodic table . It should therefore readily form a hydrated Rf4 + ion in strong acid solution and should readily form complexes in hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic or hydrofluoric acid solutions .
The most conclusive aqueous chemistry studies of rutherfordium have been performed by the Japanese team at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute using the radioisotope 261mRf . Extraction experiments from hydrochloric acid solutions using isotopes of rutherfordium , hafnium , zirconium , and thorium have proved a non @-@ actinide behavior for rutherfordium . A comparison with its lighter homologues placed rutherfordium firmly in group 4 and indicated the formation of a hexachlororutherfordate complex in chloride solutions , in a manner similar to hafnium and zirconium .
261mRf4 + + 6 Cl − → [ 261mRfCl
6 ] 2 −
Very similar results were observed in hydrofluoric acid solutions . Differences in the extraction curves were interpreted as a weaker affinity for fluoride ion and the formation of the hexafluororutherfordate ion , whereas hafnium and zirconium ions complex seven or eight fluoride ions at the concentrations used :
261mRf4 + + 6 F − → [ 261mRfF
6 ] 2 −
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= Mississippi Highway 366 ( Tishomingo County ) =
Mississippi Highway 366 ( MS 366 ) is a short highway in northeastern Mississippi . The road starts at MS 25 in Belmont , and travels southeastward through Golden to the Alabama state border . The route was created in 1958 , and hasn 't changed significantly since .
= = Route description = =
All of the route is in Tishomingo County . MS 366 starts at MS 25 in Belmont , locally known as Second Street . The route travels southeastward out of the town , through farmland and small areas of trees . At Searcy Road , MS 366 travels along a railway owned by Redmont Railway . The road soon enters the village of Golden . Near the center of the village , the route intersects the eastern terminus of MS 760 . MS 366 then crosses over the railroad and temporarily travels east . Past Bear Creek Road , the route curved southeastward , intersecting a few more county roads . After passing County Road 78 , MS 366 ends at the Alabama state line . The road continues as Fourth Street Northwest into Red Bay .
In 2013 , Mississippi Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) calculated as many as 3 @,@ 900 vehicles traveling east of Long Street , and as few as 2 @,@ 800 vehicles traveling south of Shady Cove . It is not included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . The route is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 . MS 366 is maintained by MDOT .
= = History = =
In 1958 , a new road in southeastern Tishomingo County was designated MS 366 . The new , paved route started from MS 25 and ended at the Alabama state line . The road has not changed significantly since .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Tishomingo County .
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= Era Vulgaris ( album ) =
Era Vulgaris is the fifth full length studio album by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age . The album was completed in early April 2007 and released on June 8 , 2007 in some countries , June 11 , 2007 in the United Kingdom and June 12 , 2007 in the United States . The tracks " Sick , Sick , Sick " and " 3 's & 7 's " were released as singles in early June , with a third single " Make It wit Chu " released around Halloween of 2007 .
The album debuted at # 14 on the US Billboard 200 charts selling 52 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , which was a decline in comparison to the previous album , which opened at # 5 with 91 @,@ 000 copies sold in its debut week . In other countries it has reached much loftier debut positions , mostly in the top ten , such as number five in Canada where it sold approximately 10 @,@ 000 copies in its opening week .
= = Overview and background = =
While 2002 's Songs for the Deaf was said to be inspired by Josh Homme 's tedious drive through the Southern Californian desert , the inspiration for Era Vulgaris came from Homme 's daily drive through Hollywood . He described the record as " dark , hard , and electrical , sort of like a construction worker , " " … it 's like dirt , clearly seen . " The album 's title Era Vulgaris refers to the Latin term for Common Era . The title was chosen by Homme because he thought " it sounds like ' the Vulgar Era ' , which I like , because that sounds like something that I would like to be part of … I mean I think we 're in it , and I 'm stoked " .
Two tracks from the album had previously been released or performed elsewhere . " Into the Hollow " had been performed by producers Josh Homme and Chris Goss as The 5 : 15ers , and " Make It wit Chu " had been recorded as a Desert Sessions track , as well as appearing on the Queens ' live album Over the Years and Through the Woods .
= = Production = =
= = = Pre @-@ production speculation and contributors = = =
In June 2006 , in an interview on the Australian radio station Triple J , Jesse F. Keeler , the bassist from Death from Above 1979 , revealed that he would be playing bass on an upcoming Queens of the Stone Age album , but said that he would more than likely not be touring with the band due to his desire to spend more time with his girlfriend . Eventually on the DFA internet forum , Keeler revealed that due to conflicting schedules , he would not be appearing on the album . In a July interview with NME , Homme confirmed that the band was back in the studio , writing , but he remained unwilling to reveal who would appear in the band on the new record :
That 's not a healthy question . You 'll ruin the surprise . We 've gotta keep our cool .
The album was expected to include guest performances by Trent Reznor from Nine Inch Nails , Julian Casablancas from The Strokes , former band member Mark Lanegan , Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top , and ( jokingly ) deceased humorist Erma Bombeck . Of these , however , only Casablancas ' and Lanegan 's tracks appear on the U.S. release : Casablancas performed synth guitar and backing vocals on " Sick , Sick , Sick " , and Lanegan sang backing vocals on " River in the Road " . Ultimately , scheduling conflicts prevented Gibbons from appearing , while Reznor 's track " Era Vulgaris " was released separately on the You Know What You Did promotional CD and the UK edition of the album .
= = = Recording = = =
The album was recorded " with exactly zero input from [ record label ] Interscope Records " between July 2006 and April 2007 at Cherokee Studios , Hollywood , Steakhouse Studios , Los Angeles and Sound City Studios , Van Nuys and mixed at Bay 7 Studios , North Hollywood , California . The album was recorded and mixed by Alain Johannes , while it was produced by Josh Homme and Chris Goss as the Fififf Teeners . The primary contributors to the recording were Homme , Troy van Leeuwen , Joey Castillo , Johannes and Goss .
We basically started a year ago . And like I said , we didn ’ t really have anything written . So it was a long process . It was the longest I 've ever taken to make a record , frankly . I 've made records over the process of a year but this was the first time it 's ever been my total focus for that long . This was the first time I 've ever done that ... total focus for 10 months .
Goss and Johannes were replaced by Dean Fertita ( keyboard ) and Michael Shuman ( bass ) for later bonus track recordings and the subsequent supporting tour . Regarding the band 's line @-@ up changes for Era Vulgaris , Homme commented , " I like combinations that no one would expect … It 's the cool part of any surprise party . "
= = Musical style and influences = =
Era Vulgaris displays influences from many different genres . The album departs from the softer , hollowbody guitar sound of their previous album Lullabies to Paralyze with heavy , crunchy guitars and adding in some electronic influences . Rolling Stone noted the influence of " New Wave synth geek Gary Numan … all over this record . " Musically , the album has been described as " brand new retro " , a fusion of " punk , rock , blues and southern grit " ( FHM ) , and slower , moodier , and groggier than the band 's previous efforts .
= = Marketing and promotion = =
= = = Behind the scenes and promotional contest = = =
Shortly after the album 's announcement in February 2007 , a video was posted on the band 's official website showing Homme , Castillo and Van Leeuwen jamming . Along with brief footage of the recording session for " Misfit Love " , the last 6 – 7 seconds of the video contained footage of the recording of " 3 's & 7 's " accompanied by studio @-@ mastered audio . A second video of the recording of the album surfaced subsequently on YouTube , depicting the band ( this time including Alain Johannes ) recording a new track , " Turning on the Screw " in studio .
In early April , the official band website was updated with a 37 second excerpt from " Sick , Sick , Sick " . This was replaced by the complete song , " 3 's and 7 's " , which was later removed . QOTSA fansite thefade.net announced a promotional contest for fans to win " a special package " from the band , confirmed as legitimate by the band 's webmaster . On April 13 , packages were sent to selected winners containing a CD entitled You Know What You Did with the sole track " Era Vulgaris " , which Homme separately confirmed would not be appearing on the record , although it was included as a bonus track on the UK edition . The CD was accompanied by a handwritten letter asking fans to share the song in any way possible :
Hello friend -
Thank you for accepting this gift . Included you will find the will to dance & the song ERA VULGARIS . It was pulled from the new album ( of the same name ) so that it could be to you and become an example of how we think " from now on " should be . As in - We do for you , you do for us .
So to start this relationship off , we have done for you . Now we ask this in return . Share this with friends you think we ( you & us ) would enjoy . Upload it and spray it like time released graffitti ( sic ) on the websites of places it does not belong .
Is it a new recipe on Rachel Ray 's site ? Is it a new Nickelback song on their board ? A secret Gov 't document ? Video game cheats ? Sex site password ? Fuckin ' whatever ? You decide . Then tell us how you shoved this song into the guts of the internet & we ( both ) can smile wide with pride at our new relationship .
OH , but not till after midnight tonight ... from now till then , is just for us . Can we trust you to wait ? Relationships are built on trust . Enjoy !
= = = Bulby , Xfm and soundtracks = = =
The full track " Sick , Sick , Sick " was leaked onto the Internet , countered by the posting of a promotional video to the official site featuring a " sales pitch " for Era Vulgaris by two talking lightbulbs , followed by a streaming of " Sick , Sick , Sick " with official lyrics displayed in the background .
On May 2 , 2007 , Homme , Van Leeuwen and new band member Dean Fertita appeared on London radio station Xfm , performing an acoustic set that included the tracks " 3 's & 7 's " , " Into the Hollow " and " Suture Up Your Future " .
It was announced that tracks from the band would appear in the video games Madden NFL 08 , Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock and Rock Band , specifically that the track " 3 's & 7 's " would be featured in Madden NFL 08 and Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock . Both " 3 's & 7 's " and " Sick , Sick , Sick " are available as downloadable content on Rock Band and Rock Band 2 , as they share the same Music Store . In addition , " Make It Wit Chu " was later included in the tracklist of Guitar Hero 5 .
= = Artwork = =
The album 's cover features the two lightbulbs from the promotional video , Bulby and his pirate accomplice ( pictured right ) , marking a change from the plainer designs of the bands ' previous albums . According to Homme , the light bulb represented " … what you perceive to be a great idea that really is not that great of an idea " . The cover was a slip of paper , with a simplified credits page on the back side , marked with the outline of the record . The typography follows an Old English style font ; Blackmoor , with the ' Spermy Q ' seen on their album Songs for the Deaf .
An art booklet was also included , featuring " Bulby " and several other characters which unfolded to display a pin @-@ up advertisement for the album , following the 50 's advertising satire as the rest of the album art followed . The lack of liner notes for the album was remedied when the official website allowed users to view an e @-@ booklet , containing more detailed liner notes , lyrics , and previously unseen artwork . The green light bulb with the pirate hat , eye patch and peg leg is known as " Stumpy " .
Some copies of the album cover contain a red and yellow rectangle spoofing the Parental Advisory seal , reading " Rental Advisory : Freedom Not for Purchase " . Coincidentally , it was the first Queens of the Stone Age album since Rated R to not bear a genuine Parental Advisory seal .
The lightbulb characters were created by Morning Breath Inc. with overall art direction from Jason Noto and Doug Cunningham of Morning Breath Inc .
= = Reception = =
Reviews for the album were generally positive , earning a rating of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic , a decline from their previous two studio albums . Uncut and Allmusic 's reviews were particularly glowing , with the latter noting how Era Vulgaris is " as different from Lullabies as that was to their dramatic widescreen breakthrough , Songs for the Deaf " . Originally awarding the album with a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star rating , Allmusic changed this to a four @-@ star rating in 2013 , upon the release of the band 's follow @-@ up , ... Like Clockwork .
The Observer also commented on the album 's change in direction , commenting that the band had " turned its back on the mainstream " and that the album was " uneasy and brooding " and " Gripping stuff " . Rolling Stone gave the album four stars for the first time since the band 's self titled debut , commenting that " Era Vulgaris is Homme 's fifth Queens album , and like the others , it 's intricately crafted , meticulously polished and ruthlessly efficient in its pursuit of depraved rock thrills . " New York Times critic Jon Pareles selected the album as the 10th best release of 2007 .
A number of reviews were negative , however ; Q magazine gave the album two stars out of five , while The Village Voice criticized Homme for lack of originality , describing the record 's sound as " listless and drained of ideas " . The Guardian slated the record as lyrically clichéd and lacking the input of former bassist Nick Oliveri , and Entertainment Weekly delivered the closing indictment that " there isn 't a single song here that you 'll remember , or want to return to , two summers hence . "
Era Vulgaris had sold 198 @,@ 000 copies in the US , and 521 @,@ 000 copies worldwide before falling off the charts . The US sales are a decline from their previous album , as Lullabies to Paralyze , had sold 342 @,@ 000 copies in the US by March 2007 . Neither album achieved the commercial success of the band 's 2002 release , Songs for the Deaf , which had sold 986 @,@ 000 copies in the US alone as of June 2007 .
= = Track listing = =
All tracks were written by Joshua Homme , Troy Van Leeuwen and Joey Castillo , except for " Sick , Sick , Sick " ( Homme , Goss , Van Leeuwen , Castillo ) and " Make It wit Chu " ( Homme , Johannes , Melchiondo ) .
= = Personnel = =
According to the album liner notes , the contributors were as follows :
= = = Core line @-@ up = = =
Josh Homme – lead vocals , guitar , backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " ) , lead guitar ( tracks 1 @,@ 3 @,@ 7 @,@ 8 ) , acoustic guitar ( " Battery Acid " ) , percussion ( " Turnin ' on the Screw " ) , bass ( tracks 4 @-@ 6 , 8 @-@ 11 ) , lap steel guitar ( " Into the Hollow " ) , keyboard ( " Into the Hollow " ) , electric piano ( tracks 8 and 9 ) , rhodes piano ( " Make It wit Chu " ) , " badly tuned " piano ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , organ ( " River in the Road " ) , " percussion ball " ( " Run , Pig , Run " )
Troy Van Leeuwen – keyboard ( tracks 1 @,@ 2 @,@ 5 @,@ 6 ) , guitar ( tracks 1 @-@ 4 @,@ 7 @,@ 8 @,@ 11 ) , lead guitar ( tracks 5 @,@ 6 @,@ 9 ) , " crazy delay " guitar ( " River in the Road " ) , lap steel guitar ( " 3 's & 7 's " ) , backing vocals ( tracks 1 @,@ 2 @,@ 6 @,@ 7 ) , bass ( track 2 and 7 ) , " the percussion part that 's a bitch " ( " Turnin ' on the Screw " ) , Moog ( " I 'm Designer " ) , rhodes ( " Into the Hollow " )
Joey Castillo – drums , percussion ( track 1 and 7 ) , " percussion ball " ( " Run , Pig , Run " )
= = = Guest appearances = = =
Alain Johannes – bass ( tracks 1 and 3 ) , acoustic guitar ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , counterpoint guitar ( " Misfit Love " ) , harmonic guitar ( " Make It wit Chu " ) , counterpoint fiddle ( " Misfit Love " ) , " cig " fiddle ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , marxaphone ( " Run , Pig , Run " ) , backing vocals ( " Run , Pig , Run " )
Chris Goss – keyboard ( " Into the Hollow " ) , " the chicken pluckin guitar " ( " Turnin ' on the Screw " ) , " twinkley bits " ( " Sick , Sick , Sick " ) , organ ( " Misfit Love " ) , electric piano ( " Suture Up Your Future " ) , " eclectic " piano ( " Battery Acid " ) , bass ( " River in the Road " ) , backing vocals ( tracks 7 and 11 )
Julian Casablancas – casio guitar and vocals ( " Sick , Sick , Sick " )
Serrina Sims – backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " )
Brody Dalle @-@ Homme – backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " )
Liam Lynch – backing vocals ( " Make It wit Chu " )
Mark Lanegan – harmony vocals ( " River in the Road " )
This list is exhaustive of the core eleven tracks ( see above ) , but does not take into account contributions to bonus tracks .
= = = Technical = = =
Technical credits for the album are as follows :
Chris Goss & Josh Homme ( as The Fififf Teeners ) − producers
Alain Johannes − engineer
Alain Johannes & Joe Barresi − mixing
Justin Smith − mixing assistant
Stephen Marcussen − mastering
Jason Noto − design , illustrations
Dr. Mark A. Williams − A & R
= = Chart positions = =
= = Album release history = =
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= SMS Yorck =
SMS Yorck ( " His Majesty 's Ship Yorck " ) was the second and final ship of the Roon class of armored cruisers built for the German Imperial Navy . Yorck was named for Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg , a Prussian field marshal . She was laid down in 1903 at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg , and finished in November 1905 , at the cost of 16 @,@ 241 @,@ 000 marks . She displaced up to 9 @,@ 875 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 719 long tons ; 10 @,@ 885 short tons ) and was armed with a main battery of four 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns . Her top speed was 20 @.@ 4 knots ( 37 @.@ 8 km / h ; 23 @.@ 5 mph ) .
The ship had a short career ; she served with the fleet for the first seven years , after which she was decommissioned and placed in reserve . After the outbreak of World War I , she was reactivated and returned to front @-@ line service . After returning from the raid on Yarmouth on 3 – 4 November 1914 , the ship made a navigational error in heavy fog and accidentally sailed into a German defensive minefield . The ship sank quickly with heavy loss of life , though sources disagree on the exact number of fatalities . Her commander was court @-@ martialled and imprisoned for disobedience and negligent homicide . Yorck was broken up incrementally , with work occurring in 1929 – 30 , 1965 , and finally completed in 1982 .
= = Construction = =
Yorck was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Deutschland and built at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 167 . Her keel was laid in 1902 and she was launched on 14 May 1904 . Fitting @-@ out work was completed by 21 November 1905 , being commissioned into the Imperial German Navy the same day . She had cost the Imperial German Government 16 @,@ 241 @,@ 000 Goldmarks .
Yorck displaced 9 @,@ 087 t ( 8 @,@ 943 long tons ) as built and 9 @,@ 875 t ( 9 @,@ 719 long tons ) fully loaded , with a length of 126 @.@ 50 m ( 415 ft 0 in ) , a beam of 19 @.@ 60 m ( 64 ft 4 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 43 m ( 24 ft 5 in ) forward . She was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines , which developed a total of 17 @,@ 272 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 880 kW ) and yielded a maximum speed of 20 @.@ 4 knots ( 37 @.@ 8 km / h ; 23 @.@ 5 mph ) on trials . She carried up to 1 @,@ 630 t ( 1 @,@ 600 long tons ) of coal , which enabled a maximum range of up to 5 @,@ 080 nautical miles ( 9 @,@ 410 km ; 5 @,@ 850 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) .
She was armed with four 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns arranged in two twin gun turrets , one on either end of the superstructure . Her secondary armament consisted of ten 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns , four in single turrets arranged two each on either side , the rest in casemates amidships , fourteen 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns and four 45 cm ( 18 in ) underwater torpedo tubes , one in the bow , one in the stern , and one on both beams .
= = Service history = =
= = = Peacetime = = =
Yorck was launched on 14 May 1904 , and commissioned into the German navy on 21 November 1905 . At the commissioning Field Marshal Wilhelm von Hahnke spoke , saying , " old wisdom , si vis pacem , para bellum — he who wants peace shall be prepared for war ... may the guns and machines of the Yorck be operated only by men with iron hearts and an iron will , men who know no other order than to put their lives at risk when the might , the greatness and honor of the German people are being fought for . " After her commissioning , Yorck served with the fleet in the cruiser squadron . In 1908 – 1909 , Erich Raeder served aboard the ship as Yorck 's navigation officer . From 1 October 1911 to 26 January 1912 , Franz von Hipper , later commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the German navy , served as the ship 's commanding officer .
In early March 1913 , the fleet conducted maneuvers off the island of Helgoland in the North Sea . Early on 4 March , the destroyer S178 fell out of formation in heavy seas and attempted to cross in front of Yorck . The destroyer was caught by a large wave and thrown into Yorck , which cut S178 in half . Out of a crew of 83 men , only 13 were pulled from the stormy sea . Yorck was decommissioned and laid up in the reserve fleet in May 1913 with most of her crew transferring to the newly completed battlecruiser Seydlitz . Hipper , by now the deputy commander of the battlecruiser squadron , stated that " the Seydlitz has a fine spirit and high morale , having carried over the spirit of the old Yorck crew . " On 12 August 1914 Yorck was recommissioned and assigned to III Scouting Group .
= = = First World War = = =
On 3 November , Yorck participated in the first offensive operation of the war conducted by the German fleet . She augmented the forces assigned to the I Scouting Group , which primarily consisted of the battlecruisers Seydlitz , Moltke , and Von der Tann and the large armored cruiser Blücher . The I Scouting Group , commanded by Rear Admiral Hipper , was ordered to bombard Great Yarmouth on the English coast . The four large cruisers bombarded the port but inflicted little damage ; minelayers laid minefields off the coast , which sank British submarine D5 . Upon returning to the Heligoland Bight late that day , Hipper 's forces encountered heavy fog . The fog prevented the ships from entering Wilhelmshaven ; instead , they anchored for the night in the Schillig roadstead . Yorck attempted to enter Wilhelmshaven early on the 4th , but her crew made a navigational error which led the ship into a German defensive minefield . She struck two mines , and capsized and sank with heavy loss of life .
Sources disagree on the exact figures ; V. E. Tarrant 's Jutland : The German Perspective , states that 127 men out of a crew of 629 were rescued , while Erich Gröner 's German Warships 1815 – 1945 indicates that there were only 336 fatalities . Daniel Butler 's Distant Victory states that " some 235 " men perished in the sinking . The Norddeutsche Volksblatt reported " the loss of over 300 men " at the time of the court @-@ martial on the sinking ; this report was echoed around the world .
Yorck 's commanding officer , Captain Piper , was among those rescued . In December 1914 he was court @-@ martialled and sentenced to two years ' imprisonment for negligence , disobedience of orders , and homicide through negligence . The ship 's wreck was partially scrapped in 1929 – 30 ; more work was done in 1965 , though the ship was not completely removed until work resumed in 1982 .
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= Sheamus =
Stephen Farrelly ( Irish : Stíofán Ó Fearghaile ; born 28 January 1978 ) is an Irish professional wrestler and actor . He is signed to the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , where he performs under the ring name Sheamus ( pronounced / ˈʃeɪmʌs / ) shortened from his previous ring name Sheamus O 'Shaunessy .
Prior to joining WWE , Farrelly wrestled on the European circuit and was a two @-@ time International Heavyweight Champion during his tenure in Irish Whip Wrestling ( IWW ) .
After becoming part of the WWE main roster in 2009 , he would go on to be a four @-@ time world champion in WWE , having held the WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Championship three times and the World Heavyweight Championship once . He is also a two @-@ time United States Champion . In addition to these championships , he has won the 2010 King of the Ring tournament , the 2012 Royal Rumble match and the 2015 Money in the Bank ladder match , making him only the second wrestler ( after Edge ) to achieve all three accomplishments .
= = Early life = =
Farrelly was born in Cabra , Dublin , Ireland and was raised in the city . He speaks fluent Irish , having attended Scoil Caoimhin Primary and Coláiste Mhuire Secondary School , a Gaelscoil . During his school years , he sang in the Palestrina Choir until the age of 13 ; during this time , he appeared on the Late Late Show and Live at Three . He played Gaelic football for the Erin 's Isle team where once he was proclaimed sports star of the month . He also played rugby for the National College of Ireland , where he gained a National Diploma . He has been a fan of Premier League football club Liverpool F.C. since childhood and also supports both rugby union clubs London Irish and Leinster and rugby league club the New Zealand Warriors . He is a former IT technician , and also worked as security for a nightclub , which led to him to occasionally working as a bodyguard for Bono and Larry Mullen , Jr. of U2 , as well as Denise van Outen .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Training and character development ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = =
Farrelly 's inspiration into a professional wrestling career came from watching both British wrestling from ITV 's World of Sport and American wrestling from the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) on Sky One . On the advice of Bret Hart , Farrelly began training in Larry Sharpe 's Monster Factory wrestling school in April 2002 , alongside Tank Toland , Cliff Compton , and Cindy Rogers . Six weeks later he officially debuted as a fan favorite under the name Sheamus O 'Shaunessy against Robert Pigeon . It was during this time that he developed the nickname the " Irish Curse " after low @-@ blowing an opponent . He soon suffered a serious neck injury after botching a hip toss which sidetracked his career for two years .
Farrelly soon developed his wrestling character by drawing on Celtic mythology . Wanting to move away from limiting Irish stereotypes of lucky charms , leprechauns , and alcoholism , he instead wanted to portray an Irish warrior . Going to a Gaelscoil , Farelly grew up aware of the four cycles of Irish mythology and , inspired by the artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick , incorporated the sword and axe @-@ wielding imagery into his gimmick . This included the design of his own pendant , the crossos , which combines the Celtic cross with a Celtic War sword to illustrate his character 's " indigenous origins with a hybrid of warrior strength matched with a strong ethical centre " .
= = = Irish Whip Wrestling ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = =
In May 2004 , still using the ring name Sheamus O 'Shaunessy , Farrelly returned to wrestling at the newly opened Irish Whip Wrestling ( IWW ) school in Dublin . He then made his debut match for the promotion at their Mount Temple show on 9 July against Mark Burns , where he picked out an easy win . He went on to win a battle royal the following month .
O 'Shaunessy spent the rest of the year engaged in a rivalry with Vid Vain after losing to his tag team partner Joey Cabray the same night he won the battle royal . On 22 and 23 October they traded wins , leading to O 'Shaunessy recruiting help from CJ Summers to help defeat the tag team on 24 October . O 'Shaunessy was still unsuccessful to defeat Vain in singles action the following day . Despite these losses , his impressive showings earned him a place against Alex Shane in a guest match for the Frontier Wrestling Alliance ( FWA ) British Heavyweight Championship . Although he put on a proficient exhibit and came close to win , his friend Red Vinny interfered in the match and cost him the championship .
In March 2005 , he avenged this loss by teaming with Raven to defeat Shane and Vinny . This victory was part of a winning streak over the end of March where O 'Shaunessy wrestled twice a day on 24 , 25 , 26 – including an 11 @-@ man Rumble win – and 27 March with a standard tag match and a ten @-@ man tag team match . This series of victories , aside from one loss by disqualification to Vain , put him to a good form for the one @-@ day tournament held in County Kildare to crown the inaugural IWW International Heavyweight Champion . On 28 March , O 'Shaunessy put an end to his main rivalries when he defeated Vinny and then Vain in the quarter and semi finals , respectively . He met Darren Burridge in the final match and won to become IWW 's first champion , but had to compete again in an evening show in Dublin , defeating Burridge and Vinny once more in a tag match alongside Vain .
O 'Shaunessy 's first successful title defence came against Burridge the following month but Burridge would not let his grudge rest , continuing to attack O 'Shaunessy and finally costing him the title during a match against D 'Lo Brown on 29 May . O 'Shaunessy earned revenge in July by defeating Burridge in a grudge match , though lost to him in an arm wrestling contest the following day . Still , he continued on his quest to regain the title by winning a contendership three way match against Vinny and Red Viper in August setting him up to regain the International Heavyweight Championship in October from Brown in Newcastle upon Tyne in England .
After defending his title against Vampiro and Viper , O 'Shaunessy found himself embroiled in a new feud with rising Scottish wrestling star " Thee " Drew Galloway , whom he later admitted was his toughest opponent . On 28 January 2006 , he received his first championship match , evolving their rivalry from previous non @-@ title contests . The rivalry quickly took on a patriotic flavour , with Galloway 's blue colours of Scotland clashing O 'Shaunnesy 's green colours of Ireland , mirroring the Old Firm football derby between Rangers and Celtic , respectively . This football allusion became particularly prominent when the two met again at Verona Football Club again for the title , though the match changed into a Lumberjack match , the result and champion remained the same .
With Galloway defeated , O 'Shaunessy continued to dominate by again defending his title against Vampiro on 17 March . Galloway earned himself a two out of three falls match against the champion the following day , however , which O 'Shaunessy won two falls to one ; the next day produced the same result in a match O 'Shaunessy claimed was his best on the independent circuit . With Galloway briefly answered , O 'Shaunessy took on the newcomer Pierre Marcaeu and defeated him in two successive title matches only to find Galloway had earned another shot . With their rivalry intensifying , Galloway 's next challenge to O 'Shaunnesy was given the stipulation of a Last Man Standing match . O 'Shaunessy retained the title , as he also did in June with the same stipulation . Finally , on 28 August , O 'Shaunessy lost the IWW International Heavyweight Championship in a singles match to Galloway in what would be his last appearance with the promotion .
= = = British promotions ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = =
As well as wrestling in Ireland , O 'Shaunessy occasionally travelled to Great Britain to make appearances on the British independent circuit . In April 2006 he was brought into Wales ' Celtic Wrestling promotion as a contender for their top title but was defeated by the champion , Chris Recall . Later that year in November , he was employed by London 's LDN Wrestling to appear on their Capital TV show where , after quickly defeating William Hill , he gained an LDN Championship match against Tex Benedict which ended with Benedict winning by disqualification and O 'Shaunessy attacking him after the match .
During his time overseas he worked for Brian Dixon 's All Star Wrestling , which gave him a taste of large audiences that he had not experienced in Ireland , as well as wrestling English veteran Robbie Brookside and other British wrestling luminaries , including Nigel McGuinness and Doug Williams . He also represented the UK in a Battle of the Nations tag team match between the UK and Austria alongside Drew McDonald and The Celtic Warrior in a losing effort against Chris Raaber , Michael Kovac , and Robert Ray Kreuzer at the European Wrestling Association 's Night of Gladiators .
As well as making top contender appearances based on his growing reputation , O 'Shaunessy also brought with him to Britain his long @-@ standing rivalry with Galloway . He had already wrestled in Galloway 's home promotion , British Championship Wrestling ( BCW ) , twice in 2005 , losing to Jay Phoenix on the day before Phoenix lost to Galloway in March , and returning in September to defeat one of BCW 's top stars , Wolfgang , via countout . In the middle of their IWW feud the following year , O 'Shaunessy went back to Scotland to take part in BCW 's Path To Glory tour , defeating Galloway on the first night but conceding a loss to him the next night in May . Though their feud finished in Ireland in August 2006 , it continued on across the Irish Sea when the two wrestled for the umbrella promotion Real Quality Wrestling ( RQW ) the following year . The two first met during April 's Taking On The World show which ended in a double countout . The lack of a decision led to a rematch in June , and one of O 'Shaunessy 's last on the independent circuit , where Galloway picked up the victory in a No Holds Barred match ahead of an RQW Heavyweight Championship match .
= = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Early cameos ( 2006 ) = = = =
On 13 November 2006 , O 'Shaunessy and English wrestler Stu Sanders appeared on the World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) show Raw at the Manchester Evening News Arena as part of the security team ejecting D @-@ Generation X from ringside , only for O 'Shaunessy to later receive a Pedigree from Triple H. The following day , he and Galloway had a tryout match against each other . The following year in April , he received another set of tryout matches in Milan and London against Galloway , as well as Sanders , WWE talent Jimmy Wang Yang , and Monster Factory alumnus Domino . This led to an offer and signing of a developmental contract with WWE , at which point he relocated to the United States .
= = = = Florida Championship Wrestling ( 2006 – 2009 ) = = = =
O 'Shaunessy debuted for the WWE developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) on 2 October in a double @-@ debut match with a win over Bryan Kelly . While wrestling regularly , he was not part of any long feuds but did wrestle with a number of short @-@ term tag teams alongside Hade Vansen and Jake Hager before teaming with Kafu ( and managed by Dave Taylor ) in the tournament to crown the inaugural FCW Florida Tag Team Champions . They advanced past the first round after defeating The British Lions ( " Thee Superstar " Christopher Gray and " The Rascal " Tommy Taylor ) , but lost to Brad Allen and Nick Nemeth in the second round .
By September , O 'Shaunessy had focused his attention on singles competition and wrestled his way to the top of the card , successfully defeating former partner Hager for the Florida Heavyweight Championship . He defended the title against Hager on 23 October and took on a number of competitors , with Eric Escobar and Joe Hennig consistently earning themselves into contention . Eventually , on 11 December , O 'Shaunessy lost the title to Escobar in a four @-@ way match also involving Hennig and Drew McIntyre ( formerly Drew Galloway ) .
O 'Shaunessy spent 2009 continuing to chase gold , earning two shots in January and February at the Florida Tag Team Champions Johnny Curtis and Tyler Reks , but he and Ryback were unsuccessful in both attempts . In March he challenged the two for the titles again , this time with McIntyre as his partner , but could not defeat them , nor could he defeat McIntyre for the Florida Heavyweight Championship the following month . He received a series of chances throughout the rest of the year , but could not win any more titles before being called up to WWE television , unsuccessfully challenging Justin Angel for the Florida Heavyweight Championship in November .
On 22 July 2008 , O 'Shaunessy worked a dark match at a SmackDown taping , losing to R @-@ Truth . The following year in May , O 'Shaunessy began appearing at the Raw brand 's house shows , and on both 8 and 9 May he defeated Jamie Noble along with another dark match victory over Noble before an episode of Raw .
= = = = WWE Champion ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = =
On the 30 June 2009 episode of ECW , Farrelly made his unannounced debut as a villain under the shortened ring name of Sheamus , quickly defeating a local competitor . Sheamus soon entered into a critically well @-@ received rivalry with Goldust after defeating him on 29 July . After exchanging victories in the following weeks they competed in a No Disqualification match on 1 September which was won by Sheamus . Sheamus then began a feud with Shelton Benjamin which was hot @-@ shot into a deciding match on 27 October which Sheamus won .
His rivalry with Benjamin ended prematurely when Sheamus was moved to the Raw brand . He made his Raw debut by defeating Jamie Noble on 26 October . In the following weeks , he continued to attack Noble causing him to retire , and , in lieu of competition , assaulted the timekeeper and commentator Jerry Lawler on 16 November . The following week Sheamus appeared on his first WWE pay @-@ per @-@ view event , Survivor Series , when he was part of The Miz 's team in a traditional five @-@ on @-@ five elimination tag team match . He eliminated fellow Irishman Finlay and made the final pinfall to eliminate the opposing captain John Morrison and survive along with The Miz and longtime former rival Drew McIntyre .
The following night on Raw , Sheamus won a " break @-@ through " battle royal for wrestlers who had never won a world championship , to become the number one contender to John Cena 's WWE Championship . At the contract signing immediately afterward , Sheamus put Cena through the table , and the Raw guest host , Jesse Ventura , announced it would be a Tables match . On 13 December at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view , Sheamus defeated Cena to win the WWE Championship , his first championship in WWE , making him the first Irish @-@ born WWE Champion . He also captured the major title in just 166 days since his WWE debut , making it the third shortest time to capture a title since his WWE / ECW debut . The following night on Raw , Sheamus was awarded the 2009 Breakout Superstar of the Year Slammy Award . On 31 January 2010 at the Royal Rumble , Sheamus defeated Randy Orton by disqualification to retain the WWE Championship , following interference from Orton 's teammate Cody Rhodes . On 21 February , Sheamus lost the WWE Championship at the Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view in the Elimination Chamber match after he was eliminated by Triple H. During the match , Sheamus suffered a concussion and as a result did not attend Raw the following night . Upon his return , he attacked Triple H in revenge , setting up a match at WrestleMania XXVI , where Sheamus lost . The following month at Extreme Rules , Sheamus attacked Triple H at the beginning of the show and later defeated him in a Street Fight . After a series of kicks to the head to win , he continued his assault after the match finished resulting in Triple H being written off television for ten months .
On 20 June at Fatal 4 @-@ Way pay @-@ per @-@ view , Sheamus won a fatal four @-@ way match , following interference from The Nexus that allowed him to pin John Cena , winning the WWE Championship for the second time and being named the one @-@ hundredth WWE Champion in history . He defeated Cena in a steel cage match to retain the championship on 18 July at the Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view , retained the title Randy Orton on 15 August at SummerSlam by disqualification . On 19 September at Night of Champions , Sheamus lost the WWE Championship to Randy Orton in a six @-@ pack elimination challenge , which also included Chris Jericho , Edge , John Cena , and Wade Barrett . Sheamus received his rematch for the title on 3 October at Hell in a Cell , but was again defeated by Orton in a Hell in a Cell match .
= = = = Championship reigns ( 2010 – 2012 ) = = = =
He bounced back on 29 November , with wins over Kofi Kingston and John Morrison to become King of the Ring , after receiving a bye through the second round . As " King Sheamus " , he faced Morrison again at the TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view for a future WWE Championship match , but lost in a ladder match . Going into 2011 , he continued to lose to Morrison in a mixture of singles and tag team matches . Triple H returned on 28 February and took revenge for his scripted ten @-@ month injury by putting Sheamus through the announce table . On 7 March , after losing a match against Daniel Bryan , Sheamus challenged him to a rematch with his WWE career on the line against Bryan 's United States Championship . He won his match against Bryan the following week , winning his first United States title . The rematch between Sheamus and Bryan took place on 3 April , during the pre @-@ show of WrestleMania XXVII , and ended in a draw after interference from the lumberjacks . The next night on Raw , Sheamus retained the United States Championship against Bryan in a rematch . In the 2011 Supplemental Draft , Sheamus was drafted to the SmackDown brand , and made his SmackDown debut on 29 April , and attacking Kofi Kingston . He brought the United States Championship to SmackDown , but lost it back to the Raw brand at Extreme Rules when Kingston defeated him in a Tables match .
On the 3 June episode of SmackDown , Sheamus lost a World Heavyweight Championship match to Randy Orton due to biased refereeing from Christian . Two weeks later , he lost a match to Christian , ending his chance to compete in the World Heavyweight Championship match at Capitol Punishment . Sheamus turned face for the first time by starting a brief feud with Mark Henry over Henry being a bully , including a loss at SummerSlam , Sheamus went on a fourteen match winning streak that ended after interference from Christian , with whom he had been feuding . During this time , Sheamus defeated Christian in three consecutive matches at Hell in a Cell , Vengeance , and on SmackDown . He then went on a twelve match winning streak building towards winning the 2012 Royal Rumble . He entered the match twenty @-@ second and won by last eliminating Chris Jericho to earn a main event championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII .
On 19 February at Elimination Chamber , Sheamus attacked World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan after the latter retained his title , indicating he would face Bryan at WrestleMania . On 1 April at WrestleMania XXVIII , Sheamus defeated Bryan in a record eighteen seconds to win the World Heavyweight Championship . On the following episode of SmackDown , Sheamus was defeated by Alberto Del Rio in a non @-@ title match via disqualification , thus earning Del Rio a future title match and beginning a feud between the two . On 29 April at Extreme Rules , Sheamus successfully defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Bryan in a two out of three falls match . Sheamus then returned to his rivalry with Del Rio while also starting a feud with Chris Jericho and Randy Orton . The four @-@ way rivalry culminated in a match for the World Heavyweight Championship on 20 May at Over the Limit , where Sheamus pinned Jericho to retain . Del Rio earned another shot at Sheamus ' title on the following episode of SmackDown , but suffered a concussion a week before their match at No Way Out and was subsequently replaced by Dolph Ziggler ; Sheamus retained the championship in their match . Sheamus went on to retain the championship against Del Rio and Ziggler over the next few months , including at the Money in the Bank , SummerSlam , and Night of Champions pay @-@ per @-@ views . On 28 October at Hell in a Cell , Sheamus lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Big Show , ending his reign , which was the third longest in the title 's history , at 210 days .
Sheamus faced Show for the World Heavyweight Championship on 18 November at Survivor Series , where he defeated Show via disqualification , failing to win the title . Afterward , Sheamus repeatedly hit Show with a steel chair . This led to a Chairs match on 16 December at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs , where Sheamus again failed to regain the World Heavyweight Championship . On the 24 December episode of Raw , Sheamus defeated Show in a non @-@ title lumberjack match .
= = = = United States Champion ( 2013 – 2014 ) = = = =
On 27 January 2013 , at the Royal Rumble , Sheamus entered the Royal Rumble at number eleven and eliminated five other competitors before being eliminated by Ryback . After being a frequent target of The Shield , Sheamus gained vengeance on the stable when he united with John Cena and Ryback to attack them . This culminated in a six @-@ man tag team match at Elimination Chamber , where the Shield emerged victorious . In late February , Sheamus aligned himself with Randy Orton to feud with The Shield . Over the next weeks , Sheamus and Orton saved each other from attacks by The Shield and Big Show . On the 15 March episode of SmackDown , Sheamus and Orton were then allowed to pick a third partner to face the Shield in a six @-@ man tag team match at WrestleMania 29 and chose Ryback . Three days later on Raw , however , Ryback was booked for another match at the event , leaving the spot open . Later that night , Big Show saved the two from an attack by The Shield and was recruited as their partner . On 7 April at WrestleMania 29 , Sheamus , Orton and Show were defeated by The Shield , after which both men were knocked out by Show . The following night on Raw , Sheamus and Orton faced off in a match to earn a match with Big Show , however , the match ended in a no contest after Show interfered . Sheamus and Orton then defeated Show in two handicap matches on SmackDown and Raw .
Later that month , Sheamus re @-@ entered a feud with Mark Henry after the two repeatedly attacked each other backstage . Sheamus and Henry then challenged each other in tests of strength , but with Sheamus unable to best Henry , he resorted to attacking Henry . After Sheamus attacked a commentary @-@ bound Henry during a match , Henry whipped Sheamus with a belt , prompting a strap match on 19 May at Extreme Rules , where Sheamus emerged victorious . Sheamus then began feuding with Damien Sandow , when Sandow hosted a series of mental challenges on SmackDown , and Sheamus repeatedly interrupted and tried to solve the challenges . However , when Sheamus failed to solve the puzzles , he instead resorted to physical violence . On 16 June , during the Payback pre @-@ show , Sheamus defeated Sandow in a singles match . The following night on Raw , Sheamus was defeated by Sandow and Cody Rhodes in a handicap match after Sandow pinned him with a roll @-@ up . The rivalry culminated in a Dublin Street Fight on the 28 June episode of SmackDown , where Sheamus emerged victorious . On 14 July at Money in the Bank , Sheamus competed in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match , but was unsuccessful as the match was won by Randy Orton . During the match , Sheamus suffered a hematoma on his left thigh after being thrown into a horizontal ladder , which prevented him from competing that week . Sheamus returned to in @-@ ring action on the 22 July episode of Raw , losing to World Heavyweight Champion Alberto Del Rio in a non @-@ title match . On 7 August , WWE confirmed Sheamus had suffered a torn labrum in his shoulder that would require surgery , and was expected to miss between four and six months of ring action .
On 26 January 2014 , at the Royal Rumble , Sheamus returned as a surprise entrant in the Royal Rumble match ; he was eliminated by Roman Reigns in the final three . The following night on Raw , Sheamus , Daniel Bryan , and John Cena qualified for the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship ; he was eliminated by Christian in the match . This began a brief feud leading up to WrestleMania , in which Sheamus consistently was victorious . He was part of the final four in the André the Giant Memorial battle royal at WrestleMania XXX , before he and Alberto Del Rio eliminated each other . On 14 April , Sheamus participated in the Intercontinental Championship number one contender tournament , which was held on Raw . He advanced to the next round by defeating Jack Swagger , before losing to Bad News Barrett in the semi @-@ finals on 21 April .
On the 5 May episode of Raw , Sheamus won a 20 @-@ man battle royal to win the United States Championship for the second time , last eliminating the previous champion Dean Ambrose . Sheamus then began feuding with Cesaro and his manager Paul Heyman , culminating in a match between Sheamus and Cesaro for the championship at Payback , which Sheamus won . On 9 June , Sheamus defeated Bad News Barrett to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship ; the match was won by John Cena . Sheamus was in the Intercontinental Championship battle royal at Battleground ; the match was won by The Miz . At Night of Champions , Sheamus successfully defended the title against Cesaro and retained the championship against The Miz at Hell in a Cell . He lost the title to Rusev on 3 November , in a match aired exclusively on the WWE Network .
Following this , Sheamus was written off television when he and Big Show were attacked by Rusev and Mark Henry , allowing Sheamus time off for surgery .
= = = = The League of Nations ( 2015 – 2016 ) = = = =
On the 30 March episode of Raw , Sheamus returned from injury , having drastically changed his look , including a mohawk and braided beard , appearing to save Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler from an attack by Bad News Barrett , but then attacked Bryan and Ziggler instead , turning heel in the process for the first time since 2011 . Sheamus then explained his heel turn and new attitude by claiming that " the era of underdogs is over " , resulting in a feud with Ziggler . On the 16 April episode of SmackDown , Sheamus announced that he would face Ziggler in a Kiss Me Arse match at Extreme Rules , which he lost . However , Sheamus refused to follow the stipulation , and instead made Ziggler kiss his arse , despite losing . At Payback , Sheamus defeated Ziggler in a rematch . At Elimination Chamber , Sheamus participated in the Elimination Chamber match for the vacant Intercontinental Championship , but was unsuccessful as the match was won by Ryback . At Money in the Bank , Sheamus won the Money in the Bank ladder match to earn a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract . Sheamus then began a feud with Randy Orton , who was also part of the ladder match , with both men attacking each other and facing off in tag @-@ team matches . Sheamus lost to Orton at Battleground , but defeated Orton at SummerSlam .
At Survivor Series , Sheamus cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and defeated newly crowned champion Roman Reigns , after he refused to shake hands with Triple H , to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship , thus aligning with Triple H and The Authority . On the November 30 episode of Raw , Sheamus announced that he had formed his own stable called The League of Nations with King Barrett , Alberto Del Rio , and Rusev . This new stable , the members of which all have been born outside the U.S. , remained associated with the Authority . In addition , he proclaimed his championship reign as " Sheamus 5 : 15 " , which is a play on Austin 3 : 16 and Reigns ' short @-@ lived tenure as champion for five minutes and 15 seconds .
At the TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs pay @-@ per @-@ view , Sheamus defeated Reigns in a tables , ladders , and chairs match due to interference from The League of Nations . After the match , Reigns snapped and viciously attacked Sheamus as well as Triple H. This resulted in a rematch the following night on Raw for the title with the added stipulation that Reigns would be fired should he lose . Despite interference from chairman Mr. McMahon , Sheamus lost the championship , ending his reign at 22 days . On the January 4 , 2016 episode of Raw , he failed to regain the title from Reigns with McMahon as special guest referee . On January 24 , Sheamus entered the 2016 Royal Rumble at number 29 , where he made to the final four , before being eliminated by Reigns . This loss would end his feud with Reigns .
At Fastlane , WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day began mocking The League of Nations , calling them the " league of booty " . They then continued to mock The League of Nations in various segments and skits while simultaneously feuding with other teams . At Roadblock , Sheamus and Barrett challenged for the WWE Tag Team Championship , but were unsuccessful . The following night on Raw , The New Day defeated Del Rio and Rusev , prompting all four members of The League to attack The New Day after the match . The League of Nations then challenged The New Day to a match at WrestleMania 32 , where they defeated The New Day . After the match , they were confronted and attacked by Mick Foley , Stone Cold Steve Austin , and Shawn Michaels .
On the April 4 episode of Raw , Barrett and Sheamus faced The New Day in another tag team title match , in a losing effort . After the match , the League of Nations blamed Barrett for being the " weak link " and attacked him , ejecting him from the group , before the rest of the team was attacked by The Wyatt Family . The feud was suspended within a month due to Bray Wyatt suffering an injury , which led to Alberto Del Rio commenting that The League might separate soon as a result .
On the April 28 episode of SmackDown , The League would compete in a six @-@ man tag match against Sami Zayn , Kalisto and Cesaro , however , Del Rio and Rusev walked out during the match . Sheamus , who would do the same , confronted Del Rio and Rusev during a brawl , and said that the league is finished , confirming the end of the group . Del Rio would also confirm in an interview that the group was finished .
= = = = Various feuds ( 2016 – present ) = = = =
On the May 2 episode of Raw all three members of the former stable competed in the United States Championship number one contender match . Rusev won the match , and eliminated both Sheamus and Del Rio . On the May 23 episode of Raw , Sami Zayn defeated Sheamus to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match at the Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view . At the Money in the Bank pay @-@ per @-@ view , Sheamus suffered a loss to Apollo Crews . On July 19 , at the 2016 WWE draft , Sheamus was drafted to Raw .
= = Other media = =
Farrelly had a small role in the 2006 Irish film 3 Crosses , and played Two Ton in the 2008 movie The Escapist . He also appeared as a Celtic Warrior Zombie in the opening sequence of the 2009 film Assault of Darkness . He played Rocksteady in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) .
He appeared on several episodes of Dustin 's Daily News , where he had a rivalry with Dustin the Turkey , the famous Irish sock puppet ; this ended with Dustin and Farrelly having a " fight " , which Dustin won . Farrelly played a leprechaun wrestler on The Podge and Rodge Show .
In July 2014 , Farrelly was involved in the Royal Pains television series as a guest star .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
As Sheamus
Brogue Kick ( Running bicycle kick ) – 2009 – present
High Cross / Pale Justice / Celtic Cross ( Running crucifix powerbomb ) – 2010 – 2011 ; 2016 ( briefly )
White Noise ( Over @-@ the @-@ shoulder back @-@ to @-@ belly piledriver ) – 2012 – 2014 ; used as a signature move thereafter
As Sheamus O 'Shaunessy
Celtic Slam ( Death Valley driver )
The FRH – The Fiery Red Hand ( Leg trap chokebomb or a chokeslam lifted and dropped into a side slam )
Signature moves
Battering Ram ( Diving shoulder block , sometimes while slingshotting )
Beats of the Bodhrán ( Forearm clubs to a rope hung opponent 's chest )
Cloverleaf
Drop suplex - 2015 @-@ present
Fallaway slam
Front powerslam
Irish Curse Backbreaker ( Side slam backbreaker )
Rolling fireman 's carry slam
Running double axe handle
Running knee lift , sometimes to a rope hung opponent
Running knee strike to the midsection of a cornered opponent
Nicknames
" The Celtic Conqueror / Warrior "
" The Great White "
" The Celtic King "
" The Irish Curse "
" S.O.S. "
" Mr. Money in the Bank "
Entrance themes
" The Irish Curse " by Alan Doyle
" Written in My Face " performed by Sean Jenness and composed by Jim Johnston ( 30 June 2009 – 30 March 2015 )
" Hellfire " by CFO $ ( 2 April 2015 – present )
" A League of Their Own " by Jim Johnston ( December 7 , 2015 – April 26 , 2016 ; used while a part of The League of Nations )
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Irish Whip Wrestling
IWW International Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times )
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him 5 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012
Rolling Stone
Lame Duck of the Year ( 2015 )
World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
WWE United States Championship ( 2 times )
WWE World Heavyweight Championship ( 3 times ) 1
King of the Ring ( 2010 )
Money in the Bank ( 2015 )
Royal Rumble ( 2012 )
Slammy Awards ( 4 times )
Breakout Star of the Year ( 2009 )
Feat of Strength of the Year ( 2012 ) Delivering " White Noise " to Big Show
Outstanding Achievement in Muppet Resemblance ( 2011 )
Superstar / Diva Most in Need of Make @-@ up ( 2010 )
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Most Improved ( 2010 )
1 ^ Sheamus ' first two reigns were when the title was known as the WWE Championship .
= = = Lucha de Apuesta record = = =
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= Mami Kawada =
Mami Kawada ( 川田 まみ , Kawada Mami , born February 13 ) is a Japanese pop singer who is signed to NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan and is a member of I 've Sound , a musical group which produces soundtracks for eroge ( erotic games ) and anime . Born and raised in Sapporo , Japan , Kawada made her musical debut in 2001 after being discovered by her music teacher Eiko Shimamiya with the release of the song " Kaze to Kimi o Daite " . She released her first single , a split @-@ single with musician Kotoko , in 2002 , and her first solo single was released in 2005 . Her first album , Seed , was released in 2006 . She first performed overseas in Taiwan in 2007 and later appeared at the Bangkok Comic Con in Thailand in 2014 .
Kawada 's songs have been featured as theme music for various anime shows such as the Shakugan no Shana and A Certain Magical Index series . She has performed theme songs for various eroge such as Love , Election and Chocolate and Aokana : Four Rhythm Across the Blue . She has also written songs for other musicians . During the LisAni 2016 event , Kawada announced her retirement from the music industry following a final concert in May 2016 .
= = Biography = =
= = = Debut = = =
Kawada 's vocal talents were first discovered by Eiko Shimamiya , who was her teacher at the Mitsuno Music School in Sapporo , Hokkaido . She was introduced to I 've Sound , a music production group which featured Shimamiya as a member . Kawada joined I 've Sound in 2001 , and in that year released her debut song titled " Kaze to Kimi o Daite " ( 風と君を抱いて , " Embrace You and the Wind " ) , which was used as the opening theme to the eroge Miss You . The song was later compiled on I 've Sound 's fifth compilation album Out Flow ( 2003 ) .
In 2002 , she released her first song associated with an anime , " Sora no Mori de " ( 空の森で , " In the Forest of Sky " ) , the ending theme to the anime Please Teacher ! . The song was released in a split single with singer Kotoko , who performed the series ' opening theme " Shooting Star " . That same year , Kawada and Shimamiya performed a number of theme songs for visual novels as the unit Healing Leaf , although only one of those songs , " Ame ni Utau Ballad " ( 雨に歌う譚詩曲 , " A Ballad Sung in the Rain " ) , was featured in an I 've Sound Compilation . In mid @-@ 2003 , she performed the ending theme to the anime Please Twins ! , " Asu e no Namida " ( 明日への涙 , " Tears for Tomorrow " ) , which was also released in a split single with Kotoko .
= = = 2005 – 06 : Seed = = =
In 2005 , Kawada signed a contract with Geneon Entertainment ( now NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan ) and released her first major single " Radiance " , which was used as the opening theme to the anime Starship Operators . Later that year , she released her second single " Hishoku no Sora " , which was used as the opening theme to the anime series Shakugan no Shana . It became her best @-@ selling single and sold approximately 37 @,@ 000 copies , peaking at number 11 at the Oricon weekly charts .
In March 2006 , Kawada and Kotoko released a split single for the OVA adaptation of the game Baldr Force , with Kawada performing the ending theme " Undelete " and Kotoko performing the opening theme " Face of Fact ( Resolution ver . ) " . Four weeks later , Kawada released her debut album Seed . The album reached number 12 in the Oricon weekly charts and charted for five weeks , selling more than 25 @,@ 000 copies . Later that year , Kawada held her first live tour , where she distributed a pamphlet CD containing the first instance of a song that she both performed and composed by herself , " Carpe Diem " .
= = = 2007 : Savia = = =
After her success with " Hishoku no Sora " , Kawada released " Akai Namida " , an insert song for the Shakugan no Shana movie in May 2007 . She also sang " Tenjō o Kakeru Monotachi " ( 天壌を翔る者たち , " Those Who Scale Heaven and Earth " ) , the movie 's ending theme , together with Kotoko , Shimamiya , Mell and Kaori Utatsuki under the name Love Planet Five . Three months later , she performed the second ending theme to the series Hayate the Combat Butler , " Get My Way ! " . Kawada 's next single , " Joint " , was released on October 31 , 2007 . The titular song was used as the opening theme to the series Shakugan no Shana Second . The single marked her first top 10 single entry as it reached number 9 in its first week on the Oricon weekly charts , eventually selling 37 @,@ 000 copies and charting for 19 weeks . After Kawada 's success with her fifth single , she performed at her first live concert outside Japan on January 19 , 2008 , at the KHS Hall in Taiwan . In late March 2008 , Kawada released her second album Savia . The album included " Sense " , used as the ending theme of episode 24 of Shakugan no Shana Second , as well as " Akai Namida " and " Get My Way ! " . The album also includes the song " Hisui " ( 翡翠 -HISUI- ) , which was used as the ending theme to the 2008 Japanese theatrical film OneeChan Bara . It peaked at number 15 on the weekly charts and charted for five weeks .
= = = 2008 – 10 : Linkage = = =
In 2008 , Kawada released " PSI @-@ Missing " and " Masterpiece " , which were used as opening theme songs to the anime series A Certain Magical Index . The singles ' B @-@ sides , " Ame " ( 雨 , " Rain " ) and " Jellyfish " respectively , were also used as insert songs in the series . In late 2008 , Kawada opened her official website together with her official fan club M.A.L.L. , an acronym that stands for " Mami Artist Lasting Live " .
In June 2009 , Kawada released a single " L 'Oiseau bleu " , which was originally included in the I 've Sound 10th Anniversary 「 Departed to the future 」 Special CD BOX released on March 25 , 2009 . Kawada also performed the opening and ending themes to the original video animation series Shakugan no Shana S. The opening theme " Prophecy " was released on November 18 , 2009 .
On March 24 , 2010 , Kawada released her third album Linkage. containing the singles " PSI @-@ Missing " , " Masterpiece " and " Prophecy " , as well as the ending theme to Shakugan no Shana S , " All in Good Time " , and a cover of the song " Dreams " , originally performed by the Irish rock band The Cranberries . In the same year , she started writing lyrics for other I 've singers , beginning with " Piece of My Heart " , an insert song used in the eroge Love , Election and Chocolate , sung by Nami Maisaki ; Kawada also performed the game 's opening theme " Initiative " .
= = = 2010 – 12 : Square the Circle = = =
In autumn 2010 , Kawada performed the opening theme to the second season of A Certain Magical Index , " No Buts ! " , which eventually became her highest charting single to date , reaching number 6 in its first week in the Oricon weekly charts .
On February 16 , 2011 , she released her 10th single " See Visions " , the second opening theme to the second season of Index . Four months later , she wrote the lyrics for the song " Lead to the Smile " , the solo debut of I 've singer Rin Asami , who started her career that year . In 2012 , she released several songs for the third Shana series Shakugan no Shana Final : " Serment " was the second opening theme song ; " U / N " was used as the ending theme of episode 15 ; and " Kōbō " ( 光芒 , " Beam of Light " ) was used as an ending theme . Later , she released the single " Borderland " , which served as the opening theme to the anime TV series Jormungand , on May 29 , 2012 . She released a new album titled Square the Circle on August 8 , 2012 .
= = = 2013 – 2016 : Parablepsia = = =
Kawada wrote the song " Recall " , which was used as the ending theme to the 2013 anime television series Amnesia ; the song was performed by Ray . She released a greatest hits album titled Mami Kawada Best : Birth on her birthday , February 13 , 2013 , which includes all of her singles except for " Prophecy " . It also includes " Fixed Star " , the ending theme to the movie Toaru Majutsu no Index : Endymion no Kiseki . The album peaked at number 4 on the Oricon daily charts and at 15 on the Oricon weekly charts . " Fixed Star " was released as a single on February 20 , 2013 . She performed the song " Snap Out of It ! ! " together with Maon Kurosaki , which was included on the music collection Toaru Majutsu no TV Songs released on August 28 , 2013 . Kawada released the single " Break a Spell " , which serves as the second ending theme to the anime TV series Tokyo Ravens , on February 26 , 2014 . She wrote the songs " Lull ( Soshite Bokura wa ) " ( lull ～ そして僕らは ～ , " Lull ( And We Are ) " ) and " Ebb and Flow " , which were used as ending themes to the 2013 anime television series Nagi @-@ Asu : A Lull in the Sea ; both songs were sung by Ray .
Kawada made an appearance at the Bangkok Comic Con in Bangkok , Thailand in July 2014 , and the Animao Anime Music Festival event in Shanghai , China in November 2014 . She performed the song " Wings of Courage ( Sora o Koete ) " ( Wings of Courage — 空を超えて — , " Wings of Courage ( Beyond the Sky ) " ) , which is used as the opening theme to the 2014 visual novel Aokana : Four Rhythm Across the Blue , as well as the song " Belief " which is used in the 2014 video game Dengeki Bunko : Fighting Climax . She made an appearance at the Animax Carnival event in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia in 2015 . Kawada released the single " Gardens " , used as the ending theme to the second season of the anime television series To Love @-@ Ru Darkness , on August 5 , 2015 . In August 2015 , her fanclub merged with I 've Sound 's fanclub I 'VEs to form a new fanclub called I 've Members .
Kawada released her fifth album Parablepsia on September 16 , 2015 , which includes her singles " Borderland " and " Break a spell " , as well as the songs " Howl " and " Here " , which were used in the pachinko game Black Lagoon 2 . She released the single " Contrail ( Kiseki ) " ( Contrail ～ 軌跡 ～ ) , which is used as the opening theme of the 2016 anime television series adaptation of Aokana : Four Rhythm Across the Blue , on January 27 , 2016
On January 24 , 2016 , during the anime concert LisAni , Kawada announced her retirement from the music industry after her final concert on May 21 , 2016 at the Tokyo Dome City Hall . Her song " Believe in the sky " , which will be used as the theme song of the 2016 smartphone game Ao no Kanata no Four Rhythm : Eternal Sky , was released in an AoKana vocal album on May 1 , 2016 . A final compilation album has been announced for release , while a video recording of her final concert will made available through streaming on D Anime Store .
= = Musical style and influences = =
Kawada 's musical style mainly fuses rock with trance . When Kawada debuted in 2001 , she originally felt that the music she earned in her career was pocket money . She also felt happy that she could be based in Sapporo where she could be close to her family and friends , as well as to I 've Sound whom she felt was like a second family to her . After Kotoko made her major debut in 2004 , I 've Sound management began discussing the possibility of Kawada making a major debut . At first , she was a bit hesitant because she felt that she would be thrust into the spotlight , but eventually she accepted the idea . For the first ten years of her career , she always felt that she was a beginner , but this began to change when younger singers made their debuts and began to treat her as an older sister .
In an interview with Famitsu , Kawada related her experience writing the lyrics for " Joint " . Kawada said that she was challenged in writing lyrics for the song , since her previous single " Get My Way " was different from her previous singles . Kawada would read the source material of every anime before writing lyrics for its theme songs . She named the song " Joint " because of Shana II 's theme of characters Shana and Yūji Sakai fighting together . In response to comments that the expressions in her voice were very varied , Kawada stated that she simply sings with the music in the way that she most enjoys .
Kawada 's primary producer was I 've producer Tomoyuki Nakazawa , who produced " Radiance " as well as her first three albums . Nakazawa also came up with each album 's concept and title . However , in 2010 , Kawada began to cooperate more with other producers . She also began working more in Tokyo . When producing Square the Circle , Nakazawa asked Kawada what sort of album and what sort of songs did she want . Kawada said that she wanted an album whose songs would be reminiscent of her visual image and stage persona , as opposed to her private self .
In making the album Parablepsia , Kawada describes the concept of the album as " E.M.R. " , which stands for " Electric . Mami Kawada . Rock " . She considers " Borderland " to be most representative of her style , so she wanted to make an album which included songs which sounded similar to it . Originally , she only wanted a single song to convey the theme of the album , but for Parablepsia , several songs do . This includes the title song " Parablepsia " , which she describes as a song about not losing yourself in a society which moves around in circles , " Fly Blind " , which is a song about not always allowing yourself to be influenced by society , " Eager Eyes " , which is the song in the album which has the closest style to " Borderland " , " It 's no big deal " , which takes inspiration from a phrase that her father used to say to her , and " Dendritic Quartz " , which is about flowers which constantly bloom and will never wither ; " Dendritic Quartz " takes inspiration from a pendant she owns which has a pattern of trees .
= = Discography = =
The discography of Japanese singer Mami Kawada consists of five studio albums , one compilation albums , two video albums and sixteen singles .
Studio albums
Seed ( 2006 )
Savia ( 2008 )
Linkage ( 2010 )
Square the Circle ( 2012 )
Parablepsia ( 2015 )
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= Gargi Vachaknavi =
Gargi Vachaknavi ( born about 700 BC ) was an ancient Indian philosopher . In Vedic Literature , she is honored as a great natural philosopher , renowned expounder of the Vedas , and known as Brahmavadini , a person with knowledge of Brahma Vidya . In the Sixth and the eighth Brahmana of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , her name is prominent as she participates in the brahmayajna , a philosophic debate organized by King Janaka of Videha and challenges the sage Yajnavalkya with perplexing questions on the issue of atman ( soul ) . She is also said to have written many hymns in the Rigveda . She remained a celibate all her life and was held in veneration by the conventional Hindus .
Gargi , the daughter of sage Vachaknu in the lineage of sage Garga ( 800 @-@ 500 BCE ) was named after her father as Gargi Vachaknavi . From a young age she evinced keen interest in Vedic scriptures and became very proficient in fields of philosophy . She became highly knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads in the Vedic times and held intellectual debates with the male @-@ philosophers .
= = Early life = =
Gargi was the daughter of sage Vachaknu in the lineage of sage Garga ( 800 @-@ 500 BCE ) and hence named after her father as Gargi Vachaknavi . Right from a young age , Vachaknavi was very intellectual . She acquired knowledge of the Vedas and scriptures and became renowned for her proficiency in these fields of philosophy ; she even surpassed men in her knowledge .
= = Later life = =
Gargi , along with Vadava Pratitheyi and Sulabha Maitreyi are among the prominent females who figure in the Upanishads . She was as knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads as men of the Vedic times and could very well contest the male @-@ philosophers in debates.Her name appears in the Grihya Sutras of Asvalayana . She had even awakened her Kundalini ( indwelling spiritual energy ) . In her dialogue with Pandit Mandan Mishra on the subject of sex she had won her arguments as she was a realized soul . She was a leading scholar who also made rich contributions to propagate education .
= = Debate with Yajnavalkya = =
According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , King Janaka of Videha Kingdom held a Rajasuya Yagna and invited all the learned sages , kings and princess of India to participate . The yagna lasted for many days . Large quantities of sandalwood , ghee ( clarified butter ) and barley ( cereal grain ) were offered to the Yagna fire creating an atmosphere of spiritual sanctity and aroma . Janaka himself being a scholar was impressed with the large gathering of learned sages . He thought of selecting a scholar from the assembled group of elite scholars , the most accomplished of them all who had maximum knowledge about Brahman . For this purpose , he evolved a plan and offered a prize of 1 @,@ 000 cows with each cow dangled with 10 grams of gold on its horns . The galaxy of scholars , apart from others , included the renowned sage Yajnavalkya and Gargi Vachaknavi . Yajnavalkya , who was aware that he was the most spiritually knowledgeable among the assembled gathering , as he had mastered the art of Kundalini Yoga , ordered his disciple Samsrava to drive away the cow herd to his house . This infuriated the scholars as they felt that he was taking way the prize without contesting in a debate . Some of the local pundits ( scholars ) did not volunteer for debate with him as they were not sure of their knowledge . However , there were eight renowned sages who challenged him for a debate , which included Gargi , the only lady in the assembled gathering of the learned .
Sages like Asvala , the priest in Janaka 's court , Artabhaga , Bhujyu , Ushasta , and Uddalaka debated with him and asked questions philosophical subjects to which Yajnavalkya provided convincing replies and they lost the debate . It was then the turn of Gargi to take up the challenge . Gargi , as one of the disputants in the debate , questioned Yajnavalkya on his claim of superiority among the scholars . She held repeated arguments with him . Gargi and Yajnavalkya 's exchange centered on the ultimate " warp " of reality ( " warp " means " the basic foundation or material of a structure or entity ) . Her initial dialogue with Yajnavalkya tended to be too metaphysical , such as unending status of the soul , away from practical situations . She then changed her approach and asked him pointed questions related to the environment existing in the world , the question of the very origin of all existence . Her question was specific when she asked him " since this whole world is woven back and forth on water , on what then is woven back and forth " , a question that related to the commonly known cosmological metaphor that expressed the unity of the world , its essential interconnectedness . In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad ( 3 @.@ 6 ) , the sequence of her posing a bevy of questions to Yajnavalkya and his replies is narrated as :
She continued with an array of questions such as what was the universe of the suns , what were the moon , the stars , the gods , Indra , and Prajapati . Gargi then pressed on with two more questions . Gargi urged Yajnavalkya to enlighten her on the weave of reality and asked :
Gargi was not satisfied and then posed the next question :
Then she asked a final question , on what was Brahman ( world of the imperishable ) ? Yagnavalakya put an end to the debate by telling Gargi not to proceed further as other wise she would lose her mental balance . This riposte put an end to their further dialogue at the conference of the learned . However , at the end of the debate she conceded to the superior knowledge of Yajnavalkya by saying : " venerable Brahmins , you may consider it a great thing if you get off bowing before him . No one , I believe , will defeat him in any argument concerning Brahman . "
Her philosophical views also find mention in the Chandogya Upanishad . Gargi , as Brahmavadini , composed several hymns in Rigveda ( in X 39 . V.28 ) that questioned the origin of all existence . The Yoga Yajnavalkya , a classical text on Yoga is a dialogue between Gargi and sage Yajnavalkya . Gargi was honoured as one of the Navaratnas ( nine gems ) in the court of King Janaka of Mithila .
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= He That Believeth in Me =
" He That Believeth in Me " is the third episode in the fourth season ( as the producers regard the two @-@ hour movie special Razor as the first two episodes ) of the reimagined science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica . The episode aired on SCI FI and Space in the United States and Canada respectively on April 4 , 2008 , and aired on Sky1 in the United Kingdom on April 15 , along with the following episode " Six of One " . The episode 's title is a reference to the Book of John , chapter 11 : 25 @-@ 26 in the New Testament of the Bible , which quotes ; " Jesus said unto her , I am the resurrection , and the life : he that believeth in me , though he were dead , yet shall he live ... " The episode was generally well received and also won an Emmy Award .
Following the events in " Crossroads , Part 2 " , the fleet arrive in the Ionian Nebula to find a clue that will lead to Earth , only to have the entire rag tag fleet had mysteriously powered down , and is hopelessly surrounded by Cylons . Lee Adama also encounters Kara Thrace , who was thought to have been killed in " Maelstrom " and claims to know where Earth is . The episode also deals with the aftermath of the identity of four of the five final Cylons , Samuel Anders , Tory Foster , Saul Tigh , and Galen Tyrol . The survivor count shown in the title sequence is 39 @,@ 698 .
= = Plot = =
While Lee Adama ( Jamie Bamber ) and a newly returned Kara Thrace ( Katee Sackhoff ) head to Galactica , the advancing Cylons destroy one ship and damage others , killing at least 600 . After discovering their true identities , Cylons Saul Tigh ( Michael Hogan ) , Tory Foster ( Rekha Sharma ) , Samuel Anders ( Michael Trucco ) , and Galen Tyrol ( Aaron Douglas ) continue their jobs . Tigh is ordered to send every Viper to defend the fleet , but has a vision where he assassinates Admiral Adama ( Edward James Olmos ) before carrying it out . New Viper pilot Anders is sent out , worried a hidden Cylon program would activate and make him turn against the fleet . His guns are unresponsive while targeting a Raider . As Anders and the Raider come face @-@ to @-@ face , the Raider scans Anders , and in doing so , Anders ' iris momentarily glows red . In response to this , the Raider , flips direction and it - along with all the other Raiders - immediately stop the attack and retreat to their basestar and jump away , much to the surprise of the fleet .
Gaius Baltar ( James Callis ) is taken to a monotheistic cult which has erected a shrine to him . One of the members , Jeanne ( Keegan Connor Tracy ) , believes he can save her dying son . Though reluctant at first , Baltar prays and asks " the one true god " to take his life instead , as he caused the genocide of the twelve colonies and the child is innocent . The next day he is escorted to a bathroom to shave . Charlie Connor ( Ryan Robbins ) , whose son was killed on New Caprica , plans to kill him . Instead of begging for his life , Baltar begs Connor to kill him . His escort breaks free and brutally attacks the captors . After the two return to the cult , Baltar is astonished to find Jeanne 's son has been miraculously cured .
Starbuck returns with a seemingly brand new ( Mk II ) Viper . She doesn 't recall being killed and believes she was only gone for six hours . President Roslin ( Mary McDonnell ) believes Starbuck is a Cylon , despite her having been cleared by the Cylon detector . Starbuck claims to know the location of Earth and insists that following the clue from the Eye of Jupiter is a mistake . With each FTL jump , her sense of Earth 's location fades a bit more , after experiencing a short headache . Her attempts to convince Roslin fail . After another jump and headache , desperate to stop Roslin before her feeling fades forever , she subdues the Marines guarding Adama 's quarters and holds Roslin at gunpoint .
= = Production = =
Even though " He That Believeth in Me " is the continuation of the season three finale , " Crossroads , Part 2 " , the episode is often referred to as the third episode in the fourth season , since the producers widely regard Razor as the first two episodes in production . In the battle sequence for the teaser of the episode , Ronald D. Moore wanted to keep " the ring ship " ( later known in the series as the Zephyr ) from being destroyed , as he had gotten fond of the ship , and always wanted to have the interior of the ship in some sequences , so the ship was only damaged in the episode instead .
Moore called the battle sequence " remarkable " , even though the series had already included several space battles . Moore felt they were not going to top the previous ones , but the visual effects team were able to pull it off as " the best battle sequence we 've ever done . " A scene cut from the teaser 's battle sequence showed Samuel Anders aiming his Viper 's guns at Diana Seelix 's ship after discovering his Cylon nature . Another Anders cut scene focused on cutting the cast off his leg , due to the absence of his leg injury sustained from " The Son Also Rises " . With Baltar 's storyline , the writers refer to the rooms used by his cult as " Baltar 's lair " . Also , as the writers were aware that Baltar himself was visually similar to Jesus , Moore points out that he is not Jesus , though he admitted that the visual similarities help to " drive some things home " .
Aaron Douglas , who portrays Galen Tyrol , attempted an ad lib on one of his scenes . On that particular scene , Tyrol told the Viper pilots in the hangar , " Let 's go , nuggets ! Your mommas aren 't going to save ya today . " In one take , Douglas replaced this with " drop your dicks and grab your sticks ! " According to Douglas , " five seconds later Harvey [ Frand ] ( producer ) says from video village , ' you can 't say dicks on TV ' . We had to do it again . [ ... ] It 's great to be back but it 's sad to see it go . "
The scene where Saul Tigh has the vision of shooting William Adama was not filmed in one shot , but was edited in such a way that the cut would only become noticeable if one looks at the scene closely . Moore considered cutting the scene despite loving it , but eventually decided to keep it .
= = Reception = =
In the United States , the episode did a 1 @.@ 3 household rating and a 2 @.@ 0 share , with a 1 @.@ 1 household rating and 3 @.@ 0 share in the 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old target demographic . The episode had 2 @.@ 138 million viewers , making it the third most @-@ watched primetime cable program on Friday , April 4 , 2008 , the fourth most @-@ watched program in the 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic , and the most @-@ watched show in the coveted 25- to 54 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The episode was the show 's best performance in the 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic since " Resurrection Ship , Part 2 " aired in the United States on January 13 , 2006 . It was the show 's best performance in the 25- to 54 @-@ year @-@ old demographic since " Occupation " aired in the United States on October 6 , 2006 ( the series ' Season 3 premiere ) . Forty @-@ three percent of the episode 's 18 @-@ to @-@ 49 viewership in the U.S. was female .
When viewers watching the show on DVRs over the seven days following the episode 's initial airing were included , the episode 's ratings rose to a 1 @.@ 9 household rating , with 1 @.@ 8 million viewers aged 18 – 49 , 1 @.@ 9 millions viewers aged 25 – 54 , and 2 @.@ 6 million total viewers . This was the series ' best performance in all three key demographic categories since the season two premiere in July 2005 . This also made " He That Believeth in Me " the most @-@ watched cable program for the day in both the 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old and 25- to 54 @-@ year @-@ old demographic categories . In 2008 , the visual effects team for the episode won and received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects .
The SyFy Portal received the episode positively , praising the return of Starbuck , as well as the space battle in the beginning , but criticised the episode that it was generally for the " existing viewer " . IGN rated the episode an " impressive " rating of 8 out of a possible 10 , stating " Galactica is back , about frakking time " and that the episode " quickly reminds us why we love this show , the world it exists in , and the people that populate it . " IGN also praised the episode for Starbuck 's return , as well as James Callis ' portrayal of the several sides of Gaius Baltar .
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= Caelum =
Caelum / ˈsiːləm / is a faint constellation in the southern sky , introduced in the 1750s by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille and counted among the 88 modern constellations . Its name means “ chisel ” in Latin , and it was formerly known as Caelum Scalptorium ( “ the engravers ’ chisel ” ) ; It is a rare word , unrelated to the far more common Latin caelum , meaning “ sky , heaven , atmosphere ” . It is the eighth @-@ smallest constellation , and subtends a solid angle of around 0 @.@ 038 steradians , just less than that of Corona Australis .
Due to its small size and location away from the plane of the Milky Way , Caelum is a rather barren constellation , with few objects of interest . The constellation 's brightest star , Alpha Caeli , is only of magnitude 4 @.@ 45 , and only one other star , ( Gamma ) γ 1 Caeli , is brighter than magnitude 5 . Other notable objects in Caelum are RR Caeli , a binary star with one known planet approximately 20 @.@ 13 parsecs ( 65 @.@ 7 ly ) away ; X Caeli , a Delta Scuti variable that forms an optical double with γ 1 Caeli ; and HE0450 @-@ 2958 , a Seyfert galaxy that at first appeared as just a jet , with no host galaxy visible .
= = History = =
Caelum was first introduced in the eighteenth century by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille , a French astronomer who introduced thirteen other southern constellations at the same time . Lacaille gave the constellation the French name Burin , which was originally Latinized to Caelum Scalptorium ( “ The Engravers ’ Chisel ” ) .
Francis Baily shortened this name to Caelum , as suggested by John Herschel . In Lacaille 's original chart , the constellation was shown both as a burin and an échoppe , although it has come to be recognized simply as a chisel . Johann Elert Bode stated the name as plural with a singular possessor , Caela Scalptoris – in German ( die ) Grabstichel ( “ the Engraver ’ s Chisels ” ) – but this did not stick .
= = Characteristics = =
Caelum is bordered by Dorado and Pictor to the south , Horologium and Eridanus to the east , Lepus to the north , and Columba to the west . Covering only 125 square degrees , it ranks 81st of the 88 modern constellations in size . It appears prominently in the southern sky during the Southern Hemisphere 's summer , and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers south of latitude 41 ° N. Its main asterism consists of four stars , and twenty stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6 @.@ 5 .
The constellation ’ s boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a 12 @-@ sided polygon . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 04h 19.5m and 05h 05.1m , while the declination coordinates are between − 27 @.@ 02 ° and − 48 @.@ 74 ° . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) adopted the three @-@ letter abbreviation “ Cae ” for the constellation in 1922 .
= = Notable features = =
= = = Stars = = =
Caelum is a faint constellation : It has no star brighter than magnitude 4 and only two stars brighter than magnitude 5 .
Lacaille gave six stars Bayer designations , labeling them Alpha ( α ) to Zeta ( ζ ) in 1756 , but omitted Epsilon ( ε ) and designated two adjacent stars as Gamma ( γ ) . Bode extended the designations to Rho ( ρ ) for other stars , but most of these have fallen out of use . Caelum is too far south for any of its stars to bear Flamsteed designations .
The brightest star , ( Alpha ) α Caeli , is a double star , containing an F @-@ type main @-@ sequence star of magnitude 4 @.@ 45 and a red dwarf of magnitude 12 @.@ 5 , 20 @.@ 17 parsecs ( 65 @.@ 8 ly ) from Earth . ( Beta ) β Caeli , another F @-@ type star of magnitude 5 @.@ 05 , is further away , being located 28 @.@ 67 parsecs ( 93 @.@ 5 ly ) from Earth . Unlike α , β Caeli is a subgiant star , slightly evolved from the main sequence . ( Delta ) δ Caeli , also of magnitude 5 @.@ 05 , is a B @-@ type subgiant and is much farther from Earth , at 216 parsecs ( 700 ly ) .
( Gamma ) γ 1 Caeli is a double @-@ star with a red giant primary of magnitude 4 @.@ 58 and a secondary of magnitude 8 @.@ 1 . The primary is 55 @.@ 59 parsecs ( 181 @.@ 3 ly ) from Earth . The two components are difficult to resolve with small amateur telescopes because of their difference in visual magnitude and their close separation . This star system forms an optical double with the unrelated X Caeli ( previously named γ 2 Caeli ) , a Delta Scuti variable located 98 @.@ 33 parsecs ( 320 @.@ 7 ly ) from Earth . These are a class of short @-@ period ( six hours at most ) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study astroseismology . X Caeli itself is also a binary star , specifically a contact binary , meaning that the stars are so close that they share envelopes . The only other variable star in Caelum visible to the naked eye is RV Caeli , a pulsating red giant of spectral type M1III , which varies between magnitudes 6 @.@ 44 and 6 @.@ 56 .
Three other stars in Caelum are still occasionally referred to by their Bayer designations , although they are only on the edge of naked @-@ eye visibility . ( Nu ) ν Caeli is another double star , containing a white giant of magnitude 6 @.@ 07 and a star of magnitude 10 @.@ 66 , with unknown spectral type . The system is approximately 52 @.@ 55 parsecs ( 171 @.@ 4 ly ) away . ( Lambda ) λ Caeli , at magnitude 6 @.@ 24 , is much redder and farther away , being a red giant around 227 parsecs ( 740 ly ) from Earth . ( Zeta ) ζ Caeli is even fainter , being only of magnitude 6 @.@ 36 . This star , located 132 parsecs ( 430 ly ) away , is a K @-@ type subgiant of spectral type K1 . The other twelve naked @-@ eye stars in Caelum are not referred to by Bode 's Bayer designations anymore , including RV Caeli .
One of the nearest stars in Caelum is the eclipsing binary star RR Caeli , at a distance of 20 @.@ 13 parsecs ( 65 @.@ 7 ly ) . This star system consists of a dim red dwarf and a white dwarf . Despite its closeness to the Earth , the system 's apparent magnitude is only 14 @.@ 40 due to the faintness of its components , and thus it cannot be easily seen with amateur equipment . In 2012 , the system was found to contain a giant planet , and there is evidence for a second substellar body . The system is a post @-@ common @-@ envelope binary and is losing angular momentum over time , which will eventually cause mass transfer from the red dwarf to the white dwarf . In approximately 9 – 20 billion years , this will cause the system to become a cataclysmic variable .
= = = Deep @-@ sky objects = = =
Due to its small size and location away from the plane of the Milky Way , Caelum is rather devoid of deep @-@ sky objects , and contains no Messier objects . The only deep @-@ sky object in Caelum to receive much attention is HE0450 @-@ 2958 , an unusual Seyfert galaxy . Originally , the jet 's host galaxy proved elusive to find , and this jet appeared to be emanating from nothing . Although it has been suggested that the object is an ejected supermassive black hole , the host is now agreed to be a small galaxy that is difficult to see due to light from the jet and a nearby starburst galaxy .
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= London Necropolis Railway =
The London Necropolis Railway was a railway line opened in November 1854 by the London Necropolis Company ( LNC ) , to carry cadavers and mourners between London and the LNC 's newly opened Brookwood Cemetery 23 miles ( 37 km ) southwest of London in Brookwood , Surrey . At the time the largest cemetery in the world , Brookwood Cemetery was designed to be large enough to accommodate all the deaths in London for centuries to come , and the LNC hoped to gain a monopoly on London 's burial industry . The cemetery had intentionally been built far enough from London so as never to be affected by urban growth and was dependent on the recently invented railway to connect it to the city .
The railway mostly ran along the existing tracks of the London and South Western Railway ( LSWR ) but had its own branches from the main line at both London and Brookwood . Trains carried coffins and passengers from a dedicated station in Waterloo , London , onto the LSWR tracks . On reaching the cemetery , the trains reversed down a dedicated branch line to two stations in the cemetery , one for the burial of Anglicans and one for Nonconformists ( non @-@ Anglicans ) and those who did not want a Church of England funeral . The station waiting rooms and the compartments of the train , both for living and for dead passengers , were partitioned by both religion and class to prevent both mourners and cadavers from different social backgrounds from mixing . As well as the regular funeral traffic , the London Necropolis Railway was used to transport large numbers of exhumed bodies during the mass removal of a number of London graveyards to Brookwood .
The company failed to gain a monopoly of the burial industry , and the scheme was not as successful as its promoters had hoped . While they had planned to carry between 10 @,@ 000 and 50 @,@ 000 bodies per year , in 1941 after 87 years of operation , only slightly over 200 @,@ 000 burials had been conducted in Brookwood Cemetery , equalling roughly 2 @,@ 300 bodies per year .
On the night of 16 – 17 April 1941 , the London terminus was badly damaged in an air raid and rendered unusable . Although the LNC continued to operate occasional funeral services from Waterloo station to Brookwood railway station immediately north of the cemetery , the London Necropolis Railway was never used again . Soon after the end of the Second World War the surviving parts of the London station were sold as office space , and the rail tracks in the cemetery were removed . The part of the London building which housed the LNC 's offices survives today . The two stations in the cemetery remained open as refreshment kiosks for some years afterwards but were subsequently demolished . The site of the northern station , serving the Nonconformist cemetery , is now heavily overgrown . The site of the southern , Anglican , station is now the location of a Russian Orthodox monastery and a shrine to King Edward the Martyr , which incorporate the surviving station platform and the former station chapels .
= = London burial crisis = =
London 's dead had traditionally been buried in and around local churches , and with a limited amount of space for burials , the oldest graves were regularly exhumed to free space for new burials . In the first half of the 19th century the population of London more than doubled , from a little under a million people in 1801 to almost two and a half million in 1851 . Despite this rapid growth in population , the amount of land set aside for use as graveyards remained unchanged at approximately 300 acres ( 0 @.@ 5 sq mi ; 1 @.@ 2 km2 ) , spread across around 200 small sites . Graveyards became very congested . Decaying corpses contaminated the water supply and the city suffered regular epidemics of cholera , smallpox , measles and typhoid . Public health policy at this time was generally shaped by the miasma theory ( the belief that airborne particles were the primary factor in the spread of contagious disease ) , and the bad smells and risks of disease caused by piled bodies and exhumed rotting corpses caused great public concern . A Royal Commission established in 1842 to investigate the problem concluded that London 's burial grounds had become so overcrowded that it was impossible to dig a new grave without cutting through an existing one .
In 1848 – 49 a cholera epidemic killed 14 @,@ 601 people in London and overwhelmed the burial system completely . Bodies were left stacked in heaps awaiting burial , and even relatively recent graves were exhumed to make way for new burials .
= = = Proposed solutions = = =
In the wake of public concerns following the cholera epidemics and the findings of the Royal Commission , the Act to Amend the Laws Concerning the Burial of the Dead in the Metropolis ( Burials Act ) was passed in 1851 . Under the Burials Act , new burials were prohibited in what were then the built @-@ up areas of London . Seven large cemeteries had recently opened a short distance from London or were in the process of opening , and temporarily became London 's main burial grounds . The government sought a means to prevent the constantly increasing number of deaths in London from overwhelming the new cemeteries in the same manner in which it had overwhelmed the traditional burial grounds . Edwin Chadwick proposed the closure of all existing burial grounds in the vicinity of London other than the privately owned Kensal Green Cemetery northwest of the city , which was to be nationalised and greatly enlarged to provide a single burial ground for west London . A large tract of land on the Thames around 9 miles ( 14 km ) southeast of London in Abbey Wood was to become a single burial ground for east London . The Treasury was sceptical that Chadwick 's scheme would ever be financially viable , and it was widely unpopular . Although the Metropolitan Interments Act 1850 authorised the scheme , it was abandoned in 1852 .
= = London Necropolis Company = =
An alternative proposal was drawn up by Sir Richard Broun and Richard Sprye , who planned to use the emerging technology of mechanised transport to resolve the crisis . The scheme entailed buying a single very large tract of land around 23 miles ( 37 km ) from London in Brookwood near Woking , Surrey , to be called Brookwood Cemetery or the London Necropolis . At this distance , the land would be far beyond the maximum projected size of the city 's growth . The London and South Western Railway ( LSWR ) — which had connected London to Woking in 1838 — would enable bodies and mourners to be shipped from London to the site easily and cheaply . Broun envisaged dedicated coffin trains , each carrying 50 – 60 bodies , travelling from London to the new Necropolis in the early morning or late at night , and the coffins being stored on the cemetery site until the time of the funeral . Mourners would then be carried to the appropriate part of the cemetery by a dedicated passenger train during the day .
Broun calculated that a 1 @,@ 500 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 3 sq mi ; 6 @.@ 1 km2 ) site would accommodate a total of 5 @,@ 830 @,@ 500 individual graves in a single layer . If the practice of only burying a single family in each grave were abandoned and the traditional practice for pauper burials of ten burials per grave were adopted , the site was capable of accommodating 28 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 bodies . Assuming 50 @,@ 000 deaths per year and presuming that families would often choose to share a grave , Broun calculated that even with the prohibition of mass graves it would take over 350 years to fill a single layer of the cemetery . Although the Brookwood site was a long distance from London , Broun and Sprye argued that the speed of the railway made it both quicker and cheaper to reach than the seven existing cemeteries , all of which required a slow and expensive horse @-@ drawn hearse to carry the body and mourners from London to the burial site .
Shareholders in the LSWR were concerned at the impact the cemetery scheme would have on the normal operations of the railway . At a shareholders ' meeting in August 1852 concerns were raised about the impact of funeral trains on normal traffic and of the secrecy in which negotiations between the LSWR and the promoters of the cemetery were conducted . The LSWR management pledged that no concessions would be made to the cemetery operators , other than promising them the use of one train each day . Charles Blomfield , Bishop of London was hostile in general to railway funeral schemes , arguing that the noise and speed of the railways was incompatible with the solemnity of the Christian burial service . Blomfield also considered it inappropriate that the families of people from very different backgrounds would potentially have to share a train , and felt that it demeaned the dignity of the deceased for the bodies of respectable members of the community to be carried on a train also carrying the bodies and relatives of those who had led immoral lives .
On 30 June 1852 the promoters of the Brookwood scheme were given Parliamentary consent to proceed , and the London Necropolis and National Mausoleum Company ( LNC ) was formed . The former Woking Common near Brookwood , owned by the Earl of Onslow , was chosen as the site for the new cemetery . To prevent the LSWR from exploiting its monopoly on access to the cemetery , the private Act of Parliament authorising the scheme bound the LSWR to carry corpses and mourners to the cemetery in perpetuity and set a maximum tariff which could be levied on funeral traffic , but did not specify detail of how the funeral trains were to operate .
Broun 's scheme had envisaged the cemetery running along both sides of the LSWR main line and divided by religion , with separate private railway halts on the main line , each incorporating a chapel , to serve each religion 's section . The new consulting engineer to the company , William Cubitt , rejected this idea and recommended a single site to the south of the railway line , served by a private branch line through the cemetery . The company also considered Broun 's plan for dedicated coffin trains unrealistic , arguing that relatives would not want the coffins to be shipped separately from the deceased 's family .
Internal disputes within the LNC led to Broun and Sprye losing control of the scheme , and later delays and allegations of mismanagement caused further changes to the scheme 's management . In September 1853 under a new board of trustees work began on the scheme . A site for the London rail terminus was identified and leased , and a 2 @,@ 200 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 4 sq mi ; 8 @.@ 9 km2 ) tract of land stretching from Woking to Brookwood was purchased from Lord Onslow . The westernmost 400 acres ( 0 @.@ 62 sq mi ; 1 @.@ 6 km2 ) , at the Brookwood end , were designated the initial cemetery site , and a branch railway line was built from the main line into this section . On 7 November 1854 the new cemetery opened and the southern Anglican section was consecrated by Charles Sumner , Bishop of Winchester . At the time it was the largest cemetery in the world . On 13 November the first scheduled train left the new London Necropolis railway station for the cemetery , and the first burial ( that of the stillborn twins of a Mr and Mrs Hore of Ewer Street , Borough ) took place .
= = Cemetery railway branch = =
William Cubitt decided that the terrain of the initial cemetery site was best suited to a railway branch at the west of the cemetery . Work began on the earthworks and rails for the new branch in early September 1854 . The single @-@ track branch was completed in time for the opening two months later , at a total construction cost of £ 1419 17s 6d ( about £ 115 @,@ 000 in terms of 2016 consumer spending power ) . The junction with the LSWR , known as Necropolis Junction , was west @-@ facing , meaning that trains to and from London were obliged to reverse in and out of the branch . No run @-@ around loop was provided at Necropolis Junction , and a single crossover allowed trains from the Necropolis branch to reverse onto the northern ( London @-@ bound ) track of the LSWR .
The new branch ran east from Necropolis Junction on a downhill gradient . After passing through white gates marking the boundary of the cemetery , it curved south into the northern , Nonconformist section of the cemetery , the site of North station . The line straightened and ran southeast over a level crossing across Cemetery Pales , the road dividing the northern and southern halves of the initial cemetery site . After crossing Cemetery Pales the branch turned east and ran through the southern , Anglican , section of the cemetery , terminating at South station near the road from Bagshot to Guildford ( today the A322 ) which marked the eastern boundary of the site . Along with the major roads and paths in the cemetery , the entire branch was lined with giant sequoia trees , the first significant planting of these trees ( only introduced to Europe in 1853 ) in Britain . Aside from a short 100 @-@ yard ( 91 m ) siding just south of Cemetery Pales , built in 1904 – 05 to serve the LNC 's new masonry workshop , the layout of the branch remained unchanged throughout its operation . In 1914 a brick water tower was added near the masonry works siding , to allow the LNC 's locomotives to refill their tanks before returning to London and thus avoid the need to interrupt their journey to refill at Woking .
The poor quality gravel soil , which had been the initial reason for the site 's cheapness and its selection as the site for the cemetery , was poorly suited as a railway trackbed . The LNC 's rails , and in particular its sleepers , deteriorated rapidly and needed constantly to be replaced .
In the early years of the cemetery 's operation , the locomotives hauling the funeral trains from Waterloo would not travel down the branch into the cemetery , as it would leave the engine at the wrong end of the train for the return journey . Instead , the train would stop immediately after passing Necropolis Junction , and the carriages would be uncoupled from the engine . A team of black horses would then haul the carriages down the sloping branch line to the two cemetery stations . While the train was on the branch line the engine would be repositioned so as to be at the front of the train once the horses drew it back out of the branch and onto the main line .
In 1864 Brookwood ( Necropolis ) railway station on the LSWR opened , immediately east of Necropolis Junction . In conjunction with the building of the station a run @-@ around loop was added at Necropolis Junction , allowing locomotives to reposition themselves from the front to the rear of the train . From then on , on arrival at Necropolis Junction from London the engine would not be repositioned , but would push the train into the cemetery from the rear , under the close supervision of LNC staff . This left the engine positioned to pull the train out of the cemetery , after which it would use the run @-@ around loop to move to the other end of the train and pull it back to London . Between 1898 and 1904 the LSWR line through Brookwood was increased from two to four tracks ; a thin slice of the northernmost part of the cemetery was ceded to the LSWR to allow the widening of the line . Brookwood station was rebuilt , and a new junction to the west of the station allowed trains to pass between the cemetery branch and all four of the LSWR lines .
= = Operations = =
The London Necropolis Company offered three classes of funerals , which also determined the type of railway ticket sold to mourners and the deceased . A first class funeral allowed the person buying the funeral to select the grave site of their choice anywhere in the cemetery ; at the time of opening prices began at £ 2 10s ( about £ 212 in 2016 terms ) for a basic 9 @-@ by @-@ 4 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m × 1 @.@ 2 m ) plot with no special coffin specifications . It was expected by the LNC that those using first class graves would erect a permanent memorial of some kind in due course following the funeral . Second class funerals cost £ 1 ( about £ 85 in 2016 terms ) and allowed some control over the burial location . The right to erect a permanent memorial cost an additional 10 shillings ( about £ 42 in 2016 terms ) ; if a permanent memorial was not erected the LNC reserved the right to re @-@ use the grave in future . Third class funerals were reserved for pauper funerals ; those buried at parish expense in the section of the cemetery designated for that parish . Although the LNC was forbidden from using mass graves ( other than the burial of next of kin in the same grave ) and thus even the lowest class of funeral provided a separate grave for the deceased , third class funerals were not granted the right to erect a permanent memorial on the site . ( The families of those buried could pay afterwards to upgrade a third @-@ class grave to a higher class if they later wanted to erect a memorial , but this practice was rare . )
At the time the service was inaugurated , the LNC 's trains were divided both by class and by religion , with separate Anglican and Nonconformist sections and separate first , second and third class compartments within each . This separation applied to both living and dead passengers . This was to prevent persons from different social background from mixing and potentially distressing mourners and to prevent bodies of persons from different social classes being carried in the same compartment , rather than to provide different levels of facilities for different types of mourner ; the compartments intended for all classes and religions were very similar in design , and the primary difference was different ornamentation on the compartment doors . At 11 @.@ 35 am ( 11 @.@ 20 am on Sundays ) the train would leave London for Brookwood , arriving at Necropolis Junction at 12 @.@ 25 pm ( 12 @.@ 20 pm on Sundays ) .
The LNC 's trains were capable of transporting large numbers of mourners when required ; the funeral of businessman Sir Nowroji Saklatwala on 25 July 1938 saw 155 mourners travelling first class on a dedicated LNC train . For extremely large funerals such as those of major public figures , the LSWR would provide additional trains from Waterloo to Brookwood station on the main line to meet the demand . Charles Bradlaugh , Member of Parliament for Northampton , was a vocal advocate of Indian self @-@ government and a popular figure among the Indian community in London , many of whom attended his funeral on 3 February 1891 . Over 5 @,@ 000 mourners were carried on three long special LSWR trains , one of which was 17 carriages long . The mourners included the 21 @-@ year @-@ old Mohandas Gandhi , who recollected witnessing a loud argument between " a champion atheist " and a clergyman at North station while waiting for the return train .
The return trains to London generally left South station at 2 @.@ 15 pm and Necropolis Junction at 2 @.@ 30 pm ; the return journey initially took around an hour owing to the need to stop to refill the engine with water , but following the construction of the water tower in the cemetery this fell to around 40 minutes . An 1854 agreement between the LNC and LSWR gave consent for the LNC to operate two or three funeral trains each day if demand warranted it , but traffic levels never rose to a sufficient level to activate this clause .
The train only ran if there was a coffin or passengers at the London terminus waiting to use it , and both the journey from London to Brookwood and the later return would be cancelled if nobody was due to leave London that morning . It would not run if there was only a single third or second class coffin to be carried , and in these cases the coffin and funeral party would be held until the next service . Generally the trains ran direct from London to the cemetery , other than occasional stops to take on water . Between 1890 and 1910 the trains also sometimes stopped at Vauxhall and Clapham Junction for the benefit of mourners from south west London who did not want to travel via Waterloo , but these intermediate stops were discontinued and never reinstated . After 1 October 1900 the Sunday trains were discontinued , and from 1902 the daily train service was ended and trains ran only as required .
= = = Fares = = =
The Act of Parliament establishing the LNC had specified maximum ticket prices for the railway , and traffic never rose to the level at which it would have been justified for either the LNC or the LSWR to undertake costly and time consuming lobbying for a change in the legislation . As a consequence , despite the effects of inflation , competition and variable costs the fares of the London Necropolis Railway never changed throughout the first 85 of its 87 years of operation . Live passengers were charged 6s in first class , 3s 6d in second class and 2s in third class ( in 1854 worth about £ 25 , £ 15 and £ 8 respectively in 2016 consumer terms ) for a return ticket , while dead passengers were charged £ 1 in first class , 5s in second class and 2s 6d in third class ( in 1854 worth about £ 85 , £ 21 and £ 11 respectively in 2016 consumer terms ) for a one @-@ way ticket . As the railway was intended only to be used by Londoners visiting the cemetery or attending funerals , the only tickets ever issued to living passengers were returns from London . In 1918 the LSWR ( which provided the LNC 's passenger carriages ) abandoned second class services and the LNC as a consequence discontinued the sale of second class fares to living passengers , but continued to separate coffin tickets into first , second and third class dependent on the type of funeral booked .
Intentionally set at a low level at the time the cemetery and railway opened , in later years the fixed fares offered a very substantial saving over main line tickets to Brookwood ( in 1902 the 4s LSWR third class fare to Brookwood was twice the cost of the LNC 's equivalent ) . Additional LNC traffic was generated by golfers disguised as mourners travelling to the golf course which had been built on those parts of the land bought by the LNC in 1852 which had not yet been incorporated into the cemetery . The fixed fares prompted complaints from other London funeral firms after the opening of Woking Crematorium in 1885 , as rival undertakers were not given access to the LNC 's cheap trains and had to pay the LSWR 's cargo rate ( 24 shillings in 1885 ) to ship a coffin to Brookwood or Woking stations for transfer to the crematorium .
In its last two years of operation , wartime rises in costs made the fixed fare structure untenable , and between July 1939 and January 1941 there were five slight adjustments to the fares . The live passenger rates rose to 7s 5d in first class and 2s 6d in third class , with equivalent changes to the fares for coffins . These fares remained far cheaper than the equivalent fares from Waterloo to Brookwood for both living and dead passengers on the Southern Railway ( SR ) , which had absorbed the LSWR in the 1923 restructuring of Britain 's railways . The fare structure of January 1941 remained in use following the April 1941 suspension of London Necropolis Railway services , for the occasional funerals conducted by the LNC using the SR 's platforms at Waterloo station , but the SR only allowed mourners attending funerals to use these cheap fares and not those visiting the cemetery .
= = = Relocation of London burial grounds = = =
I did it wholesale and had 220 very large cases made each containing 26 human bodies besides children and these weighed 43 ⁄ 4 cwt . There were 1 @,@ 035 cwt of human remains sent in these cases alone . They were conveyed in the night and the Cemetery Company made arrangements for them . Each body has cost us less than three shillings . It was fortunate that such reasonable terms could be made at Woking Cemetery . A more horrible business you can scarcely imagine ; the men could only continue their work by the constant sprinkling of disinfectant powder . Mine was no easy task for the Bishop , the Warden , the parishioners and particularly the relatives have watched the steps taken , and the interviews with people and the correspondence has been great but all are more satisfied than could be expected .
As well as taking over new burials from London 's now @-@ closed burial grounds , the LNC also envisaged the physical relocation of the existing burial grounds to their Necropolis , to provide a final solution to the problems caused by burials in built @-@ up areas . The massive London civil engineering projects of the mid @-@ 19th century — the railways , the sewer system and from the 1860s the precursors to the London Underground — often necessitated the demolition of existing churchyards . The first major relocation took place in 1862 , when the construction of Charing Cross railway station and the railway lines into it necessitated the demolition of the burial ground of Cure 's College in Southwark . Around 5 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 3 @,@ 800 m3 ) of earth was displaced , uncovering at least 7 @,@ 950 bodies . These were packed into 220 large containers , each containing 26 adults plus children , and shipped on the London Necropolis Railway to Brookwood for reburial , along with at least some of the existing headstones from the cemetery , at a cost of around 3 shillings per body . At least 21 London burial grounds were relocated to Brookwood via the railway , along with numerous others relocated by road following the railway 's closure .
= = = Brookwood American Cemetery and Memorial = = =
In 1929 a section of the LNC 's land at Brookwood was set aside as Brookwood American Cemetery and Memorial , the sole burial ground in Britain for US military casualties of the First World War . As most US casualties had occurred in continental Europe and been buried there the number interred at Brookwood was small , with a total of 468 servicemen buried in the cemetery . After the entry of the United States into the Second World War the American cemetery was enlarged , with burials of US servicemen beginning in April 1942 . With large numbers of American personnel based in the west of England , a dedicated rail service for the transport of bodies operated from Devonport to Brookwood . By August 1944 over 3 @,@ 600 bodies had been buried in the American Military Cemetery . At this time burials were discontinued , and US casualties were from then on buried at Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial .
On the authority of Thomas B. Larkin , Quartermaster General of the United States Army , the US servicemen buried at Brookwood during the Second World War were exhumed in January – May 1948 . Those whose next of kin requested it were shipped to the United States for reburial , and the remaining bodies were transferred to the new cemetery outside Cambridge . ( Brookwood American Cemetery had also been the burial site for those US servicemen executed while serving in the United Kingdom , whose bodies had been carried to Brookwood by rail from the American execution facilities at Shepton Mallet . They were not transferred to Cambridge in 1948 , but instead reburied in unmarked graves at Oise @-@ Aisne American Cemetery Plot E , a dedicated site for US servicemen executed during the Second World War . ) The railway service had been suspended in 1941 , and North station ( renamed North Bar after the ending of rail services ) was used as a temporary mortuary to hold these bodies while awaiting shipment to the USA or Cambridge . As the branch line into the cemetery was no longer in use , temporary platforms were built on the branch line serving the National Rifle Association 's shooting range at Bisley , on the opposite side of the LSWR line from the cemetery . Following the removal of the US war graves the site in which they had been buried was divided into cemeteries for the Free French forces and Italian prisoners of war .
= = Rolling stock = =
= = = Locomotives = = =
Under the terms of the 1852 agreement and Act of Parliament establishing the London Necropolis Company , the LSWR ( after 1923 the SR ) provided the locomotives and crew for London Necropolis Railway operations . There was no dedicated LNC locomotive , and the trains were worked by whichever suitable engine happened to be available . ( Before the 1864 improvements to Necropolis Junction , locomotives rarely entered the cemetery branch line itself and the trains were generally hauled along the branch line by horses . ) Towards the end of the railway 's operations in the 1930s the route was almost always worked by LSWR M7 class locomotives , usually No. 255 .
= = = Passenger carriages = = =
The passenger carriages used on the London Necropolis Railway were not owned by the LNC , but loaned from the LSWR . A set of carriages was permanently loaned , rather than carriages being lent as needed , as the LSWR was concerned that passengers might be discouraged from using regular LSWR services if they knew that their carriages had potentially carried dead bodies recently .
The original set of carriages , used between 1854 and 1899 , were four @-@ wheeled carriages to a design by Joseph Hamilton Beattie . Little is recorded about the number and specifications of the carriages . The same set of carriages remained in use for over 40 years , prompting increasingly strong complaints from the LNC about their deteriorating quality .
As part of an 1896 agreement by which the LSWR re @-@ equipped the LNC in conjunction with the repositioning of the LNC 's London terminus , the LNC demanded that the new passenger carriages to be supplied by the LSWR be " of a quality and a character not inferior to [ the LSWR 's ] ordinary main line traffic " . These new carriages were supplied late in the 19th century , probably in December 1899 . They were all six @-@ wheeled , and comprised two 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) passenger brake vans each containing three third class compartments , a baggage compartment and the guard 's compartment ; a 34 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) passenger carriage divided into three first class and two second class compartments ; and a 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) passenger carriage divided into five third class compartments ( also used as all second class ) . Although not recorded , it is likely that other carriages were also permanently loaned to the LNC for use as needed .
This set of carriages only remained in use for a short period , and in 1907 was replaced by a new set of carriages of which little is known . In 1917 this set was itself replaced by two 51 @-@ foot ( 16 m ) passenger brake vans each containing two first and four third class compartments , a 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) carriage with three first and three third class compartments , and a 46 @-@ foot ( 14 m ) carriage with six third class compartments .
This set operated for most of the inter @-@ war period , being withdrawn in April 1938 . It was replaced by a very similar set of coaches at this time , which was withdrawn in September 1939 after the outbreak of hostilities for use in troop trains . The carriages were replaced by the former Royal Train , built 1900 – 04 , of the now @-@ defunct South Eastern and Chatham Railway . These ornately decorated carriages were those destroyed in the 1941 bombing of the London terminus .
= = = Hearse vans = = =
Unlike the loaned locomotives and passenger carriages , the LNC owned its dedicated hearse vans outright . Despite this , they were always painted in whichever colour scheme was currently in use by the LSWR ( SR after 1923 ) , to match the livery of the passenger cars and locomotives loaned to the LNC .
As with the carriages for living passengers , the hearse vans were designed to prevent bodies mixing with those from different backgrounds . Each of the original vans was partitioned into twelve sections in two rows of six , each capable of holding one coffin ; later vans were of a slightly different design and probably carried 14 coffins . The vans were fitted with internal partitions to divide first , second and third class coffins . The LNC intended to use half the hearse vans for Anglican and half for Nonconformist coffins , to prevent Anglicans from sharing a carriage with Nonconformists , but in practice this arrangement was little used . Unlike traditional Victorian funerals , in which the hearse invariably led the funeral procession , photographic evidence shows that the LNC sometimes placed the hearse van at the rear of the train . ( Because trains reversed from Necropolis Junction into the cemetery , no matter which arrangement was used the hearse van would inevitably be at the rear of the train for part of the journey . )
The LNC ordered six hearse vans in 1854 , two of which were operational at the time the cemetery and Necropolis Railway opened . Their origins are not recorded , although they were bought very cheaply suggesting that they were conversions of existing carriages rather than built to order . Many LNC records from this period have been lost and it is not certain how many hearse vans were delivered , and how they were used ; records suggest that anything between three and ten hearse vans were bought or leased by the LNC in the early years of operations . ( As each van carried 12 – 14 coffins and it is known that some funeral trains in the late 19th century carried over 60 coffins , at least six hearse vans must have been in use . )
As part of the settlement during the relocation of the London terminus , two new hearse vans were given to the LNC by the LSWR in 1899 . These new hearse vans were longer , and divided into three levels with compartments for eight coffins on each , for a total of 24 coffins per van . These replaced the existing hearse vans and remained in use until the closure of the Necropolis Railway . One of the vans was destroyed in the 1941 bombing of the London terminus ; the other was transferred to the SR and remained in use until at least 1950 . The former Royal Train brought into passenger service on the London Necropolis Railway in 1939 had a large amount of luggage space , and it is probable that when funeral traffic was light the hearse vans were not used and the coffins carried in the luggage space .
= = Cemetery stations = =
On William Cubitt 's advice the two stations in the cemetery were built as temporary structures , in the expectation that they would need to be rebuilt once the railway was operational and the issues with operating a railway of this unique nature became clearer . Both were designed by Sydney Smirke , who presented his designs to the LNC in March 1854 .
Each station was built as a one @-@ storey building around a square courtyard . The side adjacent to the railway line was left open , and wings extended from the building along the platform on each side . Other than the brick platform faces , chimneys and foundations , the stations were built entirely of wood . Each station held first class and ordinary reception rooms for mourners , a first class and an ordinary refreshment room , and a set of apartments for LNC staff . The refreshment rooms at both stations were licensed ( permitted to sell alcohol ) . The train crews would generally wait in these refreshment rooms until the trains were ready to return to London , and on at least one occasion ( on 12 January 1867 ) the driver became so drunk that the fireman had to drive the train back to London . This incident prompted a complaint from the LSWR and from that time the LNC provided the train crew with a free lunch , provided they drank no more than one pint of beer .
In mid @-@ 1855 cellars were dug beneath the stations , and the coffin reception rooms at each station were converted into " pauper waiting rooms " . Neither station was equipped with gas or electricity ; throughout their existence the buildings were lit by oil lamps and coal ranges were used for heating and cooking . The platform faces themselves incorporated an indentation , one brick @-@ width deep and the width of the courtyard . This indentation facilitated the unloading of coffins from the lower levels of the hearse carriages .
On arrival at the stations coffins would usually be unloaded onto a hand @-@ drawn bier and pulled by LNC staff to the appropriate chapel . While this was taking place the mourners were escorted to the waiting rooms at the station . On arrival at the chapels first and second class funerals would generally have a brief service ( third class funerals had a single service in the appropriate chapel for all those being buried ) . For those burials where the funeral service had already been held at either a parish church or the LNC 's London terminus the coffins would be taken directly from the train to the grave .
= = = North station = = =
North station , serving Roman Catholics , Parsees , Jews and Nonconformist Christians as well as some groups with dedicated plots in the northern cemetery such as actors and Oddfellows , was the first station on the branch . At the time the cemetery opened North station incorporated the lodgings of James Bailey , superintendent of the Nonconformist cemetery . In 1861 Bailey became the sole cemetery superintendent and moved into a cottage elsewhere on the grounds , and his apartment was given to Richard Lee , a cemetery porter . Census records show Lee living at North station , until 1865 with his mother Ann and later with his wife Charlotte , until at least 1871 . A number of cemetery staff lived in the station apartment until the 1950s . By this time the railway itself had closed but the station 's refreshment kiosk remained open . Steps led from the 210 @-@ foot ( 64 m ) long platform to a path leading to a chapel , on a hilltop behind the station .
Between 1942 and 1944 large numbers of Allied service personnel were buried in the military section of Brookwood cemetery . On the authority of Thomas B. Larkin , Quartermaster General of the United States Army , 3 @,@ 600 bodies of US servicemen were exhumed in January – May 1948 and shipped to the United States for reburial . The railway service had been suspended in 1941 , and North station ( renamed North Bar after the ending of rail services ) was used as a temporary mortuary to hold these bodies while awaiting shipment to the USA .
On the retirement in 1956 of a Mr and Mrs Dendy , who operated the refreshment kiosk in the station building from 1948 to 1956 and lived in the station apartment , the building was abandoned . It was demolished in the 1960s owing to dry rot .
= = = South station = = =
The design of South station was broadly similar to that of North station . Unlike the platform steps of North station , the platform of South station had a ramp leading to an Anglican chapel at the northern end of the platform . A shed adjacent to the station held hand @-@ drawn biers , used to transport coffins around the large southern cemetery . At the time the branch line opened the platform of South station was only 128 feet ( 39 m ) long , far shorter than the 210 @-@ foot ( 64 m ) platform of North station . At some point the platform was greatly extended south from the station building to a total length of 256 feet ( 78 m ) , allowing equipment to be unloaded discreetly without disturbing users of the station .
At the time of opening the apartment in the station housed George Bupell , superintendent of the Anglican cemetery . As with the North station , once James Bailey became sole cemetery superintendent in 1861 the use of the apartment was granted to a cemetery porter , and housed a succession of cemetery staff over the years . Following the suspension of railway services in 1941 the building was renamed South Bar , and remained in use as a refreshment kiosk . The last operators of the kiosk , Mr and Mrs Ladd , retired in the late 1960s and from then on the station building was used as a cemetery storeroom . Around half the building was destroyed by fire in September 1972 . The building was popular with railway and architectural enthusiasts as a distinctive piece of Victorian railway architecture , but despite a lobbying campaign to preserve the surviving sections of the station the remaining buildings ( other than the platform itself ) were demolished shortly afterwards . By the time of its demolition the " temporary " structure was 118 years old .
= = = Brookwood station = = =
At the time the cemetery opened , the nearest railway station other than those on the cemetery branch was Woking railway station , 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) away . As only one train per day ran from London to the cemetery stations and even that ran only when funerals were due to take place , access to the cemetery was difficult for mourners and LNC staff . Although in the negotiations leading to the creation of the cemetery the LSWR had told the LNC that they planned to build a main line station near the cemetery , they had not done so .
In 1863 , with the cemetery fully operational and a planned new lunatic asylum near Brookwood likely to boost traffic , the LSWR agreed to build a mainline station at Brookwood , along with an improved Necropolis Junction and a goods yard , provided the LNC supplied the necessary land and built the approach road and stationmaster 's house for the new station . The new station , called Brookwood ( Necropolis ) railway station ( the suffix was gradually dropped ) , opened on 1 June 1864 . A substantial commuter village grew around the northern ( i.e. non @-@ cemetery ) side of the new station , and the station building ( on the northern side of the tracks ) was enlarged in 1890 . In conjunction with these works , a branch line was added in 1890 from a bay platform to the National Rifle Association 's shooting range at Bisley , running west to the north of the LSWR main line before curving north to Bisley .
In 1903 the quadrupling of the LSWR tracks necessitated a major rebuilding of the station . The down ( westbound ) platform was demolished , and a new 576 @-@ foot ( 176 m ) long down platform was built , along with a second station building facing the cemetery , from which a footpath led across the cemetery branch 's tracks and into the cemetery .
= = London stations = =
A site for the London terminus near Waterloo was suggested by Sir Richard Broun . Its proximity to the Thames meant that bodies could be cheaply transported to the terminus by water from much of London , and the area was easily accessed from both north and south of the river by road . The arches of the huge brick viaduct carrying the LSWR into Waterloo Bridge station ( now London Waterloo station ) were easily converted into mortuaries . Broun also felt that the journey out of London from Waterloo Bridge would be less distressing for mourners ; while most of the rail routes out of London ran through tunnels and deep cuttings or through densely populated areas , at this time the urban development of what is now south London had not taken place and the LSWR route ran almost entirely through parkland and countryside . The LNC also contemplated taking over the LSWR 's former terminus at Nine Elms railway station ( which following the 1848 opening of the much more convenient Waterloo Bridge station was used only for goods traffic , chartered trains taking migrants to North America , and the private trains of the royal family ) as either the main or a secondary terminus . Despite objections from local residents concerned about the effects of potentially large numbers of dead bodies being stored in a largely residential area , in March 1854 the LNC settled on a single terminus in Waterloo and purchased a plot of land between Westminster Bridge Road and York Street ( now Leake Street ) for the site . Architect William Tite and engineer William Cubitt drew up a design for a station , which was approved in June 1854 .
= = = First London terminus ( 1854 – 1902 ) = = =
Tite and Cubitt 's design was based around a three storey main building , separated from the LSWR 's main viaduct by a private access road beneath the LNC 's twin rail lines , intended to allow mourners to arrive and leave discreetly , and avoid the need for hearses to stop in the public road . The building housed two mortuaries , the LNC 's boardroom and funerary workshops , and a series of separate waiting rooms for those attending first , second and third class funerals . A steam @-@ powered lift carried coffins from the lower floors to the platform level above . Although the original London terminus did not have its own chapel , on some occasions mourners would not be able or willing to make the journey to a ceremony at Brookwood but for personal or religious reasons were unable to hold the funeral service in a London church . On these occasions one of the waiting rooms would be used as a makeshift funeral chapel .
As the site of the station was adjacent to the arches of the LSWR 's viaduct , it blocked any increase in the number of lines serving Waterloo station ( renamed from Waterloo Bridge station in 1886 ) . Urban growth in the area of what is now south west London , through which trains from Waterloo ran , led to congestion at the station and in 1896 the LSWR formally presented the LNC with a proposal to provide the LNC with a new station in return for the site of the existing terminus . The LNC agreed to the proposals , in return for the LSWR granting the LNC control of the design of the new station and leasing the new station to the LNC for a token rent in perpetuity , providing new rolling stock , removing any limit on the number of passengers using the Necropolis service , and providing the free carriage of machinery and equipment to be used in the cemetery . Although the LSWR was extremely unhappy at what they considered excessive demands , in May 1899 the companies signed an agreement , in which the LSWR gave in to every LNC demand . In addition the LSWR paid £ 12 @,@ 000 compensation ( about £ 1 @.@ 22 million in terms of 2016 consumer spending power ) for the inconvenience of relocating the LNC station and offices , and agreed that mourners returning from the cemetery could travel on any LSWR train to Waterloo , Vauxhall or Clapham Junction .
= = = Second London terminus ( 1902 – 1941 ) = = =
A site for the replacement terminus was bought by the LSWR in 1899 , south of the existing site and on the opposite side of Westminster Bridge Road . It was completed on 8 February 1902 , and the LSWR viaduct was widened to serve a greatly enlarged Waterloo station , destroying all traces of the original LNC terminus .
The new building was designed for attractiveness and modernity to contrast with the traditional gloomy decor associated with the funeral industry . A narrow four @-@ storey building on Westminster Bridge Road held the LNC 's offices . Behind it was the main terminal ; this held a communal third @-@ class waiting room , mortuaries and storerooms , the LNC 's workshops , and a sumptuous oak @-@ panelled Chapelle Ardente , intended for mourners unable to make the journey to Brookwood to pay their respects to the deceased . This building led onto the two platforms , lined with waiting rooms and a ticket office .
= = = Destruction = = =
During the Second World War Waterloo station and the nearby Thames bridges were a significant target for Axis bombing , and there were several near @-@ misses on the station during the London Blitz of 1940 – 41 . Although there were several interruptions to the Necropolis train service owing to enemy action elsewhere on the line , the Necropolis station was undamaged during the early stages of the bombing campaign . During the night of 16 – 17 April 1941 , in one of the last major air raids on London , bombs repeatedly fell on the Waterloo area . The rolling stock berthed in the Necropolis siding was burned , and the railway arch connecting the main line to the Necropolis terminus was damaged , but the terminal building itself remained unscathed .
At 10 @.@ 30 pm multiple incendiary devices and high explosive bombs struck the central section of the terminus building . While the office building and platforms survived , the workshops , driveway and Chapelle Ardente were destroyed , along with the third class waiting room . The Southern Railway 's Divisional Engineer inspected the damage at 2 @.@ 00 pm on 17 April , and his report read simply " Necropolis and buildings demolished " . On 11 May 1941 the station was officially declared closed .
The last recorded funeral party carried on the London Necropolis Railway was that of Chelsea Pensioner Edward Irish ( 1868 – 1941 ) , buried on 11 April 1941 . The Southern Railway offered the LNC the temporary use of platform 11 or 12 of Waterloo station to allow the service to be continued , but refused to allow the LNC to continue to sell cheap tickets to visitors travelling to and from the cemetery stations other than those involved in a funeral that day , meaning those visiting the cemetery other than members of funeral parties had little reason to choose the LNC 's irregular and infrequent trains over the SR 's fast and frequent services to Brookwood . The LNC attempted to negotiate a deal by which genuine mourners could still travel cheaply to the cemetery on the 11 @.@ 57 am service to Brookwood ( the SR service closest to the LNC 's traditional departure time ) , but the SR management , themselves under severe financial pressure owing to wartime constraints and damage , refused to entertain any compromise .
= = Closure = =
In September 1945 , following the end of hostilities , the directors of the LNC met to consider whether to rebuild the terminus and reopen the London Necropolis Railway . Although the main line from Waterloo to Brookwood had remained in use throughout the war and was in good condition , the branch line from Brookwood into the cemetery had been almost unused since the destruction of the London terminus . With the soil of the cemetery causing the branch to deteriorate even when it had been in use and regularly maintained , the branch line was in extremely poor condition .
Although the original promoters of the scheme had envisaged Brookwood Cemetery becoming London 's main or only cemetery , the scheme had never been as popular as they had hoped . In the original proposal , Richard Broun had calculated that over its first century of operations the cemetery would have seen around five million burials at a rate of 50 @,@ 000 per year , the great majority of which would have utilised the railway . In reality at the time the last train ran on 11 April 1941 , almost 87 years after opening , only 203 @,@ 041 people had been buried in the cemetery . Before the outbreak of hostilities , increased use of motorised road transport had damaged the profitability of the railway for both the LNC and the Southern Railway . Faced with the costs of rebuilding the cemetery branch line , building a new London terminus and replacing the rolling stock damaged or destroyed in the air raid , the directors concluded that " past experience and present changed conditions made the running of the Necropolis private train obsolete " . In mid @-@ 1946 the LNC formally informed the SR that the Westminster Bridge Road terminus would not be reopened .
The decision prompted complicated negotiations with the SR over the future of the LNC facilities in London . In December 1946 the directors of the two companies finally reached agreement . The railway @-@ related portions of the terminus site ( the waiting rooms , the caretaker 's flat and the platforms themselves ) would pass into the direct ownership of the SR , while the remaining surviving portions of the site ( the office block on Westminster Bridge Road , the driveway and the ruined central portion of the site ) would pass to the LNC to use or dispose of as they saw fit . The LNC sold the site to the British Humane Association in May 1947 for £ 21 @,@ 000 ( about £ 741 @,@ 000 in terms of 2016 consumer spending power ) , and the offices of the LNC were transferred to the Superintendent 's Office at Brookwood . The SR continued to use the surviving sections of the track as occasional sidings into the 1950s , before clearing what remained of their section of the site .
While most of the LNC 's business was now operated by road , an agreement on 13 May 1946 allowed the LNC to make use of SR services from Waterloo to Brookwood station for funerals , subject to the condition that should the service be heavily used the SR ( British Railways after 1948 ) reserved the right to restrict the number of funeral parties on any given train . Although one of the LNC 's hearse carriages had survived the bombing it is unlikely that this was ever used , and coffins were carried in the luggage space of the SR 's coaches . Coffins would either be shipped to Brookwood ahead of the funeral party and transported by road to one of the mortuaries at the disused cemetery stations , or travel on the same SR train as the funeral party to Brookwood and be transported from Brookwood station to the burial site or chapel by road .
Although the LNC proposed to convert the cemetery branch line into a grand avenue running from Brookwood station through the cemetery , this never took place . The rails and sleepers of the branch were removed in around 1947 , and the trackbed became a dirt road and footpath . The run @-@ around loop and stub of the branch line west of Brookwood station remained operational as sidings , before being dismantled on 30 November 1964 . After the closure of the branch line the buildings of the two cemetery stations remained open as refreshment kiosks , and were renamed North Bar and South Bar .
= = After closure = =
Following the 1947 nationalisation of Britain 's railways , the use of the railway to transport coffins to Brookwood went into steep decline . New operating procedures required that coffins be carried in a separate carriage from other cargo ; as regular services to Brookwood station used electric multiple unit trains which did not have goods vans , coffins for Brookwood had to be shipped to Woking and then carried by road for the last part of the journey , or a special train had to be chartered . The last railway funeral to be carried by British Rail anywhere was that of Lord Mountbatten in September 1979 , and from 28 March 1988 British Rail formally ceased to carry coffins altogether . Since Mountbatten , the only railway funeral to be held in the United Kingdom has been that of former National Union of Rail , Maritime and Transport Workers General Secretary Jimmy Knapp , carried from London to Kilmarnock for burial in August 2001 .
= = = Stations = = =
Most of the site of the 1902 London terminus was built over with new office developments in the years following the end of the Second World War , but the office building on Westminster Bridge Road , over the former entrance to the station driveway , remains relatively unaltered externally although the words " London Necropolis " carved into the stone above the driveway have been covered . Refurbishments and cleaning in the 1980s restored the facade of the building to an appearance similar to that of the time of its building . Other than iron columns in Newnham Terrace which once supported the Necropolis Railway tracks , and a surviving section of the internal driveway used as a car park , the Westminster Bridge Road building is the only surviving part of the London Necropolis Railway in London .
Brookwood station on the former LSWR line ( now the South Western Main Line and the Alton Line ) is little changed since the 1903 expansion and rebuilding . It remains in use both by commuters from the village which has grown to the north of the railway line , and by visitors to the cemetery to the south of the line . A small monument to the London Necropolis Railway , consisting of a short length of railway track on the former trackbed , was erected in 2007 outside the southern ( cemetery @-@ side ) entrance to the station .
The site of North station has significantly changed . The ornate mausoleum of Sharif Al @-@ Hussein Ben Ali ( d . 1998 ) stands directly opposite the remains of the platform . The operators of the Shia Islamic section of the cemetery have planted Leylandii along the boundary of their section of the cemetery , which includes the platform of North station . Unless the trees are removed , the remains of the station will ultimately become hidden and destroyed by overgrowth .
The land surrounding the site of South station and the station 's two Anglican chapels were redundant following the closure of the railway . As part of the London Necropolis Act 1956 the LNC obtained Parliamentary consent to convert the disused original Anglican chapel into a crematorium , using the newer chapel for funeral services and the station building for coffin storage and as a refreshment room for those attending cremations . Suffering cash flow problems and distracted by a succession of hostile takeover bids , the LNC management never proceeded with the scheme and the buildings fell into disuse . The station building was demolished after being damaged by a fire in 1972 , although the platform remained intact .
Since 1982 the site of South station has been owned by the St. Edward Brotherhood , and forms part of a Russian Orthodox monastery . The original Anglican chapel is used as a visitor 's centre and living quarters for the monastery , while the larger Anglican chapel built in 1908 – 09 immediately north of the station is now the Russian Orthodox Church of St. Edward the Martyr , and houses the relics and shrine of Edward the Martyr , king of England from 975 – 978 AD . The site of the former station buildings is now the main monastery building , while the platform itself remains intact and now marks the boundary of the monastic enclosure .
= = = Brookwood Cemetery and the LNC = = =
The LNC continued to lobby the SR and its 1948 successor British Railways until the 1950s on the matter of cheap fares for visitors to the cemetery , but were unable to come to any agreement . In 1957 the Southern Region of British Railways considered allowing the LNC to sell discounted fares of 7s 6d ( compared to the standard rate of 9s 4d ) for day return tickets from London to Brookwood . By this time most visitors to the cemetery were travelling by road . The LNC felt that the relatively minor difference between the fares would not be sufficient to attract visitors back to the railway , and the proposal was abandoned .
With the area around Woking by this time heavily populated , the LNC 's land holdings had become an extremely valuable asset , and from 1955 onwards the LNC became a target for repeated hostile takeover bids from property speculators . In January 1959 the Alliance Property Company announced the successful takeover of the London Necropolis Company , bringing over a century of independence to an end . Alliance Property was a property company with little interest in the funeral business , and the income from burials was insufficient to maintain the cemetery grounds . Brookwood Cemetery went into decline and the cemetery began to revert to wilderness . This trend continued under a succession of further owners .
The Brookwood Cemetery Act 1975 authorised the cemetery 's owners ( at that time Maximilian Investments ) to sell surplus land within the cemetery 's boundaries , leading to the construction of a major office development on the site of the former Superintendent 's office , near the former level crossing between the northern and southern cemeteries . The masonry works remained operational until the early 1980s , and were then converted into office buildings and named Stonemason 's Court . In March 1985 the cemetery was bought by Ramadan Güney , whose family still owns the cemetery as of 2011 . The Guney family embarked on a programme of encouraging new burials in the cemetery , and of slowly clearing the overgrown sections of the cemetery .
While it was never as successful as planned , Brookwood Cemetery remains the largest cemetery in the United Kingdom and one of the largest in the world . Although not the world 's only dedicated funeral railway line , the London Necropolis Railway was the first , the longest lasting and by far the best known .
= = In popular culture = =
As well as forming a key element of Basil Copper 's novel Necropolis ( 1980 ) , the railway and cemetery received widespread attention following the 2002 publication of Andrew Martin 's novel The Necropolis Railway ( 2002 ) . Both books were critically acclaimed and led to increased public interest in the London Necropolis Company and its railway operations .
On 31 July 2015 , the opening episode of the third series of the BBC television drama Ripper Street featured a collision between a mainline locomotive and a LNC train which had been diverted by criminals onto the wrong line .
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= Sigurd the Stout =
Sigurd Hlodvirsson ( circa 960 – 23 April 1014 ) , popularly known as Sigurd the Stout from the Old Norse Sigurðr digri , was an Earl of Orkney . The main sources for his life are the Norse Sagas , which were first written down some two centuries or more after his death . These engaging stories must therefore be treated with caution rather than as reliable historical documents .
Sigurd was the son of Hlodvir Thorfinnson and ( according to the Norse sagas ) a direct descendent of Torf @-@ Einarr Rognvaldson . Sigurd 's tenure as earl was apparently free of the kin @-@ strife that beset some other incumbents of this title and he was able to pursue his military ambitions over a wide area . He also held lands in the north of mainland Scotland and in the Sudrøyar , and he may have been instrumental in the defeat of Gofraid mac Arailt , King of the Isles . The Annals of Ulster record his death at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 , the earliest known reference to the earldom of Orkney .
The saga tales draw attention to Sigurd 's conversion to Christianity and his use of a totemic raven banner , a symbol of the Norse God Odin . This ambiguous theme and the lack of detailed contemporary records of his life have led to a variety of interpretations of the saga material by modern scholars .
= = Family background = =
The Orkneyinga Saga reports that Sigurd was the son of Hlodvir , one of the five sons of Thorfinn Skull @-@ Splitter , and Eithne . She is said to be a daughter of a " King Kjarvalr " . The period after Earl Thorfinn 's death was one of dynastic strife ; three of Earl Hlodvir 's brothers ruled before him , although he died in his bed before being succeeded by Sigurd , probably in the 980s .
Sigurd 's patronymic is an unusual one and there would appear to be a connection with this name and the early roots of the modern French name " Louis " .
= = Rule = =
Sigurd was in the fortunate position that on his accession to the earldom there seem to have been no other serious contenders . In this respect his rule was unlike that of the earlier generation of the sons of Earl Thorfinn and of the next generation in that it avoided the bitter feuding that beset the earldom during both of those periods .
Sigurd 's great @-@ grandfather , Torf @-@ Einarr , lost the udal rights of the Orkney and Shetland farmers as part of a deal he brokered with the Norwegian crown . These rights were restored by Sigurd . The Burray hoard of silver ring @-@ money has been dated to the period 997 @-@ 1010 , during Earl Sigurd 's reign .
= = = Mainland Scotland = = =
Sigurd 's domain included not just Orkney itself but also Shetland , which formed part of the earldom and also extensive lands on mainland Scotland . For the latter his overlords were the Kings of Scotland rather than of Norway . The extent of these mainland dominions is uncertain . According to the rather dubious source , Njal 's Saga , they included Ross , Moray , Sutherland and the Dales . At the time Moray would have included districts on the west coast including Lochaber . Smyth ( 1984 ) notes the density of dalr placenames on Scotland 's west coast and it has even been suggested that " the Dales " is a reference to Dalriada , although it is more likely that it means Caithness . During Sigurd 's tenure the earldom approached its high point and his influence was perhaps only exceeded by that of his son Thorfinn .
Sigurd 's uncle Ljot had been killed in war against the Scots , and Sigurd soon faced trouble from his southern neighbours . According to the Orkneyinga saga " Earl Finnleik " ( Findláech of Moray ) led an army against him which outnumbered Sigurd 's forces by seven to one . The saga then records Sigurd 's mother 's reply when he went to her for advice :
Had I thought you might live for ever I 'd have reared you in my wool @-@ basket . But lifetimes are shaped by what will be , not by where you are . Now , take this banner . I 've made it for you with all the skill I have , and my belief is this : it will bring victory to the man it 's carried before , but death to the one who carries it .
The Raven banner worked as just Sigurd 's mother said : he was victorious but three standard @-@ bearers in succession were killed .
A battle was fought between Norwegian forces and Malcolm II of Scotland at Mortlach c . 1005 which may have involved or been led by Sigurd . Although victory went to the Scots , the Norwegians had clearly spent some considerable time encamped in Moray and came equipped with a large fleet . However , Orcadian influence in this part of Scotland is likely to have been temporary and on other occasions , such as during his uncle Ljot 's earldom , Scottish forces had pushed north into Caithness .
= = = The Hebrides = = =
Sigurd the Stout also took control of the Hebrides , and placed a jarl called Gilli in charge . Njal 's Saga records an expedition that took place c . 980 in which Kari , Sigurd 's bodyguard , plundered the Hebrides , Kintyre and " Bretland " ( probably Strathclyde ) . On another occasion Kari sailed through The Minch in order to collect tribute from Gilli , whose base may have been either Colonsay or Coll .
The Annals of Ulster record a raid by " the Danes " on Iona on Christmas Night in which the abbot and fifteen of the elders of the monastery were slaughtered and this may have been connected with the successful conquering of the Isle of Man by Sigurd and Gilli between 985 and 989 . Njal 's Saga records a victory for Sigurd over Gofraid mac Arailt , King of the Isles with the former returning to Orkney with the spoils . The contemporary Annals of Ulster record a similar event in 987 although with the reverse outcome . Here it is claimed that 1 @,@ 000 Norsemen were killed , among them the Danes who had plundered Iona . Two years later Njal 's Saga reports a second campaign in the southern Hebrides , Anglesey , Kintyre , Wales and a more decisive victory in Man . Irish sources report only the death of King Gofraid in Dál Riata , an event that Thomson ( 2008 ) ascribes to Earl Gilli 's Gall @-@ Ghàidheil forces .
The Eyrbyggja saga records the payment of silver tribute from Man to Sigurd , and , although this is a rather unreliable source , there is corroboration of such an event occurring in 989 in a Welsh source , with payment being made of a penny each from the local population to " the black host of the Vikings " . It has been suggested that the much later use of ounceland and pennyland assessments in the Gàidhealtachd may date from the time of Earl Sigurd and his sons .
By 1004 the western isles ' independence from Orkney had been re @-@ asserted under Ragnal mac Gofraid , who died in that year . It is possible the rules overlapped , with Gilli 's zone of influence to the north and Ragnal 's to the south . On Ragnal 's death Sigurd re @-@ asserted control , which he held until his own death a decade later after which the islands may have been held by Håkon Eiriksson .
= = = Religion = = =
According to the Orkneyinga saga , the Northern Isles were Christianised by King Olaf Tryggvasson in 995 when he stopped at South Walls on his way from Ireland to Norway . The King summoned jarl Sigurd and said " I order you and all your subjects to be baptised . If you refuse , I 'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel . " Unsurprisingly , Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke .
This tale is repeated in St Olaf 's Saga , ( although here Olaf lands at South Ronaldsay ) as is a brief mention of Sigurd 's son " Hunde or Whelp " who was taken as a hostage to Norway by King Olaf . Hunde was held there for several years before dying there . " After his death Earl Sigurd showed no obedience or fealty to King Olaf . "
= = Death at Clontarf = =
The Orkneyinga Saga blandly reports that " five years after the Battle of Svolder " Earl Sigurd went to Ireland to support Sigtrygg Silkbeard and , after taking up the raven banner , was killed in a battle that took place on Good Friday . ( The chronology is slightly awry in that Sigurd 's death is known to have taken place 14 years after Svolder . )
Njal 's Saga provides a little more detail , alleging that Gormflaith ingen Murchada prompted her son Sigtrygg into getting Sigurd to fight against her former husband , Brian Ború : " She sent him to Earl Sigurd to beg for help ... Then King Sigtrygg fared south to Ireland , and told his mother that the Earl had undertaken to come . "
The 12th @-@ century Irish source , the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh , records the events of the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 . The " foreigners and Leinstermen " were led by Brodir of the Isle of Man and Sigurd , and the battle lasted all day . Though Brian was killed in the battle , the Irishmen ultimately drove back their enemies into the sea , and Sigurd himself was killed . His death is corroborated by the Annals of Ulster , which record that amongst the dead was " Siuchraid son of Loduir , iarla Innsi Orcc " ( i.e. of Sigurd , son of Hlodvir , Earl of Orkney ) . This is the earliest known contemporary reference to the earldom of Orkney .
= = Succession and other relatives = =
Sigurd left four sons : Brusi , Sumarlidi , Einar and Thorfinn , each of whom would also bear the title Earl of Orkney ; the lands were initially divided amongst the three older brothers , Thorfinn being only five years old at the time . Thorfinn 's mother is specifically stated to be a daughter of Malcolm II , the Norsemen 's foe at Mortlach .
Njal 's Saga provides the names of various other relatives of Sigurd 's . Havard , who was killed at Thraswick ( the modern Freswick in Caithness ) is referred to as his brother @-@ in @-@ law . Sigurd is said to have given his sister Nereida ( also called Swanlauga ) in marriage to Earl Gilli .
= = Interpretations = =
Sigurd 's earldom " exerted a magnetic attraction for high @-@ born Icelanders " and inspired many tales of military prowess in their own family sagas .
" King Kjarvalr " , Sigurd 's supposed grandfather , appears as Kjarvalr Írakonungr in the Landnámabók and has been identified as Cerball mac Dúnlainge , King of Osraige who died in 888 . There is clearly a chronological problem with Sigurd 's mother being the daughter of a king who died more than 70 years before the death of his own grandfather , Earl Thorfinn . Furthermore , Thorstein " the Red " Olafsson ( fl. late 9th century and Hlodvir 's great @-@ grandfather ) was apparently married to a granddaughter of Kjarvalr . Woolf ( 2007 ) concludes that the saga writers may have confused this story about the provenance of Sigurd Hlodvirsson with one about Thorstein , a close ally of Sigurd Eysteinsson .
Drawing on Adam of Bremen 's assertion that Orkney was not conquered until the time of Harald Hardrada , who ruled Norway from 1043 – 66 , Woolf ( 2007 ) speculates that Sigurd may have been the first Earl of Orkney . He also offers the hypothesis that the earldom was a created by the Danish king Harald Bluetooth , circa 980 rather than in the time of Harald Fairhair one hundred years earlier . He concludes that " If there were no earls in Orkney before Sigurð 's time it might help to explain the islands ' low profile in the annals since these , for the most part , record only the deaths of great men . " However , the absence of comment on this subject by Irish sources prior to Sigurd 's death there is hardly surprising . Irish sources of the period were not well informed about and " not much concerned " with Orkney . Smyth ( 1984 ) is more sympathetic to the claims of the sagas and argues that Torf @-@ Einarr " may be regarded as the first historical earl of Orkney " .
The conflict between Sigurd and Olaf Tryggvasson probably predates their chance meeting at Kirk Hope as the latter is known to have been raiding in the Sudrøyar during the period 991 @-@ 94 . His motives for a determined pursuit of Christian obedience are likely to have been essentially political rather than religious . His journey back to Norway was in order to bid for the kingship there , and securing a passive Orkney in advance of this was therefore greatly to his advantage . Although Sigurd 's marriage to an unnamed daughter of Malcolm of Scotland is mentioned in the Orkneyinga Saga immediately after the death of Hunde and the earl 's consequent break with Olaf Tryggvasson , Thomson ( 2008 ) views this nuptial arrangement as a joint attempt by the Orcadians and Scots to align themselves against the " common threat from Moray " rather than as a slight to Norway .
When the sagas were written down Orkney had been Christian for 200 years or more and the conversion tale itself is " blatantly unhistorical " . When the Norse arrived in the Northern Isles they would have found organised Christianity already thriving there , although there is no mention of this at all in the sagas . Furthermore , the Norse dragon motif of the whale @-@ bone plaque found at the Scar boat burial was found in conjunction with the grave of an elderly woman who had died by 950 AD at the latest , and the weight of archaeological evidence suggests that Christian burial was widespread in Orkney by Sigurd 's time . The intention may have been to disown the influence of indigenous elements of Orcadian and Shetlandic culture and emphasise that positive cultural developments came from Scandinavia , whilst at the same time critiquing the unduly blunt method of Norwegian interference in this case . The inclusion of the tale of the raven banner in the saga material may convey the idea of a revival of heathenism in Orcadian society and a reaction to Norwegian attempts to control the islands . However , in the Orkneyinga Saga there is a vivid contrast between Sigurd 's death clutching the raven banner and the later career of his son Thorfinn , who is credited with several achievements in bringing Orkney into mainstream Christendom . Taken as a whole the intention may be to draw attention to this transition .
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= Just Be Free =
Just Be Free is a demo album released by Warlock Records featuring music recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera . After finishing her run on The New Mickey Mouse Club , a then fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Aguilera began recording the album with New Jersey @-@ based producers Roberts Alleca and Michael Brown . The pair gave Aguilera the opportunity to use a recording studio and presented her with demo music with the understanding that they could use the material for their own purpose , but also claiming they would not commercially release the recordings . Musically , the album consisted of dance style tracks as well as ballads , and saw Aguilera performing in Spanish language songs . The record was conceived to showcase Aguilera 's vocals in an effort to reach out to record labels , a venture which actually backfired after the recordings were not very well received among critics . Six years after the completion of the album and Aguilera had achieved mainstream success , Brown and Allecca released the record and Just Be Free has sold over 128 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
= = Background = =
After news that The New Mickey Mouse Club would be filming its final season , Aguilera sought out a record deal . She spent time in Philadelphia to record demo tracks with various producers , hoping to have an album released by the time she had finished high school . While taping the final season of the show , she began working with New Jersey based producers Roberts Alleca and Michael Brown . The pair eventually built a relationship with Aguilera and her family , offering her studio time . They told her that the demo recordings she would produce would be their property , but also that they would never commercially release the material . She recorded eleven " rough and unfinished " tracks which then went on to become the Just Be Free studio sessions .
= = = Musical style = = =
The early tapes were conceived as a way of introducing Aguilera to the music industry , described as a " foot in the door " attempt to build interest in her musical abilities . During the recording sessions , Aguilera experimented with different languages , recording songs such as the title track " Just Be Free " in Spanish . Although the rightful writers of the content have been disputed , the recording sessions have been described as influential on future recordings from Aguilera . Musically the album generally consisted of ballad material which was created in an effort to showcase Aguilera 's vocal talents although in addition to the ballads recorded in these sessions , dance music became a prominent theme throughout the eleven tracks she recorded during this time .
= = Lawsuit and release = =
After discovery that Alleca and Brown would be releasing the album , Aguilera started developments to sue the pair in an effort to stop the release . Aguilera filed a suit against Warlock Records and the affiliates Platinum Recordings and JFB Music for " improper use of her name and license on the upcoming album Just Be Free " . Carla Christofferson , her lawyer at the time , explained that " We 're trying to stop them from releasing these early recordings which is not the quality she is associated with right now . " However , Warlock Records president Adam Levy felt that despite Aguilera disliking the material , he found it to be a look into her life at the time of recording . He stated " It 's a great look at what she was doing , We 're pleased [ to be putting the record out ] . I 'm more pleased for the album 's producers who wanted to get it out . I hope the fans can appreciate it . " Christofferson responded by alleging that Warlock Records tried to " boot strap " on Aguilera 's success . In response to the lawsuit , Warlock Records filed their own lawsuit in an attempt to ensure the release of the record . During the proceedings , Aguilera agreed to let Warlock Records release Just Be Free after reaching a settlement with the company and its affiliates . She allowed the release under the condition that the label would have to include a letter written by Aguilera in each album released . Since November 13 , 2015 , the album is available to stream on Spotify and Deezer .
= = Reception = =
The album received generally negative reviews from critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic understood why Aguilera was dissatisfied with the release of the material , calling the songs " pre @-@ professional " and " generic early- ' 90s dance @-@ pop " . He noted that Just Be Free did not match the quality of her self @-@ titled debut album due to its " bland " production . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a D @-@ rating , citing the album 's production and describing the content as " teen @-@ jailbait " due to lyrics such as " Why don 't you stay with me tonight " .
Pier Dominguez , author of A Star is Made , commented that the sessions demonstrated " Christina 's raw vocal agility " despite calling the content " dull " , adding " Christina 's hunger for success actually comes through in these songs , as she sings her heart out with strained emotion , trying to sound as if she 's letting all her inhibitions run free . If she did in fact co @-@ write the songs then they were also a demonstration of Christina 's songwriting dexterity , because the album 's lyrics could be called unoriginal and perhaps even cheesy , it could not be said that they were not catchy " . Similarly , Stephanie McGrath from JAM ! Music also saw why Aguilera would not want the album released . Although she recognized Aguilera 's potential as a vocalist , she wrote " The songs themselves are terrible , dated club tracks , overwhelmed by poor effects and mundane beats . " Despite the negative critical reception , the album has sold over 128 @,@ 000 copies in the United States and peaked at number 71 on the Billboard 200 .
= = Track listing = =
" Just Be Free " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 3 : 43
" By Your Side " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 4 : 07
" Move It " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 3 : 44
" Our Day Will Come " ( Mort Garson ; Bob Hilliard ) – 4 : 05
" Believe Me " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 4 : 17
" Make Me Happy " ( LaForest Cope ; Michael Brown ) – 3 : 54
" Dream a Dream " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 4 : 51
" The Way You Talk to Me " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 3 : 37
" Running out of Time " ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 4 : 05
" Move It " ( Dance Mix ) ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 3 : 55
" Believe Me " ( Dance Remix ) ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 4 : 36
" Se Libre " ( Just Be Free Spanish Version ) ( Bob Allecca ; Michael Brown ; Christina Aguilera ) – 3 : 41
= = Personnel = =
Christina Aguilera – vocals , background vocals
Bob Alecca – Executive Producer
Michael Brown – Executive Producer
Bryan N. Calhoun – A & R Supervision
Amy Knong – Art Direction & Design
Eliud " Liu " Ortiz – Mixing Engineer
Greg Smith – Assistant Mix Engineer
Chris Gehringer – Mastering Engineer
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= Astronomical Observatory ( University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign ) =
The University of Illinois Astronomical Observatory , located at 901 S. Mathews Avenue in Urbana , Illinois , on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign , was built in 1896 , and was designed by Charles A. Gunn . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 6 , 1986 , and on December 20 , 1989 , was designated a National Historic Landmark .
Though none of the astronomical instruments are being used for professional research today , the observatory still contains a 12 " Brashear refractor . The observatory played a key role in the development of astronomy as it was home to a key innovation in the area of astronomical photometry . The facility has been directed by such noted scientists as Joel Stebbins and Robert Horace Baker .
Erected at the behest of the Illinois General Assembly , the University of Illinois Observatory became important in the development of astronomy due , in large part , to pioneering research by Dr. Stebbins , from 1907 to 1922 . Joel Stebbins left the University of Illinois in 1922 but left behind a legacy of discovery that helped alter the face of modern astronomy . The building served the University of Illinois astronomy department from its opening until 1979 , when the department moved into a new , larger building to house its growing staff .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
Astronomy classes at the University of Illinois date to its earliest days . The first courses focused on measurement of the night sky and was taken by civil engineering students to sharpen their surveying skills . A small observatory consisting of a 4 @-@ inch refractor and a small transit telescope was constructed by 1872 . The astronomy courses were typically taught by the mathematics department and by the early 1890s , several mathematics instructors wanted to do more with astronomy . An expanded astronomy curriculum would require a new larger facility . The Illinois state legislature voted in 1895 to fund a new teaching observatory at the University of Illinois , providing $ 15 @,@ 000 for construction . The site chosen was a grass knoll between Matthews Avenue and Burrill Avenue , just north of the Morrow Plots , a National Historic Landmark that is the nation 's oldest experimental field . Contracts were extended to Charles A. Gunn , the architect and an instructor on campus , and Bevis and Company in Urbana as the general contractor with construction beginning in April 1896 . The building was completed by August at a total cost of $ 6 @,@ 800 . The principle telescope was installed in November and the final telescope was in place by February 1897 .
The first director of the observatory was George W. Myers . Myers was an Champaign county native who graduated from the university in 1888 . He remained as a mathematics instructor also teaching the spring Descriptive Astronomy course . In preparation for the directorship he spent two years in Munich earning his Ph.D in astronomy . In his first year as director , G.W. Myers announced the discovery of the source of the variability in the star Beta Lyrae at the opening conference for Yerkes Observatory . He served as director from 1897 until 1900 when he left for the University of Chicago . W.C. Brenke , an astronomy instructor , served as acting director until a new director was hired in 1903 .
= = = Stebbins ' research = = =
Before 1907 , all magnitude measurements for stars were obtained through visual comparison of relative brightness , a process that was slow and inexact . Later photographic methods would use starlight to make a representation on a photographic plate . Regardless , neither method was adequate for quantitative measurements . The drawback of previous methods of measuring stellar magnitude made the use of electricity for empirically gathering astronomical data revolutionary for the science of astronomy . Joel Stebbins ' pioneering research for astronomical photometry took place at the observatory .
Stebbins arrived as director of the University of Illinois Observatory after he completed his Ph.D. at the University of California , Berkeley in 1903 . Once Stebbins arrived fresh from his dissertation completed at Lick Observatory , he began a two @-@ year study of the brightness of 107 binary stars using a Pickering visual photometer . The research , with the assistance of his wife , May Stebbins , investigated the relative brightness on binary stars using visual techniques . In a 1957 speech at the American Astronomical Society , Stebbins recalled the events which led up to the electric cells :
" She ( May Stebbins ) wrote down the numbers as the observer called them , but after some nights of recording a hundred readings just to get one magnitude , she said it was pretty slow business . I responded that someday we would do all this by electricity . That was a fatal remark . Thereafter she would often prod me with the question , " When are you going to change to electricity ? " It happened that within two or three months , the Department of Physics gave an open house , and one of the exhibits was in ( the ) charge of a young instructor , F.C. Brown . He showed how , when he turned on a lamp to illuminate a selenium cell , a bell would ring , when the lamp was off , the bell would stop . Here was the idea : Why not turn on a star to a cell on a telescope and measure a current ? "
Stebbins and Fay C. Brown soon became friends and in time , they had a selenium cell positioned on the 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) telescope at the observatory . In the summer of 1907 , after several attempts , the two achieved a light curve for Earth 's moon and measured the moon 's brightness during a lunar eclipse . This marked the first time in America that electricity was used to measure astronomical brightness . Later Stebbins went further , discovering that by cooling the cell to zero degrees Fahrenheit he would double the cell sensitivity and diminish irregularities in the circuit tenfold , still further , by reducing the size of the cell the irregularities were reduced more . The pair went on to detect stellar intensity and activity that were previously unrecorded . In 1909 their observations of Algol detected for the first time the second minimum as well as limb brightening . The coming of Comet Halley in 1910 allowed Stebbins , in May , to use his selenium photometer to study the comet . Two years later Stebbins used the photometer and discovered four stars to be eclipsing binary stars : Beta Aurigae , Spica , Alpha Coronae Borealis and Delta Orionis .
Although the selenium cell photometer was proving successful , it was difficult to use and not very sensitive . Illinois physics professor Jakob Kunz suggested that Stebbins try a photoelectric cell . Kunz had been doing experimentation on an improved photoelectric cell which was alkali based . Kunz 's cell was the predecessor of the modern day " electric eye . " Stebbins left for a sabbatical in Europe in fall of 1912 . While he was gone , Kunz and another Illinois physicists W.F. Schulz successfully tested a photoelectric cell photometer at the Observatory .
Upon his return from sabbatical in August 1913 , Stebbins ended his pioneering work with the selenium cell and began working with Kunz on the new photometer . A number of other notable astronomical discoveries occurred at the observatory through the years . In 1915 Stebbins ' object of study became the star involved in Myers ' first big discovery at the observatory , Beta Lyrae . He thus began an aggressive research program produced a series of papers in the Astrophysical Journal on eclipsing binaries Lambda Tauri , Algol , 1H Cassiopeiae ( HR 8926 ) , ellipsoidal variables π5 Orionis , and b Persei , and Nova Aquilae ( V603 Aquilae ) in 1918 . Stebbins and Kunz also travelled to Wyoming to study the solar eclipse . . Dr. Elmer Dershem joined the Observatory staff in 1917 and rebuilt the photometer in the summer of 1919 . By 1922 , Charles Wylie completed the first Illinois astronomy doctorate for his photoelectric studies of the Cepheid Η Aquilae , and Sigma Aquilae noting its variations due to tidal distortions .
Stebbins research earned him several honors while at Illinois . In 1913 he was awarded the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Science , and in 1915 the Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences . The research was also supported by grants from the Draper fund of the National Academy of Sciences and the Rumford Fund of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He served as an officer of the American Astronomical Society and was one of the American delegates in 1918 to attend the organizational meeting of the International Astronomical Union in Brussels . After numerous discoveries , Stebbins left the University of Illinois in 1922 for the Washburn Observatory in Wisconsin and Dr. Robert H. Baker took over as the new Director of the University of Illinois Observatory . However , because the observatory lost its pioneering researcher in Stebbins did not mean that discovery and science did not continue at the university 's observatory .
= = = Robert Baker , third director = = =
When Robert Baker arrived he continued a photoelectric photometry program focusing on variable stars . He continued to use the 12 @-@ inch refractor until 1927 when a new photometer was constructed and attached it to the 30 @-@ inch reflector telescope in the Observatory annex . He supervised two graduate students who worked on this equipment in the early 1930s . On May 27 , 1933 the star Arcturus provided light which fell onto a photo cell in the observatory 's annex and sent a signal to open the Chicago World 's Fair .
The Great Depression was soon in full swing. and the department budget fell from $ 1000 to a mere $ 200 . It was during this time that Dr. Baker authored a number of books . Baker was an extremely gifted writer whose clear simple work helped him explain what was going on up there to an entire generation . In 1930 , he authored the textbook Astronomy , followed in 1932 by The Universe Unfolding , and his revision of Simon Newcomb 's Astronomy for Everyone . In 1934 Baker described an imaginary trip to the moon in When the Stars Come Out . His second textbook , An Introduction to Astronomy also appeared in 1934 . Introducing the Constellation was published in 1937 and , with the help of Howard Zim in 1951 , Stars : A Guide to the Heavens . His textbooks were used across the entire country for undergraduate astronomy courses and praised as classics .
After two sabbaticals to Harvard , Baker 's interest moved from photometry to the Milky Way . In 1939 the 30 @-@ inch reflector was replaced with a Ross photographic telescope and for more than ten years after that , 1939 through 1951 Baker used the observatory 's photographic telescope to help count the stars in the Milky Way and determine their distribution as part of Harvard 's Star Counting Circuit . This would be the primary research until Baker 's retirement in 1951 . The 12 @-@ inch refractor was only used for instruction , public open houses and for visiting school groups .
= = = Modern department = = =
The university decided that it was time to increase the size of the department and hired Dr. George C. McVittie as the next director . After his arrival in the fall of 1952 , McVittie began the refurbishment of the Observatory 's major instruments . The 12 @-@ inch refractor and the 3 @-@ inch transit telescope were restored in 1954 by J.W. Fecker Company . He also began expanding the faculty . Dr. Stanley Wyatt joined the faculty in 1953 , George Swenson and Ivan King in 1956 , Kennth Yoss , John Dickel and James Kaler in 1964 and Edward Olson in 1966 . With George Swenson 's arrival , Illinois began a program of radio astronomy resulting in the Vermillion River Radio Observatory that opened in 1962 . Prairie Observatory was an optical observatory consisting of a 40 @-@ inch telescope and was completed in 1967 . By the time of Dr. McVittie 's retirement in 1971 , the one @-@ astronomer department had expanded to nine faculty with research interests in relativity , cosmology , celestial mechanics , perturbation theory , dynamics of star clusters , planetary nebulae , planets , supernovae and radio astronomy . The department which produced only five advanced degrees prior to 1951 graduated 29 Masters and 14 Doctoral student during the McVittie administration .
On October 4 , 1957 , the very evening of the launch of Sputnik , students and faculty met at the Observatory and constructed an improvised radio interferometer . They published the first precise ephemeris in Nature in November . Their success helped gather momentum and funding for the radio astronomy program .
= = = Current history = = =
The observatory underwent major renovations and additions in 1956 and 1966 to accommodate the growing faculty ( see architecture section below ) . In 1967 , the 12 inch telescope at the observatory made its last professional photometric observations . The University of Illinois ' Astronomy Department moved out of the building in 1979 . The same year the observatory received recognition by the National Register of Historic Places , 1986 , thousands gathered at the site to observe Comet Halley 's journey into the inner solar system .
The observatory is no longer used for research purposes , though the telescope is still used as a teaching tool in the university 's astronomy classes . In addition , a University of Illinois student astronomy organization uses the telescope . The observatory dome underwent a renovation that included repainting in 1996 .
= = Equipment = =
The primary instrument is a refractor of 12 @.@ 4 inches clear aperture and of 15 ft. focal length . The optics are by John A. Brashear of Pittsburgh and the mechanical parts by the Warner & Swasey Company of Cleveland . Eyepieces provide magnification ranging from 130 to 720 power .
It is mounted on a rectangular cast @-@ iron column of two @-@ tons weight that rests on the masonry pier . Through a glass door in the column you can see the driving clock that keeps the telescope turning westward just as fast as the stars go , so that a star remains in view as long as the astronomer wishes to observe it . The telescope turns on two axes at the top of the column . One axis slants upwards toward the north pole of the heavens ; the other at right angles to it , and it is to this one that the tube of the telescope is attached . Two large circles provide graduated scales for locating objects by their coordinates . The instrument can be turned on these axes toward any part of the sky . It is a heavy instrument , but so perfectly balanced that the astronomer moves it easily with one hand .
The principle transit circle was a 3 @-@ inch Combined Transit and Zenith telescope designed by Warner & Swasey especially for Illinois . The objective , by John Brashear , was held in place by a special cell that compensated for the different temperature conductivities of the brass and glass so that temperature had no effect on the location or separation of the lenses . Designated as model M @-@ 505 , the transit included a handing level , micrometer and a built in reversing mechanism . This transit was located in the east @-@ central transit room allowing direct access to the clock room through a small window . The instrument cost $ 1200 in 1896 .
The transit circle was capable of determining both right ascension and declination of a star , unlike the more simple and common transit instrument that can only determine the right ascension . Such an instrument could also be used to set the Observatory ’ s clocks by observing standard stars whose position was precisely known .
In addition there were three other smaller transit telescopes , two clocks by Clemens Riefler of Munich , and other accessories including sextants , chronometers , and teaching tools .
= = Architecture = =
The building , itself , is in a traditional observatory design , Colonial Revival style , following a T @-@ plan . The dome rises 35 feet ( 11 m ) in the air . The observatory was built on a one story T @-@ plan , facing north , of buff @-@ colored Roman brick ( from Indiana ) and features limestone lintels and sills . The cross of the T is 75 feet ( 23 m ) long east to west and 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) deep , its stem is located to the south , centered along the east @-@ west axis and is 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) deep by 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) wide . The octagonal observation tower rises 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) into the air at the intersection of the T where it becomes a dome and continues to a height of 35 feet ( 11 m ) . At floor level of the second equatorial room a balustrade circles around the exterior of the tower . The tower is capped by a great circular limestone plate , which carries the dome track . Internally , the diameter of the dome is 24 @.@ 5 feet ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) and its zenith 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) above the floor . The dome slit , which still operates , has an opening of 44 inches ( 1 @,@ 100 mm ) and can be opened or closed by hand in seconds . The dome tower and equatorial room are original save a motor drive which replaced the old rope and sheave method of rotating the dome . As of September 2014 , the motor drive is being serviced and the rope and sheave method is once again in use .
In the center of the equatorial room is the 1896 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) refractor telescope . Built by the firm of Warner and Swasey , Cleveland , Ohio , the scope is stabilized on a brick pier which extends down into the bedrock and is not attached to the building in any way . The telescope cost $ 4 @,@ 500 and still has the original observer 's chair mentioned in the contract with Bevis and Company at a cost of $ 25 . The entrance hall , below the equatorial room , octagonal in shape , is centered on a brick pier . The entrance hall retains original stairs , newel posts , balustrades , and wood floors ; it is still used for its original purpose , storage .
The east and west wings of the building once each contained a transit room . Each of the rooms had a mounted transit telescope on a brick pier ; the piers are still visible in the basement below the transit rooms . The western transit rooms were converted into office space by the 1920s . The eastern transit rooms were converted to office space more recently .
The exterior of the observatory building has a brick cornice , with stone sills and lintels , stone water course , ornamental gutters , and original copper downspouts . Most of the building 's windows are of the wooden double @-@ hung variety and original , as are the front entrance door transom and concrete stoop . The original front balustrade has been replaced , however , the western stoop and ornamental iron balustrade is still original .
Aside from the transit room conversion to office space the building has seen other major work in the past . The southwest corner of the building was built in 1956 , of cream colored brick , to house additional classrooms and office space . The addition of 1956 took special care to replicate nearly every aspect of the original building except for color . Another major addition occurred in 1966 with the construction of the large east wing . Of the same cream colored brick as the 1956 addition , it also tried to mimic the building 's finer details . The 1966 east wing addition provided for , again , more office space , but this project also included space for a new darkroom and a radio telescope laboratory . The observatory basement and the dome housing the refractor are still in use by the astronomy department at U of I and the University of Illinois Astronomical Society , a student organization on campus .
= = Historic significance = =
The observatory holds significance in astronomy because of its association with the development of selenium and photoelectric cell . The cell revolutionized the science of astronomical photoelectric photometry by the use of electricity to measure the brightness of stars by providing a more precise and accurate measurement compared to the visual and photographic methods common at that time . This branch of astronomy measures stellar magnitude . The research regarding photometry was conducted on a 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) Warner and Swasey refractor telescope in the second @-@ story equatorial room . As a result of Dr. Stebbins ' work determining stellar magnitude using photoelectric photometry , it became standard technique . Due to this astronomical importance the observatory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 6 , 1986 and on December 20 , 1989 the U.S. Department of Interior designated the U of I Observatory a National Historic Landmark .
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= California State Route 16 =
State Route 16 ( SR 16 ) is a state highway in the northern region of the U.S. state of California that runs from Route 20 in Colusa County to Route 49 just outside Plymouth in Amador County . It is discontinuous through Sacramento , specifically between Interstate 5 in Woodland and U.S. Route 50 east of Sacramento .
= = Route description = =
SR 16 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System . However , it is not designated as a scenic highway by Caltrans . It is known as the Stanley L. Van Vleck Memorial Highway from Dillard Road in Sacramento County to the Amador County line , honoring a former prominent leader in the state 's agricultural organizations .
= = = Western section = = =
State Route 16 begins in Colusa County near Wilbur Springs at the junction with State Route 20 . SR 16 goes south alongside Bear Creek , which enters a narrow canyon and joins with Cache Creek near the Yolo County line . SR 16 continues in the canyon , running close to the river , passing Cache Creek Canyon Regional Park , and emerging from the canyon north of Rumsey . This section is so prone to rock slides that there are permanent gates at each end .
SR 16 continues to parallel Cache Creek , at a greater distance , going south @-@ east through Capay Valley , with Blue Ridge to its west and the Capay Hills ( including Bald Mountain ) to its east . It goes through Rumsey , Guinda , Brooks , Cache Creek Casino Resort , Capay , Esparto ( intersecting with County Route E4 to Dunnigan ) , and Madison .
East of Madison , and now in the Central Valley , SR 16 interchanges with Interstate 505 before heading east toward Woodland . In west Woodland it merges with County Road 22 and then turns north , concurrently with County Route E7 and Interstate 5 Business , until it meets its interchange with Interstate 5 .
= = = Eastern section = = =
The eastern segment of SR 16 begins at U.S. Route 50 east of Sacramento . SR 16 heads east through Perkins as Jackson Road . After it passes near Bridge House and Rancho Murieta , where it crosses the Cosumnes River , SR 16 enters Amador County . SR 16 then ascends into the Sierra Nevada foothills , leaving the Central Valley . In Amador County , SR 16 passes near Forest Home before intersecting with State Route 124 and terminating at State Route 49 .
= = History = =
The two ends of SR 16 were added to the state highway system by the third bond issue , passed by the state 's voters in 1919 : Route 50 from Lower Lake east to Rumsey and Route 54 from the Sacramento @-@ Amador County line east to Drytown . Each was connected to Sacramento by existing or planned paved county highways . Although the exact alignment of Route 50 was not specified , the state Department of Engineering had already surveyed a 35 @-@ mile ( 56 km ) route through Cache Creek Canyon pursuant to a 1915 law , which defined the Yolo and Lake Highway " following generally , the meanderings of Cache creek " but did not make it a state highway . By 1924 , the California Highway Commission 's engineers had realized that building Route 50 through the canyon was impractical , and adopted a substitute plan for two highways connecting Lower Lake and Rumsey with the planned Route 15 ( Tahoe @-@ Ukiah Highway , now State Route 20 ) to the north in September 1925 . The western connection , to Lower Lake , became part of Route 49 ( now State Route 53 there ) , which continued south from Lower Lake to Calistoga .
Each route was extended to Sacramento in 1933 over the aforementioned county highways , taking Route 50 southeast from Rumsey to Woodland near Cache Creek and then alongside the Sacramento River to the I Street Bridge , and Route 54 west from the county line to Route 11 just outside Sacramento . The entirety of both routes , from SR 20 near Wilbur Springs through Sacramento to State Route 49 just north of Drytown ( and initially overlapping SR 49 to Jackson ) , was included in the initial state sign route system in 1934 as Sign Route 16 . Through downtown Sacramento , SR 16 followed U.S. 40 ( Legislative Route 6 ) and U.S. 50 ( Legislative Route 11 ) , mostly on Capitol Avenue , while Legislative Route 50 continued south on 5th Street ( later a one @-@ way pair of 3rd and 5th Streets ) and turned east on Broadway , carrying Sign Route 24 most of the way to Freeport Boulevard . In the 1964 renumbering , Route 16 became the new legislative designation , and Sign Route 24 through Sacramento was replaced with State Route 99 and State Route 160 . As neither of these used what had been Sign Route 24 along 3rd and 5th Streets and Broadway , part of Route 16 's new definition ( " Route 5 near Woodland to Sacramento " ) was used for several years on this alignment until it became part of State Route 99 later that decade . This left the western segment of SR 16 ending at Interstate 5 near the east end of the I Street Bridge until 1984 , when the Woodland @-@ Sacramento portion , which had become redundant with the parallel Interstate 5 complete , was deleted from the legislative definition . It was at about this time that SR 16 was rerouted from the intersection with County Route E7 to continue north on a bypass of Woodland instead of east to Interstate 5 .
On September 15 , 2014 , Assembly Bill No. 1957 was passed , authorizing relinquishment of the segment of SR 16 in Eastern Sacramento near US 50 .
= = Major intersections = =
Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines ; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
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= The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace =
" The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " is the second episode of the tenth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 20 , 1998 . In the episode , Homer has a midlife crisis realizing his life is half over and he has not accomplished anything . He begins to admire Thomas Edison and decides to create inventions to follow in Edison 's footsteps and make his life worthwhile .
The idea behind " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " came from Dan Greaney , who assigned John Swartzwelder to write the episode . While directing the episode , Mark Kirkland visited the Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange , New Jersey to receive inspiration for several scenes in the episode that take place in this museum . William Daniels made a guest appearance in the episode as the character KITT from the television series Knight Rider .
" The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " was viewed in approximately 7 @.@ 95 million households . In general , it received positive reviews from television critics , with many singling it out as a strong beginning to a season .
= = Plot = =
Homer is shocked to hear on the radio that the average life expectancy for men is now 76 @.@ 2 years , which makes him realize that , at 38 @.@ 1 , his life is half over . Marge informs him that he is actually 39 , which depresses him even more . Homer thinks he has not accomplished anything that will be considered worthwhile after he dies . His family tries to cheer him up by showing him a film of his accomplishments and a special appearance by the character KITT from the Knight Rider television series that Homer is a fan of . When the film projector stops working , Lisa mentions that Thomas Edison invented the projector as well as many other inventions . Homer decides to learn more about Edison and eventually idolizes him . He becomes so obsessed with him that he unknowingly begins to annoy people with stories about Edison 's life and inventions . In an attempt to follow in Edison 's footsteps , Homer quits his job at the power plant to become an inventor .
Homer gets to work and develops a few inventions , such as an alarm that beeps every three seconds when everything is okay , a shotgun which shoots make @-@ up onto women 's faces , an electric hammer , and a reclining chair which has a built @-@ in toilet . None of these inventions are well received by his family and he feels disappointed over his failure to invent anything useful . However , he soon becomes encouraged when he discovers that the family likes one of his other inventions – a chair with two hinged legs on the back , making it impossible to tip over backwards . His hopes are destroyed when he notices his poster of Edison , which shows Edison sitting in the same type of chair , indicating that he has already invented Homer 's untippable chair . Bart points out that the chair is not featured on a list of Edison 's inventions , and that maybe no one knows he invented it .
Homer and Bart therefore set out to the Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange , New Jersey with his electric hammer to destroy the chair . Before he smashes the chair , Homer notices a poster of Edison 's which shows he had fewer inventions than Leonardo da Vinci . This means that Edison compared himself to Leonardo , much like Homer compares himself to Edison . Feeling a renewed connection to Edison , Homer decides not to destroy the chair . Homer also suggests that they destroy some of Leonardo 's creations , but when Bart points out those are in Italy , Homer settles for taking it out on Eli Whitney .
Homer and Bart return to Springfield , without knowing that they left Homer 's electric hammer behind at the museum . Later when the family watches the news on television , Kent Brockman announces that the chair and the electric hammer have just been discovered at the Edison Museum and are expected to generate millions for Edison 's already wealthy heirs . After Lisa complains that it should have been Homer 's money , Homer angrily comments that it is a good thing he is sitting on his reclining toilet chair .
= = Production = =
" The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " was written by John Swartzwelder , who had a deal with the producers of the show to write five scripts for season ten . Although he was the one who wrote the episode , Dan Greaney was the one who came up with the idea for it . Greaney based Homer 's intense obsession with Edison on the fact that when he himself would have an obsession with something in life , he would badger and bore people with details of it . " Homer 's relationship to Thomas Edison 's achievements is a version of my own experience of trying to communicate the experience of things you love by driving people crazy , " Greaney said in a DVD audio commentary for the episode . The untippable chair was also an idea of Greaney 's ; while working on the episode , he was leaning back in his chair and fell backwards . He casually said it would be great if there were legs on the back of the chair and someone in the writing room said that would be a great invention for Homer . Soon after coming up with the story , Greaney told it to Swartzwelder so that he could turn it into a script . Greaney said " it couldn 't in my best dreams have turned out as good as it did if I had written it . "
Mark Kirkland was the director of " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " . He recalls that when he attended the table @-@ read for the episode , the staff thought it was " hilarious " and they could tell it was " going to be a good one . " It was the last episode to be produced during the season nine production run and because it takes several months to complete the production of a single episode , it had to air as a hold @-@ over in the upcoming tenth season . It was decided that " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " would be the premiere episode of season ten . As a result , the annual premiere party was held at the Museum of Science and Technology in Los Angeles – it was a tradition for the premiere party to be related to the premiere episode .
Kirkland cites his assistant director Matthew Nastuk as a big influence on the episode . He became heavily involved with the animation because he had grown up in New Jersey , where the Thomas Edison National Historical Park that Homer and Bart visit is located . To help make the museum look as authentic as possible , Kirkland and Nastuk visited it and took a large number of photographs that they brought back to the animation studio . At one point in the episode , Homer writes complex math formulas on a chalkboard . The producers wanted them to be actual formulas , so writer David X. Cohen got in contact with a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who were able to provide them .
The episode features a guest appearance by actor William Daniels as KITT , a character from the Knight Rider television series of which Homer is a fan . KITT is an artificially intelligent electronic computer module installed in an automobile . In the episode , after failing to cheer Homer up with a film reel of his life , the family shows him a video featuring KITT . The automobile , seen driving in the desert , tells Homer the following : " Hello Homer . It 's me , KITT , from TV 's Knight Rider . Your family has asked me to invite you to a very special ... " ; the film reel breaks just before KITT finishes his sentence . This of course leads to Homer becoming even more depressed . Daniels ' appearance in " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " was the first and only time that he voiced KITT outside of Knight Rider and the film Knight Rider 2000 . He recalls that " when I told my son in New York that I was going to be on The Simpsons , I think that was the first time that he was really impressed with what I was doing ! The Simpsons is a great show and I 'm glad they thought of KITT in one of their jokes . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " finished 25th in the ratings for the week of September 14 – 20 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 0 , equivalent to approximately 7 @.@ 95 million viewing households . It tied with Beverly Hills , 90210 and Home Improvement for the 25th place . The episode was the third highest @-@ rated show ( tied with Beverly Hills , 90210 ) on the Fox network that week , following Ally McBeal and Party of Five .
" The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " has received generally positive reviews from critics . The Daily Mail cited as a " superb " and " hilarious " episode , and James Plath of DVD Town thought it had strong writing . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " a terrific episode , full of wit and sly digs at our expectations of Homer 's abilities . The fact that he invents things that other people find useful ( and steal the credit for ) is both amusing and a little sad . Poor Homer . " Writing for DVD Movie Guide , Colin Jacobson commented that " though ' Wizard ' borders on ' Homer ’ s wacky scheme ' territory , his attempts to come up with something significant offer amusement . At no point does ' Wizard ' threaten to become a particularly strong episode , but it entertains to a reasonable degree . I do like the ' Everything ’ s Okay Alarm ' and the makeup gun , though . "
Although " Lard of the Dance " aired as a teaser episode a month earlier , " The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace " was the official season premiere of The Simpsons ' tenth season . Don Aucoin of The Boston Globe wrote that " It is gratifying to report that , based on the season premiere , The Simpsons promises to remain the most reliable half @-@ hour of laughs on television . " Similarly , David Bianculli of The New York Daily News reported that " The Simpsons is one series that , year after year , remains fresh and funny and lively and surprising . Based on tonight 's season premiere , that amazing streak is in no danger of ending . " Lauri Githens of The Buffalo News gave the episode a 5 / 5 rating , commenting that it shows that " This cynical , bleak yet somehow still hopeful comedy is nowhere near midlife crisis with Season No. 10 . It 's still fall @-@ down funny . Thank God . " She cited Homer 's line to Marge as he and Bart leave for the Edison Museum , " I 'm @-@ taking @-@ Bart @-@ over @-@ state @-@ lines @-@ back @-@ soon @-@ I @-@ have @-@ your @-@ wallet @-@ bye ! " , as the best line of the episode .
Lexington Herald @-@ Leader 's Heather Svokos was not as pleased . She stated that " As always , the show is better written than most anything on TV , but for a 10th season premiere , it didn 't blow me out of the water . " In addition , Phil Kloer of The Atlanta Journal gave the episode a C grade , calling it an " off episode " . He commented that it " doesn 't have the zing that most Simpsons episodes do . " Kloer did , however , enjoy Homer 's inventions such as the hamburger earmuffs and the make @-@ up gun , and Homer 's line to Marge before he shoots her with it : " Try to keep your nostrils closed . " Marge 's response after being shot , " Homer ! You ’ ve got it set on whore ! " , was commended by The Gazette , DVD Verdict , and Ian Jane of DVD Talk , who called the scene the highlight of the episode .
In his 2015 book The Simpsons and their Mathematical Secrets , Dr Simon Singh wrote that in the episode , Homer writes an equation on a chalkboard and “ If you work it out , you get the mass of a Higgs boson that ’ s only a bit larger than the nano @-@ mass of a Higgs boson actually is . It ’ s kind of amazing as Homer makes this prediction 14 years before it was discovered . ” He stated that the mathematical backgrounds of many of the show 's writers made it the " most mathematical TV show on prime @-@ time television in history " , and it could " encourage and nourish " young people with an interest in mathematics .
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= CD Projekt =
CD Projekt S.A. ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˌsiːˈdi ˈprɔjɛkt ̪ ˈɛs ˌa : ] , formerly CD Projekt Sp. z.o.o. ) is a Polish video game developer , publisher and distributor based in Warsaw , which was founded in 1994 by Marcin Iwiński and Michał Kiciński . Iwiński and Kiciński were video game retailers before they founded the company . CD Projekt is best known for their The Witcher series of video games and their digital @-@ distribution service GOG.com.
The company began translating major Western video @-@ game releases into Polish , collaborating with Interplay Entertainment for two Baldur 's Gate games . CD Projekt was working on the PC version of Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance when Interplay experienced financial difficulties . The game was cancelled and the company decided to reuse the code for their own video game . It became The Witcher , a video game based on the works of Andrzej Sapkowski .
After the release of The Witcher , CD Projekt worked on a console port called The Witcher : White Wolf ; but development issues and increasing costs almost led the company to the brink of bankruptcy . CD Projekt later released The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt which received positive critical reviews . The company 's upcoming project is Cyberpunk 2077 , an open @-@ world role @-@ playing game based on the Cyberpunk 2020 tabletop system .
A video game distribution service , GOG.com was established by CD Projekt to help players find old games . Its mission is to offer games free of digital rights management ( DRM ) to players and its service was expanded to cover new AAA and independent games . The company opposes DRM in video games , and hopes that free downloadable content becomes an industry standard . CD Projekt considers maintaining their independence one of their most important strategies . The company currently focuses on the international market , particularly Europe and North America , and spun off its Polish business cdp.pl in 2014 .
= = History = =
= = = Founding = = =
CD Projekt was founded in 1994 by Marcin Iwiński and Michal Kiciński . According to Iwiński , although he enjoyed playing video games as a child they were scarce in Poland ( which was in the Soviet Union 's sphere of influence at the time ) . Polish copyright law did not exist and Iwiński , in high school , sold cracked copies of Western video games at a Warsaw marketplace . In high school Iwiński met Kiciński , who became his business partner ; at that time , Kiciński also sold video games .
Wanting to conduct business legitimately , Iwiński and Kiciński began importing games from US retailers and were the first importers of CD @-@ ROM games . After the transition to a primarily market @-@ based economy in the early 90s , they founded their own company . Iwiński and Kiciński founded CD Projekt in the second quarter of 1994 . With only $ 2 @,@ 000 , they used a friend 's flat as a rent @-@ free office .
= = = Localization = = =
When CD Projekt was founded , their biggest challenge was overcoming video game piracy . The company was one of the first in Poland to localize games ; according to Iwiński , most of their products were sold to " mom @-@ and @-@ pop shops " . CD Projekt began partial localization for developers such as Seven Stars and Leryx @-@ LongSoft in 1996 , and full @-@ scale localization a year later . To sell their games , they approached BioWare and Interplay Entertainment for the Polish localization of Baldur 's Gate . They expected the title to become popular in Poland , and no retailer would be able to translate the text from English version to Polish . To increase the title 's popularity in Poland , CD Projekt added items to the game 's packaging and hired well @-@ known Polish actors to voice its characters . Their first attempt was successful , with 18 @,@ 000 units shipped on the game 's release day ( higher than the average shipments of other games at the time ) .
The company continued to work with Interplay after the release of Baldur 's Gate , collaborating on a PC port for the sequel Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance . To develop the port , CD Projekt hired Sebastian Zieliński ( who had developed Mortyr 2093 @-@ 1944 ) and Adam Badowski , who became head of the company 's game @-@ development division CD Projekt RED . Six months after development began , Interplay experienced financial problems and cancelled the PC version . CD Projekt continued to localize other games after Dark Alliance 's cancellation , and received Business Gazelle awards in 2003 and 2004 .
= = = Game development = = =
Enthusiasm for game distribution ebbed , and CD Projekt 's founders wondered if the company should continue as a distributor or a game developer after Dark Alliance 's cancellation . With the game cancelled and its code owned by CD Projekt , the company planned to use them to develop their first original game . They intended to develop a game series based on Andrzej Sapkowski 's Wiedźmin books ( which were popular in Poland ) and the author accepted the company 's development proposal . The franchise rights had been sold to a Polish mobile game studio , but the studio had not worked on anything related to the franchise and CD Projekt acquired the rights to the Wiedźmin franchise . According to Iwiński , he and Kiciński had no idea how to develop a video game at that time .
To develop the game , the company formed a video @-@ game development studio ( CD Projekt RED , headed by Sebastian Zieliński ) in Łódź in 2002 . The studio made a demonstration game , which Adam Badowski called " a piece of crap " in retrospect . The demo was a role @-@ playing game with a top @-@ down perspective , similar to Dark Alliance and Diablo , and used the game engine which powered Mortyr . Iwiński and Kiciński pitched the demo to a number of publishers , without success . The Łódź office closed and the staff , except for Zieliński , moved to the Warsaw headquarters .
Zieliński left the company , and Kiciński headed the project . Although the game 's development continued , the demo was abandoned . According to CD Projekt , the development team had different ideas for the game and lacked overall direction ; as a result , it was returned to the drawing board in 2003 . The team , unfamiliar with video @-@ game development , spent nearly two years organising production . They received assistance from BioWare , who helped promote the game at the 2004 Electronic Entertainment Expo by offering CD Projekt space in their booth next to Jade Empire . BioWare also licensed their Aurora game engine to the company .
The game 's budget exceeded expectations . The original 15 @-@ person development team expanded to about 100 , at a cost of 20 million złoty . According to Iwiński , content was removed from the game for budgetary reasons but the characters ' personalities were retained ; however , there was difficulty in translating the game 's Polish text into English . Atari agreed to publish the game . After five years of development , The game would bring Wiedźmin to an international audience , and so the company came up with an English name : The Witcher . The Witcher was released in 2007 to generally positive reviews .
Sales were satisfactory , and the development of sequels began almost immediately after The Witcher 's release . The team began the design work for The Witcher 2 ( again powered by the Aurora Engine ) , and experimented with consoles to develop a new engine for The Witcher 3 . Their development was halted when the team began work on The Witcher : White Wolf , a console version of The Witcher . Although they collaborated with French studio Widescreen Games for the console port , it entered development limbo . Widescreen demanded more manpower , money and time to develop the title , complaining that they were not being paid ; according to Iwiński , CD Projekt paid them more than their own staff members . The team cancelled the project , suspending its development . Unhappy with the decision , Atari demanded that CD Projekt repay them for funding the console port development and Iwiński agreed that Atari would be the North American publisher of the sequel of The Witcher 2 . CD Projekt acquired Metropolis Software in 2008 .
The dispute over White Wolf was costly ; the company faced bankruptcy , with the financial crisis of 2007 – 08 a contributing factor . To stay afloat , the team decided to focus on The Witcher 2 with the Witcher 3 engine . When the engine ( known as REDengine ) was finished , the game could be ported to other consoles . To develop The Witcher 2 , the company suspended development of Metropolis ' first @-@ person shooter They . After three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years of development , The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings was released in 2011 to critical praise and sales of more than 1 @.@ 7 million copies .
After The Witcher 2 CD Projekt wanted to develop an open @-@ world game of a quality similar to their other games , and the company wanted to add features to avoid criticism that it was Witcher 2 @.@ 5 . They wanted to push the game 's graphics boundaries , releasing it only for the PC and eighth @-@ generation consoles . This triggered debate on the team , some of whom wanted to release the game for older consoles to maximise profit . The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt took three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years to develop and cost over $ 81 million . After multiple delays , it was released in May 2015 to critical praise . Wild Hunt was commercially successful , selling six million copies in its first six weeks and giving the studio a profit of 236 million złoty ( $ 62 @.@ 5 million ) in the first half of 2015 . The team released 15 content downloads and two expansion , Hearts of Stone and Blood and Wine . CD Projekt released two other The Witcher games : The Witcher Adventure ( a board game for PC , iOS and Android ) and The Witcher : Battle Arena , a multiplayer online battle arena game for iOS and Android . At E3 2016 , the company announced Gwent : The Witcher Card Game , based on the popular card mini @-@ game Gwent from The Witcher 3 .
In December 2015 , CD Projekt RED won the " Developer of the Year " award at The Game Awards 2015 . In March 2016 , the company announced that they had another role @-@ playing game in development , and that the title is scheduled to be released in the period 2017 to 2021 . They also announced plans for expansion , where the RED division will expand two @-@ fold .
= = = Game distribution = = =
CD Projekt is a game distributor , and their Polish company ( a digital distribution platform focusing on the Polish market ) was renamed Cdp.pl in 2012 . The service , which provided technical assistance , expanded to movies , electronic books and comics . Cdp.pl was later separated , with CD Projekt holding a controlling share . CD Projekt reduced its share to 8 @.@ 29 percent , since the company wanted to aim at the global market rather than the Polish one . The companies would co @-@ operate with each other for the distribution of games .
In 2008 the company introduced Good Old Games , a distribution service with a digital rights management @-@ free strategy . The service aims to help players find " good old games " , preserving old games . To do so , the team needed to unravel licensing issues for defunct developers or negotiate with publishers for distribution rights . To recover old code for conversion to modern platforms , they had to use retail versions or second @-@ hand games . CD Projekt partnered with small developers and large publishers , including Activision , Electronic Arts and Ubisoft , to broaden the service 's portfolio of games to triple @-@ A and independent video games . Despite suspicions that it was a " doomed project " , according to managing director Guillaume Rambourg , it has expanded since its introduction . Income from GOG.com ( known internally as CD Projekt Blue ) accrues to CD Projekt RED .
= = = Future = = =
CD Projekt developed three Witcher titles before deciding that The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt would be the final game in the series with Geralt . The company 's next project is Cyberpunk 2077 , an open @-@ world role @-@ playing game based on the Cyberpunk 2020 tabletop system created by Mike Pondsmith . Introduced in May 2012 with an international development team , it was described by CD Projekt as " far bigger " than The Witcher III . Another CD Projekt office in Krakow , which had assisted the development of CD Projekt 's previous games , is expected to develop their own games in the future .
Regarding the future of the Witcher series , Konrad Tomaszkiewicz , game director of The Witcher 3 , stated in May 2016 that he hoped to continue working with the series sometime in the future , but had nothing planned at the time .
= = Games developed = =
= = Company philosophy = =
They decided to focus on a few aspects and assess the value of other features . This approach , they hope , helps to maintain the quality of their games . The company focused on the development of role @-@ playing games , with the team working on established franchises with a fan base and introducing lesser @-@ known franchises to a wide audience . When the team develops an open @-@ world game , they prioritise quest design over the size of its world in the belief that having choices to make encourages players to immerse themselves in the game .
The team makes the players their priority ; according to Iwiński , support from players " drives " the company ( which considers themselves " rebels " ) . The team focuses on creative strategy over business strategy . CD Projekt RED opposes the inclusion of digital @-@ rights @-@ management technology in video games and software . The company believes that DRM is ineffective in halting software piracy , based on data from sales of The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings . CD Projekt RED found that their initial release ( which included DRM technology ) was pirated over 4 @.@ 5 million times ; their DRM @-@ free re @-@ release was pirated far less , and The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt was released without DRM technology . The team , believing that free downloadable content should be an industry standard , published 15 free DLC releases for Wild Hunt as an example to others in the industry .
According to Adam Badowski , head of CD Projekt RED , maintaining its independence is a company priority . They avoided becoming a subsidiary of another company for financial and creative freedom and ownership of their projects . Electronic Arts was rumoured to be attempting to acquire CD Projekt . This was quickly denied by Iwiński , who said that maintaining the company 's independence is something he " will be fighting for " .
The company aims to follow the Rockstar Games model , where the company works on a single project with a large team , and avoids working on multiple projects at the same time .
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= Dotty Cotton =
Kirsty " Dotty " Cotton is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Molly Conlin . She was introduced on 26 December 2008 as the daughter of established character Nick Cotton ( John Altman ) . Dotty was used as Nick 's partner in crime , as the duo planned to kill her grandmother Dot ( June Brown ) and inherit the money from her will . She and Dot subsequently became friends after Nick 's failed murder attempt , due to Dotty sabotaging their murder plan at the last minute . In her final storyline , airing on 23 February 2010 , she left with her mother Sandy ( Caroline Pegg ) , whom she believed dead .
Critics disliked Dotty , with her accent being criticised by Jane Simon from The Daily Mirror . Critics from The Daily Mirror and The Guardian were glad to see her leave . However , executive producer Diederick Santer praised Conlin for her portrayal of Dotty , whilst both Brown and Altman opined that the storyline was one of their highlights . The Sun described her as " one of the youngest , most wicked female soap villains " .
= = Storylines = =
= = = Backstory = = =
Dotty , whose real name is Kirsty , was conceived in a one @-@ night stand between Nick Cotton ( John Altman ) and an alcoholic woman named Sandy ( Caroline Pegg ) . While serving time in prison , Nick received a letter from Sandy telling him that she had given birth to their daughter . Upon his early release in April 2008 , Nick took custody of Dotty , telling her that Sandy had died in a car crash .
= = = 2008 – 10 = = =
Dotty arrives in Walford on Christmas Day with Nick , to see her estranged grandmother Dot ( June Brown ) . Nick introduces Dot to Dotty and they quickly bond . Nick lies to Dot that he had promised to send money to Sandy on the condition that she named their daughter Dorothy after her grandmother , so that Dot will trust him and bond with his daughter ; Dot does not know Dotty 's real name . After spending the night , Dotty begs Dot to let them stay longer . Dot soon discovers that Nick is unemployed and he and Dotty have been living rough . Nick says he will either put Dotty into care or sell her to Dot . After serious consideration , she buys Dotty to get her away from Nick . Dotty learns that Dot has left all her money to Dotty in her will , and tells Nick . They plan to kill Dot to inherit the money , and trick her into thinking she is suffering from dementia . Eventually , Dotty is told by Nick to give Dot an overdose of her medication , but , Dotty has had a change of heart and gives the pills to Nick in his beer . When Nick learns of Dotty 's double @-@ crossing , he drags her to the café and holds everyone inside hostage . Dotty escapes along with most of the others , but the café explodes , and in the commotion , Nick escapes . Dot suspects Dotty may be just as evil as Nick , so plants some tablets on the kitchen table whilst Dotty has her back turned . Dot leaves the room and spies on Dotty , who ignores the tablets .
Dot holds a birthday party for Dotty , inviting Tiffany ( Maisie Smith ) and Liam Butcher ( James Forde ) , but they do not want to attend . The next day , Tiffany tells Dotty she is not invited to her birthday party . Dotty tells Dot that Tiffany is not having a party and asks if they can invite her round . When they ask Tiffany 's mother Bianca ( Patsy Palmer ) , Bianca invites them to Tiffany 's party . The next day , Tiffany and Dotty lie so they do not have to go to school . Dotty takes Tiffany 's bridesmaid 's dress and MP3 player , after Tiffany does not allow her to try the dress on , and runs away with them , throwing the MP3 player into a bin . Dotty pushes Tiffany into the bin as she tries to retrieve it . Dotty then runs away to avoid getting in trouble , and when Tiffany is found , Bianca visits Dot , who is unsure about Bianca 's claims . Dotty tells Dot she knows nothing about the dress but Dot then finds it in Dotty 's school bag . Dot returns the dress to Bianca without Dotty 's knowledge . The next day , Dotty is left alone with Dot 's husband Jim ( John Bardon ) who is recovering from a stroke . She pours water on him to make it seem he has wet himself , but Dot catches her . Dotty says she hates them both and wishes that Nick had killed Dot . Dot smacks Dotty across the legs and Dotty manipulates her into letting her stay off school . After Dotty calls the police , Dot is arrested for assault but is released without charge and Dotty apologises .
Dot receives a visit from Dotty 's mother Sandy . Dot assumes she is from Social Services , but Sandy says she is looking for her daughter Kirsty . Dot says she knows nobody of that name , but when she sees a photo she realises that it is Dotty . Dot hides Sandy 's visit from Dotty , but later talks to Sandy about her daughter and her past . She also asks Dotty about the friends and family she used to have , but Dotty says Dot is the only family she needs . However , she soon admits that she misses her mother , and Dot reveals that she is alive and Nick had lied to her . Dotty says she wants to see her mother , so Dot calls her . When Sandy arrives , Dotty is delighted and Dot tells Dotty she should go with Sandy . They say an emotional goodbye , and Dot says she can visit at any time . In May 2012 , Dot and her sister Rose ( Polly Perkins ) go to live with Dotty and Sandy . In January 2013 , it is revealed that Dotty and Sandy are in Florida . In March 2014 , Dot reveals Dotty and Sandy cannot attend Nick 's funeral , because Dotty has a cold .
= = Creation and development = =
= = = Casting , introduction and development = = =
On 2 October 2008 it was reported that Nick Cotton , played by John Altman would return to EastEnders in Christmas 2008 . After spending time in Walsall , Nick would return with an eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Dotty . The part of Dotty was cast to Molly Conlin , speaking of her casting , Conlin said , " I 'm really excited about it because I have always wanted to be in EastEnders . " Conlin was considered too old for the part of Tiffany Dean which she a previously auditioned for but she succeeded in impressing the producers , who offered her the role of Dotty instead . The part of Tiffany went to Maisie Smith . Dotty was originally eleven years old , but on Conlin 's casting , they changed her age to seven . Introduced as a guest character by Santer she made her first appearance on 25 December 2008 .
Starting to appear more frequently , Dotty became a recurring character . Santer told Digital Spy in May 2009 that Dotty 's storyline would go " to a very , very dark place ! " He questioned whether the character was born bad or if her father had made her that way , and if she could be more dangerous than Nick . As the storyline between Dot , Dotty and Nick progressed , Nick 's true agenda was revealed when he blackmailed his mother into giving him money for custody of Dotty . A BBC source told The Sun , " [ Dot 's ] horrified when Nick tells her Dotty is for sale . He shows no emotion and his evil grin sends shivers down her spine . She always knew Nick would sell his soul for the price of some pick ’ n mix but she had no idea he ’ d sell his own daughter . " In a further plot twist , it was revealed to the audience in 2009 , that Dotty was colluding with her father all along . The plot climaxed in June 2009 and marked Altman 's departure from the show for the fourth time . Dotty later left on 23 February 2010 .
= = = Characterisation = = =
Dotty is a seven @-@ year @-@ old child who has pigtails . The EastEnders website describes her as " butter wouldn 't melt when it comes to this cockney sparrow , but underneath she 's a devil in disguise " , as well as conniving , backstabbing and cold @-@ hearted . Altman described Dotty as " a chip off the old block " , as did Nancy Banks @-@ Smith from The Guardian though the Daily Record described Dotty as " a chip off her grandma 's block " . Charlie Clements , who played Bradley Branning , said that Dotty , being Nick 's daughter , was " bound to be a bit iffy . " He also called her " evil " , as did several critics . Simon called Dotty " [ the ] apple that hasn 't fallen far from the tree . " On Holy Soap , Dotty is called a " demon child " and " sweetness and light " on the surface , " but underneath lurks a devil ! " . Nancy Banks @-@ Smith from The Guardian described Dotty as " enigmatic " , while Kris Green from Digital Spy compared Dotty 's image to that of Damien Thorn from The Omen and Regan MacNeil from The Exorcist . The Sun said " Dotty is one of the youngest , most wicked female soap villains " .
= = Reception = =
Jane Simon from the Daily Mirror criticised Dotty 's accent and the storyline surrounding poisoning Dot . Stuart Heritage from The Guardian said that Dotty gave him " the willies " . He said , " Technically Dotty has already left EastEnders , but it was an open @-@ ended goodbye and she 's free to return whenever she likes . This must not happen , simply because she gives me the willies more than anything else I 've ever seen " , Simon similarly opined saying that she was glad to see Dotty leave . Brown opined that Dot and Nick 's storyline with Dotty was one of her highlights of the series , as did Altman . Santer praised Conlin for her portrayal of Dotty saying , " I love that little girl because she 's having to play all these layers . Normally , what kids have to do of that age is say lines and be cute . She , though , has to play layers of deception . She has to play a character who 's acting . "
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= Otto Frederick Hunziker =
Otto Frederick Hunziker ( 25 December 1873 – 16 November 1959 ) was a pioneer in the American and international dairy industry , as both an educator and a technical innovator . Hunziker was born and raised in Switzerland , emigrated to the U.S. , and studied at Cornell University . He started and developed the dairy program at Purdue University when such programs were at their infancy . At this same time , Hunziker was heavily involved with the development of the American Dairy Science Association ( ADSA ) and the standardization and improvement of many dairy tests and processes . Hunziker wrote several of the leading dairy processing texts , which continue to be cited . After leaving Purdue University , Hunziker managed research and operations at a large , national condensary , continued to drive ADSA 's standardization and publishing efforts , represented the U.S. at international dairy congresses , and facilitated dairy industry improvements across the globe .
= = Early years = =
Otto Frederick Hunziker was born in Zürich , Switzerland , on 25 December 1873 to Karl Otto and Luise ( Pupikofer ) Hunziker . Otto 's siblings were Karl Rudolf ( born 5 February 1870 , Zürich ) , Barbara Luise ( 17 June 1871 – 16 October 1871 ) , and Marie Julie ( 23 July 1872 – 30 June 1938 ) . Hunziker spent many early years in Goldbach , Switzerland , where his father was a pastor , professor , and member of the canton parliament . Otto attended the two @-@ year course of studies at Strickhof Agricultural College in Zürich , graduating at age 19 . In 1893 , Otto Frederick Hunziker emigrated to the United States .
During this time period , significant new development in dairy processing technology was occurring on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean . In 1890 , Stephen Babcock published specifications for the Babcock test for milk fat content . In 1892 , Dr. Niklaus Gerber acquired a Swiss patent on the Gerber method for analyzing fat content in milk . Dr. Gerber was based in Zürich , had studied at the University of Zürich , and worked for two years at the Swiss @-@ American Milk Company in Little Falls , New York . Hunziker would spend a substantial amount of time studying and improving these analytic methods .
In the United States , Hunziker worked for two years as a laborer on a dairy farm near Attleboro , Massachusetts . To improve his English and commercial skills , he studied at Bryant and Stratton Business College ( now Bryant University ) , Providence , Rhode Island in 1896 . He returned to Switzerland briefly in 1898 before returning to receive a B.S. Agriculture in 1900 and M.S.A. in 1901 from Cornell University . He served as an assistant in charge of dairy bacteriology at Cornell University until 1902 , when he equipped and operated a dairy manufacturing research laboratory for the Scranton Condensed Milk Company in Ellicottville , New York . Otto Frederick married Florence Belle Burne on 10 April 1905 in Portville , Cattaraugus County , New York .
= = Professorship at Purdue = =
In 1905 Hunziker accepted a position at Purdue University in West Lafayette , Indiana as head of Purdue 's Dairy Department . Dairy departments were relatively new at American colleges . ( The first dairy school in the U.S. was created at the University of Wisconsin in 1890 . ) Hunziker led Purdue 's dairy department through significant growth .
In the summer of 1906 , Hunziker was among 18 teachers and investigators meeting at the University of Illinois , Urbana , to found what was then known as National Association of Dairy Instructors and Investigators . ( The following year , this association changed its name to " Official Dairy Instructors ' Association " and , in 1916 , changed its name to " American Dairy Science Association " ( ADSA ) . ) From 1910 to 1926 , Hunziker chaired ADSA 's Committee on Official Methods of Testing Milk and Cream for Butterfat . In 1911 , this committee met in Washington , D.C. with the U.S. Bureau of Dairying , the U.S. Bureau of Standards and manufacturers of glassware . Standard specifications for Babcock glassware were published as a result of this meeting . Hunziker actively pursued numerous improvements to the testing methodology , which improved the quality and safety of dairy products . Hunziker was the third president of ADSA from 1910 through 1911 . During Hunziker 's presidency , ADSA also : created a national score card for scoring dairies ; standardized dairy judging contests ; secured scholarships for student contests ; improved national milk standards ; developed ties with breed associations ; and , provided fora for industry discussions on dairy instruction and extension services .
Apart from application of improved pedagogy and scientific methodology , Hunziker oversaw planning and construction of Smith Hall , the building which thereafter housed Purdue 's dairy manufacturing group , extension service , and creamery . While at Purdue , he published over 50 bulletins , leaflets , and scientific treatises addressing dairy farm and plant problems . In 1917 , Hunziker left Purdue to manage manufacturing and research at the Blue Valley Creamery Company in Chicago , Illinois .
= = Professional life = =
Hunziker wrote dairy articles and textbooks used throughout the world , developed dairy curricula , advocated for dairy laws , and developed standard testing methodology . In particular , Hunziker authored The Butter Industry , Prepared for Factory , School and Laboratory , a well @-@ known text in the industry that enjoyed at least three editions ( 1920 , 1927 , 1940 ) . A book that Hunziker originally self @-@ published in 1914 , " Condensed Milk and Milk Powder : Prepared for the Use of Milk Condenseries , Dairy Students and Pure Food Departments " , was republished in a seventh edition in October 2007 by Cartwright Press . According to one book review : " The popularity of this book may be judged by the fact that this is the fourth edition , the three previous editions having long since been exhausted . The book is the most important contribution on the condensed milk and milk powder industry . It should be in the library of the teacher , the student or factory man interested in any phase of the condensed milk and milk powder industry . " Both books are listed by Cornell University as " Core Historical Literature of Agriculture " . In the 1920s , Hunziker initiated a " dairy school over the air " — a radio program on WGN for which dairy experts were invited to discuss various issues . Hunziker was a director of the National Dairy Council and is listed in The Ten Master Minds of Dairying . When the World 's Dairy Congress was held in the U.S. in 1923 , the U.S. Department of Agriculture selected Hunziker to head the industry and economics program . He later represented the United States at World Dairy Congresses in London , 1928 ; Copenhagen , 1931 ; Berlin , 1937 ; Stockholm , 1949 ; and The Hague , 1953 . He obtained several United States patents , including : US 1543853 , Hunziker , O F , " Apparatus for deodorizing cream " , published 1925 @-@ 06 @-@ 30 and US 1723860 , Hunziker , O F , " Process for treating milk and its products " , published 1929 @-@ 08 @-@ 06 . At Blue Valley , Hunziker established a research program for 22 creameries and two milk plants . In 1932 , Purdue University bestowed an honorary doctoral degree in science . He retired from Blue Valley Creamery in 1939 to work as a consultant . In 1942 , O F Hunziker was honored with the first ADSA honorary life membership . Hunziker was awarded numerous international honors for his work , including :
Diploma from Italian government for scientific papers at Milan International Exposition
1927 : Australian Dairy Council
1928 : Swiss gold medal
1934 : A.D.S.A. Distinguished Service Scroll
1942 : " Grande Diploma de Honra " , Brazilian Instituto ― Tecnico Industrial
1950 : Honorary membership in " Tu Sociedad Espanola de Bromatologia " ( Spain )
= = Family life = =
All three of Hunziker 's sons attended Purdue University . Children of Otto and Florence were :
Thelma Belle ( Raymond Alton Tipple ) , born 12 November 1905 , Ellicottville , New York , died 4 February 1995 , Dallas , Texas .
Florence Louise ( Carroll Dunham Galvin ) , born 15 December 1906 in Indiana , died 27 January 1980 , Concord , California .
Karl Otto , born 27 June 1908 , Lafayette , Indiana , died 3 November 1932 , West Lafayette , Indiana , in an automobile accident while a student at Purdue .
Walter Burne ( Mary Ann Murphy Hyer ) , born 1 Aug 1910 , Indiana , died April 1971 , Alexandria , Louisiana , graduated from Purdue in 1931 with a B.S. in mechanical engineering , as business manager of the Purdue Engineer magazine , and as a member in the band , orchestra , and Delta Chi .
Isabelle Mary ( Milton Eugene Kerr ) , born 8 March 1912 , Indiana , died 16 January 1994 in Oakland , California .
Otto Frederick , Jr . , born 5 September 1915 , Lafayette , Indiana , died 19 August 1993 , Osprey , Florida , graduated from Purdue in 1937 with a B.S. in Chemical Engineering and as a member of the Cary Club and Kappa Delta Rho .
Otto ( Sr. ) was on the board of the La Grange First Methodist Church and the La Grange Federal Savings and Loan Association as well as active in the Civic Club , Kiwanis Club , and American @-@ Swiss Chamber of Commerce . Hobbies included water sports , mountain climbing , ice skating and gardening .
= = Death and posthumous honors = =
Otto Frederick Hunziker died on 16 November 1959 in La Grange , Illinois . A portrait of Hunziker and plaque hang in Purdue 's Smith Hall . In 1964 , 283 leaders in the dairy industry were asked to name contributors most significantly shaping the dairy industry . Hunziker was listed third , ahead of such well @-@ known industry luminaries as Gail Borden . He was also inducted into the National Dairy Shrine as a " pioneer " .
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= St Ffinan 's Church , Llanffinan =
St Ffinan 's Church , Llanffinan is a small 19th @-@ century parish church built in the Romanesque revival style , in Anglesey , north Wales . There has been a church in this area , even if not on this precise location , since at least 1254 , and 19th @-@ century writers state that St Ffinan established the first church here in the 7th century . The church was rebuilt in 1841 , reusing a 12th @-@ century font and 18th @-@ century memorials , as well as the cross at the eastern end of the roof .
The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales , one of eight in a combined parish , and services are held weekly . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is considered to be " a good essay in a simple Romanesque revival style " . The church is at the end of a gravel track in the countryside of central Anglesey , about 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) from Llangefni , the county town . It is also on a footpath to Plas Penmynydd , once home to Owen Tudor , founder of the Tudor dynasty .
= = History and location = =
St Ffinan 's Church is in the countryside in the centre of Anglesey , north Wales , near the village of Talwrn , and about 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) away from Llangefni , the county town of Anglesey . The parish church is at the end of a gravelled track , off a country lane between the lower part of Talwrn and the hamlet of Ceint to the south . It can also be accessed by public footpath from Plas Penmynydd , once home to Owen Tudor , grandfather of King Henry VII and founder of the Tudor dynasty . The parish takes its name from the church : the Welsh word llan originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " , with " -ffinan " denoting the saint .
The date of construction of the first church in this area is uncertain , although a church was recorded here in 1254 during the Norwich Taxation of churches . The 19th @-@ century writers and antiquarians Angharad Llwyd and Samuel Lewis said that St Ffinan , to whom the church is dedicated , established the first church here towards the beginning of the 7th century , possibly around 620 . Llwyd described the old church in 1833 as " a small neat edifice " . The current building was designed by the architect John Welch and erected in 1841 , with the first service held on 6 July of that year . Welch also designed the church of St Nidan , Llanidan , in the south of Anglesey , which was built between 1839 and 1843 .
St Ffinan 's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales . It is one of eight churches in a combined parish called Bro Cadwaladr . It is within the deanery of Synod Ynys Mon , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2016 , the vicar is Emlyn Williams , assisted by an associate priest , E. R. Roberts . Williams was appointed in 2007 ; before that , the position had been vacant for 20 years despite many attempts by the Church in Wales to fill it . Services are held at St Ffinan 's on the first to fourth Sundays of every month , either Cymun Bendigaid ( Welsh : Holy Communion ) or Foreol Weddi ( Morning Prayer ) ; on the fifth Sunday of the month , a service of Holy Communion is held at one of the churches in the parish . There are no midweek services .
John Jones , who was Dean of Bangor Cathedral from 1689 to 1727 , was also rector of St Ffinan 's during that time , as it was one of the benefices attached to the deanery . Jones is commememorated by a stone tablet on the wall of St Mary 's Church , Pentraeth , also in Anglesey . The antiquarian Nicholas Owen was perpetual curate here from 1790 until his death in 1811 ; he is buried at St Tyfrydog 's Church , Llandyfrydog , Anglesey .
= = Architecture and fittings = =
The church is small and rectangular , built from stone with a slate roof ; there is a bellcote at the west end of the roof . There is no internal structural division between the nave and the chancel . The style is Romanesque revival . There is a round @-@ headed window in each of the three bays of the church , and a three @-@ part window in the chancel . The doorway at the west end has small windows on either side , and a window above ; a stone slab between the upper window and the doorway has " 1841 " upon it . Stained glass has been inserted into the windows in memory of parishioners .
A survey in 1937 by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire noted a number of items that had been preserved from the old church . The circular font , made of gritstone , dates from the 12th @-@ century ; it has a " very crude interlacing strap ornament " , and has been fitted upon a more modern base . There are two memorials from the 18th century , one dated 1705 to " Iohn Lloyd of Hirdre Faig " and one dated 1764 to " Hugh , son of Richard Hugh of Ty @-@ hen " . The churchyard contains one Commonwealth war grave from the First World War , of Private Evan Oswald Thomas , a Royal Welsh Fusiliers soldier from Talwrn .
= = Assessment = =
St Ffinan 's has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 and has been listed because it is considered to be " a good essay in a simple Romanesque revival style " . Cadw ( the Welsh Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) describes it as " a small rural church " .
Samuel Lewis said that the new church was " a plain structure in the old English style , with strong buttresses , which have a good effect , being so well suited to the exposed situation of the building . " Writing in 1846 , the priest and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that the church , " a modern erection of the Pseudo @-@ Norman style " , stood in " a highly picturesque situation . " He said that the cross at the east end of the roof came from the old church .
A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region describes the 1841 rebuilding work as " rectangular and harsh " . A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey says that it is " a good example of the small rural church " , set in a " well @-@ maintained churchyard " . It also notes that its style " is quite different to most Anglesey churches " .
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= Mississippi Highway 172 =
Mississippi Highway 172 ( MS 172 ) is a state highway located in Tishomingo County , Mississippi . The route runs 12 @.@ 074 mi ( 19 @.@ 431 km ) from U.S. Route 72 ( US 72 ) near Burnsville east to US 72 near Oldham , just west of the Alabama border . The route is a two @-@ lane undivided road its entire length and runs mostly through wooded areas . It also passes through the town of Iuka , where it has an intersection with MS 25 .
What is now MS 172 was originally designated as part of the Lee Highway auto trail in 1920 before becoming part of US 72 when the U.S. Highway System was created in 1926 . The route was briefly US 78 before being redesignated US 72 by 1932 . The route was fully paved by the end of the 1930s and served as a part of US 72 until 1986 , when a new divided highway was built to the south . By 1998 , the former routing of US 72 was designated MS 172 .
= = Route description = =
MS 172 begins at an intersection with US 72 near Burnsville in the western part of Tishomingo County . The route heads to the north of US 72 as a two @-@ lane undivided road before soon turning east @-@ southeast at an intersection with County Road 982 . From this point , the road heads through woodland with some farm fields and homes . Several miles later , the route turns more east and the surroundings become more developed as it becomes Quitman Street and reaches an intersection with MS 25 on the western edge of Iuka .
Past MS 25 , MS 172 passes several businesses in Iuka as it comes to the MS 25 Business junction . The route continues east through wooded residential neighborhoods prior to making a turn to the southeast . MS 172 leaves Iuka and heads back into forests as an unnamed road , running a short distance to the southwest of a Norfolk Southern railroad line . Further southeast , the route draws closer to US 72 and curves to the east , passing a few fields . MS 172 makes a sharp turn south away from the railroad tracks and comes to its eastern terminus at US 72 immediately west of the Alabama border near Oldham . MS 172 is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 .
= = History = =
What is now MS 172 was originally designated as a part of the Lee Highway , an auto trail that connected Washington , D.C. with San Diego , in 1920 . With the establishment of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , this route was initially designated as part of US 72 , a U.S. route that was to run from Memphis , Tennessee east to Chattanooga , Tennessee . However , the route was instead designated as part of US 78 by 1928 , at which time it was a gravel road .
By 1932 , US 72 and US 78 switched routes in Mississippi , with the present @-@ day alignment of MS 172 again becoming part of US 72 as initially planned in 1926 . In 1935 , the road was paved to the east of Iuka . The paved portion was extended slightly west of Iuka in 1936 and further west by 1938 . By 1939 , the section of US 72 that would be redesignated as MS 172 was fully paved . In 1986 , US 72 was moved to a new divided highway alignment to the south through Tishomingo County . By 1998 , MS 172 was marked on the former two @-@ lane alignment of US 72 in Tishomingo County .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Tishomingo County .
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= Miguel Ángel Mancera =
Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ miˌɣeˈlaŋxel manˈseɾa ] ; born 16 January 1966 ) is the Mayor of Mexico City , a lawyer and politician who works with the Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) . Mancera graduated from the Faculty of Law of the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) in 1989 , and was awarded the Gabino Barreda Medal two years later , for being the best student of his class . He has a master 's degree from the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , and a Juris Doctor from the UNAM .
Mancera has been a professor at multiple universities , including the UNAM , Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico and University of the Valley of Mexico . In 2002 , he began working as bureaucrat when Marcelo Ebrard , then @-@ Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City , invited him to be his adviser . In 2006 , Mancera became Assistant Attorney General , and from 2008 to 2012 he worked as Attorney General of the city . According to official reports , from 2010 to 2011 crime in Mexico City decreased by up to 12 % . Mancera received multiple awards during his management as Attorney General .
In early 2012 , Mancera became the candidate of the Progressive Movement coalition , composed of the political parties PRD , Labor Party and Citizens ' Movement Party , for Head of Government of the Federal District in the July 1 , 2012 elections . On 7 July 2012 , Mancera became Mayor @-@ elect after he won with over 63 % of the vote , and took office on 5 December 2012 .
= = Early life and education = =
Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa was born on 16 January 1966 , in colonia Anáhuac , located in Miguel Hidalgo borough , Mexico City . His father is the founder of the restaurant chain Los Bisquets Bisquets Obregón . Mancera has four half @-@ siblings : Ana , Miguel , Jaime and María del Carmen . When he was four , he lived in the Tacuba neighborhood , where he went to kindergarten . Mancera studied at Miguel Alemán Primary School and Secondary School 45 , both located in Benito Juárez borough . He studied high school at Preparatoria 6 , a biochemistry school that belongs to the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) . According to Mancera , when he was a teenager he had a car accident , where another car crashed into his , and Mancera was the passenger . The public prosection service asked Mancera to sign a document that exempted the driver of the car that caused the accident from liability . Mancera asked Victoria Adato Green , then @-@ Attorney General of the Federal District , to pursue the case , assisted by consultor Diego Ramudia , and managed to fine the responsible driver .
Mancera decided to change his career to law . He attended the Faculty of Law of the UNAM from 1985 to 1989 . His thesis , " La libertad por desvanecimiento de datos en el Proceso Penal y la Absolución de la Instancia " ( " The progressive release of public data on criminal prosecutions and acquittals " ) won the Diario de México Medal " Los Mejores Estudiantes de México " in November 1990 . In November 1991 , he was awarded the Gabino Barreda Medal by the UNAM Faculty of Law , for being the best of his class of 1989 . Mancera earned his master 's degree from the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , Azcapotzalco campus , and his Juris Doctor from UNAM , with honors , with his thesis " El injusto en la tentativa y la graduación de su pena en el derecho penal mexicano " ( " Injustice and disparity in Mexican criminal sentencing " ) . His studies included a specialty in penal law at the University of Salamanca and the University of Castile @-@ La Mancha , Spain , under the auspices of the Panamerican University , Mexico .
= = Career = =
= = = Early political career = = =
Mancera has worked as candidate attorney , lawyer and adviser at several law firms , including García Cordero y Asociados and Grupo de Abogados Consultores . Mancera has been a professor at multiple universities of Mexico , including the UNAM , Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico , University of the Valley of Mexico , Panamerican University , Autonomous University of Aguascalientes , and Autonomous University of Baja California , among others . In 2002 , Mancera was a review committee member of the Criminal Procedure Code for the Federal District , and near the same time hebegan working in government after Marcelo Ebrard , who was Mexico City Secretary of Public Security , invited him to be his adviser . After Andrés Manuel López Obrador , then @-@ Head of Government of Mexico City , named Ebrard as Social Development Secretary of the city , Mancera was assigned Legal Director of the Social Development Secretariat . In 2006 , Mancera was named Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City .
On July 8 , 2008 , Mancera was named Attorney General of Mexico City , after Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas was dismissed from office due to the News Divine Bar incident , in which nine teenagers and three police officers died in a botched police raid . According to official reports , from 2010 to 2011 crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 % , while the national crime rate rose 10 @.@ 4 % . Average annual crime in Mexico City decreased 3 @.@ 5 % annually , from 2007 to 2011 , and Mexico City dropped from third place to number twenty nationally in number of kidnappings . During this time , 179 street gangs with 706 members were disbanded .
= = = Mayor of Mexico City = = =
On January 6 , 2012 , Mancera resigned as attorney general to become candidate for the Head of Government in the July 1 , 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida took his place as Attorney General . On January 8 , Mancera registered as a precandidate for Mayor of Mexico City , as a member of the PRD . On January 19 , he became the official Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) candidate for Mayor of Mexico City , running against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres and Joel Ortega Cuevas , representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition , which is formed by the PRD party , the Labor Party , and the Citizen 's Movement Party . The adversaries of Mancera were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , for the Commitment to Mexico coalition , an alliance of political parties Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) and Ecologist Green Party of Mexico ( PVEM ) , Isabel Miranda de Wallace for the National Action Party ( PAN ) , and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party ( PANAL ) . According to surveys made in late January , Mancera was between 18 and 30 points ahead of Paredes . However , the following month , electoral preferences that favored him decreased by nine points . Electoral preference for Mancera then increased from 36 % in March to 41 % in April in an El Universal daily poll . In May , Mancera favorability increased to 57 @.@ 5 % ; in the same month , Adolfo Hellmund , Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino , in the house of Luis Creel , borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador , but both politicians disassociated themselves from the incident , and Mancera filed a complaint against the people responsible for using his name without authorization with the Attorney General of Mexico City .
As candidate , the proposals of Mancera included to continue Ebrard 's policies , an increase of 13 @.@ 000 to 20 @.@ 000 safety cameras , a reduction of car travel time , the expansion of the Mexico City Metro 12 line , a review of the issue of solid waste , the minibuses will be removed from the streets , 18 water purification plants , a Green Plan , the replacement of garbage trucks to separate organic and inorganic waste , among others . On July 1 , 2012 , exit polls noted that Mancera was the presumed winner of the election , with a margin of 59 @.@ 5 – 64 @.@ 5 % , and had approximately 40 % more votes than the second @-@ place candidate , Paredes . On July 7 , 2012 , the Federal District Electoral Institute ( IEDF ) announced Mancera as Head of Government @-@ elect , endorsing him with a certificate ; which he received on October 8 , 2012 .
Mancera assumed office on December 5 , 2012 , as the sixth Mayor of Mexico City . On December 24 , 2012 , Mancera began a voluntary disarmament campaign in Iztapalapa borough , in return people who participated would receive money , tablet computers , and home appliance . As of January 8 , 2013 , more than 1 @,@ 300 weapons were secured there , including small arms and grenades . The program was applied to all Mexico City 's boroughs during 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 .
In July 2015 , Mancera 's government announced a major urban project for Mexico City , the creation of " Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec @-@ Zona Rosa " , or " CCC " , ( English : Creative Cultural Corridor ) to promote the reactivation of Chapultepec Avenue , a historical street which runs from Chapultepec Park to Zona Rosa . Mexican architect Fernando Romero is in charge of coordinating the design team of the " Chapultepec @-@ Zona Rosa " project , architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco . The trees and the historical Chapultepec aqueduct will be preserved , and the street will be given back to pedestrians and cyclists . The project won the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category .
On April 7 , 2013 , Mexican actress Laura Zapata asked Mancera to help her son , whose car had been crashed and the responsible escaped . Mancera asked Rodolfo Ríos , then @-@ Attorney General of Mexico City , to take the case . Because of this , he was criticized by Twitter users because of " selectively attending requests from citizens . " In November 2013 , Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare , from three pesos to five , per travel . According to the Metro operator , Sistema Transporte Colectivo , with the increase the system would use the earnings for several uses , including the improvement of the infrastructure and maintainment of its 12 lines and its 195 stations . The decision was criticized by sectors of the city population because its increase would represent a " blow up in the economy " of the inhabitants , as the minimum wage in Mexico City is 64 @.@ 76 pesos , as of January 2013 . Mancera announced three opinion poll companies would ask to 7 @,@ 200 Metro users if the fare should be increased , polling from November 28 to December 2 ; the respondents represented less than the 1 % of the 5 @.@ 5 million daily users who use the system . According to the results from the companies Parametría ( with 53 @.@ 3 % ) , Consulta Mitofsky ( with 56 @.@ 2 % ) and Covarrubias y Asociados ( with 57 @.@ 6 % ) , the increment was approved to be applied since December 13 . Due to this , users from the system called to a civil disobedience by skipping turnstiles . However , Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them .
= = Personal life = =
Mancera has been married twice . His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s , with whom lived in civil union for a year . They divorced two years later , and after six years Mancera married Magnolia , with whom he had two children , Miguel and Leonardo . After a decade , he divorced Magnolia . Mancera has a daughter out of wedlock , but he has said the child 's mother does not want Mancera to see her . In September 2007 , two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob him while he drove his BMW in Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers , killing him . From 2008 to 2009 , Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , who was the president of the PRD party at that time , and also she intended to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012 . In his spare time , he practices multiple sports , including Krav Maga , indoor cycling and weight lifting , hunting and aviation . On October 31 , 2014 , Mancera had a cardiac surgery because three months before a cardiac arrhythmia was detected . During the surgery , he had a cardiac perforation . He recovered two weeks later .
In 2008 , Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award , given by the UNAM Faculty of Law , for the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program . In September 2011 , he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean . In October 2011 , he was co @-@ awarded the First Class Honor Star Medal , by the Police and Security Association , for " his international collaboration to search and locate supected criminals , as well as cooperation for the exchange of information and training on security and law enforcement . " In February 2012 , UNAM 's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his " academic and professional trajectory " .
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= Angel Beats ! =
Angel Beats ! ( エンジェルビーツ ! , Enjeru Bītsu ! ) is a 13 @-@ episode Japanese anime television series produced by P.A.Works and Aniplex and directed by Seiji Kishi . The story was originally conceived by Jun Maeda , who also wrote the screenplay and composed the music with the group Anant @-@ Garde Eyes , with original character design by Na @-@ Ga ; both Maeda and Na @-@ Ga are from the visual novel brand Key , who produced such titles as Kanon , Air , and Clannad . The anime aired in Japan between April 3 and June 26 , 2010 . An original video animation ( OVA ) episode was released in December 2010 , and a second OVA was released in June 2015 . The story takes place in the afterlife and focuses on Otonashi , a boy who lost his memories of his life after dying . He is enrolled into the afterlife school and meets a girl named Yuri who invites him to join the Afterlife Battlefront , an organization she leads which fights against the student council president Angel , a girl with supernatural powers .
Key worked in collaboration with ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki G 's Magazine to produce the project into a media franchise . Three manga series are serialized in Dengeki G 's Magazine and Dengeki G 's Comic : two illustrated by Haruka Komowata , and one drawn by Yuriko Asami . A series of illustrated short stories written by Maeda and illustrated by GotoP were also serialized in Dengeki G 's Magazine between the November 2009 and May 2010 issues . Two Internet radio shows were produced to promote Angel Beats ! . The first volume in a six @-@ part episodic visual novel adaptation produced by Key was released for Windows on June 26 , 2015 .
Angel Beats ! received generally positive reviews by critics . The integration of various individual elements together , such as musical performances , humor and action , was commended in one review but panned in another , saying that the story was overloaded with too many elements . P.A.Works was praised for the animation of the action sequences and attention to detail with the weapons used . A major flaw noted by critics , however , is that the anime is too short , which leaves many of the characters with untold back @-@ stories . The anime was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2010 .
= = Plot = =
Angel Beats ! takes place at a high school acting as a limbo for those who have died , where students learn to give up any lingering attachments they still have from life before passing on . Those in the afterlife school can still feel pain as they did when they were alive , as well as dying again , only to awaken later with no injuries . The story follows the main protagonist Otonashi , a boy who has lost his memories of his life after dying . He meets Yuri , a girl who invites him to join the Afterlife Battlefront ( 死んだ世界戦線 , Shinda Sekai Sensen , ( SSS ) ) , an organization she founded and leads which fights against God for the negative experiences the SSS members went through in life . In the SSS , there is a four @-@ girl band named Girls Dead Monster that acts as a diversion during missions , and an organization called the Guild that mass @-@ produces weapons out of dirt and supplies them to the SSS . Their only enemy is Angel , a girl who uses her supernatural powers to fight against the SSS . Angel creates her powers with the aid of a computer program called Angel Player . The rest of the afterlife school is populated by a large number of " normal " students and teachers Yuri deems " non @-@ player characters " ( NPCs ) , which are not human but look and act the part .
The first of the characters to fulfill her dream and pass on is Iwasawa , the leader of Girls Dead Monster . Angel , whose real name is Kanade Tachibana , loses her position as student council president and the vice president Naoi succeeds her . Naoi uses powers of hypnosis to control NPCs to fight for his own interests against the SSS , but Otonashi stops him after acknowledging Naoi 's existence and he subsequently joins the SSS . Otonashi regains his memories with the aid of Naoi 's hypnosis and agrees to continue with the SSS . Otonashi befriends Kanade and invites her to join in on SSS activities . After Otonashi fully remembers the details of his life and death , he starts cooperating with Kanade to help the other SSS members move on , and Kanade is reinstated as student council president in accordance with their plan . Yui , the girl who replaced Iwasawa after she passed on , is the second of the characters who passes on .
When mysterious shadow monsters begin attacking the SSS , Takamatsu gets devoured by one , only to reappear as an NPC . Otonashi reasons with the other SSS members and many of them agree to pass on in lieu of becoming an NPC , including the rest of Girls Dead Monster , Chaa of the Guild , and several unnamed members . Yuri destroys the computers responsible for the shadow program , which was programmed to activate when love was detected in the world , to prevent it from becoming a true paradise and maintain its limbo state . Those who are left — Otonashi , Yuri , Kanade , Hinata and Naoi — hold a graduation ceremony where they thank each other for their support . After Naoi , Yuri and Hinata pass on , Otonashi learns that Kanade 's regret was not being able to thank him for the heart she received from Otonashi after his death . Otonashi is heartbroken after she thanks him and passes on , as he has fallen in love with her . In the epilogue , two people resembling Otonashi and Kanade meet each other on the street in the real world . In an alternative epilogue , Otonashi is shown to have stayed behind in the afterlife to help people pass on .
= = Characters = =
= = = Main characters = = =
Yuzuru Otonashi ( 音無 結弦 , Otonashi Yuzuru )
Voiced by : Hiroshi Kamiya ( Japanese ) ; Blake Shepard ( English )
Otonashi is the main protagonist of Angel Beats ! . Due to his past , he has a caring personality and does not want anyone to experience pain or sadness . After dying , he lost his memories of the time when he was still alive , but later regains them . He had a younger sister , Hatsune ( 初音 , Voiced by : Mai Nakahara ( Japanese ) ; Jessica Boone ( English ) ) , who died of cancer and whom he cared for very much . When she died , he decided to go to school to become a doctor , but died in a train accident before he could take the entrance exam to college . Initially unskilled in any equipment , he starts to practice his marksmanship , and pulls through for the team when they are in danger . He carries a Glock 17 .
Yuri Nakamura ( 仲村 ゆり , Nakamura Yuri )
Voiced by : Harumi Sakurai ( Japanese ) ; Brittney Karbowski ( English )
Yuri , also known as Yurippe ( ゆりっぺ ) , has a determined personality but is secretly very sensitive and protective . She invites Otonashi to join the SSS , an organization she founded and leads which fights against God . She is smart and decisive when making operations and decisions . She carries a silver Beretta 92 . Not only is she skilled with a gun , but she is also capable in close range hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , which is shown when she fends off Angel 's hand sonic with a combat knife . She vowed to fight against God after her three younger siblings were murdered by burglars looking for valuables and never forgave herself for failing to prevent their deaths . She is an effective leader , but does not think so . She regrets even fighting with Kanade later in the story , because she feels she could have been great friends with her . She disappears after the graduation ceremony .
Angel ( 天使 , Tenshi ) / Kanade Tachibana ( 立華 かなで , Tachibana Kanade )
Voiced by : Kana Hanazawa ( Japanese ) ; Emily Neves ( English )
Angel is the student council president at the afterlife school . This places her at odds with the SSS as her responsibilities require her to suppress delinquency and other disruptive activities that the team does . The SSS initially calls her " Angel " since they do not know her real name , but they still refer to her by it even after finding out her real name to be Kanade Tachibana . It is difficult to understand what she is thinking due to her rarely showing any outward emotions and her way of talking bluntly . She is personally dedicated to helping others overcome their regrets and pass on . However , she often lacks a proper understanding of others , as she never thinks to try to explain to the SSS why she was doing what she did . She enjoys eating mapo doufu , a spicy dish .
Despite her gentle demeanor and small frame , she is incredibly powerful and near indestructible to the point of ejecting bullets out of her wounds during battle . She creates her powers known as " guard skills " via a computer program called Angel Player . Her primary ability is " hand sonic " , a blade on one or both forearms with five forms . Other skills include but are not limited to : " distortion " , an invisible barrier that deflects bullets or other projectiles ; " delay " , which creates an after @-@ image to disorient opponents ; and " harmonics " , where a clone with a consciousness of its own is formed from the original . These abilities are activated at will ; however , her ability " overdrive " , which gives her great physical strength , is always on .
Hideki Hinata ( 日向 秀樹 , Hinata Hideki )
Voiced by : Ryōhei Kimura ( Japanese ) ; David Matranga ( English )
The protagonist of Angel Beats ! Heaven 's Door , Hinata is a bright , dependable guy who is the closest to Otonashi . He always tries to save his friends if he can and is a reliable force in the team . He and Yui constantly irritate one another on a daily basis , but deep down , he cares for Yui , as shown when he helps her pass on by telling her he would marry her . He is a talented baseball player , and his regret in life was his failure to catch a baseball , which cost his team an important baseball game . He nicknamed Yuri as Yurippe when they co @-@ founded the SSS as he did not feel comfortable calling her Yuri , because his mother has the same name . He has shown romantic feelings towards Yuri in Heaven 's Door . He died from getting hit by a truck . He uses an RPK @-@ 74 and an S & W 645 .
= = = Supporting characters = = =
Ayato Naoi ( 直井 文人 , Naoi Ayato )
Voiced by : Megumi Ogata ( Japanese ) ; Greg Ayres ( English )
Naoi is a human originally thought to be a non @-@ player character ( non @-@ human ) . After he died , Naoi developed hypnotic powers that allow him to control others and cause them to enter a dream @-@ like state . In life , he was the son of a famous potter . However , it was his twin brother who had the talent in pottery and as a result , Naoi was ignored by everyone . When his brother died , he was made to replace him by his father and was given strict training in pottery . As a result , he felt as if his own life was fake and all he wanted was to be acknowledged for his own existence . He later befriends Otonashi after he acknowledges him and joins the SSS . As acting student council president for a time and self @-@ proclaimed God , Naoi is strict and arrogant , but this is quick to disperse when Otonashi chastises him . He is affectionate to Otonashi , much to the latter 's chagrin , and always tries to earn his affection . He uses dual USP 45 handguns .
Takamatsu ( 高松 )
Voiced by : Takahiro Mizushima ( Japanese ) ; Kalob Martinez ( eps . 1 – 7 ) , Illich Guardiola ( eps . 8 – 13 ) ( English )
Takamatsu is an honor student who has a polite personality and wears glasses . He mainly contributes to the SSS through intelligence gathering and other affairs but does not actively fight . Yuri herself says to not be fooled by his glasses and that he is actually an idiot . Though appearing to be slender , he works out and is actually well @-@ built muscle @-@ wise . After he first reveals this , he tends to take his shirt off , much to everyone 's discomfort . He is absorbed by a shadow and is turned into an NPC . However , having strong enough feelings ( according to Yuri ) , he is able to regain his senses and manages to disappear like the others . He carries a Desert Eagle as a side @-@ arm , but is also seen using a Sig 552 .
Noda ( 野田 )
Voiced by : Shun Takagi ( Japanese ) ; Leraldo Anzaldua ( English )
Noda is a self @-@ reliant young man who executes the strategies formed by the SSS and fights with a halberd . He does not listen to anyone other than Yuri , for whom he has adoration , and is antagonistic to almost everyone else . He has a one @-@ sided rivalry with Otonashi . He is a complete idiot whose weakness is education ; at one point , Takeyama is able to knock him out by reciting pi . He is not afraid to harm or kill anyone who gets in Yuri 's way . Though he prefers to fight with his halberd , he sometimes uses guns out of necessity , the type of weaponry that he hates .
Eri Shiina ( 椎名 枝里 , Shiina Eri )
Voiced by : Fūko Saitō ( Japanese ) ; Melissa Davis ( English )
Shiina is a female ninja who fights with dual @-@ wielding kodachi and shuriken . She is able to sense when danger is coming and is a highly capable fighter . Despite her serious demeanor , she has a weakness for cute things like stuffed animals . She is strict in her training and is very self @-@ critical when she fails , especially to a newcomer like Otonashi . She decides that her weakness is having little concentration . She is shown balancing a broom and other objects with her fingers for long amounts of time . She rarely speaks but will normally remark " how shallow @-@ minded " or " how foolish " ( " this is so stupid " in the English dub ) whenever the obvious or something stupid is said . As she did not have a name when she arrived in the afterlife , Yuri named her Shiina after her callsign , ' C7 ' ( Shi @-@ nana ) .
Yusa ( 遊佐 )
Voiced by : Yui Makino ( Japanese ) ; Serena Varghese ( eps . 1 – 9 ) , Elizabeth Bunch ( ep . 10 , OVA ) ( English )
Yusa is an operator in the SSS who conveys the state of the battlefield to Yuri . She is a calm and gentle mannered girl with a straightforward character . Much like Angel , she does not express her emotions and is called scary by Otonashi and Hinata . She cannot calm down without her earphone . She rarely talks , and she sometimes hurts others ' feelings even though she does not mean it .
Fujimaki ( 藤巻 )
Voiced by : Yūki Masuda ( Japanese ) ; Andrew Love ( English )
Fujimaki is a delinquent who fights with a long shirasaya , and he is similar in character to Noda . He picks on Otonashi when he initially joins the SSS . He cannot swim . He uses a PPSh @-@ 41 submachine gun .
TK
Voiced by : Michael Rivas ( Japanese ) ; Adam Van Wagoner ( English )
TK is a mysterious character who wears a large bandanna over his eyes and tends to break out in dance every so often . No one knows his real name or past . He speaks in semi @-@ nonsensical English phrases depending on the situation , mainly quoted from pop culture , but apparently does not know English fluently . He saves the team many times and does know some Japanese but rarely speaks it . He carries Browning Hi @-@ Power and LAR Grizzly handguns or a PP @-@ 19 Bizon submachine gun during missions .
Matsushita ( 松下 )
Voiced by : Eiichirō Tokumoto ( Japanese ) ; Rob Mungle ( English )
Matsushita , also known as " Matsushita 5 @-@ dan " ( " Matsushita the Fifth " in the dub ) , has a large build and is a master at judo . He never forgets a debt he owes , especially when it involves food ( specifically niku udon ) . He carries heavy weapons such as rocket launchers or machine guns into battle . He later loses weight after training in the mountains . He uses a H & K P7 and an MG3 light machine gun .
Ōyama ( 大山 )
Voiced by : Yumiko Kobayashi ( Japanese ) ; Corey Hartzog ( English )
Ōyama is an ordinary boy who has no special talents . He does not excel at anything , but is as capable as any normal person ; in other words , he is a Jack of all trades . He is an innocent boy whose feelings are hurt from things like making fake confession or watching his teammates " die " . He carries a Remington 700 sniper rifle or a P226 handgun .
Takeyama ( 竹山 )
Voiced by : Mitsuhiro Ichiki ( Japanese ) ; Dylan Godwin ( English )
Takeyama is an intelligent boy who is good at hacking computers . He wrote the " Briefing Manager " program that Yuri uses to brief the SSS prior to a mission . He insists that he be addressed by his username " Christ , " but no one ever does so . He tries to execute all plans as perfectly as possible . He does not engage in combat or any other physical operations , but rather gathers data and information .
Chaa ( チャー )
Voiced by : Hiroki Tōchi ( Japanese ) ; Illich Guardiola ( English )
Chaa is the leader of the Guild . Despite looking much older , he is about the same age as Otonashi and the others . He is the fourth member to join the SSS , at which time he had no facial hair . He first met Yuri and Hinata by holding the principal of the school hostage at gun point in an attempt to learn more about God , causing him to get stabbed by Kanade .
= = = = Girls Dead Monster = = = =
Masami Iwasawa ( 岩沢 まさみ , Iwasawa Masami )
Voiced by : Miyuki Sawashiro ( Japanese ) ; Luci Christian ( English ) , Marina ( singing )
Masami Iwasawa is the original leader of Girls Dead Monster who is in charge of the vocals and is the rhythm guitarist . She also writes the lyrics and composes the music for the band 's songs . She plays a Sienna Sunburst / Maple Fender Stratocaster guitar . While usually a quiet girl , she is able to fascinate listeners by striving to create music that speaks her thoughts . She used music as an escape from her constantly fighting parents in life , but ended up dying from a brain injury she received . She disappears playing her own song , " My Song " . She accepts that she will use her voice to someday influence others .
Yui ( ユイ )
Voiced by : Eri Kitamura ( Japanese ) ; Hilary Haag ( English ) , LiSA ( singing )
Yui is a big fan and initially an assistant to Girls Dead Monster . She is known to be hyperactive and talks extremely fast . Hinata finds Yui annoying , which results in bouts between the two of them though in truth , they truly care about one another , saying that had they met before they died , they would have fallen in love with one another . She wears a devil tail and shackle bracelets on her wrists , giving her an image of an imp or devil . She also has wings hidden by her hair on her back . After Iwasawa 's departure , Yui becomes the new rhythm guitarist and vocalist of Girls Dead Monster , as well as its leader . Yui plays a Gibson SG Special electric guitar . She later becomes a part of the main SSS , following them along on missions , though she does not contribute much . In life , she was hit by a car and was paralyzed from a young age as a result . Her regret was not being able to do anything with her body . Otonashi helps fulfill most of her wishes that include many things she saw on TV when she was alive .
Hisako ( ひさ子 )
Voiced by : Chie Matsuura ( Japanese ) ; Elizabeth Bunch ( eps . 3 – 4 ) , Jessica Boone ( eps . 5 – 6 , 12 , OVA ) ( English )
Hisako is second @-@ in @-@ command of Girls Dead Monster who plays a Fender Jazzmaster electric guitar as lead guitarist . She has a candid personality and likes to play mahjong , which she has incredible luck with . As noted by Hinata , Hisako is also athletic and is greatly admired by Yui for her guitar riffs . In life , she was a part of a band whose main vocalist ended up committing suicide , but after meeting Iwasawa , she forms Girls Dead Monster with her .
Miyuki Irie ( 入江 みゆき , Irie Miyuki )
Voiced by : Kana Asumi ( Japanese ) ; Luci Christian ( English )
Irie is the drummer of Girls Dead Monster who , despite being dead herself , is bad with hearing stories about ghosts or spirits , which Sekine likes to take advantage of . She is best friends with Sekine and joined Girls Dead Monster at the same time as her .
Shiori Sekine ( 関根 しおり , Sekine Shiori )
Voiced by : Emiri Katō ( Japanese ) ; Serena Varghese ( English )
Sekine plays a G & L L @-@ 2000 bass guitar in Girls Dead Monster . She likes to play pranks on those around her to see the surprised faces of her victims . She also likes to abruptly improvise during performances , much to Hisako 's chagrin . She is privately jealous of the attention Iwasawa gets as the leader and center of the band .
= = Production = =
= = = Creation and conception = = =
The original creators of Angel Beats ! , Jun Maeda and Na @-@ Ga of Key , were interviewed in the July 2009 issue of ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki G 's Magazine . Around the time Key completed the first release of their sixth visual novel Little Busters ! , Hironori Toba of Aniplex ( himself a fan of Key 's works ) approached Maeda around October 2007 about collaborating to produce an original anime series . Maeda began meeting with Toba and Aniplex on a monthly basis and the story started to gradually progress . Aniplex wanted Maeda to write a screenplay that would be very " Key @-@ like , with touching moments of laughter and tears , " but initially Maeda found himself at a loss to write a story more amusing than Little Busters ! , because he thought that he had reached a limit with Little Busters ! in regards to a " Key @-@ like story " . However , one day Maeda was struck by inspiration , where he thought up the initial idea of a story set in the afterlife . Furthermore , with everyone already dead , Maeda conceived of flashy battles where the combatants go all out without fear of death . According to Maeda , the theme of the series is " life " , which in Angel Beats ! is depicted as a precious and wonderful thing , despite the characters in Angel Beats ! who fight against their fate .
Maeda nominated Na @-@ Ga to begin work on the character designs near the beginning of 2008 . Na @-@ Ga was worried that other computer graphics ( CG ) work for Key would get delayed , but he took the position because of his accumulated experience in CG . Maeda nominated Na @-@ Ga because of the popular characters he designed in Little Busters ! , and because of his frankness . Na @-@ Ga designed Yuri based on her personality as a leader , though it was per Maeda 's request that he added the black headband , taken from the character Yukiko Amagi from Persona 4 , who was Maeda 's favorite heroine from that game . The length of Yuri 's hair and the addition of a green ribbon were decided from production committee meetings . Angel 's original concept began with the idea of a brave , fighting girl . Maeda cited that Angel 's image had changed considerably over the development process and that originally she was similar to Shiki Ryōgi from Kara no Kyōkai . Eventually , Angel 's concept changed to being a " silent and mysterious girl " . Before Na @-@ Ga decided on Otonashi 's design , Maeda told him that anything would be fine and to just draw something , and eventually drew up a prototype for Otonashi and Hinata , among others . Some of the characters had vague initial conditions given by Maeda , such as asking Na @-@ Ga to draw an " all female band bass guitarist " in the case of Girls Dead Monster member Sekine and particularly the cryptic " character who speaks in puzzling English phrases " for TK .
= = = Development = = =
The Aniplex producer of Angel Beats ! , Hironori Toba , was interviewed in the November 2009 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine , where he commented that a 13 @-@ episode anime with about 21 minutes per episode was not enough to tell the whole story of Angel Beats ! Maeda had envisioned . Therefore , the various additional media , such as the illustrated short stories and manga , contain some of the story that was unable to make it into the anime because of time constraints . Toba wanted fans of the series to be able to enjoy it to the fullest by exploring all of the media types . Maeda found it tiring to go back and forth between Osaka and Tokyo for business meetings when he was in the process of writing the script , and found it difficult to write an entire script by himself , since he had never done that before with any of the games he produced as a member of Key . It was only after the script was done that Maeda was able to work on the music , which he greatly enjoyed and never tired of it . Maeda composed about 15 songs for Girls Dead Monster and spent about two days each composing each song . He made sure to create songs for Girls Dead Monster that high school girls would compose , including the lyrics . Due to this , Maeda pointed out that the opening and ending theme songs for Angel Beats ! , which Maeda also composed , sound like they were composed by a different person compared to the Girls Dead Monster songs .
In regards to bringing in P.A.Works as the animation studio , Toba had taken notice of the company from back when they provided in @-@ between animation and production assistance for Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 – 4 ) and Darker than Black ( 2007 ) , respectively ; Aniplex helped produce both series . After watching just the first three episodes of P.A.Works ' True Tears ( 2008 ) , however , he was shocked at the high quality and immediately went to P.A.Works ' studio in Toyama Prefecture to meet with the production staff in the hope that one day Aniplex could collaborate with them on a project together . The following week , Maeda brought up the subject of deciding on an animation studio for Angel Beats ! and mentioned that he too had seen True Tears and had become interested in P.A.Works. Shortly after that , Toba formally made the proposal to P.A.Works to animate the project .
Maeda focused on making jokes an important part of Angel Beats ! , leading Toba to seek out Seiji Kishi to be the director , because of his experience in directing and his pulling power influence on the staff of P.A.Works , where there are many that are still young . Kishi was ultimately approached by P.A.Works representative director Kenji Horikawa about working on a " school comedy written by a game scenario writer " and was shocked after taking the director 's position to discover Maeda was the screenwriter . Kishi commented how , far from just being a comedy , the series contains many different aspects , including flashy action scenes , live musical performances , and drama . Kishi stated that normally he would be hard pressed to cover this range of aspects , but was motivated by Maeda 's uncompromising attitude in regards to the script . The decision to add in the all female band Girls Dead Monster was due to Maeda 's intent to add in many different and interesting elements into the series .
Kishi specifically requested that sound and music director Satoki Iida work on the project , who also helped with the proofreading of the script due to Maeda 's fixation on the music production . Iida was interviewed in the April 2010 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine , where it was stated that Maeda and the group Anant @-@ Garde Eyes received Iida 's approval to employ a minimalist approach to the background music ( BGM ) used throughout the anime . Iida admitted that it was uncustomary to use this music genre in anime and that he had to go through various trials and errors with Maeda and Anant @-@ Garde Eyes to get the music right . Maeda and Anant @-@ Garde Eyes strove to create individual quality music tracks , while Iida pursued the goal of having music that would be useful as BGM tracks , which caused problems during the creation process . Iida realized that it was important for the music and the visuals to combine together to create a synchronization between the two . Toba first took notice of Angel Beats ! character designer and chief animator Katsuzō Hirata during the production of Gurren Lagann ( 2007 ) with his skill as an artist and ability to finish work quickly , but thoroughly . It was after Toba saw Hirata 's work as chief animator of Strike Witches ( 2008 ) , however , that he pursued Hirata to join the Angel Beats ! staff ; Maeda also gave his seal of approval for Hirata .
= = Broadcast and distribution = =
The 13 @-@ episode Angel Beats ! anime TV series is directed by Seiji Kishi and produced by P.A.Works and Aniplex . It aired in Japan between April 3 and June 26 , 2010 on the CBC television network . The first episode was previewed on March 22 , 2010 to a selected number of people who participated in a lottery held earlier that month . The screenplay was written by Jun Maeda , who originally conceived the series . Chief animator Katsuzō Hirata based the character design used in the anime on Na @-@ Ga 's original designs . Sound and music direction was headed by Satoki Iida .
The series was released on seven BD / DVD compilation volumes between June 23 and December 22 , 2010 in limited and regular editions . Three drama CDs , written by Maeda and performed by the anime 's cast , were released with the first , fourth and sixth limited edition BD / DVD volumes . The seventh BD / DVD volume featured an original video animation ( OVA ) episode , as well as a bonus short which serves as another epilogue to the series . Each of the BD / DVD volumes contained commentaries by the characters performed by the voice cast and written by Maeda . A BD box set was released in Japan on June 24 , 2015 and also included another OVA episode . Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime , and along with distributor Section23 Films , released the series on BD / DVD on July 26 , 2011 . Siren Visual licensed the anime for Australia and New Zealand . The series has also been licensed in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment and released the series on BD / DVD on June 25 , 2012 .
= = = Music = = =
The anime 's music is composed by Maeda and the group Anant @-@ Garde Eyes , who also provided the musical arrangement . The music is released on Key 's record label Key Sounds Label . The opening theme is " My Soul , Your Beats ! " sung by Lia and the ending theme is " Brave Song " sung by Aoi Tada . The single containing both songs titled " My Soul , Your Beats ! / Brave Song " was released on May 26 , 2010 in limited ( CD + DVD ) and regular ( CD ) editions ; the limited edition 's DVD contains the opening and ending videos without the credits . The in @-@ story band Girls Dead Monster is made up of the real @-@ life singers Marina and LiSA . Five singles for Girls Dead Monster were released in 2010 . The first , " Crow Song " , was released on April 23 featuring songs sung by Marina . The second and third singles , " Thousand Enemies " and " Little Braver " , followed on May 12 and June 9 , respectively , with songs sung by LiSA . The fourth single was " Last Song " by Marina and the fifth single was " Ichiban no Takaramono ( Yui final ver . ) " ( 一番の宝物 ～ Yui final ver . ～ ) by LiSA ; both singles were released on December 8 . A Girls Dead Monster album titled Keep The Beats ! was released on June 30 , 2010 . A version of Keep The Beats ! containing instrumental tracks was released on July 28 , 2010 bundled with a 256 @-@ page band score book . The anime 's original soundtrack was released on July 28 , 2010 as a two @-@ CD set . A Girls Dead Monster mini @-@ album titled Rare Tracks was released on December 28 , 2014 .
= = = = Events = = = =
There were several live performance events to promote the music from Angel Beats ! . The first was on April 24 , 2010 at the Tower Records in Shibuya , Tokyo where Marina and LiSA performed four songs . The first two , " Crow Song " and " Alchemy " , were duets , while the third song " My Song " was sung by Marina , and LiSA sang " My Soul , Your Beats ! " . On June 5 , 2010 at the same venue , Lia and Aoi Tada sang their songs from " My Soul , Your Beats ! / Brave Song " , Tada and LiSA sang " Crow Song " as a duet , and Lia and LiSA also sang " My Soul , Your Beats ! " as a duet for the encore . An event titled " Angel Beats ! Fes . : Thousand Bravers " was held on August 1 , 2010 at Studio Coast in Shingiba , Koto , Tokyo featuring singers Lia , Tada , Marina , LiSA and Karuta , as well as several voice actors from the anime .
A national concert tour featuring LiSA titled " Girls Dead Monster starring LiSA Tour 2010 : Keep The Angel Beats ! " was held across Japan August 3 and September 2 , 2010 ; all of the venues ultimately sold out . A BD / DVD video album box set titled Girls Dead Monster starring LiSA Tour 2010 Final : Keep The Angel Beats ! of the tour 's final performance was released on June 1 , 2011 by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog numbers KSLV @-@ 0001 – 0003 . The last concert of Girls Dead Monster was held on December 27 , 2010 at an event called " Girls Dead Monster Last Live : Final Operation " featuring Marina and LiSA at the Tokyo International Forum .
= = Related media = =
= = = Internet radio shows = = =
A four @-@ episode Internet radio show to promote Angel Beats ! called Jun Maeda 's Brutal Radio ( 麻枝准の殺伐ラジオ , Maeda Jun no Satsubatsu Rajio ) aired between May 30 , 2009 and March 31 , 2010 . The show was hosted by Jun Maeda , though guests did make appearances , such as Hironori Towa , the producer for Angel Beats ! , and Na @-@ Ga . One month after each regular broadcast , an additional shorter broadcast called Postwar Disposition ( 戦後処理 , Sengo Shori ) was released . Another Internet radio show to promote the series titled Angel Beats ! SSS Radio had a pre @-@ broadcast on March 18 , 2010 , and had 51 regular weekly broadcasts between April 1 , 2010 and March 31 , 2011 . Produced by Hibiki Radio Station , the show was hosted by Harumi Sakurai ( the voice of Yuri ) , Kana Hanazawa ( the voice of Angel ) and Eri Kitamura ( the voice of Yui ) . Seven CD compilation volumes containing all 51 episodes were released between June 23 , 2010 and July 29 , 2011 .
= = = Books and publications = = =
A series of seven illustrated short stories written by Jun Maeda and drawn by GotoP titled Angel Beats ! Track Zero were serialized between the November 2009 and May 2010 issues of ASCII Media Works 's Dengeki G 's Magazine . Track Zero is a prequel to Angel Beats ! featuring Hinata as the main character and tells the story of how the SSS was formed . A special extra chapter focusing on Girls Dead Monster was published in the sixth volume of Dengeki G 's Festival ! Deluxe on March 29 , 2010 . The short stories were collected into a bound volume released on June 23 , 2010 and included an additional chapter along with the other eight chapters . The chapter titles for the stories are taken from song titles from various musical artists . The first chapter was posted online with illustrations by ASCII Media Works . ASCII Media Works published the Angel Beats ! Official Guidebook on December 22 , 2010 . The guidebook contains story summaries of the anime episodes including the OVA , information on the cast of characters , interviews from the voice acting cast and production staff , and illustrations featuring art from the anime .
= = = Manga = = =
A four @-@ panel comic strip manga , illustrated by Haruka Komowata and titled Angel Beats ! The 4 @-@ koma : Bokura no Sensen Kōshinkyoku ( Angel Beats ! The4コマ 僕らの戦線行進曲 ♪ , Angel Beats ! The 4 @-@ koma : Our Battlefront March Song ) , was serialized between the December 2009 and October 2013 issues of ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki G 's Magazine . Komowata was also in charge of illustrating a manga which showcased the progress of the Angel Beats ! project and was serialized between the September 2009 and July 2010 issues of Dengeki G 's Magazine . Four tankōbon volumes for Angel Beats ! The 4 @-@ koma were released between December 18 , 2010 and November 27 , 2013 under ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Comics EX imprint . Komowata also illustrated the Angel Beats ! The 4 @-@ koma : Osora no Shinda Sekai kara ( Angel Beats ! The4コマ お空の死んだ世界から ) four @-@ panel comic strip manga , which was serialized between the December 2013 and January 2016 issues of Dengeki G 's Magazine . Two volume were released between October 24 , 2014 and April 26 , 2016 .
A manga illustrated by Yuriko Asami , titled Angel Beats ! Heaven 's Door , began serialization in Dengeki G 's Magazine in the May 2010 issue . The manga ended serialization in the magazine 's May 2014 issue and was transferred to Dengeki G 's Comic starting with the June 2014 issue . Heaven 's Door is based on the Angel Beats ! Track Zero short stories . The first volume for Angel Beats ! Heaven 's Door was released on December 18 , 2010 under ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Comics imprint ; 10 volumes have been released as of April 27 , 2016 . Heaven 's Door is available in English on Kadokawa Corporation 's ComicWalker website and app , and is licensed in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment . An anthology titled Angel Beats ! Comic Anthology was published by ASCII Media Works on December 18 , 2010 .
Angel Beats ! The 4 @-@ koma : Bokura no Sensen Kōshinkyoku
Angel Beats ! The 4 @-@ koma : Osora no Shinda Sekai kara
Angel Beats ! Heaven 's Door
= = = Visual novel = = =
It was reported in 2010 that Jun Maeda was writing the scenario for a video game adaptation of Angel Beats ! , and the game was officially announced in September 2013 . Developed by Key , Maeda leads the production team as the designer and one of the scenario writers . Two additional writers include Kai , who previously contributed on the scenario of Clannad , and Leo Kashida , who had worked on the scenario of Tomoyo After : It 's a Wonderful Life and Little Busters ! . The art director and character designer is Na @-@ Ga . Rated for all ages and split into six volumes , the first visual novel volume , titled Angel Beats ! 1st Beat , was released on June 26 , 2015 for Windows PCs . The first volume covers up to the tenth episode of the anime as well as Iwasawa 's , Matsushita 's and Yui 's routes with Otonashi as the main protagonist . The subsequent volumes will cover the rest of the character routes .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Angel Beats ! received generally positive reviews . In a review by Anime News Network , reviewer Theron Martin praised the series for integrating individual elements together , including the Girls Dead Monster musical performance scenes , scenes where humor dominates , and action scenes . A common theme in supernatural anime , according to Martin , are souls discontent with their former lives , but the concept of Angel Beats ! is described as " quite unusual " because it features all the main characters as such souls and gathers them in one place . In the series , " maintaining distinctiveness is essential for survival as an individual , " which Martin calls a " sly condemnation of the rigorous conformity impressed upon students by Japanese schooling . " Overall , Angel Beats ! was lauded for " requir [ ing ] no great familiarity with anime to enjoy . "
On the DVD Talk website , reviewer John Sinnott praised the plot for advancing and changing in unexpected ways : " The plot evolves quickly and by the end of the series it 's quite a different show than what it was at the beginning . " Both Martin and Sinnott agree that a major flaw in the anime is that it is too short , and does not go into detail for a large number of characters . Stig Høgset at THEM Anime Reviews , however , panned the series in part because it " overloads the story with too many elements in an attempt to please as many people as possible . " Høgset went on to describe Angel Beats as not having " any compelling characters " and the series ' humor is largely thought to be annoying . However , Høgset praised P.A.Works for the animation of the action sequences , as did Martin , who added that there is " great detail work on the weapons and instruments used . "
The sixth episode of Angel Beats ! , which aired on May 8 , 2010 on Osaka 's MBS station in Japan , achieved a record 4 @.@ 9 % rating for an anime series broadcast during the late @-@ night " Anime Shower " timeslot in the past three years . The Angel Beats ! anime was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2010 .
= = = Sales = = =
Each of the Angel Beats ! Blu @-@ ray Disc ( BD ) compilation volumes ranked in the top three on Japan 's Oricon weekly BD sales chart . Volumes one and four ranked at No. 1 , volumes two and five ranked at No. 2 , and volumes three , six and seven ranked at No. 3 . The DVD volumes , however , ranked lower than the BDs on Oricon . Volume one ranked at No. 5 , volume two at No. 10 , volume three at No. 13 , volume four at No. 11 , volume five at No. 8 , volume six at No. 12 , and volume seven at No. 15 .
The opening and ending theme song single " My Soul , Your Beats ! / Brave Song " debuted at No. 3 on Japan 's Oricon weekly singles chart , selling about 80 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of sales . " My Soul , Your Beats ! / Brave Song " was awarded a Gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) in May 2010 for shipping over 100 @,@ 000 copies . Girls Dead Monster 's single " Crow Song " debuted at No. 7 on the Oricon singles chart , selling approximately 16 @,@ 400 copies in about four days . " Crow Song " sold over 25 @,@ 000 more copies over the next three weeks after its release . " Crow Song " was awarded a Gold disc by the RIAJ in November 2011 for shipping over 100 @,@ 000 copies . The Girls Dead Monster single " Thousand Enemies " debuted at No. 4 on the Oricon singles chart , selling about 28 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of sales . " Thousand Enemies " sold over 18 @,@ 000 more copies over the next two weeks after its release .
Girls Dead Monster 's third single " Little Braver " debuted at No. 2 on the Oricon singles chart , selling about 38 @,@ 800 copies in its first week of sales . Girls Dead Monster 's fourth and fifth singles , " Last Song " and " Ichiban no Takaramono ( Yui final ver . ) " , ranked at No. 2 and No. 3 on the Oricon singles chart , respectively , both selling about 35 @,@ 000 copies in their first week of sales . The Girls Dead Monster album Keep The Beats ! ranked at No. 6 on the Oricon albums chart , selling about 51 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of sales . Keep The Beats ! was awarded a Gold disc by the RIAJ in September 2010 for shipping over 100 @,@ 000 copies . The version of Keep The Beats ! with instrumental tracks and a band score book ranked at No. 14 on the Oricon albums chart , selling just under 9 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The Angel Beats ! Original Soundtrack ranked at No. 9 on the Oricon albums chart , selling about 13 @,@ 300 copies in its first week .
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= 1740 Batavia massacre =
The 1740 Batavia massacre ( Dutch : Chinezenmoord , literally " Murder of the Chinese " ; Indonesian : Geger Pacinan , meaning " Chinatown Tumult " ) was a pogrom of ethnic Chinese in the port city of Batavia ( present @-@ day Jakarta ) in the Dutch East Indies . The violence inside the city lasted from 9 October 1740 until 22 October , with minor skirmishes outside the walls continuing late into November that year . Historians have estimated that at least 10 @,@ 000 ethnic Chinese were massacred ; just 600 to 3 @,@ 000 are believed to have survived .
In September 1740 , as unrest rose among the Chinese population , spurred by government repression and declining sugar prices , Governor @-@ General Adriaan Valckenier declared that any uprising would be met with deadly force . On 7 October , hundreds of ethnic Chinese , many of them sugar mill workers , killed 50 Dutch soldiers , leading Dutch troops to confiscate all weapons from the Chinese populace and to place the Chinese under a curfew . Two days later , rumours of Chinese atrocities led other Batavian ethnic groups to burn Chinese houses along Besar Stream and Dutch soldiers to fire cannon at Chinese homes . The violence soon spread throughout Batavia , killing more Chinese . Although Valckenier declared an amnesty on 11 October , gangs of irregulars continued to hunt and kill Chinese until 22 October , when the governor @-@ general called more forcefully for a cessation of hostilities . Outside the city walls , clashes continued between Dutch troops and rioting sugar mill workers . After several weeks of minor skirmishes , Dutch @-@ led troops assaulted Chinese strongholds in sugar mills throughout the area .
The following year , attacks on ethnic Chinese throughout Java sparked the two @-@ year Java War that pitted ethnic Chinese and Javanese forces against Dutch troops . Valckenier was later recalled to the Netherlands and charged with crimes related to the massacre . The massacre figures heavily in Dutch literature , and is also cited as a possible etymology for the names of several areas in Jakarta .
= = Background = =
During the early years of the Dutch colonisation of the East Indies ( modern @-@ day Indonesia ) , many people of Chinese descent were contracted as skilled artisans in the construction of Batavia on the northwestern coast of Java ; they also served as traders , sugar mill workers , and shopkeepers . The economic boom , precipitated by trade between the East Indies and China via the port of Batavia , increased Chinese immigration to Java . The number of ethnic Chinese in Batavia grew rapidly , reaching a total of 10 @,@ 000 by 1740 . Thousands more lived outside the city walls . The Dutch colonials required them to carry registration papers , and deported those who did not comply to China .
The deportation policy was tightened during the 1730s , after an outbreak of malaria killed thousands , including the Governor @-@ General of the Dutch East Indies , Dirck van Cloon . According to Indonesian historian Benny G. Setiono , the outbreak was followed by increased suspicion and resentment in native Indonesians and the Dutch toward the ethnic Chinese , who were growing in number and whose wealth was increasingly visible . As a result , Commissioner of Native Affairs Roy Ferdinand , under orders of Governor @-@ General Adriaan Valckenier , decreed on 25 July 1740 that Chinese considered suspicious would be deported to Ceylon ( modern day Sri Lanka ) and forced to harvest cinnamon . Wealthy Chinese were extorted by corrupt Dutch officials who threatened them with deportation ; Stamford Raffles , a British explorer and historian of Java , noted in 1830 that in some Javanese accounts , the Dutch were told by the Chinese captain ( the Dutch @-@ appointed leader of the ethnic Chinese ) for Batavia , Ni Hoe Kong , to deport all Chinese wearing black or blue because these were thought to be poor . There were also rumours that deportees were not taken to their destinations but were thrown overboard once out of sight of Java , and in some accounts , they died when rioting on the ships . The deportation of ethnic Chinese caused unrest among the remaining Chinese , leading many Chinese workers to desert their jobs .
At the same time native occupants of Batavia , including the ethnic Betawi servants , became increasingly distrustful of the Chinese . Economic factors played a role : most natives were poor , and perceived the Chinese as occupying some of the most prosperous neighbourhoods in the city . Although the Dutch historian A.N. Paasman notes that at the time the Chinese were the " Jews of Asia " , the actual situation was more complicated . Many poor Chinese living in the area around Batavia were sugar mill workers who felt exploited by the Dutch and Chinese elites equally . Rich Chinese owned the mills and were involved in revenue farming and shipping ; they drew income from milling and the distillation of arak , a molasses and rice @-@ based alcoholic beverage . However , the Dutch overlords set the price for sugar , which itself caused unrest . Because of the decline of worldwide sugar prices that began in the 1720s caused by an increase in exports to Europe and competition from the West Indies , the sugar industry in the East Indies had suffered considerably . By 1740 , worldwide sugar prices had dropped to half the price in 1720 . As sugar was a major export , this caused considerable financial difficulties for the colony .
Initially some members of the Council of the Indies ( Raad van Indië ) believed that the Chinese would never attack Batavia , and stronger measures to control the Chinese were blocked by a faction led by Valckenier 's political opponent , the former governor of Zeylan Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff , who returned to Batavia in 1738 . Large numbers of Chinese arrived outside Batavia from nearby settlements , however , and on 26 September Valckenier called an emergency meeting of the council , during which he gave orders to respond to any ethnic Chinese uprisings with deadly force . This policy continued to be opposed by van Imhoff 's faction ; Vermeulen ( 1938 ) suggested that the tension between the two colonial factions played a role in the ensuing massacre .
On the evening of 1 October Valckenier received reports that a crowd of a thousand Chinese had gathered outside the gate , angered by his statements at the emergency meeting five days earlier . This report was received incredulously by Valckenier and the council . However , after the murder of a Balinese sergeant by the Chinese outside the walls , the council decided to take extraordinary measures and reinforce the guard . Two groups of 50 Europeans and some native porters were sent to outposts on the south and east sides of the city , and a plan of attack was formulated .
= = Incident = =
= = = Massacre = = =
After groups of Chinese sugar mill workers revolted using custom @-@ made weapons to loot and burn mills , hundreds of ethnic Chinese , suspected to have been led by Chinese Captain Ni Hoe Kong , killed 50 Dutch soldiers in Meester Cornelis ( now Jatinegara ) and Tanah Abang on 7 October . In response , the Dutch sent 1 @,@ 800 regular troops , accompanied by schutterij ( militia ) and eleven battalions of conscripts to stop the revolt ; they established a curfew and cancelled plans for a Chinese festival . Fearing that the Chinese would conspire against the colonials by candlelight , those inside the city walls were forbidden to light candles and were forced to surrender everything " down to the smallest kitchen knife " . The following day the Dutch repelled an attack by up to 10 @,@ 000 ethnic Chinese , led by groups from nearby Tangerang and Bekasi , at the city 's outer walls ; Raffles wrote that 1 @,@ 789 Chinese died in this attack . In response , Valckenier called another meeting of the council on 9 October .
Meanwhile , rumours spread among the other ethnic groups in Batavia , including slaves from Bali and Sulawesi , Bugis , and Balinese troops , that the Chinese were plotting to kill , rape , or enslave them . These groups pre @-@ emptively burned houses belonging to ethnic Chinese along Besar Stream . The Dutch followed this with an assault on Chinese settlements elsewhere in Batavia in which they burned houses and killed people . The Dutch politician and critic of colonialism W. R. van Hoëvell wrote that " pregnant and nursing women , children , and trembling old men fell on the sword . Defenseless prisoners were slaughtered like sheep " .
Troops under Lieutenant Hermanus van Suchtelen and Captain Jan van Oosten , a survivor from Tanah Abang , took station in the Chinese district : Suchtelen and his men positioned themselves at the poultry market , while van Oosten 's men held a post along the nearby canal . At around 5 : 00 p.m. , the Dutch opened fire on Chinese @-@ occupied houses with cannon , causing them to catch fire . Some Chinese died in the burning houses , while others were shot upon leaving their homes or committed suicide in desperation . Those who reached the canal near the housing district were killed by Dutch troops waiting in small boats , while other troops searched in between the rows of burning houses , killing any survivors they found . These actions later spread throughout the city . Vermeulen notes that many of the perpetrators were sailors and other " irregular and bad elements " of society . During this period there was heavy lootingand seizures of property .
The following day the violence continued to spread , and Chinese patients in a hospital were taken outside and killed . Attempts to extinguish fires in areas devastated the preceding day failed , and the flames increased in vigour , and continued until 12 October . Meanwhile , a group of 800 Dutch soldiers and 2 @,@ 000 natives assaulted Kampung Gading Melati , where a group of Chinese survivors were holding up under the leadership of Khe Pandjang . Although the Chinese evacuated to nearby Paninggaran , they were later driven out of the area by Dutch forces . There were approximately 450 Dutch and 800 Chinese casualties in the two attacks .
= = = Follow @-@ up and further violence = = =
On 11 October Valckenier unsuccessfully requested that officers control their troops and stop the looting . Two days later the council established a reward of two ducats for every Chinese head surrendered to the soldiers as an incentive for the other ethnic groups to assist in the purge . As a result , ethnic Chinese who had survived the initial assault were hunted by gangs of irregulars , who killed those Chinese they found for the reward . The Dutch worked with natives in different parts of Batavia ; ethnic Bugis and Balinese grenadiers were sent to reinforce the Dutch on 14 October . On 22 October Valckenier called for all killings to cease . In a lengthy letter in which he blamed the unrest entirely on the Chinese rebels , Valckenier offered an amnesty to all Chinese , except for the leaders of the unrest , on whose heads he placed a bounty of up to 500 rijksdaalders .
Outside the walls skirmishes between the Chinese rebels and the Dutch continued . On 25 October , after almost two weeks of minor skirmishes , 500 armed Chinese approached Cadouwang ( now Angke ) , but were repelled by cavalry under the command of Ridmeester Christoffel Moll and Cornets Daniel Chits and Pieter Donker . The following day the cavalry , which consisted of 1 @,@ 594 Dutch and native forces , marched on the rebel stronghold at the Salapadjang sugar mill , first gathered in the nearby woods and then set the mill on fire while the rebels were inside ; another mill at Boedjong Renje was taken in the same manner by another group . Fearful of the oncoming Dutch , the Chinese retreated to a sugar mill in Kampung Melayu , four hours from Salapadjang ; this stronghold fell to troops under Captain Jan George Crummel . After defeating the Chinese and retaking Qual , the Dutch returned to Batavia . Meanwhile , the fleeing Chinese , who were blocked to the west by 3 @,@ 000 troops from the Sultanate of Banten , headed east along the north coast of Java ; by 30 October it was reported that the Chinese had reached Tangerang .
A ceasefire order reached Crummel on 2 November , upon which he and his men returned to Batavia after stationing a contingent of 50 men at Cadouwang . When he arrived at noon there were no more Chinese stationed at the walls . On 8 November the Sultanate of Cirebon sent between 2 @,@ 000 and 3 @,@ 000 native troops to reinforce the city guard . Looting continued until at least 28 November , and the last native troops stood down at the end of that month .
= = Aftermath = =
Most accounts of the massacre estimate that 10 @,@ 000 Chinese were killed within Batavia 's city walls , while at least another 500 were seriously wounded . Between 600 and 700 Chinese @-@ owned houses were raided and burned . Vermeulen gives a figure of 600 survivors , while the Indonesian scholar A.R.T. Kemasang estimates that 3 @,@ 000 Chinese survived . The Indonesian historian Benny G. Setiono notes that 500 prisoners and hospital patients were killed , and a total of 3 @,@ 431 people survived . The massacre was followed by an " open season " against the ethnic Chinese throughout Java , causing another massacre in 1741 in Semarang , and others later in Surabaya and Gresik .
As part of conditions for the cessation of violence , all of Batavia 's ethnic Chinese were moved to a pecinan , or Chinatown , outside of the city walls , now known as Glodok . This allowed the Dutch to monitor the Chinese more easily . To leave the pecinan , ethnic Chinese required special passes . By 1743 , however , ethnic Chinese had already returned to inner Batavia ; several hundred merchants operated there . Other ethnic Chinese led by Khe Pandjang fled to Central Java where they attacked Dutch trading posts , and were later joined by troops under the command of the Javanese sultan of Mataram , Pakubuwono II . Though this further uprising was quashed in 1743 , conflicts in Java continued almost without interruption for the next 17 years .
On 6 December 1740 van Imhoff and two fellow councillors were arrested on the orders of Valckenier for insubordination , and on 13 January 1741 , they were sent to the Netherlands on separate ships ; they arrived on 19 September 1741 . In the Netherlands , van Imhoff convinced the council that Valckenier was to blame for the massacre and delivered an extensive speech entitled " Consideratiën over den tegenwoordigen staat van de Ned . O.I. Comp . " ( " Considerations on the Current Condition of the Dutch East Indies Company " ) on 24 November . As a result of the speech , the charges against him and the other councillors were dismissed . On 27 October 1742 van Imhoff was sent back to Batavia on the Hersteller as the new governor @-@ general of the East Indies , with high expectations from the Lords XVII , the leadership of the Dutch East India Company . He arrived in the Indies on 26 May 1743 .
Valckenier had asked to be replaced late in 1740 , and in February 1741 had received a reply instructing him to appoint van Imhoff as his successor ; an alternative account indicates that the Lords XVII informed him that he was to be replaced by van Imhoff as punishment for exporting too much sugar and too little coffee in 1739 and thus causing large financial losses . By the time Valckenier received the reply , van Imhoff was already on his way back to the Netherlands . Valckenier left the Indies on 6 November 1741 , after appointing a temporary successor , Johannes Thedens . Taking command of a fleet , Valckenier headed for the Netherlands . On 25 January 1742 he arrived in Cape Town but was detained , and investigated by governor Hendrik Swellengrebel by order of the Lords XVII . In August 1742 Valckenier was sent back to Batavia , where he was imprisoned in Fort Batavia and , three months later , tried on several charges , including his involvement in the massacre . In March 1744 he was convicted and condemned to death , and all his belongings were confiscated . In December 1744 the trial was reopened when Valckenier gave a lengthy statement to defend himself . Valckenier asked for more evidence from the Netherlands , but died in his prison cell on 20 June 1751 , before the investigation was completed . The death penalty was rescinded posthumously in 1755 . Vermeulen characterises the investigation as unfair and fuelled by popular outrage in the Netherlands , and arguably this was officially recognised because in 1760 Valckenier 's son , Adriaan Isaäk Valckenier , received reparations totalling 725 @,@ 000 gulden .
Sugar production in the area suffered greatly after the massacre , as many of the Chinese who had run the industry had been killed or were missing . It began to recover after the new governor @-@ general , van Imhoff , " colonised " Tangerang . He initially intended for men to come from the Netherlands and work the land ; he considered those already settled in the Indies to be lazy . However , he was unable to attract new settlers because of high taxes and thus sold the land to those already in Batavia . As he had expected , the new land @-@ owners were unwilling to " soil their hands " , and quickly rented out the land to ethnic Chinese . Production rose steadily after this , but took until the 1760s to reach pre @-@ 1740 levels , after which it again diminished . The number of mills also declined . In 1710 there had been 131 , but by 1750 the number had fallen to 66 .
= = Legacy = =
Vermeulen described the massacre as " one of the most striking events in 18th @-@ century [ Dutch ] colonialism " . In his doctoral dissertation , W. W. Dharmowijono notes that the attack has figured heavily in Dutch literature , early examples of which include a poem by Willem van Haren that condemned the massacre ( dating from 1742 ) and an anonymous poem , from the same period , critical of the Chinese . Raffles wrote in 1830 that Dutch historical records are " far from complete or satisfactory " .
Dutch historian Leonard Blussé writes that the massacre indirectly led to the rapid expansion of Batavia , and institutionalised a modus vivendi that led to a dichotomy between the ethnic Chinese and other groups which could still be felt in the late 20th century . The massacre may also have been a factor in the naming of numerous areas in Jakarta . One possible etymology for the name of the Tanah Abang district ( meaning " red earth " ) is that it was named for the Chinese blood spilled there ; van Hoëvell suggests that the naming was a compromise to make the Chinese survivors accept amnesty more quickly . The name Rawa Bangke , for a subdistrict of East Jakarta , may be derived from the vulgar Indonesian word for corpse , bangkai , due to the great number of ethnic Chinese killed there ; a similar etymology has been suggested for Angke in Tambora .
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= The Million Dollar Homepage =
The Million Dollar Homepage is a website conceived in 2005 by Alex Tew , a student from Wiltshire , England , to raise money for his university education . The home page consists of a million pixels arranged in a 1000 × 1000 pixel grid ; the image @-@ based links on it were sold for $ 1 per pixel in 10 × 10 blocks . The purchasers of these pixel blocks provided tiny images to be displayed on them , a URL to which the images were linked , and a slogan to be displayed when hovering a cursor over the link . The aim of the website was to sell all of the pixels in the image , thus generating a million dollars of income for the creator . The Wall Street Journal has commented that the site inspired other websites that sell pixels .
Launched on 26 August 2005 , the website became an Internet phenomenon . The Alexa ranking of web traffic peaked at around 127 ; as of 9 May 2009 , it is 40 @,@ 044 . On 1 January 2006 , the final 1 @,@ 000 pixels were put up for auction on eBay . The auction closed on 11 January with a winning bid of $ 38 @,@ 100 that brought the final tally to $ 1 @,@ 037 @,@ 100 in gross income .
During the January 2006 auction , the website was subject to a distributed denial @-@ of @-@ service attack and ransom demand , which left it inaccessible to visitors for a week while its security system was upgraded . The Federal Bureau of Investigation and Wiltshire Constabulary investigated the attack and extortion attempt .
= = Development = =
Alex Tew , a student from Cricklade in Wiltshire , England , conceived The Million Dollar Homepage in August 2005 when he was 21 years old . He was about to begin a three @-@ year Business Management course at the University of Nottingham , and was concerned that he would be left with a student loan that could take years to repay . As a money @-@ raising idea , Tew decided to sell a million pixels on a website for $ 1 each ; purchasers would add their own image , logo or advertisement , and have the option of including a hyperlink to their website . Pixels were sold for US dollars rather than UK pounds ; the US has a larger online population than the UK , and Tew believed more people would relate to the concept if the pixels were sold in US currency . In 2005 , the pound was strong against the dollar : £ 1 was worth approximately $ 1 @.@ 80 , and that cost per pixel may have been too expensive for many potential buyers . Tew 's setup costs were € 50 , which paid for the registration of the domain name and a basic web @-@ hosting package . The website went live on 26 August 2005 .
The homepage featured a Web banner with the site 's name and a pixel counter displaying the number of pixels sold , a navigation bar containing nine small links to the site 's internal web pages , and an empty square grid of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pixels divided into 10 @,@ 000 100 @-@ pixel blocks . Tew promised customers that the site would remain online for at least five years – that is , until at least 26 August 2010 .
= = Pixel sales = =
Because individual pixels are too small to be seen easily , Pixels were sold in 100 @-@ pixel " blocks " measuring 10 × 10 pixels ; the minimum price was thus $ 100 . The first sale , three days after the site began operating , was to an online music website operated by a friend of Tew 's . He bought 400 pixels in a 20 × 20 block . After two weeks , Tew 's friends and family members had purchased a total of 4 @,@ 700 pixels . The site was initially marketed only through word of mouth ; however , after the site had made $ 1 @,@ 000 , a press release was sent out that was picked up by the BBC . The technology news website The Register featured two articles on The Million Dollar Homepage in September . By the end of the month , The Million Dollar Homepage had received $ 250 @,@ 000 and was ranked Number 3 on Alexa Internet 's list of " Movers and Shakers " behind the websites for Britney Spears and Photo District News . On 6 October , Tew reported the site received 65 @,@ 000 unique visitors ; it received 1465 Diggs , becoming one of the most Dugg links that week . Eleven days later , the number had increased to 100 @,@ 000 unique visitors . On 26 October , two months after the Million Dollar Homepage was launched , more than 500 @,@ 900 pixels had been sold to 1 @,@ 400 customers . By New Year 's Eve , Tew reported that the site was receiving hits from 25 @,@ 000 unique visitors every hour and had an Alexa Rank of 127 , and that 999 @,@ 000 of the 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pixels had been sold .
On 1 January 2006 , Tew announced that because the demand was so great for the last 1 @,@ 000 pixels , " the most fair and logical thing " to do was auction them on eBay rather than lose " the integrity and degree of exclusivity intrinsic to the million @-@ pixel concept " by launching a second Million Dollar Homepage . The auction lasted ten days and received 99 legitimate bids . Although bids were received for amounts as high as $ 160 @,@ 109 @.@ 99 , many were either retracted by the bidders or cancelled as hoaxes . " I actually contacted the people by phone and turns out they weren 't serious , which is fairly frustrating , so I removed those bidders at the last minute " , said Tew . The winning bid was $ 38 @,@ 100 , placed by MillionDollarWeightLoss.com , an online store selling diet @-@ related products . Tew remarked that he had expected the final bid amount to be higher due to the media attention . The Million Dollar Homepage made a gross total of $ 1 @,@ 037 @,@ 100 in five months . After costs , taxes and a donation to The Prince 's Trust , a charity for young people , Tew expected his net income to be $ 650 @,@ 000 – $ 700 @,@ 000 .
Pixel purchasers included Bonanza Gift Shop , Panda Software , the producers of Wal @-@ Mart : The High Cost of Low Price , British Schools Karting Championship , Book of Cool , Orange , The Times , Cheapflights.com , Schiffer Publishing , Rhapsody , Tenacious D , GoldenPalace.com , 888.com and other online casinos , Independiente Records , Yahoo ! , small privately owned businesses , and companies offering get @-@ rich @-@ quick schemes , online dating services , personal loans , free samples , website designs and holidays .
= = Media attention = =
Following the September press release that first brought attention to the site , The Million Dollar Homepage was featured in articles on BBC Online , The Register , The Daily Telegraph , and PC Pro . Tew also appeared on the national breakfast television programmes Sky News Sunrise and BBC Breakfast to discuss the website .
By November the website was becoming popular around the world , receiving attention from Financial Times Deutschland in Germany , TVNZ in New Zealand , Terra Networks in Latin America , the China Daily , and especially in the United States where it was covered in Adweek , Florida Today , and Wall Street Journal . Tew hired a US @-@ based publicist to help with the attention from the American media and made a week @-@ long trip to the US , where he was interviewed on ABC News Radio , the Fox News Channel , Attack of the Show ! , and local news programmes .
The concept was described as " simple and brilliant " , " clever " , " ingenious " , and " a unique platform [ for advertising ] which is also a bit of fun " . Professor Martin Binks , director of the Nottingham University Institute for Entrepreneurial Innovation , said , " It is brilliant in its simplicity ... advertisers have been attracted to it by its novelty ... the site has become a phenomenon . " Popular Mechanics said , " There 's no content . No cool graphics , giveaways or steamy Paris Hilton videos for viewers to salivate over . Imagine a TV channel that shows nothing but commercials , a magazine with nothing but ads . That 's The Million Dollar Homepage . An astonishing example of the power of viral marketing " . Don Oldenburg of the Washington Post was one of the few without praise for the site , calling it a " cheap , mind @-@ bogglingly lucrative marketing monstrosity , an advertising badlands of spam , banner ads and pop @-@ ups . " Oldenburg continues , " it looks like a bulletin board on designer steroids , an advertising train wreck you can 't not look at . It 's like getting every pop @-@ up ad you ever got in your life , at once . It 's the Internet equivalent of suddenly feeling like you want to take a shower . "
As the final pixels were being auctioned , Tew was interviewed on Richard & Judy , and profiled in the online BBC News Magazine . The Wall Street Journal wrote about The Million Dollar Homepage and its impact on the Internet community . " Mr. Tew himself has taken on celebrity status in the Internet community ... the creative juice ... paints an interesting picture of online entrepreneurship " .
Tew dropped out of the business degree the site was set up to fund after one term . In 2008 , Tew founded Popjam , an Internet aggregation and social networking business .
= = DDoS attack = =
On 7 January 2006 , three days before the auction of the final 1 @,@ 000 pixels was due to end , Tew received an e @-@ mail from an organisation called " The Dark Group " , and was told The Million Dollar Homepage would become the victim of a distributed denial @-@ of @-@ service attack ( DDoS ) if a ransom of $ 5 @,@ 000 was not paid by 10 January . Believing the threat to be a hoax , he ignored it , but a week later received a second e @-@ mail threat : " Hello u website is under us atack to stop the DDoS send us 50000 $ . " Again , he ignored the threat , and the website was flooded with extra traffic and e @-@ mails , causing it to crash . " I haven 't replied to any of them as I don 't want to give them the satisfaction and I certainly don 't intend to pay them any money . What is happening to my website is like terrorism . If you pay them , new attacks will start , " Tew said .
The website was inaccessible to visitors for a week until the host server upgraded the security system , and filtered traffic through anti @-@ DDoS software . Wiltshire Constabulary 's Hi @-@ Tech Crime Unit and the Federal Bureau of Investigation were called to investigate the extortion and attack ; they believed it originated in Russia .
= = Similar websites = =
Many other sites sell advertising by pixels . Tew said of the sites , " [ they ] popped up almost immediately ; now there are hundreds of Web sites selling pixels . The copycats are all competing with each other . " " ... they have very little ads , therefore I guess it ’ s not going too well for them . The idea only works once and relies on novelty ... any copy @-@ cat sites will only have pure comedy value , whereas mine possibly has a bit of comedy PLUS some actual pull in advertising dollars ... so I say good luck to the imitators ! "
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= Animaniacs =
Steven Spielberg Presents Animaniacs is an American animated comedy television series produced by Amblin Television label in collaboration with Warner Bros. Animation . It is the second animated series created by Tom Ruegger , developed during the animation renaissance of the late 1980s and early 1990s . Animaniacs first aired on Fox Kids from 1993 to 1995 and new episodes later appeared on The WB from 1995 to 1998 as part of its Kids ' WB afternoon programming block . The series had a total of 99 episodes and one film , titled Wakko 's Wish .
Animaniacs is a variety show , with short skits featuring a large cast of characters . While the show had no set format , the majority of episodes were composed of three short mini @-@ episodes , each starring a different set of characters , and bridging segments . Hallmarks of the series included its music , character catchphrases , and humor directed at an adult audience .
= = Background = =
= = = Premise = = =
The Warner siblings and the other characters lived in Burbank , California . However , characters from the series had episodes in various places and periods of time . The Animaniacs characters interacted with famous persons and creators of the past and present as well as mythological characters and characters from modern television . Andrea Romano , the casting and recording director of Animaniacs , said that the Warner siblings functioned to " tie the show together , " by appearing in and introducing other characters ' segments . Each Animaniacs episode usually consisted of two or three cartoon shorts . Animaniacs segments ranged in time , from bridging segments less than a minute long to episodes spanning the entire show length ; writer Peter Hastings said that the varying episode lengths gave the show a " sketch comedy " atmosphere .
= = = Characters = = =
Animaniacs had a large cast of characters , separated into individual segments , with each pair or set of characters acting in its own plot . The Warners , Yakko , Wakko , and Dot , were three cartoon stars from the 1930s that were locked away in the Warner Bros. water tower until the 1990s , when they escaped . After their escape , they often interacted with Warner Bros. studio workers , including Ralph , the security guard ; Dr. Otto Scratchansniff , the studio psychiatrist , and his assistant Hello Nurse . Pinky and the Brain are two genetically altered laboratory mice who continuously plot and attempt to take over the world . Slappy Squirrel is an octogenarian cartoon star who can easily outwit antagonists and uses her wiles to educate her nephew , Skippy Squirrel , about cartoon techniques . Additional principal characters included Rita and Runt , Buttons and Mindy , Chicken Boo , Flavio and Marita ( The Hip Hippos ) , Katie Ka @-@ Boom , a trio of pigeons known as The Goodfeathers , and Minerva Mink .
= = = Creation and inspiration = = =
The Animaniacs cast of characters had a variety of inspiration , from celebrities to writers ' family members to other writers . Executive Producer Steven Spielberg said that the irreverence in Looney Tunes cartoons inspired the Animaniacs cast . The general premise of Animaniacs and the Warner siblings were created by Tom Ruegger , who also came up with the concept and characters for Pinky and the Brain . Ruegger was also the senior producer and creative leader of the show . Writer Deanna Oliver contributed The Goodfeathers scripts and the character Chicken Boo . Producer and writer Sherri Stoner contributed heavily to Slappy Squirrel and Pinky and the Brain . Nicholas Hollander based Katie Kaboom on his teenage daughter .
Senior Producer Tom Ruegger modeled the Warners ' personalities heavily after those of his three sons . Because the Warners were portrayed as cartoon stars from the early 1930s , Ruegger and other artists for Animaniacs made the images of the Warners similar to cartoon characters of the early 1930s . Simple black and white drawings were very common in cartoons of the 1920s and 1930s , such as Buddy , Felix the Cat , Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , and the early versions of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse .
Tom Ruegger created Pinky and the Brain after being inspired by the personalities of two of his Tiny Toon Adventures colleagues , Eddie Fitzgerald and Tom Minton . Ruegger thought of the premise of Pinky and the Brain when he wondered what would happen if Minton and Fitzgerald tried to take over the world .
Sherri Stoner created Slappy the Squirrel when another writer and friend of Stoner , John McCann , made fun of Stoner 's career in TV movies playing troubled teenagers . When McCann joked that Sherri would be playing troubled teenagers when she was fifty years old , Sherri developed the idea of Slappy 's characteristics as an older person acting like a teenager . Sherri Stoner liked the idea of an aged cartoon character because an aged cartoon star would know the secrets of other cartoons and " have the dirt on [ them ] " .
= = Production = =
= = = Producers = = =
Steven Spielberg was the executive producer during the entire run , Tom Ruegger was the senior producer , Jean MacCurdy was the executive in charge of production , and Rich Arons , Sherri Stoner , Peter Hastings , Rusty Mills , and Liz Holzman were producers of the show . The producers of the show usually had other jobs on the series ; Tom Ruegger , Rich Arons , and Sherri Stoner all served as writers , and Spielberg was very involved in the show 's writing , checking every script for the series . Voice director Andrea Romano said that Spielberg also came up with story ideas , read storyboards , and came to recording sessions .
= = = Writers = = =
The Animaniacs writers and animators , led by senior producer Tom Ruegger , used the experience gained from the previous series to create new animated characters that were cast in the mold of Chuck Jones and Tex Avery 's creations . Writers for Animaniacs included writers Tom Ruegger , Sherri Stoner and Paul Rugg , Deanna Oliver , John McCann , Nicholas Hollander , Peter Hastings , Charlie Howell , Gordon Bressack , Jeff Kwitny , Earl Kress , Tom Minton , and Randy Rogel . Writers Hastings , Rugg , Stoner , McCann , Howell , and Bressack were involved in sketch comedy . Other writers for the series came from cartoon backgrounds , including Kress , Minton , and Randy Rogel .
Made @-@ up stories did not exclusively comprise Animaniacs writing , as writer Peter Hastings said : " We weren 't really there to tell compelling stories ... [ As a writer ] you could do a real story , you could recite the Star @-@ Spangled Banner , or you could parody a commercial ... you could do all these kinds of things , and we had this tremendous freedom and a talent to back it up . " Writers for the series wrote into Animaniacs stories that happened to them ; the episodes " Ups and Downs , " " Survey Ladies , " and " I Got Yer Can " were episodes based on true stories that happened to Paul Rugg , Deanna Oliver , and Sherri Stoner , respectively . Another episode , " Bumbi 's Mom , " both parodied the film Bambi and was a story based on Stoner 's childhood reaction to the film .
In an interview , writers for the series said that Animaniacs allowed for non @-@ restrictive and open writing . Writer Peter Hastings said that the format of the series had the atmosphere of a sketch comedy show because Animaniacs segments could widely vary in both time and subject . Writer Sherri Stoner said that the Animaniacs writing staff worked well as a team in that writers could consult other writers on how to write or finish a story , as was the case in the episode " The Three Muska @-@ Warners " . Writers Rugg , Hastings and Stoner said that the Animaniacs writing was free in that the writers were allowed to write about and parody subjects that would not be touched on other series .
= = = Cast = = =
Animaniacs featured Rob Paulsen as Yakko , Pinky and Dr. Otto von Scratchansniff , Tress MacNeille as Dot , Jess Harnell as Wakko , Sherri Stoner as Slappy the Squirrel , Maurice LaMarche as the Brain , Squit and the belching segments " The Great Wakkorotti " ( Harnell said that he himself is commonly mistaken for the role ) , and veteran voice actor Frank Welker as Ralph the Security Guard , Thaddeus Plotz and Runt . Andrea Romano said that the casters wanted Paulsen to play the role of Yakko : " We had worked with Rob Paulsen before on a couple of other series and we wanted him to play Yakko . " Romano said that the casters had " no trouble " choosing the role of Dot , referring to MacNeille as " just hilarious ... And yet [ she had ] that edge . " Before Animaniacs , Harnell had little experience in voice acting other than minor roles for Disney which he " fell into " . Harnell revealed that at the audition for the show , he did a John Lennon impression and the audition " went great " . Stoner commented that when she gave an impression of what the voice would be to Spielberg , he said she should play Slappy . According to Romano , she personally chose Bernadette Peters to play Rita . Other voices were provided by Jim Cummings , Paul Rugg , Vernee Watson @-@ Johnson , Jeff Bennett and Gail Matthius ( from Tiny Toon Adventures ) . Tom Ruegger 's three sons also played roles on the series . Nathan Ruegger voiced Skippy Squirrel , nephew to Slappy , throughout the duration of the series ; Luke Ruegger voiced The Flame in historical segments on Animaniacs ; and Cody Ruegger voiced Birdie from Wild Blue Yonder .
= = = Animation = = =
Animation work on Animaniacs was farmed out to several different studios , both American and international , over the course of the show 's production . The animation companies included Tokyo Movie Shinsha ( now known as TMS Entertainment ) , StarToons , Wang Film Productions , Freelance Animators New Zealand , and AKOM , and most Animaniacs episodes frequently had animation from different companies in each episode 's respective segments .
Animaniacs was made with a higher production value than standard television animation ; the show had a higher cel count than most TV cartoons . The Animaniacs characters often move fluidly , and do not regularly stand still and speak , as in other television cartoons .
= = = Music = = =
Animaniacs utilized a heavy musical score for an animated program , with every episode featuring at least one original score . The idea for an original musical score in every episode came from Steven Spielberg . Animaniacs used a 35 @-@ piece orchestra , and was scored by a team of six composers , led by supervising composer Richard Stone . The composing team included Steve and Julie Bernstein , Carl Johnson , J. Eric Schmidt , Gordon Goodwin and Tim Kelly . The use of the large orchestra in modern Warner Bros. animation began with Animaniacs predecessor , Tiny Toon Adventures , but Spielberg pushed for its use even more in Animaniacs . Although the outcome was a very expensive show to produce , " the sound sets us apart from everyone else in animation , " said Jean MacCurdy , the executive in charge of production for the series . According to Steve and Julie Bernstein , not only was the Animaniacs music written in the same style as that of Looney Tunes composer Carl Stalling , but that the music used the same studio and piano that Stalling used . Senior producer Tom Ruegger said that writers Randy Rogel , Nicholas Hollander , and Deanna Oliver wrote " a lot of music " for the series .
= = Hallmarks and humor = =
The humor of Animaniacs varied in type , ranging from parody to cartoon violence . The series made parodies of television shows and films . In an interview , Spielberg defended the " irreverence " of Animaniacs , saying that the Animaniacs crew has " a point of view " and does not " sit back passively and play both sides equally " . Spielberg also said that Animaniacs ' humor of social commentary and irreverence were inspired by the Marx Brothers and Looney Tunes cartoons . Animaniacs , among other Spielberg @-@ produced shows , had a large amount of cartoon violence . Spielberg defended the violence in Animaniacs by saying that the series had a balance of both violent humor and educational segments , so the series would never become either too violent or " benign " . Animaniacs also made use of catchphrases , recurring jokes and segments , and " adult " humor .
= = = Recurring jokes and catchphrases = = =
Characters on Animaniacs had catchphrases , with some characters having more than one . Notable catchphrases include Yakko 's " Goodnight , everybody ! " often said following adult humor , Wakko 's " Faboo ! " and Dot 's frequent assertions of her cuteness . The most prominent catchphrase that was said by all the Warners was " Hello @-@ o @-@ o , nurse ! " Tom Ruegger said that the " Hello @-@ o @-@ o , Nurse ! " line was intended to be a catchphrase much like Bugs Bunny 's line , " What 's up , doc ? " Before the theme song for each " Pinky and the Brain " segment , Pinky asks , " Gee , Brain , what do you want to do tonight ? " Brain replies , " The same thing we do every night , Pinky : try to take over the world ! " During these episodes , Brain often asks Pinky , " Are you pondering what I 'm pondering ? " and Pinky replies with a silly non sequitur . Writer Peter Hastings said that he unintentionally created these catchphrases when he wrote the episode " Win Big , " and then Producer Sherri Stoner used them and had them put into later episodes .
Running gags and recurring segments were very common in the show . The end of every episode was closed with a water tower gag similar to the The Simpsons couch gag . Director Rusty Mills and senior producer Tom Ruegger said that recurring segments like the water tower gag and another segment titled " The Wheel of Morality " eased the production of episodes because the same animated scenes could be used more than once ( and , in the case of the Wheel segments , enabled the producers to add a segment in where there was not room for anything else in the episode ) .
= = = Humor and content intended for adults = = =
A great deal of Animaniacs ' humor and content was aimed at an adult audience . Animaniacs parodied the film A Hard Day 's Night and the Three Tenors , references that The New York Times wrote were " appealing to older audiences " . The comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan Pirates of Penzance and H.M.S. Pinafore were parodied in episode 3 , " HMS Yakko " . The Warners ' personalities were made similar to those of the Marx Brothers and Jerry Lewis , in that they , according to writer Peter Hastings , " wreak havoc , " in " serious situations " . In addition , the show 's recurring Goodfeathers segment was populated with characters based on characters from The Godfather and Goodfellas , R @-@ rated crime dramas neither marketed nor intended for children . Some content of Animaniacs was not only aimed at an adult audience but was suggestive in nature ; One character , Minerva Mink had episodes that network censors considered too sexually suggestive for the show 's intended audience , for which she was soon de @-@ emphasized as a featured character .
= = = Parodies = = =
Animaniacs parodied popular TV shows and movies and caricatured celebrities . Animaniacs made fun of celebrities , major motion pictures , television shows for adults ( Seinfeld and Friends , among others ) , television shows for children , and trends in the US . One episode even made fun of competing show Power Rangers , and another episode caricatured Animaniacs ' own Internet fans . Animaniacs also made potshots of Disney films , creating parodies of such films as The Lion King , Beauty and the Beast , Pocahontas , Bambi , and others . Animaniacs director Russell Calabrese said that not only did it become a compliment to be parodied on Animaniacs but also that being parodied on the series would be taken as a " badge of honor " .
= = = Songs = = =
Animaniacs had a variety of music types . Many Animaniacs songs were parodies of classical or folk music with educational lyrics . Notable ones include " Yakko 's World " , in which Yakko sings the names of all 200 @-@ some nations of the world to the tune of the Mexican Hat Dance . " Wakko 's America " listed all the United States and their capitals to the tune of Turkey in the Straw . Another song , titled " The Presidents " , named every US president ( up to Bill Clinton , due to production date ) to the tune of the William Tell Overture ( with a very brief usage of the tune Dixie ) . Non @-@ educational songs included parodies , such as the segment " Slippin ' on the Ice " , a parody of " Singin ' in the Rain " . Most of the groups of characters even had their own theme songs for their segment on the show .
The Animaniacs series theme song , performed by the Warners , was a very important part of the show . In the series ' first season , the theme won an Emmy Award for best song . Stone composed the music for the title sequence and Ruegger wrote the lyrics . Several Animaniacs albums and Sing @-@ along VHS tapes were released , including the CDs Animaniacs , Yakko 's World , and Variety Pack , and the tape Animaniacs Sing @-@ Along : Yakko 's World .
Shorts featuring Rita and Runt would also incorporate songs for Bernadette Peters to sing .
= = Response = =
Animaniacs became a very successful show , gathering both child and adult fans . The series received ratings higher than its competitors and won eight Daytime Emmy Awards and one Peabody Award .
= = = Ratings and popularity = = =
During its run , Animaniacs became the second @-@ most popular children 's show in both demographics of children ages 2 – 11 and children ages 6 – 11 ( behind Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ) . Animaniacs , along with other animated series , helped to bring " Fox Kids " ratings much larger than those of the channel 's competitors . In November 1993 , Animaniacs and Tiny Toon Adventures almost doubled the ratings of their rival shows , Darkwing Duck and Goof Troop , in both the 2 – 11 and 6 – 11 demographics that are very important to children 's networks . On Kids ' WB , Animaniacs gathered about one @-@ million children viewers every week .
While Animaniacs was popular among younger viewers ( the target demographic for Warner Bros. ' TV cartoons ) , adults also responded positively to the show ; in 1995 , more than one @-@ fifth of the weekday ( 4 p.m. , Monday through Friday ) and Saturday morning ( 8 a.m. ) audience viewers were 25 years or older . The large adult fanbase even led to one of the first Internet @-@ based fandom cultures . During the show 's prime , the Internet newsgroup alt.tv.animaniacs was an active gathering place for fans of the show ( most of whom were adults ) to post reference guides , fan fiction , and fan @-@ made artwork about Animaniacs . The online popularity of the show did not go unnoticed by the show 's producers , and twenty of the most active participants on the newsgroup were invited to the Warner Bros. Animation studios for a gathering in August 1995 dubbed by those fans Animania IV .
= = = Nominations and awards = = =
Animaniacs ' first major award came in 1993 , when the series won a Peabody Award in its debuting season . In 1994 , Animaniacs was nominated for two Annie Awards , one for " Best Animated Television Program " , and the other for " Best Achievement for Voice Acting " ( Frank Welker ) . Animaniacs also won two Daytime Emmy Awards for " Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition " and " Outstanding Original Song " ( Animaniacs Main Title Theme ) . In 1995 , Animaniacs was nominated four times for the Annie Awards , once for " Best Animated Television Program " , twice for " Voice Acting in the Field of Animation " ( Tress MacNeille and Rob Paulsen ) , and once for " Best Individual Achievement for Music in the Field of Animation " ( Richard Stone ) . In 1996 , Animaniacs won two Daytime Emmy Awards , one for " Outstanding Animated Children 's Program " and the other for " Outstanding Achievement in Animation " . In 1997 , Animaniacs was nominated for an Annie Award for " Best Individual Achievement : Directing in a TV Production " ( Charles Visser for the episode " Noel " ) . Animaniacs also won two more Daytime Emmy Awards , one for " Outstanding Animated Children 's Program " and the other for " Outstanding Music Direction and Composition " . In 1998 , the last year in which new episodes of Animaniacs were produced , Animaniacs was nominated for an Annie Award in " Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Daytime Television Program " . Animaniacs also won a Daytime Emmy Award in " Outstanding Music Direction and Composition " ( for the episode " The Brain 's Apprentice " ) . In 1999 , Animaniacs won a Daytime Emmy Award for " Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition " . When Animaniacs won this award , it set a record for most Daytime Emmy Awards in the field of " Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition " for any individual animation studio . In 2009 , IGN named Animaniacs the 17th @-@ best animated television series . On September 24 , 2013 , Animaniacs was listed among TV Guide 's " 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time " .
= = History = =
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Before Animaniacs was put into production , various collaboration and brainstorming efforts were thought up to create both the characters and premise of the series . For instance , ideas that were thrown out were Rita and Runt being the hosts of the show and the Warners being duck characters that senior producer Tom Ruegger drew in his college years . After the characters from the series were created , they were all shown to executive producer Steven Spielberg , who would decide which characters would make it into Animaniacs ( the characters Buttons and Mindy were chosen by Spielberg 's daughter ) . The characters ' designs came from various sources , including caricatures of other writers , designs based on early cartoon characters , and characters that simply had a more modern design .
= = = Fox Kids era : Episodes 1 – 69 = = =
Animaniacs premiered on September 13 , 1993 , on the Fox Kids programming block of the Fox network , and ran there until September 8 , 1995 ; new episodes aired from the 1993 through 1994 seasons . Animaniacs aired with a 65 @-@ episode first season because these episodes were ordered by Fox all at once . While on Fox Kids , Animaniacs gained fame for its name and became the second @-@ most popular show among children ages 2 – 11 and children ages 6 – 11 , second to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( which began that same year ) . On March 30 , 1994 , Yakko , Wakko , and Dot first theatrically appeared in the animated short , " I 'm Mad " , which opened nationwide alongside the full @-@ length animated feature , Thumbelina . The musical short featured Yakko , Wakko , and Dot bickering during a car trip . Producers Steven Spielberg , Tom Ruegger , and Jean MacCurdy wanted " I 'm Mad " to be the first of a series of shorts to bring Animaniacs to a wider audience . However , " I 'm Mad " was the only Animaniacs theatrical short produced . The short was later incorporated into Animaniacs episode 69 . Following the 65th episode of the series , Animaniacs continued to air in reruns on Fox Kids . The only new episodes during this time included a short , four @-@ episode long second season that was quickly put together from unused scripts . After Fox Kids aired Animaniacs reruns for a year , the series switched to the new Warner Bros. children 's programming block , Kids ' WB .
= = = Kids ' WB era : Episodes 70 – 99 = = =
The series was popular enough for Warner Bros. Animation to invest in additional episodes of Animaniacs past the traditional 65 @-@ episode marker for syndication . Animaniacs premiered on the new Kids ' WB line @-@ up on September 9 , 1995 , with a new season of 13 episodes . At this time , the show 's popular cartoon characters , Pinky and the Brain , were spun off from Animaniacs into their own TV series . Warner Bros. stated in a press release that Animaniacs gathered over one million children viewers every week .
Despite the series ' success on Fox Kids , Animaniacs on Kids ' WB was only successful in an unintended way , bringing in adult viewers and viewers outside the Kids ' WB target demographic of young children . This unintended result of adult viewers and not enough young viewers put pressure on the WB network from advertisers and caused dissatisfaction from the WB network towards Animaniacs . Slowly , orders from the WB for more Animaniacs episodes dwindled and Animaniacs had a couple more short seasons , relying on leftover scripts and storyboards . The fourth season had eight episodes , which was reduced from 18 because of Warner Bros. ' dissatisfaction with Animaniacs . The 99th and final Animaniacs episode was aired on November 14 , 1998 .
The Chicago Tribune reported in 1999 that the production of new Animaniacs episodes ceased and the direct @-@ to @-@ video film Wakko 's Wish was a closer to the series . Animation World Network Reported that Warner Bros. laid off over 100 artists , contributing to the reduced production of original series . Producer Tom Ruegger explained that rather produce new episodes , Warner Bros. instead decided to use the back @-@ catalog of Animaniacs episodes until " someone clamors for more " . Animaniacs segments were shown along with segments from other cartoons as part of The Cat & Birdy Warneroonie PinkyBrainy Big Cartoonie Show . Ruegger said at the time the hiatus was " temporary " . Following the end of the series , the Animaniacs team developed Wakko 's Wish . On December 21 , 1999 , Warner Bros. released Wakko 's Wish . In 2016 , Ruegger said on his Reddit AMA that the decline of Animaniacs and other series was the result of Warner Bros. ' investment in the much cheaper anime series Pokémon . Following Warner Bros. right to distribute the cheaper and successful anime , the network chose to invest less in original programming like Animaniacs .
= = = Aftermath and syndication = = =
After Animaniacs , Spielberg collaborated with Warner Bros. Animation again to produce the short @-@ lived series Steven Spielberg Presents Freakazoid , along with the Animaniacs spin @-@ off series Pinky and the Brain , from which Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain was later spun off . Warner Bros. also produced two other comedy animated series in the later half of the decade titled Histeria ! and Detention , which were short @-@ lived and unsuccessful compared to the earlier series . Later , Warner Bros. cut back the size of its animation studio because the show Histeria ! went over its budget , and most production on further Warner Bros. animated comedy series ceased .
Animaniacs , along with Tiny Toon Adventures , continued to rerun in syndication through the 1990s into the early 2000s after production of new episodes ceased . In the US , Animaniacs aired on Cartoon Network , originally as a one @-@ off airing on January 31 , 1997 , and then on the regular schedule from August 31 , 1998 until the spring of 2001 , when Nickelodeon bought the rights to air the series beginning on September 1 , 2001 . Nickelodeon transferred the series to its newly launched sister channel Nicktoons on May 1 , 2002 , and aired there until July 7 , 2005 . Animaniacs started airing on Hub Network with a 4 @-@ hour marathon on December 24 , 2012 and aired regularly from January 7 , 2013 until October 10 , 2014 before it was rebranded Discovery Family . On April 1 , 2016 , all 99 episodes of Animaniacs were added to Netflix .
Paulsen , Harnell , and MacNeille have announced plans to tour in 2016 to perform songs from Animaniacs ! along with a full orchestra . Among the songs will be an updated version of " Yakko 's World " by Randy Rogel that includes a new verse to include nations that have been formed since the song 's original airing , such as those from the break @-@ up of the Soviet Union .
= = Wakko 's Wish = =
The Warners starred in the feature @-@ length , direct @-@ to @-@ video movie Wakko 's Wish . The movie takes place in the fictional town of Acme Falls , in which the Warners and the rest of the Animaniacs cast are under the rule of a greedy king who counquered their home country from a neighboring country . When the Warners find out about a star that will grant a wish to the first person that touches it , the Warners , the villagers ( the Animaniacs cast ) , and the king race to get to it first . Although children and adults rated Wakko 's Wish highly in test @-@ screenings , Warner Bros. decided to release it direct @-@ to @-@ video , rather than spend money on advertising . Warner Bros. released the movie on VHS on December 21 , 1999 ; the film was then released on DVD on October 7 , 2014 .
= = Merchandise = =
= = = Home video = = =
Episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS during and after the series run .
VHS tapes of Animaniacs were released in the United States and in the United Kingdom . All of these tapes are out of production , but are still available at online sellers . The episodes featured are jumbled at random and are in no particular order with the series . Each video featured four to five episodes each and accompanied by a handful of shorter skits , with a running time of about 45 minutes .
Beginning on July 25 , 2006 , Warner Home Video began releasing DVD volume sets of Animaniacs episodes in order of the episodes ' original airdates . Volume one of Animaniacs sold very well ; over half of the product being sold in the first week made it one of the fastest selling animation DVD sets that Warner Home Video ever put out .
= = = Print = = =
An Animaniacs comic book , published by DC Comics , ran from 1995 to 2000 ( 59 regular monthly issues , plus two specials ) . Initially , these featured all the characters except for Pinky and the Brain , who were published in their own comic series , though cameos were possible . The Animaniacs comic series was later renamed Animaniacs ! Featuring Pinky and the Brain . The Animaniacs comic series , like the show , parodied TV and comics standards , such as Pulp Fiction and The X @-@ Files , among others .
= = = Video games = = =
Animaniacs was soon brought into the video game industry to produce games based on the series . Early notable games were Play Zone ! ' s PC game Animaniacs Game Pack ! ( 1997 ) and Konami 's Animaniacs for Super Nintendo ( 1994 ) . More modern games include Animaniacs : The Great Edgar Hunt and Animaniacs : Lights , Camera , Action ! . Other games are Animaniacs for Sega Genesis and Game Boy ; Animaniacs : A Gigantic Adventure for PC ; Animaniacs : Splat Ball ! for PC ; Pinky and the Brain : World Conquest for PC ; Animaniacs : Ten Pin Alley for the PlayStation and Pinky and the Brain : The Master Plan for Game Boy Advance ( Europe only ) .
= = = Musical collections = = =
Because Animaniacs had many songs , record labels Rhino Entertainment and Time Warner Kids produced albums featuring songs from the show . These albums include Animaniacs ( 1993 ) , Yakko 's World ( 1994 ) , A Christmas Plotz ( 1995 ) , Animaniacs Variety Pack ( 1995 ) , A Hip @-@ Opera Christmas ( 1997 ) , The Animaniacs Go Hollywood ( 2003 ) , The Animaniacs Wacky Universe ( 2003 ) , and the compilation album , The Animaniacs Faboo ! Collection ( 1995 ) .
= = Video on Demand = =
The entire series is currently available on Netflix in Italy and the US .
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= Russian battleship Sevastopol ( 1895 ) =
Sevastopol ( Russian : Севастополь ) was the last of three ships in the Petropavlovsk class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1890s .
Named for the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War , the ship was commissioned into the First Pacific Squadron of the Russian Pacific Fleet and was stationed at Port Arthur ( today Lüshunkou District , Dalian , Liaoning , China ) , a Russian naval base acquired from China in 1898 as part of the Kwantung Leased Territory . One of the first ships to use Harvey nickel @-@ steel armor and Popov radios , she displaced 11 @,@ 854 long tons ( 12 @,@ 044 t ) at full load and was 369 feet ( 112 @.@ 5 m ) long overall , and mounted a main battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns in two twin turrets . She was laid down in May 1892 , launched on 1 June 1895 and completed in 1899 . Her sea trials lasted until 1900 .
Sevastopol saw service in the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 . Slightly damaged during a surprise attack on Port Arthur in early February , the ship later participated in several attempts to break out from the besieged port . The most notable of these was the Battle of the Yellow Sea , where she was damaged by several shells but managed to make it back to port with the remnants of the Russian Fleet , leaving one crewman dead and 62 wounded . Immediately after the surrender of Port Arthur , Sevastopol was scuttled to prevent her capture by the Imperial Japanese Navy . The Japanese never raised her . The remains of the ship still lie outside the entrance to the port .
= = Design = =
The first design for Sevastopol and her sister ships of the Petropavlovsk class was approved in January 1891 . She was to be an improved version of the battleship Imperator Nikolai I , but with most of her armament in barbettes , including four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns . The class was designed with a displacement of 10 @,@ 960 long tons ( 11 @,@ 136 t ) at full load . She had a full waterline belt , and the upper hull featured a tumblehome . Imperator Nikolai I was chosen as a starting point for the design because of her good seakeeping and seaworthiness . Some characteristics were also copied from the French battleship Brennus and the American Indiana @-@ class battleships , such as the flush @-@ deck hull and Brennus ' high freeboard .
Following a redesign of the class , Sevastopol ceased to resemble Imperator Nikolai I. The armor plating was changed before construction , and plans for the armament were modified while the ship was being built . The barbettes were replaced with turrets , including wing turrets for some of the secondary 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns modeled after those on Brennus , with electric hoists . The propulsion was based on the machinery on Georgii Pobedonosets . Sevastopol had Harvey nickel @-@ steel armor imported from the United States .
= = Characteristics = =
Sevastopol displaced 11 @,@ 842 long tons ( 12 @,@ 032 t ) and was 376 feet ( 114 @.@ 6 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 70 feet ( 21 @.@ 3 m ) and a maximum draft of 28 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 6 m ) . She was powered by 16 cylindrical coal @-@ burning boilers , and could carry 1 @,@ 050 long tons ( 1 @,@ 070 t ) of coal . This gave her a range of 3 @,@ 750 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 940 km ; 4 @,@ 320 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 662 .
The ship 's main armament consisted of a battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns in two twin turrets . This was supplemented by a secondary battery of twelve 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . Sevastopol 's armament was rounded out with ten 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) guns , twenty @-@ eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) anti @-@ torpedo boat guns , and six 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged .
= = Construction = =
Sevastopol , named for the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War , was laid down at the Galernii Island shipyard in Saint Petersburg on 7 March 1892 . Construction was led by two engineers , E. P. Andruschenko and N. I. Afanasyev , and began on 7 May 1892 , about the same time as the battleship Sissoi Veliky was laid down . The ceremony was attended by Alexander III of Russia and then @-@ Tsesarevich Nicholas II . Sevastopol was launched on 1 June 1895 and , after the completion of her hull and decks in 1898 , was transferred to Kronstadt where her armor and guns were installed . Sevastopol was finished in 1899 and Nikolai Chernishev became her captain , a post which he would retain until 17 March 1904 , when Nikolai Essen assumed command .
= = Service history = =
Sevastopol began her sea trials on 16 October 1899 , and was commissioned after their conclusion into the Imperial Russian Navy . She and her sister ships were transferred to Port Arthur , which was then the port of the First Squadron of the Russian Pacific Fleet . In September 1900 , Popov radios were installed on Sevastopol and her sister Poltava , the first Russian battleships to have them . They were also painted white , the same color as the other ships in the First Pacific Squadron . She then left for Port Arthur and arrived at on 13 April 1901 . As Russia was not at war with any Far East countries at that time , Sevastopol stayed in port , inactive .
= = = Wartime service = = =
In early February 1904 , the Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur . Sevastopol was hit by one shell , either 6 inches ( 152 mm ) or 8 inches ( 203 mm ) in diameter , that wounded two men on her bridge . She soon turned in pursuit along with other ships of the Russian fleet , all firing their forward guns , but she failed to score any hits . On 26 March 1904 , Sevastopol was accidentally rammed by Peresvet , damaging a propeller . After the attack on Port Arthur , the First Pacific Squadron tried to break out several times . During one attempt on 23 June , Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft , commanding the Pacific Fleet , retreated after encountering the Japanese fleet . Approaching the harbor , Sevastopol moved slightly out of formation and hit a mine that killed 11 and caused severe flooding , but managed to get inside the harbor and drop anchor . She was under repair for six weeks , during which time a fire broke out on deck , killing two and wounding 28 . The Russian battleships were too big to fit into the dry dock at Port Arthur , so large caissons were built to provide access to the ships ' hulls . On 9 August , with the Japanese Third Army assaulting the outer defenses of Port Arthur , the First Pacific Squadron sortied from its base . Even though Sevastopol was not fully repaired , she sailed with the rest of the fleet with one gun in her aft turret remaining inoperable . They later engaged the Japanese fleet in what would become the Battle of the Yellow Sea .
Although in the center of the Russian line during the battle , Sevastopol was only slightly damaged during the day . In the evening , the Russians massed their fire on the Japanese flagship Mikasa , at that time 11 kilometers ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) away . The Japanese battleships returned fire and Sevastopol suffered several shell hits to her superstructure , which killed one man and wounded 62 others . A few minutes later , Mikasa was hit by two 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) shells and one 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) shell from Retvizan and Sevastopol , which caused 40 casualties . Soon after that , when it seemed that the Russians would be able to escape to Vladivostok , two 12 @-@ inch shells from Asahi penetrated the conning tower of the Russian flagship Tsesarevich , killing Vitgeft and the helmsman , severely wounding the captain , and causing the ship to come to a dead stop after executing a sharp turn . Thinking that this was a maneuver planned by Vitgeft , the Russian line started to execute the same turn , causing all of the ships directly behind Tsesarevich , including Sevastopol , to maneuver wildly to avoid hitting the stationary flagship . Prince Pavel Ukhtomski , second in command of the squadron , who was on the Peresvet , proceeded to signal the other Russian ships via semaphore to steam back to Port Arthur , although the signals were only gradually recognized by Pobeda , Poltava , Pallada and Sevastopol . Sevastopol had one 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) and two 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) guns knocked out during the battle .
Returning to Port Arthur on 10 August , the squadron found that the city was already under siege by the Japanese Third Army led by Baron Nogi Maresuke . On 23 August , Sevastopol bombarded a Japanese battery in an effort to escape along with nine smaller ships , but after she neutralized the battery , she returned to port after a Japanese lookout spotted the approaching ships . As she was maneuvering back into Port Arthur , she struck another mine and required repairs . On 5 December the Third Army captured 203 Meter Hill , a crucial position that overlooked the harbor . From there , the Japanese were able to fire on Sevastopol and other ships of the First Pacific Squadron that had survived the Yellow Sea battle . The ships at that time were about 5 @.@ 7 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) away from the hill , placing them within range of Japanese shore artillery . By 9 December four battleships and two cruisers had been sunk by the Japanese . Sevastopol , although hit five times by 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) shells , managed to move away from the western harbor and out of range of the guns to the minor harbor of White Wolf , where she could be defended by torpedo nets and booms . Within the defensive surroundings of White Wolf , Essen started to plan a sortie through the blockade to Vladivostok or a rendezvous with the Second Pacific Squadron , at that time coaling at Madagascar . At the same time , the commanding admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy , Togo Heihachiro , as instructed by Emperor Meiji in Tokyo , ordered the destruction of the battleship by six waves of destroyers , along with some torpedo boats that were launched from the Fuji and Mikasa .
The torpedo boat and destroyer attacks lasted three weeks , during which 80 torpedoes were launched at Sevastopol . Of these , four hit . The four successful torpedoes were launched on 18 December . Three of them hit the torpedo nets that had been placed around the ship , while the other hit one of the ship 's propellers . Although severely damaged , Sevastopol remained afloat and sank two destroyers and damaged six others , killing 35 sailors and five officers . A Japanese cruiser attempting to attack Sevastopol was sunk by a mine in the harbor . When he received news of the surrender of the land fortifications on 2 January 1905 , Essen decided to surrender , but scuttled the ship in 55 meters ( 180 ft ) of water by opening the seacocks on one side so that the ship could not be salvaged by the Japanese . His other option , a run to Vladivostok , had already been eliminated due to the damage to his propellers by the torpedo . For the act of scuttling Sevastopol , Essen was awarded the Order of St. George . Nevertheless , a dispatch from Tokyo reported that it sank as a result of a Japanese torpedo attack .
Due to the depth of water in which she had sunk , and her position , Sevastopol was the only battleship that was not salvaged by the Japanese at Port Arthur . What remains of her is still outside the entrance to Port Arthur . Poltava , one of her sister ships , was also scuttled at Port Arthur and re @-@ floated as the Japanese Tango .
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= Starved =
Starved is an FX television situation comedy that aired for one season of seven episodes in 2005 . The series was about four friends who each suffer from eating disorders , who met at a " shame @-@ based " support group called Belt Tighteners . Its characters included those with bulimia , anorexia , and binge eating disorder . Eric Schaeffer created the show as well as writing , starring in and directing it , based upon his own struggle with eating disorders . In addition to his own life experiences , Schaeffer also drew upon the experiences of the other members of the principal cast , each of whom coincidentally had struggled with food issues of their own .
Starved was the lead @-@ in of FX 's hour @-@ long " Other Side of Comedy " block with It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . FX executives wanted to use the two series to begin building comedy programming and broaden the network 's demographic . The series debuted on August 4 , 2005 to poor critical reviews and was cancelled in October 2005 , when FX picked Sunny over Starved for renewal .
= = Characters = =
Sam ( Eric Schaeffer ) is a commodities trader who suffers from anorexia and compulsive overeating . His interests quickly turn into obsessions . Despite being with several different women during the series , he is secretly in love with Billie .
Billie Frasier ( Laura Benanti ) is an anorexic and bulimic who also has issues with alcohol abuse . Billie is bisexual and was raised by two gay fathers . Formerly a ballerina , the original impetus for her eating disorders , she is now a moderately well @-@ known singer @-@ songwriter .
Dan Roundtree ( Del Pentecost ) is a novelist and compulsive overeater . The only married person among the main characters , he worries that his weight will lead his wife to leave him . He continually schedules and then cancels gastric bypass surgery .
Adam Williams ( Sterling K. Brown ) is a police officer with bulimia . He abuses his authority to extort food from restaurants and delivery people , which eventually costs him his job .
Belt Tighteners Group Leader ( Jackie Hoffman ) leads the support group that the friends attend . Sarcastic and abrasive , she constantly berates the four friends for their failed attempts at dealing with their food issues . Following her tirades , she leads the group in a chant of the support group 's slogan , " It 's not OK ! "
= = Production = =
Series star Eric Schaeffer created Starved . Schaeffer , who is in recovery for alcohol and drug addiction and describes himself as having " anorexic thinking , " drew on his own experiences with eating disorders and the experiences of other people he knew in creating scenarios for the series . Other cast members also struggled with food issues . Benanti spent three years fighting anorexia while she danced on Broadway . Pentecost , who weighed 310 pounds at the time of filming , contributed stories from his own life to the series , including a scene in which his character weighs himself on a postal scale because he is too heavy for a conventional bathroom scale . Brown was heavy as a child and describes himself as being " haunted by the ' heavyset kid mentality ' . " Producers only discovered that each of the principal cast members had food issues after the casting process was completed .
Starved and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia were developed for FX under the auspices of FX president John Landgraf , who sought to expand the network 's viewership by providing a wider variety of programming . The shows were the network 's first attempts at sitcoms following the short @-@ lived 2003 series Lucky . FX at the time was known primarily for its edgy dramatic series . Bruce Lefkowitz , then executive vice president of Fox Cable Entertainment , outlined the strategy : " We kind of staked out a unique space in dramas that are very different from everybody else ’ s , so the next natural evolution is to do something in the comedy space . " The network ordered seven episodes of each series .
Starved was shot in the spring of 2005 in New York City using a single @-@ camera setup and without a laugh track . It and Sunny were the first shows that FX produced inhouse .
= = Episodes = =
= = Reception = =
Starved generated controversy even before its premiere . A number of specialists in the treatment of eating disorders expressed concern that the program would either make light of or glamorize eating disorders . Others , however , felt that Starved might focus attention on eating disorders as a serious medical condition . The National Eating Disorders Association called for a boycott of the show and claimed that Diageo ( makers of Tanqueray ) and Nautilus agreed to pull their advertising . Schaeffer responded to the controversy , saying " there is some difficult stuff to watch . But I know my spirit and intention are good . "
Starved premiered to an audience of 1 @.@ 54 million viewers , scoring a Neilsen rating of 0 @.@ 8 and a 2 share among adults 18 @-@ 49 , the network 's target demographic . Reviews were unfavorable . Variety echoed the slogan of Belt Tighteners in dismissing the series as " not OK . " Noting the series ' edgy content , Variety allows that " Pushing the envelope in terms of standards is all well and good , assuming that series earn the right to do so . " Starved , it says , did not earn that right . The series ' " stabs at poignancy feel unconvincing and forced " and " from an emotional standpoint there 's seldom a truthful note . "
The Washington Post concurred in this assessment , describing the premise of the show as " Hey , what happens if you take the characters from Seinfeld and give them eating disorders ? " While crediting Starved for " a few inventive laughs , " the language and sexuality of the show are described as " exceptionally coarse " and " outrageous for cable television , even later at night . " Worse than these issues , the Post felt that Schaeffer neglected to develop the characters in favor of coming up with contrived situations for them . " [ T ] his failure to build understanding into the show dooms it to emptiness , with a sour aftertaste . As if you had just , you know , hurled . "
The New York Times credited the series for its bold premise and noted that the show provided some insight into eating disorders while offering " a few flashes of clever dialogue and satire . " Ultimately , however , the Times found that " Starved relies too heavily on sight gags and gross @-@ out farce . " The Los Angeles Times found the show " vexing " for being " at once assured and shallow , accomplished and unconvincing , well @-@ acted and empty . " The review singles out Schaeffer 's character Sam as " especially unappealing " and points to Schaeffer 's roles as creator , producer , writer and director as " an object lesson in the wisdom of a system of checks and balances . " Perhaps most damningly , in noting Schaeffer 's experiences with addiction , the reviewer writes that " just because you ’ ve had an experience doesn ’ t mean you have anything interesting to say about it or are able to articulate whatever interesting thing you have to say . "
New York Magazine called it the Best Show You Probably Never Watched . NBC used a clip from the second episode in " The Most Outrageous TV Moments " .
FX canceled Starved in October 2005 . FX president John Landgraf told Variety , " The show had a lot of fans , so it was tough to choose [ between it and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ] . Ultimately , we felt that we 're just not in a position to spread our resources . We launched our dramas one at a time , and launching two [ comedies ] like we did this summer just didn 't work out as well . "
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= Battle of Arnhem =
The Battle of Arnhem was a famous battle of the Second World War fought in and around the Dutch towns of Arnhem , Oosterbeek , Wolfheze , Driel and the surrounding countryside from 17 – 26 September 1944 .
After sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944 , the Allies were poised to enter the Netherlands . British Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery favoured a single thrust north over the branches of the Lower Rhine River , allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr . To this end , the Allies launched Operation Market Garden on 17 September . Airborne troops were dropped in the Netherlands to secure key bridges and towns along the Allied axis of advance . Farthest north , the British 1st Airborne Division , supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade , landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn . Initially expecting a walkover , British XXX Corps planned to reach the British airborne forces within two to three days .
The British forces landed some distance from their objectives and were quickly hampered by unexpected resistance – especially from elements of the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions . Only a small force was able to reach the Arnhem road bridge while the main body of the division was halted on the outskirts of the city . Meanwhile , XXX Corps was unable to advance north as quickly as anticipated due to the destruction of the bridge at Son , and failed to relieve the airborne troops according to schedule . After four days , the small British force at the bridge was overwhelmed and the rest of the division became trapped in a small pocket north of the river – where they could not be sufficiently reinforced by the Poles or XXX Corps when they arrived on the southern bank , nor by the RAF 's resupply flights . After nine days of fighting , the shattered remains of the airborne forces were withdrawn in Operation Berlin .
With no secure bridges over the Nederrijn , the Allies were unable to advance further and the front line stabilised south of Arnhem . The 1st Airborne Division had lost nearly three @-@ quarters of its strength and did not see combat again .
= = Background = =
By September 1944 , Allied forces had successfully broken out of their Normandy beachhead and pursued shattered German forces across Northern France and Belgium . Although Allied commanders generally favoured a broad front policy to continue the advance into Germany and the Netherlands , Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery proposed a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland , bypassing the German Siegfried Line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr . Initially proposed as a British and Polish operation codenamed Operation Comet , the plan was soon expanded to involve most of the First Allied Airborne Army and a set piece ground advance into the Netherlands , codenamed Market Garden .
Montgomery 's plan involved dropping the US 101st Airborne Division to capture key bridges around Eindhoven , the US 82nd Airborne Division to secure key crossings around Nijmegen , and the British 1st Airborne Division , with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade attached , to capture three bridges across the Rhine at Arnhem . Although Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton commanded the First Allied Airborne Army , his second in command Lieutenant @-@ General Frederick Browning took command of the airborne role . The British Second Army , led by XXX Corps would advance up the " Airborne corridor " , securing the airborne division 's positions and crossing the Rhine within two days . If successful the plan would open the door to Germany and hopefully force an end to the war in Europe by the end of the year .
= = = British plan = = =
With the British 6th Airborne Division still refitting after Operation Tonga , and the subsequent fighting in Normandy , the task of securing the Rhine Bridgehead fell to the 1st Airborne Division under the command of Major @-@ General Roy Urquhart . The division was made up of three brigades of infantry ( two parachute , one glider borne ) , supporting artillery and anti @-@ tank batteries and substantial Royal Engineer units , as well as supporting elements such as Royal Army Service Corps and Royal Army Medical Corps units . Most of the division had seen action in North Africa and Sicily , particularly the 1st Parachute Brigade and 1st Airlanding Brigade . However , this was the first time the division had fought together as a complete formation .
The division was also substantially reinforced by the addition of 1 @,@ 200 men of the Glider Pilot Regiment , providing Urquhart with the equivalent of two battalions of infantry for the operation . Smaller additions included a Dutch commando team and American communications teams . Urquhart also had the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade under his command , who would also be joining the British in the operation to seize the bridges .
The division was required to secure the road , rail and pontoon bridges over the Lower Rhine at Arnhem and hold them for two to three days until relieved by XXX Corps . From the beginning , however , Urquhart was severely restricted in how he could prepare and deploy his troops for the upcoming battle . The U.S. IX Troop Carrier Command were limited in their availability ; with two more major drops taking place at the same time , there were insufficient carrier aircraft available to fly the entire division to the Netherlands in one lift . Additionally , Major General Williams — commander of IX Troop Carrier Command — decided that it would only be possible for one air lift per day , meaning it would take three days to deliver the entire Division and Polish Brigade to the area . A limited number of areas suitable for glider landings and a reluctance from troop command to fly too near to Arnhem , exposing them to flak from Deelen airfield after the drop , meant that Urquhart was forced to pick drop zones ( DZ ) and landing zones ( LZ ) up to 8 mi ( 13 km ) from Arnhem itself , on the north side of the river . With the need to secure the bridges , towns and drop zones for subsequent supply drops , the 1st Airborne would need to defend a perimeter of some 18 mi ( 29 km ) whilst waiting for XXX Corps .
Urquhart decided to land Brigadier Gerald Lathbury 's 1st Parachute Brigade and Brigadier " Pip " Hicks ' 1st Airlanding Brigade on the first day of the operation . The Airlanding Brigade plus 1st Airlanding Light Regiment , Royal Artillery , Royal Engineer and medical units and Divisional HQ would land on LZs ' S ' and ' Z ' and move to secure the drop zones and landing zones for the following days drops , whilst the three battalions of the parachute brigade would arrive at DZ ' X ' and follow three separate routes into Arnhem to secure the bridges . The 2nd Battalion — under the command of Lt. Col. John Frost — would follow the riverside roads to the centre of Arnhem ( codenamed the Lion route ) and secure the main road and railway bridges , as well as a pontoon bridge between the two . The 3rd Battalion of Lt. Col. Fitch would head through Oosterbeek to Arnhem ( Tiger route ) , assist in the capture of the road bridge and take up positions in the east of the town . Lt. Col. Dobie 's 1st Battalion would follow Leopard route north of the railway line to occupy high ground north and north west of Arnhem . The whole advance would be led by a troop of Reconnaissance jeeps from the 1st Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron , under Major Frederick Gough on Leopard who would attempt a coup de main on the road bridge . On the second day , Brigadier " Shan " Hackett 's 4th Parachute Brigade would arrive at DZ ' Y ' , accompanied by extra artillery units and remaining elements of the Airlanding Brigade on LZ ' X ' . Hackett 's three battalions would then reinforce the positions north and north west of Arnhem . On the third day , the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade would be dropped south of the river at DZ ' K ' . Using the road bridge , they would reinforce the perimeter east of Arnhem , linking up with their own artillery who would be flown in by glider to LZ ' L ' . 1st Airlanding Brigade would fall back to cover Oosterbeek on the western side of the perimeter and 1st Parachute Brigade would fall back to cover the southern side of the bridges . Once XXX Corps had arrived and advanced beyond the bridgehead , the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division would be flown into Deelen airfield to support the ground forces north of the Rhine . The remaining units of the division would follow XXX Corps on land in what was known as the sea tail . The whole operation would be re @-@ supplied by daily flights by No 's . 38 and 46 Group RAF who would make the first drop on LZ ' L ' on day 2 , and subsequent drops on DZ ' V ' .
= = = Intelligence = = =
Due to poor intelligence , the British were told to expect only limited resistance from German reserve forces . A serious challenge to their operation was not expected and many men believed that their work would lead to the ending of the war . Some — anticipating a period of occupation in Germany — packed leisure equipment in their kit or in the sea tail . The optimistic mood prior to the operation would have tragic consequences however . Frederick Browning 's intelligence officer — Major Brian Urquhart — obtained information from the 21st Army Group in Belgium and Dutch resistance that German armour was present around Arnhem . This was backed up with aerial reconnaissance that he ordered to be flown . Browning however was dismissive and ordered his chief medical officer to have Urquhart sent on sick leave . In fact , SHAEF was aware that there were almost certainly two Panzer divisions at Arnhem but with the operation looming chose to ignore them . Such information would have been gleaned from Ultra intercepts that the First Allied Airborne Army was not privy to and therefore could not act upon themselves .
= = = German forces = = =
The Allied liberation of Antwerp on 4 September had caused a rout of German reserve troops in the Netherlands , nicknamed " Mad Tuesday " . However , the Allied pause at the Dutch border gave the Germans time to regroup and reorganise , although it would make subsequent attempts to clarify the exact German forces opposing the Allies extremely difficult .
Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model — commander of Army Group B — had moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re @-@ establishing defences in the area and co @-@ ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them . To the west of Arnhem was Kampfgruppe Von Tettau , a force equivalent to seven battalions made up of all manner of German units ( including Das Heer , Luftwaffe , Kriegsmarine , rear echelon and Waffen @-@ SS troops ) under the command of General Hans von Tettau at Grebbeberg . This included the SS Non @-@ commissioned officer school SS Unteroffizierschule Arnheim and the 16th SS Training Battalion under the command of SS Sturmbannführer Sepp Krafft whose unit would play a crucial role in the opening phases of the battle . Within Arnhem itself , the town garrison was under the command of Major @-@ General Friedrich Kussin .
Additionally , Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Bittrich 's II SS Panzer Corps — comprising the remains of Walter Harzer 's 9th SS and Heinz Harmel 's 10th SS Panzer Divisions — had moved into the area north of Arnhem to refit and reorganise . Although badly mauled after escaping the Falaise pocket , the Korps was made up of seasoned veterans and made available significantly more forces to the Germans than the allies had been led to expect . The divisions were also specially trained in anti @-@ airborne operations ; during their formation both divisions had undergone month @-@ long anti airborne exercises whilst waiting for their heavy equipment , and had also spent the last 15 months studying the best reactions to a parachute attack in classroom and field exercises . The 9th SS had a Panzergrenadier brigade , a reconnaissance battalion , an artillery battalion , two batteries of self @-@ propelled guns and a company of tanks . Exactly how many men were available after the withdrawal from Normandy is unclear . Some sources suggest that the 9th had up to 6 @,@ 000 men , others suggest that the combined total of the 9th and 10th SS was only 6 @,@ 000 – 7 @,@ 000 men .
There were also Dutch units allied to the Germans present at Arnhem . These formations recruited from Dutch nationals ( mainly criminals , men wishing to avoid national service or men affiliated with the Nationaal @-@ Socialistische Beweging ) and were incorporated into the German Army . At Arnhem , the partly Dutch SS Wachbattalion 3 was attached to Kampfgruppe Von Tettau and the 3rd Battalion of the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland training at nearby Hoogeveen was quickly attached to Harzer ’ s 9th SS Panzer Division when they arrived at the battle on 20 September .
As the battle progressed , more and more forces would become available to the Germans . Adolf Hitler , stunned by the attack , agreed that the defence of the Netherlands should receive absolute priority and over the course of the battle reinforcements would stream in ; from Wehrkreis VI , the Wesel area and General Friedrich Christiansen 's Armed Forces Command Netherlands . Model arranged for units to be sent straight to the units in action in order to avoid long @-@ winded logistics , and rushed in specialist street fighting and machine gun battalions . Each day of the battle , the German military strength increased whilst the British supplies diminished . By 21 September , the fifth day of the battle , German forces outnumbered the British by 3 : 1 and continued to increase .
= = Battle = =
= = = Day 1 – Sunday 17 September = = =
The first lift was preceded by intense bombing and strafing raids made by the British Second Tactical Air Force and the American 8th and 9th Air Forces . These targeted the known flak guns and German garrisons and barracks across the area . Meanwhile , the first lift suffered only light losses as the aircraft and gliders flew from British bases to the target area . The first arrivals were the 21st Independent Parachute Company at 12 : 40 , who marked the landing zones for the gliders and parachutists in advance of the main landings . The landings were largely unopposed and the battalions formed up in good order ready to carry out their tasks by 14 : 45 . While the 1st Airlanding Brigade moved into defensive positions around the landing zones , the 1st Parachute Brigade prepared to head east toward the bridges , with Lathbury and his HQ Company following Frost on Lion route . Although some jeeps of the reconnaissance squadron were lost on the flight over , the company formed up in good strength and moved off along Leopard route .
The Germans were unprepared for the landings and initially thrown into confusion . Model — erroneously assuming that the paratroopers had come to capture him — fled his headquarters at the Hartenstein hotel in Oosterbeek and went to Bittrich 's headquarters east of Arnhem at Doetinchem where he took personal control of the battle . The 10th SS Division was sent south to respond to the American landings at Nijmegen and to defend the " island " ( the polder between the Lower Rhine and Waal rivers ) , while the 9th would defend Arnhem . The 9th SS was at that point making preparations to return to Germany and Harmel was in Berlin trying to secure more men and supplies for his unit . He was instantly ordered to return to Arnhem whilst his division began to prepare its forces for battle . Obersturmbannführer Ludwig Spindler — commander of the 9th SS Armoured Artillery Regiment — quickly organised a small battlegroup ( Kampfgruppe Spindler was initially only 120 men but would incorporate 16 separate units over the course of the battle ) . In the late afternoon , he was ordered to advance west to Oosterbeek and establish a blocking line to prevent the British from reaching Arnhem centre . Meanwhile , the Division 's Reconnaissance Battalion under the command of Hauptsturmführer Viktor Gräbner was ordered south to Nijmegen , crossing the Arnhem bridge at dusk . Initially , however , no units were ordered to secure the bridge itself . Arnhem Garrison commander Major @-@ General Friedrich Kussin was killed by men of the 3rd Parachute Battalion as he sped towards his headquarters , and his death led to a breakdown in command and responsibilities . It was not until late in the afternoon that the Reconnaissance Battalion of 10th SS Division were ordered to secure the bridge . At the time of the landings , only one organised unit was in place to oppose the allied advance toward the bridges ( the 16 SS Training Battalion camped in Wolfheze ) and their commander — Sepp Krafft — acted quickly to establish a blocking screen west of Oosterbeek .
The Allied advance quickly ran into trouble . The reconnaissance squadron was ambushed by the northern flank of Krafft 's blocking line and withdrew . The 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions were also stalled by Krafft 's defences and spent the rest of the day skirting his line . The 3rd Parachute Battalion went south and halted in Oosterbeek for most of the night while 1st Parachute Battalion went further north but hit Spindler 's forces and was unable to reach the Arnhem @-@ Ede road of Leopard route . Instead Dobie decided to abandon his plan and help Frost at the bridge and the battalion headed south into Oosterbeek overnight . Only the 2nd Parachute Battalion was largely unopposed , bypassing the defences that did not as yet reach down as far as the river . They were slowed by cheering Dutch civilians and did not reach the bridges until late in the day . The railway bridge was blown by German engineers as the Allies approached it and the pontoon bridge was missing its central section . At dusk , the men of A Company under Major Digby Tatham @-@ Warter observed Gräbner 's force cross the bridge . Most of the battalion and various other supporting units — including two jeeps of Gough 's squadron , four 6 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns , Brigade HQ ( but without Lathbury ) , and Royal Engineers ( in total numbering about 740 men ) — moved into Arnhem centre as night fell and owing to the oversight in German orders were able to secure the undefended northern end of the road bridge . Brigade HQ was being led by Brigade Major Tony Hibbert .
Lieutenant Jack Grayburn led an attempt to secure the southern end of the bridge but was unsuccessful , and a later attempt using a flame thrower only succeeded in setting the freshly painted girders of the bridge alight . However , the British were able to make good their position and quickly repulsed the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion and other German units when they arrived to secure the bridge .
Meanwhile , the Airlanding Brigade moved quickly to secure the landing zones . The 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment moved into Wolfheze , the 1st Battalion , Border Regiment secured DZ ' X ' , deploying its companies around the DZ and in Renkum , and the 7th Battalion , King 's Own Scottish Borderers moved to secure DZ ' Y ' . Here , they ambushed the Dutch SS Wach Battalion as it headed toward Arnhem from Ede . Units of the Airlanding Artillery and Divisional HQ headed into Wolfheze and Oosterbeek where medical officers set up a Regimental Aid Post at the home of Kate ter Horst .
The Allied advance was severely hampered by poor communications in these crucial initial phases . The paratroopers ' radio sets range was instantly limited by the wooded terrain and as the battalions advanced they lost contact with Divisional HQ at the landing zones . Over the coming nine days , radio communication within the division , with Browning 's HQ at Nijmegen , with XXX Corps and with the United Kingdom would be intermittent and unreliable , severely hampering the British units . Carrier pigeons were even used to make contact with Britain . Partly as a consequence of this limitation , Urquhart decided to follow the 1st Parachute Brigade and make contact with Lathbury . When he found the Brigade HQ on Lion route , he was informed by Major Hibbert , who , at that time , was still en route to the bridge , that Lathbury himself was visiting the 3rd Battalion . Urquhart followed Lathbury there but subsequently would not be able to return to Divisional HQ for two days .
= = = Day 2 – Monday 18 September = = =
As the second day dawned , the 9th SS Panzer Division continued to reinforce the German blocking line . Krafft 's unit withdrew overnight and joined Spindler 's line , coming under his command . Spindler 's force was now becoming so large as more men and units arrived at the new front , that he was forced to split it into two battle groups : Kampfgruppes Allworden and Harder . The defensive line now blocked the entire western side of Arnhem and had closed the gap exploited by Frost alongside the river the previous evening .
Overnight , the 1st and 3rd Parachute battalions had skirted as far south as 2nd Parachute Battalion 's original route into the city , hoping to follow them into Arnhem centre . They approached the German line before light and for several hours attempted to fight through the German positions . Spindler 's force — being continually reinforced — was too strong to penetrate , and by 10 : 00 the British advance was stopped . A more coordinated attack followed in the afternoon , but it too was repulsed . Urquhart attempted to return to his Divisional Headquarters at Oosterbeek but became cut off and was forced to take shelter in a Dutch family 's loft with two fellow officers . Lathbury was injured and also forced into hiding .
At the road bridge , German forces of the 9th SS had quickly surrounded Frost 's battalion , cutting them off from the rest of the division . At around 09 : 00 , the 9th SS Reconnaissance Battalion headed back toward Arnhem from south of the river , having concluded that it was not needed at Nijmegen . Though aware of the British troops at the bridge , it attempted to cross by force . In the resultant two @-@ hour battle , it was beaten back with heavy losses ; half of its armored vehicles were destroyed or knocked out and its commanding officer , Viktor Gräbner , was killed in action during the assault . German attacks carried on around the British perimeter at the Arnhem bridge for the rest of the day , but the British continued to hold .
At the landing zones , Brigadier Hicks was informed that in Urquhart 's and Lathbury 's absence , he was acting divisional commander . He was also told to send one of his units — the South Staffordshires ( which was not complete and was awaiting its full complement of men in the second lift ) — to Arnhem to help with the advance to the bridge . The South Staffords departed in the morning and linked up with the 1st Parachute Battalion in the late afternoon .
German forces began to probe the 1st Airlanding Brigade defences throughout the morning . Units of Kampfgruppe Von Tettau attacked the Border 's positions ; men of the SS NCO school overran Renkum and Kriegsmarine troops engaged the British all day as they withdrew . Small amounts of fighting broke out around LZ ' X ' but not enough to seriously hamper the glider landing there . At DZ ' Y ' , the Dutch SS Wach Battalion became heavily engaged with the King 's Own Scottish Borderers , threatening to hamper the arrival of the second lift . The communications breakdown meant that it was impossible to warn the aircraft . Equally , there was no way for the division to know that the 2nd lift had been delayed by ground fog in England . Thus , the arrival of the 4th Parachute Brigade under Brigadier Hackett and several more troops of artillery at the drop zones was several hours overdue . When the parachutists did arrive after 15 : 00 , they dropped under fire . Several were killed as aircraft and parachutists were shot down and the heath @-@ land they were landing on caught fire . Nevertheless , the arrival of a full brigade overwhelmed the Dutch who were routed and surrendered in droves .
Despite the setbacks , the units assembled with only slight casualties but the changing circumstances at Arnhem meant that their roles were quickly changed . The 11th Parachute Battalion and the rest of the South Staffords were immediately despatched to Arnhem to assist in the attempt to break through to the bridge , where they linked up with the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions after dark . Hicks ' decision to send the 11th Parachute Battalion to Arnhem ( thus weakening the 4th Parachute Brigade ) dismayed Hackett , who remonstrated with Hicks to no avail . However , he was given command of the King 's Own Scottish Borderers who were moving toward LZ ' L ' to secure it for Tuesday 's landing . The 10th and 156th Parachute Battalions moved north of the railway line to take up their planned defensive positions north west of Arnhem but the leading elements of 156th Parachute Battalion made contact with the main 9th SS blocking line after dark and withdrew for the night .
Shortly after the second lift arrived , the first supply drop was made onto LZ ' L ' . Although most supplies arrived , only a small amount could be collected as the area was not under full British control . The poor radio communication meant that it was not possible to alert the RAF and unsecured drop zones would be a major problem in the days to come .
= = = Day 3 – Tuesday 19 September = = =
With the arrival of the South Staffords and 11th Parachute battalion at the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalion 's positions west of Arnhem , the British hoped to have sufficient troops to break through to Frost 's position at the bridge . Lieutenant Colonel Dobie of 1st Parachute Battalion planned to attack before first light but an erroneous report suggesting that the bridge had fallen led to the attack being cancelled . By the time the report was corrected , first light was not long away but with reinforcement at the bridge the priority , the attack had to proceed . The advance began on a narrow front with the 1st Parachute Battalion leading , supported by remnants of the 3rd Parachute Battalion , with the 2nd South Staffordshires on the left flank and the 11th Parachute Battalion following behind . As soon as it became light , the 1st Parachute Battalion was spotted and halted by fire from the main German defensive line . Trapped in open ground and under heavy fire from three sides , the 1st Parachute Battalion disintegrated and what remained of the 3rd Parachute Battalion fell back . The 2nd South Staffordshires were similarly cut off and save for about 150 men , overcome by midday . The 11th Parachute Battalion — which had thus far not been heavily involved — was now overwhelmed in exposed positions while attempting to capture high ground to the north . The South Staffords similarly attempted to secure high ground but were driven off . With no hope of breaking through , the 500 remaining men of these four battalions retreated westwards in the direction of the main force , 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) away in Oosterbeek . As they approached Oosterbeek they were met by Lieutenant Colonel Sheriff Thompson , of the 1st Airlanding Light Artillery Regiment , who formed most of the men into a defensive screen under Major Robert Cain .5 mi ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) forward of his artillery positions . The battle gave Urquhart the opportunity to escape his position and he was able to return to Division HQ at the Hotel Hartenstein in Oosterbeek , where for the first time he was able to learn the extent of the German forces facing them .
In Britain , ground fog again frustrated reinforcement . Thirty @-@ five gliders of the 3rd lift carrying the Polish glider borne elements were delayed in taking off and the whole parachute brigade failed to take off at all . This would have serious consequences on the ground when the delayed gliders arrived .
North of the railway line , the 156th and 10th Parachute Battalions became engaged with the German defensive line as they attempted to seize the high ground in the woods north of Oosterbeek . Both battalions ' advances were blunted against the well @-@ defended German positions and by early afternoon they had not advanced any further than their original positions . Urquhart — realising the need to assume a more defensive stance and prevent the two battalions being cut off north of the railway — ordered them to fall back to Wolfheze and Oosterbeek . Making a fighting withdrawal with the Germans of Kampfgruppe Krafft closely pursuing them , the units fell back across LZ ' L ' , defended by the King 's Own Scottish Borderers who were awaiting the arrival of the Glider borne elements of the Polish Parachute Brigade . Heavy fighting ensued as the gliders arrived in the middle of the retreat and Polish losses were heavy . All four Allied units streamed south and west toward the road crossings over the steep railway cutting at Oosterbeek and Wolfheze and gathered in ad hoc units in the woods on the south side , where most of them spent the night . Some German units followed them across the railway and an SS battalion reached Wolfheze where it was strafed by its own air force .
In the afternoon , the RAF flew its first major resupply mission , using 164 aircraft to fly in 390 short tons ( 350 t ) of supplies to the British . The Germans — who had been expecting resupply efforts — had moved five flak batteries into the area specifically to attack these flights and as the RAF came into view they succeeded in shooting down 10 aircraft . Despite the bravery of the pilots ( Flight Lieutenant David Lord received the Victoria Cross posthumously ) , the Airborne forces only recovered 31 short tons ( 28 t ) of supplies . The dropzone — Supply DZ ' V ' — was still in German hands ( the British would never reach this SDZ during the battle ) and no message had reached Britain to explain this .
At the bridge , Frost 's forces continued to hold but without supply or reinforcement their position was becoming weaker . The Germans — realising that infantry attacks were unlikely to remove the stubborn defenders — began to systematically destroy the houses the British were in using tanks , artillery and mortars . In the absence of any Allied air cover , the Luftwaffe were able to make strafing runs on the British occupied houses as well .
= = = Day 4 – Wednesday 20 September = = =
By now , the division was too weak to attempt to reach Frost at the bridge . Of the nine infantry battalions , only one ( 1st Battalion , The Border Regiment ) still existed as a unit , the rest were badly mauled or scattered . Urquhart made the difficult decision to form a defensive perimeter around Oosterbeek , abandoning the 2nd Parachute Battalion . By securing the Driel Ferry Crossing , Urquhart hoped to hold out until XXX Corps could reach them and establish a new bridgehead over the Rhine using the ferry crossing platforms .
The eastern side of Osterbeek was fairly stabilised after the retreat of the previous day , with numerous ad hoc units under company commanders defending the approaches to the town . Major Richard Lonsdale had taken command of the outlying units that had retreated from Arnhem the previous day , and their positions weathered heavy German attacks before falling back to the main divisional perimeter at Oosterbeek . This sector was later designated Lonsdale Force and would remain the main line of defence on the south eastern perimeter . The Border Regiment held most of the western edge of the town , with scattered units filling the gaps to the north . As more units fell back to the new defensive area , they were re @-@ organised to establish a thumb shaped perimeter using the Rhine as its southern base .
The mixed units at Wolfheze began to fall back in the morning but several were surrounded and captured , including one party of 130 men . 150 men of 156th Parachute battalion — led by Hackett himself — became pinned down and took cover in a hollow some 400 m ( 440 yd ) west of the Oosterbeek perimeter . The men broke out in the late afternoon , with 90 men making it to the Border Regiment 's positions .
The afternoon 's supply drop was little better than the previous day 's . Although a message had reached Britain to arrange a new dropping zone near the Hotel Hartenstein , some aircraft flew to LZ ' Z ' where all their supplies fell into German hands . At Oosterbeek , the Germans had used British marker panels and flares to attract the aircraft to their positions and the aircraft were unable to distinguish the exact dropping zones . Ten of the 164 aircraft involved were shot down around Arnhem for only 13 % of supplies reaching British hands .
At the bridge , Frost was finally able to make radio contact with his divisional commander and given the difficult news that reinforcement was doubtful . Shortly afterwards at about 13 : 30 , Frost was injured in the legs by a mortar bomb . Command passed to Major Gough but by late afternoon the position was becoming untenable . As fire took hold of many of the buildings in which the wounded were being treated , a two @-@ hour truce was organised in the late afternoon . The wounded ( including Frost ) were taken into captivity . Overnight , a few units managed to hold out for a little longer and several groups tried to break out toward the Oosterbeek perimeter . While Major Hibbert was leading a group toward Oosterbeek , he was captured .
By 05 : 00 on Thursday morning all resistance at the bridge had ceased . In the final hours of the struggle , a radio message was sent from the bridge . It was not picked up by the British but was heard by the German forces , who recalled that it ended with the sentences : " Out of ammunition . God Save the King . "
= = = Day 5 – Thursday 21 September = = =
Throughout the morning , the Germans mopped up British survivors and stragglers in hiding around Arnhem bridge . It took several hours to clear the bridge of debris allowing German armour to cross and reinforce Nijmegen . Crucially , the British had held the bridge long enough to allow Nijmegen bridge to be captured by the 82nd Airborne and Guards ' Armoured Division working together . With the resistance at the bridge crushed , the Germans had more troops available to commit to the Oosterbeek engagement , although this changed suddenly in the afternoon .
Two days late , the parachute infantry battalions of Stanisław Sosabowski 's 1st ( Polish ) Parachute Brigade were able to take off in England . 114 C @-@ 47s took off but 41 aircraft turned back after Troop Carrier Command decided it would be too dangerous to land if the aircraft were up too long . The remainder pressed on ; they did not have the correct transmission codes and did not understand the messages . One of the few messages to get out of Arnhem warned the Poles that DZ ' K ' was not secure and to land instead on the polder east of Driel where they should secure the Heveadorp ferry on the south bank of the Rhine . The Poles dropped under fire at 17 : 00 and sustained casualties but assembled in good order . Advancing to the river bank , they discovered that the ferry was gone ; the ferryman had sunk it to deny its use to the Germans .
The arrival of the Poles relieved the pressure on the British as the Germans were forced to send more forces south of the Rhine . Fearing an attack on the southern end of the road bridge or the Nijmegen road , a battalion of the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland , Machine Gun Battalion 47 and other Kampfgruppes headed across the river overnight .
At Oosterbeek , the defensive positions were consolidated and organised into two zones . Hicks would command the western and northern sides of the perimeter and Hackett , after some rest , the eastern front . The perimeter was not a complete defensive line but a collection of defensive pockets in houses and foxholes surrounding the centre of Oosterbeek , with the divisional Headquarters at the Hotel Hartenstein at its centre . The perimeter was roughly 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) around and was defended by approximately 3 @,@ 600 men . Despite the Germans ' best efforts , the line would remain roughly unchanged for the next five days , although Germans of the Hermann Göring NCO School attacked the Border positions on the west side near the Rhine , forcing them to abandon strategically important high ground overlooking Oosterbeek . The biggest boost to the besieged British was being able to make contact with forward artillery units of XXX Corps . Radio contact was made with 64th Medium Regiment , Royal Artillery who were able to drop heavy and accurate shellfire on German positions around the perimeter . The radio link to the battery 's Headquarters was also used as the main line of communication to XXX Corps . So important was the shellfire provided by 64 Medium Regiment that afterward Urquhart lobbied for the Regiment to be able to wear the airborne Pegasus badge on their uniforms . Members of 201 ( Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire ) Yeomanry Battery Royal Artillery ( Volunteers ) , the modern @-@ day descendants of 52 Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery which supported 64 Medium Regiment at Arnhem , still wear this flash on their Jersey sleeves to this day .
The British had witnessed the Polish drop but were unable to make contact by radio so a swimmer was sent south of the Rhine . The British planned to supply rafts for a river crossing that night as the Poles were desperately needed on the northern bank . The Poles waited on the southern bank , but by 03 : 00 no rafts were evident and they withdrew to Driel to take up defensive positions .
= = = Day 6 – Friday 22 September = = =
Overnight , the Germans south of the river formed a blocking line along the railway , linking up with 10th SS to the south and screening the road bridge from the Poles . The Polish were well dug in at Driel , however , and German armour was unable to manoeuvre off of the main roads to attack them . Hopes were raised when three armoured cars of XXX Corps ' Household Cavalry managed to skirt the German defences on the island and link up with Sosabowski 's force . These were followed after dark by tanks of the 4th / 7th Royal Dragoon Guards and infantry of the 5th Battalion Duke of Cornwall 's Light Infantry . Behind them , the rest of the 43rd Wessex Division was making its way up a narrow corridor .
In Oosterbeek , heavy fighting continued around the perimeter . Intense shelling and snipers increased the number of casualties at the aid posts in the hotels and houses of the town . Bittrich ordered that the attacks be stepped up and the British bridgehead north of the Rhine destroyed , and at 09 : 00 the major attacks began with the various Kampfgruppes of 9th SS attacking from the east and Kampfgruppe von Tettau 's units from the west . There were only small gains but these attacks were followed by simultaneous attacks in the afternoon when the Germans made determined moves on the northern and eastern ends . To the north , they succeeded in briefly forcing back the King 's Own Scottish Borderers before the latter counterattacked and retook their positions . Urquhart realised the futility of holding the tactically unimportant tip however and ordered the units in the north to fall back and defend a shorter line . To the east , the remains of 10th Parachute Battalion were nearly annihilated in their small position on the main Arnhem road , but the Germans failed to gain any significant ground .
Two of Urquhart 's staff officers swam the Rhine during the day and made contact with Sosabowski 's HQ . It was arranged that six rubber boats should be supplied on the northern bank to enable the Poles to cross the river and come into the Oosterbeek perimeter . That night , the plan was put into operation , but the cable designed to run the boats across broke and the small oars weren 't enough to paddle across the fast flowing river . Only 55 Poles made it over before light and only 35 of these made it into the perimeter
= = = Day 7 – Saturday 23 September = = =
Spindler was ordered to switch his attacks further south to try to force the British away from the river , isolating the British from any hope of reinforcement and allowing them to be destroyed . Despite their best efforts , however , they were unsuccessful , although the constant artillery and assaults continued to wear the British defences down further .
A break in the weather allowed the RAF to finally fly combat missions against the German forces surrounding Urquhart 's men . Hawker Typhoons and Republic P @-@ 47 Thunderbolts strafed German positions throughout the day and occasionally dueled with the Luftwaffe over the battlefield . The RAF attempted their final resupply flight from Britain on the Saturday afternoon , but lost eight planes for little gain to the Airborne troops . Some small resupply efforts would be made from Allied airfields in Europe over the next two days but to little effect .
South of the river , the Poles prepared for another crossing . That night , they awaited the arrival of assault boats from XXX Corps , but these did not arrive until after midnight , and many were without oars . The crossings started at 03 : 00 , with fire support from the 43rd Wessex Division . Through the remaining hours of darkness , only 153 men were able to cross – less than ¼ of the hoped for reinforcement .
= = = Day 8 – Sunday 24 September = = =
In the morning , Horrocks visited the Polish positions at Driel to see the front for himself . Later , he hosted a conference attended by Browning , Major @-@ General Ivor Thomas of the 43rd ( Wessex ) Division and Sosabowski at Valburg . In a controversial meeting in which Sosabowski was politically outmanoeuvred , it was decided that another crossing would be attempted that night . When the Germans cut the narrow supply road near Nijmegen later that day though , it seems Horrocks realised the futility of the situation and plans were drawn up to withdraw the 1st Division .
In Oosterbeek , the situation was becoming more desperate . Hackett was wounded in the morning and had to give up the eastern command . The RAF attempted some close support around the perimeter which just held , but shelling and sniping increased casualties by the hour . The aid stations were home to some 2 @,@ 000 men , both British and German as well as Dutch civilian casualties . Because many of them were actually in the front line in homes taken over earlier in the battle , the odd situation was created where casualties were evacuated forward rather than rearwards . Without evacuation , the wounded were often injured again and some posts changed hands between the British and Germans several times as the perimeter was fought over .
Throughout the fighting around Oosterbeek , there had been short localised truces around the aid posts to allow the wounded to reach them , but by Sunday the situation needed a more serious arrangement . Colonel Graeme Warrack — the senior medical officer — asked permission to arrange a truce ; it was a request that Urquhart agreed to . Warrack was taken to see Bittrich who similarly agreed and offered Warrack as many supplies as he could carry . Between 15 : 00 and 17 : 00 , a general ceasefire went into effect around the perimeter and about 450 stretcher cases and walking wounded were evacuated from the perimeter , the Germans using jeeps and ambulances to take serious cases straight to Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Arnhem where British , German and Dutch medical staff worked side by side .
That night , the Allies on the south side of the river attempted another crossing . The plan called for 4th Battalion The Dorset Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Battalion to cross at 22 : 00 using boats and DUKWs . Sosabowski was furious at having to give up control of one of his battalions and thought the plan dangerous , but was silenced . The boats failed to arrive until 1 am and several had been destroyed or lost en route , so a last minute change of plan mean that only the Dorsets would cross . The small boats without skilled crews , the strong current and poor choice of landing site on the north bank meant that of the 315 men who embarked , only a handful reached the British lines on the other side . The DUKWs and most boats landed too far downstream and at least 200 men were captured .
= = = Day 9 – Monday 25 September = = =
Overnight , a copy of the withdrawal plan was sent across the river for Urquhart 's consideration . Despite the obviously frustrating content , Urquhart knew there was little other choice and radioed Thomas at 08 : 00 to agree to the plan on the condition it went ahead that night . Meanwhile , the Airborne forces would need to endure another day in their perimeter . More men were evacuated from the aid posts throughout the day , but there was no official truce and this was sometimes done under fire .
At 10 : 00 , the Germans began their most successful assault on the perimeter , attacking the southeastern end with infantry supported by newly arrived Tiger tanks . This assault pushed through the defenders ' outer lines and threatened to isolate the bulk of the division from the river . Strong counterattacks from the mixed defenders and concentrated shellfire from south of the river eventually repelled the Germans .
Urquhart formulated his withdrawal plan on the successful method used in the evacuation of Gallipoli during the First World War . The northernmost units would fall back first , moving through the more southerly groups who would then follow behind . The Glider Pilots would organise the routes to the river and the whole operation would be covered by an intense artillery barrage from XXX Corps . South of the river the evacuation was organised and staffed by men of the Royal Engineers of 43rd Division and Royal Canadian Engineers , using rafts and storm boats . In order to prevent the Germans from learning about the operation , the plan was not announced until the afternoon and some men ( mainly wounded ) would remain to lay covering fire through the night . Men were ordered to muffle their boots and weapons to help them bypass known German incursions into the perimeter . Some men took the opportunity to shave before withdrawing , providing quite a morale boost .
By 21 : 00 , heavy rain was falling which helped disguise the withdrawal . The heavy bombardment commenced and the units began to fall back to the river . Half of the engineers ' boats were too far west to be used ( 43rd Division mistakenly believing the crossing points used by the Dorsets the previous night were in British hands ) , slowing the evacuation process . The Germans shelled the withdrawal , believing it to be a resupply attempt . At 05 : 00 , the operation was ceased lest the coming light enable the Germans to fire onto the boats more accurately .
2 @,@ 163 Airborne men , 160 Poles , 75 Dorsets and several dozen mixed other men were evacuated but about 300 were left on the northern bank when the operation was ceased and 95 men were killed overnight .
Throughout the morning of 26 September , the Germans pressed home their attacks and finally linked up from both sides at the river . It was not until about noon that they realised the British had actually withdrawn . Later in the day , they rounded up about 600 men , mostly the men in the aid stations and those left on the north bank , as well as some pockets of resistance that had been out of radio contact with division Headquarters and did not know about the withdrawal .
= = Aftermath = =
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans ( albeit tempered by their losses further south ) and a major defeat for the British army . The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on " the island " between the Rhine and Waal rivers . Although the Germans counterattacked in October they were repulsed and subsequently the front line in the Netherlands would not move until after the winter . However , the bridgeheads across the Maas and Waal served as an important base for subsequent operations against the Germans on the Rhine and the strike into Germany .
Many military commentators and historians believe that the failure to secure Arnhem was not the fault of the airborne forces ( who had held out for far longer than planned ) , but of the operation as a whole . John Frost noted that " by far the worst mistake was the lack of priority given to the capture of Nijmegen Bridge " and was unable to understand why Browning had ordered U.S. Army Brigadier General James M. Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division to secure the Groesbeek Heights before Nijmegen Bridge . In his analysis of the battle , Martin Middlebrook believed the " failure of Browning to give the 82nd US Airborne Division a greater priority in capturing the bridge at Nijmegen " was only just behind the weakness of the air plan in importance .
Likewise , in his assessment of the German perspective at Arnhem , Robert Kershaw concluded that " the battle on the Waal at Nijmegen proved to be the decisive event " and that Arnhem became a simple matter of containment after the British had retreated into the Oosterbeek perimeter . After that , it was merely " a side @-@ show to the crisis being enacted on the Waal " . Heinz Harmel asserted that " The Allies were stopped in the south just north of Nijmegen – that is why Arnhem turned out as it did . " Gavin himself commented that " there was no failure at Arnhem . If , historically , there remains an implication of failure it was the failure of the ground forces to arrive in time to exploit the initial gains of the [ 1st ] Airborne Division " .
The air plan was a major weakness in the events at Arnhem itself . Middlebrook believes that the refusal to consider night drops , two lifts on day 1 , or a coup @-@ de @-@ main assault on Arnhem bridge were " cardinal fundamental errors " ; and that the failure to land nearer the bridge threw away the airborne force 's most valuable asset – that of surprise . Similarly , Frost believed that the distance from the Drop zones to the bridge and the long approach on foot was a " glaring snag " and was highly critical of the " unwillingness of the air forces to fly more than one sortie in the day [ which ] was one of the chief factors that mitigated against success . "
The Allies ' failure to secure a bridge over the Lower Rhine spelled the end of Market Garden . While all other objectives had been achieved , the failure to secure the Arnhem road bridge over the Rhine meant that the operation failed in its ultimate objective . Field Marshal Montgomery claimed that the operation was 90 % successful and the Allies did possess a deep salient into German occupied territory that was quickly reinforced . Milton Shulman observed that the operation had driven a wedge into the German positions , isolating the 15th Army north of Antwerp from the First Parachute Army on the eastern side of the bulge . This complicated the supply problem of the 15th Army and removed the chance of the Germans being able to assemble enough troops for a serious counterattack to retake Antwerp . Chester Wilmot agreed with this , claiming that the salient was of immense tactical value for the purpose of driving the Germans from the area south of the Maas and removing the threat of an immediate counterattack against Antwerp . Kershaw views the situation differently , observing that the north flank of the west wall was not turned and the 15th Army was able to escape . Dr. John Warren of the American Historical Division of the United States Air Force believed that the Allies now controlled a salient leading nowhere . John Waddy is of the belief that the strategic and tactical debate of Market Garden will never be resolved .
Although a disaster for the British 1st Airborne Division , their fight north of the Rhine is considered an example of courage and endurance and one of the greatest feats of arms in the Second World War .
= = = Allied units = = =
The battle exacted a heavy toll on the 1st Airborne Division from which it would never recover . Three quarters of the formation were missing when it returned to England , including two of the three brigade commanders , eight of the nine battalion commanders and 26 of the 30 infantry company commanders . Some 500 men were still in hiding north of the Rhine , and over the coming months many of these were able to escape : initially in Operation Pegasus . New recruits , escapees and repatriated POWs joined the division over the coming months , but the division was still so much weakened that the 4th Parachute Brigade had to be merged into the 1st Parachute Brigade , and the division as a whole could barely produce two brigades of infantry . Between May and August 1945 , many of the men were sent to Denmark and Norway to oversee the German surrenders there but on their return the division was disbanded .
The Glider Pilot Regiment suffered the highest proportion of fatal casualties during the battle ( 17 @.@ 3 % killed ) . The regiment was so badly depleted that during Operation Varsity RAF pilots were used to fly many of the gliders . As glider operations were phased out after the war , the regiment shrank and was eventually disbanded in 1957 .
The Polish brigade was withdrawn to Nijmegen and helped defend the airborne corridor before returning to England in early October . Shortly afterward , the British began making Sosabowski and the Polish Brigade a scapegoat for the failure at Arnhem , perhaps to cover their own failings . On 17 October , Montgomery informed Alan Brooke — Chief of the Imperial General Staff — that he felt the Polish forces had " fought very badly " at Arnhem and that he did not want them under his command . Author David Bennett observes that Montgomery had almost certainly been fed gross misinformation that supported his own prejudices . A month later , Browning wrote a long and highly critical letter of Sosabowski to Brooke 's deputy . In it , he accused Sosabowski of being difficult , unadaptable , argumentative and " loth to play his full part in the operation unless everything was done for him and his brigade " . It is possible that Browning himself wanted to make Sosabowski a scapegoat , although it may equally have been the work of officers of the 43rd Division . Browning recommended that Sosabowski be replaced - suggesting Lieutenant Colonel Jachnik or Major Tonn - and in December the Polish government in exile duly dismissed him in a move almost certainly made under British pressure . Although it may be fair to say that Sosabowski was difficult to work with , his scapegoating is judged as disgraceful by many historical commentators . Brian Urquhart — who had done so much to warn his superiors about the dangers of Arnhem — described the criticism of Sosabowski and the brigade as " grotesque " and that his dismissal was a " shameful act " .
= = = Allied losses = = =
= = = Axis losses = = =
German casualty figures are less complete than those of the Allies , and official figures have never been released . A signal possibly sent by II SS Panzer Corps on 27 September listed 3 @,@ 300 casualties ( 1 @,@ 300 killed and 2 @,@ 000 injured ) around Arnhem and Oosterbeek . Robert Kershaw 's assessment of the incomplete records identified at least 2 @,@ 500 casualties . In the Roll of Honour : Battle of Arnhem 17 – 26 September 1944 , J.A. Hey of the Society of Friends of the Airborne Museum , Oosterbeek identified 1 @,@ 725 German dead from the Arnhem area relating to the time of the battle . All of these figures are significantly higher than Model 's conservative estimate of 3 @,@ 300 casualties for the entire Market Garden area of battle ( which included Eindhoven and Nijmegen ) .
= = = Arnhem = = =
Dutch records suggest that at least 453 civilians died during the battle , either as a result of Allied bombing on the first day or during the subsequent fighting . After the battle , the residents of Arnhem and its surrounding towns and villages were forcibly evicted from their homes , allowing the Germans to turn the north bank of the Rhine into a heavily defended line . Residents were not allowed to return home without a permit and most did not return until after the war . The Dutch homes were then systematically looted , with the spoils being sent to bombing victims in Germany . The Germans continued to fight Allied forces on the plains between Arnhem and Nijmegen , and the bridge that the 1st Airborne had fought so hard for was eventually destroyed by the Allies to deny German forces its use . On 7 October , it was bombed and destroyed by Martin B @-@ 26 Marauders of 344th Bomb Group , USAAF . The buildings of Arnhem were heavily shelled by the Allies over the next few months and suffered further when the city was eventually liberated in April 1945 .
= = Honours and memorials = =
Despite being the last great failure of the British Army , Arnhem has become a byword for the fighting spirit of the British people and has set a standard for the Parachute Regiment . Montgomery claimed that " in years to come it will be a great thing for a man to be able to say : ' I fought at Arnhem ' " , a prediction seemingly borne out by the pride of soldiers who took part , and the occasional desire of those who did not to claim that they were there .
Within days of Operation Berlin , the British returned to a heroes ' welcome in England . A list of 59 decorations was quickly published for the 2 @,@ 000 men who had returned and an investiture ceremony for the division was held at Buckingham Palace in December . Decorations for the 6000 who had not returned were not published until September 1945 and numbered only 25 .
Five of the British participants in the battle were awarded Britain 's highest award for gallantry , the Victoria Cross . Four were members of the Airborne forces and one was from the RAF . They were :
Lance @-@ Sergeant John Daniel Baskeyfield , 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment
Major Robert Henry Cain , 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment
Flight Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord 271 Squadron , Royal Air Force
Captain Lionel Ernest Queripel , 10th Battalion , Parachute Regiment
Lieutenant John Hollington Grayburn , 2nd Battalion , Parachute Regiment
The British and Commonwealth system of battle honours recognised participation in fighting at Arnhem in 1956 , 1957 and 1958 by the award of the battle honour Arnhem 1944 to six units .
After the liberation of the Netherlands , the Grave Registration units of 2nd Army began the task of identifying the British dead . They were buried together in a field that is on permanent loan to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission just north of Oosterbeek . There are nearly 1 @,@ 800 graves in what is now known as the Airborne Cemetery , ¾ of which are for those killed during the 1944 battle . By 2003 , there were still 138 men unaccounted for and human remains , equipment and weaponry continue to be dug up in the farmland around the city .
In Germany , the battle was treated as a great victory and afterward no fewer than eight men were awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . The German dead were gathered together and buried in the SS Heroes Cemetery near Arnhem , but after the war they were reburied in Ysselsteyn .
The shattered Arnhem road bridge was briefly replaced by a succession of Bailey bridges before being rebuilt in the same style as the original . It was renamed John Frostbrug ( literally John Frost Bridge ) on 17 December 1977 .
On 31 May 2006 , HM Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands conferred two honours on the Polish forces who fought at the battle . The Polish 1st Independent Airborne Brigade was awarded the Dutch Military William Order for gallantry and Stanisław Sosabowski was posthumously awarded the Bronze Lion . In February of that year , an appeal was launched to raise funds so that a memorial to General Sosabowski and the brigade could be erected . The memorial was unveiled in September 2006 in a ceremony that sought to undo the injustice of 1944 .
The Hotel Hartenstein , used by Urquhart as his Headquarters , is now the home of the Airborne Museum . Several other memorials were built in Arnhem and Oosterbeek , and an annual parade is held in the area . A memorial near the museum reads : " To the People of Gelderland ; 50 years ago British and Polish Airborne soldiers fought here against overwhelming odds to open the way into Germany and bring the war to an early end . Instead we brought death and destruction for which you have never blamed us . This stone marks our admiration for your great courage remembering especially the women who tended our wounded . In the long winter that followed your families risked death by hiding Allied soldiers and Airmen while members of the resistance led many to safety . "
= = In popular culture = =
The progress of the battle was widely reported in the British press , thanks largely to the efforts of two BBC reporters ( Stanley Maxted and Guy Byam ) and three journalists ( newspaper reporters Alan Wood of the Daily Express and Jack Smyth of Reuters ) who accompanied the British forces . The journalists had their reports sent back almost daily – ironically making communication with London at a time when Divisional Signals had not . The division was also accompanied by a three @-@ man team from the Army Film and Photographic Unit who recorded much of the battle – including many of the images on this page .
In 1945 , Louis Hagen , a Jewish refugee from Germany and a British army glider pilot present at the battle , wrote Arnhem Lift , believed to be the first book published about the events at Arnhem . In the same year filming began for the war movie Theirs is the Glory , which featured some original footage and used 120 Arnhem veterans as extras in many of the other scenes . Theirs is the Glory was released in 1946 and was followed in 1974 by the publication of Cornelius Ryan 's book A Bridge Too Far , which did much to bring the battle to a worldwide audience and then by Richard Attenborough 's film of the same name in 1977 , which used Frost and General Urquhart as military consultants .
English author Richard Adams , himself a former officer in the seatail of 250th ( Airborne ) Light Company , Royal Army Service Corps , stated that the struggle of the anthropomorphised rabbits depicted in his award @-@ winning 1972 novel Watership Down ( adapted into an animated film in 1978 ) was inspired by the adventures of the officers of the 250 Company of the 1st Airborne Division .
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